A Management Platform for MultimediaDistribution in Country-wide Networks

Daniel C. Uchoa, Raoni Kulesza, Reinaldo Matushima, Samuel Kopp, Graqa Bressan, Regina M. SilveiraLaboratory of Computer Architecture and NetworkPolytechnic School of University of Sao Paulo

Sao Paulo, Brazil{duchoa, raoni, reinaldo, skopp, gbressan, regina}@larc.usp.br

Abstract-This paper describes the media distribution man- any kind of admission control. Thus, the idea behind overlayagement platform designed and developed by LARC/EPUSP as multicast is to extend this unicast delivery without any Qualityactivity of the Video Management Work Group1. The main of Service (QoS) guarantees to a multicast QoS-aware service,project objective was to develop a media delivery managementplatform including facilities for media storing and distribution using the same network infrastructure.management, user access control and multicast. This project was The goal of this paper is to present the design and devel-based on open-standard solution, having as target a country- opment of an overlay multicast-based architecture for multi-wide IP network. Today, a test version of this tool is integrated media distribution in country-wide IP networks, consideringto the RNP network for managing the video distribution services facilities concerning user, media content, and content deliv-network. network. ~~~~~~~~~~erymanagement. Thus, this paper discusses in details onlyIndex Terms-distributed multimedia systems, architecture de- ter Management. Tu,this papers discuses in Destais onlysign, content delivery network, overlay multicast, overlay network the Management Platform. Readers interested on Distributionmanagement. System are referred to [2], [3].

The remainder of this paper is organized as follow: SectionI. INTRODUCTION II discusses the relevant previous related work. Section III

Nowadays the amount of digital content being produced presents the multimedia distribution architecture, while section

is striking, and this requires mechanisms for information IV briefly introduces the overlay multicast model adopted in'... . ~~~~~~~Service Overlay Network layer to provide QoS-aware multi-management and distribution that consider users needs and y y t

cast facility. The Management Platform, which special focusresources optimization. In order to provide these require- vf

ments, several issues must be addressed, such as media stor- in its architecture and functionalities are presented at section

age and indexation, and network resources and transmission V. The system implementation and configuration options for

mechanisms optimization. Motivated by these scenarios, at deployment are shown in Section VI. At section VII we

Video Management Work Group Project (GTGV) supported illustrate the use of the Management Platform through a digitalby RNP (National Education and Research Network), we video application capable to offer three main functionalities:have developed at LARCIEPUSP a Management Platform for (i) media retrieving throughout scheduled and on-demand

Multimedia Distribution in country-wide networks. Our main streaming; (ii) user and media content administration; and

goals were the design and development of this platform using (iii) content delivery management. And finally, section VIII

open standard based solution that addresses all the mentioned presents some concluding remarks and future works.issues. But one of the challenges in multimedia distribution II. RELATED WORKin country-wide network is to chose the best way to deliver

meda ormulipe ses, uaaneeng eric salailtyan Digital media delivery is a requirement for several newhedig pfor mancile. users, guaranteeing service scalabilityand computer network services. This could be seen by innumerousMediadelivrmanery fruisgoseioImuctproject developed by different research groups all over theMedia delivery for multicast groups relies on IP multicast wrd rwn ei osmrdmnsbigcnenmechanisms~~.ntaalbeiconr-ieewrk, seily world. Growing media consumer demands bring concernsmechanisms naabout storage reuse, delivery and digital right. A system thatdue to the lacking of scalable interdomain routing protocol, c r o f m

scalability issue for large number of multicast groups, anda osdrrsucsotmzto o aneac,mngmnscalabirmty issefoglobargdepumber of multicastgroupsl a and media delivery allow building a desired scalable service.requremnt oglbaldeplymet ofmulicat-caabl IP Some other projects focus on management issues, each onerouters [1]. So, it is necessary to make use of others networks with difere pont of maDmI ect Adactonedelivery strategies. The overlay multicast approach creates p prj (virtual paths for content delivery over IP network layer. Given in Distributed Multimedia IT Systems) [4] has as goal a

multimedia distribution system development with main focusIP networks' best-effort packet-switched service, there are noguaanee of pake dlvry or trnmsinsqec,o on components adaptation allowing end-to-end QoS (quality

of service). The project considered components as servers,1This Project was supported by RNP (Brazilian National Research and proxies, routers and clients using adaptation tools specified

Education Network) by DIA (Digital Item Adaptation). In reference [5], authors

1-4244-1 182-3/07/$25.00 ©2007 IEEE

presented a management and scalable content distributioninfrastructure using MPEG-7 and MPEG-21. They used a two-level hierarchical server with intermediate delivery scheme.An IBM Project named "Rich Content Infrastructure and Mana|gement Platform

Middleware for Media" intends to develop a middlewarewith digital media applications interface for digital contentproduction and distribution. Another similar project is DANAEProject [6] supported by IST (Information Society Technolo-gies).At GTVD (Digital Video Work Group) from UFPB

(Paraiba, Brazil) was developed a multimedia distributionservice using a hierarchical architecture [2], but authors did notaddress monitoring and management issues. Our work intendsto improve on that initiative implementing standard metadataand monitoring services at IP network.

111. MULTIMEDIA DISTRIBUTION ARCHITECTURE Fig. 1. System architecture.

In order to provide a practical, efficient and scalable mediacontent delivery for one-to-many users simultaneously over With this architecture it is possible to keep all functionalitiesbest-effort networks without changing network infrastructure, detached and well-defined in an unambiguous way, allowingwe propose a hierarchical and distributed architecture for simpler and easier software implementation. Moreover, thismultimedia applications. This architecture is shown in Figure architecture provides scalability to its applications. Intuitively,1, and its layers are listed as follows: the scalability is achieved by manager simplicity, nodes,

. Network: As worst case, we consider the best-effort services and information reuse, and physical network accessnetwork layer over which we deploy advanced network control, provided by Distribution System layer.services at application level. We make use of richernetwork support if there is one in some network region IV. OVERLAY MULTICAST MODEL("islands" of advanced services on the Internet). We have deployed a scalable, efficient, and practical multi-

. Distribution System: Consists of hardware, operational cast to support several communication applications at Servicesystem, and media delivery services composing service Overlay Network (SON) layer (see Figure 1). Therefore, wenodes (proxies) strategically installed at the Internet. have designed a Multicast Service Overlay Network (MSON)These service nodes and its virtual links form a virtual as a case of specific SON.backbone over the underlying network. This layer objec- An MSON makes use of service nodes (proxies) strategi-tive is to provide media deliver service for application- cally deployed by Distribution System to support multicast-data forwarding strategies at application-level. This layer related features even when there is no such support fromcan be viewed as a basic support for service overlay network layer. It is done by deploying Multicast Agentsnetworks. on each Distribution System service node. Indeed, a virtual

. Service Overlay Network: Service Overlay Network backbone is achieved by strategically distributing Multicast(SON) is an effective way to deploy network advanced Agents along the network to guarantee that multicast data canservices that cannot be embedded directly in the underly- transpose even unicast network regions. Thus, application dataing Internet [7], [8], [9], [10], [11]. It provides application may transpose both unicast and multicast network regions tolayer the most important high-level functionalities, such provide an efficient group communication service from Sourceas multicast, QoS and security, even if underlying net- Agent to User Agents. Furthermore, to manage overall MSONwork does not support them. In this paper we consider operations, including session establishment and monitoring,a QoS-aware multicast service deployed at application there is a central entity named Session Manager. It is a kind oflayer. Rendezvous Point in charge of Multicast Agents coordination

. Management Platform: The success of this architecture to guarantee that application data coming from ingress servicedepends strongly on network and overlay management. node meets its correct egress service nodes, leaving the virtualIn order to guarantee its feasibility, we propose an open- backbone.standard based management platform that allows config- Thus, four entities exist in our overlay multicast model:uring, monitoring, and media retrieving control. inside MSON there are Multicast Agents and the Session

. Application: The infrastructure must allow that appli- Manager: while outside there are Source Agents and Usercations could be implemented in a scalable and homo- Agents. The interaction model between these entities may begeneous way. Applications may benefit from this archi- viewed as follows. A client deserving specific media contenttecture to gain support to multicast, QoS, security and gains access to the whole system through its User Agent. Userpolicy-based management services. Agent is a software abstraction of a client making a request

21

for service, and is installed in an end-host anywhere on the In-ternet. User Agents get information about the available media 3contents through an out-of-scope entity (Publishing Manager,described later). User Agents always send their request to the 2Session Manager. Upon a request, Session Manager invokesMulticast Agents to build cooperatively a hierarchical deliverystructure. It allows application-data forwarding from Source1Agent to interested User Agents. This delivery structure iscalled overlay spanning tree, and Source Agent is a softwareabstraction of the media streams source, installed on mediaserver. Note that network may have several Source Agents. * egenlThe overlay spanning tree is built by Session Manager in aQoS

two-step process [12]. First, Session Manager queries a virtual isteaAgentsbackbone routing mesh to an out-of-scope entity (Topology a to geti,,Use Age its

Manager, explained later). Then, it prunes this mesh ignoringagents that do not implement the requested service. Session Fig. 2. Overlay spanning tree construction for application data delivery.Manager also tries to ensure that the mesh has desirableperformance properties to guarantee some video delivery QoSlevel. In the second step, Session Manager constructs (reverse) clients instead of getting a media stream from the source areshortest path spanning trees over the mesh, each tree rooted able to get it from these relay nodes. Clearly, no more serverat the corresponding Source Agent using well-known routing bandwidth is consumed in this case. If the content is stored inalgorithms, the representative of that User Agent, more network bandwidth

Figure 2 illustrates how such overlay spanning tree may is needed only outside of virtual backbone, in the user path.be constructed. Planei shows the underlying network. Plane In our approach, MSON entities compose an Overlay Con-2 shows service nodes strategically distributed along the tent Distribution Network (oCDN). oCDN is an abstraction ofnetwork. Each service node in this plane has a software Content Distribution Network (CDN), a well-known concept.component as Multicast Agent. The mesh is composed of The idea of oCDN is quite simple: it is an overlay layer onagents and their virtual links, as shown in the picture. Plane top of the CDN to provide media deliver management. User3 shows an overlay spanning tree for a multicast session Agents are located on overlay access networks, and Sourceconstructed by using a minimum spanning tree algorithm. A -Ints are located on overlay content provider networks, both

Thus, every time a new session begins, an associated deliv- outsid - oCDN.ery tree is built over the mesh, eliminating loops and choosing In u der to control oCDN, we have deployed the Simplexthe best routes for one-to-many application-data forwarding Multicast Control Protocol (SMCP). SMCP is an applicationpurposes. Session Manager does not establish any previous layer control protocol that can establish, maintain, modify, ter-static topology for connecting overlay nodes. The delivery path minate and monitor overlay multicast sessions. SMCP can alsofor a client is built on demand and adjustable over time based join participants to already existing sessions, such as multicaston underlying traffic or node failure. The number of Multicast live video or TV over IP. Media can be added to and removedAgents in the mesh may change over time due to addition from an existing session. SMCP transparently supports nameof new nodes or removal of existing nodes, and this change mapping and redirection services, which supports personalwill be automatically reflected in the next overlay spanning mobility. SMCP is not scope of this paper, so this protocoltree construction. Moreover, mechanisms for spanning tree will not be detailed here.adaptation during a ready-built session are also possible.

In our approach, when a client requests a media stream,the data may pass through a number of Multicast Agents The proposed Management Platform aims to provide twobefore finally reaching the User Agent on the client end-host. main objectives: (i) user and media content management;Thus, a multicast session is composed by Multicast Agents and (ii) content delivery management. Moreover, it takesemployed in one transmission. An internal node involved in into account all management aspects regarding: (1) contentmedia stream delivery is called relay node of that stream. storage, recovery and search; (2) users' authentication andThe idea is that User Agents form clusters around Multicast access control; (3) service network components configuration,Agents, and these agents replicate streams only in the path monitoring and control; and (4) servers and media deliverbetween User Agents and their representatives, outside virtual applications.backbone. A representative is the closest Multicast Agent to an In a high level view, the Management Platform is composedUser Agent, being a border agent in virtual backbone. Source of 4 (four) main subsystems that may or may not be distributedAgents, distributed along network, send their contents through across multiple machines. Figure 3 shows these four blocksone or more Multicast Agents to User Agents. Multicast of functionalities as: (i) management tools, (ii) user andAgents may also apply some cache policy, and thus subsequent media content management, (iii) content delivery network

22

Media Management Platform API allows integration of any user authentication repository.M tintedLl | .g1 = 11ilil r . ;t | a Regarding the authorization mechanism, it supports fine con-

Mmi v.iOnt M t hm v.1lilit MeJagenmlit trol over user's privileges. For instance, users can be allowedOverlay Content ~~~~~~toupload videos but not to publish them directly. For this

Deliverhy NelontntkU I I I users, the administrator must approve the videos before they

I I III ~Pubisliing Selh usll| lelit & hdetadataeffectively being published. There is also an user privilege

for video uploading and publishing without the administratorapproval. Privileges can also be associated to content access,

X + | 0herV. _ not only functionalities. Videos can be restricted to be accessedby a group(s) of users and/or project(s) (group is an association

Sesoi Th blgy Toplgy of user's and project an association of projects). Otherwise,||t2hitIeRst | |, kilw4g-l they can be published for any user (public access). These areI 9I AS gent * II III just some few examples of some privileges controls.. Qt"" | k;ilti L 1 l 1 11 1 ,_71, For media publishing, there is a module that performs an au-

3Q AGri || F -p ltomatic extraction from some low-level MPEG-7 descriptors.1S1tat-scs It helps the video indexation, easing the publishing process.

For the media consumption, there are two ways for the contentsearch: a basic, by key-words searching and an advanced,by videos characteristic search as type, quality and bit rate.

Fig. 3. Management Platform and its relationships with other components The advanced search mechanism also supports personalizedof Multimedia Distribution Architecture. search mechanism, based on user's preferences and contextual

information regarding user's terminal and access network.

management and (iv) repositories. Next we shortly describe User's preferences information are modeled based on MPEG-7

these subsystems. and contextual information based on MPEG-21 standard.

A. Management Tools C. Repositories

The interaction with all functionalities provided by the Repository represents the data layer of the system. It con-Management Platform are performed through the Management tains the users account data, media content metadata, networkTools. It provides four different user roles that interacts with distribution configurations (policies and topology) and networkManagement Platform through multimedia applications: (i) management data (log of monitoring statistics and events).administrator, (ii) manager, (iii) content provider and (iv) MPEG-7 and MPEG-21 are ISO standards for media de-client. scription and delivery including management and digital rightThe Administrator has as function to administrate user's control [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19]. Both standards

accounts and privileges, contents and any other issues asso- are being used in this project.ciated to the business model layer, for instance, publishing Media content metadata stored in repositories as well aspolicies. The administrator has also access to platform usage user's personal information, user's media preferences andreports. The second user role is the Manager, responsible for history usage are modeled using MPEG-7 whereas terminal,the distribution network resource administration. The manager and network access profiles are modeled using MPEG-21.assignments involve the monitoring and configuration of all Media information preferences and access profiles are usedplatform entities (network infrastructure, servers and services). in the personalized search mechanism. Account data are also

The third user role is the Content Provider, accountable for modeled using MPEG standards. Media indexation are basedlive and on-demand media content publishing. The publishing on MPEG-7. All media content metadata description arecomprehends store the media into a repository, to register modeled based on this standard using the descriptors for mediamedia metadata necessary for content indexing, and to define creation, classification, and format.media access policies. The last role is the Client, representing For media distribution is used an application level solutionthe system end-users. They can perform multimedia content that composes an overlay network for efficient media transport.searching, browsing and retrieving. The information regarding this overlay network topology and

policies, which must be considered for media distribution,B. User and Media Content Management is also stored within the repositories. The management data

User and Media Content Management subsystem is liable are information regarding network infrastructure, servers andfor authentication and authorization mechanisms implementa- services that compose the media distribution solution. Thesetion, supporting user's privileges management and performing data are stored to support the Manager operations.access control enforcement. It also provides modules to pub- D otn eieyNtokMngmnlish, search and retrieve media content. D otn eieyNtokMngmnThe authentication mechanisms are developed using Java Content Delivery Network Management subsystem is re-

Authentication and Authorization Service API (JAAS). This sponsible for the Overlay Content Delivery Network (oCDN)

23

subsystem management (see Figure 3). The oCDN is an ab- Manager; (iv) caching and replication policy and algorithmsstraction of the underlying network for media content delivery. used by Publishing Manager; (v) monitoring models (withIt is composed by agents that control media delivery services initializing parameters) for Monitors; (vi) statistic, event, anddeployed on top of proxies or service nodes distributed along notification models for Buses; (vii) persistence mechanismsnetwork to provide multicast-based features at application- for Status and; (viii) policy and remote access mechanismslayer. Thus, there are management functionalities related to to modules: Status, Topology Manager, Session Manager,overlay agents, media delivery services, server proxies (or repositories Policy & Management and Events & Statistics.service nodes), and network elements (routers, switches, links, 2) Failure, Performance and Accounting Management: Theetc.). Furthermore, we have considered four functional ar- functionalities related to these 3 (three) functional manage-eas of management [20]: (i) configuration management; (ii) ment areas are under responsibility of the modules: Monitor,performance management; (iii) failure management and; (iv) Buses, Status, Logger and Statistical & Events repository. Allaccount management. Following, we discuss some details these modules had been developed based in the componentsabout Content Delivery Management taking into account each model presented in [21] and are illustrated in the Figure 4.functional area. A set of Monitoring Components composes the Monitor

1) Configuration Management: We have defined four main module. Each type of Monitor component is responsible formodules to deploy configuration functionalities: Topology management information acquisition from different elementsManager, Session Manager, Publishing Manager and Policy of Overlay Content Delivery Network (oCDN). For instance,Manager. Moreover, there are two repositories, the Policies & Service Monitor communicates with all service nodes (prox-Topology and Events & Statistics, to store information related ies) to collect performance data at multimedia transmissionto the four modules. sessions level. Currently, it is possible to use four types of

In order to use network resources in an efficient way, standard management protocols or application-level communi-topology knowledge is needed. In this way, we have designed cation protocols: ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol),a specific module for this purpose: the Topology Manager. SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol), JRMP (JavaThis module registers and edits the elements, and processes Remote Method Protocol) and SOAP (Simple Object Accessits relationships to discover the underlying network structure Protocol). Monitors are able to monitoring information avail-and to build a virtual backbone on top of it. Thus, Topology able to Buses modules.Manager is responsible for 1) finding the nearest neighbors to Events Generator has some functionalities considering faulta node; 2) finding disjointed paths between two nodes and; 3) management, through verification and identification of inter-building a routing mesh. esting events that occur in the oCDN (configured in the PolicyThe Session Manager is an entity in charge of providing Manager). It can analyze monitoring performance of elements

and managing multicast-based features at application-layer. It based on metrics and define thresholds to fault foresee andis responsible for session initialization, session release, session detection. According to events generated by Events Generator,membership management, and session status monitoring. Ses- the Topology Manager may update topological information insion Manager coordinates the hierarchical overlay spanning a dynamic way (for instance, status of a network element).tree configuration, electing the best Multicast Agents that Through email or other personal communication mechanismsshould relay each session. This application-level forwarding Notifier is capable to send events notifications to Managertries to match the topology knowledge, obtained by Topology User.Manager, with interesting metrics, observed by the Monitors. Logger module deals with information persistence that isThe choice of routing and spanning tree algorithms may be generated by the Buses. It treats some accounting managementdefined by the Policy Manager. requirements like resources usage history information (for ex-

Publishing Manager is responsible for media contents stor- ample, a particularly server hard disk, CPU and memory usageage and management announcing. Regarding storage man- in the oCDN). Status provides real time view of monitoringagement, Publishing Manager may suggests primary storage information allowing instant and on demand access to per-servers for content providers uploading some content, decides formance or state information of oCDNs elements. Statisticswhen and where to make automatic content replication for and Events Buses promote flexibility to system monitoringsaving network resources, improving QoS, and optimizing functionalities. They reduce the coupling between monitoringcaching controls. Concerning announce management, Pub- information producers and consumers, facilitating new moni-lishing Manager announces scheduled and on-demand trans- tors development, events generators, notifiers and informationmissions, starts scheduled transmission, and schedules user persistence mechanisms (Loggers). For more details of thisrequests if necessary. architectural design, see [21].

Policy Manager is responsible for all configuration policiesin Content Delivery Network Management subsystem. For VI. SYSTEM IMPLANTATIONinstance, Policy Manager may defines and chooses: (i) routingand spanning tree algorithms used by Session Manager; (ii) This section describes the deployment of a Managementpersistence mechanisms used by Topology Manager; (iii) Tool module (Figure 3), which represents units of software thatoverlay multicast control protocol parameters used by Session generate end user interface to provide the overall Management

24

Session Notfienager~t

Logeravensr

Statistics9 2i.OjRN,dliit,,Rl~tri.Ve,d,ei,

Fig. 4. Busesmodule details, based on [21]. Fig. 5. Media Management in Content Provider user environment.ossevidornt6node exbiqii

CAdminurar.rede

logictode fr mote ltom oue.Iasaotdwbbased Javatechnologiesand W3C standards, particularly the~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Rlt.". At.i.d.A id t.B.d.d.Bf...d

providing a ei-uomtcvieoid tionemechanism.1To1,Clients, there are personalized search~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~imechanisms.for.live.and

In~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~MwId~nhrandon demand videoaccess. To the Administrator there are avail-~~~~~~~~~~~~Prjetoable general administration and configuration functionalities. ~~~~~"newsewer

heshocnit alsoe reprt regrdigaheAlafornuageanchange generalconfigurations associated to it. Fig. 6. Configuring oCDN elements and managementparameters.~~~~~~~~~~"vig.23 t, 4 sg g.. 8 "i" 3 S~

Monitorin theneworaifratrctueihic poviesthmultimedia services Figure 6 represents the graphical interface monitoring relatednts &CGUtst

cation) and~Fi.4servies(moultedi detalivbaery applicatons).iFo suppor edmtics foraservertmnonietPoringrasre:nsats,optme,t

instance, fucitpovaides Icofiuationit information such aes:onet CPU,1451,physi'calmmryadhrddsuae(igr )nodesdlist,enetworkiconnections, addes belocks,ODNesriitons,VIUSSCNRORPNEW Kreerngemnnamens, montoing deintyervals,eanmaaemventspro-ntwool .creentials. Theefistsprjeteersioawastnitialyrdeloyedforotstsniloni thde fothe ohand patftermthmonfiurationt phaseaothed userbh- N iia ie ewok hc scmoe y1

can accesntailites frch vieingand monitoringeinormatio of(lvn)sresditiuediAhXNPntokaolluelemnts. prnaeviousl registered.Fiur7y illubstaes visual ThRN ispentnalBrzinsae.aditsr-

contextofited neodes topology displaedn alroinkrchtolor lik sosbesouhpewokifatucueitronetn-l

wleigts, teeand pendpointasymbolseatha aremeaningsfurlito an fdrluiestedn eerc nttts h N ewr

partclarlogicalvdiiew.aHisoricald alaigrmareort aucindgaphidtai opeedsmrehn25sdctonladrsarhsisi

foralAmanagemento monitr.Tisngvariablestmaylosbe avie edi tuin,adtsporsmethnne ilonsr.Bsds

administrator user has access over users, groups, projects, and L25

hlonitorar rede: Rede DistribuiSao de Video da RNPMoniorarred: Reo Dstriuigo deVido daFWPbe extended, all RNP network PoPs will have a server,reaching the whole country. Within this new environment, themanagement platform will be essential for enabling control

P) PA 102M Trafego of all these resources. With the video distribution servicesrunning within all these servers it will be possible to create

10 mN an efficient overlay distribution network optimizing the RNPnetwork usage.

°10 10 10 I VIII. CONCLUDING REMARKS AND FUTURE WORK* Enteada Atual 5.94 M Medio 645 M Ma#imo 13.21 M

This paper presents a Management Platform for MultimediaDistribution that had been implemented in GTGV Project. Theidea was to develop an infrastructure that can support severalmedia delivery applications using open standards to optimizene wor resources an o a ow managemen in severa eve s:user, application, server, and network. This platform will bringbenefits to all RNP network users and intend to improve videodistribution services. The current version supports live and on-demand video services but other ones can be attached to theplatform.

Fig. 7. Network monitoring level GUI. First evaluation tests have proven the efficiency and validityof our platform. The next step is to deploy the platform in thenew RNP Digital Video Network infrastructure that intends toattend more users.We intend to continue our investigation in this area, optimiz-

ing distribution services management and specially exploringoverlay network issues, confirming the use performance of

Ik2OO129O.8O~ l llSimplex Multicast Control Protocol (SMCP) to control the-P-~41.89 | e1651321 |establishment, maintenance, modification, termination, andMD_344 Uine 39h montoring of overlay multicast sessions and the effect of

CPU. 303829%HD ffi7653754 coexisting overlays.

RC.i&GAT SS 1 BX 33 | 434% 1REFERENCES

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