a basic tips for exam preparation - National College, Banasthali

Nava Raj Heka – Academic Director (National College) – BCA | BBM | BBS | MBS 1

A BASIC TIPS FOR EXAM PREPARATION

1. Give yourself enough time to study Don't leave it until the last minute. While some students do seem to flourish on last-minute 'force', it's widely accepted that for most of us, this is not the best way to approach an exam. Set out a timetable for your study. Write down how many exams you have and the days on which you have to sit them. Then organize your study accordingly. You may want to give some exams more study time than others, so find a balance that you feel comfortable with. 2. Organize your study space Make sure you have enough space to spread your textbooks and notes out. Have you got enough light? Is your chair comfortable? Are your computer games out of sight? Try and get rid of all distractions, and make sure you feel as comfortable and able to focus as possible. For some people, this may mean almost complete silence; for others, background music helps. Some of us need everything completely tidy and organized in order to concentrate, while others thrive in a more cluttered environment. Think about what works for you, and take the time to get it right. 3. Use flow charts and diagrams Visual aids can be really helpful when revising. At the start of a topic, challenge yourself to write down everything you already know about a topic - and then highlight where the gaps lie. Closer to the exam, condense your revision

2 Nava Raj Heka – Academic Director (National College) – BCA | BBM | BBS | MBS

notes into one-page diagrams. Getting your ideas down in this brief format can then help you to quickly recall everything you need to know during the exam. 4. Practice on old exams One of the most effective ways to prepare for exams is to practice taking past versions. This helps you get used to the format of the questions, and - if you time yourself - can also be good practice for making sure you spend the right amount of time on each section. 5. Explain your answers to others Parents and little brothers and sisters don't have to be annoying around exam time! Use them to your advantage. Explain an answer to a question to them. That will help you to get it clear in your head, and also to highlight any areas where you need more work. 6. Organize study groups with friends Get together with friends for a study session. You may have questions that they have the answers to and vice versa. As long as you make sure you stay focused on the topic for an agreed amount of time, this can be one of the most effective ways to challenge yourself. 7. Take regular breaks While you may think it's best to study for as many hours as possible, this can actually be counterproductive. If you were training for a marathon, you wouldn't try and run 24 hours a day! Likewise studies have shown that for long-term retention of knowledge, taking regular breaks really helps. Everyone's different, so develop a study routine that works for you. If you study better in the morning, start early before taking a break at lunchtime. Or if you're more


productive at nighttime, take a larger break earlier on so you're ready to settle down come evening. 8. Snack on 'brain food' Keep away from junk food! You may feel like you deserve a treat, or that you don't have time to cook, but what you eat can really have an impact on energy levels and focus. Keep your body and brain well-fuelled by choosing nutritious foods that have been proven to aid concentration and memory, such as fish, nuts, seeds, yogurt and blueberries. The same applies on exam day - eat a good meal before the test, based on foods that will provide a slow release of energy throughout. Sugar may seem appealing, but it won't help when your energy levels crash an hour or so later. 9. Plan your exam day Make sure you get everything ready well in advance of the exam - don't leave it to the day before to suddenly realize you don't know the way, or what you're supposed to bring. Check all the rules and requirements, and plan your route and journey time. If possible, do a test run of the trip; if not, write down clear directions. Work out how long it will take to get there - then add on some extra time. You really don't want to arrive having had to run halfway or feeling frazzled from losing your way. You could also make plans to travel to the exam with friends or classmates, as long as you know they're likely to be punctual! 10. Don’t be tired If you have to stay up all night to do last minute revision, you’ve already failed. It doesn’t work – you end up so tired in the exam you can’t work anything out. It might


work for the first one or two exams in a year, but you won’t be able to keep it up throughout a whole series of exams. 11. Eat protein before long exams – not carbohydrates An exam is just as much a physical exercise as a race. Well, OK, perhaps not quite as much, but you can’t ignore your body if you want your brain to work at its best. Stuffing it full of sugar, or some Red-Bull type drink just before will work fine for the first hour or so, but by the end of a three-hour exam you’ll have completely run out of energy. You need some food that will slowly release energy. Try pasta, fish or eggs. 12. Drink plenty of water As a final tip, remember that being well hydrated is essential for your brain to work at its best. Make sure you keep drinking plenty of water throughout your revision, and also on the exam day.


WRITING EXAMINATION ANSWERS

YOU CAN INCREASE YOUR MARKS BY

APPLYING GOOD TECHNIQUE Choosing Your Questions 1. Make sure you understand the instructions 2. Read all the questions first and look for topics you

have prepared 3. Make sure you understand the questions 4. Underline key words in the question to remind you to

stick to the point 5. You could roughly sketch out answer plans, to help

you decide which questions to answer, and/or to check later that you have not left anything out

6. Allocate your time in blocks, to avoid spending too much time on earlier questions and not enough on later ones

7. Whilst time planning, check the marks allocations per question

8. You might note down start and finish times against your chosen questions

9. Remember you’ll need a few minutes at the end of the exam for checking through

10. Don’t be put off by others who might start writing immediately.

Writing Your Answers 1. Do the Easiest Questions First There is absolutely no reason to do the questions in the

order they are printed in the exam. I would recommend doing the easiest one(s) first.


There are two reasons for this. Firstly, getting one question safely under your belt at the start of an exam is a wonderful boost to confidence, and can help reduce any feelings of panic that might arise when looking at the harder questions.

The second reason is that the easiest question is likely to

take less time than the average. That means you’ll be ahead of schedule from the start – another good confidence boost. It also means that when you get round to the most difficult question, you are free to spend all the time you have left on it, without having to drop it half-way through and come back to it later, if time permits – not a good idea if it can be avoided.

2. Picture is Worth a 1000 Words Picture is worth a 1000 words: You have heard this before

in many contexts, but it’s very true in exams, particularly exams in which diagrams can really showcase your understanding like science, geography etc.

3. Make the key concepts easily visible: Use highlighting, indentations, underlines so the key

concepts are easily visible. This is very useful. In a 100 word answer, there are probably just 20 words that are key ideas. The remaining words are supporting words, add no value.

4. Correct Answer A good answer should help someone who genuinely

wants to know the answer to the question. So, the first thing a good answer should be is truthful, authentic, and correct whenever possible.

An answer that’s wrong is not a good answer. To be clear,

I like answers that are well-written and fun to read.


And I like many answers that are funny, joyful, passionate. But if the answer is incorrect—or likely incorrect—then it’s not helpful.

5. Don’t get Stuck. Move On. Avoid writer's block, you haven't got time for it. If you get

stuck on a question, move on. Start doing another one. Staring at a question you don’t know how to answer is a waste of time, and you’d be amazed how often, when coming back to a question after half-an-hour, it suddenly becomes clear.

6. Clear handwriting, organized thoughts and practice

are your weapons. 7. Keep your stuffs with you Always bring a pencil, eraser and ruler to all exams. It

shows that you are taking the exam seriously and are trying your best to convey your thoughts clearly.

8. Write to the point People like reading answers that are short, sharp and to

the point. No need to take 100 words to write what could be said in 10.

9. Write the question number clearly in the margin. 10. Keep handwriting legible – there may be penalties if

you don’t, even failure 11. Use a clear written style – short sentences are

preferable 12. Pay attention to layout and paragraphing 13. Leave a few lines between answers – for clarity, or for

any last minute additions 14. Keep the question in mind as you write 15. Be careful not to spend so long on the first question

that you can’t do justice to later ones, which might be more challenging

16. Read the question when you have finished your answer, to check for relevance


17. Go for quality over quantity of words – you need to give your ideas without waffling

18. Be aware of whether (and how) you must show your rough work

19. Cross out anything you don’t wish the examiner to read

20. Don’t miss out part of a multipart question Towards the end of the exam 1. If possible, reread your answers and clarify where

necessary 2. Incorporate any new ideas if appropriate 3. Make sure answers are correctly numbered 4. Stay to the end – if you leave early you will think of

something you could have added.


OLD QUESTION COLLECTION

UNIT -1 Short Answer Questions 1. Why computer is known as versatile and diligent

device? Explain. [HSEB 2069] 2. What are the application areas of computer? Explain

in brief. [HSEB 2067] 3. Why is Charles Babbage known as ‘Father of the

Computer’? [HSEB 2062] 4. Describe at least five ways in which information

technology can help students studying subjects other than computing. [HSEB 2062]

5. Write brief note on the achievement of the following computer scientists: Howard Aiken [HSEB 2062]

6. Explain the evolution of computer describing the technologies used in different generations.

[HSEB 2059] 7. What do you mean by generation of computer?

Explain the characteristics of third generation of computers. [HSEB 2061]

8. Compare and contrast between first and second generation of computers. [HSEB 2011]

9. Differentiate between second and third generation of computer. [HSEB 2070]

10. What is generation of computer? Describe the third generation of computer. [HSEB 2070]

11. Describe the major characteristics of fourth generation of computers. [HSEB 2064/2070/2071]

12. Explain the technologies used in different generation of computer. [HSEB 2069]

13. Compare the distinctions between third and fourth generations of computer. [HSEB 2060/2071]

14.How do you measure the speed and storage capacity of computer? Explain. [2073]


15. Write short notes on: [HSEB 2064] (a) Charles Babbage Long Answer Questions 1. What are the application areas of computer? Explain

in detail. [HSEB 2065] 2. Discuss about how the development of the PCs

(personal Computers) has extended the use of computer at present days. [HSEB 2058]

3. Explain the different generation of computers. [HSEB 2065, 2066] 4. What do you mean by generation of computer?

Explain the technology used in different generation of computer. [HSEB 2067]

5. Explain any five fields of usage of computer in present days. [HSEB 2069]

UNIT – 2

Short Answer Questions 1. Compare and contrast Analogue and Digital

computers with appropriate examples. [HSEB 2057] 2. Differentiate between analog and digital computer. [HSEB 2060, 2065, 2069, 2070] 3. What are super computers? Explain their application

in real life situation. [HSEB 2061, 2067] 4. Describe the application area of supercomputer. [HSEB 2070] 5. Describe the major features of super computer. [HSEB 2071] 6. Describe the Mainframe computer in detail. [HSEB 2070] 7. Compare mini and mainframe computers in terms of

speed, memory and storage. [HSEB 2062, 2064, 02066] 8. Differentiate between Mini and Mainframe

computer. [HSEB 2071]


9. Classify the computers on the basis of size. [HSEB 2069] 10. What is mobile computing? Explain. [HSEB 2069] 11. List out the major features of mobile computing. [HSEB 2069/ 2070, 2071] 12. Explain the advantages of mobile computing. [HSEB 2070] 13. Explain the importance of mobile computing. [HSEB 2070, 2071] 14. Write short notes on:

(a) Microcomputer [HSEB 2058, 2062]

(b) Super Computer [HSEB 2058]

(c) Analog Computer [HSEB 2062]

(d) IBM PC and IBM Compatibles


[HSEB 2063]

(e) Digital Computers [HSEB 63]

UNIT – 3

Short Answer Questions 1. Define base or radix of number system. Convert

(11011.011)2 into decimal number. [HSEB 2062] 2. What is binary number system? Convert (520)10 into

base 16. [HSEB 2060] 3. Convert (1101111101)2 binary number into octal

number. [HSEB 2069] 4. What is number system? Convert (567)8 octal number

into hexadecimal number. [HSEB 2070] 5. What is binary number? Convert (1111111)2 binary

number into octal number. [HSEB 2070] 6. What is octal number system? Convert (356)10 into

base 8. [HSEB 2059] 7. What is octal number system? Convert (456)8 octal

number into base 2 number system. [HSEB 2067] 8. Convert 333 denary number into Hexadecimal

number and back to base two number system. [HSEB 2057] 9. What is octal number system? Convert (BAC)16

hexadecimal into binary number system. [HSEB 2070] 10. Convert (5634)8 octal number into binary number. [HSEB 2069]


11. What is hexadecimal number system? Convert (111011)2 into base 16. [HSEB 2061]

12. What is hexadecimal number system? Convert (B8C)16 Hexadecimal number into base 8 number system. [HSEB 2067]

13. Subtract (1100)2 from (1111)2 1’s and 2’s complement method. [HSEB 2069]

14. Subtract (1010)2 from (1011)2 using 1’s and 2’s complement method. [HSEB 2069]





19. What is number system? Convert (ABCD)16 hexadecimal number into octal number system.

[HSEB 2071] 20. Subtract (11001)2 from (11101)2 using 1’s and 2’s

complement method. [HSEB 2071] 21. Convert the following numbers according to the

instruction given. (a) (240)10 into Octal number [HSEB 2058] (b) (ABC)16 into Binary number [HSEB 2058] (c) (A5B)16 into decimal number [HSEB 2062] (d) (637)10 into Hexadecimal [HSEB 2063] (e) (BBA)16 into binary [HSEB 2064] (f) (BCA)16 into base 8 number system [HSEB 2065] (g) (BEEF)16 into binary [HSEB 2066]

UNIT -4

Short Answer Questions 1. Define Boolean functions. Construct truth for AND

operation of Boolean algebra. [HSEB 2057]


2. Construct the truth table of the ‘AND’ and ‘OR’ operation of Boolean algebra. [HSEB 2058]

3. Write truth table for NAND operation of Boolean algebra. [HSEB 2059,2061, 2066]

4. Write the truth table of NOR operation of Boolean algebra. [HSEB 2060, 2063]

5. What are logical gates? Draw symbols for ‘AND’ and ‘NOT’ gates. [HSEB 2062]

6. Construct the truth table of XOR and XNOR operations of Boolean algebra. [HSEB 2064]

7. What are logical gates? Differentiate between ‘NAND’ and ‘NOR’ gate with truth table.

[HSEB 2065, 67, 69] Long Answer Questions 1. What is Boolean algebra? Describe AND gate, OR

gate, NOT gate and NAND gate with gate symbol and truth table. [HSEB 2069]

2. Describe any five logic gates with Truth Table and gate symbol. [HSEB 2070, 2071]

3. Describe any five logic gates with Truth Table. [HSEB 2070] 4. What is a logic gate? Describe any four gates with

Truth Table and gate symbol. [HSEB 2070, 2071]

UNIT – 5 Short Answer Questions 1. Distinguish among the terms, ‘hardware’, ‘software’

and ‘firmware’. [HSEB 2059, 2063] 2. Explain the function of CPU. [HSEB 2064] 3. Explain the work done by control unit and ALU of

the computer. [HSEB 2062] 4. What is memory? Differentiate between primary and

secondary memory. Why hard disk is popular than floppy disk? Explain. [HSEB 2064]


5. What is memory? Differentiate between primary and second memory. [HSEB 2066, 2070, 2071]

6. What is the importance of primary and secondary memory in a computer system? [HSEB 2058]

7. What is memory? Explain main memory and secondary memory. [HSEB 2065]

8. What are the main types of memory in a computer and explain how do they differ from one another?

[HSEB 2062] 9. Explain the role of memory in a computer and

differentiate between main memory and auxiliary storage. [HSEB 2063]

10. What do you mean by ‘Volatility”? Explain RAM and ROM with the concept and term. [HSEB 2059]

11. Differentiate between RAM and ROM. [HSEB 2067] 12. What do you understand by storage media? Why is

CD-ROM more reliable than floppy disk? [HSEB 2057] 13. What is a cache memory? Why is it useful in

computer system? What do you mean by data sequencing? Differentiate between random access and sequential access. [HSEB 2061]

14. What are the computer peripherals? Differentiate between sequential and random access storage media. [HSEB 2062]

15. Explain briefly the functions of input unit and control unit of a computer. [HSEB 2063]

16. What is the role of input and output devices in a computer system? Name some of the input and output devices used with computers and explain two of them. [HSEB 2062]

17. Write short notes on touch pads and light pens. [HSEB 2060] 18. What is printer? Differentiate between softcopy and

hardcopy output. [HSEB 2066] 19. What is output device? Differentiate between

softcopy and hardcopy output. [HSEB 2064]


20. Differentiate between Impact printer and Non-impact printer. [HSEB 2062, 63, 65, 67, 70]

21. What is an output? Distinguish between CRT monitor and LCD monitor. [HSEB 2067]

22. What is a BUS in computer architecture? [HSEB 2059, 2066] 23. What do you understand by computer software?

Name various categories of them, giving at least one example of each. [HSEB 2062]

24. What do you mean by system software and application software? [HSEB 2064]

25. Define software. Explain the different types of software in detail. [HSEB 2064]

26. Describe the differences between serial and parallel interfaces. [HSEB 2061]

27. Describe different types of software. [HSEB 2070] 28. Describe the Impact Printers with examples. [HSEB 2071] 29. Describe different types of software. [HSEB 2071] 30. List out the functions of CPU. [HSEB 2071] 31. Write short notes on:

(a) MICR [HSEB 2064/2071] (b) Joystick [HSEB 2066/2070] (c) Scanner [HSEB 2065/2070] (d) Light pen [HSEB 2065] (e) OCR [HSEB 2071] (f) Touch Screen [HSEB 2060] (g) Compiler versus Interpreter [HSEB 2067] (h) Cache Memory [HSEB 2067] (i) Laser printer [HSEB 2064, 2065] (j) Modem [HSEB 2066]

Long Answer Questions 1. What do you mean by computer architecture?

Describe each functional components of computer architecture with typical diagram. [HSEB 2061]


2. With the logical structural diagram explain functions of elements of a computer system. [HSEB 2059]

3. Show with reference to a block diagram the structure of a digital computer system and the inter-connection of various units. Explain the functions of various units briefly. [HSEB 2060]

4. Discuss the term computer architecture. Draw block diagram and explain the main components of a computer system. [HSEB 2061]

6. Define computer architecture? Draw a block diagram of computer system along with logical connections. Explain each block in detail. [HSEB 2067]

6. Explain the components of computer system with block diagram. [HSEB 2065, 2066]

7. Define the term computer peripheral. Discuss about different types of printers with their merits and demerits. [HSEB 2058]

8. What is CPU? Explain the major units of CPU. [HSEB 2070] 9. What is computer architecture? Describe different

units of computer system. [HSEB 2071] 10. What is memory? Describe the types of memory. [HSEB 2071]

UNIT -6 Short Answer Questions 1. Define an operating system. What is its purpose? List

the functions. [HSEB 2062] 2. Discuss about the advantages of GUI operating

system (MS Windows) over text based operating system (DOS). [HSEB 2058]

3. Describe and differentiate between GUI (Graphical User Interface) and CLI (Command Line interface).

[HSEB 2062]


4. What is operating system? Why GUI operating system is more popular than text based operating system? Justify clearly. [HSEB 2060, 2063, 2065]

5. Explain the importance of an operating system. Differentiate between GUI and CUI operating systems with examples. [HSEB 2064]

6. Distinguish between on-line and real time processing? What application would you suggest appropriate for the real time processing? [HSEB 2057]

7. Explain the term hardware interrupts and software interrupts. [HSEB 2060]

8. Describe the terms spooling and buffering. [HSEB 2060] 9. What do you mean by ‘Virtual memory’? How does

it differ from the ‘main memory’ and ‘secondary memory’? Discuss. [HSEB 2061]

10. What is booting? Describe the types of computer booting. [HSEB 2071]

11. Write short notes on: (a) Computer booting [HSEB 2071]

Long Answer Questions 1. What is an operating system? Explain its major

functions. [HSEB 2061, 2065, 2066, 2070] 2. “An operating system is an interface between human

operators and application software”. Justify the statement with examples of operating system knows to you. [HSEB 2057]

3. What is an operating system? Explain the different types of operating system with suitable examples.

[HSEB 2067] 4. What is an Operating System? Describe GUI and CUI

based operating systems with merits and demerits. [HSEB 2071] 5. What is an operating system? Describe the types of

operating system. [HSEB 2071]


UNIT – 7 Short Answer Questions 1. What are the characteristics necessary for

programming to be considered as a high level language? [HSEB 2062]

2. What do you mean by 4GL? Give examples. [HSEB 2057] 3. Differentiate between Compiler and Interpreter. [HSEB 2063, 70, 71] 4. Distinguish the terms 'Operation’, ‘Operator’, and

Operand’ with examples. [HSEB 2059] 5. What are the two types of programming errors? How

are they detected? [HSEB 2060] 6. Explain the types of programming errors with

examples. [HSEB 2069] 7. What are programming errors? Explain. [HSEB 2069] 8. ‘Logical errors are difficult to find than the syntax

errors’. Justify. [HSEB 2069] 9. What are the logical errors in a program? Why they

are more difficult to detect? [HSEB 2062] 10. Differentiate between logical errors and syntax error

with examples? [HSEB 2070] 11. What is program debugging? Differentiate between

‘syntax error’ and ‘logical error’. [HSEB 2061] 12. Draw a flowchart to test the condition ‘it-then-else’ in

program design process. [HSEB 2059] 13. Explain the differences between the syntax and

semantics. [HSEB 2059] 14. What is program logic? What are the symbols used to

draw the flowchart? [HSEB 2060] 15. Draw the diagram showing semantics of case

statement and syntax in structure English. [HSEB 2057] 16. What is flowchart? Write the advantages of drawing

flowcharts. [HSEB 2058]


17. What is flowchart? List different figures used while drawing flowcharts. [HSEB 2062]

18. What is flowchart? Differentiate between program flowchart and System flowchart. [HSEB 2061]

19. Define flowchart and algorithms with examples. [HSEB 2063] 20. What is an algorithm? Explain the advantage of

algorithm. [HSEB 2064] 21. Describe algorithm and flowchart with examples. [HSEB 2070, 2071] 22. What is programming? Differentiate between

flowchart and algorithms with suitable examples. [HSEB 2065. 2067] 23. Describe and distinguish between algorithm and

pseudo code? Give example in each case. [HSEB 2062] 24. Differentiate between:

(a) Flowchart and algorithm [HSEB 2066] 25. What is an algorithm? Write an algorithm to

compute the sales person’s commission based on a sales volume shows below: [HSEB 2062] Sales

Amount Commission (% of sales)

(a) Under Rs. 500/- 2% (b) Rs. 500 or more but under Rs. 5000 5% (c) Rs. 5000 and above 10%

Long Answer Questions 1. Explain different types of programming language

with their merits and demerits. [HSEB 2070] 2. What is programming language? Explain different

types of programming languages. [HSEB 2069] 3. What are the program design tools? Describe

different types of program design tools with merits and demerits. [HSEB 2070]


4. Describe different types of programming design tools with Truth Table. [HSEB 2071]

5. Describe different types of language processors with examples. [HSEB 2071]

6. What do you mean by programming? Why translator is necessary in programming? Differentiate between compiler and interpreter with suitable examples.

[HSEB 2067] 7. What is programming? Differentiate between

compiler and interpreter. [HSEB 2069] 8. What is programming? Describe the types of

programming languages with appropriate examples. [HSEB 2070]

UNIT – 8 Short Answers Questions 1. What is a spreadsheet package? State the advantages

of spreadsheet package. [HSEB 2064] 2. Explain the main features of spread sheet package. [HSEB 2069, 2070] 3. Explain briefly about the cell referencing in spread

sheet package. [HSEB 2063] 4. What is an application program? List the major

features of spread-sheet. [HSEB 2071]

UNIT – 9 Short Answer Questions 1. What is Internet? List the major uses of Internet. [HSEB 2071] 2. What is search engine? List out the major uses of

internet. [HSEB 2070] 3. Write short notes on:

(a) Uses of


Internet [HSEB 2071]

UNIT – 10 Short Answer Questions 1. What is HTML? Describe the major features of

HTML. [HSEB 2071] 2. List out the advantages and disadvantages of HTML. [HSEB 2070] 3. List out the advantages and uses of HTML [HSEB 2071]


UNIT 1

INTRODUCTION AND EVOLUTIONS OF COMPUTER

Long Questions 1. Why computer is known as versatile and diligent

device? Explain. A computer is most powerful electronic device that human ever made. Each and every field are directly and indirectly connected with computer because of its tremendous characteristics such as its processing speed, huge storage capacity, high accuracy, versatility and diligence. Computer is Versatile Machine A computer can perform more than one work having different characteristics. Such characteristic of computer is known as versatility. Same computer can be used for various purposes such as accounting, playing games, listening music, watching movies, typing and printing the document, sending email etc. Computer is Diligence Machine The ability of a computer to perform a work repeatedly again and again without getting tired and bored is called diligence. Unlike human beings, computer is free from tiredness, weakness, lack of concentration and monotony. Computer can perform the repeated task with the same speed and accuracy. Computer can perform more than one task at a time and can do it rapidly without getting tired so it is known as versatile and diligent device.


2. What are the application area of computer? Explain in brief.

Computers are used in varieties of different fields now a days. Computers are used in education, Business, Office, Communication, Bank, Industry, Health, Military, Aviation, Robotics, Graphics etc. Computer in Education Now a days in educational field computers are used as information resources, teaching aid, online library system, record keeping etc. Computers are being used to teach students through multimedia. Students are getting more information through computer (internet) related to their academic curriculums. Students can give online exams and get instant results. Distance educations are now possible through computers. Computer in Banks Banks use computer to handle transaction, to maintain ledger, to make withdrawals and deposits to customers, to provide online service to customers. Banks keep overall transaction in electronic form by the help of computer. Internet Banking, ATMs, etc are possible only by the help of computers. Computers in Health Computer are widely used in hospitals to help doctors in diagnosis, getting information of patients, diseases, treatment, drugs etc. They are also used in administration to keep better records. Many medical databases are being developed which contain information about diseases and their treatment. Millions of health related information can be obtain through internet. Different kinds of modern medical equipment's are possible only by the help of computers such as CT SCAN, MRI, EYE testing machines, ultrasonic machine etc.


Computers in Home Today most of people own a home computer. The home computer can be used in recreational activities like playing games, listening to music or watching movies. At home computers can also be used in storing personal information such as birth dates, addressed, telephone numbers, photo albums etc. Now a days people use home computers to access the internet. 3. Why Charles Babbage Known as "Father of the Computer"? The English professor and mathematician Charles Babbage invented the Difference Engine at Cambridge University in 1822 AD. He invented fully programmable automatic mechanical counting machine called Analytical Engine in 1833 AD. His Analytical Engine can accept input, make process and give output which is the general logical characteristic of present day's computer. His analytical engine had four major units

(a) The store: A mechanical memory unit which could store data

and intermediate. (b) The Mill: An arithmetic unit, which was capable of performing

four basic arithmetic operations, addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.

(c) Control Unit: A gears and Shafts by which data and results were

transferred between the store and Mills. (d) Cards (Input / Output devices): Punch cards were used as input and output device.

His efforts guided a number of principles which have been shown to be fundamental to the design of today's digital computer. So he is considered as a "Father of modern day's computer".


4. Describe at least five ways in which information technology can help students studying subjects other than computing.

Now a day's e-learning is being a contemporary technology which is directly beneficial for students where students can learn on various subject matters with much interest and much efficient way. E-learning is the use of electronic media as well as information and communication technologies in education. It is the use to technology to enable students to learn anytime and anywhere. Information Technology is beneficial for students as follows:

(a) Students can learn anywhere they have access to a computer and internet connections.

(b) E-learning can accommodate different learning styles and facilitate learning through a variety of activities.

(c) Students may have options to select learning materials that meet their level of knowledge and interest.

(d) Successfully accomplishing online or computer based courses builds self acquaintance and self confidence in learning.

(e) Interactive simulations and illustrations can produce a much greater depth of understanding of a concept. When virtual manipulative are used in a classroom setting they can go far beyond chalk and talk

(f) In the old days, students could write in a notebook, and what they wrote was seen only by the teacher. Using modern technology they can: Make a PowerPoint presentation, record/edit spoken word, do digital photography, make a video, run a class newspaper, run a web based


school radio or TV station, compose digital music on a synthesizer, make a website, create a blog.

5. Explain the evolution of computer describing the

technologies used in different generations. Computer were invented as a result of man's search for fast, accurate and ease calculating device. The need for calculations with the growth in science, commerce and other human activities explain the evolution of computers. Evolution of computer is actually a study of past development of computer. The gradual development of computer system (hardware and software) leads the evolution of computer into different generation. The development of computer system are divided into five different generation according to its processing speed, processing capability, storage capacity, size, energy consumption, cost, complexity and technology used. In First Generation Vacuum tube were used as the technology in this generation. The vacuum tubes required great amount of energy and generated much heat therefore air-conditioning was essential. In Second Generation Transistor were the technology used in this generation. They were smaller, faster, more reliable, and accurate and more energy efficient as compared to first generation's technology. In third Generation IC (Integrated Circuit) were used as technology in this generation. This technology made the third generation computer smaller in size, more reliable, accurate than previous generation of computer.


In Fourth Generation This computer were based on microprocessor. A microprocessor is a computer processor on a microchip. It makes the computers more powerful, compact, affordable, portable and totally reliable. 6. Compare and Contrast between first and second

generation of Computer. The development of computer system are divided into five different generation according to its processing speed, processing capability, storage capacity, size, energy consumption, cost, complexity and technology used. The first and second generation of computer were varies according to their technology, speed, memory, language, cost, size and heat generation etc. The basic comparison between first and second generation of computer are shown below in table:

First generation (1940 – 1956)

Second Generation (1956-1963)

Technology Vacuum tube Transistor Speed Milli-second Micro-Second Primary Memory Vacuum Tubes Magnetic Cores Secondary Memory

Punched Cards, Magnetic Tape

Magnetic Tape/ Disks

Computer Language

Fully Machine Level Assembly Level language

Cost Very High High Size, Electrical Consumption, Heat

Very High High

Speed, Capability

Very Less Less

Example UNIAC, EDVAC IBM 1620, IBM 7090


• The first generation of computer were based on vacuum tube whereas the technology of second generation of computer were Transistors.

• The second generation of computer were smaller, faster, more reliable, accurate and more energy efficient as compared to first generation computer.

• Punched Cards were used as secondary memory in first generation computer whereas Magnetic Tapes were used as secondary memory in second generation computer.

Short Notes EDVAC This computer was invented by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert. The construction started in 1944 before ENIAC was brought into operation. However, the computer was in full operation in 1951. This computer also worded on binary digits and used stored grogram concept. The computer had almost 6000 vacuum tubes and 12000 diodes and consumed 56 kilowatt power. It covered 490 square feet of floor space and weight was about 7 tons. EDVAC ran until 1961. UNIVAC This computer was developed by the team that invented the ENIAC computer, John Mauchly and John Presper Eskert. This was first Commercial general purpose digital computer. The first UNIVAC was delivered to the United State Census Bureau on March 31, 1951. This computer was still in use till 1970. Mark I Mark I was developed by Howard Aiken and Grace Hopper at Harvard University USA. It was built by IBM in 1944 and was brought into operation until 1959. This giant computer was about 5 ton weight with dimension 51


feet long, 8 feet height and 2 feet in depth. This huge device was used by US Navy for gunnery and ballistic calculation. This computer could carry out addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and reference to previous results. Abacus Abacus is a mechanical device that can be used as an aid for performing mathematical calculations. The Origin of the abacus is rather controversial. It is known to have existed in Babylonia and China in between 1000BC to 500 BC. The rest abacus was believed to be made with flat stone covered with sand or dust. The Abacus consists of two parts one above the other, also called earth and heaven. The lower part usually consists of five beads and the upper part consists of two beads. Long Questions 1. Define Computer System? Explain the

Characteristics of a computer? A computer system is one that is able to take a set of inputs, process them and create a set of outputs. This is done by a combination of hardware and software. The diagram below shows you the idea of a computer system in its most basic form:


Much of the world runs on computers and computers profoundly changed human life mostly for better. The characteristics of Computer are briefly discussed below: (VdrapsS) • Speed A computer is a very fast device. It can carry out instructions at a very high speed obediently, and without showing any emotions. It can perform in a few seconds the amount of work that a human being need to do it day and night to complete. The speed of computer is calculated in MHz that is one million instructions per second. • Accuracy Accuracy of a computer is consistently high and the degree of accuracy of a particular computer depends on the instructions and the type of processor. But for a particular computer, each and every calculation is performed. For example, the computer accurately give the result of division of any number up to 10 decimal points. • Versatility Versatility is one of the most wonderful things about computer. Multi-processing features of computer makes it quiet versatile in nature. One moment, it is preparing the

Process

Applicaton

Output

Storage

Input


results of particular examination, the next moment it is busy preparing electricity bills, and in between it may be helping an office secretary to trace an important letter in seconds. It can perform different types of tasks with same ease. Briefly, a computer is capable of performing almost any task provided that the task can be reduced to a series of logical steps. • Power of Remembering A computer can store and recall any amount of information because of its secondary storage capability. Every piece of information can be retain as long as desired by the user and it can be recalled information almost instantaneously. Even after several years, the information recalled will be as accurate as on the day when it was fed to the computer. • Diligence The computer is a machine, does not suffer from the human traits of tiredness. Nor does it loses concentration even after working continuously for a long time. This characteristics is especially useful for those jobs where same tasks is done again and again. It can perform long and complex calculations with same speed and accuracy from the start till the end. • Storage The computers have a lot of a storage devices which can store a tremendous amount of data. Data storage is essential function of the computer. Second storage devices like floppy disk can store a large amount of data permanently.


2. What are the application areas of computer? Explain in detail.

Computers are use almost in every sector now a days. Modern world is difficult to imagine without computer. It has great impact on every aspect of mankind and plays an important role in our society. Computer technology is one of the fastest developing technologies. Some major application are of computer are Banking sectors, Industries, Education, Medical sectors, offices, Home, Communication, Designing, Military, Aviation, Robotics, Research and so on. Some application area of computers are briefly discussed below: (a) Business A computer has high speed of calculation, diligence, accuracy, reliability, or versatility which made it an integrated part in all business organizations. Computer is used in business organizations for:

• Payroll calculations • Budgeting • Sales analysis • Financial forecasting • Managing employees database • Maintenance of stocks etc.

(b) Banking Today banking is almost totally dependent on computer. Banks provide following facilities:

• Banks provide online accounting facility, which includes current balances, deposits, overdrafts, interest charges, shares, and trustee records.

• ATM machines are making it even easier for customers to deal with banks.

(c) Education


Computers are used as teaching aid, information resource, computing and research toll. The computer has provided a lot of facilities in the education system.

• The computer provides a tool in the education system known as CBE (Computer Based Education).

• CBE involves control, delivery, and evaluation of learning.

• The computer education is rapidly increasing the graph of number of computer students.

• There are number of methods in which educational institutions can use computer to educate the students.

• It is used to prepare a database about performance of a student and analysis is carried out on this basis.

(d) Health Care Computers have become important part in hospitals, labs, and dispensaries. The computers are being used in hospitals to keep the record of patients and medicines. It is also used in scanning and diagnosing different diseases. ECG, EEG, Ultrasounds and CT Scans etc., are also done by computerized machines. Some major fields of health care in which computers are used are:

• Diagnostic System Computers are used to collect data and identify cause

of illness. • Lab-diagnostic System All tests can be done and reports are prepared by

computer. • Patient Monitoring System These are used to check patient's signs for abnormality

such as in Cardiac Arrest, ECG etc.


• Pharma Information System Computer checks Drug-Labels, Expiry dates, harmful

drug’s side effects etc. • Surgery Nowadays, computers are also used in performing

surgery. (e) Communication Communication means to express a message, an idea, a picture or speech that is received and understood clearly and correctly by the person for whom it is meant for. Some main areas in this category are:

• E-mail • Chatting • Use Internet • Video-conferencing

3. Explain Different Generation of Computer. "Generation in computer" terms is a change in technology a computer is/was being used. Initially, the generation term was used to distinguish between varying hardware technologies. But nowadays, generation includes both hardware and software, which together make up an entire computer system. There are totally five computer generations known till date. Different generation of computer are briefly discussed below with their major features: First Generation of Computer (1945-1954)

• Vacuum Tube was used as a Technology. • Operation speed was in terms of milliseconds

range. • Machine language was used to instruct the

computer programming mainly at hardware level. • Magnetic core was used as primary memory. • Punched Card, Magnetic tape were used as

secondary memory.


• Punched card were used for input/output operation.

• It occupied vary large space, slow processing. • The Power consumption was very high. • Examples: ENIAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC.

Second Generation Computer (1955-1964)

• Transistor was used as a Technology. • Operation speed was in terms of microseconds

range. • Assembly language was used to instruct the

computer. • Magnetic core was used as primary memory. • Magnetic drum and Magnetic tape were used as

secondary memory. • Punched card were used for input/output

operation. • Transistor reduces size of computer hence It

occupied less space compared to 1st generation computer.

• The Power consumption was high. • Examples: IBM 1401, ICL 2950/10.

Third Generation Computer (1964-1971)

• Integrated Circuit was used as a Technology. • Operation speed was in terms of nanosecond range. • High Level language was used to instruct the

computer (eg. FORTRAN, BSIC). • Semiconductor memory like RAM and ROM was

used as primary memory. • Magnetic disk and Magnetic tape were used as

secondary memory. • Keyboard and Monitors were used for

input/output operation. • Size, Cost, Power, Heat generation were decreased. • Multiprogramming facility was developed. • Examples: IBM-360 series, ICL-900 series.


Fourth Generation (1971-Present): • Microprocessor is used as a Technology • Operation speed is in terms of picoseconds range • Problem oriented fourth generation language (4GL)

is used to instruct the computer (eg. C, C++, Java). • Semiconductor memory like RAM, ROM and cache

memory is used as primary memory • Magnetic disk, Optical memory and Magnetic tape

are used as secondary memory • Keyboard and Monitors were used for

input/output operation • Size, Cost, Power, Heat generation are very low. • Multiprogramming, Multiprocessing facility is

developed. • More advance operating system such as Windows

XP/7/8, Android, IOS etc are developed. • Computer could be linked together and share

information. • Advanced, User-friendly, web based software are

developed. • Examples: IBM-PC, HP Laptops, Mac Notebook etc.

Fifth Generation (Future) This generation is based on parallel processing hardware and AI (Artificial Intelligence) software. AI is an emerging branch in computer science, which interprets means and method of making computers think like human beings. Scientists are going on the development of this computer. Some major features of fifth generation computer will be :

• Bio-Chips will be used as a Technology • Operation speed is in terms of LIPS and more than

femto second range • Natural language will be used to instruct the

computer • Development of true artificial intelligence • Development of Natural language processing • Advancement in Parallel Processing


• Advancement in Superconductor technology • More user friendly interfaces with multimedia

features • Availability of very powerful and compact

computers at cheaper rates Short Notes EDVAC EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) is one of the first electronic computers that utilized the binary system that first began performing basic tasks in 1951. The EDVAC is used for more school personnel and the Ballistics Research Laboratory of the US Army Which was based on John Von Neumann's ideas of "Stored Program". It used random access main memory consisting of cathode ray tube. It also used vacuum tubes for some internal storage. UNIVAC Short for Universal Automatic Computer, the UNIVAC I, a trademark of the Unisys corporation, was released in 1951 and 1952 when first developed by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly. The UNIVAC is an electrical computer containing thousands of vacuum tubes that utilizes punch cards and switches for inputting data and punch cards for outputting and storing data. The UNIVAC was later released the UNIVAC II, and III with various models, such as the 418, 490, 491, 1100, 1101, 1102, 1103, 1104, 1105, 1106, 1107, and 1108. Many of these models were only owned by a few companies or government agencies.


UNIT 2

CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER Short Answer Question 1. Differentiate between analog and digital computer. Analog and Digital computers are those computers which are classified on the basis of working principle or function. The computer which can process analog quantities is analog computer and computer which works on discrete data is digital computer. Difference between Digital and analog computer: 1 These compute work

with digits 1 These Computers work

with natural or physical values

2 It works upon discrete data

2 It works upon continuous data

3 It operates by counting and adding

3 It operates by measuring and comparing

4 Its accuracy is high 4 Its accuracy is low 5 Result are obtained after

complete computation 5 Output is continuous

6 It is general purpose in nature

6 It is special purpose computer

7 Higher cost compared to analog computer

7 Lower cost compared to digital computer

8 It can be reprogrammed 8 Normally, it cannot be reprogrammed

9 Wave form of digital computer is:

9 Wave form of analog computer is:

10 Example: Desktop

Computer 10 Example: Presley


2. What are Hybrid computers? List out its features. A hybrid computer is one that combines best features of both analog and digital computer. It helps the user to process both continuous and discrete data. Hybrid computer can convert analog signals into digital signals and digital signals into analog signals. These machines are generally used in scientifica applications, aeroplanes, jet planes, industries. etc. Some of its major features/characteristics are:

(a) It combines the best qualities of analog and digital computers.

(b) It can process both continuous and discrete data (c) It can convert one type of data into another. (d) It is expensive (High Cost) (e) These computers are mostly used in hospitals to

measure the heartbeat of patient. 3. What are super computers? Explain their

applications in real life situation. Super Computers are an extremely fast computer which can execute hundreds of millions of instructions per second. Supercomputers are very expensive and are used for specialized applications that require immense amounts of mathematical calculations. Some of the today's super computer has the computing capability equal to that of 40000 microcomputers. Usually super computers use parallel processors. Super computers are used for highly calculation-intensive tasks such as weather forecasting, climate research, molecular modeling, animated graphics, fluid dynamic, petroleum exploration, physical simulations and other scientific and engineering research. Supercomputers in weather forecasting Supercomputing plays an enormous part in the weather forecasting. Still, predicting how the atmosphere changes


is not a small job. Forecasters Programs very complicated equations to make their predictions. It's the most complex math that can be done. That's why supercomputers are needed to do it. Without super computer it would be difficult to predict weather forecasting. Super Computers in Movies These are used to produce special effects. Movies like The Star Fighter, Star Trek, Babylon 5, Terminator’s sequel, Asteroid, Dante’s Peak, Jurassic Park, The Lost World, Godzilla, Matrix’s sequel, Lord of the Rings and all the latest movies have special effects generated on supercomputers. Oil Exploration and Production companies Process millions of pieces of data to determine the most productive oil exploration sites, Processing of geological data involves billions of pieces of data and thousands of variables, a very complex calculation requiring humongous computing power. Genetic engineering Used for the processing and decoding of genetic data. Genetics scientists and engineers are using it for research and development to immune human beings form heredity diseases. As genetics data processing involves thousands of factors to be processed. Supercomputers are the best choice. The latest developments, like, cloning and gene mapping also require the processing capabilities of supercomputers. In Automobile Industry Super computers are use do crash simulation of the design of an automobile before it is released for manufacturing for better automobile design.


4. Describe the major features of super computer. The large in size, fastest, most expensive and specific purpose computer is super computer. Its major features are briefly described below: (a) Speed As suggested by name super computer is super fast. It can

perform at billions of instructions per second (BIPS) and more. Supercomputers are used for highly calculation-intensive tasks such as problems involving quantum physics, weather forecasting, climate research, molecular modeling. Some of today's super computer has the computing capability equal to that of 40000 micro-computers.

(b) Size and Cost Due to its high cost and size, it is relatively rare, It is used

only by large corporations, universities and government agencies, mainly in the areas of defense and weaponry weather forecasting, scientific research, aeronautics, satellite communication, study of DNA structures etc. It requires large space and temperature controlled room.

(c) Operating System Most modern supercomputers use the Linux operating

system, each manufacturer has its own specific Linux-derivative, and no industry standard exists, partly due to the fact that the differences in hardware architectures require changes to optimize the operating system to each hardware design.

(d) Capability Supercomputers generally aim for the maximum in

capability computing rather than capacity computing. Capability computing is typically thought of as using the maximum computing power to solve a single large problem in the shortest amount of time.


5. Differentiate between Mini and Mainframe computers.

The differences between mainframe and mini computers are as follows:

Mainframe Computer Mini Computer 1. They are larger than

minicomputer. 1. They are smaller than

mainframe computer. 2. They support large number

of terminals up to 100. 2. They support small number

of terminals approximately 50.

3. They are expensive than minicomputer

3. They are cheaper than mainframe computer

4 They have large storage capacity and high processing speed than minicomputer

4. They have small storage capacity and low processing speed than mainframe computer

5. They are faster (i.e. 30-100 MIPS)

5. They are slower (i.e. 2-30 MIPS)

6. Mainframe Computers are used as a servers on the world wide web

6. Minicomputers are used as server in network equipment and hundreds of personal computers.

7. They are generally used in big organization or government for large scale data processing.

7. They are used in medium sized organization

8. Examples : IBM 4300 series, IBM 1401 , CYBER 170 etc.

8. Examples AS 400, VAX 7500 etc.

6. Differentiate between Microcomputer and Super

computers.


The differences between Microcomputer and Minicomputers are as follows:

Microcomputer Supercomputer 1. It is least powerful

according to processing capabilities.

1. It is more powerful computer.

2. It is the slowest computer in terms of processing.

2. It is faster computer in terms of processing.

3. It is a general purpose computer

3. It is a special purpose computer

4. It is the smallest computer on the basis of size

4. It is larger in size

5. It can be portable as well as non-portable

5. It is non-portable computer

6. It is cheaper. 6. It is the most expensive computer.

7. It can be handled by only one person.

7. It requires number of expert to operate

8. It has limited memory and storage capacity.

8. It usually contains larger memory and storage capacity.

9. It is the most popular computer among all

9. It is rarely used for some specific task

10.It is used in office, house 10.it is used in weather forecasting scientific research

11.Example: Desktop PC, Laptop, Tabet PC

11.Example Cray X-MP /24 Nec -500

7. What is mobile computing? List out the major

features of mobile computing. Mobile computing is a generic term describing one's ability to use technology while moving. A mobile computing device is created using mobile components, such as mobile hardware and software. They are portable devices capable of operating, executing, providing services and applications like a computing device. User can access data and information from wherever they are. Some major features are:


(a) It is a portable device that can be used during mobility.

(b) It has limited processing and storage capability. (c) It includes mobile communication, mobile

hardware and mobile software. (d) It usually contains touch screen for providing input. (e) It contains camera, speaker, and microphone etc. (f) It contains handwriting recognizing software (g) It can be used for cloud computing and remote

access (h) It uses mobile computing operating system such

as Android, ios, windows Mobile OS etc. (i) It can include GPS receiver for navigation.

8. What is mobile computing? Explain about the

advantage of mobile computing. Mobile computing is a generic term describing one's ability to use technology while moving. A mobile computing device is created using mobile components, such as mobile hardware and software. They are portable devices capable of operating, executing, providing services and applications like a computing device. User can access data and information from wherever they are. Mobile Computing Major Advantages (LEESES) Mobile computing has changed the complete landscape of human being life. Following are the clear advantages of Mobile Computing: Location flexibility This has enabled user to work from anywhere as long as there is a connection established. A user can work without being in a fixed position. Their mobility ensures that they are able to carry out numerous tasks at the same time perform their stated jobs. Enhanced Productivity


Productive nature has been boosted by the fact that a worker can simply work efficiently and effectively from which ever location they see comfortable and suitable. Users are able to work with comfortable environments. Ease of research Research has been made easier, since users will go to the field and search for facts and feed them back to the system. It has also made it easier for field officer and researchers to collect and feed data from wherever they without making unnecessary trip to and from the office to the field. Saves Time The time consumed or wasted by travelling from different locations or to the office and back, have been slashed. One can now access all the important documents and files over a secure channel or portal and work as if they were on their computer. It has enhanced telecommuting in many companies. This also reduces unnecessary expenses that might be incurred. Entertainment Video and audio recordings can now be streamed on the go using mobile computing. It's easy to access a wide variety of movies, educational and informative material. With the improvement and availability of high speed data connections at considerable costs, one is able to get all the entertainment they want as they browser the internet for streamed data. One can be able to watch news, movies, and documentaries among other entertainment offers over the internet. This was not such before mobile computing dawned on the computing world. Streamlining of Business Processes Business processes are now easily available through secured connections. Basing on the factor of security, adequate measures have been put in place to ensure


authentication and authorization of the user accessing those services. Some business functions can be run over secure links and also the sharing of information between business partners. Also it's worth noting that lengthy travelling has been reduced, since there is the use of voice and video conferencing. Meetings, seminars and other informative services can be conducted using the video and voice conferencing. This cuts down on travel time and expenditure 9. Differentiate between IBM PC and IBM Compatibles. IBM PC and IBM Compatibles are based on same principle and architecture. Hardware recognized by one computer is recognized by another type of computer. Software run on one type of computer is also run on other type of computer. Under the same configuration both have same performance. Differences between IBM PC and IBM Compatible computers are: 1. The personnel computer

developed by IBM itself is called IBM PC.

1. The computer are manufactured by another companies rather than IBM Company are known as IBM compatibles.

2. This computer are also called original or branded computers

2. They are also duplicate or assemble computer of IBM PC.

3. These computers are reliable, durable and have better quality than IBM Compatible

3. This computer are less reliable, less durable, have low quality than IBM PC.

4. They are costly than IBM Compatible computer

4. These are cheaper than IBM PC

5. It has its own principle 5. It follows the principle of IBM PC


6. It was specifically designed for professional and scientific problem solvers.

6. It was designed for general user and their parts are easily available in market.


UNIT 3

NUMBER SYSTEM AND THEIR CONVERSION

Some rules to remember while number conversion: (a) While number conversion never multiply or divide

number by base value of decimal. (b) Always remember if you have to convert any number

system into decimal then multiply the number with base value from the number system you are converting.

Other number system to Decimal = (Multiply X) eg. (101.11)2 into base 10 1x22+0x21+1x20 +1x2-1+1x2-2

Note: The power of base 2 starts with 0 from least significant

bit towards most significant bits for non-fractional numbers, whereas in case of fractional numbers, the power of base starts with -1.

(c) Always remember if you have to convert any Decimal

number into any other number then divide the number with base value to the number system you are converting.

Decimal → Other number system = (Divide ÷) e.g. (22.22)10 into base 2

2 22 0

↑ 2 11 1 2 5 1 2 2 0 1


2 x 0.22 = 0.44 0

↓ 2 x 0.44 = 0.88 0 2 x 0.88 = 1.76 1 2 x 0.76 = 1.52 1 2 x 0.52 = 1.04 1

Ans: (10110.00111)2

Note: Fraction part of any decimal number is converted into

binary number by successive multiplication to the given number with respective base 2. The process is terminated when we get 0 in the fraction part of product. When we fail to get 0, then we may terminate the process after 5th round.

(d) While converting Octal to Hexadecimal and

Hexadecimal to Octal, there is no any direct method to convert from hexadecimal to octal and octal to hexadecimal. In the case you have to follow two methods: (i) Octal to Binary to Hexadecima (ii) Octal to Decimal to Hexadecimal

(e) The maximum group of binary bit supported by octal number is (111) and the maximum group of binary bit supported by hexadecimal number is (1111).

(f) While converting Octal to Binary always convert the equivalent bit of Octal number in three different bits of a group. i.e. (3211) = (011 010 001 001)

(g) While converting Hexadecimal to Binary always convert the equivalent bit of Hexadecimal number in four different bits of a group. i.e. (3211) = (0011 0010 0001 0001).

Short Answers Questions 1. Define base or radix of a number system. Convert

(11011.011)2 into decimal number.


Base or radix of a number system is defined as the number of digits used to represent the number system. For e.g. decimal number system uses ten digits (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) so, its base is 10. The base of number system is indicated by a subscript and followed by the value of the number. For example:

• (1101)2 is of base 2 number system • (1607)8 is of base 8 number system

Now, converting (11011.011)2 into decimal number: (11011.011)2 = 24 x 1 + 23 x 1 + 22 x 0 + 21 x 1 + 20 x 1 + 2-

1 x 0 + 2-2 x 1 + 2-3 x 1 = 16 + 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 + 0 + 1

22+ 1

23

= 29 + 0.25 + 0.125 = 29.375 Therefore: (11011.011)2 = (29.375)10

2. What is binary number system? Convert (520)10 into

base 16. A number system having base or radix 2 is called binary number system. It consists of 2 bits: 0 and 1. It is also known as Binary Digit (BIT). The power of base 2 starts with 0 from least significant bit towards most significant bits for non-fractional numbers, whereas in case of fractional numbers, the power of base starts with -1. Now converting (520)10 into base 16.

16 520 8 16 32 0 2

Therefore: (520)10 = (208)16

3. What is octal number system? Convert (110111101)2 binary number into octal number.


A number system having base or radix 8 is called octal number system. It consists of 8 digits: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6 and 7. The power of base 2 starts with 0 from least significant bit towards most significant bits for non-fractional numbers, whereas in case of fractional numbers, the power of base starts with -1. Now converting (110111101)2 into base 8. Separating the given binary number into group of three bits from right to left = 110 111 101 Calculating equivalent binary bit of each group:

Binary 110 111 101 Octal 6 7 5

Therefore: (110111101)2 = (675)8

4. What is number system? Convert (567)8 octal number

into hexadecimal number. The number system is a set of values to represent different quantities, and other special characters. The number system is a system of number that deals the numbers and their representation (base and exponent or radix) in different systems. There are two types of number system:

(a) Non-Positional Number Systems (b) Positional Number systems

Converting (567)8 into base 16(Octal to binary and binary to hexadecimal): Separate each bit of octal number: 5 6 7 Equivalent binary bit of octal number:

101 110 111

Now, combining all bits: 101110111 Separating group of bits equivalent to hexadecimal: 0001 0111 0111 Converting to its equivalent hexadecimal number:


1 7 7 Therefore (567)8 = (177)16 5. What is hexadecimal number system? Convert

(111011.111)2 into base 16 A number system having base or radix 16 is called hexadecimal number system. It consists of 16 digits: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,A,B,C,D,E and F. The power of base 16 starts with 0 from least significant digit towards most significant digits for non-fractional numbers, whereas in case of fractional numbers, the power of base starts with -1. Now converting (111011.111)2 into base 16. Separating and grouping binary bits into 4 bits which is equivalent to hexadecimal: 0011 1011 1110 Converting binary bits into hexadecimal number: 3 11 14

Therefore (111011.111)2 = (3B.E) 16 COMPLEMENT Rules: Steps for binary subtraction using 1's complement:

(a) Make the number of bits equal in both subtrahend and minuend.

(b) Calculate 1's complement of subtrahend by subtracting each bit from 1.

(c) Calculate sum of minuend and 1's complement of subtrahend

(d) Check the overflow bit (carry) • If there is overflow bit, discard it and add it to

the remaining part of the sum and the final sum would be the answer.

• If there is no overflow bit then the result must be negative. So, again calculate 1's complement of the sum and that would be the final answer.

Steps for binary subtraction using 2's complement:



(b) Calculate 2's complement of subtrahend by subtracting each bit from 1 and adding result with 1.


(d) Check the overflow bit (carry) • If there is overflow bit, discard it and the final

value would be the answer • If there is no overflow bit then the result must

be negative. So, again calculate 2's complement of the sum and that would be the final answer.

Steps for binary subtraction using 9's complement: (a) Make the number of bits equal in both

subtrahend and minuend. (b) Calculate 9's complement of subtrahend by

subtracting each bit from 9. (c) Calculate sum of minuend and 9's complement

of subtrahend (d) Check the overflow bit (carry)

• If there is overflow bit, discard it and add it to the remaining part of the sum and the final sum would be the answer


Steps for binary subtraction using 10's complement:


(b) Calculate 10's complement of subtrahend by subtracting each bit from 9 and adding result with 1.


(d) Check the overflow bit (carry)


• If there is overflow bit, discard it and the final value would be the answer


6. What is complement? Subtract (1100)2 from (1111)2

1's and 2's complement method. Complements are used in digital computers for simplifying the subtraction operation and for logical manipulation. Using complements, all the arithmetic operation can be performed in the form of addition. There are two types of complements: (r-1)'s complement and r's complement where r is base of a number system. So, for binary number system, r=2 hence, it has two complements 1's complement and 2's complement. Now, subtracting (1111) – (1100) using 1's complement. Step 1: Make the number of bits equal as 1111 and 1100. Step 2: 1's complement of 1100 = 0011 Step 3: Adding result of 1's complement with 1111

1111 +0011 10010

Step 4: Here, we got overflow bit so discard it and add to the remaining part.

0010 + 1 = 0011 The final answer is 0011. Calculating 2's complement: Now, subtracting (1111) – (1100) using 2's complement. Step 1: Make the number of bits equal as 1111 and 1100. Step 2: 2's complement of 1100 = 0011+1 = 0100 Step 3: Adding result of 2's complement with 1111

1111 +0100


10011 Step 4: Here, we got overflow bit so discard it. The final answer is 0011. 7. Subtract following decimal number using 9's and

10's complement. (a) 1204 - 3456 Calculating 9's complement: Now, subtracting (1204) – (3456) using 9's complement. Step 1: Make the number of bits equal as 1204 and 3456. Step 2: 9's complement of 3456 = 9999-3456 = 6543 Step 3: Adding result of 1's complement with 1204

1204 +6543

7747 Step 4: Here, we got no overflow bit Stem 5:Calculate 9's complement of result 9999-7747 =

2252 The final answer is -2252. Calculating 10's complement: Now, subtracting (1204) – (3456) using 10's complement. Step 1: Make the number of bits equal as 1204 and 3456. Step 2: 9's complement of 3456 = 9999-3456 = 6543+1 =

6544 Step 3: Adding result of 1's complement with 1204

1204 +6544

7748 Step 4: Here, we got no overflow bit Step 5: Calculate 9's complement of result 9999-7748= 2251

+ 1 = 2252 The final answer is -2252.


UNIT 4

LOGICAL FUNCTION

AND BOOLEAN ALGEBRA Short Answer Questions 1. What is Boolean algebra? How is it different from

Binary algebra? Boolean algebra is a set of rules, laws and theorems by which logical expression can be expressed symbolically in equation form and manipulated mathematically. Boolean algebra can be state as the branch of mathematics that includes methods for manipulating logical variables and logical expressions. The difference between Boolean algebra and Binary Algebra:

1. It is algebra of logic based on binary number system.

1. It is general purpose algebra based on decimal number system.

2. It is used in the field of digital electronics

2. It is used in the field of mathematics.

3. Basic Operation used in Boolean algebra are: AND, OR and NOT Operations.

3. Basic operation used in ordinary algebra are addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.

4. In Boolean algebra there are no coefficients or exponents involved. i.e. x+x=x

4. Coefficient and power are used in ordinary algebra as A + A = 2A

5. It holds both distributive laws

5. It holds only one distributive laws.

2. Define Boolean functions. Construct truth table for AND operation of Boolean algebra.

A Boolean function is an expression formed with binary variables, the two binary operators OR and AND, the unary Operator NOT, parentheses and equal sign. Since the binary variable can take either 0 or 1, for a given value of variables the logic function can be either 0 or 1. i.e. Boolean function F1 = (abc'). AND operator is represented by ".". So, A and B can be represented as A.B. Other symbols ^ and ∩, are used for representing AND operation. The result of AND operation is exactly same as simple arithmetic multiplication. The result will only be true (1) when all the inputs are true.

Truth Table of AND A B Result (A.B) 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1

3. Define operator, operand and operation with

suitable example. An Operator is a symbol or sign that causes specific mathematical or logical manipulations to be performed. "Operator is a symbol to signify operation". Some operator and symbols are

Operator Symbol Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division Relational Logical

+ - * / >,<,<=, >= AND, OR, NOT


Operation is an action upon data. Example : 3 + 2 = 5 addition operation 3 * 2 = 6 Multiplication operation Operands are the data items or variables or values of variables operated by operator Example: x and y are operand for x + y a and b are operands for a * b 4. Construct the truth table of the 'AND' and 'OR'

operations of Boolean algebra. AND Operation It is known as logical multiplication. It is carried out by dot (.) operator. It generates true output if all the inputs are true otherwise it generates false output. i.e: O = A . B The truth table of AND operation is given below:

Inputs Output A B O=A.B 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1

OR Operation It is known as logical addition. It is carried out by plus (+) operator. It generates true output if at least one input is true otherwise it generates false output. i.e. O = A + B The truth table of AND operation is given below:

Inputs Output A B O=A+B 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0

5. Write truth table of NOR Operation of Boolean

algebra.


It is an electronic circuit used to perform complement of OR operation. It uses plus ( + ) operator and single quote operator ( ' ). It is the integration of NOT gate and OR gate. It also accepts two or more input and generates only one output. It generates 1 or true output if all the inputs are false otherwise, it generates 0 or false output.

Inputs Output A B A+B O=(A+B)' 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1

6. What are logical gate? Define NAND Gate and draw

its logic symbol. A logic gate is an electronic circuit which generates only one output signal from one or more input signals. The manipulation of binary information is done by logic gate. It is embodied into Integrated Circuit (IC). Each gate has its specific function and graphical symbol. In a digital computer, there are three basic gates : AND, OR and NOT gate. It is an electronic circuit used to perform complement of logical multiplication or complement of AND operation. It uses dot operator (.) and single quote operator (‘). It is the integration of NOT gate and AND gate. It accepts two or more inputs and generates only one output. It generates 1 or true output if at least any one of the input is false otherwise, it generates 0 or false output.

Graphical Symbol:

Truth Table Venn Diagram

Inputs

Output

A B O=A.B

O=(A.B)’

0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1


1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0

7. Why NAND gate and NOR gate are known as

Universal Gates? Differentiate between NAND and NOR gate with an example.

NAND and NOR gates are known as universal gate because it is possible to implement any logical expression using only NAND gate. NAND gates are sufficient to implement any Boolean expression. Similarly, only NOR gates are sufficient to implement any Boolean expression. The proper combination of either NAND gate or NOR gate can be used to perform each of the AND, OR, NOT Operation.

NAND gate NOR gate 1. It is the combination of

AND and NOT gate. 1. It is the combination of

OR and NOT Gate. 2. It’s output value is just

complement of output value of AND gate.

2. Its output value is just complement of output value of OR gate

3. The output value of NAND gate is 0 only when all combination of inputs are 1 otherwise output value is 1.

3. The output value of NOR gate is 1 only when all combination of inputs are 0 otherwise output value is 0.

4. Algebraic expression: If A and B are two input

signals, then it is represented by 0=(A.B)’

4. Algebraic expression: If A and B are two input

signals, then it is represented by O=(A+B)’

5. Truth Table Inputs Output A B O=A.B O=(A.B)’ 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0

5. Truth Table Inputs Output A B O=A+B O=(A+B)’ 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0

6. Graphical Symbol 6. Graphical Symbol


NAND gate NOR gate

8. State De Morgan's First theorem with graphical

symbol and truth table. De Morgan's first theorem states, "The complement of the sum is equal to the product of complement of individual variable. Graphical Diagram:

Proof:

A B A' B' A+B (A+B)' A'.B' 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0

Comparing values of (A+B)' and A'.B' from truth table, both are equal. Hence Proved. Long Questions 1. What is Boolean algebra? Describe AND gate, OR

gate, NOT gate and NAND Gate with gate symbol and truth table.

Boolean algebra is a set of rules, laws and theorems by which logical expression can be expressed symbolically in equation form and manipulated mathematically. Boolean algebra can be state as the branch of mathematics that includes methods for manipulating logical variables and logical expressions. Boolean algebra also referred to as the algebra of logic. It is a two-value system of algebra that represents logical


relationships and operation. The two values used are 1 (true) or 0 (false) Different gates used in digital computer are briefly explained below: (a) AND gate AND gate is an electronic circuit used to perform logical multiplication and it is denoted by dot operator (.). It accepts two or more inputs and generates only one output. It produces high (1) output when all inputs are high (1) otherwise, the output will be low (0).

Graphical Symbol Truth Table Venn Diagram

Inputs Output A B Q=A.B 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1

(b) OR Gate OR gate is an electronic circuit used to perform logical addition and it is denoted by dot operator (+). It accepts two or more inputs and generates only one output. It produces high (1) output when one of the input is high (1) otherwise, the output will be low (0).


Inputs Output A B Q=A.B 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1

(c) NOT Gate NOT gate is an electronic circuit used to perform logical complement (or NOT operation) and it is denoted by single quote or bar operation (` or -). It accepts only one


input and generates only one output. It produces high (1) output when input is low (0) or vise versa


Inputs Output A Q=A.B 0 1 1 0

(d) NAND Gate It is an electronic circuit used to perform complement of logical multiplication or complement of AND operation. It uses dot operator (.) and single quote operator (‘). It is the integration of NOT gate and AND gate. It accepts two or more inputs and generates only one output. It generates 1 or true output if at least any one of the input is false otherwise, it generates 0 or false output.

Graphical Symbol:

Truth Table Venn Diagram

Inputs Output A B O=A.B O=(A.B)’ 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0


UNIT 5

COMPUTER SYSTEM Short Answer Questions 1. Distinguish among the terms, 'hardware', 'software'

and 'firmware'. Hardware Hardware is the physical devices of the computer. It is tangible. Without hardware software can't work. It includes input devices, output devices, processing device and storage device. Example of hardware are keyboard, monitor, CPU, hard disk and RAM. Software Software is a collection of instructions that enable the user to interact with a computer or it perform specific tasks for them. Software is the term used to describe the instruction that tell the hardware, what and how to perform a task. Without software, the hardware is useless. Examples of software are Windows 7, Ms Windows-XP, MS office, Norton Antivirus, VLC media player, Internet explorer etc. Firmware Firmware is the combination of software and hardware. Software (programs or data) that has been written onto read-only memory (ROM). Firmware refers to a series of program instructions placed permanently into ROM and PROM by the manufactures. Example of firmware is BIOS of computer, microcontroller chip and ROM, PROM or EEPROM. 2. Explain the function of CPU.


The CPU is like the brain of a computer that organizes and executes instruction. Its primary function is to execute instruction. Besides executing instruction, the CPU controls the operation of all other components such as memory, input and output devices. The function of CPU are briefly explained: (a) Gives Command and Control: CPU gives command

to all part of the computer system. It also controls all other devices such as memory, input and output devices connected to the CPU. It directs the movement of main memory and IO devices.

(b) Perform all arithmetic and logical calculations: CPU

performs all arithmetic calculations as well as logical calculations. The arithmetic operations include addition, subtraction, multiplication, division etc. similarly logical operations include comparison, AND, OR, NOT operation. It answers the questions like YES/NO, True/False, Greater/ Smaller, right/wrong etc.

(c) It controls storage of data or instructions: CPU

contains a number of registers like accumulator, stack pointer, address register etc. It is a special temporary storage location within the CPU. Registers quickly accept, store and transfer data, instructions and result that are being used immediately.

3. Explain the work done by control unit and ALU of

the computer. Control Unit Control Unit acts as the nerve system of a computer system. The control unit provides the necessary timing and control signals to all the operations in the computer. It controls the flow of data between the CPU and memory


and peripherals. It also controls entire operation of computer. It obtains the instruction from the program stored in the main memory, interprets the instructions and issues the signals. The basic function of Control Unit are listed below:

(a) It sends control signal to various parts of computer system for controlling.

(b) It gives commands to input data from input unit to memory unit to ALU.

(c) It transforms results from ALU to memory unit to output unit.

(d) It gives command to store the data, instruction and program in memory

Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) This is the area of CPU where various computing functions are performed on data. The ALU performs arithmetic operation such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division and logical operation such as comparison (equal to, less than, greater than), AND, OR and Exclusive OR. The logical operation of ALU gives the computer the decision making ability. The main functions of ALU are as follows:

(a) It accepts operands from registers. (b) It performs arithmetic and logical operations. (c) It returns result to register or a memory.

4. What is memory? Differentiate between primary

and secondary memory. The computer memory is a data storing devices. It is a location or space where we can keep data, information, and programs temporarily as well as permanently. It is one of the major components of computer system. Without memory, system cannot run and process the data. Memory is necessary to store, process and display the data. It can be internal or external. RAM, ROM, registers,


accumulator, floppy, hard disk, CD-ROM, magnetic tapes etc are example of computer memory. 1 It is also called as main,

internal or system memory

1 It is also called as auxiliary, external or backup memory

2 It holds data, program and information which are currently under execution.

2 It holds data, program and information permanently.

3 It is directly accessible to CPU.

3 It is not directly accessible to CPU. It requires primary memory for its operation.

4 It is usually volatile memory except ROM

4 It is nonvolatile memory in nature.

5 It cannot be used for carrying data from one computer to another.

5 It can be used to transferring data from on computer to another.

6 It is usually expensive on per bit cost.

6 It is usually cheaper on per bit cost.

7 It is faster for read/write operation.

7 It is slower for read/write operation.

8 It is used in smaller storage capacity in PC.

8 It is used in larger storage capacity in PC

9 It is normally made with semiconductor material and is in the form of IC (Chip)

9 It can be magnetic, optical or semiconductor memory and is normally in the form of disk.

10 Example : RAM , ROM, Cache memory etc

10 Example: Hard disk, CD, DVD, Pen drive, Magnetic Tape etc.

5. What do you mean by 'Volatility'? Explain RAM

and ROM with concept and term. Volatility the state of storage device in which the data stored in it is lost when power is turned off. All the primary memories are volatile in nature except ROM. Because of the problems were exists in the primary memory in accordance to the limited capacity and


volatility, additional memory called auxiliary memory or secondary storage is used with most computer system. RAM RAM stands for random access memory, is the main memory used in computer system. It allows the computer to store data for immediate manipulation and to keep track of what is currently being processed. It is the place in a computer where the operating system, application software, and data in current use are kept so that they can be accessed quickly by the computer's processor. RAM is classified into two categories: (a) Static RAM (SRAM) (b) Dynamic RAM (DRAM) Ram is used to store:

i. Instruction waiting to be executed by CPU ii. Instruction currently being executed by CPU iii. Data waiting processing iv. Data currently being processed v. Data waiting output.

ROM ROM Stands for Read Only Memory. Generally it is said to be used only to perform the read operation but now a days ROMs can be used for writing operation also. It is non-volatile memory means the information stored in it is permanent and is not lost even if the power supply is cut down. It is used for permanent storage of programs. ROM is also known as 'firmware'. The best example for ROM in computer is BIOS (Basic Input Output System). ROM is classified into four different types.

(a) Masked Read Only Memory (MROM) (b) Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM) (c) Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory

(EPROM) (d) Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only

Memory (EEPROM)


6. What is primary memory? Differentiate between

RAM and ROM. Primary memory is a semiconductor chip memory. Generally, this type of memory is used for temporary storage and data processing. RAM, ROM, Registers, Cache Memory are some example of Primary Memory. It is the working area for the computer's processor. Its basic functions are

(a) It holds data for processing (b) It holds instructions (the programs) for

processing (c) It holds data after it is processed waiting to be

sent to an output or storage device. Differences between RAM and ROM:

RAM ROM 1 RAM stands for random

access memory. 1 ROM stands for read only

memory. 2 It allows both read and

write operations. 2 It allows only read

operation. 3 It is volatile in nature i.e.

data are lost when power supply is switched off.

3 It is non-volatile in nature and used for permanent storage.

4 It is used when IO operation is performed, known as buffering.

4 It is not used for buffering purpose.

5 It usually has higher memory space than ROM

5 It usually has less memory space than RAM.

6 The instruction is written into the RAM at the time of execution.

6 The instruction written into ROM at manufacturing time.

7 Instructions in RAM change continuously as different programs are executed and new data is processed.

7 It is not possible to write new information or instructions in ROM.

8 Types: SRAM and DRAM 8 Types: MROM, PROM, EPROM and EEPROM


7. What do you understand by storage media? Why is

CD-ROM more reliable than floppy disk? Storage media is hardware device where data and programs could be stored permanently or temporarily. a storage device is any hardware capable of holding information. There are two types of storage devices used in computers; a primary storage device, such as RAM, and a secondary storage device, like a hard drive. Secondary storage can be a removable, internal, or external storage. Without a storage device, your computer would not be able to save any settings or information and would be considered a dumb terminal. Some reasons over CD-ROM are more reliable than floppy disk are listed below:

(a) CD-ROM are made by the optical disk which is more reliable and durable than the floppy disk which is made by Mylar plastic disk.

(a) CD-ROM contain more storage capacity (700MB) than floppy disk (1.44 MB).

(b) CD-ROM are cheaper and floppy disk. (c) CD-ROM are less sensitive than floppy disk. (d) The Data access speed for CD-ROM is faster than

floppy disk. (e) Different kinds of multimedia data such as music,

movies, images can be easily stored but it is not possible is floppy disk.

8. Differentiate between SRAM and DRAM. Difference between SRAM and DRAM

SRAM DRAM


1 SRAM stores data or programs as long as power supply is 'ON' state.

1 DRAM losses its stored information in very short time (few millisecond) even though the power supply is 'ON' state.

2 It has no charge leakage property so, It doesn't need to be power- refreshed.

2 It has charge leakage property so, to be refreshed after each read operation.

3 It has higher speed compared to DRAM.

3 It has slower speed than SRAM.

4 For single block of memory six transistors are used.

4 For single block of memory only one capacitor and one transistor is used.

5 It utilizes more power. 5 It utilizes less power. 6 It is more expensive than

DRAM. 6 It is less expensive and

SRAM. 7 It is usually available in

smaller storage capacity of few MB.

7 It is usually available in large storage capacity of few GB.

8 It is mainly used as cache memory.

8 It is mainly used as main memory.

9. What is cache memory? Why it is useful in

computer system? A cache memory is a semiconductor primary memory placed between RAM and CPU. It is temporarily stores frequently used instructions and data for quicker processing by the processor of computer. It stores data and instructions that the CPU is likely to need next. It is very expensive memory which allows to store frequently used instructions so that the CPU process faster as it doesn't require to take time to swap instructions in and out of RAM.


There are two types of cache memory.

(a) Internal cache: Cache presents in the CPU (B) External cache: Cache Present outside the CPU

There are three different levels of cache. a. Level 1 (L1) b. Level 2 (L2) and c. Level 3 (L3). Cache memory is very useful in computer system. Some of its reasons are listed below:

(a) It improves access time and enhance the overall performance of the computer.

(b) CPU does not have to use the motherboard's system bus for data transfer every time.

(c) CPU does not have to wait for data to be delivered.

(d) Cache memory is made by static RAM, hence it 5 to 10 times faster than main memory.

(e) It balance the speed requirements of the high speed CPU.

(f) It is used to compensate for the speed difference between main memory access time and processor speed.

10. What are the computer peripherals? Differentiate

between sequential and random access storage media.

An external device connected to computer is referred as a peripheral device or simply peripherals. The input and output devices as well as the secondary storage and other physical equipment controlled by its processor are called


computer peripherals. Peripherals can be internal and external. Some examples of peripheral devices are keyboards, mouse, touch pads, trackballs, scanners, barcode reader, monitors, printers etc. Difference between sequential and random access storage media.

Sequential Storage Media Random Storage Media 1 Sequential storage media

is not found as primary or main memory now a days.

1 All primary or main memory used are random storage media.

2 It is made up of Mylar plastic coated with iron oxide.

2 It is made up of semiconductor materials or optical disk.

3 It stores data sequentially.

3 It stores data randomly.

4 It is specially used to store the large volume of data sequentially

4 It is used to store small or large volume of data randomly.

5 It must be stored in an environment with controlled temperature and humidity levels.

5 It is not needed in case of random storage media

6 Now a days it is generally used for data backup.

6 It is used as main memory, auxiliary memory and backup memory.

7 Example : Magnetic Tape 7 Example: RAM, Hard disk, Optical Disk etc.

11. Explain the functions of input unit and output unit

of a computer. The Input unit is a device that is used to feed the data and instructions into the computer. The input can be entered either by typing on the keyboard or by using point and click devices. some other examples of input devices are OCR, scanner, graphic tablet, light pen etc.


The basic functions of input unit are briefly explained below: (a) Accepts Data Input unit accepts the data and instructions from the outside world by the help of different kinds of input devices such as keyboard, mouse. (b) Converts Data Input unit converts data and instruction into computer understandable form binary form such as ASCII which can be accepted by computer. (c) Supply Data Input unit Supply converted data and instruction to the computer system for further processing. Whereas the output unit of a computer is a peripheral device that provides the information and results of a computation to outside world. Output devices are used to present result produced by the computer to the users. Example: Monitor, Printers, plotters, speaker etc. Some of the functions of output units are briefly explained below: (a) Accepts Results Output unit accepts the result produce by the computer

which is in electric binary signals. (b) Converts Result Output unit converts the result into human readable form. (c) Supply Output Finally, it supplies the converted results to the outside

world.


12. What is printer? Differentiate between softcopy and hardcopy output.

Printer is an output device used to produce hard copy information or output in permanent readable format. It is used to print text, picture, illustration, figure and image. The quality of printer depends on speed, resolution, memory and color. The printer is divided on the two different background. (a) On the Basis of Printing Method i. Character printer ii. Line Printer iii. Page Printer

(b) On the basis of manufacturing technology employed to develop printer

i. Impact ii. Non-Impact Difference between softcopy and hardcopy output:

Softcopy Output Hardcopy Output 1 It refers to the output

which is in electronic form.

1 It refers to the output which is not in electronic form.

2 The user can see output on a computer screen or can listen from the speaker

2 The user can see the output on printing paper in printed form.

3 Softcopy output are intangible.

3 Hardcopy output are tangible.

4 It is a kind of temporary output.

4 It is a kind of permanent output.

5 Power supply and display screen are continuously needed for uninterrupted output.

5 Power supply and display screen are not continuously needed.

6 It is useful for text, graphics, audio, video or animation etc.

6 It is useful especially for text and graphics and can't be used for audio, video or animation.

7 Example: Monitors, Speaker

7 Examples: Printers, Plotter, Fax etc.

13. Differentiate between Impact printer and Non-impact printers.


Printers are the hardcopy output devices used for producing human readable output on paper in permanent readable form.

A printer is an external hardware device responsible for taking computer data and generating a hard copy of that data. Printers are one of the most used peripherals on computers and are commonly used to print text, images, and photos. Differentiate between impact and non-impact printers:

Impact Printer Non-Impact Printer 1 It is based on

electromechanical mechanism.

1 It is based on thermal, chemical, electrostatic and laser beam technology

2 It is slow while printing. 2 It is fast while printing. 3 It cannot print graphics

perfectly. 3 It can print graphic

perfectly. 4 Print the document

character by character, line by line.

4 It print the document one page at a time.

5 Low print quality and printing cost is also low.

5 Print quality is high and printing cost is high.

6 It produces noise while printing.

6 It is silent in nature while printing.

7 It can produces multiple copies of document at a time using carbon paper

7 It cannot produce multiple copies of document at a time.

8 It is usually single colored. 8 It can be single or multi colored.

9 It uses ink ribbon for printing

9 It uses liquid or powder ink for printing

10 Example: Dot matrix, Daisy Wheel, Line Printer, chain printer etc.

10 Example: Thermal, laser and Ink-jet printer

14. What is an output? Distinguish between CRT

monitor and LCD monitor.


The output unit of a computer is a peripheral device that provides the information and results of a computation to outside world. Output devices are used to present result produced by the computer to the users. Example: Monitor, Printers, plotters, speaker etc.

Some of the functions of output units are briefly explained below:

• Output unit accepts the result produce by the computer which is in electric binary signals.

• Output unit converts the result into human readable form.

• Finally, it supplies the converted results to the outside world.

The difference between CRT monitor and LCD monitor:

CRT Monitor LCD Monitor 1 It is monitor based on

cathode ray tube technology.

1 It is the monitor based on liquid crystal display technology.

2 Vacuum tube and electron gun used as functional component.

2 Liquid crystal used as functional component.

3 Light glow when electron beam strikes on phosphor coated screen of CRT.

3 Light glow while supplying electricity and liquid crystal becomes transparent.

4 CRTs are big and bulky. 4 LCDs are thin and light. 5 It emits radiation, so

harmful for human eyes 5 It does not emits radiation,

so less harmful for human eyes.

6 It has large viewing angle. 6 It has small viewing angle. 7 High power consumption

and more heat production. 7 Low power consumption

and less heat production 8 CRT have lower response

time. 8 LCD have greater response

time. 9 CRT does not suffer from

dead pixels. 9 LCD can suffer from dead

pixels. 10 It is less expensive. 10 It is more expensive than

CRT.


15. What is BUS in computer architecture? Bus is the path between components of computer or a collection of wire through which data is transmitted from one part of computer to another. The CPU has to be able to send various data, instructions, and information to all the devices and components inside the computer as well as to the different peripherals. These electronic pathways are nothing more than tiny wires that carry information, data and different signals throughout the computer from one component to the other components. This network of wires or electronic pathway is commonly known as the "System Bus".

The functions of Bus are:

(a) It carries information from one component to another.

(b) It carries data, address or control signal The bus consists of three main parts Control Bus The control bus carries the control signal. The control signal is used for controlling and co-ordination of the various activities across the computer. It is generated from the control unit within the CPU. The control bus is unidirectional from CPU to other components. Address Bus


It is group of wires or lines that are used to transfer the address of memory or I/O devices. It is unidirectional, bits flow in one direction, from the processor to peripherals. The processor uses the address but to perform the function of identifying a peripheral or a memory location. Data Bus Data bus transfer data from one location to another across the computer. The meaningful data which is to be sent or retrieved from a device is placed on to these lines. CPU uses data bus to transfer data. These lines are bidirectional, data flow in both direction between the processor and memory and peripheral devices. 16. Define software. Explain the different types of

software in details. A set of program written for a computer to perform a particular task is called software. Software is a computer programs that tells the computer what to do and how to do. Hardware alone cannot do anything without software. Software is used to create the interface between user and hardware. Windows OS, Antivirus, Microsoft Office, Adobe Photoshop are some example of software. The Software are classified into two parts: (a) System software: It is the computer software designed to operate the computer hardware and to provide a platform for running application software. It helps on running computer hardware and the computer system. It is responsible for resource management, memory management, file management, task scheduling, software repairing, language translation and system maintenance. It is use to allow the user to communicate with the hardware. The system software can be sub-divided as follows:


i. Operating System: It is used to manage the various resources and overall

operation of the computer system.

ii. Translator (Language Processor) Translator is a computer programs that convert the

program written in other language into an equivalent machine language program before executing them.

iii. Utility software It is a system support software or service program,

which provide useful services to the user of the computer.

(b) Application Software: The user oriented software which is particularly designed to solve the problem of user. The application software may be used for official purpose, engineering design, teaching aid and so on. MS-Word, Word Perfect, Ms-Excel, Ms Power Point, Accounting software, banking software are some example of application software. The Application software can be sub-divided as follows:

i. Packaged Software Packaged software is that software which is

generalized set of programs designed and developed for general purpose.

ii. Tailored software It is a software designed to meet the specific

requirements of an organization or individuals. 17. Differentiate between System software and

application software?


A set of program written for a computer to perform a particular task is called software. Software is a computer programs that tells the computer what to do and how to do. The difference between system software and application software:

System Software Application Software 1 It is hardware oriented

software. 1 It is user-oriented

software. 2 It is developed to operate

or manage the hardware component

2 It is developed to solve the particular problem of the user or to make the user's task easier.

3 It is usually provided by the hardware developer along with the hardware.

3 It is usually not provided by the hardware developer, user has to add as per need.

4 It is either cheaper or provided in free of cost.

4 It is usually expensive.

5 A computer cannot be operated without system software.

5 A computer can runs without application software

6 For developing system software, user should have expert knowledge

6 Application software can be developed without having the knowledge of computer hardware.

7 System software runs independently.

7 Application can't run without the present of the system software.

8 It is of three types: Operating system, Language Processor, Utility Software

8 It is of two types: Tailored Software, Packaged Software

9 Example: Windows XP, Linux

9 Example: Adobe, Microsoft word, excel etc.

18. What is computer virus? How is it transferred from

one computer to another?


A computer virus is simply a program that infects a computer, copies itself onto other programs in the system and may create a lot of problems in the computer. It may damage or corrupt data, change data, or degrade the performance of the system by utilizing resources such as memory or disk space. Some popular viruses are Worms, Trojan horses, spyware, dishonest adware, crime-ware etc. Virus insert themselves into host programs and spread when the infected program is executed, generally by user interaction. Common sources of viruses are :(FINEP) (a) Floppy Disks Since the floppy disk is removable, and can be used on many computers, it can be easily infected on using a infected computer. Hence, it can help spreading viruses from computer to computer. (b) Internet Since most of us frequently access internet from our computer, obviously, so is the viruses attached to internet files can be harmful for the system if downloaded and opened. (c) Email Only an .exe or .com file can contain a virus, which we can get as attachments. So, such emails should be scanned before downloading or opening, and emails from unknown sources should be avoided as possible. (d) Networks Information and file sharing in a network cause serious damage of computer system. (e) Pen Drive and other portable disks


Today, most popular data traveler is the pen drive with large storage capacity having full of software. Using without scanning the pen drive may cause problem in the computer system. 19. What is computer virus? What can be the

preventive methods for making a computer safe from virus?

A computer virus is simply a program that infects a computer, copies itself onto other programs in the system and may create a lot of problems in the computer. It may damage or corrupt data, change data, or degrade the performance of the system by utilizing resources such as memory or disk space. Some popular viruses are Worms, Trojan horses, spyware, dishonest adware, crime-ware etc. To help avoid viruses, it's essential to keep the computer up to date with the latest updates and antivirus tools, stay informed about recent threats, and follow a few basic rules to surf the internet download files, and open attachments. The possible measures and solutions against virus are:

(a) Install and upgrade regular antivirus software (b) Do not use pirated software. (c) Backup your system on regular basis. (d) Lock the computer when not in use. (e) Use the user password system to avoid

unauthorized use of the computer (f) Check the new software for virus before installing

it. 20. Describe the difference between serial and parallel

interfaces: Interface or port refers to the point or a connector through which data is transferred between two hardware devices, between a user and a program. In other word, interface


defines how two different types of device can be connected and communicate and data flow can occur between them. The difference between serial and parallel interfaces:

Serial Port Parallel Port 1 Serial port is a serial

communication physical interface through which information transfers in or out one bit at a time.

1 A parallel port is a parallel communication physical interface through which information transfers in or out 8 or more bits at a time.

2 Serial port normally has 9 pins.

2 Serial port normally has 25 pins

3 Serial ports are used principally for communications lines, modems, and mice.

3 A parallel interface is used to transfer data at faster rate for high speed peripherals such as disk and tape.

4 Data transfer through serial ports are slower than parallel port

4 Data transfer through parallel port are faster than serial port.

5 Parallel ports are easy to program and faster compared to the serial ports.

5 Serials ports are difficult to program and slower compared to the Parallel ports.

6 Parallel interface transmits all bits in parallel

6 Serial interface transmits a series of bits

Long Answer Questions 1. What do mean by computer architecture? Describe

each functional components of computer architecture with typical diagram.


When referring to computers, architecture or computer architecture is the overall design and setup of the computer. This includes where connections and parts of the computer are to be placed, how each of components operate with each other, dimensions, etc. It is a framework, functional description, design and implementation for various parts of computer. The major hardware components of computer system are:

(a) Input Unit (b) Processor (c) Storage (d) Output unit (e) Memory

Figure: The basic block diagram of computer system. Input Unit The input unit is formed by the input devices attached to the computer. Input devices are used to interact with computer system or used to enter data and instructions to


the computer. Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner etc are some example of input devices. The basic functions of input unit are:

• It accepts data and instruction from the outside world.

• It converts these data and instruction into computer understandable form.

• Supply the converted data to the computer system for further processing.

Central Processing Unit CPU is a major component of any computer. It acts as heart and brain of computer, and performs all the processing related activities. It receives data and instructions from outside world, stores them temporarily, processes the data as per the instructions and sends the result to the outside world as information. The CPU is combination of three components ALU, CU and Registers. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) This is the area of CPU where various computing functions are performed. The main functions of ALU are as follows:

• It accepts operands from registers. • It performs arithmetic and logical operations • It returns results to register or a memory

Control Unit The control unit provides the necessary timing and control signals to all the operations in the computer. It controls the flow of data between the CPU and memory and peripherals. The main funtions of control units are given below:

• It performs data processing operation • It sends control signal to various parts of computer

system for controlling


• It gives commands to input data from input unit to memory unit to ALU.

• It transforms result from ALU to memory unit to output unit.

• It gives command to store the data, instruction and program in memory.

Registers Registers are the primary memory of computer system. They are mainly used to store data during the time of processing inside ALU. The main function

• It holds the address of the active memory locations • It holds the contents of the accessed (read/write)

memory word. • It holds the address of the next instruction to be

executed. • It holds the data to be operated upon, the

intermediate results, and the results of processing. • It hold the current instruction being executed.

Memory Memory is the part of the computer system that is used to store data or instruction or program temporarily and permanently. Memory is the main storage unit in a computer. In simple terms, memory indicates the primary memory is the main storage unit in a computer. But, memory can be divided into two types primary or main memory and secondary or auxiliary memory. Primary Memory Alternatively referred to as internal memory, main memory, and primary memory, a primary storage device is a medium that holds memory for short periods of time while a computer is running. Although it has a much


lower access time and faster performance, it is also about two orders of magnitude more costly than secondary storage. Random Access Memory (RAM) and cache are both examples of a primary storage device.

(This picture is only for students to

understand) Secondary Memory Secondary storage is any storage device designed to retain data and instructions (programs) in a relatively permanent form. Secondary storage is non-volatile that is stored data and instructions retain even if the power supply is cut off. It is also called as auxiliary memory or back-up memory. Some example of secondary memory are Hard disk, Cd, DVD, Floppy disk, Magnetic tape etc.


UNIT 6

OPERATING SYSTEM 1. Define an operating system. What is the purpose?

List the functions. An Operating system is system software, which is set of specialized programs that are used to control the resources of a computer system. It is an organized set or collection of software that controls the overall operation of the computer system and provides an environment where the user can execute the programs in appropriate and efficient manner. Some of its major purposes are:

• It act as an intermediary between programs and computer hardware

• Operating system loads program in the memory when power is turned on.

• It manages data, tracks of files and memory such as primary, secondary etc.

• It manages scheduling process • It allow users to share data and software among

themselves. Major functions of Operating systems are given below: (UCIMITVSPD3F)

• IO Management • Command Interpreter • Data Management • Memory Management • Process Management • Device Management • File Management • Time sharing • Security


• Deadlock Prevention • Interrupt Handling • Virtual Storage

2. Discuss about the advantages of GUI operating

system (MS Windows) over text based operating system (DOS).

Or Why GUI operating system is more popular than text based operating system? Justify clearly. Interface is a common boundary between the user and the computer system. It allows user to communicate with the computer. So it makes interaction of user with the system. Generally, there are two main types of user interfaces. Graphical user interface and character user interface. Most of the operating system now a days are with GUI interface because of its advantageous features compared with CUI.

• In graphical user interface we can work with picture and pointing devices which is much easier, whereas in CUI we must remember all the commands to enter or type the command.

• It is easier to remember the graphics symbol than remembering all the commands of CUI

• GUI users have a windows that enable a user to easy view, control, and manipulate multiple things at once and is commonly much faster to do when compared to CUI

• Although new users may have a difficult at time learning to use the mouse operate and use a GUI, most user pick up this interface much easier when compared to a command line interface.

• GUI operating systems are capable of operating multitasking, multiprogramming and multiuser systems whereas CUI OS are not capable of that.

• Multimedia is supported by GUI but not with CUI based operating system.


3. Explain the importance of an operating system. Differentiate between GUI and CUI based operating system with examples.

An Operating system is system software, which is set of specialized programs that are used to control the resources of a computer system.

• It creates the relationship between the computer and its peripherals

• It helps in the management of files,- copying, deleting, moving of files from one storage location to the other.

• It encourages the memory for its efficient usage and thus adding the speed of the computer.

• It manages the activities of the processor in terms of job execution according to the priority of arrival ,of jobs

• It informs the user of about hardware or software error

• It makes communication between the computer and the user or the operator possible.

GUI (Graphical User Interface) Text based Interface (CUI) 1 We can work with picture

and pointing devices which is much easier.

1 We must enter or type the command so we must remember all the commands

2 It is easier to remember the graphics symbol.

2 It is almost impossible to know or remember all the commands of CUI

3 The appearance of GUI is very attractive.

3 The appearance may not be as good as that of GUI.

4 You can run any program by clicking on the mouse.

4 You must remember the command and type the command to run or load any program.

5 GUI users have a windows that enable a user to easy view, control, and manipulate multiple things

5 Although many command line environments are capable of multitasking they do not offer same


GUI (Graphical User Interface) Text based Interface (CUI) at once and is commonly much faster to do when compared to CUI

ease and ability to view multiple thins at once on one screen

6 Although new users may have a difficult at time learning to use the mouse operate and use a GUI, most user pick up this interface much easier when compared to a command line interface.

6 Because of the memorization and familiarity needed to operate a command line interface new users find it more difficult to successfully navigate and operate a command line interface.

7 It supports pointing devices.

7 It doesn't support pointing devices.

8 It supports multimedia. 8 It doesn't support multimedia.

4. Distinguish between on-line and real time

processing? What application would you suggest appropriate for the real time processing?

Difference between On-line and real time processing: Real Time Processing Online Processing

1 In Real Time processing the key parameter is time.

1 Time doesn't matter in online processing.

2 Real time processing occurs immediately the function is sent to action.

2 Online processing is set in queue and can take overnight to process.

3 It is quite difficult to develop Real Time Processing System than Online Processing system

3 It is quite easy to develop Online Processing system than Real Time Processing System.

4 The entire processing task has to be completed in the predefined time.

4 The output is provided back to the users as soon as the processing is completed.

5 In this system user can interact or provide inputs during processing as well.

5 In this system user can not interact or provide inputs during processing.

6 Example: RTlinux, QNX, OS-9

6 Examples: Linux, Unix


Some of the suitable application areas of real time processing systems are as follows:

(a) Wholesale supplier and manufacturer (b) Airlines or flight seat availability (c) Monitoring and controlling nuclear power station (d) Rocket launching System. (e) Banking system such as in ATM.

5. Explain the term hardware interrupts and software interrupts.

Interrupt is an event that changes the normal processing of computer. It allows the current program to be suspended while higher priority program is executed. When interrupts occurs, an OS suspends the running process, saves it's all states in process control block PCB and run the higher priority program and after its completion, resumes the suspended program. Ardware Interrupts Hardware interrupts are also known as external interrupts. Hardware interrupts are issued by hardware devices like disk, network cards, keyboards, clocks, etc. Each device or set of devices will have its own IRQ (Interrupt ReQuest) line. Based on the IRQ the CPU will dispatch the request to the appropriate hardware driver. Software Interrupts Software interrupts are also known as internal interrupts. Interrupt signals generated or caused by programs or software are called software interrupts. For e.g. Interrupt generated by the ROM BIOS during the start up for the computer is a software interrupt. 6. Describe the terms spooling and buffering. Buffering and spooling are two approaches used to increase the system performance. CPU is a faster device, while the input/output devices are relatively slower.


Therefore, when an input/output is occurring, the CPU is idle, waiting for the input/output to complete; while the CPU is executing input/output devices are idle. This resulted in reduced throughput and resource utilization. To overcome this, the input/output and processing operation can be overlapped. The overlapping of operations can be implemented by using buffering and spooling. Buffering It is an area of computer's memory (RAM) or devices' memory for holding data during data transfer. Normally input/output devices have low speed than that of processor. This speed difference is adjusted by having temporary data storage in a memory typically called buffer. While the device is in operation data transfer can take place in buffer. The process of holding data temporarily during I/O operation is called Buffering. Spooling Spooling is a process used to balance the difference in speed of high speed CPU and slow speed Input/output devices. It is primarily, used for printing purpose. When we provide multiple file to print to a printer together, although the printer can print one file at a time. But all files get lined-up in a queue and get printed one-by-one. In this process, CPU remains free and users can work on other application. The technique of printing is possible through a capability of operating system known as spooling. 8. What is 'Virtual memory'? How does it differ from

the 'main memory' and 'secondary memory'? Discuss.

Virtual memory is actually a portion of secondary storage like hard disk which is linked with real memory. The free space in secondary memory used to store the contents of primary memory temporarily is known as virtual


memory. In a multiprogramming system, when we use multiple programs at a same time, the space of primary memory (RAM) may not be enough to store all the programs, so the portion of secondary memory are used as virtual memory. Its advantages are: Program size is not constrained by the available size of physical memory. More user programs may be available simultaneously in the memory, which increases the CPU utilization and throughput. Virtual Memory is different from main memory and secondary memory.

(a) Virtual Memory is not an actual memory, it is a technique used by operating system to execute large size programs with small size available primary memory.

(b) It is just a memory management technique not a physical memory

(c) Generally secondary memory are used for permanent data storage whereas virtual memory are created inside the secondary memory for temporary storage.

(d) Data of main memory are directly accessible by CPU whereas data of virtual memory must be swapped first to main memory to process by CPU.

(e) Virtual memory is logical storage location whereas primary and secondary memory are physical hardware.

9. What is booting? Describe the types of computer booting. Booting is a process of loading system files (IO.SYS, MSDOS.SYS, COMMAND.COM) into main memory from bootable disk like floppy disk, CD, DVD, hard disk. Whenever we switch on the computer, the instructions


stored in ROM are automatically executed. The instructions in the ROM help to load the operating system from external storage (hard disk) to internal storage (primary memory). This process of loading the files of operating system into primary memory from the secondary memory is booting. Booting of the computer is performed in two ways they are: Cold Boot: When the computer is switched on for the first time, the booting process is called cold boot. When the computer is at OFF state and the user PUTS ON the power switch of the computer, the computer reads its RAM space and searches for system files of OS from secondary disk. As soon as it finds the system files, the files are resident to the computer memory. This is called cold booting. Warm Boot: The process to restart the computer that is already powered on is called Warm Boot. Such as pressing reset switch to restart the computer. At the same time, the computer removes all the files from its memory and searches again for system files in the disks and loads them into the RAM. This process of booting is called warm booting. 10. Explain the concept of open source operating

system. List out the advantages of open source. Software application where the source code is made available and permits users to use, change and improve the software, and to redistribute it in modified or unmodified form are called open source software. It is a methodology or approach towards the design and development of software with the intention of giving the user access to the source code. Some of the popular open source operating systems are FreeBSD, Linux, Unix etc.


Some of the benefits of open source operating systems are:

(a) The availability of the source code and the right to modify it.

(b) The right to redistribute modifications and improvements to the code.

(c) The right to use the software in any way. (d) There is no one with the power to restrict in a way

how the software is used (e) There is no single person on which the future of

the software depends. (f) Less cost of marketing, good tool to promote

company's image, including its commercial products.

(g) It helps to produce reliable, high quality software quickly and inexpensively

(h) No per-copy fees can be asked for modified versions.

Long Answer Questions 1. What is an operating System? Explain its major

function. An Operating system is system software, which is set of specialized programs that are used to control the resources of a computer system. It is an organized set or collection of software that controls the overall operation of the computer system and provides an environment where the user can execute the programs in appropriate and efficient manner. There are different types of operating systems depending on the type purpose and use of computers such as command based (e.g. DOS), Graphics Based (e.g. Windows XP, Vista, 7, 8, MAC OS), OS/2, UNIX, LINUX etc.


The two primary objective of an operating system are:

(a) Making a computer system convenient use (b) Managing the resources of the computer system.

The functions of an operating system are briefly explained below: (UCIMITVSPD3F- don't write in answer sheet) User Interface Operating System provides the interface between user and hardware. The user interface is the layer that actually interacts with the computer, user and operators. The interface consist set of commands or menu through which a user communicate with a program. Operating system provides two types of interfaces:

(a) Graphical User Interface (GUI) (b) Character User Interface (CUI)

Command Interpreter The command interpreter reads the commands that a user types, interprets them and translated them into a detailed set of instructions that the computer hardware can understand. OS actually translates the human readable languages into machine code. IO Management Computer system includes a wide variety of I/O devices such as printer, mouse, keyboard, speaker, light pen etc. The speed, functions and designs of such devices are different from one another. The operating system handles such different I/O devices. Regarding IO management operating system is responsible for:

• Activating general device driver software • To run driver software for specific hardware


Memory Management Memory is a space which can store data and information on computer system. Operating system manages all memory devices on the computer system. As a memory managers, the operating system handles allocation and de-allocation of memory space as required by various programs. Related to memory management operating system is responsible for

• Keep track of memory segment • Manages de-allocated available memory space • Decides the location for storage of new program

Interrupt Handling Interrupt is an event that changes the normal processing of computer. It allows the current program to be suspended while higher priority program is executed. When interrupts occurs, an OS suspends the running process, and runs higher priority program. There are two type of interrupts:

(a) Hardware Interrupts: Interrupt generated by hardware devices

(b) Software interrupts: Interrupt generated by programs or software

Time Sharing Time sharing manages the time of CPU. It manages the CPU to allocate time to a number of users on the same computer. Time sharing creates the illusion to the each user such that they are sole user of the system because the speed of the CPU compared to that of the monitor and terminal is so much faster thereby giving each time slice for each user to operate the program interactively.


Virtual Memory Virtual memory is actually a portion of secondary storage like hard disk which is linked with real memory. The free space in secondary memory used to store the contents of primary memory temporarily is known as virtual memory. In a multiprogramming system, when we use multiple programs at a same time, the space of primary memory (RAM) may not be enough to store all the programs, so the portion of secondary memory are used as virtual memory. Security Security of computer system, data stored on it and the network security are evolving as critical issues. Therefore, every OS is supposed to provide security to computer system, data, user and programmers. The OS can allow and disallow the access from other system, provide user accounts, Password and encryption facility to protect the system. Process Management It is one of the important functions of an OS. Every program running in a computer, whether it is on the background or foreground, it a process. Generally a single program can be executed by a CPU. But in multitasking system time can be shared among more than one process or in multiprocessing system more than one program can be executed by more than one CPU in Parallel. The operating system takes care of allocating single CPU time to different processes or different processes to different CPU's efficiently. Data Management


Data management allows organizing their data into logical groupings called files. Files can be manages by grouping it in different drives and folders. Deadlock Prevention In multiprogramming environment, several processes may compete for a limited no. of resources. When one process is running at that time we want to run another process, a situation is occurred that process is going to held at infinite period, this situation is said to be deadlock and this is handled by OS is called deadlock prevention. File Management The file management keeps track of all information on files. It opens and closes files. It finds and records files with location, size, usage status etc. OS helps in creating folders, sub-folders and files, moving files, organizing files within the hierarchy of directory or folders.


UNIT 7

PROGRAMMING CONCEPTS Short Questions 1. What are the characteristics necessary for

programming to be considered as a high level language?

Any language that is above the assembly language is called high level language. It is also known as a human oriented language. It uses English like structure such as IF, ELSE, WHILE, FOR, COUNT, SUM, mathematical operators and equations. The program which are developed in high level language must be translated with interpreter or compiler. Some of the examples of high level languages are BASIC, FORTRAN, COBOL, C, C++, Java etc.

• High level language can be further categorized as: • Procedural Oriented Language • Problem Oriented language • Natural Language

Some of the characteristics which makes of high level programming languages are listed below:

• It must be machine independent language, program developed with high level language could be used in any kind of hardware architecture.

• Compiler or interpreter is required to convert into machine code.

• Its syntax must be like English language. • Object oriented programming, and code re-use

must be possible. • The programs written in this language must be easy

to understand, learn and modify. • Programmer need not know about the knowledge

of detail hardware architecture.


• The development cost should be low and development time or duration must be faster than low level language.

• It should be easier to find the bugs and debug them. 2. What do you mean by 4GL? Give Examples. 4GL language is also known as problem oriented language. It is the high level language which is application specific and used to solve specific problem. These are result oriented and include database query languages (the language which is used to manipulate database like mysql, sql server, oracle etc.) . The major objective of 4GL include:

(a) Increase the speed of developing programs (b) Minimize user's effort to obtain information form

computer (c) Reduce errors while writing programs that are

easy to maintain.

Some of the features of 4GL languages are: (a) It is application specific language (b) More problems oriented and do not need step by

step instructions. (c) Comparatively fewer instructions. (d) More concerned with what is to be done than

actual how. (e) Easy to find the errors and debug or modify and

maintain the program code. (f) High level language built around the database

system. (g) Generally used for online processing

Some of the examples of 4GL languages are SQL, MYSQL, ORACLE, PROLOGS etc. 3. Differentiate between Compiler and Interpreter.


Compiler and Interpreter are both language translator which translates high level language into machine level language. The program developed with high level language are not understandable by machine so it must be converted into machine language. The difference between compiler and interpreters are:

Compiler Interpreter 1 It translates entire

programs into machine language at once.

1 It translates one statement of a program at a time into machine language

2 Compiler is larger than Interpreter, so requires larger memory space

2 Interpreter is smaller than compiler, so requires less memory space.

3 Syntax errors are not known until compilation.

3 Syntax errors are known at each line if any.

4 Compiler generates executable code.

4 Interpreter does not generates executable code, each statement is interpreted and then only executed.

5 Debugging process I complicated in compiler.

5 Debugging process is easy.

6 Most of the high-level programming languages have compiler program.

6 Few high-level programming language have interpreter program.

7 Compiled program runs faster.

7 Interpreted programs run slower than compiled programs.

8 Examples: C, C++, Java etc.

8 Examples: LISP, BASIC, C# etc.

4. Distinguish the term 'Operation', 'Operator', and 'Operand' with examples.

Operand An Operand is a data item in which some operation is performed. In computers, an operand is the part of a computer instruction that specifies data that is to be operating on or manipulated. Basically, a computer instruction describes an operation (add, subtract, and so forth) and the operand or operands on which the operation is to be performed. e.g. a+b, here a and b are two different operands in which addition operation is being permed. Operator Operator are special symbol which act upon data to perform mathematical of logical operations. Operator which take only one operand are called unary and operator which take two operands are called binary operator. Different type of operators are:

(a) Arithmetic operators (+, -, *, /, %) (b) Logical Operators ( AND, OR, NOT) (c) Relational operator (<, <=, >, >=, ==, !=) (d) Assignment operator (=) (e) Unary Operator (++, --)

Operation An operation is defined as an action upon given data. It is the expression which is the combination of operation and operands. For example: Sum=a+b. Here a, b and sum are operands, + and = are the operators and the operation shows the addition of two numbers. 5. What is program debugging? Differentiate between

'syntax error' and 'logical error'. Any program that we design may have errors. Bugs are the mistakes or errors in the program. Computer


programming errors are generally of two types, syntax error and logical errors, the process of detecting, locating and correcting these errors is called debugging. Syntax error are quite easier to detect because it is identified by different translators but logical errors and quite difficult to detect and debug. Difference between syntax error and logical error:

Logical Error Syntax Error 1 It is an error in program's

logic. 1 It is an error in planning

the program's logic generated by the programmers.

2 It is not identified by the compilers and interpreters during translation.

2 It is responded by the translator during translation.

3 If a program contains only logical error, it produces output but it will not be accurate.

3 It is program contains syntax error, it will not produce output.

4 Documentation, reference or guideline of logic is not available to the user.

4 Documentation, reference of se of rules syntaxes are made available to the users.

5 Error has to be detected by comparing the output of the program with the desired output.

5 Error is detected by the language translator.

6 It can be solved only by experienced programmers.

6 Normal (fresh) graduates can debug syntax error.

7 It is complex and time consuming to debug.

7 It is easier and not time consuming to debug as logical error.

6. What is program logic? What are the symbols used

to draw the flowchart?


Program flowchart is a pictorial representation of steps involved in the process of a program. It also shows the logical sequence in which the steps are performed. It is detailed diagram showing how individual processing steps will be performed within the computer to convert input data into the output. It is very efficient tool for understanding, designing and debugging of a problem. It clearly explains the input, process and output of a problem. The symbols used to draw the flowchart are:

Symbols Description

For starting and terminating

For taking data input and output

For Processing or assignment

To make logical decision

To indicate flow of flowchart

Connector

For linking to other part of the flowchart

7. What is flowchart? Write the advantages of drawing

flowcharts. A flow chart is a diagrammatic representation that illustrates the sequence of operations to be performed. It used different predefined graphical symbols to show the data flow within a program or a system. Designers use flowchart as a program planning tool for visually organizing a sequence of steps necessary to solve a problem.

Start/stop

Input/ Output

Processing box

Decisio


The advantage of flowcharts are listed below:

(a) It is easier for a programmer to explain the logic of a program through flowchart.

(b) It helps in effective analysis of the program. (c) Easy to detect, locate and remove bugs in a

program. (d) Efficient means of communication. (e) With the help of flowchart coding becomes

effective and faster (f) Serve as documentation (g) It is easy for converting flowchart into program

codes. (h) It is easy for testing and maintenance.

8. What is flowchart? Differentiate between program flowchart and system flowchart.

A flow chart is a diagrammatic representation that illustrates the sequence of operations to be performed. It used different predefined graphical symbols to show the data flow within a program or a system. Designers use flowchart as a program planning tool for visually organizing a sequence of steps necessary to solve a problem. Difference between program flowchart and system flowchart:

Program Flowchart System Flowchart 1 It is used for designing

small sized logical and mathematical problems.

1 It is used for designing a large sized real world problems.

2 It gives specific view of control flow of a program.

2 It gives the broad overview of system.

3 It shows the instruction flow of a program.

3 It shows the data flow of a system.


Program Flowchart System Flowchart 4 Program flowchart is

designed by programmer. 4 System flowchart is

designed by system designer.

5 Since it has limited symbols, it is easy to understand than system flowchart.

5 Since there exist different kinds of symbols, one must have good knowledge of symbols to understand system flowchart.

9. Describe algorithm and flowchart with example. Algorithm is a finite number of step by step solutions of a problem. It is written in simple human readable English language. The number of steps in an algorithm should be reduced to a minimum so as to increase the speed of the program, algorithm should have following properties.

(a) It should have an input (b) The steps mentioned in an algorithm can be

executable by the computer (c) Each and every instruction should be in a simple

language. (d) The number of steps should be finite. (e) The algorithm should give and output after

executing the finite numbers of steps. An algorithm to find the sum of two number:

Step1: START Step2: Read the two number A and B Step3: Add the number A and B and store

in D. or D=A+B Step4: Display D or print D. Step5: STOP

A flow chart is a diagrammatic representation that illustrates the sequence of operations to be performed. It used different predefined graphical symbols to show the data flow within a program or a system. Designers use flowchart as a program planning tool for visually


organizing a sequence of steps necessary to solve a problem. Flowchart to print the sum of two numbers.

10. Differentiate between flowchart and algorithm.

Algorithm Flowchart 1 It is a finite number of

step by step solutions of a problem.

1 It is a diagrammatic representation of step by step solution of a problem.

2 It takes less time as to write the steps of instruction.

2 It takes time because we need to draw the symbols.

3 Designing an algorithm is easy compare to flowcharting as each step can be written using English and mathematical formula.

3 Flowcharting is comparatively difficult than algorithm as it requires the knowledge of each symbols.

4 Difficult to understand the control flow.

4 Control flow can be understood at a glance.

5 Need special knowledge to write algorithm.

5 Need special knowledge to draw flowchart.


Algorithm Flowchart Example:

step1: START step2: Read the

two number A and B

step3: D=A+B step4: Display D

or print D. step5: STOP

Long Questions 1. What is programming languages? Explain different

types of programming languages. A programming language is a special language programmers use to develop applications, scripts, or other set of instructions for computers to execute. Programming language used by programmers to write instructions that a computer can understand to do what the programmer or the computer user wants. BASIC, COBAL, C, C++, C#, PHP etc are some of the example of programming language. Programming language are divided into two different types (a) High Level Language Human oriented language are high level language. They are machine independent. The program written in high level language are easier to read, maintain and debug. There are less chance of occurrence of errors in a program written in high level language.


High level languages are further divided into three different types:

i. Procedural Oriented (3GL) Language ii. Problem Oriented (4GL) Language iii. Natural (5GL) Language

Procedural Oriented language: The procedural Oriented languages are general purpose languages based on the idea of modularity, where entire program is divided into modules. Each module is composed of one or more procedures called functions. It needs step by step instructions in sequence. Pascal, BASIC, COBOL, C, FORTRAN etc are some example of procedural oriented language. Advantages

• It is easier to develop and debug program compared to Low Level Language.

• More advanced and user friendly software can be developed.

• Programmers don't require detail knowledge of hardware architecture.

Disadvantages

• It needs to be translated into machine language code.

• Program execution will be slower. • It is difficult to develop hardware oriented software.

(b) Low level Language Low level language is machine oriented language. It is a computer programming language close to the machine architecture. To write the program in low level language one should know about the detailed internal architecture of computer and its instruction set. It is more efficient to develop hardware oriented software. But it is very difficult and tedious to develop software with low level language.


Low level language is divided into two different languages:

i. Machine Level Language ii. Assembly Level Language

Machine Level Language Digital computers work on binary system. Machine level language is the language developed using series of binary 1's and 0's for statements, text, symbols, numbers. This is only language that is understood by the computer. Since it is very close to the hardware, and it is in the lowest level in the programming language hierarchy. In order to develop a program in machine language, one must have the knowledge of technical details of operation of computer. Advantages of Machine level language:

(a) It is the only language which is directly understood by the computer

(b) Language translator is not required (c) Execution speed of the program developed in this

language is faster (d) Use of hardware components like memory,

processor is efficient. Disadvantages of machine level language:

(a) It is tedious, difficult and time consuming to develop and debug program.

(b) All operation codes have to be remembered. (c) All memory address has to be remembered (d) Programmers require detailed knowledge of

hardware architecture. Assembly Level language: Assembly language is low level language which uses mnemonics code or symbolic operation code like ADD, SUB, DIV in place of 0s and 1s. The program is converted


into machine code by assembler. Assembly language saves time, reduce errors and easy to debug compared to Machine level language. The symbolic nature of assembly language greatly eased the programmer's burden, but programs were still very hard to write. Advantages of Assembly Language:

(a) Close to machine language, and hence faster execution

(b) More standardized, comparatively easy to learn and use.

(c) Efficient than high level languages (d) Easy to debug because programs locate and

identify syntax errors. Disadvantages of Assembly Language

(a) Programs can be long and difficult to understand (b) Program development is still a slow and tedious

task. (c) Logic errors are difficult to debug. (d) Language is machine dependent.

2. What are the program design tools? Describe

different types of program design tools with merits and demerits.

To make successful program it need to be designed before its development. A program that is not designed may generate unexpected result or may be costly during development. During designing a program, a program designer requires different tools for solving problem. It is a blue print of a computer system solution to a given problem. Some of the commonly used program design tools are:

(a) Algorithm (b) Pseudo Code (c) Flowchart


Algorithm An algorithm is the finite set of step by step statements that solve a particular problem. Once the problem is clearly stated, it is broken down into a number of steps, which are written sequentially, such a sequential procedure to solve a problem is algorithm. It is written in simple human readable English language. The number of steps in an algorithm should be reduced to a minimum so as to increase the speed of the program. Example: Step1: START Step2: Read the two number A and B Step3: D=A+B Step4: Display D or print D. Strep5: STOP Advantages of Algorithms

(a) It is very simple and easy to understand. (b) it has no hard and fast rules for writing an

algorithms. (c) It does not require prior knowledge of

programming during writing algorithms. (d) Provides clear prior specification of program.

Disadvantages of Algorithms (a) It is more difficult for translating algorithm into

program codes. (b) It is not considered as standard tool for program

designing. Flowchart A flow chart is a diagrammatic (pictorial) representation of an algorithm. The purpose of constructing flowchart is to help for the programmer for understanding the logic of a problem. It uses graphical symbols, and the operating


steps are placed in the boxes interconnected by arrows which indicate the sequence of flow of execution or control. Once the flowchart is drawn, it is easy to write the program in any high level language. A flowchart is classified into two types:

(a) System flowchart: It is used to show the operation of a large sized real world problem.

(b) Program flowchart: It is commonly used

flowchart for solving small sized logical problems Example:

Advantage of Flowchart

• It is very efficient tool for solving logical and mathematical problems.

• It shows the types of instruction whether; an instruction is input/output, process or logical.

• It is easy for converting flowchart into program codes.

• It is easy for testing and maintenance. Disadvantages of Flowchart

• It is difficult for solving large and complex problem • It is time consuming for designing a flowchart


• It is very difficult for modifying and updating the flowchart.

• Designer should familiar with different symbols and their respective meanings.

Pseudo Code Pseudo code is a kind of algorithm for solving a problem. The instructions of pseudo code are written by using English phrase and mathematical expressions. It has no specific rules for writing instructions but the instructions are very closer to high level language instructions. Example: Start Input Principal, Time, Rate Calculate simpleinterest = (Principal * Time * Rate)/100 Output simpleinterest Stop Advantage of Pseudo Code

• Complex and lengthy problems can be easily solved by using pseudo code

• It is easy for converting pseudo code into program codes

• It is independent of any programming languages. Disadvantages of Pseudo Code

• Designer should have prior knowledge of programming while writing pseudo code.

• It is more complex than algorithm.


UNIT 8

APPLICATION PACKAGE

1. What do you understand by formatting a document?

Give the significance of speller and thesaurus of modern word processing package.

Changing and managing different kinds of features like text, page layout, color, size of a document is document formatting. Word processing can help to change document for a fresh look. It can format text, change character and line spacing, modify paragraphs, and apply borders and shading, and hide text on confidential documents. Word processing has various tools to help format your document:

• Format Text • Change Character Spacing • Find and Replace Formatting • Change Paragraph Alignment • Change Line Spacing • Display Rulers • Set Paragraph Tabs • Set Paragraph Indents • Create Bulleted and Numbered Lists • Apply Borders and Shading etc.

SPELLER To make document appear professional, it is very important to make sure it is free from spelling and grammar errors. Word has several options for checking spelling. It can be checked by running a spelling and grammar check, can allow Word processing to check spelling automatically as typed.


Thesaurus In addition to the spell checking and grammar checking tools that Word Processor offers, there is also the Word thesaurus we can take advantage of to improve our documents. Using the thesaurus, we can find synonyms (different words with the same meaning) and antonyms (words with the opposite meaning). In Microsoft Office Word you can look up a word quickly if you right-click anywhere in your document, and then click Synonym on the shortcut menu. 2. What do you mean by word processing? Distinguish

between word processing and data processing software.

Word processor is application software that helps in the creation of a document. It defines features to create edit, view, format, store, retrieve, and print documents such as letters, reports, books etc. some of the important feature of word processor are : editing, spelling checking, page setup, paragraph alignment, merging documents, typing in columns etc. Some of the popular word processing packages are Microsoft Word, Open Office writer, Adobe Incopy, Corel WordPerfect etc. Word Processing and Data Processing have developed separately over the past two decades with different equipment, different types of personnel and services performed.

(a) Word Processing uses a computer to create, edit, and print documents Data processing gives data into a database using a keyboard.

(b) Word Processing programs are designed to focus on texts whereas Data processing focus on data entry and data manipulations.


(c) Word processing are use for documentation whereas Data processing are used for day to day transactions and data analysis.

(d) Basically word processing are used by individual whereas Data processing is used for multi-user processing

(e) It is difficult of handle large data with word processing whereas data processing are made to handle large data.

3. What is word processor? List out the major features

of word processor. Word processor is application software that helps in the creation of a document. It defines features to create edit, view, format, store, retrieve, and print documents such as letters, reports, books etc. some of the important feature of word processor are : editing, spelling checking, page setup, paragraph alignment, merging documents, typing in columns etc. Some of the popular word processing packages are Microsoft Word, Open Office writer, Adobe Incopy, Corel WordPerfect etc. The major features of word processor are: (FEMOSPROF)

(a) Fast Operation: Typing text in a word processor becomes very fast.

(b) Editing Text Features: Any type of operations,

likewise insert, delete, modify the documents, and undo/redo, find/replace can be perform very easily.

(c) Formatting Features: The typed text can be

format or style like bold, italic, underline, different fonts, font size, its color, and paragraph formatting can be made.


(d) Permanent Storage: The files and documents can be saved permanently as long as preferred and documents can be retrieved whenever desired.

(e) Graphics: It provides facilities to insert text,

objects, picture, graph anywhere in the document whenever necessary.

(f) OLE (object linking and embedding): Modern

word processors provide facilities to link or embed objects in a document.

(g) Review the Document: Word Processor not only

is capable of checking spelling mistakes but also can suggest possible alternatives for incorrectly spelt words.

(h) Mail Merge: It is an option used to merge a list of

information such as names, addresses, e-mail, phone numbers with the main document.

(i) Searching: It gives facilities to search for any

word or text and replace or delete with other necessary ones in the entire material of the document very easy

(j) Print: It provides print preview, printing area, no.

of copies, paper size, before print to view the document exactly as per need.

SPREAD-SHEET 1. Explain briefly about the cell referencing in spread

sheet package. In Excel, a cell reference identifies the location of a cell or group of cells in the worksheet. Sometimes referred to as a


cell address, a cell reference consists of the column letter and row number that intersect at the cell's location. There are three types of cell reference:

(a) Relative cell reference (b) Absolute cell reference (c) Mixed cell reference

Relative Cell Reference A relative cell reference identifies the location of a cell or group of cells. By default a spreadsheet cell reference is relative. What this means is that as a formula or function is copied and pasted to other cells, the cell references in the formula or function change to reflect the function's new location. Absolute Cell Reference An absolute cell reference identifies the location of cell or group of cells. An absolute cell reference is used when you want a cell reference to stay fixed on a specific cell. An absolute cell reference consists of the column letter and row number surrounded dollar sings($). An example of an absolute cell reference would be $C$4, Mixed Cell Reference: An mixed cell reference identifies the location of cell or group of cells. It is the combination of relative cell reference and absolute cell reference. Example: A2:$A$9. 2. What is spreadsheet package? State the advantage of

spreadsheet package. Spreadsheet is a table of values arranged in rows and columns. It is a commonly used application package for data calculation and manipulation. In a spreadsheet application, each value sits in a cell. we can define what type of data is in each cell and how different cells depend on one another. Typical spread sheet program provides all


sorts of tools for arranging data, performing calculations, generating charts and reports. It is generally use for:

(a) data entry (b) calculation (c) data manipulation (d) data analyzing etc.

Spread sheet have a wide range of uses from family business to corporate earnings statement. Some of its advantages are:

(a) We can search the data fast. (b) We can replace the data easily. (c) We have different formatting features for data

and cell like cell alignment, text color, cell background etc.

(d) We can adjust the column width and row height. (e) We can use several predefined functions. (f) It has auto calculation facility (g) We can create different types of charts.

3. Explain the main features of Spread Sheet. Spreadsheet is a table of values arranged in rows and columns. It is a commonly used application package for data calculation and manipulation. In a spreadsheet application, each value sits in a cell. We can define what type of data is in each cell and how different cells depend on one another. Typical spread sheet program provides all sorts of tools for arranging data, performing calculations, generating charts and reports. Spreadsheet provides a lot of features. It is mainly used for data processing and calculation of tabular data such as accounting. Some of the features of Spreadsheet are as follows:

(a) File Management: This features is used to create, save, open documents.


(b) Word Processing: This feature is used to type,

change, font, formatting text alignment, copy, cut, paste etc.

(c) Data Manipulation: This feature adds and

deletes records, modify records, search, sort data or present data in charts, pivot table etc.

(d) Formula and Function: Different mathematical

formula and built in function like SUM(), AVERAGE(), MAX() etc. are available in spread sheet.

(e) Advance Features: Spread sheet contains

Advanced features like goal seek, scenario, auditing, what-if analysis, pivot table, pivot chart etc.

PRESENTATION 1. What is a presentation package? List out the features. Presentation is the practice of showing and explaining the content of a topic to an audience or learner. A presentation is supposed to help both, the speaker with an easier access to his ideas and the participants with visual information which complements the talk. Presentation software are easy to use and provide an alternative to other older types of visual aids like hand drawn slides, blackboards, whiteboards, posters, pamphlets, handsouts etc. Some examples of presentation programs are Ms Power point, simple slide Some of its features are:

(a) Allows data entry, storage, calculations and presentation package


(b) Formatting of data for making it attractive by using tools like font, font color, font size etc.

(c) Simple computing operations like copy, cut, paste, find, replace etc.

(d) Predesigned slide designs can be used faster and easier development of presentation

(e) Slid Transition, to define how a slide is displayed from the previous one

(f) Predefined slide animation for making the slide look attractive

(g) Custom animation to develop our own animation.

(h) Bookmark and Hyperlink to link different components of a presentation.

(i) Provide various chart types and shapes like Pie, Bar, XY, Stack Bar etc.


UNIT 9

INTERNET 1. What is Internet? List the major uses of Internet. The Internet is the world's largest computer network, which link many different types of computers all over the world. It is network of networks. Anyone with access to the internet can exchange text, data files and program with any other user. So the Internet is pipeline through which data travel between computers. It is connected through physical interconnection media like cables, telephone lines of wireless medium. The combination of all networks act together as a single network in which each network is able to talk to each other because they talk the same language called TCP/IP Protocols. The major uses of Internet are listed below: (ROOFEREO)

(a) Online communication (b) Online shopping (c) Real time updates (d) Research (e) Education (f) Financial Transition (g) Entertainment (h) Online journals and magazines

2. Differentiate between Internet and intranet.

Internet Intranet 1 Internet is wide network

of computers and is open for all.

1 Intranet is also a network of computers designed for a specific group of users.


Internet Intranet 2 Internet itself contains a

large number of intranets.

2 Intranet can be accessed from Internet but with restrictions.

3 The number of users who use internet is Unlimited.

3 The number of users is limited.

4 The Visitors traffic is unlimited.

4 The traffic allowed is also limited.

5 Internet contains different source of information and is available for all.

5 Intranet contains only specific group information.

Therefore the Internet is an open, public space, while an intranet is designed to be a private space. An intranet may be accessible from the Internet, but it is protected by a password and accessible only to authorized users. 3. What is search engine? List out the major uses of

internet. A search engine is a software program or script available through the Internet that searches documents and files for keywords and returns the results of any files containing those keywords. Today, there are thousands of different search engines available on the Internet, each with their own abilities and features. The first search engine ever developed is considered Archie, which was used to search for FTP files and the first text-based search engine is considered Veronica. Today, the most popular and well known search engine is Google. Because large search engines contain millions and sometimes billions of pages, many search engines not only just search the pages but also display the results depending upon their importance. This importance is commonly determined by using various algorithms. Research


The internet is a fantastic place to research information for a project or piece of homework. It doesn't matter what topic you have been set, you can guarantee that you will find something on the subject. Communication The internet opens up many different possible ways to communicate with others. Here are some:

• Email • Blogs • Social networking sites e.g. Facebook, Myspace,

Bebo • Chat Rooms • Forums • Voip - internet telephone

Shopping Whatever you want to buy, you can pretty much guarantee that you can find it for sale somewhere on the internet. Find out more about ecommerce by reading the ecommerce theory section. Entertainment There are many different ways that you can choose to spend your time online and amuse yourself. Here are a few:

• Playing online games • Listening to music (mp3 download or live

streaming) • Reading online books and e-books • Watching online videos e.g. YouTube • Looking for holidays or concert tickets • Reading about your hobbies • Keeping up-to-date with the news and sporting

events • Watching 'catch up' television from the main

channels


Exploring the world The internet has many services that help you explore the world.

• Satellite and mapping applications e.g. Google Earth

• Travel sites providing details of other places • Live web cams showing other parts of the world • Almanacs and encyclopedias

4. What is URL? Explain the components of URL. Short for Uniform Resource Locator, a URL or Internet address is a form of URI (Uniform Resource Identifier) and is a standardized naming convention for addressing documents accessible over the Internet or Intranet. An example of a URL is http://www.nist.edu.np, which is the URL for the NIST College website. The components of URL are briefly discussed below:

(a) Protocol (http): The http:// stands for Hypertext

Transfer Protocol and enables the browser to know what protocol it is going to use to access the information specified in the domain.

(b) Sub domain (www): WWW stands for World Wide

Web, is used to distinguish the content. The World Wide Web is an information system of interlinked hypertext documents that are accessed via the Internet. It has also commonly become known simply as the Web.

(c) Domain (nist.edu.np): A domain or domain name is the

location of a website. For example, the domain name


"nist.edu.np" points to the IP address "69.72.169.241", but it is easier to remember the NIST website is niste.du.np instead of trying to remember the IP address.

(d) Directory (home): Directory is the folder or location

where your overall web files and sub directories are managed.

(e) Web Page (index.html): index.html is the actual web

page on the domain viewing. The .htm is the file extension of the web page that indicates the file is an HTML file. Other common file extensions on the Internet include .php, .asp, .cgi, .xml, .jpg, and .gif.


UNIT 10

WEB PAGE DESIGNING

Short Answer Questions 1. What is HTML list? List out its advantage. HTML is short for Hyper Text Markup Language. HTML is used to create electronic documents (called pages) that are displayed on the World Wide Web. Each page contains a series of connections to other pages called hyperlinks. Every web page you see on the Internet is written using one version of HTML code or another. HTML code ensures proper formatting of text and images by enabling your Internet browser to interpret them properly. Without HTML, a browser would not know how to display text as elements or bring load images. Advantages of HTML are:

• It is highly flexible and user friendly • It is an open technology the supports on almost all

the web bowers. • It is easily understandable and does not require

long time training. • Free online tutorials are available to learn HTML • It provides search engine compatible to the web

pages. • It is easier to update and maintain any web sites. • For HTML web pages, it take less time to load the

web pages • Can create the web page in order to advertise and

promote products and services. 2. What is HTML list? List out its disadvantage.


HTML is short for Hyper Text Markup Language. HTML is used to create electronic documents (called pages) that are displayed on the World Wide Web. Each page contains a series of connections to other pages called hyperlinks. Every web page you see on the Internet is written using one version of HTML code or another. HTML code ensures proper formatting of text and images by enabling your Internet browser to interpret them properly. Without HTML, a browser would not know how to display text as elements or bring load images Disadvantages of HTML

• It is complex to design attractive web page only by using HTML

• It is difficult to develop a complete web site by using only HTML.

• It cannot be used to develop dynamic web page • It only defines page layout and makes possible easy

browsing through hyperlinks. • It cannot be used as a programming language • There are many incompatibilities of HTML

3. List out the use of HTML. HTML is short for Hyper Text Markup Language. HTML is used to create electronic documents (called pages) that are displayed on the World Wide Web. Each page contains a series of connections to other pages called hyperlinks. Every web page you see on the Internet is written using one version of HTML code or another. HTML code ensures proper formatting of text and images by enabling your Internet browser to interpret them properly. Without HTML, a browser would not know how to display text as elements or bring load images The Uses of HTML:


• It is used for basic layout creating or designing the web page.

• Without HTML, the world wide web will not exits. • It allows embedding text, image, multimedia and

links to other documents and the web pages. • It provides a means to create structured document

by using paragraph, character formatting, links and lists.

• It can embed scripts such as CSS, JavaScript, etc.


VIVA QUESTIONS COLLECTIONS

UNIT ONE INTRODUCTION AND EVOLUTION OF

COMPUTER

1. What is word length in computer? The number of bits that a computer can process at a time

is called its word length. 2. What is Data? Data is the known facts and figures about a person, place,

thing etc. which can recorded in the form of text, number, sound or image.

3. What is firmware? Data stored in hardware device such as read-only memory

(ROM) or elsewhere in the circuitry that provides instruction on how that device should operate.

4. What is abacus ?Why was the abacus used? Is the abacus still used today?

Alternatively referred to as the counting frame, an abacus is a mechanical device used to assist a person in performing mathematical calculations and counting.

Before computers, calculators, or even arithmetic using paper and pencil, the abacus was the most advanced device for crunching numbers. Before the abacus, the only methods people had to use for their mathematical calculations were their fingers and toes, or stones in the dirt.

Yes, even today in certain parts of the world the abacus is still used as a primary counting device or as a backup to more modern counting devices.

5. What are the four major units of Analytical Engine? The four major units of analytical units are the store, the

mill, control unit and punched card.


6. What is Mark I? It was the first fully automatic calculating machine.

7. What do you mean by generation of computer? The gradual development of computer system (hardware

and software) leads the evolution of computer into different generation.

UNIT TWO CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER

1. What is mobile computing? Mobile computing is a generic term describing one's

ability to use technology while moving.

2. What is difference between IBM and IBM Compatible?

IBM Computer is developed by IBM Company whereas IBM Compatible computer is developed by the company other than IBM but based on the principle developed by IBM.

3. What is PDA? PDA is personal Digital Assistant, a species of portable

computer.

4. What is Works station? Workstation is a single computer that is connected to

another computer or network.

UNIT 3 NUMBER SYSTEM

1. What is number system? Number system is a set of values used to represent

different quantities, and other special characters.

2. What is complement? Complements are used in digital computers for

simplifying the subtraction operation and for logical manipulation.


UNIT 4 LOGICAL FUNCTION AND BOOLEAN

ALGEBRA

1. What is logical circuit? The circuit composed of logical elements for a specific

operation is called logical circuit.

2. What is truth table? A table which represents the input-output relationship of

the binary variables for each logical gate is called truth table.

3. What is operation, operand and operator? Operation is the action upon data. Operator is the symbol

that defines the operation. Operands are the data items on which the operation is performed.

UNIT 5 COMPUTER SYSTEM

1. What is computer bus? A bus is a collection of wires, chips and slots inside the

computer through which data are transmitted from one part of the computer to another part.

2. What is cache memory? Cache is a high-speed access area that can be either a

reserved section of main memory or storage device.

3. What kind of memory is flash memory? Alternatively referred to as flash storage, flash memory is

a non-volatile computer. This type of memory is an integrated circuit that does not need continuous power to retain the data and is much more expensive than magnetic storage. Today flash memory is becoming more popular but is still not yet a practical replacement for large hard drives.


4. What is buffer? A buffer is a temporary storage in memory that stores

information while processing other information.

5. What is BCR? BCR is a Bar code reader which is a photo-electric scanner

that reads bar codes.

6. How many types of monitors are there on the basis of the colors displayed?

Monochrome Monitor, Grayscale Monitor and Color Monitor

7. Can you explain printer? Printer is a peripheral device used to print text, picture,

illustration, figure and image.

8. What is plotter? A plotter is specialized output device designed to produce

high-quality graphics in a variety of colors.

9. What is interface in computer? An interface is a physical device, port, or connection that

interacts with the computer or other hardware device. For example, IDE is an interface for computer hard drives.

10. What do you mean by port? Port is a hole or connection found on the front or back of a

computer that allows computers to access external devices such as computer printers.

11. What is full form of IEEE? Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers

12. What is SCSI Port? A SCSI port is the connector that a SCSI cable plugs into to

communicate with the SCSI interface.

UNIT 6


OPERATING SYSTEM 1. What is setup time? The time spent in loading, unloading, mounting of the

programs is called setup time.

2. What do you mean by virtual storage? Virtual storage is a method of using the computer hard drive

to provide extra memory for the computer. Segments of memory are stored on the hard drive known as pages. When a segment of memory is requested that is not in memory it is moved from the virtual memory to an actual memory address.

3. What is difference between multiprogramming and multiprocessing OS?

In multiprogramming OS, more than one program can be used at the same time but in Multiprocessing OS, more than one program can be processed /executed at the same time.

4. What do you mean by GUI? GUI (pronounced as either G-U-I or gooey) allows the use

of icons or other visual indicators to interact with electronic devices; rather than using only text via the command line.

5. What are the factors which we should think while choosing OS? (a) The hardware provision and basic design of

computer (b) The application intended for the computer (c) The method of operating the computer.

6. What are the three types of language used to develop

OS? (a) Command Language (b) Job Control Language


(c) Os developing language 7. What is spooling? Spooling refers to the process of putting instructions or

something that needs to be done into memory or on storage until the program or computer is ready to execute those instructions.

8. What do you mean by thread? A thread is a portion of code that may be executed

independently of the main program. 9. What is deadlock? An error with the computer that occurs when two

programs are trying to wait for a signal from the other program at the same time.

10. What is cold booting and warm booting? Cold boot is a term used to describe the process of turning

on the computer after it has been powered off. Warm boot is one method of resetting a computer system that is already powered on, commonly used to recover from errors that cannot be recovered, or when a computer locks.

11. What is wild card characters in CMD? Wild cards are commonly used for the quick function for

the execution of DOS commands. Basically the wild cards are '?' and '*'


UNIT 7

PROGRAMMING CONCEPTS 1. What should be the qualities of good program?

(a) A program should be correct. (b) It should be easy to understand. (c) It should be reliable. (d) It should be flexible (e) It should have easier user interface etc.

2. What are Bugs? A bug is a general term used to describe any unexpected

problem with hardware or software. 3. Name some program design tools. Algorithm, Pseudo Code and Flowchart. 4. What is BCD? Binary Coded Decimal, BCD is also known as packet

decimal and is numbers 0 through 9 converted to four-digit binary.

5. What is ASCII? American Standard Code for Information Interexchange,

ASCII is an industry standard, which assigns letters, numbers, and other characters within the 256 slots available in the 8-bit code.

6. What is Unicode? A worldwide standard where each character uses a unique

number between U+0000 and U+10FFFF, Unicode may be 8-bit, 16-bit, or 32-bit.

8


APPLICATION PACKAGE 1. What is shortcut to open ms-word? winword 2. What is the shortcut key of copy and paste? ctrl+C- copy ctrl+V - Paste 3. What is drop cap and why do we use drop cap in

document? A drop cap is the first character of a document or paper

that is the largest letter of that page and takes up several lines or sentences of the first paragraph.

4. What is the importance of footnote and endnote? Footnote is a term used to describe additional information

found at the bottom of a page. whereas endnote is additional information or credits given at the end of the document instead of at the end of each page.

5. Define word processing? Word processing describes the process of creating or

editing a document using a word processor such as Microsoft Word. For example, with a word processor a student could create a book report and then print it, save it to a disk, display it on the screen, or send it over e-mail.

6. What is thesaurus? A thesaurus is a software tool included with some word

processors that provides synonyms and antonyms for selected words on command.

7. What is mail merge? A mail merge is a capability of word processors that take

a standard form and formats that form with unique


fields such as e-mail address, name, address, phone number, or other personal information to make the message look unique.

8. What is the shortcut to open font dialogue box? Ctrl + D 9. What actually strikethrough does? Draw a line through the selected text

10. How many document views are there in ms-word 2007? And what are they?

Draft View, Web Layout, Print Layout, Reading Layout, Outline View

11. What is hyperlink? A hyperlink is an icon, graphic, or text in a document that

links to another file or object.

12. If I need to copy and paste the format of text to another text which tool should I use?

Format Painter. 13. What is the shortcut to open spelling and grammar

tool? F7

14. What is page break? A page is a code inserted by a software program such as

Word processor that tells the printing device where to end the current page and begin the next.

15. What is bibliography? A bibliography is a list of references or citations

acknowledging the source of information or ideas.

SPREAD SHEET 16. What is workbook?


A workbook is the file, in which user works and stores data. A workbook may contain numerous spreadsheets in a single file.

17. What is worksheet? A worksheet is a data file made up of rows and columns

that are used to sort data and allow the user to manipulate and arrange data easily.

18. What is Cell? A cell is the intersection between a row and a column on a

spreadsheet that starts with cell A1. 19. How many total rows are there in a worksheet in ms

excel 2007? Total rows: - 1048576 20. What is spreadsheet? A spreadsheet is a data file made up of rows and columns

that are used to sort data and allow the user to manipulate and arrange data easily, commonly numerical data.

21. What is cell Range? It is an area or collection of number of defines cells into a

worksheet e.g A1:E15. 22. How you define an active cell? When you select a cell by clicking it with the mouse , or

moving to it using the keyboard, it becomes the active cell.

23. Why Freeze panes are used? Freeze Panes are use to lock specific rows or columns. 24. What are the parts of Formula? Functions, Reference, Constant, Operations.


25. What are reference operators? : (colon), ,(comma) , (space) 26. What is the name of the function which returns

positive square root. SQRT 27. What is Pivot table? A pivot table is tool used in spreadsheet programs

designed to collect information from one table or spreadsheet and then summarize the data on a second.

PRESENTATION

28. What is presentation program? A presentation program is computer software used to

display information, normally in the form of a slide show.

29. What is slide? A slide is a single page of presentation created with

software such as PowerPoint. 30. What is Animation? An animation is a visual effect applied to individual items

on the slide such as graphics, titles or bullet points. 31. What is Slide Transition? Slide transition is an effect that happens between each

photo, slide, or video clip. For example, a fade transition can be used to fade in or out of each picture in a slide show.

32. How many slide views are there in Microsoft PowerPoint?

Normal View, Slide Sorter View, Slide Show View 33. What is the shortcut to open power point 2007? powerpnt


UNIT 9 INTERNET

1. What is Internet? The internet is the networks of networks. Millions of

computers all over the world are connected through the Internet.

2. What is WWW? World wide web is the collection of linked documents or

pages. The world wide web consists of billions of pages linked to each other that contain text, graphics, multimedia files, and other interactive software.

3. What is web page? A web page is a document commonly written in Hyper

Text Markup Language (HTML) that is accessible through the Internet or other network using a browser.

4. What is Website? A site, website is a central location of various web pages

that are all related and can be accessed by visiting the home page using a browser.

5. What do you understand by browser? A browser, also referred to as a web browser, is a software

program created as a simplified means to present and explore content on the World Wide Web.

6. What is URL? Every resource including the web page on the internet has

its own unique address, called a URL (Uniform Resource Locator) that identifies its location on the internet.


7. What is Protocol? A protocol is a standard used or rule to define a method of

exchanging data over a computer network such as local area network, Internet, Intranet, etc.

8. What do you understand by web server? Computer or collection of computers used to deliver web

pages and other content to multiple users. Examples: AOLserver ( http://www.aolserver.com/),

Apache Web Server ( http://www.apache.org ), Boa Webserver ( http://www.boa.org/ ), Foxserv Web Server ( http://www.foxserv.net )

9. What do you understand by E-mail? Short for electronic mail or email is a message that may

contain text, files, images, or other attachments sent through a network to a specified individual or group of individuals.

10. What is Mail Server? Remote or central computer that holds electronic mail (e-

mail) messages for clients on a network. When the user requests his or her e-mail they contact the mail server, which delivers to the client computer all mail being stored.

UNIT 10

WEB PAGE DESIGNING 1. What is HTML? HTML is short for Hyper Text Markup Language. HTML

is used to create electronic documents (called pages) that are displayed on the World Wide Web. Each page contains a series of connections to other pages called hyperlinks.

2. What is Tag? A command inserted into a document or file that specifies

how a document or file should look when viewed. For example, HTML tags enable a user to format text using tags, bold text would make bold text.

3. What are Meta Tags? In HTML, meta tags or meta elements are tags placed

within the head section of your code that help define the contents of a web page. For example, a description meta tag is used by Internet search engines to display a description of your page in search engine results. The sections below list and describe the different types of meta tags. For a specific meta tag and its description, click one of the following links.

4. Which tag is used to break the line? tag 5. Name any five text formatting tag. , , , , <CODE> 6. Which tag is use to format font size, color, face etc? tag 7. How to increase multiple Spaces between text? by using "&nbsp" code. 8. Which tag is use to insert image? <img> tag 9. What are the three major types of links? a. Internal link, b. Local link and c. External link 10. What is the function of FRAME?


FRAME divide a browser screen into two or more HTML recognizable unique regions.

11. What does SRC means? In general, a source is the location of where information is

gathered. 12. What is CSS? What are the advantages of CSS? CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets. CSS consists of

various styles which define how to display HTML. Advantage:

• Web pages will load faster • Design consistency across all the pages of the web

site • Future redesigns will be more efficient. • It makes web page browser compatible with almost

all the browsers. 13. What is Inline CSS? An inline style is use when a unique style is to be applied

to a single occurrence of an element. 14. What are the parts from which css syntax is made up

of? Selector, Property and Value

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