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CHAPTER IV

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the research findings and the discussion of the study.

The research findings will show the answer of the research questions, which are

the translation techniques of the passive voice and the translation quality, while

the discussion shows the relationship among these findings.

A. Research Findings

In the research findings, the researcher will present; 1) the translation

techniques of the passive voice found in the articles and 2) the translation quality

assessment.

1. Translation Techniques

After a thorough analysis toward the articles, the researcher found four

translation techniques. They are Literal Translation, Transposition, Amplification

and Reduction. The followings are the complete explanation of each translation

techniques found in the articles.

1.1. Literal Translation

Literal Translation is the most translation techniques found in the

biography articles of the official website of Manchester City Football Club, in the

matter of translating passive voice. Based on Molina and Albir (2002:509), the

literal translation means to translate a word or an expression word for word. It

perhaps the most recommended translation techniques to be applied when dealing

with passive voice, unless there are difficulties with the exact equivalent in target

language. Below are some of the examples.

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Example 1

(datum 18)

ST: From the first match of that season when Joe was awarded man of the match

in the 0-0 draw with Tottenham, he hasn't looked back and has cemented his

reputation as one of the most assured goalkeepers in Europe,

TT: Di penampilan pertamanya musim itu, Joe dinobatkan menjadi man of the

match setelah City bermain imbang 0-0 melawan Tottenham. Sejak itu

karirnya melambung tinggi dengan menjadi salah satu kiper terbaik Eropa,

(datum 5)

ST: The duo led Atletico to Champions League qualification for the first time in

a decade and Aguero was named La Liga‟s best foreign player in 2008 – the

only time in four years that Lionel Messi was not awarded the honour –

before landing an Olympic gold medal with Argentina that summer.

TT: Duet ini membawa Atletico lolos ke Liga Champions untuk pertama kalinya

dalam satu dasawarsa dan Aguero dinobatkan menjadi pemain asing

terbaik di La Liga untuk 2008, pertama kali dalam empat tahun gelar ini

tidak diberikan kepada Lionel Messi. Aguero kembali menorehkan prestasi

ketika ia menjadi bagian dari tim Argentina tahun itu yang memenangkan

medali emas Olimpiade.

Both examples above show the use of literal translation technique on two

similar words, award. Although both are translated by literal translation but the

outcome is different. On datum 18, the translation is dinobatkan while the other is

diberikan. According to Oxford Dictionaries, the term award means to give or

order the giving of something as an official payment, compensation, or praise to

someone

(http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/award?searchDictCode=all

). Based on that, the second translation diberikan suggests the most general

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meaning of an award term, while the first translation dinobatkan refers to the

“praise to someone”. Thus, both translations for the term award are appropriate.

Example 2

(datum 10)

ST: Joe was signed by Stuart Pearce in May 2006 from the player‟s home town

club Shrewsbury Town.

TT: Joe Hart didatangkan oleh Stuart Pearce bulan Mei 2006 dari klub kota

kelahirannya Shrewsbury Town.

(datum 29)

ST: Versatile England midfielder James Milner was signed by City in August

2010 and offers a wealth of experience in the Premier League.

TT: Pemain internasional Inggris yang bisa bermain di seluruh lini di lapangan

tengah, James Milner bergabung dengan City pada Agustus 2010 dan

membawa segudang pengalaman bermain di Liga Premier.

Both examples above are also similar to the previous one, that two passive

voices was signed are translated literally but having different outcomes. The first

translation is didatangkan and the second one is bergabung. Sign is defined as to

commit oneself to work by signing a contract

(http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/sign?searchDictCode=all).

In both examples, the situation is exactly the same as its literal meaning, that the

players (Joe Hart and James Milner) have a work contract with the Manchester

City Football Club. The most common literal translation for was signed in target

language would be dikontrak, but as we look in both examples, the translator

seems to make variation in his work as it is true that it is not the only one which

can be the translation of was signed. Both didatangkan and bergabung have

similar meaning to the actual literal translation of was signed.

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1.2. Transposition

Transposition is the second most technique to be found in the biography

articles in the Manchester City football club official website. There are 11 passive

voices in total to be translated using this technique. The point of this technique is

to change a grammatical category (Molina and Albir, 2002:511). In most cases,

the use of this technique is due to its difficulties to translate using literal

translation, or when it is hard to achieve a good rank of readability for the whole

sentence. The example below will explain this.

(datum 1)

ST: Following Gael Clichy and Stefan Savic into the club, Sergio Aguero's arrival

at City was completed on 28 July 2011 as the club‟s third signing of the

summer.

TT: Menyusul kedatangan Gael Clichy dan Stefan Savic, Sergio Auero

menandatangani kontrak pada tanggal 28 Juli 2011 dan menjadi pemain

ketiga yang tiba di City musim panas itu.

The point of transposition technique on the example above is at the change

of the word type. The source language is the passive voice while menandatangani

is an active voice. The decision to change from passive to active is of course

based on the changing sentence structure. In the source text, the clause Sergio

Aguero's arrival at City was completed on 28 July 2011 can actually be translated

word for word into kedatangan Sergio Arguero di City diselesaikan pada 28 July

2011. Looking at the word for word version, the sentence sounds unnatural in

target language, this perhaps mendasari the translator‟s decision to use

transposition technique. The translator changes the original subject Sergio

Aguero's arrival into Sergio Aguero. The word menandatangani also feels more

correct because it matches to the context of situation where thing that is done or

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completed on July 28, 2011 is a contract sign. It makes the translation becomes

more acceptable rather than just translated word for word.

1.3. Amplification

The amplification technique is also another technique applied by the

translator. Molina and Albir (2002:510) define this technique as the introduction

of details that are not formulated in the source text. However, the translator rarely

applied this to his work, there are only two passive voices translated by

amplification technique. One of them is showed below.

(datum 15)

ST: Around this time his season-long loan to promoted Birmingham City was also

confirmed

TT: Pada waktu yang hampir bersamaan, ia yang sedang

dipinjamkan Birmingham City, berhasil membantu klub itu naik ke divisi

utama

If it is to be translated word for word, the possibility of the translation for

the source text above could be disekitar waktu tersebut, peminjamannya ke klub

promosi Birmigham City selama semusim penuh, juga telah dikonfirmasi. The

issues of accuracy will be discussed further at the next subject, but it is interesting

to see the passive voice was confirmed that is paraphrased into the target language

in a long clause. It has been showed that the translator uses amplification

technique to provide additional information that is not provided by the source

language. The translator might be thinking that it is still unclear what has been

confirmed, therefore the translator prefers to amplify the meaning of was

confirmed into berhasil membantu klub itu naik ke divisi utama. The translator

also seems to be using his/her knowledge to find the additional information about

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the Birmingham City football club for it is not mentioned anywhere in the passage

that Birmingham City has been promoted to Main Division.

1.4. Reduction

Similar to amplification technique, reduction technique is also applied in

two passive voices. Reduction means to suppress a source text information item in

the target text (Molina and Albir, 2002:510). Reduction maybe always inaccurate,

but in translation we must look further to the accuracy of the whole sentence and

question whether the reduced information is significant to the whole message of

the text or not. One example about the use of reduction technique is explained

below.

(datum 46)

ST: The Parisian was expected to step up to fill the void left by the American

international and he certainly did not disappoint.

TT: Ia tidak mengecewakan sebagai pengganti bek asal Amerika tersebut.

The example above is an example of the use of reduction techniques. The

translator does not translate the passive voice was expected that can be simply

translated into diharapkan. Not only the passive voice, the use of this technique is

also applied to the whole clause, it is seen in its long sentence that is converted

into a short sentence. If it is translated word for word, the translation would

indeed be difficult to understand (pemain asal Paris ini di harapkan untuk dapat

melangkah untuk mengisi pos yang di tinggalkan pemain nasional Amerika dan

dia tentu saja tidak mengecewakan). At this point, the decision of translator to

simplify the sentence is very well.

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To simplify the explanation above, below is the table showing the number

of data using certain translation techniques in the biography articles of

Manchester City football Club official website www.mcfc.com.

Table 4.1

Translation Techniques

Translation

Technique

Data Number Total

Transposition 1,7,9,30,38,39,42,45,47,52,53,60,61,62,63,65,66,81,82,83,86,

87,89

23

Literal

Translation

2,3,4,5,6,8,10,11,12,13,14,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,26,27,2

8,29,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,40,41,44,48,49,50,51,54,55,56,57,5

8,59,64,67,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,84,85,88,90,91,93,94

60

Amplification 15,25,80 3

Reduction 43,46,68,76,77,78,79,92, 8

2. Translation Quality Assessment

As the researcher had explained in chapter III, to assess the quality of the

translation, the researcher distributes questionnaires to the raters. The three raters

are asked to complete the questionnaires to determine the level of the accuracy

and the acceptability of the translation.

2.1 Accuracy

After collecting all scores from raters, the researcher‟s analysis on the

accuracy level of the translation goes to two classifications. They are accurate

translation and inaccurate translation. From the total 94 data, 89% data or 84

passive voice are accurately translated and 11% data or 9 passive voice are

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inaccurately translated. The detail analysis of the accuracy level is explained

below.

2.1.1 Accurate Translation

In this classification, all data are considered accurate. Almost all the data

are included to this classification. There are 94 data belong to this classification.

The description of an accurate datum in this classification is the passive voice in

which its message is conveyed completely into the target language. There are

some examples of the data included to this classification.

Example 1

(datum 3)

ST: His excellent club form was rewarded with a first senior cap in September

2006 and a year later, Aguero starred as the outstanding player of the 2007

Under-20 World Cup.

TT: Performanya yang bagus sekali di tingkat klub berujung pada pemanggilan

ke tim senior bulan September 2006 dan setahun kemudian Aguero menjadi

bintang untuk Piala Dunia U-20 2007.

The word was rewarded above means to give something to someone in

recognition of their service, efforts and achievements

(http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/reward?searchDictCode=al

l). While the common translation in target language for the word was rewarded

could be dihadiahi or menghasilkan in active form. Here, the translator has its

own thought by translating it into berujung, which means having an end or having

an effect afterwards (http://kbbi.web.id/ujung). Looking at both meanings

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between reward and berujung, there is a difference that reward states it clearly

that it is an action to give because of something that has been done, most likely to

be positive action, while berujung is simpler as it is a cause and effect action.

However, looking at the whole meaning of the sentence, the word berujung is

accurate, because based on the sentence the cause is a good performance and the

effect is a first senior cap. Thus, the word berujung here is a good link between

the cause and the effect.

Example 2

(datum 8)

ST: Sergio's place in Manchester City history was secured when he ended the

club's 44-year Premier League title wait with his goal in the 94th minute

against QPR on the final day of the 2011/12 season.

TT: Status Sergio dalam sejarah Manchester City termaktubkan ketika golnya di

menit ke 94 melawan QPR di pertandingan terakhir musim kompetisi 2011/13

membawa City menjadi juara kompetisi sepakbola Inggris untuk pertama

kalinya dalam 44 tahun.

In the example above, the passive voice was secured is translated also into

a passive voice termaktubkan. By the dictionary meaning, Oxford Dictionaries

defines secure as succeed in obtaining something, especially with difficulty

(http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/secure?searchDictCode=all

), while Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia defines termaktubkan as written in or

listed on (http://kbbi.web.id/maktub). If we to understand the source text by

paraphrasing it, then Sergio Aguero has secured its place in the history book of

Manchester City Football Club, or his place is already written when he made that

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goal. The point is that Sergio‟s name is written, this has similar understanding to

the meaning of termaktubkan in the target language. Based on that, the message

between the two is equal, or in other words the translation is accurate.

Example 3

(datum 14)

ST: He won his first England cap in June 2008 against Trinidad and Tobago but

having started that season as number one was replaced by Shay Given in

January.

TT: Ia mendapatkan cap pertamanya dari Inggris ketika di bulan Juni 2008 turun

menjadi kiper melawan Trinidad dan Tobago. Namun posisinya sebagai kiper

nomer satu di Manchester City kemudian direbut oleh Shay Given

The passive voice was replaced above is literally means to fill the role of

someone or something with a substitute

(http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/replace?searchDictCode=al

l), and it‟s easily translated into diganti which means continuing or replacing

someone‟s position (http://kbbi.web.id/ganti). However, the translator has chosen

the word direbut that has a more expressive feeling than just digantikan. KBBI

defines direbut as to take something with violence or a force, or in terms of a

competition it can be defined as to obtain something with a huge effort

(http://kbbi.web.id/rebut). The meaning between the two is not equal in some

way, direbut is more expressive than was replaced. Nonetheless, the researcher

thinks the term direbut is accurate enough if we look at the context of situation. In

any football clubs, there always is a competition among players. In the example

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above, the goalkeeper Shay Given won the first team against his teammate Joe

Hart.

2.1.2 Inaccurate Translation

In this classification, the data are considered inaccurate, which means the

messages of the passive voices are not perfectly conveyed into the translation. The

inaccuracy happens because the words or phrases may be deleted or mistranslated.

There are only 9 data or 11% which belong to this category. Below is the example

of the datum classified into this classification.

(datum 15)

ST: Around this time his season-long loan to promoted Birmingham City was also

confirmed

TT: Pada waktu yang hampir bersamaan, ia yang sedang

dipinjamkan Birmingham City, berhasil membantu klub itu naik ke divisi

utama

The example of datum above has been shown in the section of

amplification technique, but the datum is included to an inaccurate one. The

reason is that passive voice was confirmed has not been translated properly into

the target language. The term was confirmed can be simply translated into

dikonfirmasi, but the translator chooses to amplify it into a longer clause that he

thinks it has a connection to the real meaning of was confirmed. The question is

what has been confirmed? In fact, based on the text, it has been confirmed that the

subject “he/the player” has moved on loan to the other club Birmingham City. The

translator seems to misunderstand this and thinks that what has been confirmed is

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the success of Birmingham City to climb up into the Main Division. Therefore,

the message of the passive voice is not conveyed at all into the target language.

Below is the table showing the number of data classified into accurate and

inaccurate translations.

Table 4.2

Translation Accuracy

Category Data Number Total

Accurate

Translation

1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24

,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,44,

45,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,

65,66,67,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,

89,90,91,93,94

84

Inaccurate

Translation

15,43,46,68,76,77,78,79,92 9

2.2 Acceptability

After collecting all scores from raters, the researcher‟s analysis on the

acceptability level of the translation goes to three classifications. They are

acceptable translation, less acceptable translation and unacceptable translation.

From the total 94 data, 89% data or 84 passive voices are acceptably translated,

2% data or one passive voice is less acceptably translated. Through the

questionnaire analysis, the researcher also finds 9% data that are considered as

unacceptable.

The detail analysis of the acceptability level is explained below:

2.2.1 Acceptable Translation

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In this classification, all data are considered acceptable. Almost all the

data are included to this classification. There are 84 data belong to this

classification. The description of an acceptable datum in this classification is that

the words used in the passive voice sounds natural in target language, and so the

translation does not feel like it is a translation. Some examples of the data

included to this classification are shown below.

Example 1

(datum 6 )

ST: The duo led Atletico to Champions League qualification for the first time in a

decade and Aguero was named La Liga‟s best foreign player in 2008

TT: Duet ini membawa Atletico lolos ke Liga Champions untuk pertama kalinya

dalam satu dasawarsa dan Aguero dinobatkan menjadi pemain asing terbaik

di La Liga untuk 2008

(datum 20)

ST: He was named as Ligue 1‟s Young Player of the Year for 2006/07

TT: Ia dinobatkan menjadi pemain muda terbaik Ligue 1 untuk 2006/07

(datum 21)

ST: Equally capable either out wide or in the middle, Samir was named as

the French Player of the Year for 2010.

TT: Ia sama bagusnya bermain di sayap ataupun di tengah dan dinobatkan

sebagai pemain terbaik Prancis untuk 2010.

The researcher shows three examples above showing the use of Indonesian

passive voice dinobatkan to be the translation of English passive voice was

named. The Oxford Dictionary defines was named as to give a particular title or

epithet to:

(http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/name?searchDictCode=all)

, while dinobatkan can mean to lift someone to throne, or to inaugurate a King

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(http://kbbi.web.id/nobat-2). Looking at both meanings, the Indonesian term is

more specific than the English term, that the term is only for the noble. Based on

this, it is assumed that the translator prefers to use a more expressive term to

translate the term was named. If it is a common conversation discussed in this

study, then the term dinobatkan is not the most natural choice in the target culture,

but the product here is the media, the news writing, and football in particular. We

must also consider that the writing is at the official website of a football club

discussing about the club‟s player. Assuming us as the fans of that football club,

we must be wishing that the club‟s players are the best player. Therefore, addition

of sensationalism in the writings might be needed. This might be the reason for

the translator to equalize The King with The Player, for the players mentioned in

three examples above are best players and they deserve to have the titles. The

readers will surely love this. As long as the term dinobatkan is put in such

context, the researcher believes the term sounds natural and acceptable for most

readers of the website.

2.2.2 Less Acceptable Translation

In this classification, all data are considered less acceptable, which means

not all the words combined in the translation sound natural in target language.

There are only one data or 2% which belong to this category. An example of the

less acceptable translation is shown below.

(datum 8)

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ST: Sergio's place in Manchester City history was secured when he ended the

club's 44-year Premier League title wait with his goal in the 94th minute

against QPR on the final day of the 2011/12 season.

TT: Status Sergio dalam sejarah Manchester City termaktubkan ketika golnya di

menit ke 94 melawan QPR di pertandingan terakhir musim kompetisi 2011/13

membawa City menjadi juara kompetisi sepakbola Inggris untuk pertama

kalinya dalam 44 tahun.

The word was secured in example above is translated into termaktubkan in target

language. The researcher categorizes this word to be the less acceptable

translation. According to Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, the word means written

in or listed in (http://kbbi.web.id/maktub). Even though the word exists in Kamus

Besar Bahasa Indonesia, but the word is not commonly used by most Indonesian

both in conversation and in text. Therefore it sounds less natural in target

language. The more acceptable version of the source language translation can be

the synonym, that is tertulis or tercantum. However, the word termaktubkan is

most likely to come out in a text rather than in conversation. At this point, the

translator‟s decision to use „high language‟ is actually right in place but

unfortunately the translator might not consider that not all the readers will

understand the meaning of the word termaktubkan.

Example 2

(datum 28)

ST: Once his move from Wolfsburg to City was completed, it did not take Dzeko

long to look at home in English football

TT: Begitu kepindahannya dari Wolfsburg ke City terselesaikan, Dzeko tak

membutuhkan waktu yang terlalu lama untuk menyesuaikan diri.

The example above shows the word terselesaikan as the translation of was

completed. The word terselesaikan means can finally be finished

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(http://kbbi.web.id/selesai), while the core word selesai means done or have been

paid. The word terselesaikan is categorized as less acceptable translation as it is

not commonly used by target readers. It seems the translator does not want to

simplify the choice of diction. He can actually choose the word selesai to simplify

the translation and therefore sounds more natural for target readers.

2.2.2 Unacceptable Translation

In this classification, the data are considered unacceptable, which means

the words used for the translation of the passive voice are absolutely unnatural in

target language. There are only 8 data or 9% which belong to this category. An

example of the unacceptable translation is shown below.

(datum 46)

ST: The Parisian was expected to step up to fill the void left by the American

international and he certainly didn‟t disappoint.

TT: Ia tidak mengecewakan sebagai pengganti bek asal Amerika tersebut.

The above example shows the deletion of the passive voice was expected

in target language. The analysis is simple, since the word is deleted that it is for

sure to be an unacceptable translation. There is one more data classified in this

category and the reason is the same, as it is deleted. The more acceptable

translation is to translate the passive voice. In the case of the example above the

word was expected can be easily translated in target language as diharapkan.

However, the researcher thinks the decision of reduction in most words in the text

is reasonable. If it is translated word for word the translation would be Pemain

asal Paris ini diharapkan dapat mengisi posisi yang ditinggalkan oleh Pemain

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timnas Amerika Serikat itu dan dia tentu saja tidak mengecewakan. Looking at

the literal translation version of the whole text, the researcher believes the

translator has done a good job to make his/her work simpler and easily to

understand. In the matter of acceptability, his/her shorter version does not sound

like a translation, but of course reductions has to be made in return, and the

passive voice was expected is one of them.

Below is the table showing the number of data classified into acceptable

and unacceptable translations.

Table 4.3

Translation Acceptability

Category Data Number Total

Acceptable

Translation

1,2,3,4,5,6,7,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,

23,24,25,26,27,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,

42,44,45,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,

62,63,64,65,66,67,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,80,81,82,83,84,

85,86,87,88,89,90,91,93,94

84

Less Acceptable

Translation

8,28 2

Unacceptable

Translation

43,46,68,76,77,78,79,92 8

B. Discussion

This subchapter will discuss the relationship between the findings of the

research, which is between the translation techniques and the quality of the

translation in terms of the accuracy and the acceptability. To help a better view,

the researcher has made the table of this relationship as follow.

Table 4.4

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Relationship between Translation Technique and Translation Quality

Translation

Quality

Translation Techniques

Transposition Literal Amplification Reduction

Accurate 23 59 2

L Accurate

Inaccurate 1 8

Acceptable 23 57 3

L Acceptable 2

Unacceptable 8

Based on the table, it can be concluded that the translation of the passive

voice is very good. The proof shows that there are only nine passive voice

translations that are not included to accurate and also nine passive voice

translations that are not included to acceptable. In terms of the accuracy level, the

nine inaccurate translations are resulted from the techniques of reduction and

amplification. In terms of the acceptability level, eight unacceptable translations

come from the technique of reduction and the only one less acceptable translation

is resulted from literal translation technique.

It is also concluded from the table above that the use of literal translation

technique and the transposition technique has proven to be well applied by the

translator in translating the passive voices. However, it is also proven that the

translator‟s decision to use reduction technique may not the best move to translate

the passive voice and it is also unconvincing to apply amplification technique in

translating the passive voices.

In the matter of using reduction technique, it is automatic for the

translations to be inaccurate and unacceptable, but the interesting thing here is

when the translator realizes that to be the outcome, the translator keeps using the

technique. The reason might lie on the need to restructuring the sentence. In some

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cases where the reduction technique is applied, the whole sentences are not to be

translated literally. The translator prefers to paraphrase them. For example, the

sentence The Parisian was expected to step up to fill the void left by the American

international and he certainly didn’t disappoint is translated into a shorter form

like Ia tidak mengecewakan sebagai pengganti bek asal Amerika tersebut. In that

sentence, some reductions are made, including the passive voice was expected.

The paraphrasing is also made including the phrase to step up to fill the void left

into sebagai pengganti.

Looking at the result of the less/inaccurate and the less/unacceptable

translations made by the translator, the mistake is relatively minor as it has a little

percentage comparing to the data in total. Nonetheless the translator must keep

his/her awareness toward the use of certain technique like amplification and

reduction as it has been proven to be not well applied. The table also shows, even

it is very minor, that the use of certain diction can be misplaced as not all target

viewers understand the word used.