A comparative study of mycoprotein conversion potency of seven different species of Pleurotus from...

International Journal of AgriScience Vol. 2(2): 149-160, February 2012 www.inacj.com ISSN: 2228-6322© International Academic Journals

International Journal of AgriScience Vol. 2(2): 149-160, February 2012 149

A comparative study of mycoprotein conversion potency of seven different

species of Pleurotus from various agro-wastes

Chandravanshi M.K.1,2

, Sairkar P.K.1*

, SharmaV.1, Chouhan S.

1, Shukla N.P.

3, Gautam

S.P.4

1Centre

of Excellence in Biotechnology, M.P. Council of Science & Technology, Nehru Nagar Bhopal, M.P., India.

*Author for correspondence (email: [email protected]) 2Chhattisghar Council of Science & Technology, Raipur, C.G., India ;

3Madhya Pradesh Pollution Control Board,

Bhopal, M.P., India.;4Central Pollution Control Board, New Delhi, India

Received October 2011; accepted in revised form January 2012

ABSTRACT

This study was established to test mycoprotein conversion potency and its impact on the

quantitative production of seven species of Pleurotus (Oyster mushroom), commonly used for

commercial mushroom cultivation viz. P. eous, P. calocybe indica, P. flabellatus, P. platypus P.

sajor-caju, P. florida and P. columbinus, straws of wheat (Triticum), soybean (Glycine max),

paddy (Oryza sativa), chickling vetch (Lathyrus sativus), gram (Cicer arietinum), pea (Pisum

sativum), aize (Zea mays), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and their combinations in ratios of 1:1

were used to cultivate Pleurotus. The results reached two conclusions; firstly an indication of

performance of Pleurotus species on various substrates was identified, and secondly; the most

suitable individual substrates for the cultivation of Pleurotus species were identified. The results

established a complete selection chart for application to commercial production. Observing

higher biological efficiency in chickling vetch, gram, pea, wheat/soybean, soybean/chickling

vetch and paddy/chickling vetch respectively were identified as the most suitable for commercial

cultivation. Wheat, soybean, paddy, chickling vetch and gram required less time duration for

cultivation of Pleurotus species. P. calocybe indica, P. columbinus, P. eous and P. florida

demonstrated good average BE and negligible difference was observed in the time taken to

spawn in all the seven different species of Pleurotus.

Keywords: Biological efficiency (BE), Mushroom, Mycoprotein, Oyster, Pleurotus species.

INTRODUCTION

An enormous amount of agricultural waste

matter and the byproducts of forestry are

produced each year; some get used as cattle

and sheep feed, as compost or as fuel by

farmers. But the remainder is burnt

constituting a gross waste of resources and

polluting the environment. In the search for

an equilibrium between the social,

economic, and environmental factors, the re-

use of agricultural waste has taken on an

extremely important dual purpose: the

elimination of waste from the environment;

and giving it added value through its use in

the production of low cost food (Villas-Boas

et al., 2002). Low birth weight is an

important predictor of the health and

survival of newborn infants and reflects

maternal malnutrition. The countries with

the highest incidences of low-birth-weight

infants are located in Africa or South-East

Asia, where at least 22% of infants are

affected (WHO Report 2009). For many

tropical countries, food production is the key

to its development but this is often restricted

by the availability of energy resources and

environmental problems such as drought.

Research in to the utilization of mycoprotein


(More accurately called Microbial Biomass

Protein MBP) dates back to the start of

modern biotechnology. During the last few

years, rapid developments have been made

in the conversion of microbial biomass to

protein for human consumption and as a

food supplement for animals.

Mushroom mycoprotein is a source of

energy, and virility and it reportedly

contains medicinal benefits such as

anticancerous, anticholesteral and

antitumume properties it has also found to

be effective against diabetes, ulcers and

lungs diseases (Quimio 1976). Mushroom

mycoprotein contains about 85-95% water,

3% protein, 4% carbohydrates, 0.1% fats,

1% minerals and vitamins (Tewari 1986).

Mushrooms contain appreciable amounts of

potassium, phosphorous, copper and iron but

have a low level of calcium, (Anderson and

Feller 1942). Mushroom protein value is

between that of animals and vegetables.

(Kurtzman 1976). Mushrooms also contain

appreciable amounts of niacin, pantothenic

acid and biotin (Subramanian 1986).

Employing crop straw to cultivate edible

mushroom is an effective way of salvaging

and utilizing agricultural waste. In Central

India many varieties of crop straw are

available. Edible mushrooms are much more

prolific and have a heightened biological

efficiency in comparison with many plants.

Pleurotus spp. is commonly called as

dhengri in India, it belongs to the

Tricholomataceae family and has about 40

species, 12, of which, are cultivated in

different parts of the country. Pleurotus is an

efficient lignin-degrading mushroom and

can grow well on different types of

lignocellulolosic materials. Cultivation of

this Mushroom is very simple and uses low

cost production technology, which gives it

consistent growth with high biological

efficiency. Different species of Pleurotus

can grow well in variable temperature

conditions; hence they are ideally suited for

cultivation throughout the year in various

regions of a tropical country like India (Syed

et al. 2009). This work was undertaken with

an aim to assess and explore improvement in

production technology for qualitative and

quantitative production of mycoproteins by

certain mushrooms employing different

agro-wastes common in Central India.

Hereby seven species of Pleurotus were

selected for this study of mycoprotein

conversion potency and its impact on the

qualitative and quantitative production of

mushrooms.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Collection of Pure Cultures

Pure cultures of P. eous, P. calocybe indica,

P. flabellatus, P. platypus P. sajor-caju, P.

florida and P. columbinus were obtained

from Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya,

Raipur and Paryavaran Sanrakshan Evam

Adivasi Vikas Kendra, Jabalpur (M.P.). The

cultures were maintained on potato dextrose

agar medium as described by Furlan et al.

(1997).

Preparation of Spawn

Wheat grain spawn of Pleurotus species was

prepared in glass bottles as described by

Garcha et al., (1981). For the preparation of

both the mother and the working spawn,

wheat grain was semi boiled then 2%

calcium carbonate and 0.2% gypsum was

added to 1 kg of semi boiled wheat grain.

The mother culture was prepared in glass

bottles filling them 1/3rd

full and the

working spawn was prepared in plastic bags

capped with cotton plugs by rubber bands.

The mother culture was grown on potato

dextrose agar a medium that is first

supplemented to the mother spawn and as

full growth occurs it was transferred to the

working spawn bags.

Collection of Agro Wastes

Straws of wheat (Triticum), soybean

(Glycine max), paddy (Oryza sativa),

chickling vetch (Lathyrus sativus), gram

(Cicer arietinum), pea (Pisum sativum),

151 International Journal of AgriScience Vol. 2(2): 149-160, February 2012

maize (Zea mays) and sorghum (Sorghum

bicolor) were collected from local farmers

of the Raisen district M.P. The above

mentioned variations of straw were used as a

substrate for cultivation in combinations at

the ratio of 1:1

Preparation of Cultivation Bags

The collected substrates were chopped in to

2-3 cm pieces using an animal feed chopper,

1000g of each substrate was immersed in 10

liters of water, 12.5 ml Formaldehyde and

0.7 gm Bavistin were added to this mixture

and it was then kept for about 18-24 hours

(Vijay and Sohi 1987). Thereafter the water

was drained off keeping the straw in a

basket made of bamboo for about 20-30

minutes. The treated substrate was put in to

polythene bags and inoculated with the

spawn. Approximately 75% of inoculum

(spawn) was mixed thoroughly with the

substrate, and 25% was used for layering in

between the substrate layers. Four layers of

spawn mixed with straw filled each bag.

Holes were made on the bags to drain any

excess water. The bags were then hung on

bamboo racks.

Crop Harvesting and Statistics

After 10-15 days as mycelium growth

covered the straw, the polythene bags were

cut off. From the 2nd

day after opening the

bags, watering was done twice a day until

the last harvest. In total three crops were

harvested at intervals of 3-5 days. The

biological efficiency was calculated using

the following formula:

Fresh weight of mushroom

B.E = X 100

Dry weight of substrate

Various different groups have been made on

the basis of 5% difference in biological

efficiency or spawn running time in days.

These classified groups have less difference

(maximum 5%), which shows similarity

between them. Analysis of Variance

(ANOVA) was done for all the observations

made by Daniel’s XL Toolbox 2.52c.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The results of the cultivation of Pleurotus

species on different agro-wastes are shown

in Figures 1 and 2. The results are as

follows: P. sajor caju had the maximum

biological efficiency when cultivated on

chickling vetch (80.0 ± 3.240%),

soybean/chickling vetch (73.0 ± 2.000%),

wheat/chickling vetch (72.0 ± 2.434%) and

wheat/soybean (68.0 ± 1.541%) showed

higher BE with less difference. For the

commercial cultivation of P. sajor-caju

these substrates are compatible. The least

BE was from wheat and sorghum, 39.4 ±

3.595% and 43.0 ± 4.911%, respectively. P.

eous presented the maximum BE on soybean

(75.0 ± 12.778%) with less differences in

soybean/chickling vetch (72.5 ± 2.645%),

paddy/chickling vetch (70.0 ± 1.816%) and

chickling vetch (70.0 ± 2.434%). The lowest

BE was observed in wheat/soybean (49.4 ±

3.595%). P. calocybe indica illustrated

maximum BE on chickling vetch (85.0 ±

1.581%) followed by soybean/chickling

vetch (68.5 ± 2.936%) and paddy showed

the lowest BE (55.8 ± 2.280%). P.

flabellatus showed the maximum BE allover

(85.2 ± 3.193%) on wheat/soybean followed

by chickling vetch (75.0 ± 4.198%) and the

lowest was found on soybean (46.0 ±

2.645%). P. platypus showed the maximum

BE on soybean (64.5 ± 2.524%), 60.0 ±

1.516% on gram and the lowest on wheat

35.0 ± 1.767%. P. columbinus showed the

maximum BE 70.8 ± 4.024% on

wheat/soybean followed by 69.0 ± 3.316%

soybean/chickling vetch, 68.5 ± 2.000%

chickling vetch, 67.0± 2.226%

paddy/chickling vetch and the least was

observed on wheat 50.8 ± 2.413% (Table 1).

Results for time taken to spawn of P. sajor-

caju was the minimum in gram and pea

(17.4 ± 0.547 and 17.8 ± 1.095 days,

respectively) and the maximum was

observed in wheat/chickling vetch (21.2 ±

1.095 days). In P. florida the minimum


spawn run time was observed in chickling

vetch (18.4 ± 1.341 days) followed by wheat

(18.8 ± 1.095 days) and the maximum was

in sorghum and soybean/paddy both at 23.2

± 1.095 days respectively. In P. eous the

minimum spawn run time was observed in

gram (18.8 ± 1.095) and the maximum in

maize (22.8 ± 1.095 days). In P. calocybe

indica the minimum spawn run time (18.2 ±

1.095 days) in wheat/chickling vetch and the

maximum in soybean/chickling vetch (22.8

± 0.447 days). In P. flabellatus the minimum

(17.2 ± 0.447 days) spawn run time was

observed in soybean and the maximum was

observed in wheat/paddy (23 ± 1.224 days).

In P. platypus the minimum spawn run time

(19.2 ± 1.788 days) in wheat/chickling vetch

and the maximum was 22.8 ± 0.836 days in

sorghum. In P. columbinus the minimum

(18.0 ± 1.224 days) spawn run time in

soybean/chickling vetch followed by paddy

(18.2 ± 0.836 days) and the maximum (22.0

± 1.224 days) in pea (Table 2).

Furthermore the study shows that wheat was

a good substrate for P. calocybe indica and

P. eous respectively yielding biological

efficiencies of 67.5 ± 4.152% and 62.5 ±

4.301% respectively but it was not suitable

for P. sajor-caju and P. platypus at 39.4 ±

3.595% and 35.0 ± 1.767%, respectively.

Soybean straw was suitable for P. eous (75.0

± 12.778 %) followed by P. platypus( 64.5 ±

2.524%) but not suitable for P. flabellatus

(46.0 ± 2.645%). Paddy was a very good

substrate for P. florida (82.5 ± 1.581%) but

not suitable for P. flabellatus and P.

platypus at 47.5 ± 4.272 and 47.5 ± 2.291%

respectively. Chickling vetch was the most

suitable substrate for P. calocybe indica 85.0

± 1.581%, P. sajor-caju 80.0 ± 3.240%, P.

flabellatus 75.0 ± 4.198%, P. eous 70.0 ±

2.434%, P. columbinus 68.5 ± 2.000% and

P. florida 65.0 ± 4.183% and it showed the

lowest biological efficiency in P. platypus

55.0 ± 1.695%. Gram was a good substrate

for P. florida 70.0 ± 1.903% and P. sajor-

caju 66.5 ± 3.517% and it showed less yield

58.5 ± 2.936% in P. eous. Pea showed the

higher yield in P. florida 67.5 ± 4.272% and

the lower in P. eous 55.0 ± 2.524%. The

overall performance of maize was very low,

the maximum amounts achieved were 57.5 ±

5.244% and 57.5 ± 4.272% in P. columbinus

and P. calocybe indica respectively.

Sorghum showed the higher yields of 62.5 ±

4.472% in P. calocybe indica and P.

columbinus respectively. Wheat/soybean

showed an overall maximum yield in P.

flabellatus at 85.2 ± 3.193% and the

minimum in P. eous at 49.4 ± 3.595%. The

overall yielding in wheat/paddy was not

good with a maximum at 60.8 ± 1.643% and

60.0 ± 3.020% in P. calocybe indica and P.

columbinus. Wheat/chickling vetch was the

most suitable substrate for P. sajor-caju 72.0

± 2.434% and the minimum P. platypus 44.5

± 2.669%. Soybean/paddy produced the

maximum yield at 67.5 ± 2.397% in P.

florida and 67.0± 2.226% in P. columbinus

and the minimum in P. flabellatus 47.5 ±

2.291%. Soybean/chickling vetch showed

the maximum biological efficiency 73.0 ±

2.000% in P. sajor-caju, 72.5 ± 2.645% P.

eous, 72.5 ± 4.472% P. calocybe indica,

69.0 ± 3.316% P. columbinus and the

minimum in 47.5 ± 1.000% P. platypus.

Paddy/chickling vetch showed the higher

biological efficiency in P. eous 70.0 ±

1.816%, P. calocybe indica 68.5 ± 2.936%,

P. columbinus 67.5 ± 4.272% and the lower

in P. platypus 49.5 ± 3.708% (Table 1).


Table 1. Average % Biological Efficiency (Mean ± Std. Dev.) of Seven Pleurotus sp. on different substrates

Substrate (Straw) P. sajor-caju P. florida P. eous P. calocybe indica P. flabellatus P. platypus P. columbinus

Wheat 39.4 ± 3.595 58.5 ± 4.508 62.5 ± 4.301 g,h,i

67.5 ± 4.152 d,e,f

57.4 ± 1.140 35.0 ± 1.767 50.8 ± 2.413

Soybean 54.6 ± 2.434 60.0 ± 3.020 i 75.0 ± 12.778

b 60.8 ± 4.024

i 46.0 ± 2.645 64.5 ± 2.524

f,g,h,i 62.5 ± 4.315

g,h,i

Paddy 54.5 ± 2.524 82.5 ± 1.581 a 60.0 ± 1.274

i 55.8 ± 2.280 47.5 ± 4.272 47.5 ± 2.291 65.0 ± 4.183

f,g,h,i

Chickling vetch 80.0 ± 3.240 a 65.0 ± 4.183

f,g,h,i 70.0 ± 2.434

c,d,e 85.0 ± 1.581

a 75.0 ± 4.198

b 55.0 ± 1.695 68.5 ± 2.000

c,d,e,f

Gram 66.5 ± 3.517 e,f,g,h

70.0 ± 1.903 c,d,e

58.5 ± 2.936 60.0 ± 3.020 i 60.0 ± 1.816 i 60.0 ± 1.516 i 60.0 ± 3.259 i

Pea 55.9 ± 5.531 67.5 ± 4.272 d,e,f

55.0 ± 2.524 67.0 ± 2.150 e,f,g

56.5 ± 2.474 58.0 ± 1.541 65.0 ± 3.984 f,g,h,i

Maize 49.8 ± 1.823 49.8 ± 1.823 50.0 ± 2.524 57.5 ± 4.272 55.0 ± 2.524 48.0 ± 1.541 57.5 ± 5.244

Sorghum 43.0 ± 4.911 43.0 ± 4.911 53.0 ± 4.911 62.5 ± 4.472 g,h,i

52.5 ± 2.645 42.5 ± 5.894 62.5 ± 4.472 g,h,i

Wheat : Soybean 68.0 ± 1.541 c,d,e,f

57.5 ± 2.236 49.4 ± 3.595 61.6 ± 2.133 h.i

85.2 ± 3.193 a 51.5 ± 3.708 70.8 ± 4.024

b,c,d,e

Wheat : Paddy 46.9 ± 2.355 55.0 ± 4.046 53.3 ± 2.612 60.8 ± 1.643 i 57.5 ± 4.272 54.5 ± 2.524 60.0 ± 3.020 i

Wheat : Chickling vetch 72.0 ± 2.434 b,c,d

62.5 ± 4.315 g,h,i

55.8 ± 2.280 58.3 ± 2.729 65.0 ± 4.198 f,g,h,i

44.5 ± 2.669 56.6 ± 2.073

Soybean : Paddy 54.0 ± 2.524 67.5 ± 2.397 d,e,f

62.5 ± 2.645 g,h,i

60.0 ± 1.767 i 47.5 ± 2.291 52.5 ± 5.894 67.0± 2.226 e,f,g

Soybean : Chickling vetch 73.0 ± 2.000 b,c

65.0 ± 4.198 f,g,h,i

72.5 ± 2.645 b,c

72.5 ± 4.472 b,c

57.5 ± 2.291 47.5 ± 1.000 69.0 ± 3.316 c,d,e,f

Paddy: Chickling vetch 62.0 ± 1.274 h,i

61.5 ± 3.259 h,i

70.0 ± 1.816 c,d,e

68.5 ± 2.936 c,d,e,f

55.0 ± 1.274 49.5 ± 3.708 67.5 ± 4.272 d,e,f

a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h

and i = Groups having higher similarity or less difference (5%) in BE.

% BE = fresh mushrooms/kg dry substrate X 100 (includes supplement wt.).

Table 2. Span running duration in Days (Mean ± Std. Dev.) of Seven Pleurotus sp. on different substrates

Substrate (Straw) P. sajor-caju P. florida P. eous P. calocybe

indica

P. flabellatus P. platypus P. columbinus

Wheat 18.4 ± 0.894 b,c,d

18.8 ± 1.095 b,c,d,e

19.2 ± 1.643 c,d,e,f

19.6 ± 1.516 e,f,g

19.2 ± 1.788 c,d,e,f

19.6 ± 1.673 e,f,g

19.8 ± 1.643 e,f,g,h

Soybean 18.2 ± 0.447 a,b,c

19.2 ± 1.643 c,d,e,f

20.4 ± 0.547 g,h

19.6 ± 0.547 e,f,g

17.2 ± 0.447 a 20.0 ± 1.414

f,g,h 19.4 ± 0.547

d,e,f,g

Paddy 19.6 ± 1.516 e,f,g

19.6 ± 1.673 e,f,g

21.0 ± 1.224 18.8 ± 0.836 b,c,d,e

21.6 ± 0.894 20.8 ± 1.095 h 18.2 ± 0.836

a,b,c

Chickling vetch 18.4 ± 0.894 b,c,d

18.4 ± 1.341 b,c,d

19.8 ± 1.788 e,f,g,h

20.2 ± 1.303 f,g,h

19.8 ± 1.095 e,f,g,h

19.4 ± 1.341 d,e,f,g

20.2 ± 0.547 f,g,h

Gram 17.4 ± 0.547 a 19.4 ± 0.547

d,e,f,g 18.8 ± 1.095

b,c,d,e 20.8 ± 1.303

h 18.4 ± 1.673

b,c,d 20.2 ± 1.788

f,g,h 21.2 ± 1.095

Pea 17.8 ± 1.095 a,b

20.8 ± 1.095 h 20.4 ± 0.894

g,h 21.0 ± 1.224 19.4 ± 1.341

d,e,f,g 21.2 ± 1.095 22.0 ± 1.224

Maize 20.4 ± 1.673 g,h

22.8 ± 1.095 22.8 ± 1.095 20.4 ± 0.547 g,h

19.8 ± 1.095 e,f,g,h

20.2 ± 1.483 f,g,h

20.4 ± 0.547 g,h

Sorghum 20.8 ± 1.095 h 23.2 ± 1.095 22 ± 1.414 21.8 ± 1.643 21.6 ± 0.894 22.8 ± 0.836 19.6 ± 1.673

e,f,g

Wheat : Soybean 19.2 ± 1.788 c,d,e,f

21.4 ± 1.341 21.2 ± 1.095 21.4 ± 1.341 20.2 ± 0.447 f,g,h

21.8 ± 1.095 20.8 ± 1.095 h

Wheat : Paddy 19.6 ± 1.673 e,f,g

22.0 ± 1.224 20.4 ± 1.673 g,h

21.2 ± 1.643 23 ± 1.224 21.6 ± 0.894 19.8 ± 0.447 e,f,g,h

Wheat : Chickling vetch 21.2 ± 1.095 20.4 ± 0.894 g,h

20.2 ± 1.483 f,g,h

18.2 ± 1.095 a,b,c

21.8 ± 1.095 19.2 ± 1.788 c,d,e,f

21.2 ± 1.095

Soybean : Paddy 18.4 ± 1.341 b,c,d

23.2 ± 1.095 19.4 ± 0.894 d,e,f,g

22.4 ± 0.547 21.4 ± 0.894 19.6 ± 1.673 e,f,g

19.4 ± 1.341 d,e,f,g

Soybean : Chickling vetch 20.0 ± 1.414 f,g,h

20.8 ± 1.643 h 21 ± 1.224 22.8 ± 0.447 18.8 ± 1.303

b,c,d,e 20.4 ± 1.673

g,h 18.0 ± 1.224

a,b

Paddy: Chickling vetch 19.6 ± 1.673 e,f,g

22.0 ± 1.581 20.4 ± 0.547 g,h

21.0 ± 1.224 20.4 ± 1.673 g,h

21.2 ± 1.643 20.8 ± 1.095 h

a,b,c,d,e,f,g and

h = Groups having higher similarity or less difference (5%) in spawn run time.


The average biological efficiency of the

seven Pleurotus species on different

substrates showed that chickling vetch was

the most suitable substrate with 71.21 ±

9.932% as the average biological efficiency

followed by soybean/chickling vetch 65.28

± 9.612%, wheat/soybean 63.42 ± 12.428 %

and gram 62.14 ± 4.327%. Commercially

unsuitable substrates for Pleurotus species

was indicated by a low average biological

efficiency in sorghum 51.28 ± 8.854%,

maize 52.51 ± 4.027%, wheat 53.01 ±

11.999% and wheat/paddy 55.42 ± 4.696%

(Table 3). The spawn run time of Pleurotus

species on soybean substrate was the lowest

at 19.14 ± 1.099 days and the highest time

of spawn run was required on sorghum

substrate at 21.69 ± 1.210 days. The yield

(average biological efficiency) of the

different species of Pleurotus on different

substrates was in P. calocybe indica 64.12 ±

7.712% followed by P. columbinus 63.05 ±

5.605% and P. florida 61.80 ± 10.211%. P.

platypus showed the minimum biological

efficiency of 50.75 ± 8.171%. Time taken

for spawning of P. flabellatus was less at

19.21± 1.219 days than that of P. platypus at

20.86±1.736 (Table 4).

According to analysis of variance

(Bonferroni- Holm) based on BE, P.

platypus showed significant difference with

P. columbinus, P. calocybe indica, P.

florida, P. eous and P. flabellatus

(Probability < 0.05) (Table 5). Analysis of

variance was studied on the basis of BE,

maize, sorghum and wheat showed

significant difference with chickling vetch,

grams, paddy/chickling vetch,

soybean/chickling vetch and pea

(Probability < 0.05) (Table 6). According to

the time taken to spawn duration (days) the

difference was much less. P. sajor-caju is

showed significant difference with P.

platypus, P. calocybe indica and P. florida

(Table 7). Wheat, soybean, chickling vetch,

paddy and gram showed significant

difference with sorghum, paddy/chickling

vetch, wheat/soybean, maize and

wheat/paddy (Table 8).

In general P. sajor-caju is mainly cultivated

on pasteurized wheat and paddy straw

(Kumar et al., 2000). Areas under paddy

cultivation in many parts of India have been

dwindling mainly due to the cost of

cultivation and labor shortages.

Furthermore, paddy and wheat straws are

widely used as fodder and are thus costly.

Accordingly the replacement of traditional

substrates like wheat straw and paddy straw

with little known but abundantly available

alternatives such as chickling vetch straw,

which is available at a very economic rates

could be considered as a significant

achievement for cultivation technology of P.

sajor-caju. In this study another substrate of

choice was found to be soybean straw.

Similar to chickling vetch straw, soybean

straw is also a completely wasted agro

byproduct . It is not even being used even as

animal fodder hence it is abundantly

available in central India at a negligible

price.

Similar studies have been done by (Bhawna

and Thomus 2003, Krishnamoorthy 1997,

Singh et al., 1999, Khanna et al. 1995).

Wheat, paddy and soybean straw are used as

substrates by Jain and Vyas (2002).

Similarly paddy and moong straw are used

as a substrate for P. florida mushroom

production by Joseph (2004). Sixteen

lignocellulosic byproduct have been

evaluated as substrates for the cultivation of

oyster mushrooms reported by Jain and

Vyas (2005). Gram flour, gram choker,

bajara flour, wheat bran, rice bran, javar

flour and maize bran are all used for the

supplementation of wheat straw for P.

flabellatus, P. florida and P. sajor-caju

cultivation (Arsia, et al., 2005). According

to Jain and Vyas (2005) P. florida, P. sajor-

caju and P. ostreatus showed the best and

quicker spawn run on soybean straw


followed by wheat straw and paddy straw.

The maximum productivity in terms of total

yield was obtained in soybean straw. Jain

and Vyas (2002) suggested that P. florida

can be grown on wheat straw in combination

with soybean stalks and used tea leaves for a

good yield. Siddhant and Singh (2009)

worked on the P. eous, P. flabellatus, P.

sajor-caju and P. florida species taking

fresh wheat straw as an application with

various fertilizers. Syed et al., (2009) worked

on one species of Pleurotus, P. florida, and

cultivated on soybeen, paddy and wheat

straw along with their different

combinations. Mane et al,. (2007) worked

on the conversion of agricultural waste to

usable protein by P. sajor-caju. Patil et al.,

(2008) worked on the productivity of P.

florida on different substrates and their

compositions. Islam et al., (2009) cultivated

P. flabellatus, on different substrates for

example the sawdust of mango (Mangifera

indica), jackfruit (Artocarpus

heterophyllus), coconut (Cocos nucifera),

kadom (Anthocephalus chinensis),

mahogony (Swietenia macrophylla), shiris

(Albizzia spp), and jam (Syzygium spp).

Mandeel et al., (2005) cultivated three

species of Pleurotus, namely P. columbinus,

P. sajor-caju, P. ostreatus on various home

and office waste products such as shredded

office papers, cardboard, sawdust and plant

fiber. Royse et al., (2004), grew Pleurotus

cornucopiae on chopped, pasteurized

switchgrass (Panicum virgatum 99%) with

1% ground limestone and a mixture of

pasteurized cottonseed hulls (75% dry wt.),

24% chopped wheat straw, and 1% ground

limestone.

CONCLUSION

The use of expensive substrates for growing

oyster mushroom increases the cost of

production, therefore to use agro waste as a

substrate for growing oyster mushroom offers a

more economically viable alternative. From the

present study, it is evident that according to the

availability of a suitable substrate, the selection

of compatible Pleurotus species for cultivation,

provides higher biological efficiency or yield on

the respective substrates.

Fewer differences were observed in the average

percentages of biological efficiency of seven

Pleurotus species when they are cultured on

different substrates. Highest average biological

efficiency was shown by P. flabellatus when

grown on a wheat/soybean substrate, which

showed inferior difference from P. calocybe

indica, P. florida, P. sajor-caju was grown on

chickling vetch, paddy and chickling vetch

respectively. For commercial cultivation the

above mentioned species may be altered as per

availability with other cultivation substrates. P.

columbinus on wheat/soybean, P. flabellatus on

chickling vetch, P. calocybe indica on

soybean/chickling vetch, P. eous on soybean,

soybean/chickling vetch and P. sajor-caju on

wheat/chickling vetch and soybean/chickling

vetch showed good average biological

efficiency. They may also be commercially

cultivated and may be altered according to their

respective substrates.

P. columbinus grown on paddy and

soybean/chickling vetch, P. sajor caju grown on

soybean, gram and pea required less time for

spawning. Chickling vetch was the best substrate

for commercial cultivation of the seven

Pleurotus species. Gram, pea, wheat/soybean,

soybean/chickling vetch and paddy/chickling

vetch were also suitable combinations for the

commercial cultivation of Pleurotus species.

Wheat, soybean, paddy, chickling vetch and

gram required less time duration for Pleurotus

species. P. calocybe indica, P. columbinus, P.

eous and P. florida was showed good average

biological efficiency and the spawn running

duration had a negligible difference in all the

seven different species of Pleurotus.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Financial support from the Government of Madhya

Pradesh (India) is highly appreciated. The authors

wish to thank Prof. P. K. Verma, Director General,

M.P. Council of Science & Technology, for their help

and encouragement during the work.


Table 3. Biological Efficiency (%) & Span running duration in Days (Mean ± Std. Dev.) of Seven sp. of Pleurotus on different

substrates

S. No. Substrate Average % B.E. Span Running Duration (Days)

1. Wheat 53.01 ± 11.999 e 19.23 ± 0.495

A

2. Soybean 60.48 ± 8.903 c,d

19.14 ± 1.099 A

3. Paddy 58.97 ± 12.139 c,d

19.94 ± 1.236 A,B,C

4. Chickling vetch 71.21 ± 9.932 a 19.46 ± 0.772

A,B

5. Gram 62.14 ± 4.327 b,c

19.46 ± 1.364 A,B

6. Pea 60.70 ± 5.550 b,c,d

20.37 ± 1.382 B,C,D

7. Maize 52.51 ± 4.027 e 20.97 ± 1.267

D,E

8. Sorghum 51.28 ± 8.854 e 21.69 ± 1.210

E

9. Wheat : Soybean 63.42 ± 12.428 b,c

20.86 ± 0.892 C,D,E

10. Wheat : Paddy 55.42 ± 4.696 d,e

21.09 ± 1.232 D,E

11. Wheat : Chickling vetch 59.24 ± 8.598 c,d

20.31 ± 1.258 B,C,D

12. Soybean : Paddy 58.71 ± 7.620 c,d

20.54 ± 1.795 C,D

13. Soybean : Chickling vetch 65.28 ± 9.612 b 20.26 ± 1.560

B,C,D

14. Paddy : Chickling vetch 62.00± 7.549 b,c

20.77 ± 0.752 C,D,E

a,b,c,d

and e = Groups having higher similarity or less difference (5%) in BE.

A,B,C,D and

E = Groups having higher similarity or less difference (5%) in spawn run duration.


Table 4. Average % Biological Efficiency & Span running duration in Days (Mean ± Std. Dev.) on different

substrates

S. No. Species Average % B.E. Time of Span Duration (Days)

1. P. sajor-caju 58.54 ± 12.236 b 20.50 ± 1.154

A

2. P. florida 61.80 ± 10.211 a,b

20.66 ± 1.236 A

3. P. eous 60.53 ± 7.803 a,b

20.19 ± 1.648 A

4. P. calocybe indica 64.12 ± 7.712 a 20.57 ± 1.116

A

5. P. flabellatus 58.40 ± 11.605 b 19.21 ± 1.219

A

6. P. platypus 50.75 ± 8.171 c 20.86 ± 1.736

A

7. P. columbinus 63.05 ± 5.605 a,b

20.06 ± 1.026 A

a,b and

c = Groups having higher similarity or less difference (5%) in BE.

A = Group having higher similarity or less difference (5%) in spawn run duration.



Table 5. Analysis of Variance According to Species on the basis of BE (Bonferroni-Holm)

No. of subjects No. of groups df between df within F P Group 1 Group 2 P

98 7 6 91 3.4136 0.0044 P. platypus P. columbinus 0.00004

P. calocybe indica P. platypus 0.0001

P. florida P. platypus 0.0021

P. eous P. platypus 0.0035

P. flabellatus P. platypus 0.0386

Table 6. Analysis of Variance According to Substrate on the basis of BE

No. of subjects No. of groups df between df within F P Group 1 Group 2 P

98 14 13 84 2.6562 0.0037 Chickling vetch Maize 0.0006

Gram Maize 0.001

Chickling vetch Sorghum 0.0019

Chickling vetch Wheat: Paddy 0.0025

Maize Soybean: Chickling vetch 0.0071

Pea Maize 0.0083

Wheat Chickling vetch 0.0093

Maize Paddy: Chickling vetch 0.0125

Gram Sorghum 0.013

Sorghum Soybean: Chickling vetch 0.0151

Gram Wheat: Paddy 0.0166

Chickling vetch Soybean: Paddy 0.0215

Chickling vetch Pea 0.0309

Wheat : Paddy Soybean: Chickling vetch 0.0313

Sorghum Paddy: Chickling vetch 0.0314

Chickling vetch Wheat: Chickling vetch 0.0329

Pea Sorghum 0.0346

Chickling vetch Gram 0.0468

Maize Wheat: Soybean 0.0473


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