3 Karakteristik Sensor [Compatibility Mode]

3 : ELEMEN DAN

KARAKTERISTIK SENSOR

Program Studi Fisika

FI 365 FI 365 FI 365 FI 365 –––– SISTEM INSTRUMENTASISISTEM INSTRUMENTASISISTEM INSTRUMENTASISISTEM INSTRUMENTASI

Waslaluddin, dkk

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ISI KULIAH

� Elemen Sensor

� Karakteristik Dasar

� Identifikasi Karakteristik Sensor

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ELEMEN SENSOR

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Elemen Sensor

� Domain elemen sensor � material� energi

� Material� Silicon� Plastik� Metal

Keramik� Energi

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� Keramik� Glass� Biological

substance

� Energi� Elektrik� Magnetik� Termal� Akustik� Optik

(lihat pembahasan prinsip transduksi)

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StimulusStimulusStimulusStimulus

Mekanik

Radiasi

Kimia

MagnetikMagnetik Termal

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Elektrik

SensorSensoroutputsignal

measurand

SensorSensoroutputsignal

measurand

powersupply

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Transduction effectTransduction effectFI 365

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Transduction effectTransduction effectFI 365

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Scale of measurandsScale of measurandsFI 365

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Sensing constraintsSensing constraintsFI 365

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Radiant SensorsRadiant Sensors �� Electromagnetic SpectrumRadiant SensorsRadiant Sensors �� Electromagnetic Spectrum

Visible Spectrum

700 nm 400 nm

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Radiant SensorsRadiant Sensors �� Electromagnetic Spectrum

Light SensorsLight Sensors• Photodiodes • Phototransistor • Photoresistors • Cooled Detectors • Thermal Detectors

• Golay Cells • Thermopile Sensors • Pyroelectric Sensors

Light SensorsLight Sensors• Photodiodes • Phototransistor • Photoresistors • Cooled Detectors • Thermal Detectors

• Golay Cells • Thermopile Sensors • Pyroelectric Sensors

Radiation SensorsRadiation Sensors• Scintillating Detectors• Ionization Detectors

Radiation SensorsRadiation Sensors• Scintillating Detectors• Ionization Detectors

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• Pyroelectric Sensors • Bolometers • Active Far-Infrared Sensors • Gas Flame Detectors

• Pyroelectric Sensors • Bolometers • Active Far-Infrared Sensors • Gas Flame Detectors

• Ionization Detectors • Ionization Chambers • Proportional Chambers • Geiger–Müller Counters • Semiconductor Detectors

• Ionization Detectors • Ionization Chambers • Proportional Chambers • Geiger–Müller Counters • Semiconductor Detectors

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Mechanical SensorsMechanical SensorsOccupancy and Motion DetectorsOccupancy and Motion Detectors• Ultrasonic Sensors • Microwave Motion Detectors • Capacitive Occupancy Detectors • Triboelectric Detectors • Optoelectronic Motion Detectors

• Visible and Near-Infrared Light Motion Detectors & Far-IR Motion Detectors

Occupancy and Motion DetectorsOccupancy and Motion Detectors• Ultrasonic Sensors • Microwave Motion Detectors • Capacitive Occupancy Detectors • Triboelectric Detectors • Optoelectronic Motion Detectors

• Visible and Near-Infrared Light Motion Detectors & Far-IR Motion Detectors

Position, Displacement, and LevelPosition, Displacement, and Level• Potentiometric Sensors Position, Displacement, and LevelPosition, Displacement, and Level• Potentiometric Sensors

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• Potentiometric Sensors • Gravitational Sensors • Capacitive Sensors • Inductive and Magnetic Sensors

• LVDT and RVDT • Eddy Current Sensors & Transverse Inductive Sensor • Hall Effect Sensors & Magnetoresistive Sensors

• Optical Sensors • Optical Bridge & Proximity Detector with Polarized Light • Fiber-Optic Sensors & Fabry–Perot Sensors • Grating Sensors & Linear Optical Sensors (PSD)

• Ultrasonic Sensors • Radar Sensors : Micropower Impulse Radar & Ground-P enetrating Radar • Thickness and Level Sensors : Ablation & Thin-Film & Liquid-Level Sensors

• Potentiometric Sensors • Gravitational Sensors • Capacitive Sensors • Inductive and Magnetic Sensors

• LVDT and RVDT • Eddy Current Sensors & Transverse Inductive Sensor • Hall Effect Sensors & Magnetoresistive Sensors

• Optical Sensors • Optical Bridge & Proximity Detector with Polarized Light • Fiber-Optic Sensors & Fabry–Perot Sensors • Grating Sensors & Linear Optical Sensors (PSD)

• Ultrasonic Sensors • Radar Sensors : Micropower Impulse Radar & Ground-P enetrating Radar • Thickness and Level Sensors : Ablation & Thin-Film & Liquid-Level Sensors

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Mechanical SensorsMechanical Sensors

Velocity and AccelerationVelocity and Acceleration• Capacitive Accelerometers • Piezoresistive Accelerometers • Piezoelectric Accelerometers • Thermal Accelerometers

• Heated-Plate Accelerometer • Heated-Gas Accelerometer

• Gyroscopes• Rotor Gyroscope• Monolithic Silicon Gyroscopes

Velocity and AccelerationVelocity and Acceleration• Capacitive Accelerometers • Piezoresistive Accelerometers • Piezoelectric Accelerometers • Thermal Accelerometers

• Heated-Plate Accelerometer • Heated-Gas Accelerometer

• Gyroscopes• Rotor Gyroscope• Monolithic Silicon Gyroscopes

Pressure Sensors Pressure Sensors • Mercury Pressure Sensor • Piezoresistive Sensors • Capacitive Sensors . • VRP Sensors • Optoelectronic Sensors

Pressure Sensors Pressure Sensors • Mercury Pressure Sensor • Piezoresistive Sensors • Capacitive Sensors . • VRP Sensors • Optoelectronic Sensors

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• Monolithic Silicon Gyroscopes • Optical Gyroscopes• Monolithic Silicon Gyroscopes • Optical Gyroscopes

Force, Strain, and Tactile SensorsForce, Strain, and Tactile Sensors• Strain Gauges • Tactile Sensors . • Piezoelectric Force Sensors

Force, Strain, and Tactile SensorsForce, Strain, and Tactile Sensors• Strain Gauges • Tactile Sensors . • Piezoelectric Force Sensors

• Optoelectronic Sensors • Vacuum Sensors

• Pirani Gauge • Ionization Gauges • Gas Drag Gauge

• Optoelectronic Sensors • Vacuum Sensors

• Pirani Gauge • Ionization Gauges • Gas Drag Gauge

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Mechanical SensorsMechanical Sensors

Flow SensorsFlow Sensors• Thermal Transport Sensors • Ultrasonic Sensors • Electromagnetic Sensors• Microflow Sensors • Breeze Sensor • Coriolis Mass Flow Sensors

Flow SensorsFlow Sensors• Thermal Transport Sensors • Ultrasonic Sensors • Electromagnetic Sensors• Microflow Sensors • Breeze Sensor • Coriolis Mass Flow Sensors

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• Coriolis Mass Flow Sensors • Drag Force Flow Sensors • Coriolis Mass Flow Sensors • Drag Force Flow Sensors

Acoustic SensorsAcoustic Sensors• Resistive Microphones • Condenser Microphones • Fiber-Optic Microphone • Piezoelectric Microphones • Electret Microphones • Solid-State Acoustic Detectors

Acoustic SensorsAcoustic Sensors• Resistive Microphones • Condenser Microphones • Fiber-Optic Microphone • Piezoelectric Microphones • Electret Microphones • Solid-State Acoustic Detectors

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Temperature SensorsTemperature Sensors

• Thermoresistive Sensors • Resistance Temperature • Silicon Resistive Sensors • Thermistors

• NTC Thermistors • Self-Heating Effect in NTC Thermistors • PTC Thermistors

• Thermoelectric Contact Sensors • Semiconductor P -N Junction Sensors

• Thermoresistive Sensors • Resistance Temperature • Silicon Resistive Sensors • Thermistors

• NTC Thermistors • Self-Heating Effect in NTC Thermistors • PTC Thermistors

• Thermoelectric Contact Sensors • Semiconductor P -N Junction Sensors

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• Semiconductor P -N Junction Sensors • Optical Temperature Sensors

• Fluoroptic Sensors • Interferometric Sensors • Thermochromic Solution Sensor

• Acoustic Temperature Sensor • Piezoelectric Temperature Sensors

• Semiconductor P -N Junction Sensors • Optical Temperature Sensors

• Fluoroptic Sensors • Interferometric Sensors • Thermochromic Solution Sensor

• Acoustic Temperature Sensor • Piezoelectric Temperature Sensors

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Magnetic SensorsMagnetic Sensors

Direct Sensors• Metal-Oxide Chemical Sensors

• ChemFET

• Electrochemical Sensors

• Potentiometric Sensors

• Conductometric Sensors

• Amperometric Sensors

• Enhanced Catalytic Gas Sensors

Direct Sensors• Metal-Oxide Chemical Sensors

• ChemFET

• Electrochemical Sensors

• Potentiometric Sensors

• Conductometric Sensors

• Amperometric Sensors


Complex Sensors• Thermal Sensors

• Pellister Catalytic Sensors

• Optical Chemical Sensors

• Mass Detector

• Biochemical Sensors

Complex Sensors• Thermal Sensors

• Pellister Catalytic Sensors

• Optical Chemical Sensors

• Mass Detector


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• Elastomer Chemiresistors


• Elastomer Chemiresistors • Biochemical Sensors

• Enzyme Sensors


• Enzyme Sensors

Humidity and Moisture Sensors• Capacitive Sensors • Electrical Conductivity Sensors • Thermal Conductivity Sensor • Optical Hygrometer• Oscillating Hygrometer


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Chemical SensorsChemical Sensors

Direct Sensors• Metal-Oxide Chemical Sensors • ChemFET • Electrochemical Sensors • Potentiometric Sensors • Conductometric Sensors • Amperometric Sensors • Enhanced Catalytic Gas Sensors • Elastomer Chemiresistors

Direct Sensors• Metal-Oxide Chemical Sensors • ChemFET • Electrochemical Sensors • Potentiometric Sensors • Conductometric Sensors • Amperometric Sensors • Enhanced Catalytic Gas Sensors • Elastomer Chemiresistors

Complex Sensors• Thermal Sensors • Pellister Catalytic Sensors • Optical Chemical Sensors • Mass Detector • Biochemical Sensors • Enzyme Sensors

Complex Sensors• Thermal Sensors • Pellister Catalytic Sensors • Optical Chemical Sensors • Mass Detector • Biochemical Sensors • Enzyme Sensors

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• Enzyme Sensors • Enzyme Sensors



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KARAKTERISTIK

SENSOR

� Karakteristik STATIK

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� Karakteristik STATIK� Karakteristik DINAMIK

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Karakteristik : PendahuluanFI 365

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Contoh : Kesalahan sistematik dan randomFI 365

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Karakteristik SensorFI 365

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Akurasi, Diskriminasi dan PresisiFI 365

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PresisiFI 365

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Akurasi dan ErrrorFI 365

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Rentang Input & Output

RANGE� Input Range

� Rentang nilai antara input minimum dan input maksimum� Misal : Input range suatu transduser tekanan 0 s/d 104 Pa

� Output Range� Rentang nilai antara output minimum dan output maksimum� Misal : Output range suatu transmitter 4 s/d 20 mA

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Input range : 0 s/d 104 PaOutput range : 4 s/d 20 mA

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Span

SPAN� Variasi maksimum input atau output suatu sistem

pengukuran� Input Span = Inputmax – Inputmin

� Output Span = Outputmax – Outputmin

� Contoh� Suatu Pressure Transmitter memiliki span sebagai berikut

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� Suatu Pressure Transmitter memiliki span sebagai berikut� Input Span = 104 Pa� Output Span = 16 mA

Input span : 104 PaOutput span : 16 mA

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Linieritas

LINIERITAS� Suatu sistem dikatakan linier jika hubungan input d an

output merupakan suatu garis lurus� Nilai output suatu sistem linier dinyatakan sbb

aInputKOutput +×=ideal

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MINMAX

MINMAXLurus Garis KemiringanInputInput

OutputOutputK

−−==

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Non-linieritas

NON-LINIERITAS� Suatu sistem dikatakan non-linier jika hubungan inp ut dan

output bukan merupakan suatu garis lurus� Contoh kurva linier dan non-linier :

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Persamaan Output

� Secara umum, Output suatu sistem merupakan fungsi Inputdengan bentuk persamaan polinomial berikut

( )

∑=

=

=

++++=mk

k

ki

mm

Ina

InaInaInaaInOut

0

2210

...

Contoh

Tegangan keluaran suatu termokopel copper-constantan (type T),

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Tegangan keluaran suatu termokopel copper-constantan (type T),

diekspresikan dengan persamaan polinom berikut,

( ) )(...10071.210319.374.38 43422 TfTTTTE ++⋅+⋅+= −−

TElinear 17.52=

( ) )(...10071.210319.343.13 43422 TfTTTTerror ++⋅+⋅+−= −−

Untuk rentang 0 s/d 400 oC, tegangan keluaran E(T=0) = 0 µV & E(T=400oC) = 20869 µV . Persamaan linier untuk rentang tsb,

Kesalahan linierisasi adalah,

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Sensitivitas

SENSITIVITAS� Perbandingan perubahan keluaran sistem terhadap

perubahan masukan sistem

( )( )Ind

Outd=ySensitivit

Contoh : Sensitivitas Termokopel Cooper - Constantant

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Contoh : Sensitivitas Termokopel Cooper - Constantant

.....10213.610638.674.38ySensitivit 242 +⋅+⋅+== −− TTdT

dE

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Input Gangguan

EFEK LINGKUNGAN ( environmental effect)� Secara umum, output pengukuran tidak hanya

fungsi input pengukuran, tetapi juga fungsi input lingkungan seperti temperatur lingkungan, tekanan atmosfir, kelembaban relatif, suplai tegangan dsb.

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� Terdapat 2 jenis input lingkungan� Modifying Input

� Menyebabkan sensitivitas linier sistem pengukuran berubah

� Interfering Input� Menyebabkan intersepsi atau zero bias sistem pengukuran

berubah

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Input Gangguan

Efek lingkungan

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Efek Modifying Input Efek Interfering Input

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Histeresis

HYSTERESIS� Histeresis adalah perbedaan nilai Output pengukuran pada

saat nilai Input pengukuran membesar (naik) dan mengecil (turun).

( ) ( ) ( )↓↑ −= InOutInOutIHysteresis

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Resolusi

RESOLUSI� Perubahan nilai terkecil Input pengukuran yang memberikan

respon pada Output pengukuran

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Hasil pengukuran:- 4,235 mm

- 4,240 mm

- 4,236 mm

- 4,235 mm

- 4,237 mm

Resolusi ?

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Aging

WEAR & AGING� Efek ini mengakibatkan karakteristik sistem pengukuran

seperti konstanta pengukuran K dan zero bias a berubah secara perlahan-lahan selama masa pakai

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ERROR BANDS (pita error)� Efek non-linieritas, histeresis dan resolusi, pada sistem

pengukuran relatif sulit untuk dikuantifikasi secara tepat.� Kinerja suatu sistem pengukuran dinyatakan dalam error

bands� Kinerja sistem pengukuran dinyatakan dalam fungsi

probability density p(O)

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( )

>−+>+≤≤−

==

=

0

0

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02

1

hOut

hOut

hOutOuthOuth

Op

ideal

ideal

idealideal

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ERROR BANDS (pita error)

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IIMM IKIIKInNaIKOut +⋅⋅+++⋅= )(

MODEL Umum SensorFI 365

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Karakteristik DinamikFI 365

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Model Dinamika FI 365

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Review Transformasi LAPLACEFI 365

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Review Transformasi LAPLACEFI 365

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Lokasi pole dan perilaku dinamikFI 365

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Sensor orde NOLFI 365

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Sensor orde SATUFI 365

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Contoh sensor orde SATUFI 365

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Sensor orde DUAFI 365

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Contoh sensor orde DUAFI 365

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IDENTIFIKASI KARAKTERISTIK

SENSOR

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Respon sensor orde SATUFI 365

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Respon STEP orde DUAFI 365

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Respon orde DUAFI 365

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3 Karakteristik Sensor [Compatibility Mode]

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Transcript of 3 Karakteristik Sensor [Compatibility Mode]