Dr. Yuying Chris Changhttp://tku-phonetics.blogspot.com http://moodle.learning.tku.edu.tw/

yuying@mail.ntust.edu.tw

Phonetics

1. Variants of /l/2. My Fair Lady3. Chapter 3: Vowels4. Practice

Contents

Allophones: Variants of the /t/ sound

True T [t] start with a word, t/tr-, a stressed syllabus (incl. primary & secondary) or st-/str-

Flap T [ɾ] (1) V- ɾ-V, (2) r+ɾ + r, ( 3) double t, (4) before /l/, (5) between words

Glottal T [ʔ] A glottal stop [ʔ] is used before a syllabic nasal (e.g. t + ən) or the end of a syllable (e.g. final t) note: final can be true t

Variants of /l/Clear [l] and Dark [ɫ][l] occurs in syllable-initial position for example like, melon, and hello.

[ɫ] occurs in syllable-final position for example full, little, and belfry. allophone

My Fair Ladya. What problem did Eliza Doolittle have?

b. How did Higgin help her?c. Which part impressed you most?

d. As a phonetics learner, what can you learn from the movie?

Vowels vs. Consonants Basic concepts of vowels Vowel articulation Other features of vowels

Chapter 2: Vowels

Basic ConceptsEvery language phonetic systemEvery phonetic system vowels & consonants

Function of vowels and consonants Vowels form the nucleus or peak of syllables, whereas consonants form the onset and coda.

Major articulators: tongue, lips, jaw, and vocal folds

Vowel Articulation and Major Classification (Features)

1. Tongue height2. Tongue advancement3. Lip rounding

Features 1 & 2: Tongue Position

Ә a

Tongue positions for four vowels

• high/low (height)

• front/back (advancement)

• the relationship between the highest point of the tongue and the roof of the oral cavity

Example/ i / raising the front of the tongue towards the hard palate

/ u / raising the back of the tongue towards the soft palate

/ Ә / raising the center part of the tongue towards the junction of the hard and soft palates; shwa - a neutral middle vowel; occurs in unstressed syllables

Ә a

Feature 3: Lip Position

+rounded: back vowels except /ɑ/ & /ɚ, ɝ/Rounding the lips makes the mouth opening smaller and it will lower formant frequencies

/i/ /u/ /a/

p. 25

Description: Vowel Quadrilateral (p. 26)

± rounded

元元元元元元

Cardinal Vowels 基基基基Cardinal vowels are a set of reference vowels used by phoneticians in describing the sounds of languages

Front Monophthongshttp://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/english/frameset.html

Central Monphothonghttp://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/english/frameset.html

Back Monophthongshttp://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/english/frameset.html

Quiz

Please describe “shift”sh [ ]i [ ]f [ ]t [ ]

Consonants:(1) Phonation process (±voice)(2) Oral-nasal process(3) Place of articulation(4) Manner of articulation

Description of Phonemes

sh[ voiceless, oral, post-alveolar, fricative]

i [ closed (high), front, unrounded]

f [ voiceless, oral, labio-dental, fricative]

t [ voiceless, oral, alveolar, stop ]

Consonants:(1) Phonation process (±voice)(2) Oral-nasal process(3) Place of articulation(4) Manner of articulation

1. Long and Short2. Tense and lax (Tenseness)3. Retroflex4. Oral and Nasal5. Monophthong and Diphthong6. Devoicing

Other Features

Ә a

1. Long and Short VowelsVowels can be long and short Vowel length is the perceived duration of a vowel sound

Whether a vowel is long or short depends on the relativity of similar quality in the same vowel system

many languages do not distinguish vowel length

Compared with consonants, vowels are loud and long

Long VowelsLong A (ā ), pronounced /eɪ/ as in ate or mate,

Long E (ē ), pronounced /iː/ as in eat or meat (or meet or mete-- all pronounced the same),

Long I (ī), pronounced /aɪ/ as in mite or might,

Long O (ō), pronounced /oʊ/ as in oats, mote or moat, and

Long U (ū), pronounced /juː/ in mute.

Short Vowels ă, pronounced /æ/ as in apple, pan, or mat,

 ĕ, pronounced /ɛ/ as in elephant, pen, or met,

 ĭ, pronounced /ɪ/ as in insect, pin, or mitt,

 ŏ, pronounced /ɒ/ as in ostrich, upon, or motto,

 and ŭ, pronounced /ʌ/ as in umbrella, pun, or mutt.

Diacritics: Long and Short Vowels

e.g. [a] short [a:] long

2. Tense and Lax

A tense vowel: the tongue and other parts of the vocal apparatus are relatively tense

A lax vowel: the muscles of the vocal apparatus are relatively loose

Long vowels are usually tense vowels

Source: http://www.phonetics.ucla.edu/course/chapter4/4vowels.html

3. RetroflexionRefer to the tongue-tip curling toward the pharynx

The r-colored vowels: /ɝ/ & /ɚ/

Vowels preceding a consonantal /r/

4. Oral and Nasalized Vowels

An oral vowel: raising uvula1. Soft palate in a raised position2. No airstream through the nasal cavityA nasalized vowel: lowering uvula1. Soft palate in a lowered position2. Allowing airstream through both oral and nasal cavities simultaneously

3. The resonances of the nasal cavity are added

Diacritics: Oral and Nasalized VowelsThere is no nasal vowels in English

(cf. nasalized consonants: /m/, /n/, / /)

Nasalized vowels could happen because of assimilation

~ tilde

5. Monophthong vs. DiphthongMonophthong: A vowel where there is no appreciable change in quality during a syllable

Diphthongs: A vowel where there is a change in quality during in a single syllable

/ /

Visual Waveforms

6. DevoicingCf. Voiced vs. VoicelessDiffer from language to language

± Vibration in vocal folds

timing of the onset of vocal fold vibration

DevoicingVoiced sounds are produced without vocal fold vibration for part or all of its duration

If an approximant rather than a vowel follows, the aspiration takes the form of devoicing the approximant

end positionaspirated consonant + approximant (r, l, j, w, h) devoicing the approximant

Great Vowel ShiftA sound change that took place in English sometime between 1400 and 1600 CE in which seven long phonemes were changed.

p.81

Practice Source: Friends

Practice

Practice Source: Friends