ABSTRACT BOOK - TRANSrisk

th th15 WORLD RENEWABLE ENERGY CONGRESS 2016 (15 WREC)th th5 INDONESIA RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ENERGY CONSERVATION SUMMIT (5 IRES)

“SUSTAINABLE ENERGY FOR ALL AND ALL FOR SUSTAINABLE ENERGY”19 - 23 SEPTEMBER 2016 - JAKARTA, INDONESIA

in conjunction with

Hosted by: Endorsed by:

MINISTRY OF ENERGY AND MINERAL RESOURCESOF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIAINDONESIAN RENEWABLE ENERGY SOCIETY WORLD RENEWABLE ENERGY NETWORK

ABSTRACT BOOKABSTRACT BOOKABSTRACT BOOK

1 | A b s t r a c t B o o k

CONTENT INFORMATION

MESSAGE FROM ACTING MINISTER OF ENERGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA 2 MESSAGE FROM CHAIRMAN OF INDONESIAN RENEWABLE ENERGY SOCIETY 3 MESSAGE FROM CHAIRMAN OF THE ORGANIZING COMMITTEE 4 WELCOMING WORDS FROM DIRECTOR GENERAL OF WREN 5 COMMITTEE OF 15th WREC and 5th IRES 6 ABSTRACT – 19 SEPTEMBER 2016 7 ABSTRACT – 20 SEPTEMBER 2016 9 ABSTRACT – 21 SEPTEMBER 2016 14 ABSTRACT – 22 SEPTEMBER 2016 49


MESSAGE FROM ACTING MINISTER OF ENERGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA

Dear Colleagues and Friends, On this very happy occasion, I would like to thank the Indonesia Renewable Energy Society and World Renewable Energy Network, who are hosting the “15 World Renewable Energy Congress” (15thWREC) in Jakarta Convention Center, Jakarta, Indonesia on 19 – 23September 2016, with the theme “Sustainable Energy for All and All for Sustainable Energy”. This 15 WREC is conducted in conjunction with “The 5

Indonesia Renewable Energy and Energy Conservation Summit” (5thIRES), also known as IndoEBTKE ConEx. I see this is as part of our national efforts in supporting the development of the new and renewable energy and the energy conservation. Indonesia has huge potential of renewable energy resources, such as geothermal, solar, hydro, wind, and biofuel. Determination of Indonesia as the host of The 15th World Renewable Energy Congress, is the right choice, not only because of endowed with an abundance of renewable energy resources, but also because Indonesia also has set a target of reducing 29% of GHG by 2030, as already announced by the President of the Republic Indonesia during COP21 in Paris in December 2015. On the other hand, Government of Indonesia (GoI) has introduced the National Energy Policy, which targets the contribution of renewable energy amounting to 23% in the total energy mix by 2025. This target shows continuous commitment and consistency of GoI in meeting the global GHG emission reduction target. In this regards, GoI is planning to significantly increase investments in the energy resources development, among others $38 billion in the renewable energy sector. We welcome domestic and international investors to take part in this development. I hope the 15th WREC and the 5th IRES will provide a forum and opportunity for all stakeholders in the renewable energy sector to meet and discuss various technologies, strategic and important issues, which at the end will help in the massive deployment of renewable energy and energy conservation efforts in the region. I also hope this event will produce new or improved thoughts and breakthrough in our overall efforts to make new and renewable energy development a great success. In my point of view, this is one of the important agenda to be addressed in the frame work of our national energy management during 2016. I sincerely appreciate and support the contribution of the energy industries to make this event a great success. I congratulate METI, WREN and the Organizing Committee, and all other parties involved in organizing this great event. Finally, I would like to say welcome to Jakarta – Indonesia for the congress delegate from various countries, please enjoy your stay in Jakarta – Indonesia. Sincerely yours, Luhut Binsar Panjaitan


MESSAGE FROM CHAIRMAN OF INDONESIAN RENEWABLE ENERGY SOCIETY

Dear Colleagues and Friends, It is an honour and pleasure to welcome you all to the 15thWorld Renewable Energy Congress 2016 (15th WREC) and in conjunction with “The 5 Indonesia Renewable Energy and Energy Conservation Summit” (5thIRES). This international biennial gathering of experts and practitioners on renewable energy will be held on 19 – 23 September 2016 at Jakarta Convention Center (JCC), Jakarta, and will be hosted by

Indonesia Renewable Energy Society (METI-IRES) in cooperation with World Renewable Energy Network (WREN) head quartered in United Kingdom (UK). Bearing the theme “Sustainable Energy for All and All for Sustainable Energy”, 15th WREC and 5th IRES is expected to attract 500 international participants from 80 countries and approximately 800 national participants. The Scientific Committee has prepared an interesting topic in relation to the renewable energy sector. Among these are solar and wind energy system, hydro and ocean energy, geothermal energy, energy efficiency and conservation system, renewable energy integration: smart grid and storage, sustainable transportation system, energy meteorology and climate change, Indonesia renewable energy development. In conjunction with 15th WREC and 5th IRES, an exhibition would take place at the same time and venue. We invite representatives of related industries, research institutions and technology innovators to join the exhibition. This exhibition will be an excellent event for showcasing new achievements in the renewable energy utilization and world class energy efficiency and conservation practices. We thank and look forward to cooperate with you for the success of the 15th WREC and 5th IRES. Sincerely yours, Suryadarma


MESSAGE FROM CHAIRMAN OF THE ORGANIZING COMMITTEE

Dear Colleagues and Friends, It is our pleasure and honor to extend our invitation to participate in the 15th World Renewable Energy Congress 2016 (15th WREC) and in conjunction with “The 5th Indonesia Renewable Energy and Energy Conservation Summit” (5th IRES). The event will be held at Jakarta Convention Center (JCC), Jakarta, on September 19-23, 2016. This biennial event is hosted by Indonesian Renewable Energy Society

(IRES) in collaboration with World Renewable Energy Network (WREN). Our mission is to promote a broad range of renewable energy policies, state of the art technologies and best practice solutions for applications in the world to help achieve the objectives of reducing the global dependence on fossil based energies, and in overcoming the negative impacts of the global climate change in the 21stcentury. This five-day Congress will have several Plenary Sessions featuring top international experts, policy makers and business executives addressing the various strategic issues of energy and innovations toward sustainable development. About 500 international participants from 80 countries and approximately 800 national participants are expected to attend this Congress and Exhibition. Various Technical Sessions will accommodate participants to hole intensive and in depth discussions on technical issues about renewable energy development and energy efficiency innovations. The organizers will do their best to provide the essential services to participants, including in country travel and hotel arrangements, interpreters, internet connection, video streaming and post event touristic activities. We hope you take this great opportunity to promote your products, services and technologies to a large numbers of educated audiences of the exhibition. On behalf of the Organizing Committee, I am pleased to welcome you speakers, presenters and exhibitors to 15th WREC, and I also encourage you to becoming Sponsor to this world class event to make it a great success and memorable. We look forward to see you in between lectures and the Exhibition Hall. Warmest regards,

Dr. Herman Darnel Ibrahim Chairman of the Organizing Committee


WELCOMING WORDS FROM DIRECTOR GENERAL OF WREN

Dear Colleagues and Friends, WREN is a worldwide network of organizations promoting environmentally safe and economically sustainable renewable energy (RE). WREN has been established to support and enhance the utilization and implementation of renewable energy sources, to further the communication and technical education and networking among scientists, engineers, technician and managers in the field of

RE, climate change and global warming and to address itself to the energy needs of both developing and developed countries. With the accelerated approach of the global climate change point-of-no- return , the need to address the pivotal role of RE in the formation of coping strategies is more crucial than ever. Sustainability, green building, the development of large-scale RE application and industry must be at the top of all development, economic, financial and political agendas. It is vital to focus on RE sources in combination with more efficient use of energy and this must be addressed in all future energy-related strategic decisions. Many efforts are still required to make RE a major energy supplier. Knowledge of decision-making, economics, organizations, rules and regulations, policy issues, political processes and human actions and reaction is also crucial in energy-related issues in order to control these developments with the necessary conservation of energy resources and the environment without significant impact on the quality of life. The sources and nature of energy, the security of supply and the equity of distribution, the environmental impact of its supply and utilization are all crucial matter to be addressed by suppliers, consumers, government, industry, academia and financial institutions. The World Renewable Energy Congress (both WREC and WREN were establish in 1990), a major recognized forum for networking between these sectors, addressing these issues through regular meetings and exhibitions, bringing together representatives of all those involved in the supply, distribution, consumption and development of energy sources which are benign, sustainable, accessible and economic viable. WREC enable policy makers, researchers, manufactures, economists, financiers, sociologists, environmentalists and others to present their views in Plenary and Technical Sessions and to participate in discussions, both formal and informal, thus facilitating the transfer of knowledge between nations, institutes, disciplines and individuals. In these missions, the Organizing Committee of 15th WREC would like to invite your participation and welcoming you in Jakarta, Indonesia on 19-23 September 2016. Sincerely yours, Prof. Ali Sayigh, Ph.D Director General of WREN


COMMITTEE OF 15th WREC and 5th IRES TECHNICAL COMMITTEE Chairman : Ali Sayigh Members : Robert Critoph Rainer Hinrichs-Rahlwes Ian Masters Giuliano Premier Bill Watts

ORGANIZING COMMITTEE Chairman : Herman Darnel Ibrahim Vice Chairman : Paul Butarbutar General Secretary : Soedjono Respati Vice Secretary : Isabella Hutahaean Scientific / Program : Herliyani Suharta

Andika Prastawa Tjut Devi Sri Endah Agustina Arya Rezavidi Barid Manna

Treasurer : Nenen Rusnaeni Sponsorship & Exhibition

: Ario Senoadji Andianto Elvi Nasution Daniel Sutanto Djoko Winarno

Media & Publication : Joi Surya Darma Adrian Lembong

Public Relation and Government

: E. Bawa Santosa Grace Paramita Bambang Sumaryo

Event Coordination : Fuadi Nasution Ifnaldi Sikumbang

Secretariat : Nurullita Nurhasanah


ABSTRACT – 19 SEPTEMBER 2016 SPECIAL GENDER SESSION

AB-068: Empowering Indonesian Women to Expand Clean Energy Access in Last Mile Communities

Sergina Loncle

Yayasan Kopernik, Jalan Raya Pengosekan, Banjar Pengosekan Kaja, Ubud 80571 Indonesia

Energy access is a massive challenge for a nation as large and geographically-dispersed as Indonesia. While the Indonesian government is committed to expanding energy access, existing government policies do not explicitly take into account women’s role in achieving this. Whereas women play important roles in expanding energy access in last mile communities. Providing for a household’s cooking, drinking water, and lighting needs is largely the responsibility of women in rural Indonesia, as a result women are burdened by the time it takes to collect cooking fuel, the time it takes to cook over inefficient traditional stoves, and the time it takes to boil water to make it safe to drink. Their activities at night are also limited by access to electricity, which ranges from unreliable to non-existent. Other than that, women and children are exposed to excessive smoke when cooking over traditional stoves, triggering myriad health problems, e.g. breathing problems, eye infections, and many other health risks associated with smoke and kerosene fumes. Therefore, energy poverty affects men and women differently and access to energy technologies and services is prioritized for men and women differently. Through five years of implementing women’s economic empowerment through energy access projects in Indonesia, Kopernik has gathered compelling stories and evidence to prove that empowering women to sell simple, affordable clean energy technologies in last mile communities is an effective way of expanding energy access. More than 400 women across Indonesia have participated in Kopernik’s Wonder Women program, connecting more than 16,000 clean energy technologies with 68,000 people, reducing C02 emissions by more than 7,000 tones. Kopernik then uses this experience to position gender considerations as a key component of Indonesia’s Sustainable Energy for All (SE4All) National Action Plan. Jointly with the established CSO alliance, Kopernik advocates for gender and energy objectives in Indonesia’s SE4All process. Kopernik also implements the ‘Indonesian Women for Energy’ campaign, reaching more than 450,000 people to date, by involving their clean energy micro-social-entrepreneurs to raise awareness of women’s role in expanding energy access, showcasing their important roles in order to encourage Indonesian governments and donors to allocate more investments to energy programs that reflect women’s needs and create new economic opportunities for women.


AB-016: The Energy Water Nexus: Renewable Energy and Water Desalination

Roberta Fornarelli1,*, Parisa A. Bahri1, Martin Anda1, Goen Ho1, Farhad Shahnia1, Ali Arefi1

1 School of Engineering and Information Technology, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch 6150, Western Australia

The essential connection between energy and water, also defined as the energy-water nexus, has been recognised by scientists and policy makers worldwide. Integrated solutions and policies that consider both energy and water aspects into future planning have been developing at a fast pace. In this paper, we review the state of the art of the energy-water nexus, with particular focus on the integration between renewable energy and desalination technologies. We also model the integration of reverse osmosis (RO) desalination and solar photovoltaics in an edge-of-grid coastal town in Western Australia. The current literature agrees on the sustainable use of renewable energy sources to improve the water-energy nexus in the context of water desalination. Although the integration of solar and wind energy with desalination technologies is a mature and well-proven solution at both small and large scales, the intermittency and fluctuating nature of wind and solar power still constitute the main technical challenge that has limited the diffusion of renewable energy powered desalination on a large scale. Several successful applications of renewable energy powered desalination in remote, off the grid, locations have tackled the issue of power intermittency by the use of batteries and diesel generators. Such systems often couple reverse osmosis desalination with solar photovoltaic energy. Large desalination plants have been successfully connected to wind farms and grid electricity to secure uninterrupted plant operations, thus meeting water targets in large scale systems. Our review identifies a knowledge gap in the integration of decentralised energy systems, e.g. rooftop solar photovoltaic, with small scale RO desalination. Such configuration would benefit those regional towns that have historically suffered from weak and unreliable connections to the electricity grid, thus helping them secure both their energy and water requirements. The modelling exercise on a renewable energy powered RO plant in an edge-of-grid town in Western Australia has identified an operating strategy that maximizes the renewable energy fraction and secures the annual supply of water. The system involves operating the RO unit for six months of the year at a daily variable load and integrating solar energy with grid electricity. Careful evaluation of the RO performance under such operating conditions is necessary to ensure a safe and reliable water treatment process. A niche in the literature of the energy-water nexus has been identified in the integration of rooftop solar photovoltaic, grid electricity and desalination technologies applied in a regional context. A future study will consider the rollout of rooftop solar photovoltaics across the whole town, thus enabling the active engagement of the community by integrating the households’ energy demand response patterns to the operations of both rooftop photovoltaics and the desalination unit.


ABSTRACT – 20 SEPTEMBER 2016 PLENARY SESSION

Plenary Session – I

AB-143: The Urgent Necessity to Redouble Renewable Energy Output

Ali Sayigh

Chairman of WREC & Director General WREN Chairman IEI

P O Box 362, Brighton BN2 1YH, UK, Tel: 44-1273-625-643

There is no room now for climate change scepticism. It is evident to all that climate change is happening – the results can be seen in many countries. Floods, freaks storms, wind speeds of more than 80 mph, heat waves, droughts, rising sea levels and disappearing glaciers, largely due to excessive use of fossil fuels. Climate change acceleration began slowly in the 1970s but has now increased beyond our ability to stop it or reduce its impact. Using renewable energy effectively on a large scale will put an end or considerably slow down this process in many parts of the world. This papers shows that some countries are making greater efforts than others. Installations of the 70s and 80s were limited to kilowatts while in the 2010s we speak in terms of megawatts. The cost of most renewable energy systems have been reduced by so much that they have reached parity with fossil fuels or are even cheaper. The most effective progress has been made in photovoltaic systems: the cost of turnkey installations say for 5 MW is $6 million. Governments in European countries are using Feed-in-Tariffs which has made the payback period of installing a large system less than 1.25 years. Similarly, Concentrated Solar Power, biomass, wind energy and hydro-power have greatly improved payback periods. Countries such as Morocco have pledged to produce 40% of their electricity from renewable energy by 2020, while Austria has declared that by 2050 all its energy will come from renewable sources. It is clear from the media and UN Reports that there is no country which is not utilising renewable energy to some extent, but what is urgently needed is for this use to be redoubled immediately to prevent the earth heating by more than 2 C. While much is hoped from the outcome of the December 2015 Paris climate summit, realistically in the past very few nations honoured their pledges. A great deal of aid has been given to poor countries which are suffering from climate change, however the donor nations have failed to restrict their own carbon emissions. Many poor countries feel they are being expected to forgo the industrial benefits which came from the industrial revolution powered by fossil fuels.

AB-049: Title of Talk: “Significant and Growing Opportunities for Large-Scale Solar Technology Contributions to the World Energy Supply”

David S. Renné

President, International Solar Energy Society


The installed global solar power capacity has been growing at double-digit rates in recent years, even during the recent global economic crisis. For example, as published in the REN 21 Global Status Report 2015, solar photovoltaic (PV) capacity has reached 177 GW by the end of 2014, and, given the current growth rates, could exceed 250 GW by the end of 2016. Even though current PV capacity still represents only around 1% of global electricity supply, future indicators, based on policies (including climate change mitigation strategies), access to financial capital, and the continued drop in solar PV prices, suggest that large-scale penetrations of solar electricity will be incorporated into many electric grid systems around the world over the next 15 years. By the end of 2014 other solar technologies, such as technologies that provide building space heating and cooling and solar water heating, reached 406 GW (thermal) capacity, and Concentrating Solar Power for generation of electricity by steam turbines exceeded 4 GW. All of these technologies are offering low-cost solutions to expanded electricity supply and energy access in unserved regions. This talk will focus on what can be expected by the year 2030 with respect to the contributions by solar electricity and solar thermal towards meeting our end-use energy needs. The talk will include discussions on the technical challenges, which still must be addressed, such as energy storage and grid resiliency, to maintain a stable and reliable energy supply. Strategies for implementing massive deployments of PV geospatially, and for using other solar technologies for effective load management, are additional measures that will be discussed.

AB-044: The European Climate and Energy Framework 2030 – Impact on Renewable Energy development

Rainer Hinrichs-Rahlwes

European Renewable Energies Federation (EREF), Vice-President, Brussels/Belgium

German Renewable Energy Federation (BEE), Board Member, Berlin/Germany

Käthe-Niederkirchner-Straße 13, D-10407 Berlin, Germany

The EU’s Climate and Energy Framework 2020 was a landmark policy decision towards a sustainable energy system. Particularly, the Renewable Energies Directive is a robust framework for renewables growth. With only four more years to 2020, some EU Member States are implementing their targets half-heartedly or are even lowering their objectives while at the same time lobbying for lower ambitions beyond 2020. At the same time, there is no doubt – even more so after the Paris agreement – that climate challenge requires drastic decarbonisation, particularly of the energy sector in the industrialized world. The EU institutions (Commission, Council, and Parliament) have developed a 2030 framework significantly impacted a stronger focus on energy security. The establishment of a European Energy Union has become the overarching answer to most of Europe’s energy challenges. In this paper, the status of the Energy Union will be analysed, particularly with regard to the challenges and opportunities it offers for Europe’s energy transition towards a renewables driven energy system. In October 2014, the European Council (composed the EU’s Heads of State and Government) agreed on major cornerstones of a 2030 Climate and Energy Framework. The EU will strive for domestic greenhouse gas emissions reduction of at least 40%. The emissions target comes together with a target of increasing energy efficiency of at least 27% and a Renewables target of at least 27% of gross final energy consumption. In


contrast to the 2020 framework, the Renewables and Efficiency targets are not underpinned by national binding targets for each Member State. Instead, a new governance framework and a new energy market design are being discussed and developed. The Framework will be further discussed in 2016 and eventually decided in 2017. The European Parliament will have an important role, because European legislation on energy and climate change needs consensus between Council and Parliament. It seems there is room for improvements, until the 2030 framework will be enacted. Renewables Industry, NGOs and other stakeholders have raised questions to be addressed when further refining the Energy Union. Renewables industry association have underlined that – to provide added value to the European Energy transition – the Union must focus on Renewables and Efficiency and must be instrumental for the transformation towards a renewables driven flexible system. I shall analyse the debates, and I shall outline how different outcomes would impact the perspectives of Renewables in Europe. I argue that a stable and reliable regulatory framework with more ambitious targets for Renewables and Efficiency will have positive impact on economic growth, job creation, clean environment, import dependency, and climate protection.

Plenary Session – II

AB-045: IPCC Renewable Energy Report and National Climate information Support for Renewable Energy

Edvin Aldrian

IPCC Working Group I Vice Chair

Global warming and climate change are mostly produced due to excessive use of fossil fuel energy. The carbon waste out of that energy production combine with the earth radiation would leave excessive energy imbalance in the atmosphere. The earth energy balance remains constant due to the closed system of the planet. Basically, energy only changes from one form to the others. The excessive energy in the atmosphere would create global warming as the form of heat energy, extreme weather as the form of kinetic energy and extreme torrential rainfall as the form of potential energy. The advance of current technology tries to harvest these excessive energies that reside in the atmosphere. With the depletion of fossil fuel and coal fuel source of energy, people turn their focus on the renewable options. Many renewable energy projects utilize wind, solar, bio, ocean wave and ocean current as the source of energy. IPCC has released the IPCC special report on renewable energy as part of the mitigation solution of the climate change. On that report, there are many alternative renewable energy to be used for the future demand. For many type of renewable energy, the need for local climate information is a prerequisite. Wind and solar energy farms require climate information on the wind and solar radiation information. The solar radiation has their locality depending upon their local weather condition. The bio energy requires a common set of climate suitable pattern for proper commodity to grow. The ocean sources of energy require ocean modeling, which is wind and current driven and eventually depend on the local weather and climate pattern. One special example of the mapping processes of the local climate information is the production of the wind and solar energy potential for Indonesia. This product use long term weather and climate information to be transformed into the unit of potential energy. With the long coastal area and many ocean coverage, Indonesia has large potency for ocean source energy and geothermal. The latter comes from the country named as the largest number of volcano population.


AB-010: Heading Towards Sustainable Electricity Systems: How to Integrate Large Shares of Variable Renewable Energy Sources

Reinhard Haas

Vienna University of Technology, Gusshausstr.25/370-3, 1040 Vienna, Austria

The major motivation for this paper is that in recent years increasing shares of renewable energy sources (RES) have changed the usual pattern of electricity markets especially in Western Europe remarkably. Due to this, currently, the development of electricity markets respectively the whole electricity system is at a crucial crossing. On the one hand, the way to a sustainable electricity system based mainly on RES could be paved in the next years. In this context we emphasize especially the considerable price decreases of PV which has brought this technology close to cost-effectiveness on household level. On the other hand, there are forces which try to retain the old centralized fossil and nuclear-based generation planned economies. Our core objective is to show how to cope with these shortcomings. Most important is to include a broad portfolio of flexibility options which already exists today but is not fully harvested due to low economic incentives. In this paper we show in detail how for specific load profiles and generation patterns a portfolio of flexibility options can bring about a virtually carbon-free electricity system. The most important options to balance variations in residual load are:

short-term and long-term storages – batteries, hydro storages, or chemical storages like hydrogen or methane;

technical demand-side management measures conducted by utilities like cycling, Load Management, e.g. of cooling systems)

Demand response due to price signals mainly from large customers to price changes, time-of-use pricing time-of-use pricing

Transmission grid extention leads to flatter load and flatter generation profiles;

Smart grids: They allow variations in frequency (upwards and downwards regulation) and switch of voltage levels and contribute in this context to a load balancing

However, currently the market does not yet provide proper price signals to trigger this flexibility options. Today we have actually a very flat and low price curve over a year. Straightforward, a major finding is that these flexibility options will be harvested only if sufficiently high price signals from the electricity market trigger these options, when “the exploration principle in the markets work”. The major conclusions of this analysis are: The transition towards a competitive and sustainable electricity system will be based on a paradigm shift in the whole electricity system. This includes switching to a more flexible and smarter system allowing a greater scope for demand participation, storage options and other flexibility measures.

Plenary Session – III

AB-120: Bioenergy and Resource Recovery: Linking Fermentation and Bioelectrochemical Systems

G. C. Premier, H. C. Boghani , K. Fradler, R. Jones , J. Massanet- Nicolau , A. Kaur , K. Fradler I. Michie, R. M. Dinsdale, A. J. Guwy


Sustainable Environment Research Centre (SERC), Faculty of Computing, Engineering and Science, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, Mid-Glamorgan, CF37 1DL, UK

The issue of putative methane emissions from biomethanation is of concern in the context climate change attributed to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. While anaerobic digestion has an important part to play in the benign conversion of waste and crop biomass from materials with polluting potential, to the globally (almost) ubiquitous and versatile energy carrier methane; this gas has substantially greater GHG effect, up to 86 times that of carbon dioxide over a 20 year period. Leakage to atmosphere of approximately 4-5% can nullify any GHG benefits from AD. The benefits of anaerobic bioprocesses are manifold, not least for their ability to deploy a variety of metabolic pathways to e.g. valuable products such as carboxylic acids and alcohols, hydrogen and precursors for polymeric materials. Fully developed AD will tend to substrates and intermediate products to the point where further oxidation by the microorganisms is very difficult and yields little energy, i.e. CH4 and CO2. The fermentative process which precede the decent in chemical energy toward methanation are worth considering for their economic benefit to the anaerobic stabilisation of biodegradable materials. The processes rates are in part driven by concentrations in both substrates and products and therefore the retention times/reactor volumes are consequently affected also. Furthermore, low cost and available substrates are not abiotic and consequently the use of single or selected species for their specialised metabolisms is only feasible in circumstances of very high value products such as pharmaceuticals, leaving waste streams to contend with mixed bacterial population catalysing in competition and/or in synergy, the conversion of biomass. This paper takes the view that separating both metabolic processes and the products formed within them in order to establish environmental conditions which favour the production of valued products by removing inhibitory concentrations which would otherwise depress yield, may be a means to increase the cost effectiveness of anaerobisis while also reducing methane potential and associated GHG effects. Ultimately, replacing methanation with the production of hydrogen and carboxylates and generating reducing power for further hydrogen production and/or other electrically driven reduction reactions through bioelectrochemical processes, would be advantageous if the processes can be built and operated cost competitively. We present an account of process which connects acidogenesis, electrochemical hydrogen separation, conventional electrodyalisis and microbial electrolysis and discuss the factors which need to be addressed to avoid methanation as the obvious economic route to biomass coversion and waste stabilisation.


ABSTRACT – 21 SEPTEMBER 2016 PLENARY SESSION & TECHNICAL SESSION

Plenary Session – IV

AB-140: Meteorology, Climatology and Renewable Energy

John Boland

Professor of Environmental Mathematics, University of South Australia

One of the key obstacles in the way of wider implementation of renewable energy is its highly volatile and intermittent nature. This has boosted an interest in developing a fully probabilistic forecast of wind and solar resources, aiming to assess a variety of related uncertainties with a user-predetermined confidence. Forecasting with error bounds of wind, and especially solar energies, on very short time scales, that is less than four hours, is one of the main areas missing. This is also denoted variously as interval, density or probabilistic forecasting. I will describe the use of GARCH to construct density forecasts of wind farm output. For solar energy, there are two factors influencing the variance. There is a systematic change in variance with summer being higher than winter and middle of the day higher than the ends of the day. As well, there is a localised effect, with clusters of high and low variance, the ARCH effect. I will show how to combine these two effects to give a robust and effective density forecast. Another problem is the lack of measurement of all three components of solar energy. The global solar radiation is measured at numerous locations or if that is not possible, it is inferred from satellite images. Then the diffuse and direct components must be estimated, as they are needed for specific applications. The Boland-Ridley-Lauret (BRL), as well as other alternatives, that enables this estimation will be described.

Breakout Session - 1

AB-003: Advances in Bifacial Photovoltaic Thermal (PVT) Solar Air Collectors

Kamaruzzaman Sopian

Solar Energy Research Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

Two solar energy collection systems commonly used are the flat plate collectors and photovoltaic cells. Normally, these two collection systems are used separately. These two systems can be combined together and known as photovoltaic thermal (PVT) collectors or sometimes known as hybrid collectors are specially design solar collectors that simultaneously generate both electricity and thermal energy. Many existing PVT have photovoltaic panels with monofacial solar cells. In a monofacial solar cell, the front surface is transparent with glass lamination, and the back surface. Front surface of the solar cell absorbs the sunlight and converts it into electricity with a metallic grid pattern on the front surface and a blanket metal film on the rear surface. Furthermore, a bifacial solar cell offers additional radiation absorption by back surface of the solar cell. Hence, the bifacial solar cells have significant advantages in terms of electricity generated and also space restriction


over the ordinary monofacial solar cells. There are varieties of terrestrial applications for bifacial photovoltaic thermal solar collects (PVT) such as building facade integration, window integration, fence / barrier integration, parking lot integration, and etc. Bifacial PVT panels also provide shading and faint light penetration. This paper presents the recent experimental studies and advances on bifacial PVT collectors for the simultaneous production of electricity and hot air.

AB-008: Effects of Solar Radiation on the Radiometric Properties of Materials for Greenhouse (Comparative Study: Glass-Plastic)

Salah Bezari1, S.M.A. Bekkouche 1, Ahmed Benchatti 2

1Unité de Recherche Appliquée en Energies Renouvelables, URAER, Centre de Développement des Energies Renouvelables, CDER, 47133, Ghardaïa, Algeria

2Laboratoire de Mécanique, Département de Génie Mécanique, Université Amar Telidji, BP. 37 G, Laghouat, Algérie

The solar irradiation is considered as an important source of energy because its greenhouse effect. This consists of the radiation effect carried by the solar spectrum which can easily penetrate in a shelter. The greenhouses are usually covered with a material (glass or plastic) that have the ability to transmit light that provides essential energy for plant growth and production. Intensity, duration and spectral distribution of light affect plant response. The wall material is the essential element of the greenhouse. Its principal function is to insure the greenhouse effect in the more possible suitability fashion by permitting the light. The synthesis materials are characterized specially by their relative instability with respect to time. The event is occurred by alteration of the optical characteristics following the photo-degradation and by weakening of the mechanical characteristics closed on the wall exterior surface under different shapes (tears, delaminating, etc…). We conducted an experimental study on the influence of solar radiation and dust on the material of the covering of the greenhouse in the south region of Algeria. The analysis of the greenhouse’s cover different types have been realized and then have been showed that the electromagnetic energy is inversely proportional to its wave length, that means the ultraviolet rays are the principal cause of the material alteration. The short ultra-violets are more absorbed by the atmosphere than the long ones. The last are the main factor of the material oldest. This result is validated by a normal incidence and the is extended to all possible orientations then is spatially integrated in way that gives a values of infrared proprieties, applied at a real greenhouse project.

AB-009: Development of A PV-Powered Thermoelectric Partition for User-Individual Radiative Cooling in Office Buildings

Mathias Kimmling, Sabine Hoffmann

Facilities Management and Facilities Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Kaiserslautern, Gottlieb-Daimler-Strasse, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany

In the building sector, space cooling is one of the main causes of electric energy consumption. In US commercial buildings, air-conditioning generates 19 % of the overall


electricity needs. For tropical and sub-tropical climates such as Indonesia, this value can raise to a range of 60 up to 72 %, holding a significant potential for energy conservation. The most widespread technical solutions for air-conditioning in buildings are based on vapor-compression refrigeration systems (VCRS). Central or single-room split systems provide cooling power to air through heat exchangers at a temperature level well below the targeted room temperature, causing dehumidification through condensation and providing one single set temperature per room or building section – both possible reasons for uncomfortable and unhealthy living and working conditions. A novel thermoelectric partition for office environments is being developed to improve both energy balance and thermal comfort by using individual radiative cooling instead of or in addition to VCRS: Thermoelectric elements (Peltier elements) inside a movable partition are used to cool down its user facing side. By longwave radiative exchange, the user’s dressed surface, skin and whole body are cooled directly. The heat received by radiation and convection, and the waste heat evolved are transferred through the Peltier elements to the back side of the partition, away from the user, and needs to be dissipated. To avoid immediate heat dissipation and the associated thermal loadto room air, a phase change material (PCM) is applied on the partition’s back side to store the heat as latent heat in the form of liquefied PCM. It is recovered to solidification by increased night ventilation, using lower ambient temperatures for higher recovery efficiency. In cooling mode, the possibility to set the cooling power and the location of the partition up to individual preferences is given to the user. The partition is powered by photovoltaic (PV) modules and a rechargeable battery, as periods of high cooling demands in buildings mostly coincide with periods of high solar radiation, preferring the use of PV as a renewable energy source. Furthermore, the relatively low thermal efficiency of Peltier elements recommends the use of PV to achieve positive energy balance. A low temperature difference between the partition’s surface and the user’s body-surface is sufficient to utilize the effect of longwave radiative exchange, resulting in optimized thermal efficiency of Peltier elements, avoiding condensation and dehumidification and holding the possibility to substitute VCRS, especially in moderate climate areas. In tropical and sub-tropical climates, individual radiative cooling with PCM storage can be used in addition to VCRS air-conditioning to cut and delay peak cooling demands, allowing down-sizing and system design improvement to optimize VCRS utilization and efficiency. In both cases of application, this technology could lead to a significant reduction of electric energy consumption for cooling purpose in office buildings. At the same time, the user’s thermal comfort and satisfaction with the environment can be increased both by providing the possibility of user-individual cooling and by avoiding the negative effects of dehumidification of standard VCRS.

AB-029: Building Integration of PV/Thermal Collector for Space Heating in Bou–Ismail

R. Chekrouni1, R. Sellami R1, 2, M. Amirat M2, A. Arbane A1

1 Unité de Développement des Equipements Solaires, UDES /EPST-Centre de Développement des Energies Renouvelables CDER, Bou-Ismail, Tipasa, 42415, Algérie.

2 Laboratoire de Mécanique des Fluides Théorique et Appliquée, Faculté de Physique, USTHB, Bab Ezzouar, Alger16111, Algérie.

This paper aims to study a dynamic simulation of building integration of PV/Thermal collector. The TRNSYS simulation environment of the cogeneration heating system and the


building have been established. For this purpose, a numerical model was developed under specific climate conditions in actual location of UDES “Unité de Développement des Equipments Solaires” in Bou-Ismail, located northern Algeria. The goal of this work was to evaluate thermal performances of complexes system. Climate and radiometric data used were measured at the meteorological station of the Unit for a summer and winter seasons. The results obtained show that the building reach to the thermal comfort of the building in both season. Indeed, the overall performances of the collector can reach values close to 40%.

AB-125: Assessment of Energy Saving, CO2 Emission Reduction and Monetary Benefits by Refurbishment of Solar Water Heater in Residential Buildings

Sector

Sunil Chamoli2, Abhishek Gautam1, Alok Kumar1

1 Mechanical Engineering Department, Tula’s Institute Of Technology, Dehradun, India 248009

2 Mechanical Engineering Department, DIT University Dehradun, India 248001

The solar water heating systems are well known application of solar thermal systems. But, before its implementation, the system should be checked technically as well as economically. It was found that residential building sector consumes about 10% of the total energy consumption all over the world. There will be a great potential in finding out the potential of residential building sectors in reducing the energy consumption and CO2 emission by the refurbishment of solar water heating system. In the long run, it will be monetary beneficial too. In this paper initially the scope of implementing solar thermal applications in Uttarakhand, a state of India and is discussed, followed by the brief discussion about the favorable conditions to implement solar water heating system in its capital Dehradun. After that a case study is presented in a boy’s hostel “RAMAN” located in DIT University, Dehradun in which a solar water heating system is designed, analyzed technically as well as economically and then proposed for implementing it. The potential of this proposal in reducing the CO2 emission is also evaluated. There are two designs, which have been selected on the basis of their performance than the rest designs, one of which having flat plate collector, and the other is having evacuated tube collector are compared, and it is found that the solar water heating system having flat plate collector gives solar fraction of 55% while the solar water heating systems having evacuated tube collector gives 67.4 %. Later the potential of residential building sector in reducing the energy consumption for heating water and CO2 emission is discussed by the implementation of solar water heating systems.


AB-005: Effective Solar Energy Use in the High Latitudes

Peteris Shipkovs, Galina Kashkarova, Kristina Lebedeva, Lana Migla, Andrejs Snegirjovs

Energy resources laboratory, Institute of Physical Energetics, Riga, Aizkraukles Street 21, k.1, Latvia, LV-1006

The paper will present the results of research work on the traditional energy supply systems in combination with renewable energy resources (solar energy) use which was realized in the solar energy testing park at the Institute of Physical Energetics (IPE). A testing park has been created on the roof of IPE for the investigations of solar energy use, which consists of the following parts: a system for solar collectors testing; solar cooling PV and solar collectors testing systems; measuring equipment for solar radiation parameters and weather conditions etc. These kind of energy supply system will contribute to achieve the European Union's first priority target 20/20/20 - "Energy 2020 – for competitive, sustainable and secure energy", which indicates need for increased use of renewable energy in the energy sector. The sunlight duration and intensity depend on the different factors - seasons, weather conditions, geographical position of a country, etc. The annual global solar radiation incident on horizontal surfaces in sunny regions can reach 2200 kWh/m2. In the northern Europe the maximum value of solar radiation is 1100 kWh/m2. The solar energy potential defined for Latvia as technically achievable by 2020 is: for electricity 0.01 TWh and for heat 0.04 TWh. In Latvian and European wide (worldwide) actual are an optimal microclimate maintenance facilities, for what each year enormous energy resources is spent. As shows the experimental studies, the application of solar collectors for heat and cooling are suitable also for Latvia. The innovative solar system is implemented in Institute of Physical Energetics on solar energy park where the equipment used for the hot water supply system for institute purposes and cold production (cooling) for laboratories microclimate maintenance. Modelling of the solar cooling system using the dynamic simulation program can bestead to evaluate the potential of these technologies analyzing its strengths and weaknesses, as well as promoting innovative technology transfer from laboratory conditions to the real consumers. The precision of the model was tested by comparing it with real equipment. Annual heat and cool production of solar system was defined. In the paper are given results, various recommendations and few suggestions on effective solar energy use in the high latitudes.

Breakout Session - 2

AB-041: Low-Temperature CO Oxidation Over CuO-TiO2 Nanocatalysts

Siham Y. AlQaradawi*1, Abdallah F. Zedan1, and Nageh K. Allam2

1 Department of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, Qatar University, 2713, Doha, Qatar,

2 Energy Materials Lab., School of Science & Engineering, American University in Cairo, Egypt

Among the diverse catalytic processes, the heterogeneous catalytic CO oxidation is an important reaction for removal of small amounts of poisoning CO in fuel cell applications and environmental remediation. Therefore, there is a great need to develop a highly active and stable nanocatalysts for catalytic CO oxidation at low temperature. Plasmonic nanocatalysts supported on reducible metal oxide such as CeO2 and TiO2 have been known for their superior catalytic activity at very low temperature but they are expensive and could suffer


from particle agglomeration. Recently, supported CuO nanostructures have received a great deal of attention as an inexpensive and non-plasmonic catalysts for oxidation reaction. In this study, we have developed a highly stable and active CuO-TiO2 nanocatalyst that can catalyze the CO oxidation at low temperature window between 80-200oC. We have studied the effect of shape of the TiO2 support and the CuO loading ratio on the CO conversion rates. The experimental results show that increasing the CuO to TiO2 ratio could lower the activation temperature due to the enhanced synergetic effect of the two mixed metal oxides. The prepared CuO-TiO2 nanocatalyst demonstrated a high stability for CO oxidation for test periods of up to 5h under stream. The prepared CuO-TiO2 nanocatalysts could have potential applications for H2 purification in fuel cell systems and for air quality industries.

AB-007: Generating Electricity Using Co-produced Water from Oil & Gas Wells: Pilot Study in Kalol Field, North Cambay Basin, Gujarat.

Mudit Vajpayee, Kuldeep Chanchlani, Arjun Chauhan

E-208, UG Hostel, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University, Gandhinagar District, Raisan, Gujarat 382007, India

Historically, the coproduced hot water has been an inconvenience and a disposal issue for oilfield operators and it is estimated that an average of 25 billion barrels of hot water is produced annually from oil and gas wells within the United States alone. This paper focuses on brine or coproduced fluids (hot aqueous fluids produced during oil and gas production) as a potential source for electricity generation, which could be generated from the thermal energy available in the produced fluid. Oil and Gas (O&G) industry today is in possession of thousands of established wells with known temperatures and flows which can be used for producing emissions free and cost competitive electricity using Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) plants. A pilot study has been done over the feasibility of applying this process in Kalol Field, North Cambay Basin. Two wells, KL-104 and KL-529 drilled in K-XII sand were selected based on their high water-cut and bottom hole temperature (BHT), a pre-requisite for the application of this technology. Reservoir temperature of K-XII sand is 820C at 1470m. Organic Rankine Cycle Plant was proposed to utilise thermal energy of their well fluid to generate electricity. Study and compilation of all possible factors that determine the efficiency of this plant was carried out. ORC plant uses a closed cycle to generate electricity with R245fa (Pentafluoropropane) as working fluid. Problems existing with the use of coproduced fluids were identified and their solutions developed. K-XII sand is the bottom-most pay-zone of the multi-layered Kalol oil field and has favorable reservoir temperature and wells drilled in that have good geothermal gradient for application of this technology. Flow rate of Co-produced hot water was 341 BOWPD, combined from the two wells. From wellhead, the well fluid stream passes to Knock-Out Drum (KOD). After leaving through Knock-Out Drum and Filters the temperature of water was measured to be 670 C, decreasing a 10% from wellhead temperature of 750 C and 300C was set as rejection temperature of fluid, exiting the ORC plant. It was calculated that 25 KW of electric power could be generated on-field using ORC plant of efficiency 25%, which could be used to offset on-field electricity consumption or can be supplied to local grid. After the success of pilot phase, this technology could be up-scaled to apply on entire Kalol field (from just 2 wells) and we have developed a complete methodology to determine electricity generation potential of entire Kalol field by application of this technology. This can provide an attractive


payback at oil and gas sites where cost of power leans on the higher side, and where producers see the environmental value in electricity from waste heat, either as a public relations benefit or acting on corporate social responsibility metrics. If pilot phase is successful then full scale project will also help in extending the economic life of the maturing Kalol field.

AB-028: An Investigation into Application of Large Scale Seasonal Thermal Energy Storage Systems in mine ventilation

Seyed Ali Ghoreishi-Madiseh, Leyla Amiri, Agus P. Sasmito, and Ferri P. Hassani

Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill University, 3450 University Street, Adams Building, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2A7, Canada

Deep underground mining is highly energy intensive due to the need of considerable amount of energy for heating, cooling and ventilation purposes. This high energy demand cannot be diminished; however it could be partially satisfied by taking advantage of the renewable energies available at mine site. Study of using the huge mass of waste rock as a Large Seasonal Thermal Energy Storage (Se-TES) to create a unique type of heat exchanger, namely “Natural Heat Exchanger”, to shave the seasonal air temperature oscillations is the main focus of this paper. It introduces a novel mine ventilation system which uses the concept of natural heat exchanger. If replaced with conventional energy resources (i.e. fossil fuels) in underground mine, it will effectively reduce the operational costs and greenhouse gas emissions. This paper addresses the challenges faced in utilizing the naturally available renewable thermal energy source of seasonal cycles for heating and cooling of underground mines; i.e. heat in the summer is stored in the rock-pit to be used for heating in winter, and the “cold” energy in winter is captured in the rock-pit for cooling during summer. A three-dimensional unsteady, conjugate heat transfer model is developed to evaluate thermal storage and heat transfer between ventilation air and broken rock mass. The results of the model are compared and validated with experimental data. Using this novel model, significance of forced convection, driven by ventilation fan, and natural convection, driven by buoyancy, are compared. The model is also used to study how design parameters, such as position of intake air trenches and flow rate of fresh air, will affect energy savings. The results suggest that Se-TES of rock-pit can be used in thermal management of underground mine ventilation in order to reduce energy consumption for winter heating and summer cooling.

AB-039: Natural State Modelling of Geothermal Reservoir at Kerinci Field Using Tough2 Simulator

Iki Hidayat

Petroleum Engineering Department, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganeca 10, Bandung, Indonesia 40132


Geothermal field development is the big project in energy sector. The project need high cost from early exploration stage until utilization stage. In addition, geothermal development needs long time for generating electrical, usually about. The big challenge in geothermal field is high risk for running the project. It is important thing to minimize risk, cost, and optimize to generate electrical for long time from geothermal field. One of key study in planning of geothermal development is modelling of geothermal reservoir at Kerinci Field. Modelling is mimicking process of properties in geothermal system using simulator to approach with real reservoir condition. The process is used tough2 simulator by heat and fluid inputs parameter with reasonable accuracy. The next stagesis to match actual and simulation data include pressure and temperature to obtain natural state modelling. The methodology of this modelling is to collect geology data and simulate the field using tough2 simulator to reach simulation and actual data is matching. The first stage, to collect all geology data that support for conceptual model at Kerinci Field. From the conceptual model, we develop the field in to simulator. We define area, thickness, and parameters that relation in geothermal system. The parameters used quantification based on engineering especially in permeability, porosity, and rock and properties fluid. The last stages, we run the parameters used simulator and compare temperature and pressure distribution simulation result with actual data from exploration well data. The matching result in simulation data and actual data will obtain Natural state condition. There are some important parameter to initial modelling. The first, define reservoir area that we can develop. We must collect surface manifestation information in the field, we must interpret result geophysic process from MT data and Gravity and production data from exploration well. The proven area is define by productive well location. We assume radius each well about 300 meters. In Kerinci field, there are 3 exploration wells location and the location is used from limitation of proven area. The nest stage is to search conceptual model in Kerinci reservoir. In the conceptual model, we can describe direction flow of geothermal fluid from reservoir to surface, thickness, heat sources, rock properties, and recharge. Based on area and conceptual model, we develop the simulation by tough2 simulator. The first stages to make size of model based proven area. We define model bounds by value of X,Y, and Z that we simulate it. Then, we create mesh for gridding size. Small gridding is used at main area in Kerinci reservoir. The Finest gridding in the model is used 100 x 100 and the largest gridding size is 250 x 250 .

The largest gridding size is used at boundary system of the reservoir. After gridding, we make properties of materials for layers in simulator based on conceptual model. Then, we make top and bottom each layer and choose the material that we make it. The properties of material is filled based on reasonable accuracy and conceptual model. After the model is complete to develop, the next stage is running the model by tough2 simulator. The result simulation, we obtain pressure and temperature profile of Kerinci field. We must have actual data from exploration well and compare with result simulation. If the simulation and actual data is matching, natural state condition is reached. Natural state is important part of modelling reservoir process. The stages of modelling is conceptual model, develop the model, running using simulator and matching simulation and actual data. Natural state modelling is to forecasting future behavior of the real reservoir.


Breakout Session – 3

AB-108: Brave New Energy World for Prosumers?

Role of Prosumers in Digitized Energy System is Crucial for Energy Democracy

Holger Schneidewindt

Energy Law & Policy Officer at Consumer Association of North Rhine-Westphalia (Germany) 29, Mount Sinai Rise, #08-03, 276952 Singapore

Prosumers are key enablers to energy transition and market. The “Energiewende” has lead to a democratisation of the energy system. More and more citizens who used to consume centrally generated electricity and heat become active players: with heat pumps and solar thermal systems they produce heat from alternative and renewable energies, and with photovoltaic and wind turbines they produce green electricity. Small CHP provides even both. Neighbors want to supply each other with energy or landlords their tenants. And in smart homes consumers become manager of their own energy network that is linked to other market players via the smart grid. The rise of prosumers has several positive impacts. On the one hand, the citizens´ investments leverage new technologies, e.g. photovoltaic system components. Battery storage will be next. On the other hand, prosumers contribute significantly to the functioning of the energy market: they boost competition and the diversification of the generation capacities and the energy mix. They disrupt market concentration and energy oligopolies and they lower the wholesale market prices. Digitisation can boost energy democracy. There´s no doubt, that for the next or final “Energiewende”-steps digitisation is key: It is essential for the integration of prosumer plants into the smart grid in order to achieve network security and efficiency, e.g. by intelligent feed-in and load management. And digitisation can further boost energy democracy and prosumers as central market players, e.g. by facilitating self-generation and self-consumption, tenant models and efficient in-house energy management including electromobility. “Airbnb for electricity” - Blockchain will disrupt the energy system. 25The blockchain technology has the potential to disrupt the energy system with prosumers at its core as it might be the missing tool for prosumer business cases. Apart from low transaction costs, efficient processes and cost advantages for consumers it enables direct interaction - even between very small players like small scale PV or CHP “utilities” and normal consumers. The future may look like this: decentrally generated electricity is transported via microgrids to consumers, smart meter measure the generated and consumed energy, energy trading and payment in a cryptocurrency are processed via the blockchain and controlled automatically through “smart contracts”. This decentrally controlled transaction and energy supply system would make utilities, traders and banks redundant concerning the payment process. Welcoming (digital) regulatory framework for prosumers is key to energy democracy Countries on the road to energy transition would be well advised to ensure a “welcoming culture” for prosumers. Apart from the regulatory “basics” such as grid access, the role of prosumers in the digitized energy system of the future is key to really achieve energy democracy. The blockchain technology maybe the game changer. But only, if regulators consider the prosumer positions in the future.


AB-117: Renewable Energy Integration and the Role of Energy Storage in the Context of the Smart Grid

Ghanim Putrus

Professor of Electrical Power Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK

Energy supply networks, such as water, gas, petrol, etc. include storage facilities and these act as a buffer to maintain a smooth flow of supply to meet continuous variations in demand. Existing electrical power networks do not usually have provision for energy storage, so generation (supply) must be continuously adjusted at all times in order to match the demand. Grid control engineers use different means to balance supply to demand and hence control the frequency and voltage, including generation scheduling, economic load dispatch and fast response turbines which are used to provide ‘instant’ response. For a particular electrical system, matching supply to demand is largely dependent on the system operating conditions and characteristics of the individual generating plants and loads. Current power grid control philosophy is based on balancing supply-demand by controlling generation (instantly) in order to meet continually changing and uncontrollable demand. This balancing control becomes a challenge in the presence of renewables, such as PV and Wind, where power generation is intermittent and difficult to predict. In fact, variation in power generation due to fluctuation in wind speed and solar irradiance may cause problems to the grid, such as frequency and voltage control. Further, at present, fossil fuel back up generation capacity is required to cover any sudden drop in renewable power generation. Therefore, the philosophy to control future power networks (Smart Grid) will need to change and heavily rely on controlling the demand, which will be made possible by using energy storage. Energy storage provides the missing link between renewable energy and the grid. The presentation covers analysis of power grid performance and the role of energy storage in facilitating the integration of (intermittent) renewable energy generation into the grid. It also covers the use of grid storage to optimise renewable energy generation and increase its effectiveness for the system owner and the environment. The presentation also provides analysis of using Electric Vehicles (EV) batteries to provide support to the grid. Modern EV chargers may be designed to be bi-directional, so EVs may be used to provide grid storage. Individual EVs have a capacity of a few tens of kWh, but in the future, the projected numbers of EVs aggregated will constitute a large distributed storage capability with response times below those achievable with turbines. Electric vehicle battery is replaced when its energy capacity drops to 80% of capacity when new (~5 years, depending on EV use). Recycling EV batteries is currently considered uneconomic. Therefore, “second life” EV battery (after first use in the vehicle) provide a valuable asset for grid storage (green solution), as size and weight for the grid are immaterial. Electric Vehicle batteries, whether on board or “second life”, have sufficient energy capacity to supply energy for a typical house for up to 24 hours. Hence, EVs are being promoted to provide small-scale storage for building with local renewable energy generation. Lately, several car manufacturers announced the introduction of commercial domestic scale storage, such as the Nissan xStorage (4.2 kWh), Tesla Powerwall (7-10 kWh) and the BMW stationary storage system using i3 battery (22 or 33 kWh). These devices can be installed in a house garage and includes advanced control that connects to the internet and can track power usage and share information with the grid.


AB-103: Big Data in Renewable

Andrew Kusiak

Intelligent Systems Laboratory, 3131 Seamans Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA

Big data impacts the development of solutions used in generation of renewable energy, its distribution, and consumption. The newly developed solutions result in systems that are smarter, better connected, more efficient, and of increased autonomy. Renewable energy generation, distribution, and consumption are significant components of the overall sustainability equation. Data science offers a unifying approach for tackling problems across different phases of electricity life cycle. It supports progress towards development of autonomous energy systems paralleling the internet of things. Renewable energy needs to embrace applications where data offers value. The electricity life cycle is a highly multidisciplinary process awaiting new solutions. It is widely recognized that design of innovative solutions considers data streams originating at users, experts, energy flow, and the cyberspace. Data science offers tools for fusing the diverse steams of data that would not be possible with traditional modeling or simulation approaches.

AB-112: Influence of national structural conditions on framing and reframing of renewable energies: An international comparison in 11 countries

Jens Wolling, Marco Bräuer, Dorothee Arlt, Mira Rochyadi-Reetz, M.

Institute of Media and Communication Science Technische Universität Ilmenau Ehrenbergstraße 29, Ernst-Abbe-Zentrum D-98693 Ilmenau Germany

This paper examine and explain the media’s framing of renewable energy sources and the media’s reframing due to the nuclear disaster at Fukushima from an international comparative perspective. To understand the interplay between media coverage, public opinion and political decision making related to renewable energies, it is not sufficient to simply focus on the renewable energy sector. Instead a nation’s entire structural conditions and especially the whole energy supply system must be considered, especially the availability of various energy sources and their political and economic importance for a country. In many countries the provision of energy supply in general and the development of renewable energy sources in particular are discussed controversially with respect to economic, societal, ecologic, and infrastructural questions. The mass media play a special role within these discussions: They function as a public communication platform for actors from politics, business, science and society to communicate their views and interests on renewable energies to a great audience. Due to the interconnection between the energy sector and these actors it is reasonable to expect that the nuclear disaster in Fukushima not only influenced the media coverage on nuclear energy, but also on renewable energies. Based on these arguments and assumptions we ask the following research questions: RQ1: Are there differences in the media’s framing of the benefits, problems and reasons of using renewable energy between different countries? If so, can these differences be explained due to dissimilar structural national conditions? RQ2: Are there different changes in the media’s framing of the benefits, problems and reasons of using renewable energy after the


Fukushima accident? If so, can we explain these different changes due to dissimilar structural national conditions? To answer these research questions, we conducted a quantitative content analysis on media coverage on renewable energy in eleven countries (from all continents) one year before and after the Fukushima accident in 2011. To prove the influence of dissimilar structural national conditions on the media’s framing of renewable energy, we selected countries that differ in terms of their geographical and economic conditions and with respect to the usage of renewable energy. Referring to the first research question, empirical result shows that the media’s framing of the benefits, problems and reasons for using renewable energy differs across countries. These differences can be partially explained by dissimilar national structural conditions. With respect to the second research question, we find some changes in media framing across countries after the Fukushima accident, and these changes were also affected by the national macro variables. In summary, the findings suggest that the national media highlight less benefits and potentials of renewable energy if the structural conditions for using them are unfavorable in their country. The political intentions to foster renewable energy appear to be lower in countries with a high share of nuclear energy, a large presence of fossil energy resources and a high level of CO2 emissions. In these countries the media appears to be more likely questioning the technical performance of renewable energy.

AB-033: Integrating Renewable Energy into Urban Built Form: Monitoring Techniques to Enable Simultaneous Performance Evaluation and Feedback

Martin Anda, David Goodfield, Max Ploumis, Andrew Haning

Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150

Buildings and districts are an appropriate focus for integrated renewable energy systems combined with smart metering infrastructure in the urban environment. Whilst properties and buildings have traditionally been metered for revenue recovery purposes, energy management of these buildings has rarely been a priority or even available. Energy in its own right not only carries a direct cost to the consumer but also to the environment, according to the method of power generation employed and resultant carbon emissions. The imperative to consider both financial and environmental impacts is certainly on the agenda at individual household as well as corporate levels. Renewable energy, smart metering and energy management systems are vital components to the making and management of post carbon cities. Energy Management Systems combined with structured metering enable consumers with renewable energy generation, such as photovoltaic (PV) panels to monitor their own generation and consumption, and to monitor the energy they import and export. Furthermore, with smart metering consumers are now have some level of control over the energy they import and export, particularly as battery storage has become affordable and cost effective. As battery storage becomes integrated with renewable energy generation, consumers will have the ability to consume cheaper renewable energy than can be bought from the grid and sell energy back to the grid at the most economically viable times. Several case studies will be presented in the paper to illustrate renewable energy integration into buildings, energy storage, smart monitoring and metering, and intelligent systems for building operation. Building designers and developers are constantly finding ways to make building structures more energy efficient by the choice of materials and building systems they use and “green buildings” appear with increasing regularity in both the city and in rural


settings to demonstrate how the boundaries of innovation are being constantly widened. Case studies examples of these will also be presented. Uncertainty surrounds the grid as the uptake of renewable energy and storage systems increases, largely due to the “death spiral” experienced by the power utilities, manifesting in rising electricity prices. Nevertheless, the use of renewable energy technologies integrated into buildings and districts, along with smart metering, intelligent control systems and building management systems, as well as innovative green building design, are ‘disruptive’ technologies that offer consumers greater amenity than ever before in their transition to a ‘prosumer’. These disruptive technologies challenge the current energy service provider paradigm and give the new prosumer an ability to participate in the wholesale energy market whilst at the same time reducing fossil fuelled energy consumption and contributing to the creation of future carbon neutral urban environments.

AB-054: The Analysis of Energy Requirements (Study Case Cilegon Industrial Area)

Manal Musytaqo

Indonesia Defense University

Energy is very important for industrial production process. The shortage of energy supply will cause some problems, likes distrubing production, bancrupt, and people with no occupation. These problems already happened in Medan (Indonesia) and other region in the world. That is why the planning in providing energy demand in Cilegon industrial area until the year of 2025 is very important. In this year, Indonesia will be industrial state and Cilegoan which one centre industrial area for producing steel. In this research, the method is using mixed method with quantitative and qualitative. The data was processed by two scenarios in calculating the energy demand in Cilegon industrial area using LEAP program until the year of 2025. This research focused on supply Industrial Diesel Oil (IDO), gas, coal, and electricity. Problems in fulfillment of the energy supply in Cilegon are the rising price, the uncertainty of the supply, and not the first priority of industrial area. The energy mix in Cilegon industrial area for 2025 is 52,77% coal, 37% gas, 10% electricity, and 0,23% IDO. This scenario is showing that the rising of PDB industry needed more energy supply. The strategy in providing that energy demand is by building the infrastructure and applying the energy conservation, giving incentive for those who join the energy conservation, and using renewable energy for supplying energy.

AB-014: Modeling the Use of Wind Energy for Pumping Ground Water in South Madagascar

Lala Andrianaivo1, Fidy Andrianarivony1, Honoré Ranoarivony1 and Voahanginirina Ramasiarinoro2

1 University of Antananarivo, ESPA, Petroleum Engineering Department, Po Box 1500 Antananarivo 101 Madagascar

2 University of Antananarivo, Geotechnical Laboratory, Po Box 906, Antananarivo 101 Madagascar


The southern part of Madagascar is a sub-arid region because of permanent lack of water for domestic, agricultural and industrial utilization. This work proposes a method to pump the subterranean water and a modeling of pump tools by the wind energy. This method doesn’t use any electrical energy for pumping the ground water. The result by this model is used to resolve the water problem of south Madagascar. We studied the wind and its dynamic action, its characteristics, the different pump usable and the existing transmission mechanism. The study of the context surrounding the pump by the wind energy allowed good results: the recover energy by the wind, the energy provided by the wind, the energy transmitted in the pump and the recover water debit.


AB-032: Optimum Design of Photovoltaic Water Pumping System Application

Sarah Abdourraziq, Rachid El Bachtiri

Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, LESSI Lab, EST, Fez-Morocco

The solar power source for pumping water is one of the most promising areas in photovoltaic applications. The implementation of these systems allows to protect the environment and to reduce the CO2 gas emission compared to systems trained by diesel generators. This paper presents a comparative study between the photovoltaic pumping system driven by DC motor, and AC motor to define the optimum design of this application. The studied system consists of the PV array, the DC-DC Boost Converter, the inverter, the motor-pump set and the storage tank. The comparison was carried out to define the characteristics and the performance of each system. Each subsystem is modeled in order to simulate the whole system in MATLAB/SIMULINK. The results obtained from the simulation of the system are satisfactory.

AB-066 : Experimental Analysis and Design of an Autonomous Solar Thermal Desalination Plant Integrated Membrane Distillation, the AquaSolar Project

(Benguerir-Morocco)

K. Allam1, K. Gourai1, A. El Bouari1, B. Belhorma2, L. Bih3

1 Department of chemistry, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Materials Applied, Faculty of sciences Ben M'sik, University Hassan II Casablanca B.P. 7955 20702 Casablanca

(Morocco)

2National Centre for Energy, Nuclear Science and Technology, CNESTEN, B.P. 1382 R.P. 10001 Rabat (Morocco)

3Group of physico-chemical of the Condensed Matter (PCMC), Faculty of sciences Meknes, University Moulay Ismail BP 11201 Zitoune, Meknès (Morocco)


The world water crisis is one of the largest public health issues of our time many regions of the world are increasingly turning to desalination of brackish and sea water in their effort to match the increasing demand with the available natural resources especially in Morocco. The coupling of renewable energy sources (Solar Thermal Energy, Solar Photovoltaic, Wind Energy....) with desalination has the potential of providing a sustainable source of potable water, initially for end-users in arid areas with limited alternative solutions. Morocco offers great opportunities for the development of solar applications through the exploitation of solar energy in its different forms depending on the various modes of recordings. Its geographical location, Morocco, as well as most of the other north Africans countries, enjoys an abundance of solar radiation, the average of solar radiations exceeding 5,5 kWh/m2/day for the months May, June, July, August and September , with a total insulation period of 3000 h/year and 320 sunny days per year. The use of solar energy to feed the membrane distillation (MD) desalination process is being evaluated at Platform solar for research and training in renewable energy Green Energy Park, the first platform in Africa, located in Benguerir Morocco. Membrane distillation (MD) requires two types of energy, namely, low temperature heat and electricity. Solar collectors and PV panels are mature technologies which could be coupled to MD process. The interest of using solar powered membrane distillation (VMD) systems for desalination is growing worldwide due to the MD attractive features. The unit presented in this paper is designed to provide a high quality of potable water in the areas without a network connection. The installation is designed completely autonomous; indeed the only source of energy is the sun. The electrical energy required to operate the system is generated by means of a photovoltaic cells field, and heating the brackish water is provided by a solar collector field. The solar field of the station is composed of 57 flat photovoltaic solar panels and 18 flat thermal solar panels, producing respectively 10kWe and 14kWth necessary to supply autonomously the whole station composed of the RO and MD processes as well as the accessories.

AB-070: Modelling and Forecasting the Diffusion of Grid Connected Solar PV Systems in Pakistan

Khanji Harijan1, M. Aslam Uqaili2

1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro-76062, Pakistan

2Department of Electrical Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro-76062, Pakistan

Pakistan is facing severe load shedding problem due to demand supply gap of about 5-8 GW. This power shortage problem is costing around 2.5 billion US $ per annum to the nation’s economy. Also, about 0.4 million local people are losing their jobs per year due to this demand supply gap of power. Oil, gas, hydropower and nuclear power are the main electricity generation sources. Fossil fuels, hydel and nuclear power have 64.2%, 31.1% and 4.7% shares respectively in the total power generation in Pakistan. The coal has only 0.1% share in total electricity generation in the country. Recently, six wind power projects of 308.2 MW cumulative capacity and one solar PV project of 100 MW capacity have started commercial operation and are supplying electricity to the national grid. Pakistan’s energy sector heavily depends on the imported oil and gas as the indigenous production and reserves of oil and gas are limited. More than half of the Pakistan’s annual foreign exchange


is used for importing inexpensive fossil fuels. Fossil fuels based power plants also pollutes the environment. Fortunately, the country receives 5-7 kWh/m2/day of solar insolation. The estimated potential of grid connected PV plants in terms of installed capacity is about 1600 GW. This vast renewable energy potential can be exploited for generation of electric power using solar PV technology. A priori knowledge of the likely diffusion of solar PV systems for grid connected electricity generation is very important for policy interventions and planning in Pakistan. This paper presents the forecasts of installed capacity of solar PV systems for grid-connected electricity generation in Pakistan. The logistic model and analogous approach are used for forecasting the diffusion of PV systems in the country. The solar PV diffusion model is developed and its parameters are estimated for three different scenarios based on some assumptions. It is projected that about 921, 1636 and 3060 MW of grid connected solar PV systems could be added to the national grid in Pakistan up to 2030, under Standard Scenario (SS), Moderate Scenario (MS) and Optimistic Scenario (OS) respectively. These projected results of solar PV systems installation in Pakistan indicate that only 1.23, 2.2 and 4.1% of the maximum assumed potential of solar PV plants for grid power supply could be harnessed by the year 2030. The use of grid connected solar PV plants would help to overcome power shortage and reduce the overdependence on hydropower, the adverse environmental effects of fossil power plants and the dangers of nuclear power plants in Pakistan.

AB-072: Improve the Performance of a Parabolic Trough Solar Collector by Using Sio2 Nanofluid

Husam Abdulrasool Hasan1, Kamaruzzaman Sopiana1, Ali Najah Al-Shamania1,2, Azher M. Abeda2, M. Ruslana1, Sohif Mat1

1Solar Energy Research Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.

2Department of Machinery Equipment Engineering Techniques, Technical College Al-Musaib, Foundation of Technical Education, Baghdad, Iraq.

This paper presents the improvement of the performances of the parabolic trough solar collector system (PTC) by using SiO2 nanofluid as a heat transfer fluid. The effect of SiO2 nanofluid on the thermal and thermodynamic performance of a high concentration ratio parabolic trough solar collector was studied numerically. The momentum and energy equations are solved by using a finite volume method (FVM). The top and the bottom walls of the tube are heated with a different heat flux boundary condition. In this study a Reynolds number range of 10,000 to 30,000. Results show that the thermal performance of the receiver improves as the SiO2 used.


AB-082: Technical, Economic and Environmental Analysis of Rooftop and Large-Scale PV System In Makassar, Indonesia

Muhammad Akbar Sihotang, Keiichi Okajima

Department of Risk Engineering, Graduate School of System and Information Engineering, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8537, Japan

Solar power energy in some countries can be one of the most potential renewable energy to overcome lack of energy and environmental problems. One of the promising cities in Indonesia for photovoltaic (PV) system is Makassar, which has average 5.8 kWh/m2/day of solar irradiance (Rumbayan, 2012) while the average in Indonesia is around 4.8 kWh/m2/day. However, until 2016, there is still no solar panel installation in Makassar (PLN, 2015). In addition, general lack of research in assessing potential of PV system in Makassar makes it worse. This study therefore set out to assess PV system potential in Makassar which its objectives are to determine (1) total available area for rooftop and large-scale PV system in Makassar, (2) economy feasibility and (3) environmental impact due to PV installation. In this study, land-use data of Makassar is processed by using Geographic Information System (GIS) technology to estimate available area for PV installation. Furthermore, RetScreen software was conducted to evaluate PV system capacity and its energy yield and also economy analysis such as Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and a payback period. In this study, we have analyzed three cases, first, PV systems for residential rooftop, second, PV systems for large-scale in Makassar, and third, PV systems for large-scale outside Makassar which has radius 20 km from center of Makassar. As the result, the total available area for residential rooftop PV system is evaluated to be 13.8 km2, which potential installed capacity is estimated 2,044 MW. The total available area for large-scale PV systems in Makassar and outside Makassar are 19.3 km2 and 231.3 km2, which estimated 851 MW and 10,179 MW of installed capacity, respectively. For economic evaluation, payback period for rooftop PV system varies between 16.8 years-23.3 years while for the case of large-scale PV systems will vary between 6.5 years-11.7 years depend on the inverter life time and the land price. An important conclusion of the study is, there is a possibility for the large-scale PV systems market to grow in the near future while for rooftop PV systems, financial support from government will be needed to help this market expand.

AB-084: Solar Photovoltaic Desalination Plants based on the Reverse Osmosis

Khadija Gourai1, Khadija Allam1, Abdeslam El Bouari1, Bouchra Belhorma2, Lahcen Bih3

1Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Applied Materials, Faculty of Sciences Ben M’Sik, University Hassan II of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco.

2National Center for Energy, Nuclear Sciences and Technology, Rabat, Morocco.

3Team Physical Chemistry of Condensed Matter, Faculty of Sciences Meknes, University Moulay Ismail, Meknes, Morocco.

Two of the major challenges of the coming decades are access to drinking water, especially in isolated site, and the rational use of energy. In a social and industrial purposes, so it


seems vital to combine two technologies that are desalination and photovoltaic. Due to its geographical location, Morocco is characterized by a climate of both Mediterranean in the north and arid in the south and in the southeast of the Atlas, with hot dry season and a cold and wet season. The natural water resources in Morocco are among the lowest in the world. In fact, the potential of natural water resources is estimated at 22 billion m3 per year, the equivalent of 700 m3 / citizen / year, with such a high population growth rate and fast socioeconomic development. On the other hand the solar potential of Morocco is among the most higher in the world, with a peak of the global normal irradiance up to 1100 W/m2 and an average of 2.8 MWh/year. Nowadays desalination is one of the main resources to obtain water in many areas. The most advanced method for water filtration is reverse osmosis. This work presents the characteristic of a pilot plant equipped with a reverse osmosis and powered by a 57 flat photovoltaic solar panels, to produce on average 2.5 m3 of drinking water per hour. These photovoltaic solar panels producing 10kWe necessary to supply autonomously the reverse osmosis processes as well as the accessories (air conditioning and lighting). The obtained results show that no anomaly was registered during all the performed tests, showing that photovoltaic energy responds well to the needs of our station.

5th IRES - RE Policy and Business Opportunity - 2

AB-157: Investing In Energy Poor Areas through Bottom-Up Multi-Stakeholder Approach

Agus Mantono

HIVOS, Indonesia

About 35 million people or around 16% of Indonesia’s population still lack access to electricity. To address this energy gap, the government of Indonesia has initiated several catch-up programmes, in which private investment is expected to play a bigger role. However, investing in energy poor areas such are remote islands in the eastern part of Indonesia remains uncharted waters from investors’ point of view. Grounded on the efficacious and inspirational bottom-up multi-stakeholder approach initiated by Hivos through its energy access programmes such as Sumba Iconic Island (SII) and Biogas Rumah (BIRU), this presentation will discuss how collaboration between the private sector, civil societies and the government is the key to a successful investment. This presentation will also discuss the availability of funding for small decentralised renewable energy system and the supporting policies needed to ensure its sustainability to address big gap of access in remote places particularly in eastern part of Indonesia.


AB-149: Growth of on-Grid Solar PV in Indonesia, an IPP Wiew

Dean Travers

Senior Vice President Business Development for ENGIE Indonesia

Indonesia is in the early stages of the deployment solar power with around 50 MW installed and the majority of that in off grid applications; only two small plants supply a total of 7MW to the PLN grid. Outside of Indonesia global capacity stands around 230 GW with a large fraction of this grid connected. This presentation will consider the question of how to grow on-grid solar capacity in Indonesia by addressing the following issues (i) awarding PPAs by direct appointment and selection as well as open tender, (ii) Feed-in-Tariffs vs business-to-business negotiation, (iii) expected tariff levels and comparison with global benchmarks, (iv) development of local capacity and the role of foreign players, and finally (v) grid integration.


AB-024: Thermal Systems for Comfort in Buildings with Low Energy Consumption

Gabriel Ivan, Ruxandra Crutescu, Maria-Alexandra Ivan, Claudia Ivan

Popa Nan Street, nr. 143, sector 3, Bucharest, Postcode: 030582, Romania

In accordance with the European directives, new construction and the existing ones should be allowed to increase the performance of the energy in order to reduce the power consumption during the traditional fuels. The current requirements shall provide an increase in the energy usage taken from renewable sources. From this point of view, thermal systems must be brought into line with the European requirements of system components performance, as the systems performance to take over in economic conditions, so energies for the low heat potential sources to be used in buildings. This paper analyzes the research carried out as well as the results obtained during the studies made on passive houses in Romania.

AB-025: Innovation Used as a Method of Raising the Thermal Performances for Buildings

Maria-Alexandra Ivan

Popa Nan Street, Nr. 143, sector 3, Bucharest, Postcode: 030582, Romania

Innovative methods have a very important role to play in the growth of the energy performance of buildings and comfort systems in thereof. They have into consideration both the new materials and new systems with increased performance and a high degree of compactness. Research in the field of innovation has developed in recent years as a method


of work for creating the new buildings that meet the complex requirements and preferences of the users. This paper is focused to develop research in the field undertaken by the author with new solutions used in the innovative design and construction of buildings.

AB-026: Methods of Creating Sound Quality Comfort in Building with Low Energy Consumption

Ruxandra Crutescu, Gabriel Ivan, Maria-Alexandra Ivan, Bogdan Ivan

Burlusi Village, Nr. 125, Ciofringeni Town, Arges, Romania

The current requirements of thermal comfort in buildings with low energy consumption are in many cases, accompanied by the creation of sound quality comfort and the visual one in buildings. For a passive house built in Romania, measures have been taken in order to reduce the sound discomfort. The noise level of the street in big cities is in most of the cases disturbing to those who are employed in offices and for residential buildings. Restrictions are required to reduce the noise level in the living spaces as in those of work. The enveloped of the building must have the protective function against the noise but also the protective heat shield for those who live in the buildings. The research developed in this direction was presented together with the results obtained by the authors of this paper.

AB-058: Evaluation of the Thermal and Visual Comfort: Strategies Bioclimatic in Office Buildings

David Avila

Centro Universitario de Arte, Arquitectura y Diseño, University of Guadalajara, Mexico. Calzada Independencia Norte No. 5075, Huentitán El Bajo Guadalajara, Mexico. 44250

Due to the current way of life in the indiscriminate use of conventional electricity, it is essential to define a series of strategies aimed at energy saving and environmental comfort to the interior of the buildings. He is considered a task of architects and designers propose an alternative design through new systems that respect our environment. With proper design, not only the thermal and visual comfort of users within the architecture, but has in addition you get a rational use of electric energy. This study aims to interdisciplinary participation that generates a series of sustainable within universities projects and the scope of public buildings. As one of the main objectives, it intends to start a new culture in the construction of office buildings through an environmental point of view. The present report describes the project on energy saving in administrative and educational buildings taken as example the main administrative building of the University of Guadalajara. In this building were performed studies of natural climate and natural lighting, the treatment of this information and recommendations of adjustments to decrease the consumption of electrical energy to make functional building. The analysis is based mainly on the energy used in air conditioning, artificial lighting, as well as the connected equipment of each unit. Based on

http://www.cuaad.udg.mx/


the results obtained through the various stages of research, it is possible to perform an energy audit, in the process of proposing recommendations of environmental adaptation of the architectural spaces of the institution in search of energy saving and optimization of the institutional resources as well as improving the working conditions of the users.

AB-064: Bioclimatic Design of a School Building: a Study in Nampula, Mozambique

Manuel Correia Guedes, Marques Bruno

Higher Technical Institute, University of Lisbon

The need for more environmentally responsible practices is unquestionable in the scientific community. Construction is responsible for a large part of energy consumption, resource extraction and subsequently for environmental degradation as well. Literacy in an important instrument to develop Democracy in third world countries. It also contributes to Economy development and local Enterprising. Schools are a pillar of contemporary society that should exist even in the most remote and harsh places of Earth. With this article we submit, we describe a case study of an Elementary School we propose to be constructed in near tropical conditions in Africa, namely in Nampula, Mozambique. The school’s model is evaluated based on bioenvironmental architecture methodologies, such as climate studies from advanced analysis to the consequent application of "passive strategies” operating principles and simultaneously its construction. we dimensioned the school simultaneously to natural heat and natural lighting using numerical modeling software, to optimize the school’s performance using the Sun as a tool and not as a foe. This way, we expect to be able to propose a school that is simultaneously cheap, comfortable, easy to build and adapted to local climate and culture.


AB-099: Assessing Plant Growth of Reutealis Trisperma (Kemiri Sunan) on Degraded Peat Land

Siti Maimunah1, Edi Wiraguna2, 3, Himlal Baral2, Yustina Artati2 1University of Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya, Jl. RTA Milono KM 1, 5, Palangkaraya, Central

Kalimantan, Indonesia

2Center for International Forestry Research, Jalan CIFOR, Situ Gede, SindangBarang, Bogor 16115,

Indonesia

3Associated Bachelor of Bogor Agricultural University (D3 IPB), Jl. Kumbang No. 14, Bogor, Indonesia

Indonesia promotes renewable energy technologies in order to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels and that meet high demand by growing population and economy. Bioenergy in particular, has been gifted as the tropic is blessed with the abundant land resources and enormous plant productivity. However, marginal land remains critical and it is increasingly potential for the bioenergy production as it avoids


competition between food cropping and protection of remaining natural forests. This experiment investigates Reutealis trisperma’s growth on degraded peat land affected by the fire in Palangkaraya district, Central Kalimantan. The R.trisperma species is chosen as it tolerates acidic soil, produces high amount fruits and its seeds can be converted biofuel. The research applies the Randomized Complete Design (RCD) grown on three peat land conditions: 1) unburned; 2) at least burned twice; and 3) burned more than three times. The growth performance was measured during September 2015 to June 2016. Plant growth parameters which are number of leaves and height were recorded every three months. Data collection is analyzed using one way ANOVA. The result reveals that the R. trisperma grows well on the peatland burnt twice indicated by its height performance which is significantly higher (i.e., 0.24%) than the area burned more than three times (i.e., 0.10%) and unburned area (i.e., 0.05%). Moreover, the growth rate of number of leaves is significantly different between the area burnt twice (i.e, 1.41%) and more than three times (i.e., 0.59%) but not significantly different to the unburnt areas (i.e., 1.00%). While the growth performance varies depending on fire frequency, the initial results indicate that R. trisperma can grow well on the degraded peat lands. Further research is recommended to uncover the fruit productivity and potentiality of associated bioenergy production.

AB-106: POME-to-Biogas – An Environmental and Energy Opportunity

Emilie Flanagan

CEO, Obi Energy Pte. Lt.d

In 2015, President Jokowi announced its 35GW ambition and the ‘Indonesian Terang’ project, which aims to meet the expected energy demand of Indonesia and increase the electrification rates in rural areas of the country. In parallel, at COP21, Indonesia pledged to reduce GHG by over 29% by 2030. With over 33 million tons of palm oil produced per year, Indonesia is the largest palm oil producer in the world. Palm oil mill effluent (POME) is a waste by-product generated during palm oil processing activities. In Indonesia, it is widely disposed in an open-pond system, causing methane (CH4) to be dispersed into the atmosphere. Methane gases are 21 times more damaging than CO2 emissions and represent over 70% of the greenhouse gases (GHG) emitted by the palm oil industry. However, when POME is disposed in a contained environment, deprived of oxygen, it decomposes and allows for a new source of renewable energy to be harnessed. Today, throughout Southeast Asia, commercially viable technologies have been widely developed to process POME into biogas or other value-add renewable outputs. Palm oil mills can gain additional profit through the utilization of biogas produced from POME treatment for power generation by connecting the electricity generated to the national electricity grid. Processing POME into biogas or other value-add renewable outputs represents a considerable opportunity to help meet Indonesia’s energy demand, tackle environmental issues, increase access to electricity and improve the livelihoods of rural Indonesians. This paper provides an overview of the market potential for POME-to-biogas development in Indonesia. It will also provide a general description of the different POME-to-Biogas technologies available in the region. This paper will finally demonstrate the great economic, environmental and social value that can be generated by POME-to-biogas by the Indonesian agricultural sector.


AB-110: Energy Biomass Leucaena leucocephala for Biofuel and Biocomposite Applications

Zul Ilham

Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Biomass remains the primary source of energy for developing countries in South-East Asia. The share of biomass for energy varies from as large as 50-75% in Laos, Myanmar, Cambodia and Vietnam to lower percentage at below 15% in Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand and Malaysia. Previously, biomass was used only as primary energy source. However, the current trend is towards the utilization and manipulation of biomass to generate bioenergy and value-added bio-based chemicals. Particularly, biomass resources such as fast growing Leucaena leucocephala are widely available in this region and its potential are yet to be discovered. Due to the environmental concern and fossil-fuel reserves security, considerable attention has been given to biodiesel production as an alternative fuel. Conventional biodiesel is produced from vegetable oils or animal fats, raising concerns that it may compete with food supply in the long-term. Hence, the recent focus is to find oil bearing plants that produce non-edible oil feedstocks for biodiesel production. In this paper, Leucaena leucocephala including several non-edible seed oils are discussed as potential new sources of oil for biodiesel production as well as useful biobased chemicals i.e. for use as antioxidants and precursors in biocomposite formation. This study will also highlight the state of relevant development on biomass energy technology including the non-catalytic supercritical process for biomass and to point its application especially in the South-East Asia.

AB-111: Bioenergy for International Development

Patricia Thornley1, Mirjam Roeder1, Craig Jamieson2, Samira Garcia Freites1, Andrew Welfle1

1University of Manchester

2International Rice Research Institute, Philippines

Over one billion people worldwide do not have access to clean energy services and the vast majority of global biomass use is expended inefficiently in small scale combustion devices to provide heating and cooking requirements. Approximately one third of food produced is wasted partly through spoilage and losses during post-harvest processing and storage, while agricultural residues are frequently disposed of in ways that create additional environmental burdens. Climate change projections indicate likely decreases in yields of conventional staple crops in the areas of the world where population is growing fastest and a future global cereal supply-demand gap. Unchecked these factors could contribute to worsening food security, increased deforestation and climate change impacts. However, bioenergy systems offer an opportunity to break this vicious circle and improve food system productivity while delivering key development objectives. This presentation will examine the potential for deployment of integrated food bioenergy systems in different global contexts that offer food-fuel synergies rather than food-fuel conflict. We will focus particularly on rice and sugar


cane production, showing examples from Africa, Asia and South America, where agricultural residues can be utilized to deliver low carbon energy and enhance the sustainability of the food system. The appropriateness of and experience with different key technologies will be discussed and we will present a synthesis of barriers to bioenergy deployment based on recent field work in Asia and Africa. The potential for bioenergy to support key international development objectives will be examined and the importance of integrated project planning (across environmental, economic and social objectives) to deliver these will be emphasized. The importance of scale and implementation mode will be critiqued in terms of the ability of new bioenergy developments to contribute to wider development objectives. Overall the presentation will illustrate the opportunities to use bioenergy to improve the sustainability of current food production systems and deliver development objectives and will offer guidance on the most appropriate technologies and scale.

AB-114: Sustainable Electricity Generation with Bamboo as Biomass Feedstock in Rural Areas of Indonesia

Jaya Wahono

Clean Power Indonesia

The electrification rate for Mentawai Islands Regency in general is 27.84% for households and 32.45% for all users. This low electrification rate has motivated the Mentawai Islands Regent (Bupati) to invite Clean Power Indonesia to develop a bamboo biomass based gasification power plant connecting to PLN grid. However, after a number of discussions with the PLN State Electricity Company’s South Siberut, West Sumatra Unit 7 office, PLN indicated that they had no plans to increase electrical power levels through the IPP scheme in Siberut Island of Mentawai Islands Regency. Therefore, Clean Power Indonesia now develops pilot projects to bring electricity to 3 villages in Siberut Island of Mentawai namely Madobag, Matotonan and Saliguma as an off-grid distributed power using bamboo as feedstock which already is available abundantly as natural forest and establish new managed bamboo forest to supply power plant in the long term. This paper presents the result of (i) Technical assessment aspect i.e. power production capacity analysis, electricity load demand and operation mode analysis, civil structure analysis, mechanical and electrical equipment design and specification analysis, transmission and distribution line analysis and schedule and cost estimation analysis; (ii) Bamboo feedstock aspect i.e. availability, propagation ability to produce sufficient seeds, plantation plan, primary energy analysis; (iii) Economic assessment aspect i.e. consumer and producer surplus analysis and cost avoidance assumption analysis; (iv) Financial assessment aspect i.e. revenue and cost analysis for 20 years; (v) Social assessment aspect i.e. socio-economic and gender analysis and indigenous people and cultural heritage analysis; (vi) Natural environment aspect i.e. suitability analysis of various bamboo species for cultivation near power plants and risk analysis of the project. Only by providing access to services and infrastructure directly to people living in the villages, poverty can then be alleviated. However, Indonesia’s geography as the biggest archipelago in the world demands a unique approach to solve these problems. Most community based renewable energy project reference in communities around the world cannot be easily applied to Indonesia’s unique condition. A community based off-grid renewable energy project is aimed to give electricity access to isolated community such as in Madobag, Matotonan and Saliguma. This project is clearly without any


precedent in Indonesia despite the desperate needs for the country to find a development model for combining renewable energy with natural resources management. Moreover, project such as off-grid biomass power plant using local forest as biomass feedstock resources is much easier to replicate to other communities in Indonesia as many communities in Indonesia live near or inside forest area. The success of this pilot will present best practice in the development of rural electrification project for the other 12,000 villages all over Indonesia that currently have no power at all.

AB-147: Recent Advances in Applications of Nanotechnology for the Production and Processing of Biodiesel

R. Praveen Kumar1, B. Bharathiraja2, S. Chozhavendhan1, J. Vinoth Arulraj1, S. Suresh Kumar3

1Department of Biotechnology, Anna Bio Research Foundation, Arunai Engineering College, Tiruvannamalai, 606603, Tamilnadu, India

2Vel Tech High Tech Dr.Rangarajan Dr.Sakunthala Engineering College, Chennai, India

3Department of Chemical Engineering, Wachemo University, Ethiopia

The production of biodiesel to manage the fuel demand has been of special interest among the researchers and industries. Various sources such as vegetable oil, microalgal oil and animal fat have been analyzed for the maximum production of biodiesel, among them microalgal oil stay away from the food vs fuel crisis and hence yields special interest. They store the carbohydrates in the form of oil, it was reported that Heterotrophic microalgae are capable of accumulating high lipid (up to 57% w/w). Eventhough the oil production in microalgae are comparatively high, there are certain limitations in converting these oil to biodiesel. Acid, alkali, enzymes or heterogeneous catalysts are used as catalysts for the Trans esterification, these catalysts plays vital role in the economics of biodiesel production. New studies are reported that Nano particles can be used for immobilize the catalysts which produce good result in the efficient production of fatty acid methyl esters This paper discusses the advances of nanoparticles assisted transesterification of microalgal oil to biodiesel.

AB-118: Bioenergy From Rice Straw: Barriers and Available Solutions

C. Jamieson1, V.H. Nguyen1, M. Gummert1, A. Samaddar1, I. Shield2, A. Roskilly3, M. Roeder4, P. Thornley4

1International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), College, Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines 4031

2Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, HERTS AL5 2QJ

3Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU

4University of Manchester, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL


After harvesting rice grains, the leaves and stems (straw) remain in or around the field, with few viable options for use. Rice straw is generally not a high quality livestock feed, and is not suitable for incorporating back into a flooded rice field because it breaks down slowly and increases methane emissions. Therefore, around 300 million tonnes of it are burned as waste each year across Asia. If it could be collected and used as fuel, it would be one of the most abundant bioenergy resources on earth. However, gathering it from sometimes muddy rice fields and transporting such a bulky material to a hub for energy use is a costly and challenging operation. In addition, the high silica content (10-15%) makes it difficult to chop and to combust in a boiler, compared with other fuels. Due to these difficulties, few successful demonstrations exist for using rice straw as fuel. This, in turn, adds to the risk, the cost of financing a project, and the shortage of relevant skills and knowledge for using it as fuel. A joint research project was undertaken between the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) and the UK SUPERGEN Bioenergy Hub to identify and better understand these barriers, along with promising options to overcome them. Possible solutions have been summarized here as: a) logistical advances such as baling machines; b) suitable energy conversion technologies such as anaerobic digestion to make biogas, and c) institutional innovations such as pro-poor business models. Leading case studies are shared from around the world, along with opportunities for further development and scaling out.


AB-073: Study of Diagnostic Method for PEMFC Start-Up

Yuki Koyama, Yutaro Akimoto, Keiichi Okajima

Graduate School of Systems and Information Engineering, University of Tsukuba 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan

A proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is expected to use as a backup power because of its high conversion efficiency, high power density, low-emission, and low noise. After East Japan Earthquake disaster, PEMFC has come to draw more attention in Japan for an emergency power source. A PEMFC is needed to start and operate in various conditions for the emergency power system. However, in the sub-zero temperature, the freezing water leads to failure of the start-up and the operation due to the produced water freeze and blocks the catalyst layer. Therefore, the water in the FC stack must be purged and dried in sub-zero temperature. On the other hands, in the dry conditions, the electrochemical reaction ability decreases because the membrane needs humidity to conduct protons. For the reasons described above, the conditions of PEMFC stack are better to be set appropriately due to the external environment. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) analysis is used to evaluate conditions of PEMFC by using various resistance numbers. There are few study focused on diagnostic method in start-up process. Moreover, previous studies used a single cell in the experiments. It is important to evaluate the stack because the FC is installed as the stack for the system. In this study, we have proposed a diagnostic method based on EIS analysis for PEMFC in start-up process. Generally, EIS analysis spends high costs for calculation of equivalent circuit fitting and expensive measurement devices such as a Frequency Response Analyzer (FRA). With a goal of implementing in commercial system, we have tried to simplify the measuring method. In this study, simplified measurements are investigated and compared to the conventional measurements. The obtained electrochemical impedances with some AC frequencies are calculated as a quadratic curve on the cole-cole plot. These values are then used to evaluate conditions especially for a humid condition inside the stack.


AB-098: Issues of COP21 - Renewable Energy, One of the Ways to Mitigate Climate Change World

C. Cristofari

UMR CNRS 6134 Scientific Centre Georges Peri, University of Corsica, Route des Sanguinaires, F20000 Ajaccio, France

Droughts, floods, disease, migration, food shortages, possible conflicts, etc. : The second part of the fifth report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) lists the already observable impacts of climate change. According to the text of the IPCC, the result of a huge work of reading and compilation of twelve thousand scientific publications, climate change has had in recent decades impacts "on all continents and oceans", mainly on natural systems. In many regions, changes in precipitation patterns and the melting of snow and glaciers have modified hydraulic systems, "affecting water resources in quantity and quality." Climate change has also impacted more "negative" as positive on food production (wheat and corn). The range, the number of individuals or migratory practices of many marine and terrestrial species have changed. Many findings that push the IPCC to further darken a little more perspectives on the effects of global warming in the twenty-first century. "The likelihood of severe impacts, widespread and irreversible increases with the intensification of global warming," warns the IPCC It is within this context that we present the findings and the risks involved, then we present what international climate policies developed in response to scientific reports and then present what are the reasons for such political inertia?

AB-034: Carbon Footprint of a Mine Site Village: a Novel Approach Data Collection and Analysis to Validate a New Model.

David Goodfield, Martin Anda, Goen Ho

Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150

The built environment is responsible for a significant proportion of the world’s greenhouse gases. There is, therefore, considerable incentive for sustainability practitioners and researchers to investigate carbon neutral buildings and precincts. However, before a carbon management strategy can be implemented the carbon footprint of a building, group of buildings or precinct must be established. A mine site accommodation village was selected as a case study to determine the carbon footprint of such a precinct by dissecting the many areas of carbon emissions attributable to its construction and operation. Such a village represents a gated community where these emissions can be determined fairly precisely. The seven components of the carbon footprint were the emissions from: the embodied energy of the built form; the energy required to operate the village; the transport of supplies to the village; fly-in/fly-out access by employees; the water supply and waste water treatment; the production of food consumed at the village, and; solid waste disposal. These emissions were aggregated and the carbon footprint established. A generic model, LEVI (Low Energy Village Infrastructure) was then developed, in the form of an Excel workbook, to provide a systematic method of carbon emission calculation that could be applied to other built formats such as retirement and holiday villages, caravan parks, and any built environment where its boundaries could be reasonably determined. Methods to reduce the


footprint were then applied to reduce the footprint to a point of carbon neutrality. Significant results can be summarized: total village carbon footprints for life spans 5 to 20 years were calculated to be between 3233 and 2424 tonnes CO2-e per annum respectively, equating to 19 to 14.4 tonnes CO2-e per village resident per annum, equivalent to the average Australian’s domestic carbon footprint. Furthermore, an extensive monitoring system was installed to determine energy use and load profiles within the village and the results analysed. The operational energy emissions, for example, were 18 percent of total emissions for a village life span of 5 years and 24 percent for 20 years. The development of the LEVI workbook enables the user to import data from alternative built environments and establish a carbon footprint of the built form. Strategies can then be applied for carbon reduction of that footprint by the introduction of energy efficiencies and behaviour change mechanisms followed by the application of renewable energy systems and the purchase of accredited offsets. The paper describes the data collection and analysis in order to develop these carbon reduction strategies.


AB-006: Future Directions for the Tidal-Stream Energy Industry and Resource Estimation

Matt Lewis, Simon Neill, and Peter Robins

School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, LL59 5AB, UK1

There is a global need to decarbonise electricity production, and, due to the predictable regular periodicity of the tide, tidal-stream energy provides an excellent opportunity to produce firm marine renewable electricity. Research into the spatial and temporal distribution of the tidal-stream energy resource was conducted including oceanographic condition analysis. Tidal-stream energy sites are currently considered viable in water depths between 25m and 50m, with peak spring tidal velocities that exceed 2.5m/s. As many areas may not be suitable for tidal-stream energy (e.g. environmental constraints or distance to the end-users), the development of so-called “2ndgeneration” sites (we assume >1.5m/s peak tidal flows and water depths >25m) could be an important step so that the potential of tidal-stream energy can be fully realised globally. Analysis from a high-resolution 3D hydrodynamic model of the Irish Sea show the theoretical resource could increase five-fold if turbines are developed to harvest 2ndgeneration sites. Furthermore, developing 2ndgeneration technology improves the phase diversity available, which, with the correct phasing strategy, could provide constant and firm electricity. Conversely, analysis of 2ndgeneration sites indicate engineering challenges may increase at these 2nd generation sites, due to wave climate exposure. For example, analysis from dynamically coupled wave-tide model results (COAWST) and ADCP site data, indicate the presence of waves can reduce the theoretical resource (by decreasing tidal current speeds averaged over a tidal cycle) and the technical resource (extreme waves will result the wave having to enter “survival mode” to avoid damage) as well as fatigue upon the tidal-stream energy converter device. Analysis of the FES2012 global tidal product consolidates our Irish Sea analysis, indicating that constant and firm electricity can be produced for a large number of countries if “2nd generation” technology is developed. Our research finds that dynamically coupled wave-tide oceanographic models with fine-scale spatial resolution (<500m) are required to accurately quantity the tidal-stream energy resource. Furthermore, realistic oceanographic


conditions tidal-stream energy sites need to be characterised to correctly inform industry of the challenges associated with water depth, waves and wave-current interaction.

AB-019: Cross-Validation of Regional Ocean Model Turbulence Predictions and ADCP Measurements

Michael Togneri1, Matthew Lewis2, Ian Masters1, Simon Neill2

1ESRI Building, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK, SA1 8EN

2School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, UK, LL59 5AB

We present a comparison of a ROMS (regional ocean modelling system) hydrodynamic model with ADCP measurements, with a focus on validation of the ROMS’ prediction of turbulence parameters. The modelled area includes the entire Irish Sea (51°N to 56°N & 2.7°W to 7°W, see figure 1), with a horizontal spatial resolution of ca. 300m (1/240° degrees fixed longitudinal curvilinear C-grid) and ten vertical layers; the ADCP measurements used for validation are from a single point off the northwest coast of Anglesey, and were taken using a 5-beam device (an RDI Sentinel V) that measured a 15-minute burst of data every hour between 19th September and 19th November 2014, with a sample rate of 2Hz. The ROMS uses the RANS equations, with hydrostatic and Boussinesq approximations, and a generic length-scale scheme tuned to the k-ε turbulence closure model. A model time-step of 20s was used for stability, with an hourly output of three-dimensional velocity fields around the UK Crown Estate’s tidal-stream energy West Anglesey Demonstration Zone (WADZ) throughout a 32-day simulation period (2 day spin-up from stationary mode). The model is extremely well validated, with seven tide

gauges and 140 tidal velocity stations (131 of which validate the velocity profile), which indicated elevations were accurate to within 4% and currents to within 10%. In addition to the tidal height and current data, the ROMS model also produces estimates of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE, denoted k) and turbulent dissipation (denoted ε). From the ADCP data, it is possible to estimate the TKE using the variance method; this assumes statistical homogeneity across the measured area to relate the statistical properties of the measured “in-beam” velocities to more useful bulk fluid properties. The dissipation can be estimated by

Figure 1: Map of ROMS model area. Contours show depth-averaged peak spring tidal current in ms

-1, as

measured by the magnitude of M2 and S2 components. Location of NWDZ indicated by black circle near centre of image.


taking spectra of the vertical beam signal, converting from temporal to spatial spectra using Taylor’s frozen turbulence hypothesis and fitting the spectrum to the expected -5/3 slope in the inertial wavenumber subrange. As the Sentinel V features a vertical beam, we have direct measurements of the vertical spectrum φww. We show that there is satisfactory agreement between the ADCP measurements and the ROMS model outputs. Where there are discrepancies, we discuss the possible causes, including non-stationarity of flow statistics at slack tide and the anisotropy in the tidal flow vs. the implicit isotropy of the k-ε model.

AB-020: Prediction of Energy Yield from Tidal Stream Turbine Arrays Using New Turbine Performance Models

Matt Edmunds, Ian Masters, Alison J Williams, T Nick Croft

Marine Energy Research Group, Swansea University, Wales, UK.

Tidal stream renewable energy is becoming an increasingly viable source of energy production, as knowledge and technology in this sector develops. To meet the growing requirements of this sector, investment in improving current tidal stream power extraction knowledge and technology is necessary. This can be achieved through the study of practical experiment, or numerical and analytical modelling. This study focuses on two similar approaches to tidal stream energy extraction. One approach is the traditional tidal farm built from large bottom mounted horizontal axis tidal turbines. These turbines tend to be higher efficiency large diameter (10m plus) rotors fixed to the sea floor via robust mounting frames. Another approach is the utilisation of smaller cheaper devices, with lower power extraction efficiency, densely packed in a lighter framework, which float higher in the water column avoiding the losses associated with lower flow speed closer to the sea bed i.e. boundary layer. The ability to capture and understand the flow characteristics of a Horizontal Axis Tidal Turbine (HATT) poses challenges. CFD simulation is one of many useful tools for deriving the required information. Previous research focusses on the use of Blade Element Momentum Theory (BEMT) and Blade Element Momentum CFD (BEM-CFD). The advantage of the BEM-CFD method is the prediction of a time averaged downstream velocity field, and thus the turbine wake. Utilising the Blade Element Momentum CFD computational approach, this study will assess the overall performance characteristics of different array configurations within a fixed region. The aim of this study is to identify the relevant characteristics of the differing approaches, and to assess their advantages and disadvantages.


AB-060: Feedbacks from Sabella D10 1 MW Sea Trials

Jean-Christophe Allo

SABELLA, 11, rue Félix Le Dantec–29000 QUIMPER–FRANCE

Since 2009 and its reward and recognition of promising technology by French public authorities, SABELLA is working on its real scale marine current turbine Sabella D10, 10 meter diameter device with maximal output power of 1 MW. The first step of this project was the qualification of the selected installation area: the Fromveur strait with currents up to 4 m/s and an average bathymetry of 50 meters. The design and engineering of the turbine was made through

several classical steps, from CFD and finite elements analysis to physical trials in circulating water channel at the INSEAN. It allows a complete and perfect definition of loads on the device, efficiency of the rotor and determination of the power curve under several environmental parameters (such as upstream or downstream flow).

After a final assembly in Brest during first semester of 2015, this pre industrial machine was immersed in June 2015 in the Fromveur strait and is now fully operating since September. During this trial period at sea, energy produced is delivered, through a submarine power cable, to the non-interconnected insular grid of Ushant. This device is fully monitored, both in operation and in terms of environment (pressure sensors, temperature probes, accelerometers, ADCPs, acoustic camera, etc.). This instrumentation

monitors its behavior during the whole test year and carry out environmental measurements in the Fromveur strait, where harsh sea states and strong currents have, up to now, limited the knowledge to basic studies. It covers up to 10% of the local electricity needs and meet a full social acceptance. With the feedback of the demonstrator and a better understanding of environmental conditions of the site, SABELLA continue with Eussabella project, a tidal turbine pilot

power plant of 3 devices with an installed power capacity around 3 MW. This project will see complementary installation of onshore storage to demonstrate SABELLA’s insular energy model that will be deployed in ASEAN and more particularly in Eastern Indonesia.



AB-015 - Energetic Valorization of Household and Slaughter-House Wastes in Madagascar

Lala Andrianaivo1, Ando Rabakotsialonina1, Achille Ravoninjatovo1, Honoré Ranoarivony1, Vololomihaja Andriamifidisoa2 and Voahanginirina Ramasiarinoro2

1 University of Antananarivo, ESPA, Petroleum Engineering Department, Po Box 1500 Antananarivo 101 Madagascar,

2 University of Antananarivo, Geotechnical Laboratory, Po Box 906, Antananarivo 101 Madagascar

The insalubrious state of the town of Toamasina in Madagascar is mainly due to potential wastes such as the fermentiscible wastes, the ligneous wastes, and the inflammable wastes. Laboratory works allow us to conform that the biomethanization, carbonization and incineration technologies help eliminate these wastes and value them in order to bring a healthy and an ecological environment to this so called city. These technologies eliminate 231.87 tons of wastes per day against a daily flusce of 357 tons. They are composed of 174.37 tons of fermentescible wastes, 32.21 tons of inflammable wastes and 25.29 tons of ligneous wastes. The energetic valorization of the household and slaughter-house wastes is beneficial for the town of Toamasina in an energetic point of view with a production of 332,279.84 KWh per day covering in total 83,070 households; and with an environmental aspect, the wastes elimination reduces greenhouse gas emission, which is a source of pollution and a source of several respiratory diseases and sore eyes.The economical study related to the organization of the infrastructure of biomethanisation, carbonization, and incineration requires a total investment of USD 203,000, and generates an annual income of USD 275,600 corresponding to the first year of exploitation.

AB-018: Cropping Methane from Peat Soil and Peat Water with Batch Reactor Anaerobic Digestion

Muhammad Diaz Adiguna J. Daywin, Muhammad Jamaksari, Netty Kamal, Salafudin

Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technnology

Jl. P.K.H Hasan Mustafa No. 23 Bandung – 40124 Phone: 022-7272215 ext 141-143

Peatlands in Indonesia covers an area of 20.6 million hectares, or approximately 10.8% of Indonesia’s land area. Peatlands can store 20 times more carbon than tropical forest, the carbon contained in peatlands can get out into the air, causing gas emissions that are harmful to the world. Because of the extensive peatlands in Indonesia, making Indonesia into one of the biggest sources of carbon emissions in the world. Dry peat can emit gases that much more, compared to the wet peat. Currently the problems that often occur in Indonesia, namely the burning of peatlands weeks to be used on a large scale agricultural areas, the exploitation of peatlands by burning will create carbon emissions discharged into


the air is getting big, it will provide great impact for the world. One way is thought to inhibit the carbon gas emissions, in particular by wetting peatlands. To speed up the carbon emissions released by peat one way is by forcing carbon out faster than usual, but it was necessary that a good handling of carbon emitted gas does not pollute the surrounding environment. The best way to minimize emissions of carbon gas released by peat that is by planting it with endimic plants to absorb carbon gas emissions in the air, carbon gas emissions are absorbed by plants is greater than the emissions released by peat. The peat soil can be planted with crops, if the organic content in the soil of peat changed into inorganic. Besides other problems frequently encountered are peatland is its organic and has a low pH value that can’t be cultivated by the plant in general. The dried peat land has the potential to produce biogas containing methane gas that can be used as a renewable energy. Initial investigation of the potential of peat soil and peat water has been carried out using an anaerobic reactor is operated in batch, composition has varied in the peat is 25%, 15%, 10%, and 0% of the reactor volume, while the peat water that is 50%, 75%, and 100% of the reactor volume. Process of cropping energy from peat soil in addition to producing biogas also has a positive side effect that this process will change the condition of the peat soil pH to neutral, at the end of the process the peat soil will be better prepared to be used as farmland and plantations, besides it is also more environmentally friendly than wetting peatland.

AB-021: Analyzing the Lifecycle Energy and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Balances of Palm Oil Biodiesel Production in Indonesia

Dilip Khatiwada *, Jannik Scheer, Ylva Egeskog, Semida Silveira

Energy and Climate Studies/Department of Energy Technology, School of Industrial Engineering and Management, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Brinellvägen 68, SE-100

44Stockholm, Sweden

This study performs sustainability analysis of palm oil biodiesel production systems in Indonesia. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach is used to evaluate the net GHG emissions (climate change impact) and energy inputs (resource consumption) in the entire production chain. The main aim of the study is to investigate the energy and environmental aspects of the palm oil biodiesel production chain. The worthiness of biodiesel production and use in terms of GHG emissions is compared with conventional diesel. The system boundary includes the mass and energy flows during the cultivation, harvesting, palm oil milling, and bio-refining phases. Energy inputs and emissions due to agricultural activities such land preparation, seedling, application of fertilizers/chemicals, and planting are considered in the analysis. The scope of the study also includes collection and transport of palm oil feedstock, fresh fruit brunch (FFB) and crude palm oil (CPO) for biodiesel production. Assessment of climate change impact is also performed when it comes to improvements of agricultural practices and alternation of soil carbon stocks due to land use change. The study examines the utilization of co-products (e.g. kernel oil, glycerol), palm oil residues, and waste water (effluents) generated during the palm biodiesel production system. Palm kernel and glycerol are important commodities/products which have high market values. The use of biomass residues (e.g. fibres and shells) for energy production in efficient cogeneration, and different waste management options for the treatment of palm oil milling effluent (POME) are also explored. Sensitivity analysis is performed for the most


influencing parameters such as palm oil yield, the rate of fertilizer application, plant conversion efficiencies while determining the environmental and energy gains. Since the palm oil biodiesel production systems involve multiple co-products and services, it is of utmost importance to use appropriate allocation methods in order to divide environmental burdens and resource inputs. We use allocation by energy content and economic values, and system expansion considering the substitution of fossil based power by bioelectricity derived from biomass cogeneration plants and/or electricity generation using biogas produced from POME treatment. The study finds that bioelectricity generation from surplus biomass residues and biogas from POME, and their use for fossil fuel substitution can significantly help improve energy and environmental gains. The study also compares important results with other relevant international LCA studies and discusses issues related to land use on climate change impact. Recommendations are made for the appropriate utilization of palm oil, its co-products, and residues for the both energy and climate benefits.

AB-059: Bamboo Gasification as a Green World Renewable Energy Model Project at Bangli District, Bali, Indonesia

Djati Wicaksono Sadewo*, Trio Fani*, Elok Annisa Devi*, Annisa Della Megaputeri*

*Geological Engineering, Diponegoro University

Fast population growth and industry expansion in Indonesia impact to the increasing energy requisite. Indonesia’s dependence of fossil fuel still remain an issue, according to BPS in 2008 was recorded that 26.5% Indonesia’s energy resource comes from natural gas,14% from coal and 54% from oil. If this issue let be grown further, it is estimated that 10 years later from now the oil resources will be exhausted, so it is needed an alternative energy to prevent the energy crisis. The presence of biomass supply which is an organism-derived energy as the solution of this issue. Bamboo itself can bond CO2 up to 200 tons of CO2 per hectare of plant. Furthermore, it can grow 2 meters in a week. The waste after the result of burning also can be used as a fertilizer to fasten the growth, so that can be an unlimited green resources project. According to the research result, 3.785 tons of bamboo waste which is produced at Bangli District, can be converted to 183,808 mW electricity per day. By comprehensive study about bamboo gasification at Bangli District, it is expected to be an independent energy area as a model project using bamboo gasification which is converted in hundreds megawatt of electricity. Therefore, it is believed that this bamboo gasification project will enrich an understanding about renewable energy development and can be applicated so that will adequate to overcome the energy crisis and global warming issues.

AB-074: POME in Indonesia – an Environmental Hazard or a Valuable Renewable Energy Resource

Sive Sivandran

CEO of PT Energy Feeds Indonesia, 8 Jalan Pahlawan, Graha Pramuka , 6th Fl., Semarang, 50214, Indonesia


The search for alternative sources of fuels to replace petroleum oil, as a means of curbing global warming has resulted in an unprecedented demand for biofuels worldwide. An overwhelming endorsement by the United Nations (UN) for the use of biofuels has seen the construction of numerous biofuel installations globally based on a feedstock of vegetable oil, specially creating a demand for waste vegetable oil that attracts rebates in Europe. Indonesia, the home of the largest producer of Palm oil in the world (32 Million tonnes recorded in 2015), generates a continuous stream of waste vegetable oil of many types, estimated to be over 1 million tonnes per year. Of the various waste streams, Palm oil mill effluent (POME), a waste stream of the milling process, is a hot acidic effluent that contains oil, debris, nutrients, bacteria and water. When discharged to waterways, POME can contaminate drinking water for humans and local fauna and be particularly harmful to aquaculture. In addition, POME is typically released into the open-air from holding ponds, thereby releasing methane and hydrogen sulphide, all of which contribute to global climate change 21 times more potent than carbon dioxide. If harnessed properly, POME can present itself as a valuable renewable energy resource. POME can be used for the generation of electricity through the production of biogas by leveraging its high chemical & biological oxygen demand. Another use of POME also exists in utilising the residual palm acid oil to make Biodiesel. Although not an ideal feedstock due to its high Free Fatty Acid (FFA) content, Palm Acid Oil (PAO) is now a well-established feedstock for biodiesel and is the lowest cost raw material in the industry. A major impediment to this project has been the arduous logistic issue in a country that stretches over 5000 km from east to west. The extraction of the palm acid oil residue from the waste pond is a challenge by itself. The strong rain forest weather poses new difficulties to be overcome in the land and waterways. This paper deals with the pros and cons of the development of PAO in Indonesia as a viable renewable energy feedstock for the manufacture of Biodiesel. Through the collective action and support between, the Crude Palm Oil (CPO) Mill owners, local community authorities, ministry of Environment and the Indonesia renewable Energy effort, this paper will highlight the opportunity that exists through the careful management of POME. This paper will demonstrate the great economic, environmental and social value that can be generated for the Indonesian agricultural and industrial sectors.


ABSTRACT – 22 SEPTEMBER 2016 PLENARY SESSION & TECHNICAL SESSION

Plenary Session – V

AB-001: Wind Turbine Tip Loss and Performance Analysis

D.H. Wood1, V.L. Okulov2

1Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 1N4, AB, Canada.

2Department of Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark, DK 2800, Lyngby, Denmark

Institute of Thermophysics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia

For wind turbines with a finite number of blades, N, the wind speed at the blades may differ from the average wind speed atthe same radius. The difference is usually expressed as the tip loss factor, F, defined as the ratio of the average inducedvelocity to the induced velocity at the blade. Typically, F reduces the power output of a three-bladed turbine by around 5%,and must, therefore, be included when analyzing turbine power extraction. F is commonly evaluated using Prandtl’s approximation which is computationally simple, see, but not necessarily accurate. Alternatively, F can be computed from theKawada-Hardin equations for the velocity field due to a helical vortex of constant pitch and radius. These equations containinfinite sums of products of Bessel functions and their derivatives and are not computationally attractive. However, Kawada and Okulov provide approximations that are much more easily computed. Prandtl’s approximation and the three methods of determining F described above, will becompared for optimal Betz-Goldstein (BG) rotors. These have constant pitch across the wake and an independent and accurate estimate of F

is available. Comparison is made for N = 3 and tip speed ratio, from zero to 15. Typical results are shown in Fig. 1.

It is clear that Prandtl’s approximation works well at high , but only for the outer part of the blade. Near the hub, F exceeds unity which is the maximum possible value of Prandtl’s

approximation at any . Okulov’s approximate equations are the mostaccurate of the three


direct methods and it will be shown that they can be utilized in a wind turbine analysis program with only asmall additional computational cost compared to Prandtl’s approximation. If F differs significantly from unity, there must be significant azimuthal variations in the velocities. Since all the conservationequations used in wind turbine analysis, apart from the mass equation, are nonlinear, the “quadratic” or “nonlinear” terms maybe significant. For example, the conservation of angular momentum equation is usually written in terms of UW, the product of the average axial and circumferential velocities, but the deviations from the averages, u and w, may also contribute. For BG rotors, u and ware directly related so the nonlinear terms are reasonably straightforward to compute. They always reduce theangular momentum flux. In most turbine analyses, the nonlinear terms are effectively accounted for in terms of F. It is shown, however, that they do not depend explicitly on F but are closely related to it, and go to zero as F approaches unity. So far, wehave computed them only from the Kawada-Hardin equations. They are significant for the

axial and angular momentum equations at low , and the implications for blade element analysis will be discussed in the presentation.

We are currently investigating these results further and will present the analysis of the nonlinear terms along with theimplication for including F in the conservation equations for momentum and angular momentum in general wind turbine analysis.


AB-013: Properties of Compact Expanded Natural Graphite Treated with Sulfuric Acid and its Application for Solid Sorption Refrigeration and Energy

Storage

L.W. Wang, P. Gao, L. Jiang, F.Q. Zhu, R.Z. Wang

Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of M.O.E, Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai

200240, China


Expanded natural graphite treated with sulfuric acid (ENG-TSA) has the anisotropic thermal conductivity and permeability. The direction perpendicular to the compression direction has much higher thermal conductivity and permeability than the direction parallel to the compression direction. The highest thermal conductivity is as high as 337 W m-1K-1 when the density of the sample is 831 kg m-3. It is much higher than the thermal conductivity of aluminium, and the data is similar with that of copper. The ENG-TSA is used as the matrix of the chlorides, and the thermal conductivity and permeability are studied. The highest thermal conductivity of composite sorbents is 88.1 W m-1K-1, which is 440 times higher than that of granular CaCl2. The permeability of the consolidated composite sorbents is lower than that of granular CaCl2 before sorption, but it is much higher than that of pure CaCl2 after sorption because it alleviates the phenomena of agglomeration, and the data is improved by higher than 100 times. The consolidated composite MnCl2 and CaCl2 are chosen in a two-stage solid sorption freezing system for a refrigerated truck with the rated power of 80 kW, and the refrigerant is NH3. The investigation shows that the refrigerating capacity is 1.69 kW when the hot air temperature and the refrigerating temperature are 210oC and -20oC respectively. The maximum COP and the maximum SCP obtained are 0.288 and 186.4 W/kg. The performance of the system can satisfy the requirement of the refrigerated truck. The MnCl2-CaCl2-NH3 resorption energy storage system with the matrix of ENG-TSA is studied, and the results indicate that the largest energy storage density is 1706 kJ/kg when heat charging and discharging temperature are 160oC and 30oC, respectively. The maximum average cooling power reaches 1.07kW during discharging phase and corresponding SCP is 27.33 Wkg-1 within the overall cycle time. The mass energy density is much higher than that of phase change material with the similar transformation temperature. Researches also show that the thermal conductivity of the composite sorbents is already high enough for the sorption refrigeration and energy storage systems. In the future the study on the reasonable design that matches such high data of thermal conductivity and has reasonable mass transfer performance should be focused.

AB-104: Low Energy Building in the Extreme Cold

Gustavo A.C. Cantuaria1, Manuel Correia Guedes2, Bruno Marques3

1UniCeub (Brazil)

2IST (Portugal)

3U. Porto (Portugal)

A vast body of knowledge has been produced on the problem of global warming over the last few decades. There are numerous publications on low-energy, sustainable, building design strategies for both European, U.S., and “developing world‟ contexts, resulting in an increasing awareness of the building sector that a change in paradigm is necessary. One can already find recent best-practice built examples of sustainable buildings, mostly in Northern Europe and the U.S. However, research into building designs for extreme cold climates such as the Antarctic is still at its infancy. Information is still necessary on a number of variables and, most of all, built examples of sustainable design, using low-energy strategies and eco-friendly materials, is required. This paper is based on the research and construction of such an example – a sustainable and self-sufficient building to lodge scientists during their field investigations in Antarctica. This research project, named Polar


Lodge, is part of PROPOLAR, the Portuguese Polar program.It must be observed that there are huge ethical issues about any development in pristine areas such as Antarctica, often concerning waste disposal of the actual buildings themselves, and the local use of energy for heating. This constituted a motivating challenge, with positive impact in aspects of the long-term replicability of the solutions for other contexts, such as in cold climate regions in Europe. The purpose of this research was to propose and build a sustainable, low-impact, optimized, modular lodge, to facilitate scientific studies in the Antarctic. Within this unique climate, this paper presents new environmental and sustainable approach for the extreme cold. The Polar Lodge was designed and built with a primary concern of proposing a zero carbon emission module. Other major concerns included that the proposal should be: modular; easy to transport and fast to assemble by a small team of non-experts (size and weight of parts was critical); resistant to wind; have minimum impact on the ecosystem; dry; warm; safe; physically and psychologically comfortable. With this in mind, the solution presented was inspired and adapted by the traditional yurt. Scientific data was collected and analysed regarding the lodge´s performance in the extreme environmental conditions with the use of data loggers. Data was confronted with simulations and material specifications. Interviews with users were also carried out to substantiate physiological, psychological, and environmental comfort. Finally, the intention of this paper is to contribute to the scientific efforts of low energy building, within the concerns of climate change and sustainability.

AB-115: Solar Powered Low-Cost Mass Housing Communities

Emma M. Imperial1, Gino Van Neer2

1Imperial Homes Corporation

2Enfinity

12F Alabang Business Tower, Madrigal Business Park, Ayala Alabang, Muntinlupa

Imperial Homes Corporation (IHC) is engaged primarily in the development of low-cost mass housing communities. For 33 years, IHC has built more than 16,000 homes including Via Verde – the country’s first grid-connected solar powered low-cost mass housing community, and built more than 500 homes with buyers enjoying reliable solar solution with lithium batteries that provides savings in electricity. Via Verde Homes are International Finance Corporation Philippines first Excellence in Design for Greater Efficiencies (EDGE) certified solar-powered homes. IHC is also World Bank poster child for their residential case study for EDGE. IHC first grid-connected low-cost solar powered housing community was designed to benefit the underserved segment of society with major concentration of packages ranging from $10,000 to $25,000. The backlog for this type of houses in the Philippines is currently placed at 3.7M. Global housing backlog stands at 1 Billion. IHC Homes are equipped with 24-hour solar solutions. The roofs can be re-oriented to better absorb energy of the sun. Homes are expected to save an average of 37 percent in energy use, 25 percent in water, and 32 percent in building materials. Energy generated by the system may offset homeowner’s electric bill by as much as P1, 800 to P3, 300. [US$38.42 -US$70.42] monthly, based on P10-P12 [US$0.10-US$0.25] per kWh rate. We calculate that Via Verde’s contribution to renewable global efforts will save the country fossil fuel amounting to P84 million [US$1,792,990] and eliminate 110k tons of carbon emissions per year. The project could only have been possible with the partnership between Imperial Homes and


Enfinity Group who provided the technical support to develop a grid connected solar solution with lithium battery storage. Imperial together with Enfinity Global was shortlisted by Financial Times/IFC Transformational Business Award 2016 in the Achievement of Low Carbon Urban Transformation category among 155 entries from 219 projects in 92 countries. The award for Low Carbon Urban Transformation for Mass Housing Communities recognizes innovative projects that address challenges around energy demand and supply, environmental decay, and other climate change-related issues in urban areas in developing economies.

The business model advantages:

1. Government institutions like Pag-ibig Fund and private banks approved housing loans with solar solutions resulting to 50% electricity savings to homebuyers.

2. The model shared with developers here and abroad includes climate change mitigation and promote equality of opportunity and shared prosperity.

3. Solar solution with lithium battery saves electricity, protect the environment, and increases reliability of service during emergency and critical situations.

Finally, the company received its first monetary award through a grant from a software provider, Net Suite Global for qualifying as a Social Enterprise, another first for a Philippine Real Estate Developer.

AB-097: Exemple of Upgrading Existing Building with Decarbonated Energy Systems

C. Cristofari, J.L. Canaletti J.L. UMR CNRS 6134 Scientific Centre Georges Peri, University of Corsica, Route des

Sanguinaires, F20000 Ajaccio, France

The purpose of this article is to outline some of the potential challenges and rewards that come with the solar systems integration in the buildings. We present in this article a project falls within the framework of a European project Maritimo with different Italians partners on the subject of refurbishment. The aim is the refurbishment of Mediterranean houses. This project is situated in a Corsican village near the centre of the island. In fact, the solar industry is relatively mature, the cost of these products is stabilized and it is likely to evolve quite slightly over the upcoming years: other than a scale effect resulting from rapid growth markets, only a technological breakthrough in the act of conception, could significantly change the economic level. The following barriers are identified (in order of importance): financial, technical and psychological (the psychological barriers are related with the aesthetics and the rigidity of the architectural codes. The problems, both technical and aesthetic, are the obvious obstacles to the development of this type of systems. For these reasons, in the frame of the present work, a new flat plate solar collector and a new solar air collector with high building integration and prototypes of these collectors were developed. First experimental results in a Church rectory situated in Bocognano, (Corsica, France) are presented in order to show viabilities of these solar technologies. This project is built on the objectives of contributing at the European politic on the « Building Integration of Solar Thermal Systems » (BISTS) through the COST Action « European Cooperation in Science and Technology » - TU1205.


AB-092: Visualizing Thermal Comfort in Natural Ventilation through CFD during Architectural Design

Bruno de Paiva y Raviolo, Natasha Maria Catunda Torres Mota, José Aderson Araújo Passos Filho, Karoline Cordeiro de Andrade,

Nayana Helena Barbosa de Castro, Daniel Ribeiro Cardoso

Laboratório de Experiências Digitais (LED) 2890 Universidade Av, 60020180, Benfica, Fortaleza, Brazil.

This paper presents the results of a case study, under a research and development project, in which the employment of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) tools had emphasis on natural wind simulation, producing information to guide the early stages of development of an office building architectural design. The study’s objective consists in the visualization of natural ventilation’ performance towards thermal comfort within the building’s local technological and bioclimatic context the coast of Brazil’s Northeast region. The architectural typology is a linear lowr ise office building equipped with a mechanic cooling system and a embodying hybrid cooling approach, as current corporate culture prioritizes active cooling systems over natural cooling. The building also suits an effort for the adaptive model, bringing up the employment of natural ventilation as a mean to achieve thermal comfort under specific conditions. The site’s climate data is analyzed in order to address the efficiency of natural ventilation as the most adequate strategy for its hot and humid climate. This paper also highlights the hardships concerning both architectural design process and CFD simulations as one integrated activity, such as the need for a simplified model in early stage development. Suggestions concerning future research involving integrated design and CFD simulation are made as conclusion, as well as critical thinking about a methodology’s impact on the architectural practice in the Brazilian context, reducing building’s dependency on artificial climatization systems and thus its enery consumption, pursuing instead a more enviromental friendly agenda.

AB-095: Computational Daylight Simulation and the Parameterization of Reflective Shields: A Case Study Of Evolutionary Optimization Procedures in

Order to Increase Energy Efficiency in An Experimental Building Near The Equator

José Aderson Araújo Passos Filho, Nayana Helena Barbosa de Castro, Natasha Maria Catunda Torres Mota, Karoline Cordeiro de Andrade, Bruno de Paiva y Raviolo, Daniel

Ribeiro

Laboratório de Experiências Digitais (LED) 2890 Universidade Av, 60020-180, Benfica, Fortaleza, Brazil

This paper presents the results of an investigation on advanced solutions for passive daylight harvesting as part of a research on energy efficiency that aims at the development of the architectural design of an experimental building which will serve as headquarters for a company in the brazilian state of Ceará, one of the most equatorial regions of the country. Accordingly, one of the strategies for designing sustainable and energy efficient buildings in locations of high daylight intensity (specifically, with a diffuse sky illuminance level mean of


30 klux) is to decrease the use of artificial lighting, responsible for 18% of electrical energy consumption in office buildings, by making use of sunlight without compromising other comfort-related variables, such as the low amount of solar heat absorbed by interior spaces of buildings in high temperature climates. The chosen architectural typology for the developed building design consists in that of one-story offices, based on corporative standards, roofed by a waffle slab as a second layer of thermal protection along with regular plasterboard roofs for internal encapsulated spaces. Many workstations were placed in central portions of the layout and enclosed in glass bulkheads, away from vertical openings in façades, and circulatory spaces for access distribution between these glass enclosures are also intended for occasional use as alternative, non-air-conditioned, naturally ventilated workspaces. Therefore, customized solar protection alternatives for zenithal openings in the waffle slab were researched in order to completely prevent against direct sunlight while achieving desired illuminance levels through the use of diffuse sunlight for proper visual comfort in activities performed in these non-peripheral spaces. This research intends to explore different computational methods for picking optimal positions for these openings and the appropriate shapes and sizes for the solar protection elements, here called “reflective shields”, as well as the their distancing from the waffle slab, in order to maximize illuminance levels while not allowing irradiated solar heat inside the building. Parametric modeling tools such as the NURBS software Rhinoceros 3D and its Grasshopper plug-in were implemented for the fast adjustment of the reflective shields’ geometries, which were changed according to results retrieved by the DIVA interface and its daylight simulation engine, Radiance. These results were used as criteria for the generic genetic algorithm evolutionary solver Galapagos, built-in component of the Grasshopper plug-in, in order to pick the best geometrical inputs (genes) that would obtain the best illuminance outputs (fitness). Four different systems were consecutively developed for the parameterization of the openings and their positions on the waffle slab, each in response to failures detected in their antecedents. These systems consisted of logically induced patterns of selection based on the outlines of the circulatory spaces, and their results are presented as daylight factor maps and discussed in isolated generic situations, to better understand the exact reasons for the superiority of some of these systems. The set of best positions for the openings and distancing, shapes and sizes for the reflective shields are, then, presented, with successful comparisons to recommended illuminance levels for office activities.

AB-076: Innovative Architecture - Some Romanian Examples Of Good Practice

Ruxandra Cruţescu

Faculty of Architecture, “Spiru Haret” University, Bucharest, Romania, Europe, Sat Burluşi, Făureasa nr.125, Comuna Ciofrângeni, judeţul Argeş, cod poştal 117251

In the current context of contemporary civilization and the changes taking place with amazing rapidity, innovation can play the most important role. "Innovate or die" could be a motto applicable to any contemporary approach, especially architectural. Along creativity, innovation represents an important and essential factor in achieving success of an contemporary architectural approach. In architecture, the new technologies, materials with performances that meet several requirements - aesthetic , structural ,energy efficiency and not only- are giving a fast pace of adaptation to current climate change conditions, both in conceptual terms and as practical realization. Perhaps never, the energy did not play an so


important role like now and today. Therefore, the development of energy efficient materials and building technologies, in conjunction with the widespread use of the energy from renewable sources, ranks the first place of the architectural approach. A sustainable architecture requires from architects, beginning with conceptual phase, things that until recently not concerned them and leaving in the care of colleagues from other professions. Now, the profession of architect is closely linked also to the energy efficiency, requiring a holistic approach with a more comprehensive multidisciplinary team. Protecting the environment, reducing the carbon footprint of the built space, ensuring optimum comfort and not at the least the economic factor ,underlying the current building standards. Learning now as also teaching now architectural design with innovation, automatically leads to expansion of the concerns given to the architects who want to "survive" and to use their skills to find ways in which the built environment can bring real benefits to increase quality of life, reducing waste and also provide the opportunity to build better for the future. Learning to understand where and how properly and creative to apply innovation, becomes a vital and integral part of the design process and the architectural education requires the breaking of the barriers and transition to an innovative thinking. The architects are designing the future in the context of a current rapid and continue development in a world who is in a constant change. Therefore, adaptability and versatility are vital for contemporary architects and these abilities are coming from a combination of professional practice , experience and imagination and not only. To be able to understand situations, and then imagine new ways in which to put it into practice, means the basis for innovative thinking. Developing the ability to identify connections between problems of architectural design and the actual big potential of technical solutions, is a challenge for contemporary architects who are demonstrating practicaly, how to apply a new attitude, new technologies or materials, stimulate innovative thinking and imagination of architects designers of the future creating a progressive architecture. We are presenting also some considerations regarding the behavior in time and other aspects of the first passive house built in 2004 in Romania, certified by the PassiveHouse Institute "Dr. Wolfgang Feiβt " Darmstadt, Germany, and also the first passive romanian office building, with an area of 2500 m², built in 2008 in Bragadiru city, as the company's headquarters Amvic - Arcon Amvic as current name - whose author is also the author of this abstract and presentation.

Fig. 1 – site view Bragadiru Romania PH Building Fig. 2 – technical room -heat pump and controlled ventilation sistem with energy recovery Fig. 3 – First Romanian Passiv Office Building Bragadiru Ilfov

This passive building is using for the building thermal envelope the innovative technology of reinforced concrete pouring of structural walls in neopor insulated concrete forms, insulating glass surfaces with high performance, closing walls and roof with super thermal- and acoustic insulation, that provides excellent interior comfort and very low prices for maintenance costs throughout all the life of the building. The energy to run the heating and controlled ventilation is provided mostly from renewable sources (in terms of a normal exterior climate) - 2 wells 120 meters deep, heat pump system water-water, floor heating who is using hot water produced with the solar roof vacuum tubes system, ground heat exchanger - awaduct, controlled ventilation system with energy recovery, etc. In 33 years of architectural design that we have undertaken in Romania, we can see and illustrate the evolution and adaptability of the architect and his profession, as described in the first part,


with designed buildings in which we have integrated and applied among the first specialists, innovation as key concepts and constant concern. We mention also the kindergarten building in Blejoi, Prahova county, town hall buildings in Ciofrîngeni city, Arges county and Dragalina city, Calarasi county, collective and individual houses, designed and built in compliance with standardized passive buildings concepts, adapted to the climatic conditions of Romania. We mention now but not at the least, the support and the importance of team and it’s cohesion with that I have worked, colleagues from different professions, architects and engineers with innovative and creative thinking, but also the vision of smart owners and investors , with future correct vision, who have shown confidence to invest their resources of money (but not only to spend it), by adding extra value to the buildings that now they own and operate in conditions of optimum comfort. We believe that the role of the architect and and his multidisciplinary team is a success also in these few romanian presented examples, taking into account the concepts of innovative architecture


AB-156: Maintenance Of A Geothermal Power Plant: Olkaria 1 Additional Units (Au), Kenya

George Ngomi

Kenya Electricity Generating Company, P.O. Box 785 Naivasha, KENYA

Operating a geothermal power plant is a continuous process where equipment has to be maintained for reliability. In 2015, Kenya, which is currently the eighth largest geothermal producer in the world, commissioned the 280MW geothermal expansion project. This project consists of two power plants which are Olkaria 1 Additional Units (AU) and Olkaria IV. Olkaria 1 AU has two generating sets each rated 75.26MWe. The plant started commercial operation in January 2015 and since then it has faced maintenance intensive issues ranging from corrosion, silica scaling, slug flow and erosion. These issues have affected plant efficiency thus decline in overall plant availability due to unwarranted stoppages considering that this is a base load plant. This paper will describe the operation of the Olkaria 1 AU geothermal power plant, maintenance intensive issues and corrective actions undertaken since commercial operation.

AB-096: Geothermal Exploration in Phang Nga, Southern Thailand

Ngansom W1, Pirarai K2, Dürrast H2

1Geophysics, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Thailand

2Department of Groundwater Resources, Bangkok, Thailand

Electricity demand in Southern Thailand is steadily increasing due to industrial development and tourism, thus, requiring further supply. Current plans show the construction of combined


3,000 MW coal fired power plants. However, for Southern Thailand electricity from geothermal rescource provide one alternative energy choice, besides others. In this study, geothermal sites of high temperature hot springs have been explored with geological, geophysical, and geochemical methods, as well as scenarios for the use of geothermal energy, including choices of technology, and possible site locations for power plants have been generated. An example is the Phang Nga hot spring located in the northwestern part of Southern Thailand, which has exit temperatures of 76 °C to 78 °C. Rock formations in the area are mudstones, porphyritic granites, and phyllites. For the understanding of the near surface structures and fluid distribution various geological and geophysical methods have been applied, e.g. electrical resistivity and magnetotellurics surveys; for the understanding of deeper structures, e.g. a possible heat source, gravity and magnetic surveys have been carried out. Planned is a deeper well with logging. Results of the integrated geoscientific study indicate so far that the shallow hot aquifer water is at a depth of around 500 m. Partially equilibrated and immature hot spring waters indicate reservoir temperatures between 120 to 150 °C determined with geothermometers. A regional forced convective-circulation model for this geothermal area is suggested based on differences interpreted from the various measurements, thus reflecting deep structural controls of the fluid pathways in the field, which has limited the degree of mixing between them.

AB-085: Sustainability and Resilience of Bioenergy for Climate Change in Bali and East Java: Scoping and Envisioning

Francis Johnson1, Stefan Bossner1, Timothi Suljada1, Takeshi Takama1,2,3,

Cynthia Juwita3, Ibnu Budiman2,3, Auditya Sari2,3, Erwin Widodo4

1Swedish Environment Institute, Oxford

2Udayana University, Bali - Indonesia

3PT. Sustainable and Resilience Co, Bali – Indonesia

4Ministry of National Development of Republic Indonesia

PT. Sustainability and Resilience Co., Jalan Pura Warung No 1, Babakan – Canggu. Kuta Utara, Badung – Bali 80361

Now, Indonesia is the fourth most populous country which has approximately 17,000 islands and a home to some of the highest level of biological diversity in the world. However, land-change use and deforestation accounts for the biggest emitter of green-house gases in Indonesia per year. In addition to that, this country has high reliance on fossil fuel to meet its energy demand. This makes Indonesia vulnerable to the impact of climate change, especially poor community, although sea-level rise and increase temperature are experienced by human being. In order to address climate change issue, the Government of Indonesia has set a GHG emission reduction by 2030 and promoting the clean energy utilization by 2025. One of clean energy promoted is bioenergy where 23% of total energy consumption is targeted from bioenergy by 2025. To accelerate the bioenergy utilization in Indonesia, a pre-eliminary study has been conducted where Bali and East Java were selected. Udayana University, Stockholm Environment Institute and PT Sustainability and Resilience Co (su-re.co) within the framework of two research projects funded by the European Commission: GreenWin and TransRISK organized an international workshop on


sustainability and resilience of bioenergy for climate change. The event furthermore benefited from the generous support of the Indonesia Climate Change Trust Fund (ICCTF) on behalf of Ministry of National Development Planning (BAPPENAS) of Republic Indonesia. It was taken place in Bali, 11-13th May 2016 attended by 68 registered participants coming from background, local and national government, private sectors, NGOs, academicians, science and international experts. Data collection was conducted during field visit and focus group discussion (FGD) between stakeholders from different backgrounds and sectors by discussing potential of bioenergy development in Bali and East Java. Following that, several tools were used to analyze from qualitative and quantitative aspects. H-form exercise and stakeholder assessment were used during FGD for qualitative analysis. H-form was used as a tool to explore risks and opportunities of bioenergy development pathways as well as potential co-benefits such as sustainable development as the future green business possibilities to attempt adaptation and mitigation of climate change. Meanwhile, value chain matrix and Matrix of Change Analysis (MCA) were used for quantitative analysis. The preferable feedstocks for bioenergy were determined using value chain matrix to identify production processes that are sensitive to the preselected issues in a targeted value chain. On the other hand, MCA was used to identify the preferable bio-energy options available in Bali and East Java from social, technological, economic, project interest perspectives in Bali and East Java at small and large scale. The workshop developed and shared ideas creating green business models, investment opportunities, and partnership on energy poverty eradication and resilient livelihood with bio-energy. Also, the workshop engaged the assessment of stakeholder network with climate change adaptation and mitigation pathways. Improved sustainability assessment of bioenergy and on-the-ground evaluations are needed to guide priority setting for adaptation and mitigation of climate change with bioenergy in Bali and East Java.

AB-113: Communicating Renewable Energy in Indonesia

Mira Rochyadi-Reetz

Institute of Media and Communication Science, Technische Universität Ilmenau, Ehrenbergstraße 29, Ernst-Abbe-Zentrum, D-98693 Ilmenau Germany, Tel.: +49-3677-

694673

Providing a reliable, environmentally acceptable and efficient energy supply is probably one of the most challenging issues faced by almost every nation in the world. Technological progress in the field of renewable energies has been opening the opportunity to reduce the use of fossil energy in the future and to fight climate change. However, technological development alone is not enough to gain public support for the implementation of these technologies. They need to be well communicated in order to create public understanding and acceptance. Therefore, it is highly relevant to investigate renewable energies in the perspective of communication science: Decision makers should know how renewables are depicted in the media, which actors are successful in putting the implementation of certain technologies on the political and public agenda and which actors are able to implement their frames. Existing communication research about how renewable energies are framed is dominated by the perspective of European countries and US (e.g. Bräuer and Wolling, 2014; Devine-Wright, 2011; Haigh, 2010; Heras-Saizarbitoria et al.). As problems related to energy supply are not only relevant for industrialized countries, it is important to extend the research


activities in emerging countries. Indonesia is suitable for such an investigation because it is one of the most populous countries of the world, with a fast growing economy and a political and media landscape being transformed fundamentally in the last two decades.

This paper aim to answer two questions:

(1) How do different (political) actors in Indonesia such as government, parliament and NGOs (including METI) communicate the issue of renewable energy?

(2) How successful are they in bringing their frames to the media?

To answer these research questions, quantitative content analyses were conducted. 204 press releases published by political actors were analyzed and also a sample of 270 articles related to renewable energies from two high quality newspapers (Kompas, Republika and Tempo) published between 2010 until 2014. The time frame was chosen because several policies have been introduced to support renewable energy development during that time, such as the establishment of The Directorate General of New and Renewable Energy and Energy Conservation, regulatory on a feed-in tariff for renewable electricity and the hosting of several international events in renewable energy sector. Findings show that in the context of renewable energies all political actors, including NGOs, mostly highlight the technological benefits and the economic causes as the most salient frame elements. However, NGOs also focus on the importance of a better policy to support the sector. By comparing the frames and quotes of actors and newspapers, it came clear that government is the most effective actor in penetrating their frame to the media. This finding proves that even after 20 years of political transition, the government remains more influential than other political actors. Nevertheless, media also emphasize economic, political and technological problems, which were ignored by government’s press releases. This demonstrates that the media play an independent role in shaping the discourse about renewable energies in the country.

AB-012: Update on Hydropower Development in Indonesia

Muchsin Qadir

World Bank, ISEB Tower 2, 12th Floor, Jl. Jenderal Sudirman Kav 52-53, Jakarta, Indonesia

Indonesia is endowed with hydropower resource estimated with approximately 75GW electricity potential. However, as of 2015, PLN (National Electricity Company)’s business plan for 2016-2025 revealed that installed capacity of hydropower generation only reached 3.9GW (excluding captive hydropower) and counting only about 9% of national power generation installed capacity. In current regulatory framework, hydropower development in Indonesia is grouped in large and small hydro with the size limit of 10 MW. Policy and tariff regulation for small hydropower development (10MW or less) are available but not adequate for the development of large hydro. A strong effort by Government of Indonesia, PLN, and also private sector, is required to increase hydropower generation share and achieve 23% of renewable energy portion in the primary energy mix at 2025. Based on the PLN’s business plan, additional 10.5GW of hydropower capacity will be expected by 2025. There are some issues that hinder the hydropower development in Indonesia: geographical mismatch in supply and demand (example case of Papua), large upfront capital cost, inadequate private sector participation, un-coordinated regulatory framework, environmental and social issues including land acquisition. This paper will present the latest hydropower resource estimation,


statistics of hydropower projects, the institutional framework of hydropower development, review the Government’s target toward 2025, Government’s policies to support hydropower development, and also discuss some other challenging issues in the hydropower development sector. An analysis on a strategy to scale up private sector participation in hydropower project is also presented.

AB-051: Development of Z-Blade Turbine for Low Head Low Flow Pico Hydro Generation System

Mohd Basar Farriz1,2, Nurul Ashikin Mohd Rais1, Kamaruzzaman Sopian2, Sohif Mat2

1 Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, 76100 Melaka, Malaysia

2 Solar Energy Research Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Malaysia

This paper introduces a simple reaction turbine known as a Z-blade turbine, where small streams are good enough for this innovative turbine to operate efficiently. The pico-hydro generation system using the Z-blade turbine is capable of producing power at low water heads (5 m and above) and low flow rates (2 litres/s and above). Besides that, the proposed pico-hydro system generally relies on the natural flow of rivers and streams. It is able to utilize a smaller volume of flowing water without the need to build large reservoirs. Thus, the pico-hydro generation system, which uses this turbine, is considered to be economically feasible because it only requires a small investment but is capable of achieving a considerable power output. The Z-blade turbine, which was developed in 2014, is the latest version of the simple reaction turbine. The list of turbines based on their year of development are: 1) Hero’s turbine in the 1st century AD; 2) Barker’s mill in 1740; 3) Pupil’s turbine in 1775; 4) Whitlaw’s mill in 1839; 5) Quek’s turbine in 2003; 6) cross pipe turbine in 2009; 7) split reaction turbine in 2009; and 8) Z-Blade turbine in 2014. Compared to the seven other turbines described above, insofar as it is known, the Z-Blade turbine is the only one that can operate in very small streams. In addition, this innovative turbine is considered to have the simplest geometrical design and fabrication process. No high-tech manufacturing machinery and no expert workers are required due to its non-complex design, and it is complemented with attractive features. For example, it costs very little to develop a Z-blade turbine using locally available materials, and it is manufactured by means of a simple process that requires only basic knowledge of a piping system. The turbine blades are made using standard plumbing pipes and fittings. It is also portable and easily transported, and its installation is trouble-free. This paper also will discuss the rationale for the development of a Z-Blade turbine in a pico-hydro generation system, particularly for low head low flow water applications. The section that follows will focus on the design, manufacturing, testing and installation under the pico-hydro range for low-head, low-flow applications. The design and construction procedures for a Z-Blade turbine using locally available materials are briefly described. The work process for this innovative hydro system is also briefly explained. Finally, the performance of the system is discussed and evaluated.


AB-116: Solar PV and Wind Energy Powered Water Desalination Plant

Kamaruddin Abdullah1, Aep Saepul Uyun1, Jombrik2, Slamet Rahedi Sugeng2, Irna N. Djajadiningrat1, Siti Badriah S3, and T.Ono4

1 The Graduate School/Renewable Energy, Darma Persada University, Jl. Radin Inten II, Pondok Kelapa, East Jakarta, 13450, Indonesia

2Faculty of Economics, Darma Persada University, Jl. Radin Inten II, Pondok Kelapa, East Jakarta, 13450, Indonesia.

3 PT Awina Sinergi Indonesia,Menara Duta Wing B, 7th Floor, Jl. Rasuna Said,Kav-B-9, South Jakarta 12910, Indonesia

4 A-Wing Co.,Ltd., Japan,2nd Floor, Eidensha Bldg.6-23,Tori-machi, Kurume-Shi, Fukuoka, 830-118,Japan

The water desalination project is located at Seriwe hamlet, in South East of East Lombok island where water has been scarce for a long time. Clean water was used for drinking by the community and also for the processing of seaweeds, a potentil product of the hamlet. The available well water is brackish water with TDS >10000 and could not be used for drinking. Therefore, the study was conducted by installing 3000 W solar PV and 500 wind energy powered water desalination plant with two desalination machines and 12 batteries each with 12 V and 100 Ah. A series of tests have been conducted using power supply from solar PV and wind using one of the two deslination machines. The tests were conducted under sunny and cloudy condition all day. Test results indicated that the production of drinking water with 4 h 6 min. to 4 h 25 min. full support from electricity from solar PV and wind energy the operation of either one of the desalination machines could produce between 588 liters/day to 652.6 liters/day with average TDS of between 166- 215 ppm.


AB-023: The Implications of Crude Palm Oil, Biodiesel and Diesel Price Variations on the Proposed Subsidy Scheme for the Development of Palm

Based Biodiesel Production

Fumi Harahap, Semida Silveira, Dilip Khatiwada

Division of Energy and Climate Studies, KTH Royal Institute of Technology Brinellvägen 68, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden

Strategic intervention to promote biofuel uses in transport, industry, commercial and power sector was initiated in Indonesia in 2006 targeting 30% (i.e. biodiesel) blending by 2025. Biofuel policies have driven the expansion of the biofuel industry, promoting investments in production and creating markets in the country. Today, biodiesel from crude palm oil (CPO) is the prime liquid biofuel in Indonesia. The transport sector consumed 1.85 billion litres of biodiesel in 2014, after a 40% annual increase since 2010. However, the oil price drop in 2015 led to an interruption of the biofuel production and reduced domestic biodiesel consumption. An export tariff was enacted on CPO products which is linked to a subsidy scheme for biodiesel. The tariff serves to finance the price discrepancy between biodiesel and diesel. The study analyses the implications of price variations for CPO, biodiesel and diesel on the subsidy cost for promoting biodiesel in Indonesia. The biodiesel price consists


of the CPO market price and the cost of biodiesel production. The production cost takes into consideration the scale of economies to meet the future target and the learning effect over time. The CPO price is the prime driver of biodiesel price. The study estimates the amount of funds from the collected export tax that might be available for the promotion of biodiesel use in the country. It confirms that, under the present regulatory framework, biodiesel production could be hampered at high CPO prices, particularly above 750 $/ton when the fund may not have enough to cover the price difference between biodiesel and diesel. The price variation for CPO and biodiesel affect the availability of funds to finance the subsidy being applied. It also affects the CPO exports and the availability of CPO for domestic biodiesel production. Learning from major biofuel producing countries (e.g. US, EU, Brazil), we propose alternatives for fund raising and efficient use of the fund for promoting a sustainable development of biodiesel production and use in Indonesia.

AB-043: Recent Development of Renewable Energy Policies and Markets

Rainer Hinrichs-Rahlwes

European Renewable Energies Federation (EREF), Vice-President, Brussels/Belgium

German Renewable Energy Federation (BEE), Board Member, Berlin/Germany

Käthe-Niederkirchner-Straße 13, D-10407 Berlin, Germany

Renewable Energy markets and deployment of various technologies harvesting various sources have been growing significantly during the last few years. During the financial and economic crisis hitting global economy, investment in Renewable Energy investment has suffered less negative impact than other markets. At the same time, market growth is shifting from developed countries to the developing world, particularly from Europe to Asia, but also to Africa and to South America. In parallel, decoupling of economic growth and greenhouse gas reduction is becoming more and more obvious, the material basis for this being unprecedented cost decrease and resulting market growth for renewable energy technologies, with onshore wind and solar PV meanwhile becoming the cheapest available solutions in an increasing number of countries and regions around the world. I will describe and analyse status and perspectives of renewable energy technologies and sources for electricity, for heating & cooling and for transport. My data sources are the annual Renewable Energy Global Status Report, IEA’s World Energy Outlook, IRENA’s REMAP report and input from various international, regional and national renewable energy associations with a focus on most recent developments and trends including first assessment of 2016 market and policy development and resulting trends.

AB-017: A Review of the Legal, Financial and Regulatory Aspects of Different Renewable Energy Sources for Power Generation in Malaysia

Ganendra D., Navaratnam R, Ng S. K., Basha A., Ponniah C.D.

Minconsult Sdn Bhd, Lot 6, Jalan 51A/223, 46100 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia


The Government of Malaysia (GOM) has put in place a comprehensive strategy to increase the coverage of electrical power generation by renewable energy sources to 10% (2080MW) by year 2020. Although all renewable energy projects fall under the overall regulatory purview of Sustainable Energy Development Authority (SEDA), each renewable energy source (solar, hydro, biogas, biomass and geo-thermal) has its own set of financial, legal and technical requirements. This Paper reviews the implementation of renewable energy projects against their targets for each source. The framework for each energy source is analyzed from a bankability and ease of implementation perspective. The key success factors, barriers and challenges are identified and correlated to the respective source’s success in achieving their targets. Issues considered include tariff versus cost, resource availability, ease of finance and other regulatory policies. These issues are compared to other existing regional regulatory frameworks for benchmarking purposes and with a view to identifying other regional success factors. This Paper will also consider other key factors that need to be considered for enhancing the development of each renewable energy source and make recommendations to improve existing frameworks to further enhance implementation strategies.

AB-089: APEC Energy Demand and Supply Outlook 6th Edition: High Renewables Scenario

Alexey Kabalinskiy

Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre (APERC), APERC, Inui bldg., 11F, 1-13-1, Kachidoki, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0054 Japan

The Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre (APERC) has produced the APEC (Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation) Energy Demand and Supply Outlook 6th Edition (Outlook) to help inform policymakers about the major trends and challenges facing the energy sector in the APEC region. There were four scenarios developed for Outlook and this paper focuses on two of them, namely the Business-As-Usual (BAU) and the High Renewables (HR) Scenarios. The energy choices made in APEC will have global impacts on energy security and environmental sustainability as APEC member economies together account for more than half of world real GDP and about 60% of the world’s energy demand. The Outlook aims to foster understanding among APEC economies of global, regional and domestic energy demand and supply trends, energy infrastructure development, and related policy issues. In 2014, APEC Energy Ministers agreed to ‘aspire to the goal of “doubling the share of renewables in the APEC energy mix, including in power generation, from 2010 levels by 2030”.’ [2] This study, focuses on the development of renewables in power generation, including large hydro, and biofuels for the transportation sector. The BAU Scenario clearly shows that current policies and trends do not adequately address the region’s energy challenges. As a result, the share of renewables in Total Final Energy Demand (TFED) increases from 5.2% in 2010 to 6.7% in 2030. Despite more than 50 GW of annual renewable capacity additions, APEC falls short of the doubling goa, with the share of renewable generation increasing from 16% in 2010 to just 22% in 2030. The demand for biofuels grows to 56 Mtoe in 2030. Thus the share of renewable fuels in domestic transport demand rises from 2.3% in 2010 to 3.1% in 2030, also falling short of the target. In order to address these issues APERC formulated the HR Scenario, which assumes improved performance and costs, adoption of all renewables targets, and strong policy support for


renewables. These measures increase the share of renewable power generation and boost the biofuels production, bringing the share of renewables in TFED to 10.4% in 2030, double the 2010 level of 5.2%—ergo, achieving the stated goal. An average of more than 100 GW of new renewable capacity is added each year between 2013 and 2030, doubling the share of renewable generation to 33% in 2030. Total biofuels demand rises threefold to 87 Mtoe in 2030. As a result, the share of biofuels in transport rises to 4.9% in 2030. In this study, APERC identifies the key barriers and challenges for renewables development in the region, while outlining opportunities for accelerated growth of renewables in both power and transport. The analysis also includes recommendations for APEC policymakers on how the region can achieve its goal to double the share of renewables in the APEC energy mix.

AB-119: Enhancing Foreign Direct Investments by Derisking Renewable Energy Projects in Developing Countries

Horka P., Trachsel F.

Cleantech Finance Expert, The South Pole Group, Technolparkstrasse 1, 8005 Zurich, Switzerland

Despite a remarkable growth of renewable energy over the past years, there is a slow rise from the efforts to reach the warming targets agreed in the COP 21 in Paris. Key indicators for a further growth developed in an encouraging way. The Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) of most renewables dropped significantly in the last five years (IRENA, 2016), the number of countries with renewable energy policies in place increased (REN21, 2015) and a continuous rise in electricity demand especially in non-OECD countries is expected (EIA, 2016). However, the flow of foreign direct investments stagnated, and a significant infrastructure investment gap is evident in developing countries (Nuñez and Wei, 2015); both signs of foreign investor’s reluctance to invest in the infrastructure asset class in which renewables are part of. This work focuses to understand the barriers that still limit direct investments into renewable energy projects in developing countries, and aims to provide solutions to increase such investments in the future. This study addresses four main questions:

1. What are the expected returns from global investors when investing in renewable energy projects in developing countries and how do those expectations change across project phases?

2. What are the main risks global investors perceive across the individual project phases when investing in renewable energy in a developing country?

3. Which qualitative and quantitative derisking measures do exist or are about to be introduced to the market to attract more USD investors?

4. Are the identified quantitative derisking measures effective when applied to a project?

Investors were interviewed to get an understanding of their cost of equity, to identify and assess risks involved, and further come up with possible derisking solutions through a specific case study - a small hydropower project in Indonesia. An adopted version of the UNDP framework for derisking renewable energy projects in emerging markets has been used to allow a systematic and critical assessment (UNDP, 2015). The framework is used based on individual assessment of risks in each project phase: development phase,


construction phase and operation phase. The results showed a significant drop in expected returns across the project phases, indicating a clear reluctance of investors to invest in early stage projects due to high perception of risks. Further, it showed a shift of the relative significance of each risk category on the cost of equity across each project phase. Hence, the results suggests a project phase-tailored derisking approach. After discussions with different stakeholders, derisking possibilities for each major risk category per project phase are proposed as a guidance for investors. The interviews with all relevant project stakeholders, i.e. equity investor, technology providers, insurers, export guarantee providers and development banks, allowed to make insightful conclusions on derisking of small hydropower plants in Indonesia. Firstly, a general lack of awareness on the whole spectrum of derisking possibilities has been identified calling for a more standardized way of defining risk categories and respective derisking possibilities. Secondly, many risks have shown to be interconnected with a need for a holistic derisking approach. The financial modelling of the case study revealed a high equity IRR sensitivity towards CAPEX and electricity production. A solid and project specific derisking approach is required to reduce the high uncertainties of those parameters and to attract investors at the earliest project phase possible. Further, a USD denominated feed-in-tariff (FIT) significantly lowers the financing costs and therefore the financial attractiveness of a project. Subsequently, it bears significant counterparty/power market risk for the investor if the currency risk is born by the government. A solution to avoid such risks is the engagement into a political risk insurance (PRI). The quantitative modelling of derisking possibilities applied on the case study showed that a PRI is an attractive derisking solution while a weather risk insurance is deemed too expensive. However, a timely limited weather risk insurance can be a powerful tool to attract lenders for a non-recourse financed project. Emphasis should therefore be put on aggregating small ticket sizes to provide standardized insurance solutions, lower transaction costs, and reduce unsystematic risks through diversification. Further, new innovative blended finance facilities will be crucial to facilitate projects to become more attractive to more private investors.

AB-083: Assessing the Economic Viability of Replacing Diesel with Energy Storage Technologies for Peak Power

Shreya Agarwal

The Energy and Resources Institute, Darbari Seth Block, India Habitat Center Lodhi Road Delhi -110003, India

The Indian power sector faces many challenges such as constrained transmission and distribution capacity, unmet energy demand and low energy access in rural areas. Even though India’s current installed power generation capacity is 298GW, excess energy demand in India is met from diesel and gas power plants. Besides suffering from a high fuel cost, diesel also has a significant environmental impact. This paper discusses the potential and economic viability of using different energy storage techniques to substitute diesel gen sets to provide peak power at the utility level instead of diesel or gas. A model to compare the economic and environmental benefits of thermal, electro chemical and mechanical energy storage systems with diesel and gas generator sets for addressing peak power demand has been developed. The study concludes by discussing phased installation of energy storage systems will be useful in providing peak power support. The study has been presently done for Delhi and based on the results it can be expanded to other states also.


AB-022: Iran’s Strategy for Natural Gas

Hedayat Omidvar

Member of IGU Gas Advocacy Task Force (TF2), Head of Communication Affairs with Science & Research Centers, Research & Technology Dept., National Iranian Gas Company No.29-Southern Aban St. - Karimkhan Ave.-Tehran-1598753113-Iran

Using natural gas as a heating fuel is one of the various uses of this invaluable fuel. The real and major importance of natural gas can be realized regarding the natural gas plentiful added value and its capabilities for being converted into thousands of valuable economic commodities in the oil and petrochemicals industry as the primary material and the energy resource. The growing need for gas to provide energy and fuel, and the foreign currency resulted from sales and export for investment and launching primary industries in the country, reinforced the idea of bundling gas industry related activities. Therefore, in line with this, and based on the legal statute, NIGC as one of the four major subsidiaries of Iran's Oil Ministry was established. The initial capital of the company amounted to $25 million, in 1965. Since its establishment, NIGC has gradually achieved capabilities and managed to have access to various sources and facilities such as experts and efficient human force equipped with scientific and theoretical vision and knowledge, tools, equipment, machinery and various advanced workshops for implementing its operations proportionate with the economic and social development trend of the country, so that it can independently accomplish all the related tasks complying with the valid international acceptable standards. Right now, The NIGC is one of the top ten gas companies in the gas industry in the Middle East, and one of the four major subsidiaries of the Oil Ministry. Having over 50years of experience, it is responsible for providing over 65 percent of the fuel required by the country. The company, in terms of providing gas, does own an important position both inside the country and abroad and proportionate with its needs and expansion of its activities in the country and abroad, it has taken measures to revise its structure. While maintaining and reinforcing its potential in hardware and software terms, the NIGC has recruited experts and trained staff and updated its experienced staff knowledge. At the present time, the number of the NIGC permanent staff is more than 18000 persons.


AB-002: The Current State of Alternative Fuels and Alternative Automotive Technologies in Passenger Car Transport

Amela Ajanovic

Vienna University of Technology, Gusshausstr.25/370-3, 1040 Vienna, Austria

Global demand for energy in the transport sector is continuously increasing, and it is mostly met by liquid fossil fuels. Passenger car transport is one of the biggest contributors to high oil demand as well as increasing air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). To solve these problems, besides continuing improvements in the efficiency of internal combustion engines (ICE) vehicles, also alternative, more environmentally friendly fuels and automotive technologies are required. Currently, the most widely discussed alternatives are first generation biofuels, and electric vehicles. The core objective of this paper is to present and discuss the current state of alternative fuels and alternative automotive technologies


relevant for passenger car transport from an economic and environmental point of view as well as their future prospects. It focuses on different kinds of biofuels and different types of electric vehicles (hybrid-, plug-in hybrid-, range extender, and pure battery electric vehicles). In addition, prospective of second generation biofuels and fuel cell cars are investigated. In this context also existing policy framework and targets set are considered. The method of approach is based on the calculation of the total cost of ownership for different alternative pathways in comparison with conventional mobility with internal combustion engines vehicles and fossil fuels, gasoline and diesel. For the environmental impact of alternative fuels and alternative automotive technologies the whole energy supply chain (well-to-wheel) is considered. Major results shows that due to the increasing motorization rate, increasing size of cars as well as low oil prices it is more and more challenging to identify cost competitive alternatives to conventional mobility. Every currently available alternative has some advantages and disadvantages, and all considered alternative fuels and automotive technologies are not competitive on the market. For example, despite already high energy efficiency of battery electric vehicles and fuel cell vehicles they still need substantial technological improvements and cost reductions to be able to compete with conventional ICE vehicles on the market. Since these vehicles could provide significant contribution to the reduction of GHG emissions they are supported by different monetary and non-monetary policies and measures. However, full environmental benefit of electric vehicles could be reached only in combination with electricity generated from renewable energy sources. It is very important to include this issue in the future policy design. For the future is also very relevant to emphasize the development of the second generation bio fuels made from grasses, wastes and other non-edible agricultural matter as well as the switch from first to second generation biofuels. However, to make second generation biofuels competitive with fossil fuels, policy support will be needed for at least a decade or more. Since GHG emissions and climate change are global problems, a broad portfolio of policy measures has to be implemented worldwide with the goal to promote and support environmentally friendly technologies. Moreover, further investment in research and development is needed especially in the case of fuel cell vehicles and second generation biofuels.

AB-053: Dimethyl Ether as a Renewable Fuel and Green Energy

Reza Sukaraharja, Nanang Hermawan, Maymuchar and Cahyo Setyo Wibowo

Research and Development Center for Oil and Gas Technology "LEMIGAS"

Dimethyl Ether (DME) is a gas compound with a chemical formula of CH3-O-CH3. It is a colorless gas and volatile that was originally used as an aerosol and solvents in the cosmetics industry, cleaners, paint etc. DME is easily stored with low pressure ± 5 bar, hence it can be safely handling. DME has a calorific value of 6900 kcal/kg, it can also be used as fuel either as a mixer or a substitute for LPG and also can substitute diesel fuel with environmental friendly exhaust gas emissions. In developed countries like the United States, Sweden, Russia, China and Japan, consuming DME sourced from natural gas, coal gasification and biomass. Thus DME is a fuel that has multiple resources so it can be categorized as a renewable energy. In addition, DME can be regarded as multiple demand products that can be consumed as fuel and raw material for industry. For example in China, the process was extended to produce olefins. Indonesia is an archipelago country and growing rapidly in many regions. The growth of industrial and commercial sectors continues


to increase with positive impact on the economy, especially with the growth of housing sector. Transportation which supports industrial and commercial sectors is also growing rapidly along with economic growth. All of the sector desperately needs fuel as an energy source. Total energy consumed in Indonesia was 1,195.95 million BOE, with oil and gas as the dominant source for about 543,47 million BOE (45.44%). Transportation, industrial and household sectors are most widely consumed fuel or energy. Unfortunately the government should carry out fuel import along with high amount of fuel consumption. Approximately 50% of fuel and 65% of LPG (which has total demand 3 million tons per month) is imported. Coal that widely spread in Indonesia can also be used in gasification to produce methane or mined as CBM, especially lignite which has lower to medium calorific value. The coal resources as much as 114 billion tons can be used to produce DME. Therefore, areas that have not been mined or suspended are be able to generate energy by CBM method. As well as for the biomass that also widely spread in various parts of this country, either as by product of agriculture or plantations or as the conversion of forest land in total have the potential to reach 50 GW. Due to these energy sources are scattered throughout the Indonesia province, it can be applied to local consumers, the necessary regulations or mandatory from central government and province to accommodate the productivity of DME local sources. The implementation of DME utilization as fuel can be directly applied to substitute fuel oil or LPG consumed, both national and regional scale and also support the existing infrastructure ability. Accordingly paradigms regarding the supply of fuel in Indonesia should be added to be the energy source from the coal gasification and biomass can be supplied to all regions through the DME, for the realization of the National Energy Security.

AB-121: Effect of Thermodynamic Properties of Feed on the Efficiency of Distillation Column during Ethanol-Water System Distillation

A. E. Adeleke

Mechanical Engineering Department, Federal University Oye Ekiti, Nigeria.

The conceptual design of distillation column was addressed by optimization technique. This paper optimized thermodynamic properties of ethanol-water system during distillation process to arrive at the optimum process conditions that will give the required percentage of purification using a new developed software. Simulations were carried out on the parameters obtained from the beer produced from fermentation of cassava mash as the input for the software.The considered parameters were Reflux Ratio (R), Relative Volatility (RV), Minimum Reflux Ratio (Rmin), Mole Fraction of the most volatile component in the distillate (xD), Mole Fraction of the most volatile component in the bottom (xB), Mole Fraction of the most volatile component in the feed (xF), thermodynamics properties of the feed (q). The results obtained using the developed Software is compared with the predicted result from Central Composite Design model at various input levels and the new software is validated with published experimental results. The process simulation results show that the reflux ratio, relative volatility increases with increase in temperature at constant pressure and have significant effect on purification of ethanol compared to other parameters.


AB-061: Study on the Phase Change Composite with Silica Particles

Jifen Wang1, Panming Wu1, Huaqing Xie1, Zixiong Guo2

1School of Science, College of Art and Science, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, 201209;

2Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8058, USA

In this paper, the phase change composite materials were prepared by adding the different sizes of silica (SiO2) in a certain proportion into the melting PA with intensive sonication. Structure and thermal properties of the SiO2 and composite phase change material was characterized using FTIR Spectrometer, X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).The results showed that the thermal conductivity of the same particle size of silica composite materials increased slightly with the increase of temperature. The thermal conductivity of the composites increased obviously when the temperature reached 65 oC, after this temperature the thermal conductivity of the composites began to decline. On the whole, the addition of SiO2 can increase the enthalpy of phase transformation and the enthalpy of phase change, and there is no obvious change in the melting point of the composite.

AB-057: Clean Coal Technology Using Dense Medium Cyclone and Magnetite

Isworo Pujotomo, Retno Aita Diantari

College of Engineering – PLN (Foundation for Education & Welfare PT. PLN (Persero)), Jakarta, Indonesia, PLN Building, Jl. Lingkar Luar Barat, Duri Kosambi, Cengkareng, Jakarta

11750

Coal is a kind of conventional energy resource with the largest reserves and the most widely distributing in the world. The key to reduce coal pollution are the development of clean coal technology. Coal-fired plant pollution is due to the release into the atmosphere of the hot flue gasses produced from the combustion of coal. Dust from power plants has been linked to cancers, while SO2 and NOx have both been identified as acid rain precursors. NOx has also been associated with the production of photochemical smog. Various pollutant control systems have been developed over the past several decades and are continually evolving. However, even with these systems in place, coal-fired plants still produce significant levels of emissions, and certainly carry this stigma with them. Coal preparation, can be broadly defined as the deliberate modification of the physical and/or chemical properties of the as-mined coal as it psses through the chain from the pit t industrial utilization so as to meet the end-use qualityspecifications and the constrains of the transportation and handling systems. The overall aim of physical coal preparation is to produce saleable products of consistent, specified quality at production rates and in relative proportions which result in the best use of the mining company’s resource and a reasonable financial return. Dense Medium Cyclones are key processing units in many coal preparation plants for density separation of energy or cooking coal from rock. A slurry of crushed coal containing unwanted rock is mixed with a dense medium and continuously fed into a DMC at a coal preparation plant. The high centrifugal force due to the swirling flow preferentially separates rock particles with higher


specific gravity than the dense medium to the walls of the chamber, where they are discharged as underflow (reject) at the tapered apex. The raw coal to be treated is suspended in a very fine medium, normally finely ground magnetite, and this pulp is fed tangentially into the cyclone through the inlet to a short cylindrical section, which also carries what is termed the vortex finder. Separation is made in the cone-shaped part of the cyclone or frustum. The discard portion of the raw coal (sinks) leaves the cyclone at the spigot, and the clean coal (floats) via the vortex finder. The cylindrical section of the cyclone can be extended by the introduction of a barrel section which effectively increases the residence time within the cyclone and can improve the sharpness of separation between the clean coal and discard. Using technology, dense medium cyclone, ash from coal lignite and sulpur reduced from 18.82% to 11.70% and 0.91% to 0.88%

5th IRES - RE Policy and Business Opportunity – 5

AB-100: Geothermal Area Detection Using Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing and Land Surface Temperature Measurement – A Case Study In Ngebel, East

Java

Jobit Parapat, Nur Rochman Muhammad

Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Geophysical Engineering Department

The information about land surface temperatures can be easily carried out by using satellite imagery. Data used is TIRS (Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing) maps, which got from the result of remote sensing method. The temperature information extracted have been applied to some spesific purposes. For example, doing a study in determining the potensial area of geothermal. TIRS is an efficient method in detecting the surface temperature anomaly, namely area with the higher temperature than the background. But, TIRS data have 100 m of pixel resolution, that will influence the detail of temperature delineation. Therefore, the authors will do a study to determine the surface temperature that indicate the distribution of geothermal potential area by using a combination between TIRS Data and land surface temperature (LST) measurement (direct measurement on the filed). This study will be done in Ngebel, Ponorogo, East Java province. By using thermal channel on Landsat satellite imagery, we can indentify the distribution of geothermal and appearance of objects associated with the surface geology geothermal system based on digital image processing of TIRS data. Digital image processing performed include atmospheric correction, radiometric calibration, composite image and information extraction temperature. Location of the study focused on temperature that appear prominently on the image processing results information extraction temperature. Then direct LST measurement is done in some sample points that considered as the anomaly, with spesific coordinate, to calibrate the temperature data of image processing results information extraction temperature. Combining the satellite imagery result and direct measurement that supported by geology study such as morphology, type of rock, and geological structures around the sample points can accurately present the appearance of manifestation and the distribution of surface temperature that indicate the geothermal potential area. These methods, TIRS and LST measurement, and the understanding of geothermal mechanism are the cost-effective technique to detect the anomalies area.


AB-102: Preliminary Studies of Geothermal System in Paguyangan Bumiayu Hot Spring Manifestation with Geophysic and Geological Method: Audio

Magnetotelluric (Amt) and Field Interpretation

Djati Wicaksono Sadewo, Muhammad Syarif Muhtadi, Lilik Wulandari, Muhammad Nurfajri Widhatama, Triana

University of Diponegoro

The vast amount of Indonesian civilization also affects the needs of energy to fulfill its energy consumption. So its means that a new energy exploration is needed to be done from Indonesia government. One potential renewable energy from Indonesia to generates electricity is geothermal. Geothermal itself means that an unlimited amount of heat that is stored under the surface. Indonesia has 40% of world's geothermal resources potentially 28.617 MW ( Indonesia Energy Outlook). And also, geothermal energy is a clean energy and unlimited energy because it does not produce the carbon monoxide which is environmentally danger. The goal from this research is to determine the geothermal system that works in the hotspring of Paguyangan, Brebes, as one of the future potential energy in Indonesia by using geophysic method AMT (Audio Magnetotelluric). From the recent research, Agnis (2014) said that by using resistivity method found a geological structure under the hotspring, and interpreted as a fault. Our recent measurement using AMT (Audio Magnetotelluric) has found different value of resistivity beneath the surface. From resistivity contour, it is interpreted that in the depth 400 – 500 m has a low value of resistivity, while suddenly in the depth 600 m has high value of resistivity. From geological field studies, it is also found a reverse fault from structural analysis and interpreted as a main control of the manifestation. The manifestation in Pakujati Village Bumiayu Regency, Brebes is one of the future potential geothermal field, with its temperature 73’C. This high temperature indicated that geothermal system here can be used as the next renewable energy to fulfill Indonesia energy demand. Further research is needed to unwrap this big potential of geothermal system and to fulfill the energy demand in Indonesia.

AB-107: Hot Springs Northern Center of Algeria Hydrogeochemical and Therapeutic Aspects

Benziada Mébrouk

Centre de Développement des Energies Renouvelables, CDER

Route de l’Observatoire BP 62, Bouzaréah, Alger, Algérie

This article summarizes the scientific work of the Renewable Energy Development Centre under the National Research Project in northern Center of Algeria from 2013 to 2016, in order to explore for geothermal energy sources and their hydrogeological and hydrogeochemical and therapeutic aspects. A particular point will be awarded to the therapeutic aspects of these hot springs. The North Central region of Algeria is characterized by an abundance of hot springs and average geothermal gradient values. The warm waters seem essentially controlled by tectonics, because most of these sources are located on faults or abnormal contacts The study of the geothermal gradient map shows a significant anomaly of 4 ° C / 100m in the region of Djelfa. The geophysical study highlights the Djelfa region is most favorable to the future exploitation of geothermal energy with a gradient of 4 ° C / 100 m. Hot springs Hammam- Righa Hammam Bouira and have a significant amount of geothermal energy with temperatures respectively of 64 ° C and 63 ° C and a flow rate of 20


l / s each. The numerous thermal springs northern center of Algeria, where better exploitation of these natural resources is an opportunity for a good investment in the housing niche, agriculture (greenhouses), aquaculture and tourism health. The use of this renewable energy would achieve energy savings of sizes, to develop agriculture in greenhouses and heat and cool homes and premises besides contributing to the reduction of greenhouse gases. The thermal springs in Algeria can be exploited for tourism and have many therapeutic solutions.


AB-075: Overview of Smart Street Lighting Potential in Indonesia

Singgih W. Mukti, Ganesha T. Chandrasa, Burhanudin Ichwan

PT. Energy Management Indonesia (Persero), Gdg. Graha Pura Jl. Pancoran Indah I No. 52, Pancoran, Jakarta Selatan, Indonesia

The evolution of technology nowadays has enabled many things that could not possibly done many years ago. One of the example is the implementation of Smart Street Lighting (SSL). Indonesia is the seventh largest country in the world, with its total area around 5.193.250 km2. Indonesia is also known as Nusantara, as it consist of 17.508 islands, nonetheless its national electrification ratio only reached 85% by 2015. Based on official data from Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, total annual electricity consumption in 2014 is 221.296 GWh with the following percentage; 39% on Domestic Sector, 39% on Industrial Sector, 16% on Business Sector, and 6% on Government Official Buildings and Street Lighting. At the moment, Street Lighting system installed across Indonesia is still using electricity power from national electricity distribution with a subscription billing system. Moreover, we also still using old technology, such as mercury lamp and fluorescent lamp, which consume a huge amount of energy. With areas more than 5 million km2, Indonesia has a great potential of natural resources, especially in energy sector. From the renewable energy alone, the potential is more than 200 GW in totals from the followings: Water (75 GW), Geothermal (29 GW), Biomass (50 GW), Sea Current (49GW), Solar Power (4.8kWh/m2/day), and Wind Power (3-6m/s), yet its utilization still remains low, only 17% from the total above. Three of the renewable energy mentioned before could be use as an energy resources for the Smart Street Lighting, that is Water with Micro/Mini Hydro system, Solar power with Solar PV system, and Wind power with Wind Generator system. There are many benefits that could be gained from the implementation of Smart Street Lighting, for example energy savings, which in line with the National Energy Conservation Program, and also austerity of government spending from electricity bill and street lighting maintenance. Several major cities in Indonesia has already started to implement the conservation program through Smart Street Lighting Pilot Project which funded by Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, some of them are Surakarta, Surabaya, Bandung, Bengkulu, and one that has been done by PT EMI (Persero), Sumba Island, with the estimated potential of efficiency around 69% compared to the installed system. Furthermore, there are still 2.042 GWh, or equals to Rp. 537 Billion/year, energy saving potential if the Smart Street Lighting program is being implemented nationwide. This paper’s objective is to review the potential of Smart Street Lighting Program with its issues and to propose solutions for the future implementation, as well as an experience sharing.


AB-065: Utilizing Private Sector Finance for Renewable Energy in Nigeria, A Case Study

Paul Burman

Senior Program Associate, Clean Energy and Water, 2121 Crystal Drive, Suite 500, Arlington, VA 22202 USA +1 703 302 6591

Renewable energy (RE) technologies such as solar, biomass, hydro, and wind, have been proven as technologically viable globally, but uptake in developing countries of increasingly affordable RE technologies such as solar PV has been low, even when there are clear advantages over an unreliable grid or costly diesel generators. Stubborn challenges that slow RE sector growth persist in terms of unhelpful policy environments and poor sector regulation, but the biggest challenges remain within the banking and financial sectors, as existing credit mechanisms are a poor fit for RE and stifle investment for all but the largest borrowers. Nigeria is a classic example of where financial markets are failing to support the growing RE industry. Driven by revenue from the oil and gas industry, the rapidly growing country of 181 Million people boasts the largest economy in Africa and an expanding middle class. Electrification rates are poor, grid blackouts are common, and 80 million people are without any access to modern electricity services. But those lacking grid electricity are still consumers of energy, buying diesel generators, kerosene, and fuel wood to support businesses, schools, clinics, and household energy needs. The low upfront costs and established networks of ‘traditional’ technologies give them an edge compared to RE, in spite of the much higher lifetime operating costs and negative environmental and health impacts. In Nigeria, USAID and Winrock International are working with private sector banks to help reduce the upfront cost of RE for consumers and small businesses. Utilizing the Development Credit Authority (DCA) to reduce loan risks for the RE sector, the project seeks to build capacity at the banks to administer bankable loans, increase private sector capacity to receive financing to install and maintain RE, and stimulate demand among the public for cleaner, cheaper and more reliable RE technologies. Potential clean energy borrowers in Nigeria face three key challenges:

1. High interest rates and short loan terms;

2. Poor understanding of RE valuation at the banks that cause significant delays, and;

3. Poor installation quality causing RE project underperformance or failure.

These factors combine to effectively shut off access to finance for the RE sector, and engender continued reliance on polluting energy technologies. Targeted interventions with banks, borrowers, and with the technical installers are needed to increase confidence and build a sustainable clean energy industry in country. Given the size and needs of the Nigerian market, a thriving private sector can drive rapid and dramatic change, and help to bridge the nation’s gaping energy gap. This paper will focus on interventions with specific Nigerian financial institutions, project developers/installers, and technical institutions – providing critical insights of the challenges and opportunities, with recommendations on how the project has overcome the hurdles or adjusted plans to build capacity and increase lending to the RE sector.


AB-067: Indonesia Renewable Energy Development: Case Study 10 years from 2005-2015 and How to Achieve 23% of RE in 2025 in Indonesia using

Interpretative Structural Model

Erwin Susanto Sadirsan

Lecturer of Renewable Energy Post Graduate, Dharma Persada University

Saudi Arabia is the highest oil producer country in the world, declare that in 2030 they will not depend on oil anymore. This is very good statement for us like a wakeup call so Indonesia has energy mix policy to reduce significant fossil energy. There are many policies had been made by National Energy Council to face the challenge of energy mix. I would like to encourage people of Indonesia what we get in 10 years to develop Renewable Energy in Indonesia. The fulfillment of our commitment 23% Renewable Energy in 2025 in Indonesia is not easy. The Growth of renewable energy in the world 15.4% in the last 10 years. Renewable energy consumption in the world in 2014 was 317 MTOE (3% of energy consumption in the world), investment in world renewable 2015 was US$ 376 billion, increase 7% from 2014.Some opinions tell us that low price of oil make the development of renewable energy become slower, but the price of oil drastically fluctuated 5 times in 30 years so that opinion still a question mark. Development of oil field needs conducive oil price, so the next oil price will above breakeven cost of development of oil field, this is means we should invest from now like Saudi Arabia in Renewable Energy. The problem appear is Indonesia in the right track or we just around the corner for waiting the bad situation? Let’s we look the potential of renewable energy in Indonesia which are very low in utilization, e.g. : geothermal only 4.6%, Hydro 9%, Biomass 3.3%, Solar less than 1%, wind less than 1%, wave and tidal less than 1%; renewable energy resources are abundant as opportunity for Indonesia but the renewable energy development needs big investment, high end technology, and Feed in Tariff for economic condition. The challenge for development of renewable energy in Indonesia are Regulation and policy, economic investment, technology, infrastructure, financing, human capital. The most important of key success is technology for renewable energy development, technology has decreased the solar and wind cost drastically. The price history of silicon PV cell from $76 in 1977 to $0.30 in 2015, and wind cost per kwh decrease from 55 cent$/kwh to 2.5 cent$/kwh in 15 years. The challenge for getting energy mix in Indonesia 23% in 2025 is very difficult, but opportunity for getting it is still possible .In the long run the oil price will have an increase trend but there are spikes in short term, that make resources of renewable energy should be exploit very wisely with high investment, high end technology, and good price. The basic philosophy is the business people will develop renewable energy if there is opportunity to get profit so feed in tariff is a must. With the method of interpretative structural model I will explain the key for developing renewable energy in Indonesia.


AB-062: Criteria and Indicators for the Development of Sustainable Tourist Sites.

Silvia Arias Orozco

Centro Universitario de Arte, Arquitectura y Diseño, University of Guadalajara, Mexico. Calzada Independencia Norte No. 5075, Huentitán El Bajo Guadalajara, Mexico. 44250

The project shows the delimitation of the different hotel areas of Banderas Bay on the border between Jalisco and Nayarit. She analyzes the hotel type and the Visual impact caused by tourist sites over the territory. Recent environmental damage that manifests itself in Bahia de Banderas is a consequence of inadequate regional and local planning by the official sector, as well as by the inadequate territorial occupation by the tourist and real estate sectors mainly, which have not provided for the possibility of sustainable development consistent with biodiversity in the area. From the Decade of the 80´s there has been a rapid development of the tourism sector coupled with an expansive level on the coastal territory, which places this sector as one that generates more income to the country. Due to the particular characteristics of the tourism-related activities, it is necessary to consider the impact that these have on the territorial, economic and social areas of the sites; as well as the uses and customs introduced by the visitors, which necessarily generate a series of transformations to assess within the coastal landscape. The environmental implications associated with the establishment of tourism development, translates into an outlet of awareness for the preservation of the natural environment of tourist buildings, through sustainable and environmentally reasonable development, maintaining the original conditions and preserve the natural attraction of the tourist beaches. The aspect of study focuses on the analysis of the Visual impacts arising from tourist developments in the natural territory, as well as the generation of criteria and indicators for sustainable building to mitigate these impacts. The process is based on optimization of management and exploration of the basic elements that make up the coastal landscape; then set the foundations of the State of the territory, its impacts, and possible measures for the conservation, restoration and minimization of impact on it.

AB-150: Strategic Framework of New and Renewable Energy for Transportation Sector in Indonesia and Japan

Nugroho Adi Sasongko1, 2, Ryozo Noguchi3

1Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba,

1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan

2The Agency of Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT), 10340, Indonesia

3Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba,

1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan

Demand for transport fuels is growing rapidly as car-ownership rates in Indonesia increase different than in Japan, which tends to constant. As a part of national policies, green transportation strategy is very important to be identified with regard to the future

http://www.cuaad.udg.mx/


roadmap. In the short until medium terms seems that Indonesia and Japan have different strategies. In Indonesia, automotive technology is still relying on internal combustion engine (ICE) development, meanwhile, Japan already goes far into hybrid and electric vehicle technology market. This is even more interesting considering that both countries are working hard to reduce emissions from the transport sector, one of them by alternative transport fuels. Indonesia tried to enter the alternative of biofuel and gas to reduce emissions, while Japan is more interested in the supply of electricity from new and renewable energy. Biofuel and electric vehicles (EVs) are considered as better options in terms of energy efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions when compared to conventional fossil fuel based vehicles. Meanwhile, if Indonesia following the major car manufacturers, which are Japan, the electricity supply for transportation in Indonesia will further increase carbon emissions since more than 50% of Indonesia's electricity sources come from coal. Therefore, the strategic framework for green transportation in Indonesia and Japan has been analysed. This research also evaluated the utilization of biofuel and EVs in terms of energy and environmental benefit. Moreover, the technological development that might be appropriate to be realized within the time frame 2015 – 2030 was also discussed. Life cycle assessment (LCA) was conducted by using SIMAPRO 8.1. Primary data of palm oil based biodiesel production and secondary data of internal combustion engine, EVs and lithium battery production have been used. The result showed that Japan has a better roadmap of emission measure than Indonesia. Low emission factor of the electricity grid gives the advantage in developing green transportation in Japan. EVs in Japan is more superior than other alternatives in current situation and future. On the other hand, biofuel utilization was not enough to achieve emission reduction in Indonesia for transportation sector (only 7% in 2020). Emission mitigation strategies of the road transportation in Indonesia need more clear direction, in term of new and renewable energies as the alternative sources both biofuel for ICE and electricity for EVs.


AB-056: Kamojang Geothermal Power Plant Unit 1-2-3 Evaluation and Optimization Based on Exergy Analysis

Reza Adiprana, Danu Sito Purnomo

PT. Indonesia Power UPJP Kamojang

The development of Kamojang Unit 1-2-3 since the 1980’s marked the first utilization of Indonesia’s geothermal field. Kamojang Unit 1-2-3 constantly produces 140,000 kWe with high quality equivalent availability factor (EAF) of 93% in average which comes from 1,000 t/h steam supply. In term of overall sustainability of Kamojang geothermal field, especially from the power plant perspective, concerns arise to improve power plant efficiency. Exergy analysis method is used to describe and determine the overall system losses. Based on exergy analysis, Kamojang Unit 1-2-3 has system losses about 104,431 kW of exergy and exergy efficiency of 57.62%. Condenser correspond the largest loss from the system of more than 30% of exergy. Turbine is always become main attraction for power generation system. Available exergy of 223,526 kW is converted into 157,777 kW of electricity. This turbine available exergy has been degraded for around 3.25% compare to available exergy from demister output of 231,038 kW. While on condenser, cooling water from cooling tower condense the amount of 74,649 kW available exergy and produce 58,297 kW desired exergy


in form of condensate. Irreversibility on the system in the amount of 15,942 kW comes from exhaust steam heat rejection. The improvement were estimated on cooling tower system that cooling water outlet temperature slightly change from its existing condition of 33°C into 29.44°C. This can be done by modify the water inlet flow rate to 90% (11,160 m3/h) and increase air inlet flow rate to 110% (11,107.49 m3/h). The best condition managed condenser vacuum pressure of 0.114 bar abs, so that turbine steam supply could be reduced until 109.88 kg/s. If it is compared with existing turbine flow rate that needs 113.1 kg/s turbine steam supply could be managed to decrement around 3.22 kg/s or 11.59 T/h for a single unit. The result shows turbine steam flow rate decrement of about 3.22 kg/s or 11.59 t/h for a single unit.

AB-063: Development of Material Balance and Energy Balance Equations for Two-Phase Geothermal Reservoirs

Muhammad Nizami

Petroleum Engineering Study Program, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132

One of the most important and basic approaches to petroleum reservoir engineering is the material balance. Material balance is also called as lumped-parameter modelling. In the case of geothermal steam reservoirs, it is necessary to add an energy balance to the material balance. In material balance, the reservoir and surrounding aquifers are assumed to have some average fluid and rock properties. Previously, material balance equation for geothermal reservoir were developed by Economides and several researchers. Economides’ MBE has only considered several aspects such as: expansion of liquid water and boiled off water, expansion of steam cap and expansion of desorbed steam. In this paper, author add some new aspects such as matrix expansion, fracture expansion, expansion of desorbed liquid, water connate expansion and water influx. Author also add heat parameters to material balance equation that hasn’t explained before and modified p/Z* method to determine initial heat in place in geothermal reservoirs. Author used raw data from the field to validate the equation and the results from the equation were compared with results from field data. These comparisons are used to determine the magnitude effects between these equations. The proposed material balance and energy balance provide more believable results and more options of variables which may be considered and applied as a new equation for geothermal reservoir simulators.

AB-069: Electricity Generation from Mature Hydrocarbon Fields – A Preliminary Economic Investigation for Application in Indonesia

Samuel Zulkhifly Sinaga1, Abdurachman Ali2, Farid Febrian3, Enos Eben Ezer4

1TU Clausthal Germany

2Husky Energy Indonesia

3Pertamina Persero, Indonesia

4SKK Migas Indonesia

5Leibnizstraβe 20/84 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, 38678, German


High water production usually encountered in mature field along with the declining of hydrocarbon production. The high volume of water production, often high temperature, causes the additional operational cost for the field operator as the waste water must be treated and disposed. However, the waste water with high volume rate and temperature is still capable to be used to generate energy. As the hydrocarbon production declining, the field operator could consider the option to take the advantage of the water production to generate electricity by utilizing the Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) (Liu, et al., June 2013; Kharseh, et al., 2015; Quoilin, et al., 2013). ORC is a power plant machine used to convert the thermal energy to electrical energy (Vélez, et al., 2012) (Tchanche, et al., 2011). The option to utilize the produced waste water from mature fields also provides the opportunity for Government of Indonesia (GoI) to increase the electrification ratio. It is estimated that the electrification ratio in Indonesia is approximately 80.5% in 2013 (KESDM, 2014). In addition, the re-use of produced waste water supports the clean energy project by contributing to the reduction of the need for generating electricity from coals and hydrocarbons. The study presented herein investigates the potential for generating electricity from hydrocarbon mature fields in Indonesia. Most of hydrocarbon production in Indonesia comes from mature fields, which are mostly located in western of Indonesia. Several mature fields are listed according to the estimation of water production and surface temperature according to the ORC requirements. Public data and information are used in this study. In addition, preliminary economic evaluation of ORC is carried out in this study. The electricity generation provides two options for field operator, either self-utilization for field operation or selling to the PLN/Perusahaan Listrik Negara (state electric company). Both of the options deliver additional profit for the oil and gas companies, moreover for GoI to provide electricity for society.

AB-071: Lesson Learned: Geothermal Heat Pump Application for Air Conditioning System in Tropical Land

Sitti Nur Asnin

Departement of Renewable Energy Engineering, STEM Universitas Prasetiya Mulya, Edutown BSD City, Kavling Edu I No. 1, Jl. BSD Raya Barat 1, Serpong, Kec. Tangerang,

Banten

All buildings equipped with air conditioning have high consumption of electrical energy. In many countries, approximately 5-10% of electricity production covers air conditioning needs. One of the alternative ways to reduce this consumption is application of geothermal heat pump (GHP). GHP system is widely used in the area which has only two seasons such us North America and Europe. The geothermal temperature is above ambient air temperature in the cooling season, hence, the energy can be used as a heat source for heating application. While, during the heating season, the process runs in reverse, i.e. it used as a heat sink for cooling application. However, it will a little bit different when the GHP is applied in tropical land, which is considered to be un-adaptable because of high underground temperature and only cooling operation. Some study of GHP application in tropical land such as in Kamphaengphet (Thailand) and Vietnam were conducted. Underground temperature of Thailand is 5-10oC lower than atmospheric one and they get 20-40% energy shortage than normal electric air condition. Therefore, using lesson learned from another tropical land, the best system and operation method when GHP is applicated for air conditioning system in Indonesia will be discussed here.


AB-055: Thermalina: Indonesian Geothermal Data, Information and Knowledge Management System.

I Gusti Agung Hevy Julia Umbara, Herry Gunawan, Triyono Hadi, Agung Pamudji Widodo

Patra Nusa Data, Taman Tekno BSD Sector XI Block G2/1 Serpong, Tangerang Selatan 15314

Government of Indonesia recently launched new goal by targeting 1,791 MW addition of geothermal power plant to reach the total 3,194.5 MW installed capacity by 2019, regarding this big ambition a lot of geothermal projects and activities will be carried. With a huge number of geothermal potential areas (324 areas), data preparation will be a serious issue in order to make the priority of area that will be developed. A breakthrough in Indonesian geothermal data management system is needed to provide easy data access and also quick data preparation both for technical and non-technical data. The system should be well-organized and make sure the data is readily available to support all stakeholders involved in the development process. Good data quality which is supported by easy data access will maximize the effort to do critical characterization of the resources potential, and probably attract more funding as the project is getting more reliable. Thermalina web application is developed to be the first data-information-knowledge management system of Indonesian geothermal resources. The data center covers wide range of data types in geothermal project, from general information of the area to the sophisticated geo-scientific model. Alongside with data center, Thermalina also equipped with geothermal information center and also knowledge center aimed to accelerate the capacity building of Indonesian geothermal community.

AB-090: Two-Phase Flow: Evaluation of Void Fraction Correlations to Modeling Pressure Drop in Geothermal Wells

Alifah Ratu Saelynda1, Situmorang Jantiur2, Rudy Martikno2, Nenny Miryani Saptadji1

1Institut Teknologi Bandung

2Subsurface department, Supreme Energy Geothermal

Perumahan Ujungberung Indah, Jalan Segar 6 Blok K no. 3, Kecamatan Ujungberung, Kota Bandung, Indonesia 40611

Production optimization of geothermal wells can be done if subsurface characteristics such as location and flow contribution of fracture zones, PI, and deliverability are well-known. One way to determine those subsurface characteristics is by doing PTS testing to the well and wellbore modeling. The modeling calculates pressure drop in wellbore by involving momentum balance, energy balance, and mass balance equations for both single-phase and two-phase flow. For two-phase flow, there has been no single pressure drop correlation that can be compatible to all types of wells under various enthalpy and pressure conditions. Normally, modeling two-phase flow in geothermal wells adopts the theory used in oil/gas which often uses correlation such as Duns-Ros, Hagedorn-Brown, Orkiszewski, etc. As they require a lot of functions and conditions to determine the flow pattern, the pressure drop calculation is quite complicated. This paper investigate another model of two phase flow


using void fraction method that is easier in the making process. The model of two-phase flow void fraction method only needs to change one parameter that is the correlation of void fraction to get a model well-suited with observed data. The approach of interphase velocity difference in this correlation is just a function of the fluid properties such as density, viscosity, dryness, etc. So, the analysis of flow pattern is not required in this model. Author investigate and evaluate the use of seven void fraction correlations with different level of complexity such as Zivi, Chisholm, Lockhart-Martinelli, Premoli, etc. to modeling two-phase wells located in Supreme Energy geothermal field. The results showed that the two-phase model using void fraction Chisholm correlation is the best match to measured data from wells with range of surface enthalpy 880-1013kJ/kg.


AB-122: Opportunities for Photovoltaic Solar Energy in Indonesia

Reinders A

Department of Design, Production and Management, Faculty of CTW, University of Twente,

PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands

Abstract: Photovoltaic (PV) energy could play a large role in increasing the electrification ratio and decreasing greenhouse gas emissions in Indonesia, especially since Indonesia’s location on the equator guarantees a stable and high irradiation the whole year through. This presentation will show the potential of grid-connected and off-grid PV systems on the 17.000 islands of Indonesia with a focus on energetic performance and cost-effectiveness and an outlook on the use of PV systems for a more resilient electricity supply in central grids, the application of PV in the built environment and the opportunities of production of solar fuels by PV technologies. The technical potential has been mathematically modelled on a provincial level using the following variables as an input population density, electrification ratio, irradiance, electricity demand, electricity generation costs and the urbanization ratio. From the available data and the model it can be concluded that the total potential of grid-connected PV systems in Indonesia is about 27 GWp. With this installed capacity 37 TWh/year could be generated, which is about 26% of the total electricity consumption in Indonesia over 2010. The potential electricity production of off-grid PV systems is 1 TWh/year, of which 0,6 TWh/year generated by hybrid PV systems and 0,4 TWh/year by stand-alone PV systems. It is shown that large spatial variations exist of the technical potential and the levelized costs of electricity generation of PV in particular between the central island Java and the eastern provinces of Indonesia. Also we will shortly discuss the relative financial benefits of stand-alone PV systems and grid-connected PV compared with diesel generators, which are a common means for electricity generation in remote areas. Since the urbanization ratio and the population density are strongly influencing the potential of PV in Indonesia the presentation will be completed by an outlook on PV in the built environment and how it can contribute there to a more reliable and sustainable electricity supply in cities.


AB-091: Phase Change Materials Used for Renewable Energy Storage in Domestic Buildings

Ming Jun Huang

Centre for Sustainable Technologies, School of Built Environment, University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, Co. Antrim, N. Ireland, BT37 0QB, UK

Global energy demands are growing fast and the worldwide energy consumption in the decades of 2010 to 2030 will be increased by 33%. Buildings account for more than 40% of the total energy consumption in the UK and in cold climate the heat loss to the ground might be responsible for up to one third or even a half of total heat losses. Improving energy efficiency and utilising renewable energy in buildings in the UK are vital in order to create a sustainable and dependable energy market as well as cutting CO2 emissions. The flexibility in choosing heat sources, reduction of fuel consumption and increased indoor environmental quality, enhanced community energy management will also reduce costs for end users. Solar energy stored in the building facade may affect the energy consumption in buildings. Due to solar energy is an intermittent source, that is, the sun is not shining all the time in a given location. Conversely, sometimes more energy is collected by a solar energy system than is needed for buildings at that time. Heat Pump (HP) is a high energy efficient renewable energy device, but has electricity consumption, therefore can be used for underfloor heating during off peak time. Therefore efficient to collect solar energy / HP energy and store it for later use is important. Phase change materials (PCMs) absorb a large amount of energy as latent heat at a relative constant phase transition temperature and are thus used for passive heat storage and temperature control. PCMs incorporated into solar energy thermal storage or underfloor heating system in buildings may be suitable for absorbing solar energy directly or store the heat from HP during off peak time. One of the main barriers for this application is how to improve the low thermal conductivity of the PCM in order to achieve a quick thermal response with longer thermal store performance in the buildings. A two dimensional temperature based finite volume numerical simulation model has been developed and experimental validated for PCM energy store. The model will be used to study the thermal performance of using PCM for the novel solar energy storage, building insulation and underfloor heating systems with HP. In a solar thermal storage, the position of the PCM material is important in relation to the thermal behaviour of the heat gain and loss. A good understanding of the fundamental heat transfer processes involved is essential for accurately predicting the thermal performance of a PCM augmented building heating system and for avoiding costly system over design. This paper summarizes the results of a detailed theoretical investigation and analysis of solar thermal energy storage and heat loss control in buildings. From this parametric study, optimum arrangements are proposed.

AB-094: Photovoltaic Model for Solar Tracking

Lecoeuvre Brice, Canaletti Jean-Louis, Cristofari Christian

Université de Corse, Laboratoire Sciences Pour l'Environnement, Centre de Recherches Georges Peri, Vignola, Route des Sanguinaires, 20000 Ajaccio

In this paper, we present a study about photovoltaic modelling of a PV/Th system. This system is producing simultaneously or alternatively thermal and electrical energy (for making


it autonomous from an electric point of view). Here we focus on the part of electrical power generation. This system can follow the sun on one axis. It is interesting to know the energy gain in relation to the method of tracking used. For this purpose, we are developing two photovoltaic models. Different methods are used to characterize a solar cell, but most of the time the use of equivalent circuits is preferred. The simple diode circuit is the most used; it is composed by one diode and two resistors: one in series and one in parallel and a current source. The photocurrent delivered by current source Iph, the series and shunt resistances Rs and Rsh, the ideality factor of the diode n and the reverse saturation current of diode I0 have to be determined. Usually it is difficult to determine the value of the various circuit elements. In the present work, two methods are presented. A first study uses the manufacture parameters for extract the circuit parameters. The manufacturer data needed are the short circuit current, the open circuit voltage, the voltage and current value of the maximum power point. We can be able to extract the circuit parameters with an explicit method. This method uses the W Lambert function to turn the series resistor equation explicit. The second method allows to obtain these parameters with the IV curves. This problem has been treated frequently in literature with different methods which can be classified into three categories: analytic, iterative and evolutionary computational methods. We propose the use of a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm which has been validated by several authors. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is an evolutionary method. This technique is accurate, fast, and easily applicable for the parameter extraction of solar cells from illuminated IV characteristics. It is interesting to compare these two approaches to know the difference between the two models. Both methods are compared and different results are presented. Finally, with these models, we have determined the best method of tracking. Different results illustrate this solar tracking.

AB-105: Controlling of Thin Layer Drying Cabinet of Stolephorus Sp. Based on Solar Energy

Sulistiyant Sri Ratna1, Winarto2, Sofyan3

1The Departement of Electrical Engineering, University of Lampung

2Lecturer in The Polytechnic State Lampung

3PT Oki Pulp and Paper Mills

In this article, we explain our research about Thin Layer Film Drying Cabinet for Stolephorus sp. using Solar Energy. Stolephorus sp. is a natural resource that is abundant in Indonesia, because the coastline that stretches from the islands in Indonesia. As with any other salted fish products, the presence of microbes in salted fish are the main factors causing damage and a problem that must be addressed. One attempt to prevent the damage is by way of drying at temperatures between 50—60oC. The problem that arises is when the environmental conditions are not in accordance with a predetermined value (setpoint). In this case, the solar energy is used directly (to heat the dryer) and amended as electrical energy to the power supply controller. One way to overcome this is to create a drying cabinet. To increase the temperature in the drying chamber by extending the rate of passage of air, so that the obtained value of 55,76oC. The maximum value without electronic system can’t perform the drying process throughout the day, because these values occur only a few times, to move the anticipation use temperature control system in accordance with the desired setpoint value is by using a microcontroller ATmega2560 using solar energy. Microcontroller keeps the temperature by turning on the heater 12 Volt DC. By using DC


heater drying process can be performed with a longer time between 08.00—13.00, with an average temperature values that can be achieved is by 51,89oC. From testing water content performed with baseline values water as much as 66.21%, after the drying process water content becomes 42.54% (by drying the sun direct), and water content as much as 33.47% (using a drying).

AB-151: MOCVD Antimony Based Semiconductors for Photovoltaic Applications

Ari Handono Ramelan1, Sayekti Wahyuningsih2 and Manijeh Razeghi3

1Physics Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sebelas Maret University, Ir. Sutami Street No, 36A Surakarta, Indonesia

2Chemistry Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sebelas Maret University, Ir. Sutami Street No, 36A Surakarta, Indonesia

3Research Center for Quantum Devices, Northwestern University, Evanston Chicago IL 60208-0893 USA

Epitaxial AlxGa1-xSb layers on GaSb and GaAs substrates have been grown by atmospheric pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition using TMAl, TMGa and TMSb. Nomarski microscope and a profiler were employed to examine the surface morphology and growth rate of the samples. We report the effect of growth temperature and V/III flux ratio on growth

rate and surface morphology. Growth temperatures in the range of 520C and 680C and V/III ratios from 1 to 5 have been investigated. A growth rate activation energy of 0.73 eV

was found. At low growth temperatures between 520 and 540C, the surface morphology is poor due to antimonide precipitates associated with incomplete decomposition of the TMSb.

For layers grown on GaAs at 580C and 600C with a V/III ratio of 3 a high quality surface morphology is typical, with a mirror-like surface and good composition control. It was found that a suitable growth temperature and V/III flux ratio was beneficial for producing good AlGaSb layers. Undoped AlGaSb grown at 580oC with a V/III flux ratio of 3 at the rate of 3.5 μm/hour shows p-type conductivity with smooth surface morphology. The application of the materials for phototovoltaics will be reported.

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