1919. 4325.

Also (by request), petition of Minnesota. ~tate Federation of ?There.being n'? obje.ctiont the matter referred to -was ordel'ed Labor, favoring the withdrawal of the Alnerican troons ;. to thEr ipnnted m . the. REcoRD, ns follows:_ Committee on Military Affairs. t FEDERAL Bo.ARD FOR V.ocA:TIONAIJ EoucA.'J."Ig~.

By Mr. ASHBROOK: Petition oL.Demert :eostr:Ko; 71, Grand Waslungton, August 2,_, 1[)19 . Army of the Republic, . of Newark, Ohio,Jn favor; of~ a minimum To Members ot tha.· Cong~·ess·: pension of $50 per month for CiviL War \eterans; to the Oomt There has been called to the attention of the Federal Board mittee on Pensions. for Vocational Education by several Members of Congress. a

By Mr. BARBOUR: Petition of employees of the post office communication addl·essed to all the Members of that body b~ at Modesto, Calif., indorsing Senate joint resolution 84; , pro- Robert Browning, signing himself as field representative of a viding for a· 36 per cent increa5e in salaries · of all postal new organization· known as the Association of Disabled, Sol~ employees; to the Committee on the Post Office. and Post diers, Sailors, and Marines. Inasmuch as this communication Roads. was apparently made without knowledge of the actual condi-

Al o, petition of· McPherson Post No. 51, Grand Army . or tions, the board invited· Mr: Browning· to come to its office at the Republic, Hanford, Calif., favoring. increase of pensions Washingto~ in ordeJ.• that these errors . might be pointec;I oub to to Civil · War veterans and their widows; to the · C6mmittee on him and the actual facts placed in hie hands. Since he has Pensions. failed: to .do this -and has allowed his· publicly made· statements.

By 1\ir. CLARK of Florida: Petition of merchants of FlOTida, to stand without correction, tlie board' fihds it necessary to send favoring the pas age of Senate bill 2202, known as the Kim- to tl:ie Members ot Congress the following answers to his state­yon . bill; to the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Com• ments, the latter- being gi'"en in quotation marks, followed! b:y merce. · ttie statement ot the board. ·

Also, petition of James A. Miller and many. other ·citizens of. I. the State of Florida, favoring the passage of, Senate bill 2202,' "Many of 'those being. trained under the board auspices have known as the Kenyon bill; to the Committee on · Interstate and·. objeeted to their-pay being ·redueed .by the board by the amotmf Foreign Coinmerce. that they earned while learning, a new trade. Thi& is mani-

Also, petition of mayor an.d council of the city of Marianna. festly: un.fa.ir, they claim; since such a.. method· offers- no ihcen­Fla., and other citizens, opposing what iS known as the ·Plumb tive for progress; and it encourages the employer· to exploit: tile plan; to the Committee-on Interstate and. FOreign·; Commerce·· .di abled' soldier."

By Mr. ELSTON: Petition of city. council, Oakland, Calif., * ... ~· ... * * * urging necessary laws to reduce· cost of· llving ahd puni!ill those No <leductions have lleen ma<le or. will be made by; th.e board guilty of profiteering..; to , the Committee on Agriculture. ih the training pay. of disabled men. because of moneys earned

By Mr. FOCHT: Papers- to accompany House. bill 6962. grant-- incidental to their wor.Jc while students" in training · in. shups; lng an increase of pension to Elias n Minium; to the Com- offices, . farmsf or anywhere. else. mittee on Invalid Pensions. ·

By Mr. KENNEDY of, Iowa.: Petition at. Keokuk C6mmercial IE Club, Keokuk Trades and Labor Assembly, Keoh.'l.lk Retail ' Tn· "Another grie\ance of.: the. association is that. it lias not dustrial .Association, and· Keokuk Retail Merchants' A.ssocill.-: learned of a single disabled' soldier among the one · thousand tion, indorsing Senate joint resolution 4~ to the Cominittee on nine hundred odd employees of the Federal board." the :Post Office and . Post- Roads. •:• t.• *- * ~· ,. •

By Mr. SNELL.: Petition , of employees-of. post: office· at: Pots- The ree.ords show· that at- the present time · tltere are · 256 ex-dam, N. Y.; ,favoring the passage of Senate Joint resolution 84, ser=vice men in the · emplo~, o~ the beard• of:"whom• 48- ~·eceived advocating. an increase in the compensation of.postal employees .disabilities in the · service. £reference- is : being gi_nm to dis~ · for the fiscal year beginning · July :4 1919; tQ·the Committee .on charged ·soldiers, and among· discharged·: soldiers to those who, the Post Office and Post Roads; in spite of their disability, will be able· to qualify under the

Also, petition of Order of Patrons of Husbandry, Silaw civ;il-service rules and do the work. 1tiost of: the employees of Wright Grange, No. 427, Canton, N. Y., opposing the Mondelll the board are female stenographers- and: typists~ Where di -land bill; to the Committee on the Public Lands. abled men' are qJ.lalified for. this-wc.rk; they har-e heen given em­

AlSo, petition of sundry citizens o:t Ogdensburg, N. Y., . pro~ ployment. Disabled men in· training:· ii:r commercial· courses are testing against the passage of.. the Kenyon bill; .Senate bilL2202 being. assisted by-the district- offices- to ·qnalify under · the • civil. to the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. service as- soon; as they are able; so· that vacancies in' the ·force

By Ur. TAYLOR of Tennessee·: Peqtion of Cumberland Gap of the board may be recruited! from their~ · ranks; It mu t be' Woolen Mills, of Harriman, Tenn:, protesting; against Govern- .r:emembered· that while the.· civ.il service • ha~ . uml~r the Pre.J~ ment ownership of any industries; railroads, etc.; to the Com- dent's order, established. a · se!)a.rate list-of ex-ser:vice men, these mittee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. men must meet the civil-service requirements as· to qualificutions-

.AlJ o, petition of the Kiwanis Club, of Chattanooga, Tenn:, ·by in order to be eligible to , employment:..._a proce s that· require. : F. E. Mahoney, president. protesting against the Plumti bill; time. to the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce.

Also, petition of McComb Supply Co., of Jellico, Tenn., pro­testing against the Plumb bill; to the Committee on Inter tate and Foreign Commerce.

SENATE. TUESDAY, August 26, 1919.

(Legislati?:e day ot Saturday, Au oust Z3, 1919.)

Tbe Senate met at 11 o'clock a. m., on the expiration of the recess.

IlL . "A.! number of men have complained that·· m spite of Presiue:ri.t'

Wilson's order that physical examination be waived in the ca e of men certified by the Fede1·a1. board for civil-service jobs, the. board refused to give the men the reqnired,data, and that conse­quently they were unable to obtain the positions under the civil service."

~ ¥ ¥ ¥ * - • The board receives applications of disabled men who desire ·

to train for civil-service positions. Up to the present time 6~ men have applied through the board for training for civil-service positionfJ. The following table shows- the action taken by the CiviLSe1·vice Commission on these cases-since May 17, 1919: Approved_ ____________________________ ~-------------- 2T

VOCATIONAL EDUG.l.TIO~. Approved · if the test for physical disability which tho board is haT-Mr. SMITH of Georgia. Mr. President, there has been a ing made is satisfactory_____________________________ 14

Rejeeted for- one position but approved for n.notlier_____________ 4 good deal of criticism recently in the public press of the work Returned . for furthermedica.J data__________________________ 5 · we have been doing in connection with injured soldiers. A part Rejected 1because disability made. work impossible----------.,---- 11 of it has been due to provision in legislation which already we Even if it· apj)e.ars to the repre:sentative of the Civil Service have amended, and it may be that so~e additional legislation. Commission .on the first review of the case when it is presented will be necessary to facilitate handling of the subject~ r hold to them by the board that a .man can not qualify for. the position in my hand a discussion of conditions by the director of the .desired, .tlie door of opportunity is not: closed to ·the man. If his Federal Board for Vocational Education. I do not. wisl:i to phySicarconditlonirnproves-·or;if a. satisfactory te tis made later discuss the subject at this time, bnr Utter on in the weeR I may the, man's-case can again, bEr placed. befor.e the civil' service fol"• rlo so, and r may possibly find it necessary to suggest adah ·a.. decision. tional legislation. Meanwhile I ask · leaye to have printed in_ The atiqve table.shows that onls: 11: a-pplications. for civil-ser.v:­the- RERORD a di cussion of conditions· by Dr. Prosser, ditectoi: ice positions have been . rejecte€1. by the commission. Some of. ot·vocational training. these cases were those _of men ;sufferi.ng from active tuberculosi~

4326 ... .. 1•. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. AUGUST 26.

who will not be put in training by the board under any_ condi­tions. In other cases the man desired an occupation which was entirely unsuited to the nature of his disability. These cases were rejected by the commission and very excellent recommenda­tions made as to opportunities in other Government positions.

IV. " The Federal board has failed to be guided in the administra­

tion of its work by the sound scientific principles evolved by other countries that ha\e been recognized as the pioneers in yocational reeducation."

• • * $ * * * The statement that the Federal board has not been guided in

the administration of its work by the scientific principles evolved by other countries is without foundation. The former vocational secretary. of the Can a dan Military Hospital Commission has been assigned to the board as special advisor since the very beginning of·the work. The former district vocational officer of the Prov­ince of Alberta organized most of the district offices and has been field organizer in the United States since the very beginning of the work. Representatives of the Federal board visited France and made a thorough study of the French rehabilitation system. A study of the systems used in the various countries will show that Canada and the United States are far ahead in the adminis­tration of the problem. . The only difference between the United States and Canada is in the fact that the United States Govern­ment is very much more liberal in awarding subsistence and training to disabled men. A great many men now in training in this country would not be considered eligible for training in Canada. It is also true that no other country has the provi­sions available for practically all disabled men that are made available by section 3 of the vocational rehabilitation act, under which, as has already been stated, every man awarded compensa­tion under the war-tisk insurance act may pursue a course of instruction for which the Government- will pay the entire cost, without subsistence, while in training.

v. "Accoruing to a report of the Federal board under date of June

21, 1919, only 11 men have been placed in remunerative employ­ment after completing courses of training. This would indicate an alarmingly low figure, considering the number of disabled soldiers who have completed courses."

• • • • • • Of the 119 men reported by District officers as completing train­

ing 12 will not resume employment now because they are ill or resting; 35 will resume training in the fall; 6 have left training, giving no address ; and the status of 12 cases has not been re­ported. This leaves a balance of 54 men, of whom 42 have been placed, or have placed themselves ; 12 men only are pending placement, and their cases are being pushed vigorously. It is difficult to secure the immediate placement of normal men, in­cluding even those discharged from the service without disabili­ties. The problem becomes doubly difficult when the man has a handicap and often requires testing and time. Inasmuch as the status of men in and out of employment and in training changes rapidly, the number given above-12-will vary, but in general it expresses the situation. The statement that only 11 men com­pleting cour es have secured employment, and that therefore 108 men haYe finished their work and haYe been neglected by the board, is obviou ly untrue.

VI. "Hundreds of men have complained that they were compelled

to wait from six weeks to six months without pay and forced to depend on the help of friends or charity before their cases were finally acted upon by the board."

• • • • • It is not the function or duty of the board to provide support

for men imme<lia tely on discharge from the service or to provide support for any disabled men,.- other than those who have been [)laced in training, because they are in need of vocational rehabili­tation to overcome the handicap of their disability. Support of di abled men after discharge was provided for by the Congress in giving a $60 bonus, and by paying compensation through the War Ri k Insurance Bureau for disabilities received. Further­more, the original vocational rehabilitation act provided that the hoard could not make payments to men in training until com­pen ation was awarded by the Bureau of War Risk Insurance.

At the time the President signed the amendment to section 2 of the Yocational rehabilitation act there were 3,633 cases whJch had passed the district case boards and had been approved for trainlng by the Washington office. In the discharge of its re­sponsibility the Bureau of War Risk Insurance is required by law to secure legal proof of many things before it can award

compensation, and unavoidable delays result. These 3,633 men had not been awarded compensation, and the board was therefore legally unable to approve or provide training. Since July 11 all of these cases have been acted upon, and the districts have been authorized to proceed with training in all cases in which the training was necessary within the meaning of the amended act.

VII. "It has recently come to the attention of the a ociation that

the -Federal board has issued to its 14 district officers an order that precedence be given to cases of seriously disabled men over those with minor injuries. Such a ruling is re ented by the thousands of .soldiers who have suffered le s conspicu­ous disabilities, but who, nevertheles , are preYented. from re­turning to their old jobs and who need retraining just as much as the m~n who haYe given an arm or a leg in battle."

* * * . * * * Since it was impossible adminish·atiYely to handle immedi··

ately the many thousands of application. before the board when it was given a free hand by the Congre s on July 11, 1919, the board decided to concentrate its efforts in getting men with major occupational hannicaps into training at once. We reaffirm the justice and wisdom of this policy. Your at­tention is invited to the faCt that the board's definition of a major occupational handicap include not only tho e offering from loss of limb, which are comparatively few, but many thousands of cases that are suffering from di abilities le s ob­vious than amputations which prevent thefr return to employ­ment. Moreover, in order t~ be eligible for training at the present time it is only necessary for the man to show thRt he has a temporary major handicap. If he is suffering from a temporary major disability, which may be entirely cured i11 six months, such as the after effects of chlorine ga , leaving tachycardia and shortness of breath on exertion, he is con­sidered eligible for training. The standards auopteu by the Federal Board for Vocational Education are more lenient than those of any other country and a larger proportion of ui abled men will be embraced within the provisions of the vocational rehabilitation act in this country than in any of the '"arring nations. An examination of the files of the Feuernl Board for Vocational Edu~ation will show hundreds of applications for training made by men who were discharged with a \ery !'light or almost negligible disability. Several men, for example, who were discharged from the Navy on account of s nsickne re­quest training, because they are unable to return to th~ir pre­vious occupation of clerk. On account of tile generosity of Congress in providing liberal allowance for di ablecl men in training .a great .many unworthy cases applied for training at the district offices. All of the e applications were gi\·en due consideration, as it was thought that the e men, aJtllougll ·uf­fering from an apparently slight disability, might really he in need of training. It has been found that the men uffcring from negligible disability are as insi tent on immediate action as those suffering from major disabilities. Wllile the pre sure from disabled men was increa:;;ing many experienced men left the staff of the board to return to their former vasi tions. and the work has in consequence been greatly handicapped. It was therefore administrati\e1y impo ible to giYc seriou · con­sideration to all cases with minor disnhilities. .\s nn adminis­trative program it was decided to attend fir. t to tlw serious cases, get these men in training immediately, and to ~adjmlicnte the claims of the slightly disabled men after the more im­portant problems had been met, remembering that they may be assumed to be in receipt of or soon to r eceiYe as .·upport :·melt compensation as they are entitled to from tile War Ri k In­surance Bureau.

YIII. "The Federal board ha acted in a bureaucratic fn ·Ilion by

demanding for its lleadquarter. in 'Vasllington nb olut p " ·er. and by depriving its di trict \ocationnl officer· of any initia­ti\e." . . . . . '

The statement that the Federal board has uot given the dis­q:icts sufficient authority, is without foundation. The di titrict · have been given whatever authority is pos~ible. As the board is operating on a budget ·ystem it is impo sible to a sign the expenditure of funds to the district offices. If the di trict offices were allowed to place men in training prior to central otnces' approval thereby contracting large obligations, the board would soon contract to spend money far in exce s of its appropria­tions.' In order to control the exp nditure of Feueral funds, it is absolutely necessary that control be exerci ed by the cenh·al office and the board thu discharge the duty imposed by Congress. ·

1919. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-- SENATE. 4327

TX. ~he Federal Board for \ocational Education "has shown a

decided unwillingness to cooperate with existing agencies that haye offered their facilities freely and generously for training and absorbing into employment disabled soldiers."

• * • • • • • The board is using at the present time 546 existing State and

local institutions for training disabled men and is training dis~ abled · men on the job in ~98 factories, workshops and offices throughout the country. The board has to its knowledge re~ fused to use offered facilities in not more than six: cases and these were refused for good and sufficient reasons.

The board has excellent cooperative arrangements with the Departments of Commerce, Labor, and Agriculture, the War and Navy Departments, the ·Public Health Service, the Surgeon General's office, War Department, the Bureau of Medicine and Sm·gery, Navy Department, the War Risk Insurance Bureau, the United States Employment Service, the American Red Cross, the Council of National Defense, the National Catholic _,Var Council, the National Manufacturers' Association, the American Federation of Labor, the United States Chamber of Commerce, the Elks' War Relief Commission, the Elks' Clubs throughout the country, the Rotary Clubs throughout the coun~ try, and with casualty insurance companies throughout the counh·y, as well as many hundreds of others.

The board is cooperating with more than 30,000 public and Pl'ivate agencies, National, State, and local in their scope and in countless ways is securing invaluable aid from them in the discharge of its task.

X. " The Federal board has announced that it llas made . eon~

tracts with 146,~31 for training, and that of this number only 5,808 already have been placed in ·training. At-its present rate of progress- ·it will take the board more than a year to . place this number in training. .As a result over 100,000 disabled men will be waiting without pay ftom the Federal •board."

¥ * * '* * ~ * The board has not made contracts with any soldiers. It

has ~tabllshed contact with 133,367 soldiers. By eontact is meant that the board has, through its re_presentatives in person or by correspondence, gotten into touch with this number of soldiers. Of this number 110,135 have actmilly been inter~ viewed and surveyed by agents of the board in the desire to 1·each every man in need of training to overcome the 'handicap of hi disability. ·

Of these men a great majority Ul'e not eligible to training under the law because they are not in the language of the law " in need of vocational rehabilitation to overcome the handicap of their disability." They are able to retm·n to their former occupatlons ·successfully where, in addition to their wage, many will receive compensation ·'from the War Risk 'Insliranee .Bureau. The -board expects to administer the law in the most liberal spirit possible, and to give the soldier the benefit of the doubt where any"exists. Training under section 3 of the act is made uvailable to every man awarded compensation by the ·War Risk Insurance Bureau. Every ·such mail is given a com·se of instruction if he will take it, and the expense of tuition, books, supplies, and traveling is paid by the G-overnment. In every case where a man because of a temporary or total disability is unable to enter employment successfully, the full -support provided by the law for him and his depend~ts is paitl in addition. Beyond this the board can not .go ·under the law whate-ver .may be its personal feelings.

If it is ·the intention of Congress to provide vocational rehabilitation to every man dischai'ged with a disability rated as 10 per cent or •over, Congress should realize the expenditure involved by a program of this magnitude.

The weekly statistical report of the General Staff of .August 7, 1919, contains the following : .

" The Army had reported to the Bureau of War Risk In~ surance to July 1 the names of 149,433 men discharged from the Army with disability. Only cases showing 10 per cent dis~ ability have been reported. At this rate it seems probable that the total number of cases ·of disability resulting from the war and entitled to compensation will be close to 200,000."

These figures are exclusive of disabilities incurred in the Navy or 1\Ia.rine Corps. Estimating · this number at 50,000, makes a total of .250,000 men discharged with disability rated as 10 per cent or ove~·· If these men receive training with support it will inYolve an expenditure of $350,000,000; only $16,000,()00 have been appropriated. Moreover, the $350,000,000 required for support and tuition for such b. group of men does not lnclude their o:aveling expenses, medical care, or me_chanical appliances nor the · c~-penditures for equipment and for administration.

It is impossible to conceive that all .men who have received disabilities in the service will need retraining in order to return to their old occupations. The experience of Canada, whose standardS are more liberal than those of any of the European countries, shows that approximately 10 per cent of the disabled men nee? retraining. If this country doubles the percentage of men tramed by Canada, there would only be 50,000 men to be l'etrained. The statement that oYer 100,000 disabled men will be waiting without pay from the Fede:ral ·board is therefore ob-viously without foundation. ' '

The theory and intent of the war-risk insurance act and the vocational-rehabilitation act ·was that compensation should be given to all disabled men to compensate for the disability as a handicap in employment, and that training should be given to those unable to return to employment successfully because the handicap of the disability interfered with .theii· specific occupa~ tion. Ina8much as it is not the f"Unction of the board to provide compensation as support for all disabled men, but only to provide maintenance · fo1· those needing h·aining, the charae that 100,000 men will be waiting without pay from the Feder~ board has no foundation in law or in fact.

To this date a total of 14,876 cases have been ap_proved for training, of which 7,356 have been placed in training, the rest having been notified of the approval of their courses and a.re awaiting the opening of the schools which they will attend in September. It is obviously impossible to send these men to school until the schools open. A t.otal of about 17 000 men will be in . training by October 1. In the seven month~ sinee demo~ bilization of disabled men in large numbers began, and the board secured entrance to the military hospitals, the board has ap~ proved for training as many men as Canada has approved in f?ur and a half years of war, and has in training at the present trme as m:my men as Canada. From present indications the United States will by October 1 have passed the Canadian figures as to total number of men in training since the war began in 1914. '

By increasing the rate of support to men -in training the Congress has by .recent legislation made the maintenance . of dis~ abled men in training and their dependents ~;werage about $100 per month, thereby making an award of training financially advant~geous. Many _people look upon this u·aining pay as u legal nght of every man with a disability, howeve1· slight or negligible, comparable to the $60 bonus and the award of com~ pensation. This is not the law, and consequently the board is unable !o admin.ister. it from .any such standpoint; but it is on the ba.SlS of . this mlSconception that .great pressure is · bein~ brought to bear from returned soldiers and persons ·occupyi.IIf! prom~ent public .positions. To satisfy this demand that every man discharged from the service with a disability be placed on ~e ~vernment pay roll at an average salary of $H>O per month, 1t .will·be necessary for Congress to amendithe present law-and to face _without hesitation an expenditm·e of from $400,000,000 to $500,000,000 before the task is completed.

This may be, and in the opinion of many per ·ons is the be t and most equitable solution of the difficulty. They hoid that as a measure of .social .reconstruction Every maninjured or diseased in the service should be given, at Government expense, a m.ihi~ mum of from 6 to J.2 months of training and believe .not oiilv ~at-this training is-due all such men ns c~pensation..::for suffer~ mg, but also that .money spent in this way on them will provide the largest social return. ~e F~d~ral board stands reaqy and .will be .glad to answer

any mqmnes or .respond to any call •Congress may make for a clear and comprehensive under£tanding of the administration of the 1·ehabilitation law.

Respectfully, yom·s, · -FEDERALBOABD FOB VOCATIONAL EDUC..iTI01'7,

'By C. A. PROSSER, .Director.

CALLING OF THE lWLL.

J\Ir. ASHURST. Mr. President, I suggest the absence of a quorum. .

The VICE PRESIDENT. The Secretary will call-the roll. The Secretary called the roll, and the following Senators an­

swered to their names : Ashurst Harris l\IcKax:y Brandegee Johnson, S.Dak. Nelson Capper Jones, Wash. New Curtis Kendrick Nugent Dial Keyes · Overman Fernald King Pa~e Gay Kirby Phipps Gerry La Follette Sheppard Hale McKellar Smith, Ga .

Smoot Spencer Sterling Sutherland Townsend Trammell Walsh, Mass. Walsh, Mont.

' Mr. TRA.l\11\l.EJLL. 1 desire to announce t he una\oidable ab­sence of my colleague [1\lr. FLETCHEn] on account of illness.

4328 CONGRESSIONAL _RECORD-' SENATE. AUGUST 26,

. The VICE PRESIDENT. Thirty-five Senators have .an­swered to llie roll calL There is not a quorum present. 'l'he Secretary will call the roll of absentees.

The .Secretary called the names of the absent Senators, anll Mr. CHA:?.IBERLAIN, Mr. KELLOGG, :Mr. LENROOT, Mr. PoMERENE, ~1r. REED, 1\Ir. RoBI so"", and 1\Ir. ~ROMAs answered to their

' names when called. The VICE PRESIDENT. Forty-two Senators have answered

to llie roll call. There is not a quorum present. Mr. Nonins, l\fr. SMITH of South Carolina, and Mr. POINDEX­

'I'ER entered the Chamber and answered to their names. Mr. SMOOT. I move that the Sergeant at Arms be directed

to request the attendance of absent Senatf)rs. The motion \vas agreed to. The VICE PRESIDENT. The Sergeant at Arms is instructed

to request the attendance of absent Senators. . Mr. CURTIS. I wish to · announce the absence · on official

business of the Senator from New Jersey [Mr. lJ'RELINOHUY­SEN] and the Senator from Montana [1\Ir. l\h"ERS].

Mr. GAY. I de ire to announce the ab ence of my colleague [Mr. RANSDELL] on official business.

l\fr. GERRY. The Senator from 'Virginia [Mr. SWANSON], the Senator from Nebraska [Mr. HITcHcocK], the Senator from California [Mr. PHELAN], the senior Senator from Nevada [Mr. PITTMAN], and the Senator from North Carolina [Mr. SIM­:Mo.-s] are detained on official busines . I also announce that the senior Senator from Kentucky [Mr. BECKHAM] and the junior Senator from Kentucky [Mr. STANLEY] are absept on public business. · . Mr. CALDER, :Mr. 1\IcCon:lliCK, Mr. BAJ.~KHEAD, Mr. CUMMINS, Mr. GRONNA, Mr. CULBERSON, Mr. GoRE, l\fr. ELKINS, 1\Ir. WoL­coTT, Mr. BALL, Mr. HENDERSON, Mr. PHELAN, and l\Ir. WATSON entered the Chamber and answered to their names.

';rhe VICE PRESIDENT. Fifty-eight Senators have an­swered to the roll call. There is a quorum present.

PETITIONS AND MEMORIALS. l\Ir. GAY. I present resolutions adopted by the board of di­

rectors of the Association of Commerce of New Orleans, La., requesting legislation relative· to the reclamation of · the vast areas of swamp and arid lands in the United States with a view to cooperating with the State governments and the local author­ities in the reclamation of these lands and the bringing of these lands into cultivation and the opening up of them to settlement. I ask that the resolutions be pt·inted in the RECORD and referred to the Committee on Irrigation and Reclamation of Arid Lands.

There being no objection, the resolutions were referred to the Committee on Irrigation and Reclamation of Arid Lands and ordered to be printed in the RECORD, as follows: Resolutions adopted by board of directors of the New Orleans Associa-

tion of Commerce, Friday, August 15, 1919. · Whereas the most important and far-reaching question before the public

to-day is the reduction of the high cost of living; and Whereas one of the most potent influences for the reduction of the cost

of living would be the increase in the acreage of tillable and culti­vable lands and the opening of such lands to settlement and cultiva­tion by returning soldiers and others ; and

Whereas in recognition of this situation the Congress of the United States has with the Mondell bill (H. R. 487) and the Smith-Cham­berlain bill (H. R. 7634 and S. 2536) taken up actively the subject of the reclamation of the vast areas of swamp and arid lands in the United States with a view to cooperating with the State governments and the local authorities in the reclamation of such lands, the bringing of such lands into cultivation, and to throwing them open to settle-

w:e~~~ ~~dorder that ~uch legislation may be speedily enacted, tt is highly desirable that Congress shall be made aware of the fact that public sentiment not only approves of but urges the immediate enact­ment of such legislation: Now, therefore, be it Resolved That the board of directors of the Association of Com­

merce of New Orleans be requested to take active steps to call to the attrntion of the Congress of the United States the hearty approval which the general principles contained in the legislation above referred to meets in this and other sections of the country and to the desirability and necessity of such legislation in the near future; be it further

Resolved, That the board of directors be, and they hereby are, re­quested to call the matter to the attention of the commercial organiza­tions throughout the United States, in order that those organizations might cooperate and lend their influence to securing the passage at an early date of the legislation in question.

A true copy. WALTER P A.RKER,

Genet·aZ Manager. 1\fr. PHIPPS presented a petition of sundry citizens of Den­

ver, Colo., praying for the ratification of the proposed league of nations treaty, which was referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations.

Mr. LODGE presented a petition of the Allied Building Trades Council of Springfield, l\Iass., praying for the ratification of the proposed league of nations treaty, which was referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations. .

He al Q presented a memorial of George Washington Oourt, No. 85, l\I. C. 0. F., of ··west Lynn, Mas ., and a memorial of

Robert Emmet Branch, Friends of Irish Freedom, of Northamp· ton, Mass., remonstrating against the ratification of the proposed league of nations treaty, which were referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations.

Mr. TOWNSEND presented a petition of Local Grange No. 1544, Patrons of Husbandry, of Laketown, Mich., and a petition of Car.lton Grange, No. 264, Patrons of Husbandry, of Woodland, Mich., praying for the ratification of the proposed league of nations treaty, whicl1 were referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations.

He also presented a petition of the Woman's Christian Temper­ance Union, of Sparta, Mich., praying for the enactment of legislation providing for the enforcement of prohibition, which was ordered to lie on the table. ~ He also presented a petition of sundry postal clerks of Albert

Lea, Mich., and a petition of sundry postal clerks of Lansing, Mich., praying for an increase in the salaries of postal employee , which were referred to the Committee on Po t Offices and Post Roads.

He also presented a petition of Local Union No. 388, Interna­tional Molders' Union, of Kalamazoo, Mich., praying for the passage of the so-called Sterling civil-. ervice retirement bill, which was ordered to lie on the table.

Mr. PAGE presented a memorial of Council No. 37, St. Jean Baptiste Society, and Court Champlain, No. 402, of St. Albans, Vt., remonstrating against the ratification of the proposed league of nations treaty, which was refen-ed to the Committee on Foreign Relations.

l\Ir. WALSH of Massachusetts presented a p tition of Local Lodge No. 108, International Association of Machinists, of Quincy, Mass., and a petition of Local Lodge No. 319, International Asso­ciation of Machinists, of· LoweJI, Mass., praying for the adoption of the so-called Plumb plan for the operation of railroads, which were referred to the Committee on Interstate Commerce.

lie also presented memorials of t11e officei·s of the executive committees of the Associated Industries of Massachusett. and of the Manufacturers' and Employers' Association of Taunton, of the Massachusetts Chamber of Commerce, of the local cham­bers of Springfield, new Bedford, Plymouth, Worcester, Peabody, and l\fald_en ; also of officers of the Everett Mills ; of the Samuel l\1. Green Co., of Springfield; of the Simonds Manufacturing Co., of Fitchburg; of the \VhHney Reed Corporation, of Leominster; of the Wilkinson Counter Co., of Salem; of the Edwin V. Mitchell Co., of l\1edfield; of the ·Holyoke Belting Co. ; of B. F. Perkins & Sons Co., of Holyoke; of the Worthington Pump & :Machinery Co.; of the Ca\e Welding & Manufacturing Co., of Springfield; of the Archibald \Vheeler Co., of Lawrence; of the Meisel Press Manufacturing Co., of Boston; of the Lincoln Twist Drill Co., of Taunton; of the Hollings,-.;;orth & Vose Co., of Boston; of the Plymouth Cordage Co.; of l\Iillar & Wolfer, of Chelsea ; of the Tudor Press (Inc.), of Boston ; of the Somer et Stove Foundry Co. ; of Braman, Dow & Co., of Boston ; of the Hudson . Worsted Co.; of the Wright. Manufacturing Co., of Lawrence; of the G1iswoldville Manufacturing Co. ; of the Athol Manufacturing Co. ; of the Bancroft Textile Co., of Wor­cester ; of the Lamson & Goodnow Manufacturing Co., of Shel­burne Falls ; of the Carton Club, of Boston ; of the Perkins Box Co., of Gloucester; of the Cambridge Paper Box Co. ; of the Atlas Tack Co., of Fairhaven; of the J. E. French Co., of Rock­land; of the Colton Shoe Co., of Lynn; of Godfrey L. Cabot and Richard Patton, of Boston; H. R. Bean, of Swumscott, and Robert Wilson Neal, of Amherst; all in the State of Massachu­setts, remonstrating against the adoption of the so-called Plumb plan for the operation of railroads, which were referred to the Committee on Interstate Commerce.

Mr. PHELAN presented a petition of the city council of Oak­land, Calif., praying for an in\estigation into the high cost of living, which was referred to the Committee on the Judiciary.

Mr. OWEN. I present petitions signed by a large number of citizens of Oklahoma, praying for the pa sage of what is known as the Kenyon-Kendrick bill providing for Federal control of the meat-packing industry. I ask that the body of one of the petitions be printed in the RECORD, and that they be note(l ep­arately and referred to the Committee on Agriculture and Forestry.

There being no objection, t.he petition. were referred to the Committee on Agriculture and Forestry and the body of one of them was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, as follows : To the Members of Congress ana tlie Senate of the United States.

GENTLEMEN: Believing that the passage of the Kenyon bill (S. 2022) now before the Senate of the United States is e entiat to the future welfare of th.o -American people, inasmuch as it will in a degree curb the monopllzlng of essential food product·, which always tends to higher prices, and at the same time it will eliminate unfair competition in freight service, and to that end we, the retail merc.hants and l.ms1-

1919. o'oNGRESSION .A .. L RECORD-SEN A'fE. 4329 ness men of Clinton, Okla., request and urge your ·support of the Kenyon blll and any kindred legislation that will work to the best interest of the American peoTJle.

Petitions of sundry citizens of Taloga, Putnam, Custer City, Hobart, Mangum, Hollis, l)nke, Eldorado, Hester, Martha, Dill City, Canton, Indianapolis, Weatherford, Mount Park, Snyder, Lonewolf, Altus, Foss, Canute, Clinton, Blair, Headrick, and Roosevelt, all in the State of Oklahoma, and of ·wellington, Tex. ,

BILLS I~TRODUCED.

Bills were introduced, read the first time, and, by unanimous consent, the second time, and referred as follows: · ·

By Mr. PHIPPS: A bill ( S. 2884) to exclude certain lands from the Pike, Colo.,

or any other national forest (with accompanying papet·) ; to the Committee on Public Lands. ·

By Mr . .TONES of Washington: A blll (S. 2 85) granting a pension to Nettie Parker Chitten­

den; to the Committee on Pensions. By -Mr. FERNALD: A bill (S. 2886) granting an increase of pension to Warren

Jones (with accompanying paper ) ; to the Committee on Pen­sions.

By Mr. CA.PPER : . A bill ( S. 2887) permitting all bonorably discharged oldiers and sailors to purchase supplies from the commissary stores of the Army and Navy; to- tlie Committee on l\Jilitary Affairs:

A bill (S. 2888) granting an increase of pension to William J. Seals (with accompanying papers) ; to the Committee on Pen­sions.

AMERICA'S PATITICIPATION I~ TilE WAll.

Mr. ·KIRBY. . Mr. P1:esident, the United States of. America undertook, on April 6, 1917, the mightiest enterprise in the annals of time, to wage successful war 3,000 miles across the sea, with an Army that had not been raised, to be transported in ships that had not been built, against an enemy that must be fought in the air, on and in the earth, and under the sea, a powerful enemy, that had whipped the other great nations of the Old \Vorld to a standstill.

The war was lost to the Allies till America entered it, and our entry determined its outcome, changed defeat into victory.

The achievement of our Nation in this greatest World ·war was truly remarkable, and now that it has been brought to a vic­torious end it is well to review the difficulties met and larger things accomplished in the operations from the declaration of war, April 6, 1917, to the signing of the armistice, the conclusion of hostilities, November 11, 1918, in order that the extent and magnitude of our participation may be realized.

When the country entered the war it was not anticipated in America nor suggested by F'rance or England that any great force was expected to be transported overseas, nothing even approximating the great Army that was actually sent. More than 4,000,000 men served in the United States Army during the war, the total number in service in the armed forces of the country, including the Army, tpe Navy, the Marine Corps, and other services, reached the number of 4,800,000 men; about 5 of every 100 American citizens were in the service in defense of the country.

During the Civil War 2,400,000 men served in the Northern Armies and the Navy. About 10 in each 100 inhabitants of the Northern States saw service as soldiers or sailors. ·

It will be noted that in this war were raised twice as many men, in actual numbers, but in proportion to population only one-half as many, as served in the Union Army in the Civil War. No proper comparison, however interesting it might be, can be made between the American Armies during the present war and those of France and Great Britain, Italy, and Germany for the reason of diverse military policy of these nations. In France, for example, it was the policy to mobilize and put into uniform most of the able-bodied men of the nation not beyond military age and then assign the soldiers to work that had to be done whether it was directly of a military nature or not. Our policy was to take into the Army only those men physically fit to :fight and to assign them . to work directly related to the ordinary duties of the soldier, save in exceptional cases. The work of making munitions, operating . railroads, and building ships was ilone by men not enrolled in the armed forces of the Nation.

The policies of the other governments were different from the two described, and for these reasons any accurate international comparison of armies will not be possible until the figures are available sho,\ing the numbers and lengths of service of the men in the combatant forces of the different nations rather than the figures ori band showing the total numbers on the rolls called into the service. One comparison can fairly be made, however, between the -American Expeditionary Forces UJ)(} the British.

Both · corintries devote{} their greatest effort to landing, increas­ing, and maintaining their armies in France.

Tl1e British sent to France 'more men in theil' fil'st yenr . than we did in our first year,· but it took England three years to reach a strength' of 2,000,000 men in France, while· the United Htates accomplished the task in · one-half of that time. The British, it was true, had to use men from the beginning to fill ~aps in their ranks caused by casualties, :while the American force: were for months increased in strength by all new arrinl1s.

THE ARMY AT HOlliE AXD ABROAD.

The most difficult feature of the American undertaking is found in the concentration of our gr~atest effort into the few months of the spring and summer. of 1918. It was not until then, when the German Army was smashing its way through the allied lines in l\farch, 1918, that the Allies called upon America for the supreme effort that carried a million and a half soldier~ to France in six: months. \Vhen war was declared there were only 200,000 men in our Army. Two-thirds of these were Regu1a.r,· an<l one-third National Guardsmen who had been called to Federal service for duty along the Mexican border. When thi '-rnr ended this force had been increased to tw.enty times its original size and 4,000,000 men had seen service, 2,000,000 of these owr­seas. This Army was composed of ;1.3 per cent Regulars, 10 per cent National Guard, and 77 per cent, first designated National Army, raised under the selective draft. More than half a million came in through the Regular Army and 400,000 through the ~a­tionnl Guard, and more than three-quarters of all through tlle selective draft and National Army enlistment. Of cyery 100 men, 10 were Guardsmen, 13 Regulars, and 77 belonged to the National Army. The entire seryi.ce was consolidated an<l the distinction wiped out on August 7, 1918, all the armies being designated as the Army of the United States.

THE SELECTIVE DRAFT.

The most remarkable feature in the history Of our JH'epara­tion for war was discovered in the ,...-illingness with ·which the American people consented to and accepted the selective draft for raising the Army. · It 'vas contrary to the history, traditions, and practice of our country which had only resorted to con­scription aforetime under direst neces ity, and such conscrip­tion had then only resulted in procm·ing an almost negligible quantity of soldiers, who were regarded as slackers and despised accordingly. Despite previous hostility to such a policy only n. few disturbances arose during the application of the draft, which were suppressed without great difficulty and usually by the local authorities. No such odium attached t , the drafted wen in service in this army as formerly, doubtless because of the uni­versality of operation and the reasonable uniformity atHl fair­ness of its adminish·ation, and the standing of the drafted sol­dier, a few months after the law was passed, was as honol'able in the estimation of his comrades and the country as was that of the volunteer. l\foreover, the record of desertions frow the Army discloses that the total number was smaller than in pre­vious wars and that a smaller per cent occurred among tlraftetl men than among those who volunteered.

The draft law was passed in :May, 1917, and under its opera­tion 'Yith subsequent amendments all the man power of the Nation, from the ages of 18 to 45, inclusive, was mobilized; 24,234,021 men were registered under this law and slightly more than 2,800,000 were inducted into the military service there­under, all of which Vl·as accomplished in a manner reasonably fair to the men, and the Army was thus supplied with soldiers as rapidly as they could be equipped and trained, anll it resulted in a minimum of disturbance to the industrial and economic life of th~ Nation.

The first regish·ation, June 5, 1917, covered the ages from 21 to 31. The second, one year later-June 5, 1918, and .A.ngu t 4, 1918-included those reaching 21 years of age after the fi rst reg­istration. The third registration-September 12, 1918-e:x:temletl the age limits down to 18 and upward to 45 years. Under the first and second, 10,697,814 men registered, nnd 2,666. 07, or 25 per cent, were in<.lucted into the service. Under the thit·<.l , 13,228,762 registered, and 120,157, or less than 1 per cent, were inducted.

Alaska, Ha,vaii, and Porto Rico registered 325,445, of which 23,272 were inducted, or about 7 per cent.

About 12 per cent of the whole number registeretl ''"ere in· ducted into the service. The entire male populatjon of the country was about 54,000,000, and during the war 26,000,000 of them, or nearly one-half, were either regis tered under the selective-draft law or were serving in the Army and Na ' Y by enlistment. Forty eight per cent of the total male population was registered or in service, as against 52 per cent not registcrct1 ..

The experience of the Civil 'Vat· furnishes a basis fol' ('0111·

purison of the methods tlsed anll the l'P,:ul ts obtai n<>tl in the

~330 CONGR-ESSIONAL RECORD-SENAT.E. .AUGUST 26,-·

two great struggles, and the comparison is strikingly in favor of the modern method. Large sums were paid as bounties dur­ing the Civil War to induce men to enlist in the hope thereby that recourse to conscription might be made unnec.essary, but the hope . was finally defeated, and the draft was reso-rted to and curried _out by methods expensive and inefficient.

~'he whole matter may be summed up by noting that during the war with Germany twice as many men were raised for the American Army as were raised during the Civil War and at one-twentieth of the cost-that is, twenty times as much more was spent by the Northern States in the Civil War in recruit­ing their armies than was spent for the same purpose by the United States in the war with Ger:man:y. In this war 60 per cent of all armed forces was secured by the draft as compared with 2 per cent in the case of the Civil War. ·

In the fall of 1917 the first half million men came into the service rapidly. During the winter the accessions were few relatively, while in the spring of 1918, with the advance of the great German drive, and upon urgent calls from France for unlimited numbers of men, during .a period of a few months the number of men brought into the service rose into the hundreds of thousands, reaching the highest point in July, when 400,000 were inducted. During the following months- the numbers fell off considerably on account of the epidemic of il1fiuenza, and in November inductions ceased entirely, due to the unexpected ending·of the war.

PHYSI.CAL ll'lTr-.-.ESS.

Under the. operation of the draft registrant received two physical examinations ; first by the local board, and only those found fit by that board were sent to camp for a second exami­nation by Army surgeons. w..ho rejected all those found unfit for service. :h,rom the data acq_uired and the records of these two examinations a comparison has been made which shows how the men from the different States rated in physical quali­fications.

Ther e has been published by the War Department a map sh£>wing the per cent of drafted men puss:ing physical examina­tion. by States.

It shows the States divided into four groups. The first clas , sending from 70 to 80 _per cent of the registrants examined, .are : Arkansas, Kansas, Iowa, Kentucky, Oklahoma, Texas, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota, Wyoming, and New Mexico.

Tl1e second class, where 65 to G9 per cent pas ed examination, comprises Wiscon~, Tilinoi , Ohio, Indiana, Missouri, West Vir­ginia, NOTth Carolina, Florida, .Alabama, Maryland, Mississippi. Loui iana. and M011tana. ·

States in the third group, w.here 60 to 64 l'le"l' cent passed.test, are: Oregon, Idaho, Nevada, Utah, Georgia, New Jersey, Ten­nessee, South Carolina, Virginia, and Pennsylvania.

The fourth group, where .oD.ly .50 to 59 per cent passed the examination, are Arizona, Colorado, California, Washington, Michigan, New York, Vermont, Maine, New Jlampshir.e, Massu.­chusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Delaware.

It is noteworthy that the States which sent men of so high an order of physical excellence th:1t from 70 to -80 per cent of them pas ,ed both examinations and were accepted into the serv.:ice are only 12 in number ·and ntostly located in the Middle West, ;a belt extending through the country North and South. Arkansas, my own native State. constitutes one o.f this first class. Next come the States, nbout equal in number with the first class, _from which 65 to 69 per cent of the a1Jplicants were accepted, w.hich are mostly contiguous to the first group of States on the East and West. Of the third group, only from 60 to 64 per cent af the men pa d the test, while in the first group, indicated in solid hlack, about one-fourth of all, only 50 to -59 per cent of the men were accepted. These come ft~om the Northeast and the far \V.est nnd especially the portions o:r the W.est which have in recent year"' become popular a health resorts and attracted large nnm­ber of physically defecti-ve people. It "is significant also tlra t the best records are made by those States that ar.e agricultural-rather than industrial, and where the 11umber of recent immigr:mts is not large. Conversely, most of the States making low recoxds are preeminently manufacturing States whose populations in­cluded large numbers of recently arrived immigrants. Fm'l;her analysis of the records of ph-ysical examinations. shows that the country boys made better ratings than those .from the cities; the white registrunts better than the colored ; and the native born better than those of alien birth. The differences are so consid­erable that 100,000 country boys would furnish for military set.·v­ice 4,790 m01·e soldier than would an equal nmnbe:r of city .boY-S, Similarly .100,000 whites would furnish .1,240 more soltliers tha:n would an equal number of negroe . Finally ~00,000 .nafiTe born wou 1 d yield 3,500 more soldiers than a like ·number of foreign born. The importance of these differences will ·be appreciated

by noting that 3,-500 men are equivalent to an infantry regiment at fnll war strength.

OFFICERS.

About 200,000 commissioned officers were required for the Army-1 fOT eTery 20 soldiers-and less than 9,000 were in: the service at the beginning of the war, 5,791 with the Regulars · and 3,199 were officers of the National Guard in Federal service.

The statistics show that one of every six officers had had pre­vious military training in the ranks in the Regular Army or the National Guard, three received training for commissions in officers' training camps organized for the purpose, and two went from civilian life into the Army with little or no military train­ing. Of the last group the ma~ority were physicians, a few ministers, and the most of the others were men of special busi­ness, or technical training "ITho were taken into -the snpply serv­ices or staff corps.

SHARE OF EACH STATE.

The following diagram, "IThicb .I ask to have printed in the RECORD, shows the number of men, officers not included, furnished by each State, whether by enlistment in th~ Ree,uular Army com­ing in through the National -Guard or being inducted In the draft.­Arlmnsas, my own State, is twenty-fourth on the list of States and furnished for the Army 61,027 men.

DIAGllAM.

Four million mmz.

-----------I M®. i'---------------·-P_& __ oo_n_t·----~----------NewYork ...... Pe_~ylva.nia .•. ------------------------------9.~ ~-----------------------7.m lllin01s ......... . Ohio ........... . ---------------------- ~.~ T~~···· .. · ~·· Michigan._ •• -·. ~achusetts ... Missouri. ••.....

=====~;- 5. 33 4.29

Caiilotnia. --. ~· Indiana ........ . New Jersey~ •••.

'Minnesota.~ •••. lowa·-··· · ·····-WISconsin .••••.

ge~:m£;:::::: Tennessee.. -· .... Kentuak-y. __ -· •. A!~a.·--~-Vll'glDIO. ••• •••••• N 01'1]~ Carolina-· LoUISiana .•••••• Kansas ..•...•.. Arkansas ...... . West Virginia.. .• Mississippi .•.••• South Carolina. .. Connecticut • .... Nebraska.. ·-· M~yland .•.. ·­W ashin.,<>ton. __ • Monta:na •••••• -. -coiDrado --· •• -Florida_ .•••••. Oregon._ - ·_ •.. South Dakota ... North Dakota-Maine. ......... . 1daho .......... . Utah .........•.. Rhode Island. -­Porto Rico ....•. District of Co-

lumbia ... .• ... New Ramp-

shire ........ . NewM-oxico....._ W:yoming -· •. _ •. A.l'lzona •.•• -·~· Vermont .••• • -

-----~- 3.61 ---------- 3. 53 ------3.42 =====-· 2. 98 2.83 -----2.80 ..... -----2.64 -----2.63 ------2.61 -----2.28 -----2.13 -----2.02 ----2.00 ----1.99 ------1.9-1 -----1. 94 -~---1.76 -----1.69

1----- ·1.62 -----~.~ ----1.4-t

DelaW:~·. ..... , .1S Hawan.......... 5,644 '. Nevada. ..... -.. 5, .H Alaska .•••• - •• - 2,102 .OG

A. 'E.. F ...... ~ •• ~ 1,499 ' .04 N o~~<!Cated. • • I, ~8 . ~ Phili]Jpmes. -- ~ . 0

Total..·-· , 757,62!

Diagram-Soldim:s furnished by each Btat.e.

TR.AINING-SOLD.IE.R8-D.I:VISION S.

Th .average American soldier who went to France rece:i::ved six months' training at home before sailing, and had two months' training overseas before entering the battle line, and then about a month in :ll quiet sector before going into an .active sector and har€1 fighting, although the experience of thousands '()f soldier~ differs widely t,rom this figure.

The infantry soldier was trained in the division which -was our typical combat unit. In the Aillerican Army the division was composed -of about" a thousand officers and 27,000 men.

. i919. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SEN ATE . 4331 Training and sorting organ~ations of 10,000 men, known as depot brigade. , were also utili~ed, bu~, as far a~ P?ssible, ~he new recruits were put imme<hately mto the d1V1S1ons wh1ch were the organizations in whicll they would go into action.

There were trained and sent overseas 42 divisions before the signing of the armistice. The training of ;t2 more was -yven advanced and 4 others were being orgamzed at the hme. The plans on which the War Department was -acting~ ?a.lled for 80 divisions oyerseas before July, 1919, and 100 diV1s10ns by the end. of that year.

Of the 42 American divisions which reached France, 36 were organized in the summer and early autumn of 1917. The other 6 were organized as divisions by January, 1918, but had been in training as separate units months before that time. -~he average division had been organized eight months before sa1ling for France and its period of training was lengthened by a two months' interim between the time of Iandin~ in France and the time it entered the front line. While this is true of skeletons of divisions, it is not true of all the men they finally included, since sometimes weeks or months elapsed from the time a division was organized till it reached full strength and troops were frequently taken from one division to fill another which was sailing, or to be sent overseas to replace losses. Although the average of two months' training in France before getting into the fighting lines was maintained, the experience of divi­sions used as replacements in the last months was under this figure. The Regular Army divisions show the shortest p~liods of training, but they were mad~ up of · the most experienced soldiers.

The following table, whi~h I ask to have included in the RECORD. shows the divisions organized and trained, the numbers by which they were designated, the camp where trained, and the States from which its mempers ~arne at the time of organi­zation. The general composition was afterwards greatly changed by bringing in repl~cements to make up for losses:

Place of organization of divisions and sout·ces by States.

Division. Camp.

Regulars: 1st . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . France ................ . .

ig: .-:. ~ ~:::::::::: ·are:~~ ·N-: ·c:::::::::::: 4th ............ . ....... do ................. .

g~::::::::::::::: ~~~ii:,xAia:::::::: ~: 7th............... MacArthu8 Tex ....... .

F£~:::::::::::::: ~~1t~:£~::::::::: lith.............. Meade, Md ............. . 12th ......•....... DevenswMass .......... .

mt:::::::::::::: ~ts~. Mia::::::::::::: 15th ......•.. . .... Logil.Il, Tex ......•...... 16th.............. Kearny, Calif. ......... . 17th. . .... . ....... Beauregard, La ........ . 18th.............. Travis, Tex .. . ......... . 19th ....... . ...... Dodge, Iowa ........... . 20th........... . .. Sevier, S. C ....... .. .. .

National Guard: 26th ....... . ... . .. Devens. Mass .......... . 27th .•...••...••.. Wadsworth, S.C ...... . 28th .............. Hancock, Ga ........... . 29th .......•...... McClellan, Ala .....•....

30th.............. Sevier, S. C ••.•••••••• • .

31st.............. WhepJer, Ga ........... . 32d ............... MacArthur, Tex ........ . 33d...... . . . . . . . . . LoJ?an, Tex ............ . 34th .. . . . ... . ..... Cody, N.Mex ....•.• . ...

35th........ . ..... Doniphan, Okla ........ . 36th.............. Bowie, Tex .........•.... 37th... . . . . . . . . • . . Sheridan. Ohio ...•.•.... 38th.............. Shelby, Miss ............ . 39th.............. Beauregard, La ..•••.... 40th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kearny, Calif .......... .

41st.............. Fremont, Calif ......... .

42d •.•..... .. . . ... Mills, N.Y ............. . National Army:

76th.............. Devens, Mass .......... . 77th . . ..... . ... . .. Upton, N.Y ........... . 78th .......... . ... Dix, N.J .. . .. . ....•....

79th... . ........ . . Meade, Md ...... . ...... .

80th ......••...... Lee, Va ................ .

Slst.............. Jackson, S. C ........... .

81!d............... Gordon, Ga ...........•. 83d ..••...•.•..... Sherman, Ohio ......... . 84th .............. Zachary Taylor, Ky .... . 85th... . . . . . • . . . . . Custer. Micb .....•......

States from which drawn.

Regulars. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do.

New England. New York. Pennsylvania. New Jersey, Delaware, Virginia,

Maryland, District of Columbia. Tennessee, North Carolina, South

Carolina, District of Columbia. Georgia, Alabama, Florida. Micln~an. WISconsin. illinois. Nebraska, Iowa, South Dakota,

Minnesota. Missouri, Kansas. Texas, Oklahoma. Ohio. Indiana, Kentucky, West Virginia. Arkansas, Mississippi, Louisiana. Califorrua, Colorado, Utah, Ari-

zona, New Mexico. · Washington, Oregon, Montana,

Idaho, Wyoming. Various States.

New England, New York. New York Citv. Western New'York, New Jersey,

Delaware. Northeastern Pennsylvania, Mary.

land, District of Columbia. Virginia, West Virginia, western

Pennsylvania. North Carolina, South Carolina,

Florida, Porto Rico. Georgia, .Alabama, Tennessee. Ohio, western Pennsylvania. · Kentucky, Indiana, southern Illi-

nois. Michigan, eastern Wisconsin.

Place of organi:zation of divis~ons and sources by States-Continued.

Division. Camp.

National Army-Con.

~m:::::::::::::: ~r~~t~::::::::::::::: 88th ...••••••••... Dodg~. Iowa .......•••..

89th.............. Funston, Kans .....•••..

90th... . . . . . . . . • . . Travis, Tex ..... . ...... . 91st.............. Lewis, Wash ........... .

92d............... Funston, ICans ......... . 93d. .. . . . . . . . . . . • . Stuart, Va ............. .

States from which drawn.

Chicago, northern lllinois. Arkansas. Louisiana, Mi.ssissippj,

southern Alabama. North Dakota, Minnesota, Iowa,

western illinois. Kansas. Missouri, South Dakota,

Nebraska. Texas, Oklahoma. Alaska, Washington, Oregon, Cali­

fornia. Idaho, Nebraska, Mon­tana Wyomin~. Utah.

Colored, various I:Hates. Do.

There are three groups of divisions-the Regular Arms, numbered from 1 to 20, made up originally from Regular Army units plus volunteer enlistments and drafted men; the National Guard divisions, numbered from 26 to 42, came in largely from the militia of the several States; and the National Army divi­sions, numbered from 76 to 92, made up almost wholly of men called into the service by the draft. As a classification for easy recollection, it might be noted the Hegular Army <livisions were numbered below 25, the National Guard from 25 to 50, and the National Army divisions between 50 and 100. All the divisions shown in the table reached France except the 12 Regular Army divisions numbered from 9 to 20. The divisions being organized at the close of hostilities were numbered 95, 96, 97, and 100.

The average composition of the National Guard <liYislons was one made up of two-thirds State troops and one-third other troops. The Forty-second Division, called because of its com­posite character the " Rainbow Division," was made up of selected groups from over the entire country, and sent to France early. The Forty-first, called the " Sunset Division," was a composite of troops from many Western States. Four States furnished one division each, New York the Twenty-seventh, Pennsylvania the Twenty-eighth, Illinois the Thirty-third, and Ohio the Thirty-seventh.

CAMPS AND CANTONMENTS. ~

To carry out the training program quarters were con­structed in a few months for 1,800,000 men; for the National Guard and Nation~! Army divisions 16 camps and 16 canton­ments were built. National Guard units, organized rapidly. in the summer of 1917, were put under canvas in camps throughout the South. The cantonments were largely located in the North for the National Army called in the fall pf 1917.

The building of the cantonments was authorized in 1\!ay, 1917, the last site was secured on July 6, and on September 4 accommodations were ready for 430,000 men. This capacity was shortly increased to 770,000, an average capacity for can­tonment of 48,000. Camp construction went fo~·ward at the same rapid pace. Tents were provided for housing the sol<liers, but a considerable number of wooden buildings were necessary, as well as water supplies, sewerage, electric lights, and road\vay construction. The capacity of the camps reached 684,000, giv­ing a total ·capacity, camp and cantonment, of nearly a million and a half. The Regular Army divisions were trained in part at one or another of these 32 centers, in part as separate units at various Army posts.

The Rainbow Division, National Guard, was assembled. <li­rectly at Camp Mills for early transportation to France and required no training field. The Ninety-second. and Ninety-third (colored), National Army, were tralned in separate units at various camps; headquarters of the Ninety-second were at Camp F1mston and the Ninety-third at Camp Stewart. The remaining 16 National Guard and National Army clivi. ·ions began training in the camps a1'ld cantonments in the summer ancl fall of 1917.

There were schools for training men for special ·services, ~uch as the Artillery, Aviation, Engineering Corps, Chemical War­fare, Tank Corps, and Quartermaster Corps, and also J1l'OYing grounds and testing fields. Tllere. were also large embarkation camps at New York and Newport News, requiring housing con- · struction with a capacity for more than 300,000 men.

INSTRUCTORS FOR TRAINING 4,000,000 1\UJX,

In ·the American Army there is 1 officer for every 20 men, which means that 200,000 officers were required for 4 ,000,000 men, and officers' training camps were established for supplying the 180,000 officers neened in addition to tlle 6,000 officers in the Regular Army aQd the National Guard officers already men­tioned. Candidates for these camps WP .. re selected after rigid tests as to physical and mental qualifications, many Reserve

~32 AUQUST' 26,

Corps officers being included. Three months· of intensi e train- - ' pEVE:LOl'MENT OF 'l:RANSPOllT FLEET. .

iug put the prospective officers· through all the- task& required The· _trans-A-tlantic :fiBet had· to be created at the most acute of the enlisted man n.nd the duties of the platoon and company . stage· of the world's , shortage· of tonnage, · caused by submarinu .commander. These trnining camps furnished the Army W:ith · 1 sinki~s,. and consisteq.. on July 1 of seven troopships and six nearly half its total number of officers and more than two- i cargQ. ships, wit~ 'a _dead-weight capacity . o:f 941000 tons, and thirds of those for line servjce. After .the close of the secqnd t:Q.ere was .c;Ieveloped before-the end o~ ·1918 a gret,lt transport series of schools· in-191.7 it was found desimble. through various fleet;, which aggregated. three and one-quarter million dead· staff. corps and departments to conduct separate specialized w:.eight tom; of shipping. schools for training their officers, and many commissions were Duril,1g the same months- n.no~he.n great American transpoTt grunted in these schools. · fleet was c~eated with almost . equally striking: rapidity-our.

After the new camps were established France and England a;os.s-G,hJlnnel, fleet, which carried cargo and men trom England sent over to the United States some of their ablest officer& who . to· France. Beginning with. 7,000 dead-weight tons in October bud seen. service on tlie western front, to bring to our training 191T, ~twas . increased to more than. one-third of a million· ton~

. approved methods developed in ~e war. Two hundred and : by: the end of 1918.. About one-fourth of these vessels· were eighty-six were furnished by France, their. major specialties be- : S_w~dish and Norwegian, while the 1~est were American. This ing artillery and.. staff work; 261 were furnished by England,. service utilized large numbers of. small wooden n.nd steel ves­and much of their effort was devoted to instructions in gas and · sels built by the Emergency· Fleet Corporation. physical training, and in addition to said number of: officers the , In building Uf! our trans-Atlantic an<i Channel fleets every British also detailed 226 noncommissioned officers as instructors, . possible· source- of. tonnage had to be called on for evecy ship who. were assigned to different subjects in about the same ratio · that co~d be secur.ed. The- first great increment was the as the office:rs. Tbese groups o:f foreign_ instructors attached seized! German vessels; which came' into the sernce in the· fall to tr~ning schools, divisions, and other units rendered valuable of 1917. The taking overof the Dutch steamers in. the spring o~ service out of all proportion to their numbers. They were· a_ 1918· and the chartering of Scandinavian and Japanese· tonnag~. significant contribution to our training program. aacounted fm: great increases in the, cargo-fleet.

TRANSPORTATION, sHIPPING. . The most ample credit must also be given the Emergency· Lack. of shipping furnished on~ of. om· greatest difficulties. , Fleet C~rporation,. which· tur~ed: ove1y nearly a mi~on tons .'of.

Tlie German submarine warfare had" reduced the world tonnage- new: ships, . and !O the· Shippmg Board Comm1tt~, which so greatly that the· enemy expected to crusho the allied armies stripped ba.re• Olll' unport and export. trades· ~f all S?I!able-v~s­and win the wDX· before tbe American Army could reacn the sels and turne~ them over for Atmy use, nearly a rmllion·amt a battle field in force. There was also much skepticism in this: ha~ tons aft ships; The Army vessels. also came from1 12 otller country about: our. ability to land such forces in time: to meet nations. wel1 scattered· over · the· globe. the COnditio_n. It will be remembered this laCk Of faith Was· EMB.ARKA.TIDN, AND• DEBARKATION OF' TROOPS. ;voiced' on the-floor- of· the· Senate by a memben. of the. Militany: Most' of" the · troops left ftonr New York aruL were fande.<i in Affairs Committee; repi.yin.g to the statement- made· by the Secre- France• and· England i:i:r about· equal numbers. Most of tllose­tary of Wa:r,_ in: Decem.beD; that we~ could hava 500;000 meD..c in landing· in England went to Liverpool and: those in France to France by; July-!, 19181 The-Senator said': Brest. The· troops left. fo~ o'•erseas- from.. 10' American ports

Yet the· Secretary ot. War_, who 18' compelled- to depend· on- shlpl!fng, (4.in..Canada)-in.fact, counting Hoboken, Bl~ooklyn, and.Ne.w to get_ his army and supJ?lies across. th~- _ocean; is. not' ip.. touch with the York. as- one and the Hampton Roads port and Norfolk one-Shlppmg: Board. and. shipping author1.tles. and_ shippmg informatlo:D; d d 1;,. k d · . · · that he makes a statement that is absolutely preposterous .. • • • an . euar e ' m fact, at about 14 foreign ports, 8 English and and the result is that the Secretary of War· is grossly misll!d into o French. making a.n official stJ1,tement to Congress, so exaggerated as to convey HELr FROM THE ALLIES. an entirely false imrression as to what we can do and what we are · . 'doing. • • • · Al who1are, Informed:- as to· the present supply of our Credit for the troop mov.ement. must. be· shared.. with the shipping were thundel'Stru'C.k at- the , statements of Secretary Ba.k&.r. Allies, and with the British· in !)articular; since approximately before the. Military Affairs Committee. HiS sanguine predictions aa. half of the troops we1·e can.·ied' in their sliips . Of: every hun-to. our abillty · to ship- men-. to Europe, to supply · them when there, are· d d • . .. · . · . exaggerations. of ' the wilde&t so'l't. • • .. re men who went over, 49 · went m Brltis ships, 45. m

Yet, notwithstanding an such disbelief and dire prediction o' Ame~ican ~hii?s, 3 in those _of: Italy; 2.· in· Freneh,_ and 1• in failure the War Department sent ove£" more than a million men . ~usslan shippmg under English control Part of the- e::xplana­by said . date, July 1. The- Secretary. of' War was not out o:l5 ~· ~on for t~e large numbers _of tr.oops carried in. Ame.ct.can s~ps touch. with shipping conditions. ffisJ statement waS" not a pre- J lS. t? be !oun~ from the filc:t that under the pressure ·· o:f3 t_he posterous· exa:ggeration of our ability. The War Depa-rtment : cnbcal Situatio~ on ~e western front: ways were found. to' m­had'not ceased to .function it had not faiien down but on• the con ... , crease the loadmg of our own transports· by; as much:_ a:ss: 50 trary came·forwa·rd with donble· the· performanc~-promised~ that· per cen~. In addition our- ira:J?.~ports. also. exceeded· t~10se. of shattered the German. hopes_ and mocked: the· fears of our own th~ Allies in the spe_ed of then· turn. around-IDe fune:.. re­ooubting Thomases~ ' qmred to take a Io~d· over, dischru.:ge it; return, load again, and

More than 2,000,000 American soldiers were ctu:ried_ overseas- start on another tr1p. I~ the sprmg. of 19~7. tlie ave1~ag~ turn after we- entered the wa~half- a. million in the first 13' months 1 ar?und for the troopship was 52 days anct that for ca.rg_o and a milUon and a half in· the last 6 -months. We- began send- t ship 6? days. . ing troops over upon the urgent- request of· our- cobelligerents ' Durmg the sprmg, summer, and fall, 1918, the perform­shortly after ·war was declared~ but the movement·was not ra~id ances! of botlL cargo and ~roop ships became standa~dizeu at at first as- we had only· rr few American and· British 1ioopship& about 10.' cfays· for ca~go ships and 35 days for ~roopships. chartered directly from their owners. During the- early winter, ~.he.· fa:s.test. ships ha:ve averaged. under 30 days. During the as the former German liners came into service:, embaTkations · sprmg and: summer of 1918 the L.emathan, the: former V aterland, incr·eased to nearly 50,000 monthly-and bad reached by the end ·has averagedlle~ than 27 days, as has the Mount Vernon, t11e of 191.7 a total of 194,000. former K.t·onvnnzessen· Ce-celie: These turn ~rounds, made

Early in 1918 the British Government assigned three of: its , UD:der the ';mba1:rassment o~ convoy, a~e much q?Jcker than any­big liners and four of its smaller troopships to the service of: thing a~tamed m commei'Cia.J operation. Durmg the summer the .A.I·my and an increased troop movement resulted in Marclr. ' the Levtathan has transported' ~roops at the rate of oye_r .400. a The great German spring drive .took pla.ce in this month in day.,_ and SO. has landed the eqmyalent ?.11 a, German... divlSIOD m Picardy, with a success that portended German victory. EverY. ~ranee: .each mon~~ Two Amez;can ships, the G1·eat. Nor!hern ship that could be secured was pressed into service. The aid and_No'lthern..Pa(Jj,{ic, liave averaoe.d 25 and 26 days; respectwely, furnished by the British was- greatly increased; It was in May · and: have each made turn arounds m 19 days. and the fom· following months that the transport miracle took cARGo MOVEMEN.T. place. The number of men carried in May was twice as- great The fu·st cargo shipment to maintain the forces abroad, was as the number in April and _the June recoTd l\aS greater than 16,000 tons, made in. June, 1917; The movement increased rap­that of May. idly and steadily-until in the. last month of the war inore than

Before the 1st of July, 191.8, :t,OOO,OOO men had. been embarked 800,000 tons were sent ov~. The cargo shipments were carried and the record for July exceeded all p1·evious months, the number almost . entirely in American ships, only about 5 per cent being pf troops carried being more than 306~000. Before the end of transported in allied bottoms. The cargo carried f01· the Ameri­October the second million men had sailed from our shores. No can Army, consisted of:. thousands of different articles of the most such troop movement as- that of the summer or 191.8' had eve!!- varied sort, and from the beginning, of the war the .A:rmy shipped been contemplated and no movement of any such ·nm:nber of nearly seven: and one-half million tons of cargo,. about. half of p_ersons by water for such a distance and snelL a time had ever which w.e1·e quartermastEm supnlies of food and clothing; tlte. sec­previously occurred. The record has been excelled only by the- ond largest amotmt being e.ngineering and ordnance supplies. achievement in bringing our troops back to our own' shores. Included- in the shipments; were 1,791 consolidated ioeomotives

of. the 100~ton! type; . and' 6501of these were shipped setup, a thing neve11 done before, and we were preparedl to shiP• set up. when the· wau dosed su<?ll locomotiv.es at tl1e nate-o:tr 200· per month• The Army also shippell. 26;944 staudan_d!-ga11ge freight· cars: alhi was pneparjng to· ship flat cars set up.;. 14.01~ moton crooks went f'()rward·, and they were being, shipped:: at the rate ·off 1~;000 pe~ · mouth. Rails and' fittings. for nailroadl construction aggregated: 423.000 tons. ln addition to,fue tons.of'c8.l'go above mentioned, the Ar.my. shipped 68,694 horses· and mules and' were- shipping them at the. rate of 20,000· monthly, at the close' ot hostilities. Gen; Pet:sbing also import-ed Large amounts. from Europt~an sow-ces, the chief it~m being coal firom· England• He· brouglr.; in.to France in our- cr.oss-Channeli fleet 2_75,00.0 tpns of: (:!Oal and:· oth.en ®InOlOdities in1 @ctober,_ 1918.

llOSSE:s· A'r: SEA..

E>uring the whole period! or acti-ve- hostillti'es the Ar.my lost at sea only 200,000 deau-weightl tons of' transports. Of' this­tutal· 142,000 tons were sunk by torpedoes. No· Ameti.-can trool;)· transport was lost on its. eastw.ard; voyage. JlTm•· t.his: splendid record the Navy, which armedi, manned, and: convo~ed the· troop tra:nspo:rts, desefves the• highest commendation,

RE'.tUllN OF TROOJ>S.

Immediately upon. tlle signing, of the ar:mistice preparations were begun for returning_ Ollli troops in the sho~;test possible time~ We were· not abl.e to· use the British. ships that were required to return tl1eir own colonial troops, so: we d~vised methods fov loading on.r transports. and. increase<f their capa­city. about 50· per cent, con;Ve-rted; om: cargo. snips in.to tNOD transports, and with the German.. liners assigned to; the· ser.vice and. a.Ssista.nce from. the Na.vy, tlie.· A'rmy is. being. bJ.:ought llome more rapidly than it was taken to France: More than. 330,000' men w.ere returned in. the month. o:f .l\f.a.y this year,. and. if the sailor_s. and marines be added! the total is one-third of: a million.

FOOD, CLOTJUNG; NND EQUIPM:ENT:

The J;JJ."'blems of feeding andt clothing- the· Army.· were· <ltffic1IJ because_; of th.e- immense: qpantities. requited· ratbe.Ji· than because of the difficulcy in :m..annfa~tu.tin:g the- articles, needed. 'J;he 4,000;000' mea in the .A!.rmy constituted! about one twenty-fifth of. tiDe: populationJ of the country; and necessailily· consu:med their share· o:fi the· fooo ana clo.thing_ before the wali, but the pru:­chases- f-ox· theJ Army ar.e: in- surprising contJ.:ast with; tl1ose of civilian u:re- in normal times~ . Fo11 ~ample• the Army · yu.~chases fn. 1918- oil bl'anlrets were two, a.rui: one-fourth· times. a.s. great as the· entire American· pt.oductioru iiL 1914. In other· words, what the Army bought in one yea.t for· use of fou1•· or five million· sol­diers·wonld have been:.sufficientl: t{} suppl;y the·a..ctual normal, con­sum.ptioDJ o:fi blankets· by· 100~000;0001 A.me.riCUJl• civilians. for two and one-fourth. yealls:

The· sold.i.ers were ·suppLilld: with qomplete l)ew-equipment U:I))On. going to cru:np-, and our pGlicy I:equired. on account of the g1:eat distance sepa:rating. the. A.I:my. ftom its base, that· we> should· keep 90 days suppli-es.in· ]franee, 90 tin, transit;, and 90 at home. The rule for clothing required that there should be for each man at the front a three months' £eserve in France, a like reserve continuously in tran lt, and. a two 01: three months' reserve- in the United Sta.te . A.. wool coat, fol' example, lasts. about three months in a.ctiv:e· seJ.:vice, and hence fov ev.e:t:y coat on. a man!s ba<lk in a aamp1 in F-rance· three-were neededi in.. l!esex:v:e as. soon a.s he sailed. fur· o:verseas;, 2,000,000 men required something like s,ooo,eoo, coats.

The foUow:ing list oil the total; delive.rie durin~ the war- of some of the common. articles ot. clothing, shows the grea..tness of the t:Mk Tbe cost o£ tU.e 3ll'.ti.Gles, usted was more than $1,000;000,000-: A.r.tial.es of olotll>i1lD d.cU.J:er-ecL to. Ultl Ar?nu A·pril 6; . 1JJ17, to !tf.au. 81, 191.8.

Wool stockings---~-~------------------JJairs-__ 131, 800, 000 Undershirts--------------------~------~------ 85., 000.000 Underdrawers'--~~---------------~~------- 83, 600,. 000 ShoeS...-------------------------------Qa.lrs-- 30, 7.00, 000 ~lannel shU:~---------------------------~------- 26~500,000 B1ankets------------------~------------------~--... 2l, 700, 000 ~Vool breeches~----------------~-----------~--~---- Zt, 700,000 VVoolcoa~----~----------------~------------------ 13,9UO~OOO OvercoatSo-----------------~----------...:--------~- 8, 300, 000

When the troop movement w.a.& speeded up· in th-e spl.'ing: of. 1918 the margin on woolen clothing got dangerously narrow, and. t-o secm~e-- these ancU other artides iiL sufficient quantity. it became nece sary in many cases fo-r- the- Army to take Gontral of all stages of the· manufacturing: pro(.!ess. fr•om. assembling- the raw mai:erlals to inspecting: the finished procl:uc11. F'ou· months be-fore the· armistice the War. Department w.a.s tile own.er ot alL the wool in· this country. Army: needS- were ·estimated·,. if- the• tnoop mo:vement had continued, :from. Se~tember, 19::t8;, to-June-, 1919, a.t 246,000,000 pounds of .clean wool, whU~ the- amounb" allotted: to ciVilian needs was only 15,000;000, Something· like· the same.

stocy, might be told.; for- 30,000. klnds· of chemical· articles which the Arm:y· purchased• ·

. In, one. w.a.y' on ano.ther,· tl.b.e Army at war· drew upon a-lmost every one of the 34t i:ndustnies. recognized by tlle United States censult. I.o ~ oo.me· cases, readjustments. of machinel'Y or a slight

' modified groduct- was-. necessaey. ln mun;y an improved; prodnct :was. demand.edi,, whiln· iil! pra..ctie_a.l.I.'y- all a:ri eno1'mous pt:oduetion was :r:eqJiiretl. In the case of some a11ticles the difficulties of

1 q,uantit.v productions were combined' with the problems of· mak­ing- sQmething not befOre_ manufacturedL Typi<Zalt instances are the 5,~,0001 gas- mask_s and the· 2_,728,000 steel helmets pnoQ.uced before- the en<l' Qf No¥:ember:; 1918..

D"lSTRIBUTIQN Oil' l~Hl.!'JI:J:I.O_.!'lS., SU~LI!ES.

The problem 0'.0 distribution w.as fully;· as difficult as that of p~ocureme.nt. For. produ(!tion,, nmchine.t~ already in existence could, be· utilized; for di.stn,:ibunon, a n-ew:· organization. was neces­sary. In1 this <::Gtllltr.y there wer~· a.mple. railroad facilit.i.c~. A complete ne.w organ.i~tian, was; n.ecessary for. the purpose in Flrance,. whose:: main: ducy was· to· distribute: mnnitioDS- and sup~ plies It w.as cal!led: tne-" set.:vice.: of: supply "~the S .. o_ S.-with: headquru:ter£ at. Tour~ It was a:n ur.m.y· in fact behind tbf?·Army;, and on. the date· the armistice w .. a-s~ signed t.bere· were: 386.000 soldiers, besides 31,000 German:: prisoners and thousands of civilian labocers furnished b~ the Allies.; . reporting- ta. the' com­manding f?;enerrul: of the set:v.kes. of sn:pQl~_ At the· same· time tbere: \vere in the zone· of' the· a:r:mi.e~ 160,000· noncombatant tr(}ops; the· majorit~· of whom were . keeping· in operation .. the lines of d.istributiQn of supplies. to- the-troops a.:t the :eront.

The·pl!oportien of npnoom.batan.ts,in the,.A.metican .A.r-my never feJl b.eJO\\t· 28 per cenb; it ofteu. ran1 bighru:· in the British A..l~my. Whe.n· ther:e. w.aSo the greatest JJJ~essure for men at the fi:ont. the work. back of· the- lines took rougbly; about one man out of' tb..ree. U was nece.SSal"Y to build in Fran..ce- 83 n.ew s~ be:cths; w.ith wa ~eh.ouses: and docl~ equipment •. and· to in<lreaoo· tim erurrying

· capadey, of' Fren:Qh, railwa!S. by- nffirlY.~l,OOO; miles Qf lle,J; track~ age; by. switching- fa<?ilitj.es. a.t <tl'lu:cial' DQin~ by; ne' r.epaill sh-ops, roundhou~s. andt by; new· tol.l:i.ng· stQc .. k. 'ibesa-- things. were- done by the engineers. .

The problemS- w..ere not w.bolly. solved. as th.ere were never enough docks to prevent some loss. of ti.lne by ve sels waiting, b .. ut th-e capacit:y for: handling .kmerican: ca.rgo was trtpled: from :00,000 tons per da;y in the spring of'19J:8.·t-o 30,000~ tons, b·Y. Nove~ b-ar 1'1, and' the waiting time: for- ships.: was shotte.r- than in, CQnt'" merrial practice. Nor were there ever w ... h:Qlly; adequat~ raili:.Qa.d f.a.cilities, but with. th-e help of locomot':Ves· and treigllt cars s11i.pped from this side· frei-g)lt was-shipped inlandJ as.: fast as: it was Ia.nde~L

The su~plies were carried' on. ra.i.J.I:oadS.. from the ports t-o tm­media.te or advanced deP.ots;. and! spurs led up to tb:e:: tr.ont. but the· standard-gauge road: did· not ex.t;endl to the dang~:r; zone- of shell!fi_te. Where-danger otsheUing began and because. of rapidly changing needs of the: shifting- battle b:ont. other- means- were used; narrow-gauge railroads; rails onl~ '~feet a;(1art, were· con­structed for· distributing su_pplies, a:nd' 538' miles. o_f these· roads

. w.ere built; for which. 4.06" nal"row-gange lQCQowti:ves: and: 2;385 narrow-gauge cars were shipped from tbis.eountry, in adtlition t.o t.he stan.dard-g~.uge equipment. Beyond the-range' of tb.e nru.·mw­ga uge railways motor trucks were· emp~oy,-ed' and' were, W'!ed to an extent never before thought possible. The motor trueks saved the day at Chateau-Thierry by- bringing tJ::oops up to strengthen and hold the breaking line.

The Am-erican Infantry. dirvision on• the march with the trucks, wagons, and ambulances of- its supply, ammunition, and sanitary trains stretches fu:r:- a dtstanQe of 30; mileSJ along the- road ; 650 trucks· al"e allowed for a di¥ision.; by the table of organization. Need for trucks· increased raptdly.- du.ting the latter months. of the-wal" as the f-orces moved fo~tward· on the offensive away. from their railway bases, 'rh~ AL'IDy overseas, never'" had all the tr:ucks it need~d during the Wa.J.', due< almost entirely· to a shoctage of ships. Trucks require an, enomnous.. am .. omrt of' aargo. sya.ce; and it is. slow and. difficult wm:lt to• load them, and: frequently emr­barkation ofH:eials: loaded. theil: ships mpitlly with". sun plies needed still more· urgently overseas. lea.ving- the· trucks behind.

The· numb.el"' of' trucks sent over priDil to the ar.miSti~e, was 40,000, and 33~000 of these ha:d been received~ in France. Th-ey ranged; in size-from thtee-f'ourthSJ of: 8J ton to 5 tons.

Horses. and; wagons. were used: beyond the range o1 motor trucks; and the Amer.ican armies were neve:r-adeq.na..tely supplied

:with_ t;ltis . equipment. The shipment off animals overses:s: was discontinued m 1918

upon: illformatibn that they could be- purchased there, t.ll1d: then in the fall of 1918, when every ton of shipping was prectous1 tb.e supply.· of fore:tgn, bou~s proved: inadeq.uate, .:md 23.of·tlhe Army's best cargo-. vessels had to. be convented into animal. tr.nnsports. A horse· uses· as. much ship space as; 10 tons of cargo; In gen·

4334 CONGRESSIONAL· R-ECORD-· SEN .A/rE,

eral, it may be saiu that the Army overseas never had enough means of tran portation, although they had very large quantities and produced remarkable results with the supply they had.

TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE LINES. .

To facilitate the transportation of supplies in France the Sig­nal Corps had to establish a new system of communication, stringing its wires O\er nearly every part of France. They con­structed new lines, leased certain lines from the French, and took over others from the Germans. At the time of the armis­tice the Signal Corps was operating 282 telephone exchanges and 133 complete telegraph stations. More than 100,000 miles of wire had been strung and the peak load of operation reached was 47,555 telegrams a day, averaging 60 words each.

CONSTRUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES.

Two hundred thousand workmen were kept continuously occu­pied during the war building factories, storage warehouses for upplies and cantonments for troops. This force was larger than

the total strength of both northern and southern armies in the Battle of Gettysburg and was equal to our standing army at the beginning of the war. Building was required in every State in the Union, and the region of greatest activity was in the North­east, the most densely populated section of the country and the center of munitions production.

The housing constructed had a capacity of 1,800,000 men. or more- than the entire population of Philadelphia. The total expenditures in this enterprise to November 11, 1918, were in round numbers $800,000,000, or about twice the cost of the Panama Canal. The largest single item is the cost of the Na­tional Army cantonments, which was nearly one-quarter of the total. Ordnance Department projects, including the building of enormous powder, high explosive, and loading plants came . ·econd. The costs of construction were much higher than they would have been for slower work, and the outstanding feature of the accomplishment was its rapidity. Each of the cantonments was completed in substantially 90 days, and it was this speed that made it possible to get the draft army und~· training before the winter of 1917 and made it available for the decisive action of the summer of 1918.

CONSTRUCTION IN AMERICAN EXPEDITIONARY FORCES.

The construction program in France is comparable in magni­ttlde and number of projects with that of the United States. Less new building was required for the shelter- and the manu­facture of munitions, but more for the development of port and railroad facilties and for the repair and operation of the com­plicated equipment of a modern army. The storage space con­structed in France was twice the new capacity constructed at home. All construction work in France was performed 'by the Corps of Engineers under the service of supply. Materials were obtained in Europe as far as possible, sometimes at high prices. The Engineer Corps ran its own quarries and its own logging camps and its own sawmills. Only material that could not be obtained abroad-chiefly machinery and steel products-was purchased in the United States. Eight hundred and thirty-one projects had been undertaken up to the signing of the armistice, distributed generally over France, and the American Expedi­tionary Force left its trail in the shape of more or less perma­nent improvements over the greater part of France. The proj­ects cluster most . thickly around the ports used by American forces and the area on the southern end of the battl~ line.

FOOD AND CLOTH! ' G AT THE FRONT.

The real test of the efficiency of the supply service comes when an army engages in battle. As measured by this test the work of feeding, clothing, and equipping the Army was well done, for in the main the expeditionary forces had what they needed. At no time was there a shortage of food. · Soldiers ometimes went hungry, but the condition was local and tem­

porary and occurred because of transportation difficulties dur­ing periods of active fighting or rapid movement when the units outran their supplies. The stocks of food on hand in depots in France were always adequate. The amounts on hand ro e steadily in the winter and spring of 1918, and on 1\!ay 1, when the American troops were first entering active fighting, the supplies were well over the 45-day line, which was consid­ered the necessary reserve during the latter months of the war. At ftrst, efforts were made to build up a 90-day supply to guard against the possibility of the lines of communication being cut, but as the menace of the submarine became less acute and the need of ship tonnage for other supplies became more pressing the required reserve was cut to 45 days, and at no time during the pel'iod of acti>e operations did the reserve fall hel ow that line.

t':l the matter of ·clothing, also, the supply service rose to the mergency, although at time many individual units were not

11blc to procure immediateJy the needed supplies, but, as in the

case of food, the difficulty was one of local transportation. The records show that during the six months .of hard. fighting from June to November the enlisted man in the American Expe­ditionary Force .received, on the average, slicker and overcoat every five months; blanket, flannel shirt, anu breeches, evei'Y_ two months; coat, every 79 days; drawers and undershirt, every 34 days; and woolen socks, every 23 ~ays. ~ - . .r ·-! l

SMALL ARMS, RIFLES, MACHINE GUNS. -' · . · '.

· In the years immediately preceding the war, there was much discussion in the War Department and in the country at large of the need of increased military preparedness. Reference to the War Department reports for 1914, 1915, and 1916 shows that what was then considered as the best military and civilian opinion was agreed that the Army that would have to be called into the field in any large emergency was one of 500,000 men. In these reports attention was called to the fact that although our available resources in trained men, in airplanes, and in machine guns were entirely,.. inadequate, our reserve stocks of rifles and small arms ammunition were sufficient for even a larger Army than fue half million suggested.

There were on hand at the outbreak of hostilities nearly 600,-00Q Springfield rifles, model of 1903, which is probably the best Infantry rifle in use in any army. This number was sufficient for the initial equipment of an army of about 1,000,000 men. No one, of course, foresaw that we would be called upon to equip an army of nearly 4,000,000 men in addition to furnish­ing rifles for use of the Navy.

The available Springfields were used to equip the Regular Army and National Guard divisions that were first organized, and the 200,000 Krag-Jorgensen rifles on hand stored for an emergency were in good condition to be used for training pur­poses.

It was soon found that it would not be possible to increase the output of Springfields to much beyond a thousand per day, which was entirely insufficient, and it was then determined to manufacture an entirely new rifle to meet the deficiency.

The new rifle-model 1917-was designed, which resembled the British Enfield, being manufactured in several plants in this country sufficiently so that the plants could be rapidly converted to its manufacture, and it was chambered to use the same ammunition as is used in the Springfield, in the machine guns, and automatic rifles of American manufacture. The total output of Springfield rifles had increased to nearly 900,000 by the end of the war. The Enfields first came into production in August, 1917, and the output increased rapidly until it totaled in November, 1918, nearly 2,300,000.

The first divisons sent to France were equipped with the Springfields and about half the rifle ammunition used against the enemy by our troops was fired from Springfield rifles. The test· of battle upheld its high reputation and also demonstrated that the American Enfield is a weapon of superior quality. · The American troops were armed with rifles that were superior in accuracy and rapidity of fire to those used by either their enemy or their ames.

MACHINE GUNS.

The use of machine guns on a large scale was a development of the European war. In the case of the American forces, the figures are especially impressive. The Congress of 1912 sanc­tioned the allowance of the War Department of four machine guns per regiment, and in 1919, as a result of the experience of this war, the new Army plans provided for an equipment of 336 machine guns per regiment~ an increase eighty-four times as great as the allowance of seven years earlier.

The Secretary of War in his annual report for 1016 called attention to the efforts being made to place our Army on a satisfactory footing with reference to machine guns, saying:

Perhaps no invention has more profoundly modified the art of war than the machine gun. In the European war this arm has been brought into very great prominence. 0 ~ * 0 When the Congress at the last session appropriated $12,000,000 for the procurement of ma­chine guns, it seemed im_portant, for obvious r easons, to free the air of the various controversies and to set at rest in as final a fashion ns possible the conflicting claims of makers nnd inventors. A board was therefore created. A preliminary report has been made by this board, selecting the Vickers-Maxim type for heavy machine guns, recommending the purchase of a large supply of them, and fixing a date in May at which time exhaustive tests to determine the relative excellence of various types of light machine guns are to be made.

In accordance with these recommendations, 4,000 Vickers machine guns were ordered in December, 1916, and by the end of the next year 2,031 had been delivered. In further accord with the recommendations of the board, tests were made in May, 1917, of different types of heavy machine gun and light machine guns, now called automatic rifles. The Vickers gun proved satisfactory, but could not be put on a quantity pro­duction because of technical <lifficultie in the manufacture. A new gun, the heavy Browning, was selected in this test and

1919. CONGRESSION~t\L :RECORD-SENATE. 4335 adopted as tbe standard heavy machine gun. The Ught Brown­ing, w-eigl1ing only 15 pounds, was easily in the lead a.s an automatic rifle. The Lewis gun, too heavy for satisfactory use as an automatic rifle and incapable of the long-sustained fire necessary in a heavy gun, was found best adapted, with slight modification, for use as a flexibl-e gun for aircraft. The Vickers gun bad been used successfully in Europe as a synchronized gun on aircraft, but a new gtm, the Marlin, was adapted to this purpose, releasing part of the early production of the Vickers gun for ground use. Later the modified form of the heavy Browning was designed for use as a synchronized gun for air­craft.

Production of all types mentioned was pressed, and because of the order for Vickers placed in 1916 our 12 first divisions wel'e able to receive that weapon as their heavy machine gun. The trials made in May made possible a selection ·of suitable types of guns for every purpose, and the completion of the first light Brownings in February, 19~8, and the heavy Brownings in April following.

The earliest needs of our u·oops in France were met by French Hotchkiss machine guns and Chauchat automatic rifles. Later divisions going over were provided with Vickers heavy guns and Chauchat automatic rifles. After July 1 divisions embarking were equipped with light and heavy Brownings, both of which guns met with immediate success and the ap-­proval of foreign officers, as well as our own.

Notwithstan-ding these guns were brought into production in February · and April of 1918, they were not used in battle until September, because of a deliberate and most significant judg­ment on the part {)f Gen. Pershing, after careful tests had been made in Europe, who decided that the two new·Brownings wet·e so greatly superior to any machine guns in use by any of the armies on either side that the best course to follow would be to wait . until seveml · divisions could be equipped and a plentiful supply assured before using them in battle at all. This course was pursued lest the enemy might otherwise be able to procure <me of the guns and reproduce them for use in battle against us. On this account the Brm'l.-nings were not used in combat until they were used in large numbers in the 1\I.euse-A.rgonne battle, where tlley amply justified tbe expecta­tions of the American commander and the Ordnance Department.

The total numbex of machine guns of A.n1eric:m manufacture produced to the end of 1918 of all kinds was 22(),557, as shown in table below. In addition there were secured from the French and British 5,300 heavy machine guns, -of which nearly all w&e French Hotchkiss, and 34,000 French Chauchat auto­matic rifles.

Ma.c1tinc guns proclu~ed to the end ot 1.918.

Heavy Browning field-- - ------- ------------------------Vickers field---------·---- ---- -------------------------­Other 1leld--------------------------------------------Lewis aircrnft-----------------------------------------B'rowning aircraft-----------------------·----------­~1arlin aircraft---------- ---------------------------Vickers aircraft ---~----------------------------------Light Browning ________________________________ :_ _______ _

56,612 12.125

6,366 39,200

580 38,000

3,714 69,960

T~tal-------------------------------------------- 226,557 RIFLES AND HACHI:\~ GUXS USED IN FRA..>CE.

The troops embarking for France carried with them their rifles, in some instances machine guns and automatic rifles, anu, making proper allowance therefor in addition. to wbut was shipped in bulk for replacement and reserves, it is found that about 1,775,000 rifle • 29,000 light Brownings, . 27,000 h.eavy Brownings, and 1,500,000,000 rounds of rifle and machine-gun ammunition were shipped to Ft·ance from this country before November 1. These were supplemented by smaller amounts received from the F~ench ancl British, already me.ntionoo. The actual use of American-ma{].e machine guns and automatic rifles in France is shown in the following table:

Use of A merica:n-made au.ibmalic arm~ in Fra.nce.

e.2f:·:~~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Marlin aircraft. ... . ......................... : .... : .......... . Vickers aircraft ..................... ·-- .. _ ·- · ..•. _ ... ;·· - ..

riSTOL~ AXD UEVOL~ERS.

Used at Total, the front . including

training.

4,608 1,168 2,340 1,393 1,220 1,320

17,66! 3,&28 2,860 3,930 3,084 1,625

There · w::ts an insistent demand · from the beginning to tile end of the war for pistols which was never fully met. Our Army was partly s upplied "ith th e Browning-Colt, a weapon already in production and more effecth·e than the corresponding

weapon used by any· other army, but it could not be seeured in sufficient numbers, and to meet the deficiency a revolver was designed using the srune ammunition and placed in production in October, 1917. The troops in France were supplied with one ot· tbe other of these weap-ons for close. combat so far as pos­sible, but f'nll equipment was never secured.

Sl!.IALL-AnMS AM:MUXITIO~.

An adequate supply of smi'.ll-arms ammunition was always available to provide for troops in service, and the complication due to the use of machine guns and automatic rifles of French caliber was successfully met. New types of ammunition were. designed and produced to meet the special needs of the Air Service and of antiaircraft defense. Before the end of the war the American production of rifle ammunition amounted approxi­mately to 3,500,000,000 rotmds, of which 1.500,000,000 were shipped overseas. In addition 100,000,000 rounds were secured from the French and British.

.AJUIS AXD THE ME~.

We ne\er had nearly enough pistols and reYolvers to equip fully our entire Army, and only duTing part of the months of the war were there enough for full equipment of the troops in France if all the pistols and 1·evolTers had been th~re and issu.ed. Of automatic rifles we had an adequate supply only in the last tw-o months of the war. The supply of machine guns was inadequate up to July~ and then so enormous was the pro­duction as to be sufficient before the end of the yea.r to supply an S.Tmy of 8,000,000 men. There was an initial surplus of

· rifles, then a defieit for six months, and after that a consistent surplus. Of automatic rifles, machine guns, and rifles there was always a surplus on hand in excess of what would have been required for the equipment of the expeditionary farces alone.

Only the Springfield and Enfield rifles a.re included in the computation of a.vailable rifles, although hundreds of thousands o-f Krag-Jorgensen and Russian rifles and some (J:anadian no s rifles were used for training purposes.

I'REPARATTOX FOR THE. CAMPAIG:-< OF' 1919.

There are many articles of munitions in wllicll Aulerican pro~ duction reached great amounts by the fall of !918, but which w~re not used in large {}Uantities at the front because the armistice was signed before big supplies of them reached France. These munitions., in the · m..•1..in, are :articles of ordnance .and aviation equipment, in>olving such techniea.l diffic-lllties {)f man­ufacture that the time of their produeti.on could not be shortened..

It is n:ow realized that many millions of dollars were spent on Army equipment that was never used at the front, and it seem.:; fair to question whether prudent foresight could not ha\e a voided some of this expense.

The answer to the question is to be found in the record of a e<mference that took place in the little Frencb town of Trois Fontaines on October 4, 1918. between Marshal . Foeh and the American Seeretary of War, in which the allied commander in chief made final arrangements with the American Secretary as to the shipment of American troops and mrmitions in great numbers during the fall and winter prepuatory for the cam­paign of 1919.

Tbis was 1 day before tlle first German peace n:ote and 38 days before the end of the war,. but Mlll'shal Foch was then calling upon America to make her great shipment of munitions and her supreme contributi'On of man power for th-e campaign Qf th.e following year. ·

TWO THOU.SA...'ID GU XS 01< 'rilE FIRIXG LINB.

We had on hand when war was declared a supply of light artillery sufficient to equip an army 'Of 500,000 men that advo­cates of preparedness had agreed Inight have to take the field in the event of a large eme:rgency. There were 900 pieces of field artillery then .available, including 544 3-ineh fieldpieces, enough to equip 11 divisions, 50 pieces being reqllired for orre division.

Initial plans, however, called for the formation of 42 divi­sions, which would require 2,100 3-inch fieldpieces immediately, and in addition a repair-shop reserve in France and a replace­ment reserve, which would ii'lcrease the initial requirement to 3,200. To keep this army supplied the production of 100 guns per month would be · required, but to get it going within a reasonable time would have required a productive ettpacity of three or four hundred guns per m()nth, which shows the enormous industrial disadvantage suffered by a nation which enters a wa1~ without its stocks of military supplies for 1nitia1 equipment on hanrl.

-To meet the situation it was decided ·wisely, in. Ju~. 1917. to allot our guns for training purposes and t o equip ou~ ·fOl!(!es in France :with artillery conforming to the French and British

4336 CONGR.ESSIONAL R.EOORD-SENA'l'E. _i\_ UGUST 26,

standard calibers. This enabled us to procure guns where needed without the delay nud danger incident to shipment

. o-verseas. We arranged to purchase from the French and British the artillery needed for our first div.isions, and ship them in return equivalent amounts of steel, copper, and other raw materials, so that they could either manufacture guns for us in their factories or give us guns from their stocks and replace them with new ones made from our materials.

We also prepared to manufacture in our own plants artillery of like caliber for equipment of later divisions, and carried through successfully these plans. With no serious exceptions the auns from the British and French sources were secured as need~, but our own plants were slower in producing complete units ,ready for u e than was expected.

In our factories the 3-inch guns of impro-ved mouel ordered in September, 1916, were changed in caliber to use standard French ammunition, and became known as 75-mm. guns, model 1916. The British 18-pounder, then being produced in this country was similarly redesigned and known as the 75-mm. gun m~del 1917. Work was beg-.m on plans for the French 75-milllmeter gun so as to produce it in American factories, but it was necessary to develop new manufacturing capacity. The same means were generally taken to secure supplies of other cnlibers of artillery. 'Ve also had to manufacture our guns with as little interference as possible with American produc­tion for the Allies. Of the enormous amount of equipment made necessary by the expansion of the Army to the con­templated force of 5,000,000 men, the artillery and artillery ammunition could be supplied with the least facility since the processes of its manufacture invol-ved irreducible periods of time.

In spite of all handicaps, the actual production on United States Army orders only was 1,642 complete units of artillery before the armistice was signed, and this statement is hardly fair to the American record. The problem of planning the pro­auction of different component parts was not satisfactorily solved until about the end of the war, and the result was that by the production of a single component after the signing of the ·armistice hundreds of units were completeu, and the totals for the month after the armistice are as large as those before October although the work done thereafter was very much les . Up to the end of April, 1919, the number of complete artillery units produced in American plants was more than 3,000, or equal to all those purchased abroad from the French and the British up to the signing of the armistice.

The British did better· than we did in the production of light artillery during their first 20 months of the war, but we ex­celled their record in our first 20 months in the production of heavy artillery and in both light and heavy artillery shell production.

They produced of complete units of light artillery 3,599, as against our 1,025, while we produced of complete units of heavy artillery 704, as against their 379 ; of light artillery shell<J, 28,774,000 rounds, as against their 23,328,000 rounds; of heavy artillery shells we produced 6,704,000, as against their 1,153,000.

~ir. KING. Will the Senator permit an inquiry? Mr. KIRBY. Certainly. Mr. KING. The charge has repeatedly been made that as late

ns the latter part of June, 1918, there was not an American gun on the front in France; that the only artillery our troops had was that which was obtained from France, and also a few guns from the English; that we were very greatly handicapped in the campaign in the months of May, June, and July because of the lack of light artillery and heavy artillery, and were wholly dependent upon France; that perhaps in August or early in September we had some heavy artillery, but it had been taken from our war vessels. What is there in that charge so frequently made?

Mr. KIRBY. I have the matter arranged here definitely about all the artillery production and its use. I do not know as to the exact date, but I will come to the artillery feature in a few moments.

ARTILLERY AMMUNITION.

This was the biggest program of all in the magnitude of the :.tu:mtities involved. Copper, steel; high explosive , and smoke­less powder were required by the hundreds of millions of pounds. No firms were prepared to manufacture complete t·ounds and contracts had to be made for each component with the different manufacturers. For the shrapnel it was possible to use the design substantially as had previously been used in thi country, but high explosive and gas shell proved more difficult. A large supply of American shell was produced, how­ever, before the signing of the armistice and shipment to Europe in quantity had begun. The ammunition actually used against

the enemy at the front was nearly all of French manufacture, but the approaching supply from America made possible a more free use of the French and British reser-ves. Our monthly PiO­duction of artillery ammunition rose to over 2,000,000 rounds in August and over 3,000,000 in October, including United States calibers. By the end of 1918 the number of rounds of artillery ammunition produced in American plants was in excess of 20,000,000, a compared with 9,000,000 rounds secured from the French and British.

SMOKELE.SS POWDER AND EXPLOSIVES.

Orie of the striking contributions of the United States to the cause of the Allies was the enormou . . quantities of smokeless power and hiah explosives produced. Six hundred and thirty­two million pounds of smokeless powder was produced in the United States from April 1, 1917, to November 11, 1918-an amount almost exactly equal to the combined production of France and Great Britain. This wa not all used by us, how­ever. About half of the British supply for 1917 and more than a third of the French supply for 1918 was American made. This large supply was made possible in part by plants erected for the British in this country, but the American Ordnance De­partment added new plants, and as a result the established rate of production in thi country was by the close of the war 45 per cent greater than the combined French and British rate. Additional new plants had to be erected for the production of high explosi-ve -T. N. T., ammonium nitrate, picric acid, and other -and our established rate of production of high ex­plo ives at the close of the war was over 40 per cent larger than Great Britain's and nearly double that of France. The averages for August, September, and October for the three countries were:

·Pounds. Great Brilain------------------------------------- - -- 30, 957,000

~~~fe~-state-======================================== ~~:~g~:888 POISON GAS .

When the clouds of chlorine suddenly enveloped the British and French lines in the Ypres salient early in 1915, a new weapon was inh·oduced into the war-a terrible weapon, as evidenced by the fact that during the year 1918 from 20 to 30 per cent of all our battle casualties were due to gas. 'Vhen we entered the war we had had no practical experience in manufacturing toxic gases, and had no existing facilities which could be readily converted to such use. At the signing of the armistice we were equipped to produce gas at a more rapid rate than France, England, or Germany.

The Government found it necessary to build its own chemical plants and to finance certain private firms. The majority of the producing plants, together with the plants for filling shells with gas, were built on a tract of land in the Aberdeen Proving Ground, l\1d., which came to be known as the Edgewood Arsenal. Production of gas and capacity for filling was at all times ahead of the supply of shell containers to be filled. Before the armi­stice more than 10,000 tons had been manufactured. In June, 1918, quantities of gas were shipped overseas for filling shells produced by the French; by the end of July no more French shells were available, and the surplus gas was sold to the French and British.

TRACTORS AND TA "KS.

An innovation in the war, future development of which prom­ises to be highly important, was the increased use of motor transportation. As applied to artillery, this meant the use of caterpillar tractors for hauling big guns. We bad no suitable designs for caterpillar tractors of size appropriate for medium heavy artillery, but new 5 and 10 ton types were perfected and put in production and 1,100 shipped overseas before November 1. About 300 larger tractors were also shipped, and 300 more se­cured from the French and British.

The tank was an even more important application of tho caterpillar tractor to war uses. In the case of the small 6-ton tanks, our effort was concentrated on improvement of desigu and development of large scale production for the 1919 cam­paign. We had produced 64 of this kind by the signing of the armistice, and, as showing the rate at which they were being produced, the total completed to March 3, 1919, was 778. The burden of active service in France was borne by 227 of these tanks received from the French. We did not attempt to pro­duce the heavy 30-ton tanks, but concenh·ated our e:(forts upon the cooperative plan, by which we were to furnish ·the Liberty motors ·and the rest of the driving mechanism and the British the armor plate for 1,500 tanks for the 1919 campai<>'n. About one-half the work on our part of this program had been com­pleted when the armistice was signed. We received from the British 64 heavy tanks for immediate u e in France.

1~19. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 4337 ARTILLERY I~ FRANCE.

'Ve ahyays ha<l a sufficient supply of light artillery in France for the combat divisions that were ready for front-line service. This <loes not mean that when the division went into the battle they always had their artillery with them, for sometimes they did not. It wa~ not because of lack of guns, however, but be-: cau e it take 1onger to train artillery troops than J;nfantry, and, unuer the exigencies of the battle conditions, American ilivi ions ·were 1mt into line a number of times supported by Fren~h an<l British artillery or without artillery.

When the armistice came the American forces not on1y had a sufilcient nlilll.ber of 75's for the 29 combat divisions, but in audition enough more for 12 other divisions.

A careful study of the battle records of all divisions, with the number of days of service in battle, shows that in every 100 days that our combat divisions were in line they were supported by their own artillery for 75 days, by British artillery for 5 days, by French for H days, and were witllout artillery 18! days. Of these 18~ uays, ho,vever, 18 days were in quiet sectors and only one-half of 1 day in active sectors. There are only three records of American divisions being in an active sector without artillery support. The total of these three cases amounts to one-half of 1 per cent, or about 14 hours out of the 100 days.

The most significant facts about our artillery in France are pre ented in the following table, which takes into account only light and heavy field artiller.y and does uot include the small 57-millimeter guns or the · trencl1 mortars:

Amet'ican artillery in Ft·ancc-Summary. Total pieces Qf artillery received to Nov. 11--------------- 3, 499 Number of American manufacture_______________________ 477 American-made pieces used in battle _______ :_______________ 130 Artillery on fh·ing line _____________________________ .____ 2, 251 Rounds of artillE-ry ammunition expended _________________ 8, 116, 000 Rounds of ammunition of American manufacture expended__ 208, 327 Rounds of American-made ammunition expended in battle___ 8, 400

We had in round numbers in France 3,500 pieces of artillery, of which nearly 500 were made.in Amer~ca, and we used on the firing line 2,250, of which over 100 were made in this country.

Our tables of organization call for more heavy artillery for a given number of men than the French, Britis·h, or Germans actual1y· used, and much more than hnd ever been thought advisable before. this war. ·we should have had enough, even on this high standard, to meet the needs of the expeditionary forces if all our heavy field artillery had been of types suitable for use in France, but as we had some tn>es that were con­sidered suitable only for trainin~ there was a n~al ·hortage.

AIR SERVICE.

In this field public expectation was much exaggerated, due to the general ignorance shared by even the best-informed Ameri­('an authorities on aviation as to the requirements, other than simple flying ability, which the service exacts, and results were correspondingly disappointing. Before the war our Air Service had been small, struggling, and unpopular, and when war was <leclared we had but two aviation fields and 55 usable planes, which the National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics in­formed were of antiquated type, and all but 4 obsolete, and that 4 rapidly becoming so. This judgment was based on experience in l\Iexico, which had demonstrated serious defects in designs of American planes used there.

Immediately following the declaration of war the French Gov­ernment urged the necessity of sending 4,500 aviators to France during the first year, if superiority in the air were to be insured. The European instructors who came over later to assist in the training made no pretense that this schedule was practicable, and the problem 'vas to approximate it as nearly as possible.

To establish an elementary aviation service we had to create training planes, service planes, and develop aviators, and for this task we had no adequate organization of qualified personnel.

Training for aviation divides itself into three stages-elemen­tary, advanced, and final. Elementary training, given to all can­didates alike, includes physical training, hygiene, various prac­tical and theoretical military subjects, the study of the structure and mechanism of airplanes and engines, signaling, observation, ground gunnery, and elementary flying to the point of doing simple flying alone. .

Advanced training consisted in the specialized work necessary to qualify the student as a well-prepared all-around pilot or observer, as the case might be, ready to take up and master quickly any type of machine or any kind of observation or bomb­ing duty which the exigencies of the service might necessitate.

Final training, giYen in Europe, was a short, intensive speciali­zation on the particular type of machine or the particular mili­tary problem to which the 11ilot or observer was finally assigned. · At the date of il1e armistice there were 34 fields in operation

with 1,063 instructors; 8,602 men had been graduated from 'ele:

LYlli-. - 274

mentary training and 4,028 from advanced training. There were then actually in training 6,528 men, of whom 59 per cent were in el~mentary and 41 per cent in advanced training schools. There had been sent to the expeditionary forces more than 5,000 pilots and observers, of whom, at the· elate of the armistice, 2,226 were still in training and 1,238 were ou flying duty at the front. The total personnel of our Air Service, including flying and nonfiying ofilcers, students, and enlisted men, increased from about 1,200 at the outbreak of the war to nearly 200,000 at the close.

TRAI~I~G PLANES AND ENGINES.

With the F.rench demand for aviators· and only 53 training planes on hand, the production of training planes was the problem of greatest immediate concern. A few planes proYided for in the 1917 appropriation w£re on order. Other orders were rapidly placed and deliveries of primary training planes were begun in June, 1917. To the date of the armistice 5,300 had been produced, including 1,600 of a type which was abandoned on account of unsatisfactory engines.

Advanced training planes :reached quantity production early in 1918, and up to the armistice about 2,500 were delivered. Approximately the same number were purchased overseas for training the units with tiJ.e expeditionary force.

European experience had demonsh·at~d . that more engines were required than planes for replacement, and in the propor­tion of about 2 to 1, and we adopted this for a standard for computation and placed orders for two types of elementary and three types of advanced training engines.

Quantity production of tr~+ining engines was reached. in 1917, and before the end of November, 1918, nearly 18,000 training engines and more than 9,500 training planes had been delivered. All but 1,346 of the engiues ·were built in the United States, and of the training planes more than 8,000 were of American manu­facture.

SERVICE PLANES.

As soon as war was declared and it became possible to learn the secrets of the great improvements that had been uevel­oped dUI·ing the war in the design of airplanes used in battle a commission was sent abroad to select types of foreign-service planes for . production here. The controlling factor in their selections was the necessity of redesigning the models to take American-made motors, since foreign engine production was in­sufficient to meet even the needs of the Allies. On this account and because of the rapidity with which the designs in smaller pl~nes were changing the best allied authorities urged the con­centration of American production on the more stable observa­tion and bombing planes, leaving the production of the pursuit planes to the European factories, which were in closer contact with the front.

Four types of planes 'vere selected for large-scale production. The Pe Haviland-4 (British), observation and day bombing machine; tpe Handley-Page (British), night bomber; the Cap­i·oni . (Italian), night bomber; and the Bristol (British), two­seater fighter. This selection was approved by the French and British authorities. The De Havilands were acknowledged 'to be the fastest observation and bombing planes on the western front, and at the time of the armistice this plane was being produced at a rate of over 1,100 per month. A total of 3,227 had been completed, 1,885 had been shipped to France, and 667 to the zone of advance. The Handley-Page was redesigned to take two high-powered motors, passed its tests, and on the day of the armistice parts for 100 had been shipped abroad for assembly. ·

The Bristol fighter was a failure because the necessary changes to accommodate the American engine increased the weight so as to render the machine unsafe; and the Caproni, because of delay in receipt of. the plans, was never produced, al­though successful. tests of the new model were completed be-for£> the armi~tice. ·

We had of service planes at the end of November, 1918, nearly 7,900, of which nearly 4,100 were of American manufacture and the remaining 3,800 of foreign manufacture. In other words, of every 100 battle planes we received to the end of November, 1918, 52 ~ere of American manufacture and 48 were made in foreign factories.

Two new models-the Le Pere two-seater fighter and the Martin bomber-were designed around the standard American motor, and in tP.sts prior to the armistice each showed a per­forroance superior to that of any known machine of its class. Neither, howeYer, was completed. in time for use in actual ser~ice.

SERVICE ENGINES.

The development of a high-powered motor adaptable to American methods of standardized production was made neces-

4338 CONGRE8SIO· T ·\._L RECOR.D'-SE.NA'.FE. AuGusT 2o, sary 'by tlie rapid de-YeioJ)ment of the heavier types of ~h·planes) together with the pressipg need for a large scale production. This need was met in the Liberty 12-cylinder motor, which was America's chief contribution to aviation. After it had passed the e:x::Pe.rimental stage, production increased 'rapidly, the Oc­tober output being over 4,200. The total production of Liberty engines to the date· of the armistice was 13,574. Of this produc­tion 4,43G were sliim>ed oyerseas to the expeditionary forces and 1,025 were delivered to the British, French, and Italian air services. It is a noteworthy· fact that the Bri.tish at the present time are requesting the delivery of Liberty motors to them in ac­cordance with arrangements made during the war. .

Other types of service engines, including the Hispano-Suiza 300-horsepower, the Bugatti, and the Liberty eight-cylinder, were under deYelopment when hostilities ceased. The Hispano­'Suiza 180-horsepower had reached quantity production, ?1:69 of this type were produced, of which about one-half were shipped overseas for use in foreign-built pursuit planes.

Up to the end of No\"'em.ber, 1918, the total number of sel~Yice engines secured was in excess of 22,000. More than 16,000, or 73 per cent, were from American sources and less than 6,000 from foreign sources.

RAW MATE-RIALS.

The American. and allied airplane prog~'31Ds called for quan­titie of certain raw materials which tlueatened to exhaust the supply. This was true of spruce and fir, lubricating oils, linen, dopes, and mahogany. To meet the spruce and fir shortage, labor battalions were organized and placed in the forests of the west coast, and new kiln. processes were developed which sea­sonecl the lumber rapidly without loss-of strength and resfli.ency. Approx:i..ma.tely 174,000,000 feet of spruce and. fir were deliverecT, more than two-thh·ds of which went to the Allies.

Castor oil was at first tlie only satisfactory lubricant to1· airplane motors, and the limited supply was far short of the prospective demand, but the situation was met by planting a large acreage of castor beans and the development of a min­eral-oil substitute.

There was an acute shortage of linen for the w..ings of planes to meet, and a fabric of long-fiber cotton was cleveloped which pmved s11pel'io.r to linen.

The standard " dope " used by the Allies to cover the wings of their planes, ma.1..'ing them air and mrter tight, was limited and highly inflammable. A substitute dope, far less infiam­mable and of a more plentiful- basic material, was produced:

Mahogany for propellers was partially replaced by ·walnut, oak, cherry, and ash, and by improved seasoning processes excellent result were secm·ed.

.ACCESSOIUES.

Few facilities an<1 little ex:I>erience existed at the. beginning of the war for the development o! many of the delicate instru.,. moent and intricate mechanisms: required in the equipment of service planes. IntensiYe research. brought some notable re­sults, of which eYernl deser\e. e.speciai mention. They are :

The ox;ygen mask, eqnip_ped wi.tll. tele:I?hone connections, which enabled the. flier to en.dnre the rarified ah· a.t· any alti­tude which hi plan.e could reacli without losing speaking con­tact with. his companions.

The .mi.I.i.t.a.ry parachute, which was developed to unprece­dented safety. This was used princi.I>aliY for e:scape from burning balloon , and was improYed SQ that it would bring down safely the entire ballOon basket with its load. During the entire war there was not ~ Amerfcan casualty due. to parachute failure.

The electric-heated clothing_ for aviators on high-altitude work. The electtic suit, developed in the Jatter months of· the war and usecl at the fr.ont, w:as lined with insulated coils t.llrough which curr.ent was driven by means of a smarr dynamo actuated' by a miniature propeller driven by the rush of the :r>lane through the air. ·

Long-focus llght-filtr.a.tion cameras by which good photo­graphs could be taken through haze from altitude& of. 3 miles or more. Primary credit for 'this belong& to Europe, but America improved the mechanism and standardi.ze.d the de­sign for quantity p1·oduction.

The wh·eless telephone, by which the aviator is enabled to converse easily with other planes and wita ground stations:. ·This development came too late to be of: any substantial use 'at the front, but its value for peace as well as for an.Y future war is obvious. · ·

BXLLOCP-ii-S. -

In tllis field American mall.l.lfa.cturer.s achieved a great rela­tive success. Before the armistice we had produced 642 . .ob­servation balloons and had received 20 from the French, 43 of our balloons had been de ·troyed, and 45 given to the French arid British, leaYing us 'nth 574 at the end of the war. On the

same date the Belgian army had 6, the British ~. the Fren.ch 12, and the Germans 170 on the wes.tern front. These figures show that at the end of the war we had twice as many ob· 5ervatlon balloons as the enemy and the Allies combined had at the front.

F01U'l"-E'U'E SQU.ADBONS .AT THE FRONT.

:Ilhe American pilots of the Lafayette Escadrille were trans­ferred from the French to the .Anlerican service December 26, 1917, flying as civilians until formally commissioned in late January, 1918. They were then attached fo and served with the French Fourth Army, operating over Rheims . ..

In addition to the purely American operations; two full squad­rons were attached to the British Royal Air Force in March and June, respectively, of 1918, remaining with the British through­out the war, and participated in the following engagements: The Picardy dliYe, Ypres, Noyon-Montdidier, Viellers, Bray­Rosieres-Roye, Arras, BapapiP.e, Oap.~l d~Nord, and Cambrai.

The trictly American aviation operatio'ns started in the mid­dle of Mnrch, 1918; with the patroling of the front at VillC­nm.we--les-Vertus by an American pursuit squadron using planes of. the French·built Nieuport-28 type. By the middle of Ua.y squadrons of all types-pursuit, observation, and bombing, as well as balloon companies-were in operation over a wide front. These quadrons were equipped with the best available type · of British and French built service plane .

The squadrons were of four types : Observation squadrons-, whose business it is to make observations, take· photographs, and direct artillery fire ; pursuit quadrons, using light fighting plane to protect the- observation planes at tll.eir work, to drive the. enemy from the air, or to " strafe " marching columns by ma­chine-gun fire:; the day bomhexs, .carrying heavier bomb load for the destruction of strate-gic enemy works.

In April the American forees just going into active sectors had three squa(Irons, two for observation a,nd one :for pur ult. Theh· strength totaled 35 planes. In May the squadr.ons were in­creased to nine. The most rapid. growth occurred aft.en Jhl.J, when American· De Ha\"'iland planes were becoming availal.lle in quantity fo1· obserYation and day bombing ervice, and by No¥ember the number of squadrons increa ed to 4J. with a total· of 7.<10 _planes in action.

The eq_uipment of American squadrons was in the. early months entirely of French and Brit.Lsh manufacb:u:e. American. De. Hasiland-4 planes W-eEe first used at the fr.ont on August 10, and the number in ser:\"'.ice increased rapidly from that time on.. Of the total2,698 planes sent to"'':he zone of advance, 667, or one­quarter, were of American make, and the proportion was rapidly increasing at the time of the signing of the armistice. Of the 2~03~ planes from foreign· sources sent fm\\--ard, about nine-tenths were French. The planes sent to· the zone· of advance are ap­proximately twu:-thirds of the ser.vice planes received by the American E.xpeditiona.ry Forces, the oth~r third 'being in buck area.

The rapid rate of destruction of planes at the front is illus­trated by the fact· that. out of the 2;698 planes dispatched to the zone of advance only 1,162 remained at the time of the signing of' the at·mistice.

I.M:PORTA~T OPEilA.TIONS.

The three major operations, marking the critical points in American participation in the war, also furnish a comparison indicating the growth of the American air forces in action. Th-ese are: The second battle of the Marne, St. Mibiel, and the Meuse-Argonn~.

CHATEAU-'TH.IERCY-J'ULY.

The Germans Jurd at the start a pronounced superiority in the air on the OJlateau-Thiecry-Soissons front. The American Air Service succeeded, however, in establisliing the lines of con­tact with enemy· airmen from 3 to 1D miles within the enemy's lines, photographed .the entire front. and the terrain deep behind the lines, and plrryed an important part in putting German air forces on the defensiYe. The German concentration for the at­tac:k of July 15 was reported in detail and the location of the German res.erYes establish-ed, while the secrecy of the allied mobilization for the counterattack was maintained and the Germans surprised. Tlie A.ill.erican. r fon~es employed consisted of four pursuit squadrons, three observation squadron , and mo balloon companies.

ST. MIHI.EL-S'EPTEMBER.

In capturing the St. l\Iihiel salient the American First Army was aided and protected by the largest concentration. of air force e7er made, of which approximately one-third were Ameri­can and the other two-thirds were French, British, and Italian squadrons openrtin.g undeT American command. Throughout thi.s operation the German back areas were kept under bombard­ment dar and night; their resene and ammunition dumps w_ere located for the American long-range artillery; propaganda

~ 1919. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SEN ATlD. 4339 designed to disaffect enemy personnel was dropped; record was made by plwtograph of every movement of the enemy's lines and reserves, such information being frequently delivered to headquarter· in finished pllotograpbs wif'"'in half an hour of its occurrence; and fast pursuit planes "'.rmed with machine guns flew low over the German lines, firing directly into his infantry.

Day bombers and corps and artillery observers were forced to fly low on account of the fog which hampered all the day operations, greatly reduced the visibility, and mad~ infantry liaison especially difficult. This accounts for the fact that some trouble was experienced by the Infantry with German " strafing " !JlJ.nes.

The American air force employed consisted of 12 pursuit squadrons, 12 ob erration squadrons, 3 boruting squadrons, and 15 balloon companies. This large force performed an amount of flying approximately three times as great as was done during the Chateau-Thierry operations. During the la t two weeks of July the flying time was more than 1,000 hours per week. The week of the St. Mihiel offensive it rose to nearly 4,000 hours.

MEUSE-ARGONNE-SEPTEMBER TO NOYE~iBER.

Tile 1\leu e-Argonne engagement covered a wider front and a more extended period of time and no such heavy instantaneous concentration of planes as was made at St. 1\lihiel was possible. In this operation, moreover, less assistance was rendered. by French and British fliers. The American force used durmg the engagement was considerably larger than at St. ~HhieJ. The losses were heavy during the six weeks' struggle, but replace­ments wei.·e brought forward so rapidly that at the last stage of the action the available American strength was greater than at the start. American air activities continued during the Argonne fighting on the same scale as during the St. Mihiel offensive. At the signing of the armistice there were on the front 20 pursuit squadrons, 18 observation squadrons, and 7 squadrons of bombers; with 1,238 flying officers and 740 service planes. There were 23 balloon companies also.

The final test of battle discloses that American aviators brought . down in the coUI·se of their few months activity 755 enemy planes and lost in combat 357 planes. 'Ve lost 43 bal­loons and destroyed 71 German balloons.

TWO HUNDRED DAYS OF BATTLE.

American troops saw service in practically every stretch of the western front from the British lines in Belgium to inactive sectors in the Vosges. On October 2, 1917, the Americans en­tered the line in the quiet Toul sector and from that elate to the armistice American units were somewhere in line almost continuously.

-Two out of eYery three of the 2,084,000 soldiers who reached France engaged in battle; 1,390,000 saw active service in the front line. Our combat forces were organized into divisions, the largest on the western front, consisting, as already noted, of about 28,000 officers and men and 12,250 rifles to a division. The British divisions numbered about 15,000 and the French and German about 12,000 each. Of our 42 divisions 29 took part in acti\e combat service while the others were used for replace­ments or were just arri·dng during the last month of hostili­ties. Of the 29 fighting divisions 7 were Regular Army divi­sions, 11 were organized from the National Guard, and 11 made up of National Army troops. American combat divisions were in battle for ·200 <lays, from the 25th of April, 1918, when the first Regular divisions after long training in quiet sectors entered an active sector on the Picardy front, until the sign­ing of the armistice. During the 200 clays they were engaged in 13 major operations, of which 11 were joint enterprises with the French, British, and Italians, and 2 \Ycre distinctly American.

At the time of their greatest activity, in the second week of October, all 29 American di\isions were in action and then held 101 miles of front, or 23 per cent of the entire allied battle line. From the middle of August until the end of the war they held dming the greater part of the time a front longer than that held by the BritLh. Their strength tipped the balance of man power in favor of the Allies, so that from the middle of Jqne, 1918, to the end of the \\at· the nllicu forces wct·e superior in number to those of the enemy.

The Germans hacl nn actual superiority of 32-1,000 riflemen on the western front on Apt'il 1, am1 their strength increased until June, when it began to urop. The allied strength gained steadily with the constantly growing American forces until it became superior in June, and by 2'\oyember 1 the allied rifle strength had a superiority oYer the Germans of more than 600,000 rifles.

The advances in battle of our divisions· amounted to 485 miles, an a\erage ndvance for enc·ll division of 17 miles, and nearly all of it against dc!:twrntc enemy resistance. They cap-

tured 63,000 prisoners, 1,378 pieces of artillery, 708 trench mortars, and 9,650 machine guns . . In June and July they helped to shatter the- enemy advance toward Paris and to tum retreat in_to a triumphant offensive. At St. Mihiel they pinched off iu a day .an enemy salient which hacl been a constant menace to the French line for four years. In the Argonne and on the Meuse they carried lines which the enemy was determined to hold at any cost and cut the enemy lines of communication and supply for half the western battle front.

In January American troops were holding 10 kilometers, or G! miles, of front in quiet sectors. In April their line had length­ened to 50 kilometers. In- July this figure was doubled, and in· September tripled. The high point was reached in October, with 29 divisions in line, extending over a front of 162 kilometers, or 101 miles, nearly one-quarter of the entire wester~ front.

THIR~EE:o; BATTLES.

The war on the western front was in effect a single battle, and it is difficult to cut up the year and 22 days in which it was­waged into well-defined battles. G.Drtain major operations, how­ever, may be so distinguished as phases of the greater struggle, and 13 such operations have been recognized in which A.meri­·can units were engaged, of ·which 12 took place on the western front and 1 in Italy.

These battles are named and the number of Americans en­gaged shown in the following table :

Thirteen major ope1·ations in which A.nw1·icans particitJated. APPROXIMATE NUJIIBER OF AlUERICANS E~GAGED.

West front-Campaign of 1917: Cambmi, Nov. 20 to Dec. 4------------------------­

West front-Campaign of 1918: Germa!l offensives, Mar. 21 to July 18-

Somme, Mar. 21 to Apr. 6---------------------­Lys, Apr. 9 to 27-----------------------------­Aisne, May 27 to June 5----------------------­Noyon-Montdidier, June 9 to 15----------------­Champagne-Marne, July 15 to 18----------------

Allied offensives, Ju;y 18 to Nov. 11-Aisne-Mame, .July 18 to Aug. 6 __________ .:_ _____ _ Somme, Aug. S to Nov. 1L--------------------­Oise-Aisne, Aug. 18 to Nov. 11-----------------­Ypres-Lys, Aug. 19 to Nov. 11-----------------­St. Mihiel, Sept. 12 to 16----------------------­Meuse-Argonne, Sept. 20 to Nov. 11--------------

Italian front-Campaign of 1918 : -Vittorio-Veneto, Oct. 24 to Nov. 4-------------------

GERMAN OFFEXSIVE.

2, 200 500

27,500 27,000 85,000

270,000 54,000 85,000

108,000 550,000

1,200,000

1, 200

The campaign of 1918 opened with the Germans on the offen­sive and in a series of five great drives of unprecedented vio­lence the imperial great general staff sought to break the alliea line and end the war. These five driYes took place in five suc­cessive months, beginning in March, each being tim~ to take advantage of the light of the moon that month.

The first drive opened orr March 21, on a 50-mile front across the old battle field of the Somme. In 17 days of fighting_ the Germans advanced their lines beyond Noyon and l\lontdidier and were within 12 miles of the important railroad center of Amiens, with Hs great stores of British supplies. In this battl-2, also known as the Picardy offensive, approximately 2,200 Amer­ican troops, serving with the British and French, were engaged.

The attack upon Amiens had been but partially checked when the enemy struck again to the north in the Armentieres sector and advanced for 17 miles up the \alley of the Lys. A small number of Americans, serving with the British, participated in the Lys defensive.

For their next attack (May 27) the Germans selected the French front along the Chemin des Dames, north of the Aisne. The line from Rheims to a little east of Noyon was forced back. Soissons fell, and on May 31 the enemy had reached the Marne Valley, down which he was advancing in the direction of Paris. At this critical moment our Second Division, together with elements of the Third and Twenty-eighth Divisions, were thrown into . the line. They blocked the German advance at Chateau-Thierry, and they rendered vital assistance in stopping perhap the most dangerous of the German drives. The Sec­ond Division not only halted the enemy on its front, but also recaptured from him the strong tactical positions of Bouresches, Belleau Wood, and Vaux:.

The enemy had by his 8ffensives established two salients threatening Paris. He now sought to convert them into one by a fourth terrific blow deli\ered on a front of 22 miles, between 1\fontdidier and Noyon. The reinforced French Army resisted firmly, and the attack was halted after an initial advance of about 6 miles. Throughout this operation (June 9-15) the extreme left line of the salient was defended by our First Division. Even before the driye began the division had de:uon­s.trated the fighting qualities of our troops by capturing and holding the town of Cantigny (May 28). ' There follQwed a mo.nth of comparative quiet, during which the enemy reassembled his forces for his fifth onslaught. On July 15

4340 O.ONGRESSION.Alli ltE<lO:tm-··-sENATE. AUGUST ~6,

he attacked simultaneously on both ·sides of Rheims, the -eastern corner of the salient he l.tad created in the. A.i.sne drhe. ·To the east of the city he gained littl-e. On rthe west .he crosed · the Marne, but made slight progress. His i])ath was everywhere blocked. In this battle 8u,OOO American . troops wer-e en_g~ged­the Forty-second Division to the extreme east in .(J.ha.mpagne and the ThiTd and Twenty-eighth to the west near Ohatean­ThieTry.

.ALLUID OFFEXSTI'E, .

· The turning point of the ·war had co-me. The great German offen ives had been stgpped. The initiative now passed from Ludendorff to l\far.sllal .Foch, and a series of allied -offensives began, destined to roll back · the German armies beyond the French frontier. In this co-ntinuous .allied offensive there ·may be distinguished six phases, or major operations, in- which the American Expeditionary Forces took part. In four of the six operations the American troops engaged were aCting in support of allied divi ions and under the command of the generals of the Allies.

The moment chosen by Marshal Foch for launching the fu·st counter offensive was July 18, when it was clear that the German Champagne-Marne drive had spent its force. The place chosen was the uncovered west flank of the German ~alient from the Aisne to the Marne. The First, Second, Third, Fourth, Twenty-sixth, Twenty-eighth, Thirty-second, and Forty­second American Divisions, together with selected French troops, were e.mployeu. When the operation was completed (August 6) the salient had been flattened out and the allied line ran from SoissonS-to Rheims along the Vesle.

Two days later the British ·struck .at the So.mme salient, .ini-tiating an offensive which, with occasional breathing spells,

<lasted to the date of the armistice. American participation in this operation was-intermittent. From .A11gust 8 to .20 elements of ·the Thirty-third ·Division, which had been brigaded for training with the Australians, ~were . in the line and took part in the capture of Chippllly Ridge. Later the ·Twenty-seventh 'll.nd Thirtieth Divisio-ns, who served ·throughout with the Brit­ish, were brought over from the Ypres sector and used in com-· ;pany with Australian troops to break the ·Hinderiburg line at

··the ·tunnel of the St. Quentin -.Canal · (Se_ptember 20 to Octo-ber 20).

In the meantime 'Simultaneous ·assaults were in progress at , other points on the front. On August 18 Gen. Mangin began

the Oise-A:i:sne -phase of the ·great allied offensive. Starting from the Soisson-Rheims line, . along which they had come to -rest, August 6, the 'French armies -advanced ·by successive stages to the Aisne, to ~Laon, and <Jn November 11 were close to the fron­tier. In the first · stages .of this -advance they were assisted b-y the Twenty-eighth, 'Thirty-second, and Seventy-seventh 'American Divisions, but by -September 15 · all of these were withdrawn for the 'COilling '1\feuse-·Argonne· offensive of the American Army.

The day after the opening of the Oise-Aisne offensive · the ~British launchea the first -of a series of attacks in the Ypres ·sector, which continued with some interruptions to the -time :of the ·arm.istice, and .may be termed the "Ypres-Lys offensive:'' Four American divisions 'flt 'different times-participated in"thls Qperation. The Twenty-seventh and Thirtieth were engaged .in the Tecapture of Mount Kemmel, Au.gust 31 to September ·.2. ·The T.hirty-seventh :and ··Ninety-first were withdrawn from the ·Meuse-Argonne battle and dispatched to Belgium, where they took part in the last stages of the Ypres-Lys offensive, October '3:1 to 'November "11.

'With"the organization of the American First Army, on .August .10, .under ·the ;personal command of Gen. Pershing, the history of the :American Expeditionary 'F-arces ~ntered upon :a new stage. The St. 'Mihiel . (-September 12-16) and ·Meuse-Argonne ( Septem­ber 2B to November ·11) offensives were major operations, ·plann-ed and executed by American generals and American troqp .

·rn addition to the ..12 ·operations abo\e mentioned, American troopsl)artlcipated in the Battle of Vittorie-Veneto (October 24 to November 4), which ended in the Tout of the ..Austrian Army.

THE BATTLE OF ST. lliiiiEL.

'The first distinctly American ·offensive was ·:the reduction of the '"St. 'Mihiel _salient, ·ca-rried through 'fi·om 'September ·12 to -September 1:5, laTgely by American troops and wholly under the orders of the American commander in chief.

pa1isons between this .gperation and the Battle of Gettysb.urg show "the magnitude of the action. About 550,000 Americans -were-engaged at St. ,l\fihlel, and the Union forces at Gettysburg

-:numbered approximately 100,.000. St. l\fihiel set a record far concentration of ,artillery fire, consuming mqre than 1,000,000 , :r;oun.ds of ammunition in four hours. In three days at · Gettys­burg the Union artillery fired 33,000 rounds.

The St. Mihlel offensive ·cost only about 7,000 casualties less th~n ene .. third of t1a-e U.nion ·losses at Gettysburg, and there 'were ca-ptured 16,000 prisoners ·and 443 guns.

CI:IIE "BATTLE OF 'TH'E l.\IElTS.E-AnGONNE.

The purpose 'Of the "'l\Ieuse-Argonne offensive was, as said by Geq. Pershing in his report of November 20, 1.918, "to ' draw the best German .divisions to our front and to consume them."

·Every available American division was thrown against the enemy .and every available German division was thrown in to meet them. At the end of 47 days of continuous battle our divisions had consumed the' Germrui divisions.

The objective of the American attack was the Sedan-Mezie.res 'Railroad, the main line of supply for the German forces on the major part of the western front. To cut this line would force a retirement on the who-le front, which would include, moreover, the evacuation of the Briey iron fields, which the Germans -had -been using to great adv-antage to supplement their iron supply. The defense of the positions threatened was of ,such importan.c:e as to warrant the most desperate measures for Tesi ta.nce, and ;vhen .the engagement was evidently impending the ·commander of 'the ·German Fifth Anny ·called on his forces for lUllyielding -resistance, telling them Joss of the battle meant disaster to ·the fathedand. On the first day, September 26, the lines were ·ad­vanced, and in ·the next ·tw.o days the resistance became more :stubborn, each ·side ·.throwing in more ffild more of its man -power until there were :no more reserves. J\lany ·_German .divi­sitms went into action twice....a.nd some three times, until -through Jossesthey were ·far ·nnder strength. Foot·by:foot all thr01Igh October the American ._troops pushed back the ·best of the Ger­man divisions, and on .November ·1 the last stage:of the offensive ·'h>egan. The enemy power b~gan to break. American -trOO:DS forced then· :way to the -east bank of the Meuse ~and made even more rapid progress toward ·the north, and in seven "days reached the outskirts of S-edan and cut the railroad, making the Ger­man line untenable.

.In-the-meantime-October 2-.28-onr Second ·and Thirty-sixth Divisions ha'd ·been sent to assist the FrenCh, who were advanc­ing :in Champagne beside our drive in the ':Argonne. .The liais.on detachment between the · two -a.Tmies was ·for a. time furnished

. ·by the Ninety-second Division. The Meuse-Argonne in some ways offers an interesting-resem­

blance· to:'the·Battle of' the Wilderuess.in ·the Civil War, fought ·from :May 5 to 12, 1864. -Both ·battles were 'fought :over a , terrain -cove1:ed . ;vith tangled woods and l.mde.rbrush. The "Wilderness · was ··regarded a long :battle, marked by slow progress :against bbstinate:resistance, 'With v.ery heavy casualties. -The sinillarity 'ends nere. ·'The Meuse,-Argonne lasted ·six times :as long as ;the •Battle ·of :.the Wllde.rness. Twelve times as many American troo-ps -:were ·engag.ed .:as were on ·the Union side. They used in .the· action ten times ns many guns and fired one hundred times as many rounds :of artillery ammunition. The actual weight of the 'ammunition fired was greater than that used by the. Union ·farces during :the enth·e Civil War. T.he casualties were about .four -times .as ·heavy as ;among-the Northern troops in the Battle .of lhe Wilderness.

~The Battle of the Meuse-A.rgonne w.as beyond coi:npare .the :greatest ever fought by American troops, and there have been 'few, if :rny, greater battles in the .history of the world. Some of the ·more important statistics of the engagement are presented in "the ·following table:

Amet'ican data tor the Meusc-Aroonne Battle. Days of battle--------------------------------------- >4 7 ~erican troops engaged---~-------------------------- 1,200,000 cGuns employed in attack----------------------------- .2, 41'7 Rounds of artillery ammunition fired--------------------- 4,. 214, -ooo Airplanes used ---------------------------------------- 840 •Tons of explo-sives dropped by plane on enemy lines________ 100 :Tanks used ___ ____ : __ ~ ------------------------------- ·324 Miles of penetration of enemy line, maximum_____________ ·34 Square kilometers of territory taken____________________ 1, ~50

~Villages and towns liberated--------------------------- - 150 'Prisoners captured ---------------------------------- lG. 059 :Artillery _pieces cnptured------------------------------ · ·468 >Machine guns captured ----------------- - ---- - ------- ..2 8G4 'Trench mortars ca.ptm·ed------------------------------- ri7 :.American casualties------------------------------------ 120, ·000

In the 'attaclr the A.meric.an troops were aided ' by French colonial troops .and also by French and rBritish air squadrons. 'The attack began .at·5 .a.m., after fom· hours of artillery :prepa-ration .of great se-verity, and was immediately successfUL Be- coMBAT nrvrsroNs. fare noon half the ·distance between the b.ases of the salient had Twenty-nine combat divisions achieved the successes and bore been co"Vered, t::tnd the next morning · troops c0f 'the "First anil :the lasses of .active operations, but thl'ir a.chiev·ements can not 'Twentr-si:rtll Divisions met at Vigneu1les, ;Cutting otlthe salient• ·:be toli:l ·in the limits of this accotmt. 'The _ First Division was within 24 hours from the beginning of the movement. Com- first in line and first to enter an activ:A sect:- -.:eaching France

i919. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 4341 in June. 1917; went into line in October and: ihto a-rr active sec­tor- in April, 1918. The Seventy~seventh National Army Divi­sion, composed' largely of troops from New York. City, made the greate t advance-a tntlll of' 7H kilometers; or- nearly: 45 miles. The Second Division took 12;02£rprisoners, nearly twice·· the num­bE-'r captured by any other division. Those o:t the 29 divi­sions-the Sixth, Eighty-first, and Eighty-eighth-were still serving their apprenticeship and had not seen much severe fighting at the time of signing the- armistice. . The Americans suffered 286,000 battle casualties and lost in prisoners taken by the Germans 4,434, a small number as eompared with the enor­mous price paid by the nations at the · sides- of whose armies we · fought.

The Ninety-third Division, made up of. negro soldiers from National Guard units from various States,. is- worthy of special comment. It has not been listed among the combat divisions, as it was always incomplete, being without its artillery and some other units. H was brigaded with the French from the time~ of its arrival in France, in the spring of 1918.. until the signing of the armistice. and its service in the line was fully as long as that of many of the so-called combat divisions-, and· it suffered 2,583 casualties, with 574 ldlled.

The following diagram, which I ask to have printed in the RECORD, shows the casualties suffered in each division:

Total casualties.

Division. Battle Wound deaths. cd.

I Killed. Wounded . .

2d .•••..•.. 4, 419 20,6.''i7 25,076 1st~---·--·· 4,204 1.9,141 . 23,345 3d _________

3,102 15. 0.52 18,154-28th ...•.•.. 2,531 13,746 16,277 42d ...•.•... 2, 713 13,292 16,005" 26th. ••• ~-- 2,168 13,000 15,168· 4th ......... 2587 11,596 14,183 32d. ..••.•.. 2:~ros 10,986 13. 88J nth ...••... 1,990 9.960 U,9Stt 27th.. •••••.. 1, 791 9,427. 11, 21R 30th. ....... 1 652 9,429 - 11. :181 5th. ....... - 1:900 7,975 9 88;! 330 ......... 1,002 8,251 - 9,253 89th ........ 1, 419 7,391 R,813 82<1 .......... 1,338 6, <:90 8,228 78th ........ 1 359 6,800 8,159-90th ........ 1:387 6,623 8,010 35th ......... 960 6,894 7,854 79th ........ 1,396 6,194 7,590 80th ........ 1.14L 5,622 6, 763 91st ........ 1,390 5,106 - ---6493 29th ........ 940 5,219 ----6,

1159

37th ........ 992 4, 931 5,923 3Gtb ........ 591 2,119 §'·""" 7th .. ...... . 302. 1,516 1,818 92d .. ....... 185 1,495 680 8lst. --····· 250 801 6051.. 6th ••••••••. 97 479 II 57 88th ........ 27 63 1 90

Total.. ... 46, 739 , 230, 664 Otberunits 2,,1.70 6,171

Grand total

tlian four-:fi:fths of the lo8Bes were, however, deaths from dis­ease, while· in the• recent war with Germany disease deaths were - inconsiderable as compared: with battle deaths. The forces engagedJ: irr: the> Crimean. War.- were, moreover; much smaller.

The total. battle- deaths· in this war were greater than all the des:th& in all wars; for more than 100 yea-rs previous. From 1793 to 1914 total . death& in· war may safeiy:- be estimated at something under 6,000,000. Bn.ttle deaths alone from 1914 to 1918 totaled about 7,450,000. An estimate of the losses ot tli..e principal natiolffi engaged is shown in the following- table, the figures being approximate: i:rr. s.o.ma cases:-:

Battle deaths. in armies enga:ged in presen-t• tear, 191.4-:Wltr. Russ.ia ___________________________________ 1, 700; 000

Germany---------------------------------- 1., 6001 000 France ______________________________________________ 1,38o,300 Great Britain_________________________________________ 900, 000 Austria----------------------------------------- 800, 000

~~~Re:Y:===~~~==~=====~-==:=:::::::::=:========: ~g8:888 Serbia und Montene-grO--------------~------ 12D, 000 Belgium------------------------------- ID2,. 000 R"oumania_____________________________ 100., 000 Bulgaria________________________________ tOO. 000 Unitf•d States_ ----------- · 48.900 Gr&ce______________________________________________ 7, .000 Portugal____________________________________ 2; 000

TotaL---------------------------- 7, 450; 2.00 Only cfoaths r.esulting .direc:tly. from action are inclnded. The

tota:r deutlis from all causes is ,_ very much. larger; as some. of the armies: lost more he-avily fromt disease andi priva-tion.. than from battle.

It appears- ttia.r Russin: lind the · heaviest losses, in spite of the fact that· sire "\vitl1dtew from the- wm: after the· fall of 1917.

' American losses: are third fra.rn the bottom of the list. · German losses were thirty-two times- as great as- tfie lo e ·of the- United States, the French twenty-eiglit. times, and· the BritislL eighteen times- as..Jurge; but our armies were only engaged in.. tlle heavy fighting fur 200•days. Omr deatli ra.tee. reached. more than 6,000

• a week in the l\f.euswArgonne battle. The chances· o · death ~ are · shown, to be-- much gr.ea:ter in: the

' Infantry than in any. oth-er bnmcfi., of:' tl:le• service. Of' each 1',000 men errlisted fu. the Infantry 46 were killed in action' or <lied of wound . The officers show even u higher rate;

W OUNDED, PRl.SQNEilS, Ar\D MISSING.

For every man who wrur kille<.'r in battle seven · others were wounded, taken IJrisone~ or- reported! missing. The total' battle casualties- in tli.e . expeditionary forces are shown in. the table

'below. The number who ilie<t of.:' wounds- was only 6 per cent as large as the number wounded: Atlout 85. per- cent of the men sent to- hospitals on- account of' injuries were retnrned to

' duty: About hair the wounded . were· reported as slightly wounded, and many of them would not have been recorded as casualties in previous wars: Except. fot: 297' who died, aU the prisoners shown in the table' tiave nmv- been returned.

Battle- casuallfes ttl. tlte- A.merica1~ E:.cpeditionary Fln-ccs. Killed' in- action_________________________ 34, 180 Died of wounds _____ . ------------------- 14, 729 48,909 -1 237,135

Diagram-Casua.lttes.sutfered hy each division. - I Total. d~------------------------------ · 48,.Jl09 Wounded severely------------- ------------ 80, 130

Of the- casualties, 8,641 occurring among " other- units-" W.Oun.dM' slightly -------:------------------- 110, 544· . . te . ' Wo.n.uded, degree. undeternuned----------------- 39 400 there 1s on~ most- rn resting- groull some .of the members" of which are included in troopS"" not in divisions, and the. rest- . Tb_tar W<!unded------------------------- 2.-30; .074 among the casualties of replacement and depot divisions. These ' M_issmg 1!1 act~on:._________________________________ 2, 913 are the men who deserted to· the· front. They were absent Taken pnsoner _____________________________ ----- 4, 434

without lea:v.e from their organizations in tlie zone of supplies' Grand totaL __________________________ 286; 330

or in. the tra.ining·areas1 and made their-way to the battle line: Tli.e number. of men reported as missing has been steadily where many took. part in the battle and some were killed and reduced from a total of 22,72"4, e::rolusi:ve of prisoners,. to the wounded. Thes · cases were so numerous that Gen. Perslling figure 2,913 shown in the table. This reduction has gone on allowed arrangements by- which. men who bud· rende-red good without clearing any ca:se- as- dead' except on evidence establish­service behind- the- lines could, as- a reward, secure opportunity ing beyond' doubt the factr of: death. OnlY- 22 per cent or those to· go to the front and engage-in the fighting. who were otiginally reponted' as- miSsing in action have now

HEALTH AND cASUALTIEs. been returne<l as- dead The largest number were found in. llo -Of every 100 American soldiers and sailors who took part I>itals, while·a considerable number returned to ducy after being

in the war with Germany, 2 were killed or died of disease dur- lost. from their units. ing the period of hostilities. In the Northern Army during The work of" the Central Records. Office or the· American FJx:­the. Civil War the number was: about 10. Among_ tiie· other peditionary F-orc.e in eieaiing up the cases- of· men listed us great nations in this war, between 20 and; 25· in each 100 missing has been more successful' than that done in any of the called to the colors were killed or died. American losses- in other- ar..mies or in any previous great wa-r. When the recm'~ this- war were relatively one-fifth as large as during the Civil a:r.e- finally comQleted there will• be very few American solcUf'>l-:s War and less than one-tenth as laTge as in, the ranks o.f the ·unaccounted for. The· mfssing. lists of the other nations . still enemy or among the nations associated with. us. run into the hunill"eds o£ tliousand·s.

The war was undoubtedly the bloodiest which has ever oeen BATTLE- A'Jm- DISEAsE Los-sEs·.

fought. One possible competitor might be the Crimean' War, This-is our fust war. that shows- a lower death rate·. from dis· in which the casualty rate per 100 men was equally laTge. ease tfian from battle. The total number of lives lost- in both The BritiSh forces in the Crimean "Whr lost 22. of" every· 100_ . Arm3! and Na.vy from the declaration of war to !\fay 1, 1919, is

. men, the French 31, the Turkish 27, and the Russian 43~ M'ore 122,500. lleatbs- in· the Army, including ·marines attached to it.,

4342 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. AUGUST 26,

were 112,432. About two-thirds of these deaths occurred over­seas. Almost exactly half the losses were from disease, and if the comparison be limited to the expeditionary forces, battle lo ses were more than twice as large as deaths from disease. ·

Since the time of the Mexican War a steady improvement has been made iii the health of troops in war operations. The deatl1 rate from disease in the Mexican \Var was 110 per year per thou­sand men. In the Civil ·war it was reduced to 65 and in the Spanish 'Var to 26, while the rate in the expeditionary forces in this war was 19. The battle rate of 53 for the overseas forces is higher than in any previous war-higher than in the Civil War, because all the fighting was concentrated in one year, while in the Civil War it stretched over four years. -The -death rates in this war for the total forces under arms, both in the United States and France, from the beginning of war to May 1, 1919, were 13 for battle and 15 for disease.

THE CONTROL OF DISEASE.

'..rhe remarkably low disease death rate in this war is at­tributable, chiefly: (1) To the service of a highly trained med­ical personnel, (2) compulsory vaccination of the entire Army against typhoid fever, (3) thorough camp sanitation and control of drinking water, and (4) adequate provision of hospitnl facilities.

There were at the beginning of the war 2,089 commissioned officers, including the reserves. During the war 31,251 physi­cians from civil life were commissioned in the Medical Corps. This number included leaders of medical science who have not only made possible the application of the most reGent advances of medicine in the prevention and cure of disease, but have themselves made new discoveries during the course of the war, resulting in great saving of life in our own and other armies.

During the war the intestinal diseases, such as dysentery, the typhoids, bubonic plague, cholera, anu typhus that have ravaged and destroyed armies in the past, have been practically elimi­nateu as causes of death. Dming this war, up to May 1, 1919, a total of only 2,328 cases of typhoid fever have been reported, and only 227 deaths from this cause. The result is due to the compulsory vaccination of every man who entered the Army and to excellent sanitary conditions. The other intestinal diseases were similarly of little effect as causes of death or have not occurred at all.

It was expected that with careful control exercised epidemics of these diseases would be avoided in the United States; but in the expeditionary forces, where troops were quartered in temporary camps, billeted with civilians, or actively engaged in prolonged battle, the reduction of these diseases is a notable achievement in sanitary control.

Pneumonia has been the greatest cause o.: ueath. More than 40,000 died of the disease. Of these deaths probably 25,000 resulted from the influenza-pneumonia pandemic which swept through every camp and cantonment in this country and caused thousands of deaths in the expeditionary forces. Up to Sep­tember 14, 1918, only 9,840 deaths from disea.se had occurred in the .._<\..rmy, and t:1c death rate for the period of the war up to that time was only 5 per year for each 1,C) men. During the eight weeks from September 14 to November 8, 316,089 case of influenza and 53,449 of pneumonia were reported among troops in this country. The death rate reached its highest point in the second week in October, when 4 out of each 1,000 troops under arms in this coQltry died. The two other diseases which offered difficult problems for the medical force were measles and spinal me:::1ingitis. Meningitis caused nearly 2,000 deaths, ranking next to pneumonia. Both of these contagious diseases were largely the result of bringing numbers of men together in the confinement of -amps and cantorunents where the con­trol of contagion i difficult.

YEXEREAL DISEASE.

Great success was also experienced in the control of the Yenereal diseases. A comprehensive program of education, to­gether with meilical prophylaxis, has produced unusual results. While these diseases have continueu to be the most frequent cause of admissions to the sick report and the greatest source of noneffectiveness in the Army, a large proportion of the ca es were contracted before entering the Army. A special tudy of all new cases of yenereal diseases repol'ted at five

large cantonments, Lee, Va., Dix, N . .J., Upton, N.Y., llfeade, 1\Id., and Pike, Ark., during J:be year ending 1\fay 21, 1919, shows that of 48,167 ca es treated 96 per cent were contracterl before entering the Army and only 4 per cent after. ·

The record for the forces overseas is particularly noteworthy. There _few fresh recruits entered the Army from civil life, and the conditions more accurately show the effects of the Army control e:xE>rcised.

There was steady reduction of noneffectiveness from venereal disen~ I:'S in the Army oYersens up to September, 1918. At the

beginning of :~at month there was leE.3 than 1 venereal patient in hospitals among each 1,000 men. \Veekly inspections cover­ing about 85 per cent of the total number of troops overseas during the six months after the armistice disclosed that there was les.1 1;llan 1 new case in each 1,000 men examined. The actual average was 1 new case each week among each 2,630 men examined. -

HOSPITALIZATIO~. •· ~ t • j

At the beginning of the war a program of hospital construc­tion was entered upon, then by some regarded as extravagant, with the intent that the Army should not lack facilities for the care of its sick. The following table summarizes the hospital construction in the United States:

Army lto81Jital construction in the United States.

Normal Number. bed

capacity. . Newhospitals.............................................................. 62 88,463 Leased buildings and converted Army posts .................. __ 39 29,38) Post hospitals remodeled .... __ ... _ . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 48 6, 05li

Total ....... ~ ·······-····--···················· : ............ ~ 123,89)

The figures are exclusi.-e of numerous small hospitals already in Army use. In addition, more than 200 hospitals were put in operation overseas. On December 1, 1918, there were available in Army hospitals 399,510 beds, or one bed to every nine men in the Army. Of these, 287,290 were overseas anu 112,220 were in this country.

The hospital capacity was exceeded in this country only dur­ing the influenza epidemic, when it became necessary to take over barracks for hospital purposes.

The overseas record was even better. Except <luring two weeks in October, at the height of the attack on the Hindenburg line, the number of p:itients did not e:x:ceeu the normal bed capacity of the hospitals, and at that time there were approxi­mately 60,000 unused emergency beds. Over 130,000 patients have been evacuated from· the expeditionary forces to hospitals in this country. --

TOTAL WAR EXI'EXDITURES A MILLIO)I DOLLARS A:Y HOUR.

The war cost the United States considerably more than $1,000,000 an hour for a period of 25 months, from April, 1917, through April, 1919. Treasury disbursements during the period reached a total of $23,500,000,000, of which $1,650,000,000 may be charged to the normal expenses which would have occurred in time of peace. The balance may be counted as the direct money cost of the war to the enu of April, 19:;..9, a sum of $21,850,000,000. The figure is twenty times the prewar national debt. It is nearly large enough to pay the entire cost of our Government from 1791 up to the outbreak of the European war. Our expenditure in this war was sufficient to have carried on the Revolutionary 'Var continuously for more than a thousnmt years at the rate of expenditure which that war actually in­volved.

In addition to this huge expenditure loans were advanced to the Allies at the rate of nearly half a million dollars an hour. Congress authorized for this purpose $10,000,000,000, anu there were actually paid to various Governments the sum of $8,850,-000,000.

Of our war costs the Army was responsible for the expendi­ture of 64 per_ cent, or just short of two-thirds of the entire amount. Through April 30, 1919, there had been withtlra wn from the Treasury on the Army account $14,244,061,000, an amount about equal to the value of all the gold prouuced in the whole world from the discovery of America to the outbreak of the European war. If there is deducted from this figure what would be the normal expenditure for a peace-time Army for a similar period there remains a total of $13,930,000,000 directly chargeable to the war.

· The-rate of expenditure for the Army and for the entire Gov­ernment increrraed rapidly as the war progressed.

During the first three months war expenditures were at the rate of $2,000,000 per day. During the next Y .. ear they averaged more than $22,000,000 a day. For the final 10 months of the period the daily total reacheu the enormous sum of $44,000,000. The immense daily average in the last period, most of which is in the months after the armistice, is surprising until we con­sider that the building of ships for the Emergency ]'leet Cor­poration the consh·uction and operation of naval ve sels, the food, cl~thing, pay, and land and ocean transportation of ~he Army have bad to go forward at about the same rate as dnrmg the war. The great flow of munitions nnd supplies for the Army and Navy could not, out of regard for the industrial bal·

1919. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 4343 ance of the country, be topped with too great abruptness. Numerous war-time activities and purchases had still to be paid for as well. ·

AIB.IT .R'XP.E~Dil'UBl'JS.

The fo11owing table shows the amounts expended ·by each importllllt Army bureau. The Quartermaste1' Corps, whicll -paid the soldier · and furnished them with food, clothing, .equipment, and miscellaneous supplies, spent the most. The Ordnance Department was next in order, '\Yith over $4,000,000,000 -for mu­nitions, more than half of its e_"penditm·es being "for artillery ammunition: ·

Ewpe11tlittu-·es by .Army bm·eaus.

:Expended to I r .Apr. 30, 1919. ~

Quartermaster Corps: Pay of the .Army, etc.......... . ................... $1,831, .273, 000 Other Quartcrma tor Corps appropriations..... . .. 6,242, 745, 000

Ordnance Department.. . ...... . ....................... 4, f%1, 347, O'Y.l Air Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 859,291, OVO

~~afc!f~~~ment~ ~::::::: ~::::::::::::::::::::::::: m; ~; ~ ~~~~rWariaie"&irvioo·::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 1~;:J;~ Provost Marshal General.................. . ........... I 24,301, 000 Secretary 's office and miscellaneous................ . ... 1 33,367,000

1--~---: Total .,.......................................... 14,244, DGI, 000

12.9 43.8 28.7 6.0 4.5 2.2

.!>

. 6

.17

.Z3

100,00

1 Figures are for Dec. 31, 1918. .Expenditures since that date for these purposes have been mall compared with other items in table.

The total of our Army expenditures ·hown in the table­$14,2-14,061,()()(}-equa.Js the Yalue of all the ,gold produced in the entire world "from the discovery of America up to the out­break of the -European war.

~R.MANEN'.r ASSETS.

As a result of the war efforts large quantities of munitions, supplies, and equipment have been secured whicll will be of YaJue for many years to come. The Army now o~s some of the finest docks in the -world. The 16 National _Army ,eanto:n­ments and 3 of the National Guard camps will be retained p~r­manently as training camp . A .number of first-class aviation fields and depots and balloon ·chools will be a ·permanent asset. We llave stocks of most articles of clothing sufficient to last our Army fOI a number of years. There is also a .Ja~e supply of standardized motor truck .

. s to rifles aml machine guns and their ammunition, light and heavy artillery and ammunition, tanks -and tractors, of these we have a supply of .more than sufficient to equip fully an army of a million men and maintain them in .active .combat for six. months. These munitions :are of the best quality lllld of the .ffitest tlesign-Springfield and Enfield rifles, tBrowning ma­chine guns and automatic rifles, .field guns and howitze1-s of tried French de ign. _Articles of miscellaneous equipment a1'e aYailable in like quantity .and quality. . . Thousands of Liberty motors and service planes are imme­diate1y availablefor.any emergency . . Engineer, signal, andmedi­cal equipment is on hand to the value of millions of dollar .

All these are lasting assets which we have as a result of war expenditures. They supply most '\"aluable equipment for pre­parcdne s in the l\lilitary Establishment.

'WAR EXPENDITURES OF ALL NMJIONS.

The taule belo.w .gives .the figures showing the war expenui­tures of all nations up to l\lay, 1919. It is as ·yet too soon rto pres!i)nt figures that are entirely accurate, but these data have been carefully compiled and are believed to be sub ·tantiaUy reliable. Estimated total 'leal· C(l)penclitzwes of tJrincipal 11ations to .Apt·. :JOJ 19J.9. [All figures in billions of dollars and excluding normal expenses and

loans to .Allies.] Country : Billions of dollars

Great Britain and Domi~ions----------~------------------ SS

¥~:~~~~~~~~~=~~~~~~===~~~~======= u Belgium, Roumania, Portugal, Jugo- 'lavoniu __ ::: ___ ::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 5 Japan and Greece - --..:.-------------------------·- ----~--- 1

Total Allies and United States----------- ------ --------- 123

Total Teutonic ullies----- - -------- - - ------------- ----- G3

Grand ·total - - ------ ----------------------------- - ----- 186

The tot_al direct war costs amount to about $186,000,000,000, and of tlus sum the enemy countries spent· about one-third and

·those on the allied -side about two-thirds. Germany spent more than any other nation, -and was closely followed by Great Brit­ain, whose expenditures include those ot her coJonies. The fig­ure for France is $12,000,000,0001ess than that for Great BritaipJ . and our own figure is below that for France. The Austrian ex­penditure was almost equal to that -of the United States. It is noteworthy that the United ·States spent about one-eighth of the entire cost of the war and something le-ss -than one-fifth of the ,expenditures on the allied side.

JUr. President, the Military Affairs Committee of the Senate · ·diligently tkept in touch with. the .activities of the \'Var Depart­ment from •the start -to the :finish of this greatest war, and l, a membeT of that committee, have seen these thtngs come to pass.

The burden of the prosecution of the war rested primru·i:ly upon the \Vur Department, and in striking contrast to the effect­ive discharge of the great 1·esponsibility is the startling ·fact, as related in Upton's Military Policy of the United States (p. 233), of the action of another Secretary of War during the conduct of tlle Civil War. Upton s~s:

So comp1etely overwhelmed was the Secretary of War in providing tl.l'ms and supplies for the 75,000 militia that the subject of orga!ililing

' the volunteers and Regulars called out by the President's proclamation of May 3 was tossed over for solution to the Secretary of the Treasury . .In i:he discharge of a military duty upon which depended the lives of hundreds of thousands of our citizens, if not the salvation of our cause, it ·was fortunate fo.r the country "that the Secretary was not left to the guidance of his limited e:Jtperience. • • • Novel as were the duties imposed upon the Secretary of the Treasury, he and hls assistants de­served the gratitude of the Nation, otc. They insured us against a series of disasters.

How Yastly different was tlle contluct of our Secretary of War, Newton D. illak-er, in the rpreparation for and prosecution of this great war.

We have not changed thls official, as some of the other nations had to ·do. We have had throughout this great enterprise but one Secretary of War, Newton ·D. "Bakel._ A ·man of surpassilig ability, ·strong of 'heart, and great of soul, who," ith clear vision, saw the end from the ·beginning and with undaunted courage and unfaltering purpo e, undisturbed by maliciou criticism and abuse, established and pursued the policies in the discharge of the great responsibility that effected these tremendous results· ana ·brought glorious victory.

The <leeds done, ~e things accomplished, _proclaim him easily, the greatest A.mer1can Secretary of 'Var, and if .not certainly the superior, surely the peer of any like official in any war cabinet in the world.

The Chief of Staff, Gen. March, a miglJ.ty force, the· gl'and factor, with consummate skill and matchless ability, organized, whipped .into shape, and landed our .Axmy over ea ._

There, on the battlB fields of Flrauce, unde1· the commanu of our own peerless Gen. Pershing, the Au1eric.an Al'my, the tenible fighting machine, set the Stars and Stl'ipe-s highest among the standards of the Nations and demonstrated in the face of the battling ho ts of the world the incomparable qualities of the AmeriC"c.tn . oldier and the innncible prowess of the American Nation.

The Army conquered a peace that the war-weary iWOthl had uespaired .of, :vindieatetl American xights, revi:ved the lo,'e of liberty in the bl:east of .mankind, and rekindled in the ll.eart of the weak, subject, and oppres~_ed people of the earth the hope of freedom and democracy.

PROCLAMATION ..l.ND ST~EMENT OF THE PRES IDE NT.

Mr . .PHELAN. l\Ir. Presi<lent, I ask unanimous consent to have pTinted in the ..RECORD tile President's proclamation to the American people on the high cost of li\1ng, and aLso Jli state­ment answering the railroad shopmen.

There being no objection, ihe proclamation anu statement of the President were ordered to be printed in the REconn, as follows: l'llESlDE::\T'S PllOCL.i::UA.TIO~ T O T.llE PEOPLE 0~ TilE HH:iH COST OF LIYIXG.

The President yesterday "issued a statement addressed to the public, as follows :

" My fellow citizens, a situation hu · ari en in connection with t~e administratio~ of _the railways wl1ich is of such general sig­mficance that I think 1t my duty to make a public tatement con­cerning it, in order that the 'Yhole country may know what is involved.

"The railroad shopmen ha\e denwnde<l a large increase in wages. They are now receiYing 5 , 63, and 68 ceuts per hour. They demand 85 cents per hour. This demand has been gi\en careful and serious consideration by the board which wns con­stituted by the Railroad Administrat ion to adju. ·t questi on,· of wages, a board consisting of an equal number of representatiYes of employees and of the opexating managers o.f the railroad CIJID­panies. This board has been unable to come to an agreement,

4344 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. AUGUST 26,

anu it has therefore devolved upon the Director General of nan-· ronds and myself to act upon the merits of the case.

"The shopmen urge that they ·are entitled to higher wages because of the higher wages for the p·resent received by men doing similar work in shipyards, navy yards, and arsenals, as well as in a number of private industries, but I concur with the Director General in thinking that there is no real basis of com­parison between the settled employment afforded mechanics by the railroads under living conditions as various as the location an'd surroundings of the railway shops themselves and the tlnctuating employment afforded in industries exceptionally and temporarily stimulated by the war and located, almost without exception, in industrial centers, where the cost of living is higbe t.

"The ubstantial argument which the sllopmen urge is the very serious increase in the cost of living. This is a very potent argument indeed. But the fact is that the cost of living has certainly reacheu it · peak and will probably be lowered by the effort which are now everywhere being concerted and carried out. It will certainly be lowered so soon as there are settled conditions of prouuction and of commerce ; that is, so soon as the treaty of peace is ratified and in operation and merchants, manufacturers, farmers, miners, all have a certain basis of cal­culation as to what their business will be and what the condi­tions will be un'der which it must be conducted. The demands of the shopmen, therefore, and all similar demanus are in effect this: That we make increase in wages, which are likely to be permanent, in order to meet a temporary situation which will last nobody can certainly tell how long, but in all proba­bility only for a limited time. Increase in wages will, moreover, certainly result in still further increasing the costs of produc­tion and, therefore, the cost of living, and we should only have to go through the same process again. Any substantial increase of wages in leading lines of industry at this time would utterly crush the general campaign which the Government is waging with energy, vigor, and substantial hope of succes to reduce the high co t of living. And the increases in the cost of trans­portation which would necessarily result from increases in the wages of railway employees would more certainly and more immediately have that effect than any other enhanceu wage costs. Only by keeping the cost of production on its present level, by increasing production, and by rigid economy and saving on the part of the people can we hope for large decreases in the burden­some cost of living which now weighs us down.

SPEAKS FOR GOVERN~IENT AN.D PUBLIC.

' The Director General of Railroads anu I have felt that a peculiar respon ibility rests upon us, because in determining this que tion we are not studying the balance sheets of corpora­tions, but in effect determining the purden of taxation which must fall upon the people of the country in general. \Ve are acting not for private corporations, but in the name of the Gov­ernment and the public, and must assess our responsibility ac­cordingly. For it is neither wise nor feasible to take care of increases in the wage of railroad employees at this time by in­crease in freight rate . It is impossible at this time, until peace has come and normal conditions are restored, to estimate what the earning cap!lcity of the railroads will be when ordinary con­tlition return. There is no certain basis, therefore, for calculat­ing "'hat the increa es of freight rates should be, and it is neces-ary, for the time being at any rate, to take care of all increases

in the wages of railway employees tlu·ough appropriations from the Public Treasury.

" In such circumstances it seems clear to us, anu I believe will . eem clear to eYery thoughtful American, including the shopmen them elves when they have taken second thought, and to all \\age earners of every kind, that we ought to postpone questions of this sort until normal conditions come again and we have the opportunity for certain calculations as to the relation between wages and the cost pf living. It is the duty of every citizen of the country to insist upon a truce in. such contest until intelli­gent ettlements can be made and made by peaceful and effec­tive common counsel. I appeal to my fellow citizens ·of every employment to cooperate in insisting upon and .maintaining su.ch a truce and to cooperate also in sustaining the Government in what I conceive to be the only course which conscientious pub­lic seHant can pursue. Demands unwi ely made and passion­ately iu~ i tell upon at this time menace the peace and prosperity of the country a · nothing else could, and thus contribute to bring about the very results whlch such demands are· intended to reme<ly.

SllOP:UE~ SHOULD GET 10 HOURS1 PAY.

"Thc.re is, however, one claim made by the railway shopmen \Y]lidl oun-ht to be met. They claim that they are not enjoying the am advantage that other railway employees are enjoying, bC1~:1uso tlieir \TllgP · are cRJculateu upori a different basis. The

wages of other railway employees are based upon the rule that they are to receive for eight hours' work the same pay they re­ceived for the longer workday that was the usual standard of the prewar period The claim is, I am told, well founded ; and I concur in the conclusion of the director general that the shop, men ought to be given the additional 4 cents an hour which the readjustment asked for will justify. There are certain other adjustments, also, pointed out in the report of the director general which ought in fairness to be made and which will be made.

"Let me add, also, that the position which the Government must in conscience take against genexal increases in wage levels while the present exceptional and temporary circumstances exist will, of course, not preclude the Railroad Administration from giving prompt and careful consideration to any claims that may be made by other classes of employees for readjustments be­lieved to be proper to secure impartial treatment for all who work in the railway ser'vice.

""\\OODROW 'VILSON. "THE "\VHITE HousE,

"August 2iJ, .1919."

PllESIDE~T WILSON1 S STATE.ME _' T ANSWERING THE RAILllOAD SIIOPMEN.

The President in a statement to the repre entatives of the railroad shopmen yesterday said :

"Gentlemen, I request that you lay this critical matter before the men in a new light. The vote they have taken was upon the question whether they should insist upon the wage increase they \vere asking or consent to the submission of their claims to a. new tribunal, to be constituted by new legislation. That ques­tion no longer has any life in it. Such legislation is not now in contemplation. I request that you ask the men to reconsider the whole matter in view of the following considerations, to which I ask their thoughtful attention as Americans, and which I hope that you will lay before them as I here state them.

"We are face to face with a situation which is more likely to affect the happiness and prosperity, and even the life. of our people than th war itself. "\Ve have now got to do nothing les than bring our industries and om· labor of every kinu back to a normal basis after the greate t upheaval known to history, and the winter just ahead of u may bring suffering infinitely greater than the war brought upon us if we blunder or fail in the proces . An admirable spirit of self- acrifice, of patriotic devotion, and of community action guided n.nd in pired us while the fighting was on. We shall need all these now, and need them in a heightened degree, if we are to accomplish the fu·st tasks of peace. They are more difficult than the tasks of war-more complex, less easily understood, and require more intelligence, patience, and sobriety. We mobilized our man power for the fighting; let us now mobilize our brain power and our con­sciences for the reconstruction. If we fail it will mean national disaster. • The pri..mary first step is to increase prouuction and facilitate transportation, so as to make up for the destruction wrought by the war, the terrible scarcities it created, and so as. soon as possible relieve our people of the cruel burden of high prices. The railways are at the center of this whole proce s.

GO\ERNMEXT WORKIXO TO REDUCE PRICES.

"The Go>ernment has taken up with all its energy the task of bringing the profiteer to book, making the stocks of nece saries in the country available at lowered prices, stimulating produc­tion and faci1itating distribution, and very favorable re ults are already beginning to appear. There is reason to entertain the confident hope that substantial relief will re ult, and reswt in increasing measure. A general increase in the levels of wages would check and might defeat all this at its very beginning. Such increase would inevitably raise, not lower, the cost of living. Manufacturers and producers of every sort would have innu­meJ:able Rdditional pretexts for increasing profits, and all efforts to discover and defeat profiteering would be hopele sly confu ed. I believe that the present efforts to reuuce the costs of living will be successful if no new elements of difficulty are thrown in the way; and I confidently count upon the men engaged in the service of the railways to assist, not obstruct. It is much more in their interest to do this than to insist upon wage in­creases which will undo everything the Go>ernrnent attempt . They are good Americans along with the rest of u · and may, I am sure, be counted on to see the point. •

"It goes without saying that if our effort to bring the cost of living down should fail after we have had time enough to estab­lish either success or failure, it will, of cour , be neces ary to accept the higher costs of living as a permanent basis of adjustment, and railway wages should be readju ted along with the rest. All that I am now urging i that "·e hould not b~ guilty of the inexcu·sable il1con i tencs of making general in-

19~9. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SEN ATE. 4345 creases in wages on the assumption that the present cost of living will be permanent at the very time that we are trying with great confidence to reduce the cost of living and are able to say that it is actually beginning to fall.

UNCERTAINTY AS TO FUTURE OF RAILROADS.

"I am aware that raihvay employees have a sense of insecurity as to the future of the railroads and have many misgivings as to whether their · interests will be properly safeguarded when the present form of Federal control has come to an end. No doubt it is in part this sense of uncertainty that prompts them to insist that their wage interests be adjusted now rather than under conditions which they can not certainly· foresee. But I do not think that their uneasiness is well grounded. I antici­pate that legislation dealing with the future of the railroads will be in explicit terms affording adequate protection for the in­terests of the employees of the roads; but quite apart from that it is clear that no legislation can make the railways other than what they are, a great public interest, and it is not likely that the President of the United States, whether in possession and control of the railroads or not, will lack opportunity or per­suash·e force to influence the decision of questions arising be­tween the managers of the railroads and the railway employees. The employees may rest assured that, during my term of office, whether I am in actual possession of the railroads or not, I shall not fail to exert the full influence of the Executive to see that justice is done them.

" I believe, therefore, that they may be justified in tlle confi­dence that hearty cooperation with the Government now in its efforts to reduce the cost of living will by no means be preju­uicial to their own interest, but will on the contrary prepare the way for more favorable and satisfactory relations in the future.

"I confidently count on their cooperation in this time of na­tional test and crisis."

CALLH'G OF THE BOLL,

:Mr. McCUMBER obtained the floor. 1\ir. NELSON. Mr. President, I suggest the absence of a

quorum. The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. RABBIS in the chair). The

Secretary will call the roll. The Secretary called the roll, and the following Senators an­

swered to their names : Ashurst Harding McNary Simmons Ball Harris Moses Smith, Ariz, Bankhead Harrison Nelson Smith, l\Id. Brandegec Henderson New Smoot Calder J ohnson, S.Dak. Norris Sterling Capper Jones, N.Mex. Nugent Sutherlana Culber son Jones, Wash. Overman Swanson Curtis Kellogg Owen Thomas Dial Kendrick Page Townsend F a ll Kenyon Phelan Trammell Fernal<l King Phipps Underwood Frnnce Kirby Poindexter Wadsworth Gay Lodge Pomerene Walsh, Mass. Gore McCormick Ransdell Wa lsh, 1\Iont. Gronna McCumber Robinson Watson Hale McKellar Sheppard Wolcott

The PRESIDING OFFICER. Sixty-four Senators lurve an­swered to the roll call. There is a quorum present.

TRANSFER OF SHANTUNG TO JAPAN,

· 1\lr. 1\lcCUl\ffiER. Mr. President, I shall avail myself of this lull in the proceedings with reference to the oil leasing bill anu the lunch hour to discuss for a few moments the Shantung ·amendment. I shall ask not to be interrupted during the dis­en sion because of my desire to boil down what I have to say in the shortest possible space. After I have completed my general tatement I shall be open to any que •tions that may be propounued.

1Ur. President, on last Saturday, three days ago, the Com­mi ttee on Foreign Relations by a majority of one voted an !lrnenument to articles 156, 157. and 158 of the treaty of peace \Yith Germany, substituting the name "China" for the name "Japan" so that all the German leasehold rights in Shantung, and all German concessions and rights in Kiaochow Bay, obtained by that country in 1898 from China, and which by the said treaty Germany has renounce(} in favor of Japan, will by this amend­ment be transferred to China instead of Japan.

I do not believe and can not believe that this amendment will hold when the treaty reaches the Senate. I am satisfied that no greater blow could ever be struck agains t the real interests of China than by such an amendment. - Why <lid the majority of this committee pause in the midst of their hearings to make this particulat· amendment and then proceed with the usual leisure to lay out dates for further hearings which will consume a week or so more? The purpose . 11 apl)arent. It i · to signify to the country that tQ.e Senate is

·hostile to this treaty. It is to put Japan in a position where she can not without an appearance of being coerced do what she has promised to do. It is to create t rouble between. this country and Japan and thereby send the first dagger thrust into the body . of this treaty. I can not but believe that tlie plan will fail because I know it ought to fai l.

Is it an act of true friendship toward China or a mere pQlitical move to defeat the treaty? If its sponsors now fail to come forward and openly pledge that if Japan is driven out of this treaty then the United States will proceed single-handed and alone to drive Japan out of China, will renew this World War and send our soldiers into tlle Orient to fight for her, then by this act they are betraying China with a false kiss.

If, on the other hand, they declare they will make war to drive Japan out of China, to prevent Japan receiving only those rights which the other great nations of the world have received, then they are proclaiming a policy which they have assailed as being the most wicked part of the league of na­tions-a policy of interference with the quarrels of the Old 'Vorld. 'Vorse than that, while they violently condemn a joint agreement with the other great white nations of the world to shield the greater white races from annihilation they would send our sons to death to defend the inferior yellow races whom we claim to be so inferior as to be unfit to associate with us from a like self-destruction.

But, l\Ir. President, they know, and we know, that this country will nen•r go to war against Japan to prevent Japan from doing just what we have allowed every other nation to do in China without a protest.

So, l\lr. President, we are right up against this proposition, and the cleavage is clear and uefinite: Either we will bring both Japan and China into this league of nations, which, by the very terms of its provisions, will compel Japan to return to China all the German rights acquired by Japan, not only by conquest but by the solemn agreement made by her with China herself, or you will drive Japan out of this treaty, where she will not be bound by the obligations which she would assume by joining the league, and where she will be holding the German territory and all German interests by the right of conquest, and with the broken word of China she can work her way to the very limit of subjugation of all the Chlnese territory not now \Yithin the sphere of influence of other powers.

With this league of nations China obtains an assurance \Yhich is tantamount to a guaranty by all the world that not only will Japan return to China what Germany ,-nested from her in 1898 but henceforth and so long as this league shall last no other nation shall rob China of one inch of her territory or exercise any control over her people inconsistent with the claim of com­plete independence and sovereignty.

I want to bring into the record and present to the American people in the briefest possible manner the principal facts upon which these definite declarations are founded and to recite them in their chronological order.

During the past 80 years all of the great European nations have, by the display of military force or other equally per­suasive methods amounting to duress, secured from China com­mercial and railway concessions and rights and spheres of influ­ence over large portions of Chinese territory and millions of Chinese people. During all this time the United States has never once protested against these concessions, but, on the other hand, has complimented the aggressors, only asking them to agree to the "open-door policy." These concessions have been ob­tained by Russia, Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Bel-· gium, and other countries.

In 1898 Germany, finding in the murder of two German mis­sionaries in China by bandits, who, by the way, mnnlereu Chi­nese as well as these German missionaries, an excuse to ~ati. fy her course, · sent a naYal expedition against China and under duress and threat of war somewhat more marked than that used by other nations secureu from China a treaty. This treaty was entered into between Germany and China on 1\Iarch 6, 1898. What did Germany secure by this treaty? She secured (a) a 99-year lease on both sides of the entrance to the Bay of Kiao­chow, Germany to construct fortifications at the entrance to the harbor; (b) certain territory on both the northern and southern sides of the entrance to the bay wlH•rein Germany could exercise all administrative rights; (c) t l!e island of Chipo an and Potato Island; (d) all island · J::ing seaward from Kiaochow Bay which may be of importance to its defense; (e) the right to construct two lines of rail\Yay in Shantung for commercial interests only.

Did Germany secure any right of ~o•ereignty o-rer China? She clicl not, because this treaty tlenlflred a!': fo11ows : "His Majesty, the Em11eror of ChLuu '~ ':' ':' \\'hil e reserYing to

14346 OONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SEN AQtE. AUGUST 26,

himself all ri-ghts of soYe:reignty over the leased territory, and so •forth, enters into the agreement.'" It i but proper here to say •that the so\ereignty was in name only ; that is, all admin­istrative })Ower as -granted to Germany. •was there anything· elSe bearing on thi question of sovereignty? 'There was. When the United States approached •Germany throu.gh diplomatic channels, to declare ller pm·po e in Shantung, she answered not on1y 1that slle did not claim any -sovereignty over the leased ter­ritory, but nl o that she would not interfere with the" open-door policy,~• the -poUcy of equal rights to all nation . And we replied, tn effect, 'All right, we are "Pleased ·to have this as­surance."

To offset this German concession Great Britain sought like additional concessions -at Weihiawei and China was rather glad to make this last concession because ' being a weak, defenseless nation her only hope to esc:rpe "from ·political annihilation was to take ad\antage of the jealousies·1md rivali'ies of these _great nations and to-play one country a!!ainst the otheT. · Then came the great World War. China could sever diplo­

matic relations with Germany and she could declare a wa1· of Chinese words, ·out she could not fight Germany or any other country. Japan eould fight, and the Allies needed all the help they could secure from Japan, and so it was agreed that Ja.pan and not China should drive the Germans -Out of China. Japan undertook the job, and with no little cost in blood and treasure, for a poor country, she drove Germany out and took possession of whate\ei' interest German-y had. But what was she to do with that ,which she had wrested frem •Germany? 'Nations gen- r erally have no object or an under tanding when they make war, antl she 1la.d her understanding with her allies. What was it? In substance it was this: " Whatever you t:ike ·-from Germany shall be yours; 'We shall not interpose any objee~ons. Signed by France, Great Britain, Italy, and Japan." It ought ·to be re­membered right here that Ja-pan underthis. agreement with her allies was to TeceiYe, and did receive, no .rights except those which were held by Germany under the n·eaty ·between GeT­many and -China.

But Japan was not ·atisfioo with the mere consent of these great powers, her allie :Hone. So on May -2i>, 191i3, she secured a treaty ·from China herself, whereby China agreed that -Japan should acquire the Ge1·man leasehold Tights and interests if Japan should take and hold them ftom Germany. Granted that China would have preferred to ha~.e the Germans ousted with­out substituting .Japan 'for ~them. tBut she, with ner 300,000,000 population, did not haYe the courage to attempt it. ..Tapan with her 40,000,000 of people did have that courage. Granted that the agreement thnt Japan -should be substitrrteil for Ger­many was obtained by dm·e s. So was e\ery other -concession in China of every other nation so obtained, because China ·did not dare resist. However, nothing as taken from China by Japan. ·what slle ,toolt was ,from Germany, ani!. she took it with the written consent of ·China.

All these concessions to all these nations are now pa ·t his­tory, and there is no ·logi-cal -point where we can bCt.nin to .dif­ferentiate ' between them. We em not .a.nd will not abrogate all of them. We can not n.nd will not order all these 'Jla.ti.ons out of China.

:This, then, was the sihmtion 1vhen the vea e delegation met at • Paris.

Of course, it would be a gracious act if Japan, who h:as paid all the cost in blood and treasure in wresting these interests from Germany, would turn e-verything back to China, bnt that must be none through the willingness of Japan a..ntl because Japan has bound herself to do so and not through :rny threat of ours.

By this amendment you ruah-e it almo t impossible -for J"apan to comply with her own ngr;ee;ment with China without suffering humiliation and sacrificing the respect n.nd natural pride of her people. By this amendment we, · a ihiri:l power, whom the opponents of the league insist should never interfere with the affairs of the Eastern Hemisphere, proceed to et aside a com­pact entered into between two nations of the Eastern Hemisphere in which we were in no way connected and performing this act with. an arrogance no white nation would eve1· submit to so long as it had a drop of blood left to shed for its national honor. By this amendment you declare that Japan can not be trusted to keep sacred her word, gi\en not only to China alone but -also given to the United State and e\ery other important nation by reiterated declarations. The act is not only grossly discourteous, but is the act of a bi"' bully intent on either forcing war or compelling a di graceful ·urrender.

I declare most emphatically 1\lr. President, that if this treaty · is signed by China and .Japan and becomes a world compact, Japan munt an<l will keep her -word to return the German lease-: hold. intere .. ts anu conce . ·ions to China. She ·can Hot e ·cape .that.

obligation and will not escape it. Only the breach of her treaty with China, as you would break it by this amendment, and the forcing of .Japan out of the league, as you would force her out of · it by this amendment, would relieve her from this duty ancl vir­tually compel her, through the demand of her insulted people, to hold everything she has secured by conquest from Germany. Let ns look at the .unquestioned written obligation upon which this declaration is p1·edieated. By this treaty between Japan n.nd C.hina, signed May 25, 1915, article 1 declare :

TJle Chinese Go~ernment agrees to give full assent to all matters rupon -which the Japanese Government may bereafter agree with the German Government relating to the disposition of all l'ights interests and con­cessions whiCh Germany by virtue of treaty or otherwise possesses in relati-on to the Province of Sbantlmg.

ART. 2. The Chinese Go-vernment agrees, as regards railways to be built 11Y China herself from Chefoo to Lungkow, to connect \vlth the Kiaochow-Tsinanfu Railway. If Germa.uy •abandons the privilege of .financing -the Kiweiehsien line, China , ill pc.rmit Japanese capital to negotiate for the loan.

.AnT. :3. "The Chin-ese Government agree , in the interest of trade and for the residences o:t foreigners, to open by · China herself, as soon ·as -possible, certain suitable places in the P.roYince of Shantung as commer­cial ports.

Article 1 is the ru·ticle by wh.ieh China agrees to "turn oyer to Japan the G-erman concessions which _I have mentioned. .A.r­ticle 2 trunsfe1·s the right to build th~ railway mentioned to Japanese capitalists if the German capitalists decline to furnish the capital, and article 3 simply makes it incumbent upon Chin."t to open up additional ports for trade, to do exactly what other nations have compelled ller to do and exactly what we compelled Japan herself to do more ~ than half ;a century ·ago. There 1s certainly -nothing unu ual or grasping or unjust in the treaty itself. .

•But the treaty tloes not -stand alone. It mu t be taken iu connection with certain written notes and agreements 'Yhich immediately preceded its execution and which are~ therefore, a part of the n·eaty both a~ to any limitation or expansion.

It will be noted that the treaty it elf makes no mention of any retransfer of the German rights to China. If there were nothing further than the bare treatyf the tights cf •Japan -:would eventu­ally terminate with the ·expi-ration ocf the ·German lease -on l\Iarch 6, 1997.

Note, now, how incomparably more fayorable than• the German agreement is the Japanese agreement. Before China "·ould sign this treaty she insisted that Japan should -put in writing her oral agreements to return the German lea. ·ehold intere t to China. And this is Japan's promise:

Peking, l\Iay !!5, 1!n5-

Remember-this was just bcfar the treaty wa lgned and the considei'ation upon which China signed it-

ExcELLENCY: In the name of my Government I haYc the honor t..o make the following declaration to the Chinese Government:

When, -after the termination ot the present -war, the leased territory o:t Kiaochow llay is completely left to the free disposal o:t Japan, the Japanese Government will restore the said leased territory to China under the following conditions : • • •

I aYAiJ, etc. ( igned) ITIOKI EKI.

I will consider the "conditions" as submitted later. It has been often :asserted that theTe is nothing fixing the time in which Japan will return this leasehold interest . to China; that it means that she will do so when she gets good and ready, and that this means never.

Ah, Mr. President, let us sec if that is the meaning. There is not a Senator who makes that declaration who would for one single1moment admit that -Japan could so miscon true the agree­ment. ·I deny that the .agreement is not specific as to time. It · is just as specific as it was possible to make it .at the time. japan can not return to China that which she is to receive f rom Germany until Japan receives it from Germany under the treaty, and Japan can not receive it from Germany until the treaty is a binding obligation. In othei' words, the leased tenitory is not completely left to the free disposal of Japan until after the ter­mination of this war. Japan then says to China," When tbi war is terminated and I receive these rights under the treaty I will restore them to you." The word "when " as therein used means just exactly what you and I and what every nation would under­stand it to mean-that the process of turning the interests back to China and evacuating the territory by J"apan .must be::gin immediately after the termination of this war by the signing of the treaty. It is the same as if I agree that when I pay a debt which I owe you you hall give me a receipt for it. That means that you will giye it immediately after I have made the payment. It means nothing else, and national honor and good faith :would require .Japan to begin this process of· trans­ferring and evacuating immediately a:fter the io-ning of the treaty. That does not mean the very minute, or the very uay, of the signing of the n·eaty, but it doe mean with the -.readiness with which go\ernments should act to fulfill tr aty obligations.

1919. UONGRESSIONi\.L RECORD-SENATE . . 4347

On tlle same day and before tlle signing of the treaty the~ Japan is now free to make the disposal, and Japan is ,r~fusing or minister of foreign affairs of China acknowledged receipt of neglecting, as the case may be, to return them. Japan is there­this letter, as follows: fore breaking her treaty with us, and in addition is breaking

MoxsiEcn LE MrNISTRE: I have the honor to acknowledge the re- her solemn obligation to the league of nations. This action on · ceipt of your excellency's note of this day's date in which you made the part of Japan will lead to war, and we call upon the league the following declaration in the name of your Government: to require Japan to perform her sacred promise."

"When, after the termination of the present war, the leased terri- The league machl'nery, ,.."r·. Pr·esi'dent, must tllen be put 1·nto op-tory of Kiaochow Bay is completely left to the free disposal of Japan, .u.a. the Japanese Government will restore the said leased territory to eration upon the complaint of China. Tllis will require Japan to China under the following conditions." answer as to her treaty promise, and as that promise is clear and

I avail, etc., Lou TsENG-TSIAXG. unequivocal, as there can not be a possible disagreement as to the true meaning and intent of the promise, clear in its context and

As stated before, I am considering now only the promise definite in Japanese official declarations, the very presentation and the time it is to be effectuated. By this exchange of notes, of the matter would find its settlement through diplomacy. both coming before the signing of the treaty and in effect The chances are a thousand to one that it would go no further. parts of the treaty, the minds of the two nations met as to a But if Japan should be so foolish as to defy the whole world, of time when Japan is to fulfill her obligation to return the course the means provided to coerce a recalcitrant member of the property, namely, immediately after the termination of the league would be adopted. But, Mr. President, Japan would not pre ent war by the signing of the treaty. The agreement, defy all the great nations of the world, and in that certainty, standing alone, is sufficient to force irrevocably upon Japan d this obligation to return the German leasehold interests and all an in the certainty that the same prinCiJ?l~ of " hands off" these German rights to China without equivocation or needless would be applied to any other would-be aggressor, is China's only delay. assurance for future security not only as against Japan but as

against e-'ery other nation. Those '\\ho would fire the brand of race prejudice into the I would, therefore, say to China: " Keep your word with

flame of. war can only meet this clear treaty promise with J the declaration: "Japan is lying; she will not keep her treaty; apan ju t as you kept it with Germany, just as you have kept therefore "e won't even give her a chance to keep it, but it with all other nations who have secured from you commer­for fear that she might possibly keep her treaty obligations cial and political rights, and trust your case to a league of all "e will put her in such a position that she can not honorably the nations of the world by whose solemn compact your treaty keep them without indicating to the world that we-the United rights are assured and your territorial rights are protected." States-forced her to do so, and then we can use her refusal I come now to the conditions mentioned in the exchange of as an argument on the futility of the league of nations." Has notes between China and Japan under which the German rights Japan ever signified that she would not keep this treaty? and privileges are to be returned to China. Never. On the other hand, has she not declared officially, again Let us see if there is anything in those conditions that either and again, that she did purpose to keep it in its letter and spirit? we or China can justly complain of. The first condition reads:

On January 21, 1919, Viscount Uchida, Japanese minister of (1) The whole of Kiaochow nay is to be opened as a commercial foreign affairs, stated positively that Kiaochow 'vould be re- port. turned to China in accordance with the terms of the agreement Is there anything wrong or unconscionable in that? Under of May 25, 1915. Later, in 1\Iay, 1919, the preceding foreign the German treaty that port was to be guarded by German can­minister of Japan, Baron S. Goto, made the same declaration non and defended by German warships. If the world had any as to the purpose of Japan. Baron Kimmochi Saionji, a Japa- commercial rights tt was because Germany designed to grant nese statesman, in an interview published · in the Outlook in those rights. China had nothing to say concerning it. 1919, said: "Japan has solemnly promised to gi'e back the Under the Japanese-Chinese agreement the whole bay is to be leased territory of Kiaochow and to restore Shantung to China opened by China as a commercial port for the free commerce in full sovereignty, except a little land at Tsingtau for establish- of all nations. Japan retains no special concessions therein. ing a Japanese settlement, and Japan will keep her word." Is that not exactly what China has done with respect to many Mr. Debuchl, charge u'affaires, stated: "Japan, if not within other ports at the solicitation or pressure of other powers? Is a perio<l of six months, will be able perhaps in a year to comply that not just what the United States did when she compelled with tbe treaty provisions with China and restore Kiaochow and Japan to open up her ports to the commerce of the '\\Orld '? We all heretofore German-controlled territory in Shantung to have sought commercial trade in the Orient just as earnestly as China." Practically the same statements hR\e been reiterated other countries and '\\e hm-e done our part in exerting pressure by the Japanese foreign office, all declaring positively tbat Japan to secure the opening of commercial ports in the Orient. Is will make good her promise. It is our clear duty under those there any wrong now in adding one more neutral port to the conditions to refrain from such act of hostility and enmity and commerce of the '\\Orld '? The second condition read.· : disregard for national pride or sentiment as this amendment (2). A concession under the exclusive jurisdiction of Japan to be would mean. estabhshed at a place designated by the Japanese Government.

I there any other assurance that Japan will keep her word? What does this mean? It means, 1\Ir. President, ju~t what Yes; there is a world assurance. What is it? The league of it has meant when the same character of grant, or concession, nations provision of the treaty, the very foundation principles as it is called, has been given to every other great power, a small upon which the entire structure rests. The preamble of this tract where the nationals of the grantee can reside, hold their league, reciting tlle fundamental methods by which international property, and engage in commerce under the administrative con­cooperation is to be promoted and international peace and trol of the grantee. This concession is described by Marquis security to be achieved, declares that these great ends are Kimmochi Saionji as-to be secured, first, "by the prescription of open, just, and a little land at Tsingtau for establishing a Japanese settlement­honorable relations bet'\\een nations," and second, "by the main- or more fully described by 1\Ir. Debuchi when he said: terrance of justice and a scrupulous respect for all treaty obli- In regard to the estabUshment of a Japanese settlement we :Sk noth­gaiions in the dealings of orgarnzed people with one another." ing that is not granted by China to all other nationals. The word Just remember ri~ht here tllat the league must enforce a settlement may be misunderstood; in fact, it means nothing more than the setting aside of a certain section for the homes of the Japanese scrupulous respect for all treaty obligations. nationals and foi· foreign nationals, such, for instance as i held by

To-day Japan stands pledged to China, if China keeps her the French in Shanghai. ' word and if this country doe::; not by this proposed amendment Every other European nation has one or more of these special make China break her '\\Ord, to return the German Shantung settlement concessio-ns, and I think we accepted one some years and Kiaochow pri,·ileges to China. If Japan signs this treaty back, but am not certain. she makes the further pledge to all the great nations of the Now, why should we deny Japan this right to have a tract of world that she will keep her treaty with China. She not only land under her control for the residences of her nationals when makes this double pledge, but in addition she places herself in the same rights are exercised by other powers? Upon what a po ·ition where the great powers are not only authorized to theory can we deny that equal right to Japan'? compel her to keep her obligation, but they are in duty bound (3) If the foreign powers desire it, an international concession may to compel h er to rnakn good. In Hea\en's name, what more could be estabUshed. be a ·ked? That means, I presume, a place where the nationals of all

What would be China's means of redress under tbe league if for.eign nations may live in the same settlement, but that is de­Japan should fail to keep her agreement with China'? China pendent not upon Japan but upon the powers interested. I do would say to the council of the league of nations: "Japan has not see that it is of any material importance in the face of the agreed by treaty with u that when the war was terminated many special settlements granted. The fourth condition relates and slle was free to make disposal of the German rights, she simply to disposal of German public estabU hmcnts and prop­woulll retnrn those rights to us. The war has now terminated, erty. The arrangement for their disposal mu ·t be made between

4348 CONGRESSIONAL. RE<:JORD-SENAT.E. .AUGUST 26,

Japan and China a. a collateral agreement. The properties cov- attack on Ja~an, the change now proposed in a treaty drawn . under ered are of such little value that if. China.- and l':'lpan could' not the. expres pledge of Japan to turn Shantung over to China makes the

surrender. le s likely. The amendment conveying directly to China. ter.­easily arr~ve at a. conclusion, China,. without. any material lOss; rltory conquered by Japan . and in her hands would be enough pretext, could say to Japan: "Take the property· and do· with it aS' you as many diplomatic precedents show, to lead Japan to keep the terri-like.' ,- tory.

If Japan· shouldj does-.anyone-propo e to go to war with Japan? Does l\Tr. President, I have no quarrel with or critiC:fsm. of those:: anyone in the. Senate and 1n the- country want. to go to war with-Japan-

who are oppo ed to the league- of nation as to tl'ie: methods· over Sbantung-1 Does anyone wan more war? l t b t •t d · Th · · If war is out ot: th:e questioD.r only; two· cour es are open, to let the· they may emp oy o bring a ou · 1 S emlS e:lr. JlurpOse 1~ evils of the past go on or- to create a uew league of nations wbich. can:

death, and they are t}ursuing wliat tliey believe. to be: the surest" require Japan to keep its P.ledge to surrender aiL the territory· taken in way to effectuate that purpo e. If controlled~ by overpowerin~ war to Chma. · As to the 'economic interests" which Japan retains in

k th h of th ch Shantung, these must go. How? By war? prejudices, they are willing to ta e e c ance ano er: su Will any American ask tbis country to go to war over Japan's awful cata trophe upon the plains of Europe, the land: of our "economic interests" in.. Shantung·? IT war can not be here, too, the only fatllers and the. home of: our kinsmen, rather than ha-ve us joirr way to deal witb these ''"economic interests" is for China to prove that .. ....,e European powers- to, prevent it, or iL guided' bu their· reason, these-grants are unjust before an international tribunal. The covenant Lll • o1. gives a right to do this. Reject" the covenant-, amend the treaty, open they really belieYe we. are surrendel:ing anything- we. ought not. all these questions, and nothing can be. done, if' Japan refuses, except by to surren.dPJ:'. for such a: purpose~ they may- find a satisfactory;· war. Hold Japan to the pledge; establish the new order, and China._

B dr · · th 1 · · bl d has the. first chance in 80 l'ears to secure justice. rea on for pUtying tl.1e rOle of rutu :'l.Vmg.. e nnmg· a e . Through all those years Ch:ina: h:as· beerr plunuered by treaty . . He1: into· tha heart. of' Cresar; not that they rove world peace· less- tari1l' was enacted by treaty, all to tlre. eronomic disadvantage of China. but becan.se they love American freedom of acttorr more;... and en~orced by arms. Her customs wPr nut under for 1ign co-ntrul ..

...-rut,_ m:.. Bresillifu.t, as: ane· who. does· tlelleve in the league. of' Her co.n.st was patrolled. by a . foreign revenue service. Her forts have. 0

. been seiZ"ed and are stilL held ' by foreign powers. Every country- has natjons to mnintain. tile: peace of" the· world,., and: who does Jje-· shared' and been a partll- to these international iniquities. Tbey must lieve that there is not a single sovereign.. powe.J."" surrendered o:e. cease. The covenant and treaty establish the means. The 300,000,00 a Sm. , !!le .. ight withheld tha.t ought not to be withheld for suctr of China have. a right to a peaceful remedy for the economic wrongs

= .. of . 80 years- and this· can only be seeured by ratifying tbis treaty with a t bles e.d. Qurpos£;~ L regard. it. as:- my dutyj· to do~ all in my power alii tliat it holds, putting J"apan up to its pledge and giving China. its· by; wo.rct::and' by- vote to pr-event the commission.. of the bomicidar day in court~ to · seek! redress fo.r the economic thraldom that· now purpose of. this amend.Inent exis~_ • · • .- .,. • ...

L knoWj Mr. Pr..esidentj tfley declare that this-wound will not :tam tor-this· treaty becaus it gives- China and' every· land, pr1>ne to be fatal:, but,. Mt: President,.. the ·daggE't• is poisane.d.; an<!. if the.. pt>ace and' not to war, its. pla.ce in· tlr~ sun. of international justice. This ·

~ · do d th t1 I prefer to the fires of. war1 poison ove.rates. as the expect 1t to operate, lt es mean ea u I nave· the honor to be, the treaty Very respectfully; yours,

J."rr. President, there. i but one" honorable, upright, anci TALcoTT: WILLilllS.

pr.oper· course to · be pw-sueru bY.! an: the. great" nations of' tlle 1\.fr. 1\fcCUMBER. r now· yield to the Senator from Minne-worl~ includln.g. Cliina and Japan- Let: Chinn: keep her treaty;- sota [l\11. NELsoNT, who wishes to ask me- a question. gtve Japan an opportunity, to· do what she has pledged lie.r 1\fr: NELSON. I delayed asking the question because the nationar honor to do ; cease this attempt to jugglE' this country Senator :fl:·om. North:: Dakota preferred not to be· interruptelf. in into . wru: with.. J apan ; defeat this nronosed amendment which his· speech': My question is this: The treaty of· peace now arr.o:gutes to our.sel"ves tfie. right to annul a treaty between before the S-enate· has been r.niified. by Germany and by England. China, and" J'npam and. s:e.ts" at. uauglita tr.eniy mn:.de. dtlring the

1 Assuming tliat that treaty· will be 1~tified bY. Italy and Frnnce~

stress of" battle. between ou1: cob:elligerents ana .Tapan- tiefore· we. by its. term& it will tllen beeome effective as a valid treaty:­enrereu into tlie war; bring' .Tapan and China into t:his< worlc ' Mr: McQUMBER- Between tho e nations. league, and as sure as. tlie sun shall rise: to-morrow .Ta.pan will' 1\Ir: NEJ:.SON: Yes; between those nations. Will' the Senator; keen her plighted: ffiittt and· <:Jhirur will rec ive comnlete present. inform. me it- the treaty tliat is· now in the-- hands' of the om­justice:· ami. assured. ft:rtu.re· wotecthm: On tl:ie other band'. , mittee· on Foreiro Relations- with the amendment in respect to force· this: breach of cnnu·nc fi~ Cfrirur;· drive J"aparr Ollt'"of this China and Japan, tlin:tha.s lately-been injected into the treaty. league by. insulting- her honor-;" r:elleve her b.:onr lrer· treaty by is adopted, what will be the· effect of the treaty upon the other first brealting it yourselv-es,, and. thereby installing- heY in her treaty that has been ratified by- Germany, England, France, impregnable position- of right of. conquest, and China: iS' cfoomed'.. Italy; and. Japan?. Will it. destroy- W, will it neutralize it, or. The other· Euronean. nations: cn:n: no help lier; beeause.,_ they are- ; what will be the· effect" crf· it?· ':Chere are many- great con titu­tied by ttieir-own tre11t1es; and we- will n:ot· make: war on J"apan. I tiona! H:nvyers- upon the- eommittee on Foreign Relations, and· to help China· after she has th.:oken her treaty, beeause: A'merica- . I should like to have' theil.· ·views upon whether the treaty with will not go to wa.r-10,000· miles: away to helg China: to brea her the· Chinese amendment" will <fusb.·oy n:nd neutralize the othe -trenty: treaty after it has been ratifie.d ' in the manner I. have indicated.

Mr. President; if'"these. be tlie only- friends- of"" China, then God' 1.\tr: McCUl\ffiER. Mr. Pre: ident; tliereo is a big diffeTence save China from lier friends. . between Germany· granting-certairr rights- to Japan and Germany·

Mr. l\TELSON .. 1\Ir. President, if the Senator- has concluded; granting certain rights to China; in other words, as the treaty I sfioul<.flike tn•ask .... li.im a. questian befo.i•e lie.. ta:kes· lifs, seat.. would. say, in Germany renouncing:- all her interests i....l China

M'J: i\rcCUl.\fB.ER.~ Hefin'e.. that. is done Mr. President 1 ask. to•Janan nndJGermany renouncing aU her interests in China to tliat IDe" Secretacy·may. :teadia letter whieir L 1~e.ceLved ye~terday- : Cliina: Tliat changes tile--_ treaty _; it changes cenditio~s; it is from Mr. Talcott Wllliams-. r; believe Mn. Ta.loott Williams-is- nor the same tr«:-aty. It goes oac.Jt, and therefore 1.t would: connected with thE£ :Ceague to Enforce. Peace, amf therefore:- you; · have- to be- reeonSidered DY. all the· nowers; may take this letter with just such credence as you1 see. fit; but J 1\fr. NELSON rose. it reaches. the point so deftly and. so skillfully: that L ask the: . :Nfr. 1\IcCUMBER. Po sibly F di<l not· understand the en-Secretary to read. it as a . part of"" my remarks. ator's question.

The PRESIDING OFFICER. fu the a:.bsence,of:.objection,_ the: I Mi~. NELS-oN. I:f the Senator will allow· me, I; think lie did. See-reta-ry. will' read the. c.ommun:i:Cati.on not- comprehend' my question, for he does not answer· it.

The Secretar read as-follows-: Mr. 1\IcCUl\IBER. If" I do . not an wer it, it is because I do WASHINGTON BUirEAu; LE:A.<l.mf.'.ro E~"FO.ItCILP.EACE; not understand it.

A:ugusN;;, 191!1. 1

l\fr. NELSON. Lam aslting the Senator not as to what ha& Senator P. J. McCuMBER, to be <lOne, but a. suming the thirrgs that r. have stated, assum-

UnitetL B.tates s-enate, Wa.9hington, D : a. . .. . ing. t:ha.t. the treaty as ratified' by England and Germany will be: My:-DEAK llr.\'ATOEMcCuMBER.: Your- b~ef. but penetrnttilg ~- illum1-- r.aU.fied 0..-r France Italy and Japa.rr, and as uming that by. the.

nating tatement on the Shantung question whictl a11peared tb1s- morn'- .' _.r • • ' • • • ing is to my, k.nowledo-e. the first puhlic.. utterance irr this countrY."" recog-" terms of the· treaty 1t Will. be valid as between them, \Vhat nizing- that both the·"' right and· wx·on:gs· o:f: China in. the Province ?f" effect. will our treaty have with the Chinese amendment in it? Shantung. are hut, part' or a- long' senes of acts by other powerg;- en Will it neutralize or destroy. the other tr aty. or will it o\ecr'ide cr-oaching~ on the sovereignty of1 China, and endeavoring: to control the: . - · economic development of China for the. aggra.ndisement ot. foreigiL. 1t and. be. paramount? -powers and the undue · profit' o~ foreign capital .. Tlle only difference lJe:. 1\fi.:- McCIDffiER. The question an wers itself: It is a <.lit­tween the situation oi. China now: and .in the nast ilf' not' that her· r-ights fe.ren treaty It is in conftict with the other treaty. There-are threatened, they have been for mgh a century, but tha.tt now, for- - . • the first time, she has a rP.medy near at. hand. fore there are ostensibly two treaties and we have not a treaty . T.b:e cov_enant and treaty give Chin-a- the· only chance: its vast popula- . o peace agreed to bY. all the. nations.

tiou·. has Had si!Jce European penetration began . t o escape !Yom· exploota._ Mr:.NELSON. May :r; ask tfie Senator another question? ~~o:nna.~n~Pf~~~~fufo if: d~~f::~onal tribunal witlL an organization Mr. . McCUMBEK.. CertainlY..

Shantung is now in Ute- temporary possession of Japan blt· conquest'. :t\Ir._ NELSON~ S"uppo the· nation . that have ratified the In . t;he absence o! any COve.IlB;Dt b(>tween nations{' creating.. a. new order, ' otlier treat-.• in the· manner. r have indicated' will. not acquie ce there. are. only two ways to grve Sh8.lltun~ tO'- eh na:. C)ne i by th tree . . ".1- • • • . • g-ift of Japan. This Japan. bas. already pledged. Every threat evecy: m our. t1~aty~ Whn: wlll we. m th1s country do Wlth our. treaty,

. 1919. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE ..

with the Chinese amendment in it, assuming that we ratify it 1 from beginning to end, and that is to protect the United States. in that form? I want to vote so as to put her in an honorable position.

1\1r. 1.\IcCU:M.BER. We will do nothing. Mr. McKELLAR. If the Senator will peri:nit another inter-.M:r. 1\TELSON. It would be then like the Pope's bull against ruption, the practical question which occurs to me is this:

the comet? Is that the opinion of the Senator? Japan has taken .over by force of arms this Province formerly; Mr. MoCUl\1BER. I have answered the 'Senater. belonging to ;Germany, and if w-e undertake to give it by treaty, Mr. LENROOT. Mr. President-- to China, Japan, being in possession of it, will simply tell us to J\Ir. McCUMBER. I yield to the Senat-or from Wisconsin. ., go to, and we will hava to go t<l war to carry it out. Mr. LENROOT. I should like to ask the Senator, the treaty Mr. BORAH. No; we will not have to go to war. If Japan

in it present form having been ratified by Japan, England, and : does not accede to it, we have relieved ourselves of what I France, whether Germany's rights in the lease ef Shanttmg consider to be an immoral thing in undertaking to give 1it to do not then pass to Japan? Japan instead of China. Our record will be clean, and we

l\1r. l\1cCUl\1BER. Certainly. have no reason to go further than to do that. If Japan agrees Mr. LENROOT . .And the amendment of the treaty would not 1 to this amendment, the matter will .be settled. If she refuses

affect the cession of those rights? to agree, then no treaty is made and we will be in a position to 1\lr. McCUMBER. No; it would not affect it as between tbe make a separate treaty of peace with Germany a·nd step out of

powers that have not agreed to it. · I all these vicious and dishonorable and wholly immoral entangle· 1\lr. BORAH. 1\!r. President, when .it was known that Shan· .ments-a thing devoutly to be wished on my part.

tung had been given to Japan, oT that such economic rigths .and Mr. President, I was call.iilg attention to the fact that .at the privileges had been granted to Japan as would enable her time this transaction happened it was universally condemned. to control Shantung, there was no one found anywhere to defend It was regarded at best ns a thing imposed upon the American the act. Even the makers of the treaty did not defend these delegation by the law of necessity. I can understand how the particular provisions of the treaty. No member of the peace President might be willing to indorse the Shantung affair be­delegation at Paris has ever defended it upon the basis of cause of the fact that he regarded a greater thing to be accom­rlght and justice. They haTe ·contented themselves with ·saying plishel). in the signature of Japan to the treaty and the league that it was the only thing that could be done in order to secure of .nations. Viewing the league of nations .as he does, looking Japan's signature to the league of nations or to the treaty. , upon it :as he does, I can well understand how the President No other defense than that of barter and trade in the rights would regard it necessary to do what he undoubtedly thought of a friendly nation has e-ver been advanced b.Y those who helped was an improper .thing in order to accomplish a greater and to write these -provisions in the treaty. All members of the ultimately a better thing. But neither the President nor any­peace <lelegation, so far as we are now advised, :were opposed one else except the able Senator from North Dakota ·[Mr. Me­to the settlement. Three members of the delegation wrote a . ·CUMBER] has until this time undertaken to justify it upon .any protest against it, or, if those who ure meticulous .about the ground other than ex;pediency;, an expediency which was based term prefer, i will say they wrote an argument ~gainst it. upon concededly unjust and immoral principles. The President himself has been very prompt in saying that I ·call attention to editorials of newspapers some of which it was unsatisfactory to him. I take it, therefore, that there are now criticizing the action of the committee. All th-ese was something in the situation and in the facts that led the papers were in condemnation in terms more severe. I shall representatives of America to the belief that this was an unjust, ;quote from papers only w.hich have been and are supporters of unfair, and immoral settlement, .and it was m1doubtedly sore- . the league. garded. That is the way some of us still reoa-ard it. The New Y'Ork Times, speaking of both Fiume and the Shan-

Those wbo recall the Pr.esidenfs message upon his return to tung affair, says: this country will remember the particular paragraph in which Neither the one decision nor the "Other squares with the doctrines of he said in substance there were some things impossible of set- internatio~al mor~ls upon ~hl~h the league of nations is founded; both !J~ent in accordance with llis views or with the view_s ·of ; ~~ta\.v"fuo~~ce w1th the prmc1ples of the 14 points drawn up ·by Presi·

JUSti~~ and correct principles. He stated further there were ' Further on it says. conditions found which could not be changed. I do .not quote 1 , . • . . his exact language. I evnress his sentiment Japan. s .m~tence 1lPOJ?- full recogmtlon of the rights she assumes to

' ~~ . · . have gamed 111 the Provmce of Shantung by her capture of Kfaocbow So ~o-day we hear the first defense that we have .had of the fro!D Germany and by ber :treaty . .of l:91.5 with ,China was a much moro

Shantung affair upon the greund ·of justice and morality. It ser1ous .matter. is the first defense which -has been made upon the theory that 'llliat is, ID(}re se1ti.ous than ;the [talian affair. it was the only correct, wise, and just thing to do. The Chinese saw, :all the world saw, that 1t meant -putting China under

1: am going to make some observations lll.POn it and what I bondage to Japan. The 99-year lease of Kiaochow was doubly vitiated. h t ,.,.~n b b d 1m t ti ly d' It was originally extorted from China ·under duress by Germany in 1898

a::e o .say s~ e ase · a OS ~ re upon ocu?lents J:he as a form ot compensation ior the murder of two missionaries. But the eXIStence of whiCh can not be disputed and the .nn;port of declaration of war by China had the natural effect of terminating -that which is beyond doubt or controversy- engagement.

1\-Ir. McKELLAR. Mr. President-- That was the position generally taken at that time. The argu-Mr. TIORAH. And also upon the statements -of tho&e who ment that Germany had something to cede at Ver ailles is based

are now criticizing the pr..oposed amendment of the Committee upon a misconception of the facts. Germany had nothing nfter on Fo1·eign Relations. China declru.·ed war upoh Germany, because all .rights under the

I yield to the Senator from Tenne~ee. leasehold were void from that time. This paper, most friendly Mr. McKELLAR. As the Senator is discussing the Shwtung to the President, and an able and ardent supporter of the league

proposition, I wish te ask liim a question. . Suwose we put it further says : ' in the treaty !1tat 9hina is .gi~en the rights that Germany for- Before the l?eace conferenae, therefore, the Japanese rested their merly owned m Ohma and .It IS agreed to by the other nations claims up~ a.title already void. But Kiaocbow represents o.nly a small cxce})t Japan. What method does the Senator suggest bv which part of thell' m.terest and their ·~bltion. Control of the ra*oad fr9m

• " Tslngtau to Tsinan puts Japan 1n a -position to command lmes of m-we can enfor~e an agreement like that? terior communication vital to the industrial development ot China, while

Mr. 'BORAH. The Senator from Idaho is not seeking tor other provisions 9f the treaty o~ ~915 accord to her rights and pr~vileges anv method by which to enforce the treaty. The Senator from al~gether incoD;Sist.ent with Chin~ sovereignty, and of these Chma has Idano is desirous of relieving the United States as a Govern- Wlth force a~a :;u:stice complained to the conferen:e. ment .from the burden or obligation of undertaking to main- Co~en~g up?n the .fac~ that the V~rsatlles confer~nce had tain that which .he conceives to be founded in immorulity. I met a S1t~at10n With which 1t 'had to deal, an~ necessanly some would wisb, of course, that the question had never come to us compronnses had to be made, the New York Tunes says: at .all. I would have preferred that China and Ja,pan settle 'Mr. John Morley, now Viscount Morley, i!l his book On C~mpromise, their affairs But it is here by no wish of the Sen-ate by no quotes t~is unyielding precept from Archbishop Whately : It makes

. · · • ~ all the difference in the wor1a whether we put truth in the first place WlSh of the AmeriCan peace delegates, and solely at the in- · or in the second place." Truth goes to the second place by the decisions stance of Japan. Japan .forced it in the treaty. Being here, of the peace conference in respect to the -demands of Italy and of Japan. I know of no way of settling it ,but in accordance with right And this stern and trenchant editorial .closes with this Ian­and justice. I have no fear if it is thus settled but the guage: United States ·will escape without trouble. It is the immoral and unjust treaties which make for war, not .those founded in rigpt.

If we make the treaty and Ja.pa.n J.'efuses to accede 'to it the treaty will .fail and a new tTeaty will have to be w.ritten. Ther-e is just one principle that guides me in this treaty transaction

Four hundred .million Chinamen can not be sacrificed to the ambition of Japan. That would put truth not merely in the second place but -on the scaffold. .

That undoubt.edly represented the riew of this co-untr-y at the time the first information came to us 'nth reference to fhis transaction; tluit undoubtedly represented the moral conviction

4350 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SEN ATE. .A .. UGUST 26, .

of the people of this country that the United States could not afford to IJe a party to it. "While it was not the business of the United States to travel about over the earth and adjust treaties which had been made or to undertake to reconcile conflicting interests arnong foreign nations, it was believed that the United States could not afford to indorse and confirm, and then, under the league of nations, pledge itself to underwrite and maintain, such a transaction as that of Shantung.

·I quote a single paragraph from an article in the Christian Science Monitor, whose editorial page we all recognize as one of -the ablest in this counh·y. Not always agreeing with it, we neverthele recognize both conviction and ability pehind its editorials and expressions of opinion upon public questions:

Perhaps the wor t feature of the Shantung betrayal is the destruction of faith, cau ed by it, in the justice of the decisions of the peace council. When a step has been taken manifestly so politically immoral, the ordi­nary man is apt to ask, " What next?" And the cynic to murmur sar­donically, "I told you o .. " Every thoughtful person knew, of course, that the real troubles of the Allies would come with the attempt to make peace, but few, it is to be imagined, believed that the sentiments fanned to keep the war tlame boring would be snull'ed out so unceremoniously on the peace table. In the light, however, of what has occurred the veriest Chinese rice boer might be forgiven for quoting an epigram from that quaint and delightful teacher, Lao Tzu, to the ell'ect that the shamelessness of those who preach duty to their neighbors is ordinarily shameless indeed: "Alas, they know not hame, nor what it is to­blush!"

In closing, the edtorial says : Unfortunately, Shantung is not a matter of opinion; it is a moral

failure ; and now the world is · afraid of a repetition of Shantung in Armenia. Flume, the Saar Valley, Danzig, all these may leave room for dill'erences of opinion; but Shantung? No! The moral sense of the world has been outraged in Shantung, and sometimes the weary Titan wakes up and remembers that he has a moral sense.

I might quote many other papers. I might quote from public men, from ministers of the gospel, but why offer proof of what all recognize to be a fact, that the whole scheme was thought to be indefensible from the standpoint of right, in­tolerable from the standpoint of our national honor? What has changed? The terms of the treaty are the same, the facts are the same. It is now, as it was then, a clear-cut moral issue. Shall the United States do a wrong to a friendly power? Shall this Republic bow to the dictation of an immoral exigency?

As I said a moment ago to those who believe that henceforth and forevermore the league of nations will establish peace upon the earth, there is argument in favor of the proposition that even this sacrifice must b~ made. But before you con­clude that it is safe to found a league upon immorality and wrong let me call your attention to some fundamental prin­ciples which the President stated before he went to France. I believe some of these principles to be an epitomization of the teaching of 300 years of bistpry; that there can be no such thing as peace founded upon immorality and injustice. You can not write a league of nations nor form treaties nor enter into hiternational engagements so strong but these acts of immorality and injustice will break and destroy _them. Instead of bringing peace, they always have and always will produce war.

The President said: We have used great words, all of us have used the great words "right"

and " justice," and now we are to prove whether or not we under­stand these words and how they are to be applied to the particular settlement - which must conclude this war. And we must not only understand it but we must have the courage to act upon the under­standing.

Above all things necessary in this supreme hour, when we are laying the foundation for world peace, is to have the courage to act upon that understanding, not simply because China is wronged or Japan has an undue advantage, but because those are essential and indispensabl-e principles upon which to build peace. Without them your league is a mockery. Without them you can not hope for peace whatever be the terms of the league. If there is one thing which has been better demonstrated than another through the 300 years of warfare, it is that every war had its ed planted in the years before through some act of injustice or oppression toward some other nation. 'Ve are only repeating the folly, yes, the crime, of past day . We are doing vicious things and calling them just.

What was the real cause of war in 1914? 'Vas it because a atellite of royalty was murdered at Sarajevo in Bosnia? Possibly that was the match that ignited the powder mine, but for 150 or 200 years just such things as the things written in sections 56, 57, and 58 of this treaty had been done, the poi­SOil had spread throughout States and Empires. The great wrong to Poland threw its shadow far into the future and had

· to do with the conditions of 1914. Have we not been told time and time again that Alsace-Lorraine was the one cancer which was eating away the moral fiber of Europe, and that until that wrong was righted no peace could prevail in Etirope? One wrong, one inju tice, after another until the whole of Europe

was satiated with discontent and su piciOn and jealousy and hate--until rulers thought, as we now seem to think, that you can do wrong with impunity. The hour of reckoning came.

Nevertheless, while we· are pledging ·the people of the '"orltl that we are building a scheme for univer al peace, we are put­ting into the very heart of the co-venant, into the league itself, a scheme infinitely worse than either Alsace-Lorraine or Poland. Poland was dismembered and divided by antagonistic nations. Alsace-Lorraine was the fruit of war, and a brutal and powerful enemy saw fit to take it away. But Shantung is taken from an ally, from a friendly nation, a people who did their part, and over the pledge of one of those engaged in the war with her to protect her rights.

Again, the President -says: Self-determination is not a mere phrase but an imperative principle

of action, which statesmen will henceforth ignore at their peril. Yes, Mr. President; "at their peril." Within a fortnight after

the Shantung matter was known, all hina, 400,000,000 strong, was aroused as neve1· before. The young men, the students of China, scattered throughout that \ast region, bestirr"'d them­selves and began to organize in groups of tens and twentie until to-day, notwithstanding the censored pre s. we know that China, with her 400,000,000, is a seething rna s of discontent and bitterness. Nearly one-third of the population of the earth aroused and determined to resist in every way she can this scheme for world peace.

Yes; we ignore that principle "at our peril." That is a state­ment not born of fancy, as some might believe, but a great truth gathered from the study of history and from knowledge of human nature. The President knows, you know, and I know that you can not vioJate the laws of nationality, that you can not trample upon the rights of peoples, except at your peril

1\.fr. President, the able Senator from North Dakota [:Mr. McCUMBER] presents two propositions, which are the main theme of his very able and ingenious argument-first, that Japan can be relied upon to keep her word and return the e rights to China, and, second, that she has in fact promised to return these rights.

I pass over for the moment the first proposition. It is a. delicate question to discuss, and yet I do not know of any way of dealing with this situation except to discuss the facts. But I pass it over for the moment and call the Senator' at­tention to the fact that nowhere has Japan ever promi ed to return anything except a mere shell. You will not find, Mr. President, where Japan has promised to return the economic rights which enable her absolutely to dominate not merely the city, not merely the port, but the entire Province of Shantung, with its 38,000,000· to 40,000,000 people. At the present time she is operating a railroad from the port to the capital; she is at the present time working the mines of Shantung; she is at the present time distributing her people throughout Shantung, and she will be enabled to keep them there if she r tains the economic rights. So I say that Japan might very well comply technically with the promise which she has made, and I would be perfectly willing for the sake of the argument to admit that she will comply with it; but after she has complied with it he is still the complete master of Shantung.

Senators will remember the difference of opinion between the President and Uchida. The first statement made on the part of Japan by its representative was so far wide of the facts that the President of the United States felt under the nee ity of immediately correcting it. Uchida said that we agreed at Paris to conform with the term of the 1915 agreement or treaty. The President said the 1915 agreement had nothing to do with it. Already before the ink is dry upon the. parch­ment, before the treaty has been ratified, there is a difference of opinion upon a most substantial and material matter between the President and the representative of Japan.

It is not an immaterial matter about which they differ. If it had been, the President undoubtedly would have given no consideration· to it. It was a substantial matter and changed the entire theory upon which the restoration was to take -place.

Under the statement made_lJy Uchida the return could tttke place and yet Japan dominate Shantung; but the President did not so understand. If that misunderstanding already obtains, what shall we expect in a. year or two years or three year or· five years hence, when possibly the President shall ha\e pa ed out of office and when possibly the men who are in Japan n.ow seeking to interpret ·it shall have passed out of office?

The Senator from North Dakota must not forget that it has been stated in the assembly of Japan by no less an authority than the speaker of that body that Japan is under no obligation to return anything to China and doe not intend to do so. Suppose in five years from now the speaker of the as embly of Japan should be its foreign minister. What construction

1919. CO .... "'"GRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 4351 would be placed upon thls obligation to return? He is not the cordiality '\lith all people, 3.llil w . .:hall ue,·er intentionally only one. who has made that statement. If the Senator cares offend any nation or people. Btrt the plain, undisputed· fac.ts to familiaiize himself with the public press of Japan~ he will must be stated in order that we may form an intelligent opinion find that a very large majority of that press, as it comes to this relative to our supreme dnty in this supreme crisis of our cormtry at least, says that there is nothing to return to China. history.

The expert whom the President chose to go to Pari to a.clvise The Senator from North. Dakota says there can be no doubt upon Far Elaste.r:n matters, 1\Ir. E. T. Williams, states this lle.tter about Japan's go-oE.l intentions in keeping her promises and than I can state it, and of comse with more knowledge than I' her treaty enga-gements. The attitude of Japan toward China can po ibly pos e . I read a pal'agraph from his statement: is a duplicati.on of her history with reference to Korea. The

Japan's promise to restore is bused upon the famous 1915 co:nvcn.tron mo transaetions are so nearly alike in detail and in general which China, at the threat of war by Japan, was compell~<l ta &ign. principles that it would seem success in the former has in-This convention provides that when Japan obtain& full title to the · ~1 th 1 tt Tt~ fi d tl th d ,, hi h J Kiaochow territory, she would restore tbc territory to Cl}inrr under sprrc:u e a er. ue PQ ey an 1e me 0 uy w C apan four conditions. There is no doubt-- is accomplishing her purposes and the means which she has

Says Prof. Williams- adopted to consummate her designs thus far in reference to but that Japan will keep her promise, but one of the e conditions makes her relations to China are precisely the ""arne a they were in this prQIDise void ot any real meaning. That condition was tha:t Japan reference to her conduct toward Korea. should be granted a concession of land in the leased. territory to be In 1894 Japan made a treaty of allianc w'Hh Korea, in selected by herself for a Japanese settlement, which wa. to be under whi~h, in article- 1, she declared: the exclusive jurisd'ietion of Japan. ·

R b J · t 1 t the 1 ti f th concesSI·on. The object o:ll this alliance hT to maintain the independence of Korea emem er, apan IS o se ec - oca on o e ' on a firm footing. there ~s no limit upon. the territory .whic?- it ~ to cover, fl.?d, At the end of the Chinese war th treaty which concluded according to construction of conces wns m onen~l countn~s, that war contained this clause: they are either absolute or, \\hat is the same thmg, lea es m Japan agrees deiinite.ly to the full and complete independence and perpetuity. So Japan rmder the 1915 treaty can select a conces- autonomy of Korea. sion '"h.ich. '.:vould cover all of the territory- in that particular I In 1898 Japan and Russia .made an agreement wherein the port which would be_o~ any ~alue to any.one at a~. t\'\:o Go\et·nments recognized "definitely the soTerei~ty and

The SenatoT says It IS t~ be a small Piece of gr?1:md. It would entir independence of Korea." no~ have tob~ very large m order that J:;t-pan.rmg~:t control .the January 30, 1902, England and Japan made their fir t treaty railwaY_ termm::-ls, the port, and. the ~ntJJ:e Sltua~on so far as o-f alliance. 'I'hi treaty stated that both parties desired and economLcal affairs are c~ncerned' but 1.t will be large enoug~ to undertook to maintain the territorial integrity of Chin:.t. and enable Japan: to accomplis!~ wha~ I shall under~ake to show m n Korea and the" open door." few moment sh.e-h:as ~:en .mtendrn~ to acco~plish fo~' years. In opening the negotiations which precedetl the- war with ~he etrect of this cond1tion 1_s to permit Japltll. sllllply to grve up a lease Ru ·ia in: 1903 Japan's declaration of war contained till state­

which has 78 yean.~ to run, m return for. which she ~ets a perpetual . lease to whatever portion of the leased terr1to:ry she <l~ ues for hex own ment · exclusive possession. Ja-pan can fully keep her "promises" a:n<l yet re- Japan con equently considers he.r indeyendenee--turn to China nothing mor~ than a bathing bea.ch and worthless islands in the bay. To understand this requires knowl~dg · of the ouiginal lease Tbat of Korea-forced by GeJ:many from. China. absolutely essential to her own repose and , afcty.

This expert, the chosen counselor and allYis~r of the Presitleut In declaring war against Russia in 100-:! the Empentr o'f at Versailles, continue his statelllent: · Japan declared:

ORIGI~AL LEASE. The integrity of Korea i · a matter o:f g:rave concern. to this empi.r.e. Tbis original lea-se to Germany covered· the waters of Kia.oeh.ow Bay The separate existence o:f Korea is essential to the safety. of our. realm.

to high-water mark, two or three small island in tbe bar of no conse- A few weeks after the war with Russia bega:n-t.o wit, Febl'U-quence, and two pieces of territory, one on either side of the entrance to tbe bay. That on the ieft o-r the entrance is quite small and is of aJ;y 23, 1904-J-apan coneh:t{led a protocol with Korea, article 3 value onl~ as a bathing beach·; tha-t on the right i la:rger and has be- of which reads : come the site ofi the town of Tsing.tau. There are located the wha:rves, dock , bauack.s, rs.llz·oad terminals, and im~ortant public buildings.

If Japan selects a site for her own settlement within the leased terri­tory, she must elect it within one or the other of tbe.se two pieces of ground. That she will not locate it on the bathing beach is certain. Sinca it is to be selected by herself, it is inconceivable that she would _ select any other than a site within the present town of Tsiugtau. That this is intended is beyond all question, for du.riDg the past four years the Japanese have been buying all ilnltortant sites at Tsi.ngta.u and.. have expropriated against the wishes o'f Chinese :neasa.nt:s a strip of territory across the peninsula behind the town of Tsingtau. Moreover, the phrase­()logy used' in_ the elause of the peace treaty itself confirms tbi~ deduction, for it provides for the transfer of the wharyes, docks. baxra.cks, and> other public property by Germany at Tsingtau, free. of all char.ges to Japan.

Therefore;. i·f Japan returns aU she· has agreed to return she has in fact ret:urn.ed nothing to China of ~ moment: to her so far as the Shantung Province is concerned·. When you take into consideration that Japan now, tmder the conditions which obtain at this time and while the disput.e is on with reference to her rights, is· controlling Shantung in its entirety, yuu c:m, well imagine what will be the result after Japan has for a few months or a few year& increased and amplified her rigb.ts, as she will be able to do, under this c<mcession. The fact is she is now in control to all practieal purposes of the entire Prov­ince. She is explo-iting its great natural wealth and placing her people throughout the Province.

Mr. President, as r stated a mement ago, the- next subject wlii.ch I desire to discuss is ra-ther a delicate and difficult on.e to present. It is one which I would have no desire to- present if it were net necessary, as-I vie:w it~ from the eour e wlikh the argument has taken. It· i:s the proposal before us which justi­fies a frank discussion of all the facts. Things which under our traditional fereign policy would be of little concern under the proposed ·program become of the utmost conce:tlli Discus­sions which could· not under the old policy Gf our GGvernment be justified are now rendered· nece •sary·. When I am asked as a Senator to vote to join this GoTernment with the Government of Japan I must be pei.-mitted, without intentional offense to J.a.pan, to discuss f.a::ets. I refuse to be silent when silence may lead to the wrong decisiDn upon the part of the American people concerning a matter of the highest moment to them. I cel!­tainly ha~e no desire to incur the ill will or. enmity ef any nation or people. But I state frankly that with me· it i-s Amer­ica fir t. ·we should certainly like to li\e in· friendshi-p and

The Imperial Gmrernment ofi Japan firmly guarruntee the iw:le)}end.ence and territorial integxity of the Korean Empire..

Notwithstanding these declarations-, on Ko\-emb.e.l- 17, 1..901:), a little mere than a yerur after the last wa made, the· Korean Emperor was compelled under duress to accept ru convention with Japan, arti-cle 1 of which pro~ided:

The Goyernment of J:apan will have the control and direction. ot the extenutl relations and affairs of Korea.

In_ 1907 Japan prevented the ren.resentab'\-e of the Jioo.·ean Empire from having a. heating at The Hague conference. . m1908 Prinee Uo .declared publicls,. as Coun-t Okmna ha: de­clared publicly with reference to China, that it was no part O'f Japan's- purpose to annex Korea. That was in 1908.

In 1909 the same Prince Ito declared tha.t Korea must be amal­gamated with Japan.

In 1910 the Emperor of Korea finall3· surrendered the entire sovereignty of Korea to J a.pa.n. Thi was brought aboHt by actual physieal force.

Mr. President, I do not desire to comment further than to ay that here were se-veral separate, distinct agreement in wll.ich. Japan undertook, n.ot orally, nat in a way which eould_bethe sub­jeet of discussion or dispute, but in writing, in solemn treaties followed by public declarations, that she would prote<:t an1i main­tain the independenc~ of Korea. 'Ji'hese treaU:es and public. dec­larations were ignored, and Korea was taken under the control of Japan in the face o.f declara.tiens quite as explicit and quite as solemn as. sl:J.e makes now with refeuence: to, Sha.ntun.Y. I do not myself :find very grent reason to belieYe· that this matter, which is already in di.sl}ute between the President and the re.pre­sentatiT'e of Japan, will be construed to the disadvantage of Japan, in view of the fact that her conduct to,Yard Korea was always in the face of her written treaty ag1veements to pFotect Korea's independence.

What is the situation in Korea to-day? Sinee she has passed u:nder the control of Japan the treatment of Korea by the Japa­nese at this time is one of the things which has lately shocked the conscience of the civilized world. For four years the facts ha-ve been kept :from. the people at l=a..rge and from the world a.t large ; but fin~lly they ha:ve been. gathered IJy Christian organizati.ons and ha\e been presented to the people of this country in such a

4352 CONGRESSIO JAL RECORD-SENATE. AUGUST 26,

way that they can not be doubted or disputed. I doubt if there is any greater cruelty to be found in the history of this war than the crueltie which have been practiced upon the Koreans by the Japanese people, whom they were under s 'lemn obligation to pro­tect.

Now, havin<Y referred to the relationship of Japan to Korea, I want to take up her history with reference to her relationship with China. I call particular attention to a report which was made in 1914 or early 1915 by a military society in Japan known as the Black Dragon Society. It outlined what Japan should do, aml prophesied impliedly, with remarkable accu­racy, what Japan would do, with reference to China while this war was iri progress. Anyone who has not already read this report will be intereeted i'n reading it because of the remark­~ble ability which is displayed by the author. The discussion of the European situation, t::nd the questions which would arise out of the European war, aml the problems which woUld be presented at the peace conference have nowhere been discus ed with greater ability than in this report of the Black Dragon Society, made as early as the latter part of 1914 and the fore part of 1915. The report .is a key to the whole program which followed. It shows the purpose, the methods to be used, and the bold ambition of Japan. No man can read it and doubt what it is Japan purpo es to do in China. I read from the report:

Now is the most opportune moment for Japan to quickly solve the Chinese question. Such an opportunity will not occur for a hundred years to come. Not only is it Japan's divine duty to act now, but present conditions in China favor the execution of such a plan. We should by all means decide and act at once. Is it not, then, a vital necessity for Japan to solve at this very moment the Chinese question?

It will be observed by these people speaking for Japan, as subsequent events show, that the moment when many of the great nations of the world were engaged in the defense of civilization WaS the moment when Japan took adYantage Of the situation to extend her dominion over China. No time was to be lost. China was helpless, and the nations which might be interested in China were deeply concerned with ·graver mat­ters. This is l\fachivellianism in its utmost refinement. Again, this report says :

For us to incite the Chinese revolutionists and malcontents to rise in China we consider the present to be the most opportune moment. The reasons why these men can not now carry on an active campaign is because they are insufficiently provided for funds.

Subsequent facts disclose that millions of dollars were ent into China to create trouble and work corruption among the people. There can be very little doubt in the mind of anyone who will investigate but what they not only attempted but suc­ceeded in corrupting Chinese officials, and in different ways, through the expenditure of large sums of money, created trouble for the Chinese people, all the time proposing to act as friends and counselors. Further, this report says:

When we examine into the form of government in China we must a k whether the existing Republic is well suited to the national tempera­ment and well adapted to the thoughts and aspirations of the Chinese people. • • . • The retention of the republican form of government in China will be a great future obstacle in the way of a Chino-Japanese alliance. And why must it be so? Because in a republic the funda­mental principles of government as well as the social and moral aims o:t the people are distinctly different from that of a constitutional monarchy. Tbeu laws and administrations also conflict.

This is a thought which all supporters of the league who would join all kinds of government may well ponder. But, at any rate, Japan has from th~beginning sought to undermine the republican form of government in China. Facts showing this are no longer subject to dispute. They have been especially active during the last four year . In closing this report we find this language :

These are important points in our policy toward China, and the result depends upon bow we carry them out. Can our authorities firmly make up their mind to solve this Chinese question by the actual carrying out of this fundamental principle? If they show irresolution while we have this heaven-conferred chance and merely dep-end upon the good will of the other powers, we shall eventually have greater pressure to be brought against the Far East after the European war is over, when the present equilibrium will be destroyed. That day will then be too late for us to repent our folly.

There was no delay neither was there folly, but with consum­mate wisdom when viewed from a selfish standpoint, with re­remarkable boldness, the Japanese Government seems to have accepted this suggestion of the Dragon Society and to have gone forward. Shantung was always the center and heart of the program. .

This, I say, is the report which was made public in the latter part of 1914 and the early part of 1915 by a powerful military organization composed of Japanes~ citizens. Its entire purpose was to urge upon the Government a policy which would bring China under the domination and control of Japan, setting out in detail how Japan could, once and for all, solve the Chinese question and establish her dominancy over the Chinese people.

Mr. President, if thi thing had ended here, it could have been regarded perhaps as a mere fulmination upon the part of an im­perialistic organization or society. But it did not end with a fil-

ing of the report. 'Vithin a very few weeks, by what are known to the world as the 21 demands, the program is initiated. The 21 demands came out of a clear sky against a nation with which Japan was at peace.

When we are discussing this question of Japan's relation to China and what is her purpose as to Shantung we ought to bear in mind that Japan was not dealing with a nation with which she was at war. In the midst of peace as between Japan and China, during a war for civilization, she presented to a nation friendly to the Allies a set of demands which would reduce her to absolute serfdom.

I invite the Senator from North Dakota to gi\e particular attention to the 21 demand . Here is this group of demands which Japan made upon China on the 26th of April, 1915. rrhe first one reads as follows :

The Chinese Government engages to give full a sent to all matters upon which the Japanese Government may hereafter agree with the German Government, relating to the disposition of all rights, interests, and concessions which Germany, 'by virtue of treaties or otherwise, pos­sesses in relation to the Province of Shantung.

A.s far back as the 26th of April, 1915, Japan manifested her determination to take permanent pos ession of Shantung. Re­member, this was the territory of a friendly nati n. She was then seeking to get her foothold in accordance with the theory of the Black Dragon Society ; then wa the accepted time for Japan to solve the Chinese que tion.

This is strong evidence that Japan intends to ·get pos ession of Shantung and not to return it to China. The only evidence to the contrary that I know of is what has been stated to us as contained in the prod~s-verbal--or, as 've could well say, minutes of the meeting-that Japan aid omething to the effect that she 'TOUld make this return. But, mind you, that has already been construed in two wa~ s, one by the Japanese and the other by the Pre ident. The Pre ident has said to us that he feels under obligation to treat these minutes as secret, in other word , that he is not in a position to make them known to the world. I presume the President is in that position. I can easily understand how the President would not divulge the minutes, but it is up to Japan to divulge them. It is in Japan's hands to-day to settle this entire controversy. If Japan has made an agreement with four o-reat powers, the whole civilized :vorld is interested. in knov; ing what it i . There can be no honest rea­son why Japan should. conceal it.

The President, having made the obligation or entered into the understanding that he would not divulge it, is bound by it as a matter of personal honor, but not Japan. Let Japan make known to the people of the world what that proces-verbal i~. Let us see the minutes of the meeting in view of the fact that in 1915 she had manifested her desire to take possession of thi territory.

I read further from these 21 demands : AnT. 2. The Chinese Government engages that within the Pl·ovince of

Shantung and along its coast no territory or island will be ceded or leased to a third power under any pretext.

AnT. 3. The Chinese Government consents to Japan's building a rail­way from Chefoo, or Lungkow, to join the Kiaochow-Tsinanfu Railway.

AnT. 4. The Chinese Government engages, in the interest of trade and for the residence of foreigners, to open by herself as soon as pos­sible certain important cities and towns in the Province of Shantung as commercial ports. What places are to be opened are to be jointly decided upon ln a separate agreement.

GROUP II.

The Japanese Government and the Chinese Government, since the Chinese Government bas always acknowledged the special position en­joyed by Japan in South Manchuria and Eastern Inner Mongolia, agree to the following articles :

ARTICLE 1. The two contracting powers mutually agree that the term of lease of Port Arthur and Dalny and the term of lease of the South Manchurian Railway and the Antung-Mukden Railway shall be extended to the period of 99 years.

AnT. 2. Japanese subjects in South Manchuria and Eastern Inner Mongolia shall have the right to lease or own land required either for erecting suitable buildings for trade and manufacture or for farming.

ART. 3. Japanese subjects shall be free to reside and travel in South Manchuria and Eastern Inner Mongolia and to engage in business and in manufacture of any kind whatsoever.

ART. 4. '£he Chinese Government agrees to grant to JapanE:>se subjects the right of opening mines in Sooth Manchuria and Eastern Inner Mon­golia. As regards what mines shall be opened they shall be decided upon jointly.

AnT. 5. The Chinese Government agrees that in respect of the (two) cases mentioned herein below the Japanese Government's consent shall be first obtained before action is taken:

{a) Whenever permission is granted to the subject of a third power to build a railway or to make a loan with a third power for the por­po e of building a railway in Sooth Manchuria and Eastern Inner Mon­golia.

{b) Whenever a loan is to be made with a third power pledging the local taxfi's of South Manchuria and Eastern Inner Mongolia as security.

AnT. 6. Tho Chinese Government agrees that if the Chinese Govern­ment employs political, flnancia~, or military advisers or instructors in Sooth Manchuria or Eastern Inner Mongolia the Japanese Government shall first be consulted.

AnT. 7. The Chinese Government agrees that the control and manage­ment of the Kirip-Cbangchun R!lilway shall bC' hn.rH1C'cl ovPr to the .Jap­anese Government for a term of!'~ yr.ar. uatir. :; from 1I:c s·gning of this agr('ement. /

1919. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-S_ENATE. 4353

GROUP III.

The Japanese Government and the Chinese Government, seeing tJ?.at Japan'ese financiers and the Hanyehping Co. have close relations With each other at present, and de iring that the com!Don in~erests of the two nations shall be advanced, agree to the followmg articles:

ARTICLE 1. The two contracting parties mutually agree that whe~ ~he opportune moment arrives the Hanyehping Co. shall be ma~e a JOlDt concern of the two nations, and they further agree that w1thout the previous con ent of Japan China shall not by her own act dispose of the rights and property of whatsoever nature of the said company nor cause the said company to dispose fr ely of the same. . . .

AnT. 2. The Chinese Government agrees that all mmes m the ~eigh­borhoorl of those owned by the Hanyehping Co. shall not be permitted, without the consent of said company, to be worked by other persons out­side of the sa!U compaay; and further agrees that if it is desire<'!- t~ carry out anv un1lertaking which it is apprehended may directly or mchrectly affect the interests of the sai1l company the consent of the company shall first be obtained.

GROUP 1'\".

The Japanese Government and the Chinese Government with the object of effectively preserving :-he territorial integrity of China agree to the following special article:

The Chine e Government engages not to cede or lease to a third power ~ny harbor or bay or i. land Rlong the coa3t of China.

l\lr. Pre iclent, I call particular attention to group 5. Group 5 wns regnrded a most objectionable by China. It was finally put a ide for further discus ion. China resisted these demands in group G, because- she understood, as all can see, tb~t it was a complete surrender of soYereignty to Japan. If you w1ll recur to the demands made upon Korea you will be interested to see how similar in import, bow remarkably alike in method, were the demands on Korea and China by Japan. But group 5 reveals bf'~:omlmistake just what Japan's plans are--the compl.ete amal­gamation of China. Anyone who reads group 5 and shll doubts Japan's ambitions as to China has passed beyond the point where !·eason or argument can have sway. I read group 5:

ArtTICLE 1. The Chinese Central Go>ernment sha)l employ. influential Japanese as advisers in political, financial, and mihta!Y affaJ!S. .

AnT. 2. Japanese hospitals, churches, and schools m the mtenor of China sball be granted the right of owning land.

AnT. 3. Inasmuch as the Japanese Government and the Chinese Government have had many cases of dispute between Japanese and Chinese police to settle, cases which caused no little mi understand­ing, it is for this. reas~n necessary .tJ?.at the P?l!ce departments of important places (m .Chma) shall be JOIDtly adm1mstered by Japane e and Chines , or that the police departments of these. places shall employ numerous Japanese.~ so tha~ they m~y at th~ same time help to plan for the improvement or the Chmese pollee service.

AnT. 4. China ·Shall purchase from Japan a fixed amount of ~:nurl­tions of war (say 50 per cent or more of what is needed by the Chmesc Government) or there shall be established in China a Sino-Japanese jointly worked arsenal. Japanese technical expl'rts to be employed ana Japanese material to be purchased.

AnT. 5. China agrees to grant to Japan the right of constructing a railway conecting Wuchang with Kiukiang and Nanchang. another line hetween Nanchang and Hangchow, and another between Nanchung and Chaochou.

AnT. 6. If China needs foreign capital to work mines, build railways, and construct harbor work (including dockyard) in the Province of Fukien, Japan shall first be consulted.

AnT. 7. China agrees that Japanese subjects shall have the right to propagate Bdddhism in China.

When these 21 demands were presented to China, Japan in­si ted ur1on the utmost secrecy. The Chinese Government was informed that it would be much to their detriment if the demands were published or made known. Finally they did reach the 11ublic. This throws a flood of light upon the good faith of Japan in her dealings with the world. When the e 21 demands reached the public Japan denied officially that any such demands had been made upon China, and when the fact became known beyond dispute Japan redrafted her 21 demands, re-formed them, reduced them in number! cutting out some of the most objec­tionable features, and sent them to the world as the original 21 demru1d . . · 'Vhen the outside wor1tl made inquiry concerning this matter it wns answered by Japan with fall ehood and deceit. Who denie it?

l\lr. Pre ident, hortly after the 21 deman<ls were made and after they had been made known to the world, after their redrafting and reconstruction and after group 5 had been eliminated for future consideration, Japan presents the treaty Of 1915 upon which she now relies for her rights in Chinn. I ask fair-minded men upon what basis did Japan present a treaty to China at all? Had she been at war with China? Had tliere been a conflict? Was there any settlement to be had be­tween them? It was just the same, sirs, as if we should go to Canada and to-morrow morning demand that Canada cede to us important holdings in Canada.

Japan presented her treaty, which China declined to accept, and she ga>e her 48 hours, if I remember correctly, in which to nccE:'pt the treaty which is now the basis of this moral obliga­tion. Do we want to become a party to that treaty or indorse the manner in which it was obtained? China, being situated a~ she was, 'was compelled to accept and sign the treaty. She

LYITI--275

signed it tmder duress, as she stated, and has stated many times since.

Let it neyer be forgotten that Japan has no rights in Shan­tung except those based upon this treaty, a treaty which grew out of the Black Dragon report, a treaty which grew out of the 21 demands, a treaty which grew out of duress and force upon the part of a military power against a nation at peace and un­prepared for war.

l\rr. President, it' is well known that Japan had thrown many obstacles in the way of China entering the war. If I remember correctly, the secret treaty "'hich was made with France in 1917 has a pro>ision to the effect that · Japan would no longer inter· fere with China entering the war. The secret treaties of 1917 were made in March and February. Japan, knowing that China was to enter the war and would have a place at the peace table at Ver. ailles or wherever it should meet, secretly approached England, Italy, and Frant:::e and exacted from those nations under the conditions and the stress of war an agreement that her rights under the 1915 h·eaty should be protected at the peace conference. When they met at Versailles it was the secret treaties which were carried out nnd incorporated in the treaty of Versailles.

Now, l\lr. Pre ident, here comes an incident whicll to my min<l has no parallel in the history of duplicity. Count Ishii approached the United States to obtain from the United States a recognition of Japan's special right in China. Before Count Ishii approached the United States he had made h-nown to the representath"es of other Go>ernments-at least his Government made known to the representati>es of other Go>ernments­what the intention and puTpo e was, to wit, to acquire from the United States a recognition of the dominancy of Japan in China. When he met the Secretary of State of the United States for the purpose of securing this· recognition his Gov­ernment had in its pos e sion at that time these secret treaties disposing of the rights of Germany in Shantung, all of whicll were concealed from the Secretary of State. The Secretary of State entered into an agreement known as the Lansing­Ishii agreement, which 1'ecognizes the .special position or the special interest of Japan in China. Count Ishii sent it back to his country, pre ented it to China, and the Japanese press ancl semiofficially the Japanese Government construed it as an in· dorsement of the rights which Japan had obtained under the secret treaties which had been concealed from Lansing.

Sir, if there is a secret agreement at Versailles found in the minutes of the meeting it is trifling with common sense to talk about accepting it under these conditions unless we are per· mitted to see and to interpret it here.

As I said a moment ago, l\1r. President, this entire matter is in the hands of Japan. Japan can state unmistakably and unequivocally what she proposes to do, and it is no discredit and no dishonor to· any nation to put in writing what i.t pro­poses to do with reference to the rights of another nation. The United States enters into writing, all other Governments enter into writing, all nations bind themselves by written obli· gations. Under what process of reasoning can it . be argued, as the Senator from North Dakota says, that it is an insult to Japan to ask her to put in writing what she proposes to do?

If the United States is to be asked to underwrite and guar­antee a situation which arouses the ire of 400,000,000 people, it is right and proper that we shall know the express terms and conditions and not permit it to be construed or interpreted by, three or four men only who have seen it and who already dis· agree as to its import. Remember this is of vital concern to .the American people. Under article 10 of the league of na· tions our own blood may be shed over this affair. If Japan holds Shantung, we mu t help her hold it under article 10, for that vicious article takes no note of .how territory is ac· quired. However dishonorably acquired, we still guarantee it against external attack. This secret agreement at Versailles, therefore, is of deep concern to the American people, and it is intolerable to suppose that it can be kept secret. Let us know its contents before we pledge ourselves to underwrite it.

l\fr. President, I desire to touch briefly upon another subject matter relating to Japan's respect for treaty engagements and her attitude toward China. It may be considered by some as immaterial To my mind it is of the utmost importance. . One of the most interesting features of Chinese history is

tile story of the opium habit and her final heroic effort to throw it off. For decades this fearfully destructive habit has fastened itself upon the Chinese people more and more . . It ~eemed at one time that it would utterly destroy the morar fiber of the Chinese nation. The depths of misery and . shame. to which vast numbers of the Chinese people were reduced beggars de­scription: rn· morarbreak<;lo\\'11, in the uniwrsality of its spread.

4354 CO GRESSIONAL R-ECOR-D-SENATE. AUGUST 26,;

in the honelessness of the millions ·of it victims, in the apparent ever el. e Yve are as a people, we are uot thus sunk in immorality, helpie ·sness of the nation to he riel of it, there is nothing any- and debaucher;r. In a late publica.tion by Arthur J. Brown en~ where to be found more revolting and at the same time more titled " The 1Ia tery of the Far East,') I quote thi paragraph­pitia!Jle. It aroused the conscience and moved the heart of the page 389: Chri tian world. Le~ any_one "O into the village of n~rthern Chin..'l and Manchuria and

Finally China by a most startling and extraordinary effort he will qu1ckly learn what the Japanese a.re doing with such vast quanti-f 1 b t d 1 "th th h b"t B th "d f ties of morphine. He will find hundr ds of Japanese peddlers selling It

o mora power egnn o ea Wl e a 1 · Y e al 0 to the native under various labels, "white powder" "soothing stuff"-the outside world slle made great progres . That which had "dreaml~nd e~·," and in some instances the rMJ name, morphine. seemed almost hopeless at last seemed assured, and it looked Mos~ of 1t comes .m through the post. Several foreign Governments in­as if China was to be completely free of this curse. Indeed, clu.dmg Japan, maintain their own post offices in China. The Chiilesc Government i not permitted to examine the package , and the Jocal at the beginning of the war she had practically conquered the Japanese obtain them direct. The Chinese magi$trate are helple !'l as habit, and her people were to a. marked degree free from it. All they dare not interfere with the Japanese. ' right-tllinking men everywhere greatly rejoiced. It was a fine Ur. President, this record needs no further comment. It tells a . urance that there was indeed a future for the Chinese people. its own story. It must be revolting to every sense of right and It gave unmistakable evidence that these 400,000,000 ouls every instinct of decency possessed by true Americans. But po e ed the power to come back-the acid test of a great from expediency, or, rather, I would say, from sheer moral people. breakdown, it is argued we must become a partner, a it were, in

In 191~ tllere was what was known as the opium com·ention at this nefarious enterprise of undermining millions and clesh·oying The Hague. The United States, Japan, and other nations en- the character of an entire nation. tered into a convention or agreement with reference to the ship- We are asked to underwrite a tran action upon tlle mere. ment of opium into foreign countries. The opium convention theory that Japan will keep her oral promise, which is already, provided, first, that all the signatories to it would enact effica- in dispute. I have, in common with all good Americans, a ciou law: for the control and distribution of opium; second, to great deal of sympathy with struggling people .vllerever they prohibit the exportation to countries which had prohibited its are found. I should like to help Ohina. I should like to help u~e; third, to provide laws requiring all packages containing Ireland. I should like to help the struggling nations e\ery­opium to be marked or labeled; fourth, to prohibit the exporta- where. But I say again that so far as I am concerned in this lion or importation except through authorized persons. treaty problem I am interested fir"t to keep the honor of the.

Japan \Yas a igner of that convention. She knew wellllow the United States unsullied and to see that the young men of the. Chine e people had struggled with heroic fortitude against this United States are not called upon to underwrite the e immoral terrible I1abit. She knew well how for years they had been transactions within which are incorporated tile seeds of war~ :fighting against it until it had aroused the sympathy and stirred When this Republic assists other nations I want it to be upon the heart of the world. She knew how ·at last the great nations her own initiati\e, of her own individual judgment, and then came togethei.· for tl1e purpose of obligating themselves to as ist · I shall reel that we are sure to act in justice and honor. I tllat great nation in relieving herself of the fearful habit. As run sure this Republic would never become a party to snell an oon as this late war opened Japan treated her opium treaty as a affair as Shantung if permitted to act upon her own judgment

scrap of paper and immediately began to ship tons and tons of or responsibility. opium into China, and to-day she is using Shantung as a depot The United States should draw back as from a den of llorror fTOm WhiCh to distribute her opium into all quarters and parts Of from underwriting U. transaction Which We knOW is the be­Ohina. · . ginning of a conte. t between the Japane e people ancl 400,000,000

r quote a paragraph from an article lately written by the Chinamen. noted student ·of Far Eastern questions, Dr. J. W. Jenks: But the able Senator declares your league of nations settles

Pe;rbaps history shows no other so h~roic e.ff_ort to free a people fro}ll it! What did Japan do to t:..e league of nation ? There sat a ruinous. moral curse as that of China. d~mg the. last 10 :years m the league of nations at Versailles strono-er then tban it \Yill l,lcr eiforts to free her people from the evll-s of opmm and 1ts com- . . . ' o . pounds. The Government seemed to ha;e succeeded to a most re11UU'k- ever be agam-Japan, Great Bnta1n, France, the Umted State , ab~c degrl'c, n_s verified by .British o~ciaJs .as well as by th_e ~Jmost and Italy. There was the league of nations, and Japan flouted nmver al testimony of foreigners resident m Chin~; but w1thm the the Ien.rne of nations and said "We Will refuse to become a la t two or three years the Japanese, apparently With the full know!- ,~ ~ , edge and connivance of the Japanese Government, have practically part of It tmless we have Shantung. And yet the able Senator forced the hinese to a backward step. The testimony seems absolute from North Dakota [1\fr. l\fcCUMBER] thinks if tlley re-turn to that durin"' the year 1!)18, contrar;Y to Japan's fo~mal agreemen~ at the Iea~ue of nations bv- some necromantic power not exactly the opium conference, tons of opmm and morphia were sent mto o " • • .

hina by the Japanese and with the connivance .of the Japanese Gov- clear to me the league of natwns will have acqm.red the emment. The Outport and Overseas Sup~lement of the Ch~a Illus- power to do in the second instance what it did not do or could ~L·aFed Weekly for February 15, 1919, mentw~s some aqo specific cases not do or had not the moral courage to do in the first instance wh1ch it pro>ed. by actual purchase of morphia and opmm from Japa- . . . . . · nese hops. The. Japanese Government, in its denial of these charges, Mr. Pres1dent, rn thiS matter we are fl.yrng 1ll the face of all has simply cited its orders to the Japanese postal officials in China experience by attempting a great wrong and expecting good to the effect that no opium or morphine was to be sent through the t f ·t I d t · d .· t mails. It omitted to state that another order provided that no package o come 0 1 • ? no assume. a WlS om supeuor o my. tn the Japanese post office in China be opened. The charges states colleagues and certamly not supenor to those who consented that the opium was sent through the post office under false labels. to this treaty. Ne\ertheless I know something of the history,

In Thomas F. Millard's late publication, entitled "Democracy of government. I have read something of the tory of man's :m<l the Eastern Question," I find this paragraph: efforts to make the world a. fit place in whicll to live. I know:

hina's long struggle ngainst the oi>ium traffic and habit is familiar that you can not do so. by calling immorality morality, by to the world. -n·hen the great war began the trnffi~ was on its last calling injustice justice. You must do morality and you must legs apparently. * o * Then the war came, diSturbed and nn- d · t' y ~ ll thino- 1 o- f . ..., b t · •t l'cttled the administration of China and let down all bars to Japanese 0 JUS 1C~. ou may ca. a . b a. eagu~ OI ~eace, u 1n I "penetration." now Japanese, with the connivance and often the may be mcorporated things wh1ch make 1t a league for war.­actual help of the Japanese Government, took ad;antage of these I know that statutes based upon immorality ar~ not only worth· circumstances. to introduce and fas.ten another drug habit on the less as bindin<>' rules of human conduct but that they afiirma-Chrne e constitutes as black an action as has been charged to any 1:>

nation in recent times. tively break down and destroy the moral character of an entire In the same volum~-page 211-is founcl a report whicll goes people. Better no law at all tha~ a ~aw conceived in injustice;

into detail in reo-ard to the reintroduction of opium into China better · lea\e all to the natural mstmcts of the human heart by Japan, showi~g that Japan has made millions oufof it, and th~n to write a.n unjust .and an. imr:J.or~l law for a people's that since she took po ession of Shantung has distributed mor- gmde. I }mow that treaties. and m~erna?-onal covenan~ b.ased phia throughout the Province and now throughout China to a upon unnghteousness and m C?nfbct With the fir t Instincts greate1· e:A-tent than eTer before. I read a single paragraph from of the human heart not only d1Shonor, degrade, and debauch this report: all parties to the. treaty and the members of .the covenant, but

Literally tens of million of yen are transferred annually from China I know that behind each and all sucJ:l treaties lurk war and to .:[apan for the pay~ent of Japanese morp)lia. • *. • 'Yhen Chinese sacrifice. Retribution is the most unerring and persistent of police raid the D?-Orphm shops along the Ts~anfu Rru.Iway m Shantung1 all forms of earthJy· ven<Yeance. You can trac': it through the as they ha;e a r1ght t;o do, for the traffic is lllegal, Japanese gendarmen l • o rfull tao-· di re cue the arrested and exact a fine, not from the .guilty, be it under- pages of history as you h·ace some fea Y con ei~>US e~se stood, but from those who attempted to uphold the law. through a. community. The fathers were exceedmgly W1 e,

This i the nature of the business we are to indorse, approve, but when they made a, solemn compact in the name of human aml become a party to when we make it possible for Japan to liberty and left within the compact a paragraph which sought dominate Shantung. We, a Christian Nation, with our mission- to legalize and condone human sla>ery they plante~ the se~<ls aries in China, are conniving at her _moral degredation, at her of civil war,_ the most awful in all the annals of mternecmc nbsolute de. truction. There is no reason assignable which will strife. For e\'ery drop of blood drawn by the la h through the ever be satisfactory to the American people in putting them in 250 years of unqualified toil God . aid the martyr hould be paid such an indefensible attitude toward the Chinese people. What- another drawn by the s'\\ord.

1919. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SEN ATE. 4355 The Shantung affair is indefensible from any standpoint of and forestall the trend of events sue<!eeding 1t so as to be able to de­

morals or interna tional J·ustice or common decency. It is one of cide upon a policy toward China and determine the action to be ulti­mately taken. If we remain passive, the Imperial Japanese Govern-

tho e things so immornl and unrighteous that we wish to ap- ment's policy toward China will lose that subjective influence and our proach it with <leaf ears and closed eyes. We dread even to diplomacy will be checked forever by the combined force of the other

f d tt t t d f d •t powers. The peace of the Far East will be thus endangered and even think about it. 'Ve loathe to be orce to a emp 0 e en 1 • the existence of the Japanese Empire as a nation will no doubt be im-It will dishonor and degrade any people who seek to uphold it. periled. It is therefore our first important duty at this moment to " ' ar vl'ill inevitably follow as the result of an attempt to per- inquire of our Government what course is to be adopted to face that

IJetuatc it. It is fotmded in immorality and revolting injustice. general situation after the war. What preparations are being made to meet the combined pressure of the Allies upon China? What policy has

It is outside the pale of respectability even according to ancient been followed to solve the Chinese question? When the European war stanrlards. It shocks the conscience even of European diplo- is terminated and peace restored we are not concerned so much with the

N k l h ·,1 1 lt' •t 1 b f question whether it be the dual monarchies or the triple entente which macy. I ·a ·e(, lueous, am revo mg 1 ooms rp e ore us as emerge victorious, but whether, in anticipation of the future expansion a monster from that cruel and shameless world which all had of European influence in the Continents of Europe and Asia, the Im- -hoped and prayed was forever behind us. It smacks of all the perial Japanese Government should or should not hesitate to employ

E d · t I d d h •t h force to check the movement before this occurrence. Now is the most iniquities of uropean a JUStmen s. n ee per aps 1 as no opportune moment for Japan to quickly solve the Chine e question. Such parallel when all its features are considered. an opportunity will nQt ()Ccur for hundreds of years to come. Not

America wants peace, but she will preserve her honor. only is it Japan's divine duty to act now. but present conditions in China · t t b favor the execution of such a plan. We should by all means decide

America wants peace, but well she knows that peace lS no 0 e and act at once. If onr authorities do not avail themselves of this rare founu along the paths of faithlessness and oppression, of moral opportunity, great duty will surely be ·encountered in future in the set­delinquency and crime. If we as a people are to give our ap- tlement of this Chinese question. J apan will be isolated from the Euro-

t ,1 t li 1 pean powers after the war and will be regarded by them with envy and proval to this betrayal of a rusting anu s rugg ng peop e, we jealousy just as Germany is now regarded. Is it not then -a vital neces-will have taken from the creed of Prussianism its dominating sity for Japan to solve at this very moment the Chinese question? principle, itS IDOSt ShOCking precepts, and made them OUr very PAR1' II. THE CHINESE QUESTIO~ A...'\D THFJ DEFEXSIVE ALLIA!'<CE.

own: incorpo~·at~u them into our tlation~l cree<;1. While de~ It is a very important matter of policy whether the Japanese Govern­feahng Prussm1nsm on the field of battle m physical encounter ment, in obedience to its divine mis ion, shall solve the Chinese question we will have accepted its most vicious, hideous doctrine unex-

1

in a heroic manner by making China voluntarily rely upon Japan. To '"' t d .1 l'fi d force China to such a position there is nothing else for the Imperial

PUI~:~a e anu unmO( 1 e · . . Japanese Government to do but to take advantage of the present oppor-It was one of the fathers, I tlunk Alexander Hamilton, who tunity to seize the reins of political and financial power and to enter

declared, "The honor of a nation is its life. Deliberately to by all means into a defensive alliance with her under secret terms as abandon it is to commit an act of political suicide." The enumerated below. American people will not, When the faCtS are knOWn, SUbmit tO THE SECRE'I.' TERMS OF THE DEFENSIVE ALLIANCE .

any treaty which impeaches our national honor. They will not The Imperial Japanese Government, with due respect for the sov-d · Th 'll t d th d' grace ereignty and integrity of China and with the object and hope of main-be a party to .. wrong 01ng. ey Wl no en ure e lS taining the peace of the Far East, undertakes to share the responsibility

which would attach to the underwriting of this unconsrionable of cooperating with China to guard her against internal trouble and for­deed. eign invasion and China shall accord to Japan special facilities in the

matter of China's national defense or the protection of Japan's special rights and privileges, and for these objects the following treaty of alli­ance is to be entered into between the two contracting parties:

THE BLACK DRAGON iiEMORANDUM.

PARr I. THE EUROPEAN WAR AND THE CHINESE QUESTIOX.

The present gigantic struggle in Europe has no parall~l in history. Not only will the equilibrium of Europe be affected and Its effec~ felt all over the globe but its results will create a new era in .the polltical and ocial world. Therefore whether or not the Impenal Japanese Government can settle the Far E::tstern question and bring to realization our great imperial policy depends on our being able to skillfully avail ourselves of the world's general trend of affairs so as to extend our influence and to decide upon a course of action toward Ch~na which shalJ. IJe practical in execution. If our authorities and people VIew the present European war with indifference and withou~ deep concern, . merely devoting their attention to the attack on Kiaochow, neglectmg the larger issues of the ·war, they will have brought to · nau~ht our great imperial policy and committed a blunder greater than which it can not be conceived. We are constrained to submit this statement of policy for the consideration of our authorities not because ws are fond of argu­ment but because we are deeply anxious for our national welfare.

No one at present can foretell the outcome of the European war. U the Allies meet with reverses and victory shall crown the arms of the Germans and Austrians, German militarism will undoubtedly dominate the European Continent and extend southward and eastward to other parts of the world. Should such a state of affairs happen to take place the consequences resulting therefrom will be iJ?.deed great. and extensive. On this account we must devote our most serwus attention to the sub­ject. If, on the other hand, the Germans and Austrians should be crushed by the Allies, Germany will be deprived of her present status as a federated State under a kaiser. The federation will be disill­tegrated into separate States, and Prussia will have to be content with the status of a second-rate power. Austria and Hungary1 on account of this defeat, will consequently be ilivided. What their final fate will be no one would now venture to preduct. In the meantime Russia will annex Galicia and the Austrian Poland ; France will repossess Alsace and Lorraine; Great . Britain will occupy the German Colonie in Africa and '!he South Pacific; Serbia and Montenegro will take Bosnia, Herzegovina, and· a certain portion of Austria territory, thus making such great changes in the map of Europe that even the Na­poleonic War in 1815 could not find a parallel.

When these events take place not o.nly will Europe experience great changes but we should not ignore the fact that they will occur also in China and in the South Pacific. After Russia has replaced Germany in the territories lost uy Germany and Austria she will hold a controlling influence in Europe, and for a long time to come will have nothing to fear from her western frontie1·. Immediately after the war she will make an effort to carry out her policy of expansion in the Ea t and will not relax her effort until she has acquired a controlling influence in China. At the same time Great Britain will strengthen her position in the · Yangtze Valley and prohibit any other country from getting a footing there. France will do likewise in Yunnan Province, using it as h<'r base of operations for further encroachments upon China and never hesitate to extend her advantages. We must therefore seriously study the situation, remembering always that the combined action of Great Britain, Russia, and France will not only affect Europe but that we can even foresee that it will also affect China.

Whether this combined action on the part of England, France, and Russia is to terminate at the end of the war or to continue to operate, we can not now predict. But after peace in Europe is restorerl these powers will certainly turn thei.r attention to the expansion of their several spheres of interest in China, and, in the adju tment, their in-

. terests will most likely confiict with one another. If their interests do not conflict they will work jointly to solve the Chinese question. On this point we have not the least doubt. If England, France, and Russia are actually to combine fer the coercion of China, what course is to be adopted by the Imperial Japanese Government to meet the situation'? What proper means shall we f'mploy to maintain our influence and ex­tend our interests within this ring of rivalry and competition? It is necessary _that we bear in mind the final results of the European war

1. When there is internal trouble in China or when she is at war with another natio.n or nations Japan shall senu her army to r ender assistance, to assume the responsibility of guarding Chinese territory, and to main­tain peace and order in China.

2. China agrees to recognize Japan's privileged J?OSitlon in south Man­churia und ·inner Mongolia and to cede the sovere1gn rights of the ·e re­gions to Japan to enable her to carry out a scheme of local defense on a permanent basis.

3. After the Japane e occupation of Kiaochow, Japan shall acquire all the rights and privileges heretofore enjoyed by the Germans in regartl to railways, mines, ·and all other interests, and after peace and order is re­stored in Tsingtao the place shall be handed back to China to be opened as an international treaty port.

4. For the maritime defense of China and Japan, China shall lease strategic harbors along the coast of the Fnlden Province to Japan to be converted into naval bases and grant to Japan in the said Province all railway and mining rights.

5 . . For the reorganization of the Chinese Army China shall intrust the training and drilling to the army of Japan.

6 For the unification of China's firearms and munitions of war, China shail adopt firearms of Japanese pattern and at the same time e tab­lish arsenals (with the help of Japan) in different strategic points.

7. With the object of creating and maintaining a Chinese navy, Chin::~. shall intrust the training· of her navy to Japan.

8. With the object of reorganizing her finances and improving the methods of taxation, China shall intrust the work to Japan, and the latter shall elect competent financial experts, who shall act as first-class advisers to the Chinese Government.

9. China shall en~age 'Japanese educational experts as educational advisers and extensively establish schools in differE'nt parts of the country to teach Japanese, so as to raise the educational standard of the country.

10. China shall first consult with and obtain the consent of .Tapan before she can enter into an agreement with another power for mnking loans, the leasing of territory, or the cession of the same.

From the date of the signing of this defE'.nsive alliance Japnn and China shall work together hand in band. Japan will assume the re­sponsibility of safeguarding Chinese territory and maintaining the peace and order in China. This will relieve China of all future anxieties and enable her to proceed energetically with her reforms, aud, with a sense of territorial security, she may wait for her na tiona I development and regeneration. Even after the present European war is over and pe:.t.ce is restored China will absolutely have r.othin~ to fear in the future of having pressure brought against her by the foreign powers. It is only thus that permanent peace can be secured in the Far East.

But before concluding this defensive alliance two point must first be ascertained and settled: ( 1) Its bearing on the Chinese Government. (2) Its bearing on those powers having intimate relations with and great interests in Chinn.

In considering its effect on the Chinese Government Japan must try to foresee whether the position of China's present ruler, Yuan Shih-kai, shall be permanent or not; whether the present Government's policy will enjoy the confidence of a large section of the Chinese people; whether Yuan Shih-kai will readily agree to the Japanese Government's proposal to enter into a treaty of alliance with us. These are points to which we are bound to give a thorough consideration. Judging by the attitude hitherto adopted by Yuan Shih-kai, we know he has always resorted to the policy of expediency in his diplomatic dealings, and although he may outwardly show friendliness toward us, be will in fact rely upon the influence of the different po\vers as the easiest check against us and refuse to accede to our demands. Take for a single instance his conduct toward us since the Imperial Government declared war against Germany and his action will then be clear to all. Whether we can rely upon the ordinary friendly method of diplomacy to gam otu· object or not it tloes not r·equire much wisdom to dedde.

4356 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-~ SENATE .. AuausT 26,

After the gigantic truggle in Europe ~s o>~·· lea-ving a ide Ameri~, which will not _pre s for aa>antage. China will not be able to <,>btain .any loan· from the other power . With a d.epleted treas~y, ~xtp<,>ut means to pay the officials and the army, With local bandits mcxtmg ·1be poverty-stricken populace to trouble, with the revolutionists -waitlpg for opportunities to rise, should an insur.rection .actually occur ':Vh~e

..no outside assistrulce can be rendered to quell J.t, we are cectam :It will be impo ible fo.r Yuan Shih-'kai, single-handed, to restore order and consolidate the country. The resnlt will be that the nation will I be cut up into many pa.~ts beyond all hope of -remedy. That :thls state of afl'a.lls will come is not difficult to foresee. When thxs occurs, shall we uphold Yuan's government and assist him to suppress :t~e internal insurrection, with the certain assurance that we co~d . m­iluence bini to agree to our demands, or shall we help the revolu.tiomsts -to achie>e a su<'cess and realize our object thr:ough them? This ques­tion must be definitely decided upon this very moment, so that we may J>Ut it into practical execution. If we do not look into the future ~te of Cbinal but go blindly to uphold Yus.n'-s government, to enter mto a defens ve alliance with Chrna, hoping thus to secure a complete realization of our object by assisting him to suppress the .revo.lutionists, it is obviously a wrong policy. Why? Because the majerl~Y !Jf the Chinese people have lost all faith in the tottering Yuan l::lhih-ka1, w~o is discredited and attacked by the whole nation f.or having sold b1s country. If Japan gives Yuan tbe support, his government, though in a very precarious state, may possibly avoid destruction. Yuan Sbih-kai belongs to that school of politicians who are fond of em­ploying craftiness and cunning. He may be friendly to us for a tinle, but he will certainly abandon us and again befriend the other J>Owers when the European war is at ac end. Judging by his past, we have no doubt as to what he will do in the future. For Japan to ignore the

_general sentiment of the Chinese people and support Yuan Shih-kai with the llope that we can settle with him the Chinese que-stion is a blunder indeed. '.rherefore, in order to secure the permanent peace of the Far East, instead of supporting a Chinese government which can J.Ieither be long continued in power nor a . ist in the attainment of our object, we s~..~ould rathf'r support the 400,000,000 Chinese people to renovate tbei:.- corrupt Government, to change its _present form, to mnintain peace and ortler in the land, and to usher into China a new era of prosperity, so that China and Japan may in fact as well as in name be brought into the most intimate and vital relations with each other. China's era of prosperity is based on the Chino-Japanese alli­ance, and this alliance is the ioundational power for the repelling of the foreign ag.,ores ion that is to be directed against the Far Ea ;t a1: the conclusion of the European War. This alliance is also the founda­tion stone of the peace of the world. Japan.-~ therefore, should take this a the last warning and immediately solve mis question.

'ince the Imperial Japanese Government has considered it impera­tive to support the Chinese people, we should induce the Chinese .revolu­tionists, the Imperiali ts, ancl other Chinese malcontents to create trouble all over China. The whole country will be thrown into disorder and Yuan's Government will consequently be overthrown. We shall then select a man from amongst the most influential and most noted of the 400,000,000 of Chinese and help him to organize a new form of government and to consolidate the whole country. In the meantime our army must assist in the restoration of peace and o.rder in the country, and in the protection of the lives and properties of tlle people, so that they may gladly tender their allegiance to the .new gov­ernment which will then naturally confide in and rely upon Japan. It i~ after the accomplishment of only these .tbings that we sh[J.ll without difficulty gain our object by the conclusion of a defensive alliance with China.

For us to incite the Chinese 1·evolutionists and malcontents to rise in China we consider the present to be the most opportune moment. The reason why these men can not now carry on an active campaign is because they are insufficiently provided with funds. If the Imperial Government can take advantage of this fact to make them a loan and instruct them to rise simultaneously, great commotion and disorder will .surely prevail all over China. We can intervene and easily adjust matters.

The progress of tlle European War warns Japan with greater urgency of the imperative necessity of olving this mo t vital of questions. The Imperial Government can not be considered as embarking on ·a rash project. 'I'his opportunity will not Tepeat itself for our benefit. We .must avail ourselves of this -cllance and under no circumstances hesi­tate. Why should we wait for the spontaneous uprising of the revo­lutionists and malcontents? Why should we not think out and lay down a plan beforehand? When we examine into the form of government in China, we must a k whether the existing Republic is well suited to the national temperament and well adapted to the thoughts and aspira­tions of the Chinese people. From the time the Republic of China was ('Stablished up to the present moment. if what it has pa sed through is to be compared to what it ought to be in the matter of administration and unification, we find disappointment everywhere. Even the revolutionists themselves, the very ones who .first advocated the republican form of government, acknowledge that they have made a mistake. The retention of the republican form of government in China -will be a great future obstacle in the way of a Chino-Japanese alliance. .And why must it be so'? Because, in a republic the nmdamental principles of government as well as the social and moral aims of the people are distinctly di1Ierent from that of a constitutional monarchy. Their laws and adnunistration also conflict. If Japan act as a guide to China., and China model herself after Japan it will only then be possible for the two nations to solve by mutual effort the Far East que tion without difJ:erences and clisagree · ments.

Therefore, to start from the foundation for the .PUrpose of recon­structing the Chine e Government. of establishing a Cl:rlno-Japanese alliance, of maintaining the permanent peace of the Far East, and of realizing the consummation of Japan's imperial policy, we must take advantage of the present opportunity to alter China's republican form of Government into a constitutional monarchy, which shall necessarily be identical in all its details to the constitutional monarchy of Japan, and to no vther. Tbis is really the key and first principle to be firmly held for the actual reconstruction of the form of government in China. If China changes bet• republican form of Government to that of a con­stitutional monarchy, shall WE', in the selection of a new ruler, Testore the Empero1· Hsuan T'ung to his throne or choose the most capable man from the monarchists, or select the most worthy member from among the !revolutionists? \Ve think, however, that it is advisable at present to Jeave this gue tion to the exigency of the future, when the matter is brought up for decision. But we must not lose sight of the fact that to actually put into execution this policy of a C_bino-Japanese alliance and the transformation of the Republic of China into a constitutional menarchy is in reality the fundamental principle to be adopted for the reconstruction of China.

We shall now consider 1:he bearing of this defen ive alliance on the other powers. Needless to say, Japan and China will in .no way impai~ the :rights and interests already acquired by the powers. At this mo­ment it is of paramount importance for Japan to come to a special understanding with Russia to define .our respective spheres in Man­churia and Mongolia, so that the two countries may cooperate with each other in tlle future. This means that Japan after the acquisition of sovereign rights in 'South Manchuria and inner Mongolia will work together with Russia after .her acquisition of sovereign rights in North Manchuria and outer Mongolio to .maintain the status quo, and endeavor by every e1l'ort to protect the peace of the Far ·East. Rus ia since the outbreak of the European war bas not only laid aside all ill feelings against Japan, but bas ,adopted the same attitude as her allies and shown warm friendsbip for us. No matter how we regard the Man­churian and .Mongolian questions in the future she is anxious that we iind some way of settlement. Therefore, we need not doubt but that Russia in her attitude toward this Chinese question will be able to come to an understanding with us for .mutual cooperation.

The British spher·e of iniluencc and interest 1n •China is centered in Tibet and the Yangtze Valley. Therefore, if Japan can come to some satisfactory arrangement with Cbina in ·regard to Tibet and also give certain privileges to Great Britain in the Yangtze Valley, with an assurance to protect those privileges, no matter how powerful Great Britain might be, she will surely not oppose Japan's policy in regard to this Chinese question. While this present European war is going on Great Brita.in has never asked Japan to render her assistance. That ber strength will certainly not enable her to oppose us in the future need not be doubted in the least.

Since Great Britain and Russia will not oppose Japan's poliay toward China it can readily be seen what attitude France will adopt in regard to the subject. What Japan .must now somewhat reckon with is Amer­"ica. But America in her attitude toward us r garding our policy toward China has already declared tlle principle of maintainiJ1"' China's territorial integrity and equal opportunity, and will be satisfied if we do not impair America'!? already acquired rights and privileges. We think America will also have no cause .for complaint. revertheless America has in the East a naval force which can be fairly relied upon, though not sufficiently strong to be feared. Therefore, in Japan's atti­tude toward America there is nothing really for us to be afraid of.

Since China's -(!Ondition is such on the one hand and the Powen~ .relation toward China is such on the other hand, Japan should av:ail herself in the meantime of the European war to definitely decide upon a policy. toward China, the most important move being the transforma­tion of the Chinese •Government, to be followed up by preparing for the conclusion of the defensive alliance. The precipitate action on the part of our present Cabinet in acceding to the request of Great Britain to declare war against Germany without having definitely settled out· pol­icy toward China has .no real connection with our future negotiations with China or a1Iects tlle political condition in the Far East. Conse­quently all intelligent Japanese, of every walk of life throughout the land, a1·e very deeply concerned about the matter.

Our Imperial Government should now definitely change our dE>pendent foreign policy which is being directed by others into an independen1: foreign policy which hall direct others, proclaiming the ·same with solemn sincerity to the world and carrying it out with -determination. .If we do so even the gods and spirits will give way. These are im­portant points in our policy toward Cbina, and the result depends on how we carry them out. Can our authorities firmly make up their mind ·to -solve this Chinese question by the actual carrying out of this funda­.mental principle? If they show irresolution while -we have this heaven­conferred chance· and merely depend on the good -will ·of the other powers we shall eventually have greater pressure to be brought against the Far East after tlle European war is over, when the present equilib­rium will be destroyed. That ·day will then be too late -fo1· us to repent our folly. We are therefore impelled by force of circumstances to urge our authorities -to a quicker -sense of the situation and to ·come to a determin:ttion .

(Translation from "The Fight for ·the Republic in China," by ll. L. Pntnam-Weale. Copyright, 1917, by Dodd, Mead & Co., Inc.)

Mr. McCUMBER. Mr. President, I regret that I was called out -of the Chamber so that .I could not hear all of the .address of the .Senator from Idaho [Mr. BoRAH], but he has pres nted one or two propositions that can not go unchallenged.

1\fr. PI·esident, when as a boy I read in the history of the United States what was declared to be a glorious feat on the part of the American Navy, when Admiral Perry, with loaded guns, awoke Japan from her state of lethargy and commanded her to open her · pm.:ts and Japan ·opened those ports at his demand I never could agree that it was a moral act or that it was an' act in which we ought to take a great deal of r>ride. So I agJ:ee with the Senatqr from Idaho that such . acts are immoral.

I have never agreed, no matter what "reat benefit we got out of it and no matter what .,.reat State was added to our Union, that making a war on Mexico to get added territory, by which we could balance the sentiment of one ection against that of another section, was a moral act on the part of the United Stutes. I have never agreed that the exerci e of the power of Great Britain in compelling China to give her certain rights at Shanghai was in every respect a moral act. I have never a serted that Japan in compelling China to sign a tr aty whereby she gave to Japan ju t what she had to give to other nations was in all respect moral. All I have asserted, Mr. President, is that we are in no position to claim that Japan has committed a wrong against .China so long as we ·vi e aU of the other acts that have been committed in the arne way by every other Caucasian nation of rthe world.

Of course ~e would all have been glad if Japan had not attempted to .make Obina gi>e her the ·arne rights that China gave to Great Britain, to France, to Ru ia, :md to other countries; we would 'be pleased if Great Br.itain would yield her J:ights in China back to China .and if Japan and Russia

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1919. CONGRESSIONAL R.EOORD-SENATE. 4357

would do the ·arne thing; but, Mr. -president, we were met with a situation in Paris; we had to deal with conditions as the~ existed and not as we would wish them to be. I believe that we dealt with the conditions in the best. possible way: they could have been dealt with at the time.

Notwithstanding the declarations of the Senator from Idaho concerning the infidelity of Japan in all of her past history, I say that I do believe that she will keep this treaty obligation .with China·; and I have given my reason for so believing.

The first reason is that she has made that promise not to Chinn alone but that she has declared it to every civilized nation :upon the face of the earth. Nor is that all. If Japan broke her treaty with Korea, she had a treaty with Korea only, and we could not protest. If she enters into this league and does not keep good her word, then she breaks her treaty with every nation worth mentioning upon the face of the earth; and that, Mr. President, is worth something.

Mr. NORRIS. Mr. President--1\lr. McCUMBER. Just a moment. If Japan is of the vicious

character portrayed by the Senator from Idaho, then, for God's sake, let us put her in chains; bring her into this league and bind her by the power of the greater nations of the world. But I do not belieye that that will be necessary.

Mr. BORAH and 1\Ir. NORRIS addressed the Ohair. Tile PRES;IDING OFFICER (Mr. WATSON in the chair).

Does the Senator from North Dakota yield; and if so, to whom? 1\Ir. 1\IcCill.'IBER. I yield for a question to the Senator from

Idaho. · 1\Ir. BORAH. I understood that the league was only a

moral obligation. l\lr. OWEN. That is sufficient. 1\Ir. BORAH. For Japan? Mr. OWEN. Yes. Mr. McCUMBER. Mr. President, yes, there is a moral obliga­

tion upon the part of every member of the league that they will compel every other nation to keep its moral obligations. Stop right there if you will. If that moral obligation is not of suffi­cient force to compel its being carried into effect, then, Mr. Presi­dent, we have sunk so low that the world is not worth saving. I do not believe that for a single moment. I believe that the nations of the world can be depended upon to keep faith; and if under present conditions there is no power on earth to compel one nation to keep its agreement with another nation, I believe there will be a power created by the league of nations, with all of its cross-agreements, and, with the .fidelity and honor of every nation pledged, to make every recalcitrant country respond to its national honor. I believe that result can be accomplished. I care not whether you call it a legal obligation or a moral obliga­'tion. I now yield to the Senator from Nebraska.

1\Ir. NORRIS. Mr. President, the Senator has pa sed by what I wanted to ask him about, but I will, with his permission, refer to it. He says that while Japan violated her treaty with Korea--

l\1r. McCUMBER. Mr. President, I did not say that; I will conYict no country without a hearing ; I would hang no man upon an ex parte hearing; and I will not say that Japan has broken her treaty with Korea or what the conditions were, whether she was justified or not, until I have been able to study and consider and weigh both sides of that question. So, do not place me in the position of saying that Japan has broken her treaty with Korea.

l\1r. NORRIS. I do not intend, of course, to place the Senator in any position contrary to the one he wishes to be placed in. If I could have asked my question at the time--

1\Ir. McCUl\IDER. I ask the Senator's pardon for not yielding. 1\lr. NORRIS. I would not have prefaced it with a remark, but

I was not permitted to interrupt the Senator. I take it from ,what the Senator has said that he did make some reference-and I think if he will read his words in the RECORD, if they are not changed, he wi11 find that I am justified in the statement I macle--

1\lr. McCUl\IB.Ell. I mnde reference to what the Senator from Idaho had statecl.

1\fr. NORRIS. At any rate, tile Senator drew a distinction between Japan breaking her word with one nation and breaking it with all the world; and he said, even though the other charge ma:r be true, this is a treaty with all the nations of the world, and Japan has given her pledge to all the world. With that pref­ace I can ask my question, and I ask the Senator where is there a single word or sentence in this treaty with rill the world which obligates Japan in any way to give anything back to anybody.?

J\Ir. McCUMBER. J\.'Ir. President, I gave that information in my address before any questions were asked. There is an obli­gation in the b·eaty, in the league of nations covenant, that eYery nation signing that agreement will scrupulously obser\e its treaty obligation.

Mr. NORRIS. Does the &enator claim that there is anything in this treaty with the world of which the Senator speaks, and if so will he point it out to me, that requires Japan to gi\e anything back to China?

Mr. McCillfBER. 1\lr. President, if the Senator will allow me to finish, I will state there is in the league of nations · CO\enant a . provision that bincls Japan to keep her obligations, and one of her obligations is to return the German rights to China .

Mr. NORRIS. Where? I should like to ha\e the Senator read from the treaty that obligation.

Mr. BORAH. The Senator from North Dakota is referring to the treaty of 1915.

Mr. NORRIS. I am referring to what the Senator refer;· to, a tTeaty with all the nations of the world, the treaty of peace with Germany containing the league of nations.

Mr. McCUMBER. Mr. President, I read from the Co\enant of the league of nations as follows:

In order to promote international cooperation and to achie>e inter­national peace and security-

How-? by the accept ance of obligations not to resort to war.

Next-By the prescription of open, just, and honorable relations b0tween

nations. By the maintenance of justice and a scrupulous .respect for all

treaty obligations in the dealings of organized peoples with one another.

· Mr. NORRIS. I ask again, does the Senator claim that there is anything in the b·eaty from which h~ has just read a portion of the preamble that obligates Japan to return Shantung to China?

1\Ir. McCUMBER. Mr. Pre ·ident, I have stated that there is in the treaty a provision to compel Japan to keep scrupulously her obligations, ancl the treaty whereby she agrees to return the German rights to China is one of her agreements with Ohina.

Mr. NORRIS. The Senator, then, is referring to the treaty of 1915?

Mr. 1\IcCUl\fBEJR. Certainly, Mr. President. Mr. NORRIS. Does the Senator claim that treaty was made

under conditions that entitle it to any respect by any civilized nation?

1\Ir. 1\IcCIDIBE-R. It was made under the same condition a every treaty made betw-een China and other nations by which China surrendered her territory alli.l her rights.

Mr. NORRIS. That still does not .answer my question. Mr. McCUl\IBER. Just ·a moment. There are treaties made

under dure s ; that is admitted. Mr. NORRIS. That is admitted. Mr. McCilliDER. It is admitted that there are treaties made

nn.der duress, but they are nevertheless b·eaties ; they are nevertheless binding obligations . . The treaty that we make with Germany to-day is -a treaty made under duress, but it is neverthele sa binding obligation upon Germany,

Mr. NORRIS. We have been at war with Germany. The Senator 'vill not contend, will he, that at the time the treaty of 1915 between Japan and China was made that there wa any war existing between those eountries?

Mr. McCUMBER. No, l\Ir. President; and when the agree­ment was made to transfer rights over to Ru ia there was not any war, and when Great Britain obtained her rights there wa no war.

When Italy obtained her concessions there was no war; but they were all obtained in exactly the same way, by a show of superior force.

Mr. NORRIS. Mr. President, will not the Senator admit that China or any other nation in giving concessions might ha\e a choice, might be willing to give a certain concession to England .and not be willing to give the same conces ion to Japan? Is not that true?

l\Ir. 1\IcCUMBEll. Yes, 1\Ir. President. 1\lr. NORRIS. Then, if China was forced to enter into the

treaty with Japan, what legal or moral effect should it have on us?

Mr. l\lcCUMBER. l\lr. Presiuent, I ha-ve not claimed that it should have any moral effect on us, one way or the other. All I am saying is that we are in no position to say that Germany shall not renounce to Japan what Japan took from Germany, which we did not help her. take from Germany, but which she took herself, and which she took in the light of an agreement she made with China that she might have what she ·could secure from Germany, because China ""as not able to do it and would not be able to do it.

l\.Ir. WATSON. 1\I.r. President, will the Senator let me ask him·a question?

1\lr. i\fcCilliBER. Yes.

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4358 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. AUGUST 26,

Mr. WATSON. The· Senator bas stated that the obligations imposed by the pending treaty are moral obligations only. IS that right?

Mr. i.\1cCUl\1BER I did not say that. Mr. WATSON. Well, is that right? l\1r. l\1cCUMBER. No .

. Mr. WATSON. Then there are obligations stronger than moral obligations?

Mr. l\1cCUl\1BER. No; I do not think there are any obliga­tions stronger than moral obligations, but there is the legal obli­gation as mu<:lr as a treaty can be made a legal obligation, be­cause there is no appeal except to the moral sense of the country, and therefore the legal obligation has its backing in the moral con cience of the country that makes the agreement.

Mr. WATSON. Precisely. Now, accepting the Senator's state­ment, is not Japan at this time under a moral obligation to re­store Shantung to China?

Mr. McCUMBER. · ShE: is if China keeps her word, aiJd when she gets the thing that she can return.

Mr. WATSON. What does the Senator mean? 1\Ir . .!cCUl\IBER. Just a moment. Japan has not yet re­

cei\ed from Germany tl1e German rights, except as she has re­ceived · them by conquest. When she receives them by treaty, then her treaty with China comes into force, whereby she agrees to return them to China if Cbina keeps her agreement.

1\fr. WATSON. Does not the Senator believe that the \ery day that China declared war against Germany, all of Germany's rights in Shantung immediately reverted to China?

1\lr. 1\lcCUl\fBER. Why, no, Mr. President; of course not. Why? First, because those rights had been taken by Japan be­fore Cllina eYer declared war; and, secondly, because China had ceded .those rights to Japan before China ever declared war, and therefore an after declaration of war by China certainly could not refer back and destroy her own obligation made with Japan. Neither could it refer back and destroy what Japan had taken from Germany.

Mr. WATSON. But is not the Senator avvare of the fact that in tl1e treaty between Germany and China, at the time Germany wrenched these possessions in Shantung from China, it was expre sly stipulated that they were nonassignable and non­transferable?

Mr. McCUMBER. Why, of course; but if China herself as­signed them afterwards, then China assigned the rights that she had; and China did that, and she did it before she ever de­clared war.

Mr. 'VATSON. But does not the Senator recognize that when China did that under the treaty of 1915 she was acting wholly under duress, and that those rights were wrenched fTom China by Japan in precisely the same manner that Germany had wrenched those rights from China? · ·

1\fr. McCUMBER. Ninety-nine out of one hundred of all the treaties made in the world have been made because one country is greater in power and exacts them from another; and there­fore, if we set aside every treaty on the ground that undue infl.uenre or a threat of power secured it, there would be mighty few treaties left in existence.

1\fr. WATSON. There are two answers to that proposition. The first is that this is the one problem that we- are called upon to deal with now. We are not called on to deal with all the other thousands of treaties that have been made under duress, but the one proposition that is presented to us here and now is this proposition. That is the first answ-er.

Mr. 1\fcCUl\fBER. Yes ; and I am going to answer that in a minute.

1\fr. WATSON. The second answer is that we have come now to a new day; we are now seeing sunlight in the East; we are hearing voices in the air.

1\lr. McCUMBER. It is about time we did. Mr. WATSON. We are now upon the mountain top; we are

dealing in a new idealism, when the old things have passed a\\'ay and all things have become new; and in the light of this new thing that the Senator stands here from day to day to advocate, does he claim that it fits in with the moral obligations that are now re ting upon the. world in accordance with the new interpretations of things?

l\lr. l\lcCUl\fBER. I certainly do agree that it accords with an interpretaqon of all honorable things and things that ought to be done between nations, and I believe that China should keep her -word, if that is one of the new order of things; then I be­lieve that Japan should keep her word, if that is the new order of things; and then I believe that if Japan does not keep her word she should be forced to keep her word, if that is the new order of things.

1\lr. NORRIS. 1\lr. President, may I ask the Senator a ques­tion about that particular feature of the subject?

The PRESIDING OFl'l"ICER (1\Ir. ·wALSH of 1\Iassachu ·etts in the chair). Does the Senator from North Dakota yield to the Senator from Nebraska?

1\fr. McCUMBER. Yes. 1\Ir. NORRIS. Has the Senator had called to his attention

the provision of the constitution of the Republic of China, unde1· which, as I read it, the treaty that the Senator is now contend­ing is legal even though obtained by duress would have, in order to be legal under the constitution, to receive the approval of the Chinese legislative body provided by the constitution?

1\Ir. 1\IcCUl\lBER. Things were rather uncertain in China. It was uncertain what the government was nt that time or \\'ho was in control, ju t exactly as it has been in many of our South American Republics. Why, I believe that Colombia claimed tha t she could not make any agreement with the United States at one time because her legislature had no power to cede territory or to agree that any territory might be ceded. I know there are a tliousanu excu es that one might put up that this Nation did not act in accordance with the will of its people, or tha t it did not act in accordance with tbe legislative rights. or ·its own Constitution, to whatever extent that Constitution was ap­plied; but what I \>ant to say is that the treaty was obtained in the same way that the other treaties wer:e obtained.

l\1r. NORRIS. But the other treaties were obtained before the establishment of the Chinf'se Republic. Now, will not the Senator admit that at that time China was a Republic, working under a written constitution that was recognized by our Gov­ernment?

1\Ir. WILLIAMS. We <lid not ·recognize the constitution. We recognized a government. . .

1\:Ir. NORRIS. Well, we recognized a government that existed under a written constitution.

1\lr. 1\lcCUl\lBER. One day she had a constitution and the next day she did not have any. One day she was living under a con titution and the next clay she was conducting her elf as a purely autocratic government; and Heaven knows which one Qf these days it was on which the treaty was agreed to. I am not prepared to say.

1\fr. NORRIS. I will not interrupt the Senator further now. As soon as the Senator concludes I will re.c'l.d into the RECORD a provision of the Chinese constitution.

1\fr. 1\IcCUl\lBER. But anyway, 1\lr. President, that is fat· afield, because whether or not it was obtained through the con­stitutional requirements of the Chinese form of government, the main feature is that Japan agrees to return it. That is what I want to hold on to, and do not want .Senators to forget it.

Now I am going to answer the Senator from Indiana. Let us see. The Senator from Indiana. us ·I understand, takes the po­sition-and the Senator from Idaho also takes the same posi­tion-that tile United States should wash its hands clean of this Shantung matter entirely aud haYe nothing to do with it. Am I right in that?

1\Ir. WATSON. That is my position, 1\l.r. President. 1\fr. McCUMBER. Good. 1\fr. WATSON. In other words, I concur in the action of the

Senator's committee. Mr. McCUMBER. Oh, no, l\1r. Senator; you do not concur. · 1\fr. WATSON. Yes; but I do. Mr. McCUl\IBER. If you wanted to concur ~n that senti­

ment, you had a clear and easy way to accomplish it. What would have been your amendment? Your amendment would have been to strike out sections 156, 157, and 158.

Mr. FALL. l\1r. President--1\Ir. 1\lcCUl\fBER. Just a minute. Then we would have

washed our hands clean of the whole matter. Mr. FALL. 1\Ir. President--1\fr. 1\fcCUl\ffiER. Just a minute; I want to finish the sen­

tence. But you did not do that. You did not want to do that. What you wanted to do was to slap Japan in the face. What you \vanted to do was to create such a feeling between Japan and the United States that it would be almost impossible for

. Japan to comply with the treaty; and therefore, instead of washing your hands of it you as a third party step in and com­pel Germany to transfer the German rights, not to Japan, but to China.'

You make a <lifferent agreement with Germany. That is not washing our hands clean of that subject by any means. It is 1!etting into it in such a way that we will have to wash our hands in blood unless Japan backs down, and you are putting her in a position \Vhere she can scarcely honorably back down. You are insulting her and her people by a declaration that she can not be trusted. What is left for her to do? Only to say, "I will then stand upon my right~ of conquest. You have made China break her treaty, and made Germany break her treaty by which she agreed to transfer this to me."

I

I

1919. COXGRESSION.ttL RE,OORD-SEN ATE. 4359 The people of Jnpan fought, bled, and died in thllt conquest ing herself of what Germany po ~es ·ed, but she landed her

to conquer territory that China dared not nttempt to get .. The troops TOO miles furthec n.way, then she sent Japanese troops Japane e people have feeling. They ha\e·sentiment. 'l?hey ha-re clear up to Chefoo; 250 miles, e tabli hed garrisons and e~tab­a national pride. The Government of the United States mnst li hed· post offices~ and: took military pos ·e sion· of the whole take cognizance of that national pride. You, a Ame.Iicans; of Shantung? Wa thail essential in order to take the Ger-know how difficult it is to pull down the American flag where-rer man rights in Shantung? . the soldiers of America have planted it on foreign and· con- l\1r. l\IcCUl\1BER. I might go into that, 1\Ir. President, but quered tert:itory ; and therefore yorr must kno'W how difficult it is a long question. L am not going into the question of it is for the Government of Japan, with a live peopl~ to pull 'What· Japan thought was nece ·sary from a military standnoint down the Japane ·e flag, stained with the blood of Nipponese to hold what she had taken from Germany. I am willing to soldiers, a.t the command ot a foreign power. They 'WOuld do concede, it the Sen.tor wants to, make the claim~ that Japan it willingly, I believe, if allowed to do . o by their own volition, had some uiterion motive and she expected to- keep the terri­because their treaty bound them to do it. But when we say to tory. What I run concerned! with i the ulti.Irut.te result of the them "We will make you do it; we will not give you a chance action of China and Japan as put down in black and white and to keep your word," do you not imagine that they ha:ve enough signed by th-em. I know what that is. of a sen e of pride and of manhood to resent it? 'J?hey would The Senator from Idaho [l\1r. BoRAH] read into the RECORD not be worthy of national existence, ~[r. President, if they did the fifth group of the 2] demands, and yet the Senator kne"W, not have that pride and resentment. as we all know, that J-apwn abandoned those entirely when

1\fr. NORRIS. Mr. President-- she finally signed the treaty. The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does· the Senatot' from North 1\lr. NORRIS. 1\fr. President--

Dakota :yielG to the Senator from Nebraska? l\Ir. McCUMBER. I yield to the Senator~ l\Ir. l\Ic0Ul\1BER.. Yes. 1\fr. NORRIS. I, of course, may be wrong~ but I ask the l\1r. NORRIS. Does- the Senator anticipate any difficulty with Senator if it is not true that Japan never yet has abandoned

England on. the line of pulling doV\rn her flag in Belgium, or them; that they a-re still. held in abeyance·; that there is not with America in pulling down her flag in Alsace-Lor.raine·? anything in. the record any;where to indicate- that they have

1\lr. McCUMBER. 1\Ir . . President, the Senator leads me right been abandoned~ but that they ean be taken up at any moment? into the next proposition. The Senator from Idaho [Mr. l\I11. 1\lcCm.IBER. If the Senator will read the notes that Bon'AH] present· here; with· all the force of . his oratorical pas ed between Japan and China, he will find that they did pO\Yers, the declaration that Japan seized these rights from abandon them and, finally, when. we came down to the final Chinn, that she eized them from her ally. Both are untrue. treat -, all that was left of them were these demands-: First, that

·She neither seized them from China nor eized them from China shall open up a port; . econdly, that Japan hull haYe a her ally. Wily? China arlmitted that she could not do any- right of settlement; tllfrdJy, that the Genman, propertie., tllc tiling.. nationar properties, would be disposed of through an agrE> -

Mr. WATS0N, 'Vby, iUr. President-- ment between Japan and China·. The other matter, to. say the ~fr; 1\IcCUMBEn. She could not take these rights a way from most of it, from your standpoint, was merely left in abeyance;

Germany. Japan could do it.. Japan took the Pro\ince from Ger- 1\Ir. NORRIS. It "Was withheld, as I under tand it. many, and whate...-er Japan received she gOt from Germany. She l\Ir. McCUMBER. It was not agreed to. did not get it from China. l\Ir. NQRRIS. No; group 5--

l\Ir. W A.TSON. Does not the Senatoi know,. 1\Ir. President, Mr. McCU1\ffiER. I t was not agreed to by @tina. that China wanted to take po session of Kiaocho"W, and that 1\Ir. NORRIS. It was not agreed to· b China, but it ha Japan interfered and wonlcf not nermit China to do it? not been withdl·a\V-111 by Japan. It was tempararily withhelU.

1\Ir. 1\IcCUl\ffiER. No. Ii do• not know anything.of th-e kind. 1\Ir. 1\lcCUl\fBER. She can make- that o...-el· again ru1d' sbe 1\Ir. WAXSON . . Does not the Senator know that it would have can make a million· other& I do not thinl" that ha. :mything- to

been a, comparatively easy task for China, with Germany isolated do with· the question now. This is- what Japan ha. agreed to as he was from the l'est of the world, and that the Chinese sol- do, and thi he i'3 bound to do. dier could• have gone in· and' tarved that colony to deati1 Yery l\Ir: WATSON. Group• G was- mnde the subject of the ex-easily? change of a few not , and· there it stand in that . tatu . It

1\Ir. Mc(ljUJ:i.\IBER. "o, 1\IL'. President; ~ do not concede that has· not been modified or altered or· changed in th least :nHl for a single minute. J -apan may insist on that at any time:

:M1·. W A.'J1SON. Well, l\1r. President-- Mr. McCU:l\IBER. It is nat bin<ling on hina to-day, i it? l\Ir. McCUMBER. If Germany had' 1,000 soldier there, or 1\fr. WATSON. No; it is-not binding on China.

500 soldie1: there, and they were· armed~ all €hina, with its 300,- l\Ir. McCUMBER Put CJlin..'l into· this league; put Janan 000,000 people, could not have dislodged them. into this- league,. and Japan "Will never attempt to enfor "

1\lr. 'VATSON. Oh, l\fr. Pre ident-- group 5. She could not. The league could not allow n under 1\Ir. 1\fcCUUBER. Oh, welll Mr. Pre ident. that is the fact. -the provisions and terms of the league· it elf.

\Ve have had so much of this declaration of war on the part Mr. McCORMICK. Does- the Senator say that in the light of of China and her power and what she has done and can do, that the British-Persian treaty, with the term. of whjch he. is· no I think we might as well get right down to the· facts. She was doubt familiar, if he reads- the new papers? not able to dislodge Germany. 1\fr. McCUMBER. All right. Is Persia in the league of

1\Ir. WATSON. Notwithstanding the Senator's declaration, nations? does he not h"Dow that China wanted to take. Kiaochow and that :ur. UO ES. She will be, Mr. President, in she accept · the she insisted upon taking Kiaochow, and Japan stretched fonth invitation. her arm and. said, "No ; you can not take it; you must let it 1\Ir. McCl!J:~IBER. Is . he to-day? There is no use an. "Weriug. alone"? Does not the Senator know that to be tTue? it in nn evasive "Way. The league of nations provides f'Or the

Mr. McCUMBER. No; I do not. members of the league. It has- nothing to do with a proposition 1\fr. WATSON. Whether China could or could not 11m·e taken made outside. Persia is-not a .member of the league o:fi nations

it, does he not know that to be the historic fact? to-day. 1\fr. McCUMBER. No; I do not. Mr. FALL. Who i., may I a ·k the Senator? Mr. WA-TSON. Then L fear the Senator from North Dakota 1\fr. McCUMBER When "We get into it we will find out who.

l1as little studied the question. If the Senator from New Mexico has his way, of course; there l\fr. McCUMBER. I think the· Senator from North Dakota will not be any league and no one will be bound by it, but for

has studied the question as· well as the Senator from Indiana, the present there are certain nations that under the treaty are .and I de-ny the .Proposition that Japan_. prevented China from included in the league. doing it. She never encouraged her. That she discouraged her 1\fr. FALL. Will tile Senator yield? may be true. That she prevented· 300,000,000 people from seizing Mr. McCUl\ffiER. Cectainly. Kiaochow I deny. China did not have the courage to do it nor Mr. FALL. The Senator is much more correct in stating the the means to do it. position of the Senator from New :Menco than in his conception

Do not think that the Japanese had a very quiet,. ~asy job. of the views- of the Senator from New Mexico with reference to She is a fighting littre nation, as the. world found out, but it other as ertions that he has· made. took her some months before she got control of all the · German 1\I'r. McCUl\lBER. I am sorry if I have not pleased the Sena~ rights and before she defeated the Ger.mans. tor or agreed witii the Senator entirely.

Mr. 'VATSON. May· I ask the Senator a f11rther que tion? I 1\Ir. FALL. I am thoroughly pleased, but :r rose to ask for Mr. 1\fcCUMBER. Certainly. some information from the Senator. Mr. WATSON. Does the Senator not know that when J'apan The Senator has said that the committee voted to put ChiJ1a

tol)k po:-:. 't' s:-:ion of KiHochow she was not content with possess- in the place of Japan in the Shantung articles, and slap Japan

. -4360 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-BENATE . AUGUST 26,

In tlle face. · In the first place, I desire to state that the Senator is not correct in making that statem~nt. In the event the com­mittee had followed the suggestion made by the Senator and had simply tricken out the Shantung article from this treaty and such action had been ratified, where would the Shantung Prov­ince have been under the treaty? The Senator iS, of course, familiar with it. ·

Mr. McCUl\IBER. When the Senator is through, I will en­deavor to answer. He has asked two questions, and I will answer each of them when he is through.

1\Ir. FALL. I am asldng only one question. I said, if we had stricken out the Shantung article, according to the Senator's uggestion that 've should have done it, if we had not the desire

to ins ttl t Japan--1\fr. McCUMBER. No; I did not say that; not in that way;

but go ahead. · Mr. FALL. 1\!y object is to know if we had done what the Senator sugge ted, and had simply stricken out the Shantung article and this treaty was ratified, what position would the territory of Shantung under that treaty be in?

Mr. McCUMBER. Just where it is to-day. Mr. FALL. Where? Mr. McCUMBER. To-day Japan holds it. Mr. FALL. Does not the Senator know that under the other

provisions of the treaty the territory under the treaty, disposi­tion of which is not specifically provided for in the treaty itself, goP..s under the general clauses to the five principal allied and associated powers?

Mr. McCUMBER. 1\Ir. President, I do not think where the · treaty provides that certain territory goes to a certain country and then you amend that treaty by striking the whole provision out that the territory would fall ·under another general pro­vision, because it is a special matter on which the minds of the nations have met and it would simply be a new treaty that would come before them.

Mr. FALL. A.pparently the minds of the nations llaye not met.

:Mr. McCUMBER. Of course, if it goes back and all would agree to striking out the entire provision, it might go just where the Senator suggests.

Mr. FALL. The object -of my question was imply to develop the fact that the Senator has stated. If we had not desired, or if the committee had not desired, to slap Japan in the face and to insult Japan or make an enemy of Japan; if we had simply de-ired to wash our hands of it, we would ha>e stricken out the

. hantung article. I say the inevitable result under the treaty it elf would have been to vest all the title that Germany might have had in Shantung in the five principal allied and as ·ociated nations. Then what would ha>e been the result? We being one of the associated nations having the disposition of Shantung, would the Senator then have voted to giYe "it to Japan?

Mr. l\1cCUl\IBER. I would not vote for any of the e proposi­t ions. So the Senator is hardly in po ition to a k me if I had already committed a wrong what would I do then to add to that wrong. Now, let me answer the Senator.

Mr. FALL. I should be glad to ha>e tlle Senator uo so. That is the purpose of my question.

l\fr. l\fcCU.l\1BER. The Senator has not correctly stated my a sertion. My assertion i that when you ha\e a treaty whereby Germany renounces in fayor of Japan what Japan has taken from Germany and declare that the renunciation shall be in favor of another country which did nothing toward securing it, that is a lap in the face of Japan. That answers the Senator's first proposition. The Senator's second statement relates simply to the question of what would be done with the German con­cessions if we had stricken it out entirely. What I stated was that if you wanted to wa h your hands clear of the subject it could have been accomplished by striking out the whole thing rather than slapping Japan in the face by taking from her what she has taken by force of arms and giving it to a country that was too proud to fight for it, or too cowaruly, I do not know which.

1\Ir. WILLIAMS. May I ask the Senator a question? Mr. McCUMBER. Certainly. Mr. WILLIAMS. Suppose the committee had taken the

course which the Senator has suggested and had just. stricken out those three clauses, there would have been no mention of Shantung or Kiaochow in the treaty. Then there would have been left still ~ claim by Germany to her old property and still a claim by Japan under her treaty with China, and the two would have been left to fight it out with one another.

Mr. McCUMBER. Certainly ; there can be no question about it.

Again, the Senator from Idaho [l\1r. BoRA-H] finus some fault, I think, with the attituue of Ja11:in in not publishing to the

world some secret meeting minutes whereby it i a erted that she agreed to return the German conce sions to China . . Inas­m~ch as she has agreeu to it in a public treaty and has reiterated half a hundred times that she woulu comply with her treaty, why should you ask her to produce somethinO' else which may be of a secret nature to the same effect?

Mr. BORAH. Mr. President--l\fr. McCUMBER. I will yield in a minute. The Pre illent

gave his reasons. He stated that in those debates there ,...-as some feeling expressed, some aclimonious remarks made, and that it would be improper to publish them to the worlU. I do not know what they are, but I do know thnt if Japan should agree to a certain thing a thousand times, she could not make them any stronger. than she has made them in her note to hina whereby she declared positively that upon these conditions sh~ will return them all to China.

I yield to the Senator from Idaho. Mr. BORAH. l\fr. President, the a"'reement which is suppose1l

to be in the minutes at Versailles is a wholly different agree­ment, according to the Pre ·ident's statement, from the agree­ment which is in the treaty of 1915. It is a different under­standing and a different agreement entirely. The President refused to abide by the terms of the treaty of 1915, and had a different agreement with Japan, and that is the agreement which is kept secret.

l\Ir. McCUMBER. How does the Senator know it is a dif­ferent treaty?

l\Ir. BORAH. The President said so in his letter in reply to China.

Mr. McCUMBER. I do not know that there is any differ­ence on this particular proposition. There is no difference con­cerning the agreement of Japan to return the German conces­sions to China. The President so declared. Japan has de­clared it so many times and the President believes Japan will keep her word. I believe she will keep her word, and if she doe not keep her word, and if we have a "league of nations, then I believe we will compel her to keep her word.

1\lr. McCORMICK. Mr. President--l\lr. ~fcCUl\fBER. I yield to the Senator from Illinois. Mr. McCORMICK. I was going to ask the Senator if he had

o>erlooked the President's statement that he had specifi~ally declined · to recognize the treaty of 1915?

Mr. McCUMBER. I have not overlooked it. It doe not make much difference whether the President declined to do o or not; the fact remains that the treaty signed by the dele­gates of the United States and Germany and all the other na­tions did provide that the renunciation should be made by Ger­many in favor of Japan, and that settled the statements and declarations and attempts previously made.

Mr. WATSON. Has the Senator forgotten that the Pre i­dent himself said he did not like this? He i not in sympathy with it. Kone of the representatives over there were in favor of it; that they regarded it as an immoral proposition, but it was the one thing that "·as essential to saye the league, nnd that was the only justification for it.

l\!r. McCUMBER. I think I haye stated again and again that I would be far better pleased if Japan had not exacted these conces ions from China. But Japan saw fit to stand upon her rights. I doubt if the present administration of Japan could remain in power if Japan were not allowed to stand upon those rights and to give the German conce ions back to China, just as she has promised that she will give them back, without attempted coercion by another power.

l\Ir. FALL. Will the Senator yield for a moment? Mr. McCUMBER. With pleasure. · l\Ir. F .ALL. Those of us who· are opposing this propo ition,

and those of us upon the committee who voted to insert China in lieu of Japan, voted, or at least I voted, for that amendment be­cause the Shantung provi ·ion here constituted a joining of the United State , Great Britain, Italy, and Japan in forcing Ger­many to give Shantung to Japan, not to China. This is a treaty by which we join in forcing Germany to give possession of tile Shantung Province to Japan.. The Senate of the ·united States, in so far as the majority of the committee is concerned, ha said. we do not agree in that. We agree that Germany hall be forced to give it to China, not to Japan:

Mr. 1\fcCUl\fBER. Yes; I understand the Senator's position as declared by him. The Senator stated a moment ago that he did not vote for it to give Japan a slap. It does not make much difference what your intentions are when you do lap a country in the face, the reswt is the same.

Mr. FALL. ·wm the Senator yield for a moment? l\Ir. McCUMBER. Whether you call it a ~lap or whether you

say it was a gentle hint, or what other term yon maJ apply to itt Japan must accept it as- it i. giYen.

1919.- CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE. 4-361 :Mr. FALL. The Senator has just u ed the word " slap " when

a few moments ago when I wag attemptiyg to ask him a ques­tion and formulating a premise I understood him to say that he did not use the word .. slap."

:Mr. McCUMBER. Oh, no; I did not say I did not use that word.

Mr. FALL. I am going to quote, with the Senator's permis­sion now, because--

1\Ir. McCUMBER. Because I did use it and I have not for­gotten it. I used it in my address before I was interrupted~ and I have used it again since.

1\Ir. FALL. I will not interrupt the Senator to call his atten­tion to what he did say, but I will take my own time to reply to several assertions that have been made.

Mr. McCUMBER. The Senator can make the reply right now.

1\f.r. FALL. I propose to reply to some statements attacking the intentions of the committee with reference to this matter, and I shall do it in my own time.

Mr. McCU~lBER. It makes very little difference to me what the intentions are, provided they all look toward a certain pur­pose, and the purpose is clear to everyone; it is clear to Japan and clear tJ this country.

J.\.1r. FALL. I am ,5lad Japan has such an eloquent and learned interpreter.

Mr. McCUMBER. The purpose of the Senate is to kill the treaty. I say that I have no quarrel with those who want to kill it as to the method by which they accomplish that result. They have a perfect rif;ht to do it that 'vay if they see fit. My own conclusion is that their amendment simply spells death to the treaty. .

1\Ir. President, complaint is made against the treaty agree­ment that Germany should make her renunciation in favor of Japan. The President, of course, naturally clid not agree to that in the beginning and did not want to do it; the American delegates did not want to .,1o it; but here was the situation: Great Britain had said to Japan, in th3 stress and heat of battle, "You take those rights from Germany and we shall not object to your holding them." France said the same thing to Japan; Italy said the same e .. ing to her. Neither Great Britain, France, nc· Italy was in any position to back up the United States in its contention that J.apan should retain them. The United States was not strong enough to overrule the Japanese contention without the aid of the other great countries. And in the light-and I want the Senators to understand that-in the light of the agreement ily Japan that she would return the Ger­man rights tv China, and wi~h the statement upon the part of the Japanese rtvresentatives that she would return them, the American delegates consented.

Mr. NORRIS. May I interrupt the Senator? Mr. McCUMBER. Ye . 1\Ir. NORRIS. The Senator said that England and France

and Italy each said to Japan that if she would take these rights a way from Germany they would let her retain them. Does the Senator know that that agreement made with Japan on the one side and England, Fr::mcc, and Italy on the other was made more than a year after Japan had taken those rights away from Germany in China?

1\lr. WILLIAMS. It was written up that long afterwards. Mr. McCUMBER. 1\Iy statement, 1\Ir. President, must be

taken together. I said in the beginning, before these questions were asked, that Great Britain, Italy, and France wanted Japan to remain in the war ; they wanted her help ; they wanted her influence. I do not know when the negotiation was first start~d; I do not know how long it was before it was reduced to writing there was an oral understanding; but I believe that when J"apan went into this ''ar to perform her part in taking posses­sion of the e territories under Ger-man control she had an un­derstanding at that time, although it may not have been reduced to writing until afterwards. I agree \'irith the Senator, however, that it was not reduced to writing and agreed to until after Japan had virtually secured control of the territory.

l\lr. NORRIS. I want to ask the Senator if be will not agree to this statement-which I believe is correct-that the negotia­tions themselves show on their face that there was not any such understanding; that the German rights in China were not nego­tiated for by Japan, or anything done along that line, until the year 1917, commencing in January of that year?

Mr. McCUMBER. Well, about in January, 1917, Great Britain and France and Italy needed Japan mighty badly.

Mr. NORRIS. That is true; but Japan had taken the Ger­man possessions in 1914.

Mr. McCUMBER. Yes. Mr. NORRIS. So that the promise that she had from Eng­

land, France, and Italy that she could keep them could not

have been, as the Senator first stated, an inducement to Japan to take them when she did take them, for she took them before the promise was made? .

Mr. 1\fcCUl\ffiER. Yes, .l\Ir. President; she took them IJefore the written promise was made.

Mr. NORRIS. Has the Senator any eYidence of any other promise?

1\fr. McCUMBER. I do not know when the negotiations be­gan; I do not claim to know when they began; but from what I know of the situation I believe there was a tacit understand­ing of what the result would be from the very beginning.

1\lr. MOSES. Mr. President-- . . The PRESI DING OFFICER. Does the Senator from North

Dakota yield to the Senator from New Hump hire? 1\fr. 1\fcCUl\IBER. I yield. . 1\fr. MOSES. Would the Senator find any element worthy of

discussion in the fact that after Japan had been bribed at the moment of the allies' dire need the shameful bargain was kept a secret from the United States, when two or three months later we were besought to speed up our warlike activities?

1\Ir. 1\lcCUl\fBER. 1\lr. President, I know of no rule of na­tional conduct, moral or legal or otherwise, that requires nation, engaged in a war in which those nations have cobelligerents to pub:ish to the world agreements made with such cobelligerents.

Mr. MOSES. No; not to the world, but to their cobelliger-ents. .

1\lr. McCUMBER. Well, the United States was not in the war when the agreement was made.

1\fr. MOSES. No, 1\lr. President--1\Ir. McCUl\iBER. Therefore, those nations were under no

obligations to tell the United States what they had done. Mr. 1\lOSES. No, 1\fr. President--Mr. McCUl\ffiER. It will appear from the testimqny }?efore

the committee, from questions asked by me, that there were no treaties entered into or any kind of agreemei;!ts made after the United States entered into the war of which we were not fully cognizant. .

1\Ir. MOSES. 'l'rue; but the missions from all of our co­belligerents came here, sitting where you now sit, 1\fr. President, . and addressed this body a few months after we entered the war, and yet never a word passed from their lips with reference to the horrid -mess into which we were getting.

1\lr. McCUMBER. I know of no reason why they should han~ told us even at that time about their own private a'greements.

But I want Senators to remember as bearing upon the trenty. and in justification of the action of the American delegates-and I do not care whether they were the best or the poorest; whether they were dictated to wholly by the President, or whether they exercised their own judgment-that at the time it was agreed that the renunciation might be made by Germany in favor of Japan it was well understood that Japan under her treatr was to return the territory to China. That is the principal matter that we ought to take into consideration.

1\lr. NORRIS. May I interrupt the Senator? l\lr. McCUMBER. Yes. 1\lr. NORRIS. Referring to what the Senator bas saiU. about

these other governments and Japan having .this se~ret agreement, that it 'vas ·bo business of ours, and that they were under no obligation to tell us about it," for the sake of argument admitting that the-Senator's position is right, I want to ask him if he (}oes not think it was the duty of England and France and Italy at the time China went into the war to at least tell ·her that they had made a secret agreement by which they would carve her up when the war was over? Wa it fair to China not to tell her that when she went into the war?

1\Ir. 1\lcCUl\lBER. If China had made the same agreement, I do not know that there was any obligation upon them to say that they had agreed to the same thing tp which China had, preYiously agreed to.

l\1r. WILLIAMS. China agreed to it before she went into the war.

1\fr. 1\.:IcCUl\lBER. China agreed to it before she went into the war; China ngreed to it before the others agreed to it. So I know of no particular obligation upon the part of the other powers to tell China that they had agreed to what China had previously agreed to.

Mr. NORRIS. But the Senator from North Dakota admits, first, that that pretended agreement was brought about by force, by coercion, and, second, that it was never approved by the Parliament of the Chinese Republic, which I will show under the constitution of China was necessary in order to make the treaty valid.

1\Ir. 1\IcCUl\fBER- Mr. President, I haYe so often responded to that question about duress that I feel that I ought not to re­iterate what I have already said, bnt if it vlenses the Senator

4362 CONGRESSIO AL RECORD-SENATE. AUGUST 26,

to. ha\e me reiterate it, .I will again say that similar rights to those obtained by Japan through that agreement were obtained by practically the same kind of duress by other nations. What Japan secured tm~er that agreement was very little, indeed, and nothing more than was seeured by other nations of the world. The principal thing that she insists upon is that, inasmuch as France and Germany and Great Britain and Italy and Belgium have obtained concessions of little strips of territory in which their nationals may reside, China will recognize that Japan has the same right and will give her like concessions.

I ay that we are in no position to deny that to Japan. If we are in a position to deny it to Japan, then we ought to exclude both China and Japan fi·om this proposed league as beino- inferior nations and unfit to be recognized as proper a sociat~s.

1\lr. President, the Senator from Idaho justifies his belief a to what Japan will do by a declaration which he says was made by the speaker of the Japanese assembiS, who declared that Japan is not bound to retm·n the German concessions to China. Why did he say that? What was under discussion? What ha<.l been aid throughout the world upon that subject? What had China her elf done? China had said, " I refuse to sign this treaty, because it gives to Japan what I by my b·eaty gaye to Japan." Therefore, China has broken her treaty; and, if that be true, the other party to the treaty necessarily would not be bound by it. Then what would be the right of Japan? Her only right would be the right of conquest. If she held the German possessions at all she would hoid them free from her treaty obligations, and would hold them under the right which he had acquired by taking them from Germany. In that re­pect the tatement made by this Japanese legislator 'was. en­

tirely correct. It may be that there a1·e members of the Japanese Legislature

who- belie\e and who intend,. so far as they can go\ern the ques­tion, that Japan shall never release these pos essions; but. in the face of that i. Japan's treaty. l want her held by het· treaty; I want to put her in a position where she can not breach that treaty, where sl1e will have no excuse on earth for breaking it. I want,. then, to put her in a. position where if she does attempt to break it she will have a united world asainst herr

The flenator says that Japan under the conce ··ions-can select any amount of territory. lli. President, she can not do that in good faith. She could seize ali of China.. o.f course, if she de­sired to use force to seize it; but these conces ions- have come to have a well-defined meaning. They mean a tra.cf of territory sufficient for the residences of the· nationals of the grantee. That doe not mean all of China or all of Asia ; it means in the treaty with Japan exactly the same as a like character of con­ce ions meant in the treaties with France, Great Britain, Italy, Belgium, and a half dozen other countries.

l\fr. WILLIAMS. 1\fr. President--The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. CURTIS in thechaiL'). Doe

the Senator from North Dakota yield to the Senator fi~om 1\fis­~is ippi?

Ir. 1\lcCffi\IBER. I yield. 1\lr. WILLIA.l\lS. If the Senator will pardon me, the Senator

will remember the testimony of Mr. Ferguson, in which he said that this re er\ation could not be a very large one, b cause it had to be taken out of the Kiaochow concession, which in itself wa. not \ery large.

1\lr. l\IcCUMBER. Yes; and it collld not be \ery large for another rea on. A mile square might answer the entire pm·pose or 3 . quare miles might be required, and even that, I think, would be excessive.

~Ir. WILLIAMS. But outside of that the treaty itself says i.hat it shall be taken out of this conce sion and not el ewhere in lrina. ·

Mr. McCUMBER. l\lr. President, I have talked \ery much longer than I expected upon this subject. I am still convinced that the treaty provides the means by which Japan will be compelled to make good her word,. if she does not dO' so without the force of the treaty. I want Japan to keep her word.; I want China to be let alone hereafter; I want to protect her again t aggression from the Caucasian nations as well as from her neighbor, Japan. I believe that can be accomplished in this way ; I believe if we do not accomplish it in this way we will make matter a thou andfold worse for China. Therefore, l\Ir. Pre ·ident, I feel that we ought not to adopt the amendment to the treaty.

Mr. NORRIS. l\fr. President, I think I ought to avail my­self of this occasion to put into the RECORD one of the- sec­ti<~ns of the Chinese con. titution under which that Go-vernment e:s1·:stetl nt the time of the so-called tr aty 'vith Japan in 1915

and under which it still exists. Before I do so I want to say that, in my judgment-and I presume in the judgment of all who have given it any consideration-even that was immate­rial, because it had been conceded, and is conceded all o\er the ci\ilized world, that the treaty between Japan and China in 1915 was one of coercion, one of force, and that there was no moral binding obligation upon anyone to sustain it. We must remember that the treaty between Japan and China in 1915· was the culmination of the so-called 21 demands made by Japan upon China; we must remember that Japan a\ailed herself of rin opportunity to make those demands when, with the exception of the United States, nearly every great nation of the world was · involved in war. Japan then made tile demands upon China, a country with which she was at: peace and one of the then neutral nations of the world, witllout any pretense of any disagreement or quarrel of any h'ind witll China. Those demands came like a flash of lightning OlLt of a clear ky, and China agreed to the b·eaty growing out of those demands beQause of an ultimatum is ued by Japan and because of her knowledge that Japan already had many .·ol­diers- on Chine e oil ann would put m<>re there if China ditl not submit.

The. President of the United States just recently, in a state­ment which he issued. to the public, practically denounced this treaty of 1915r practically aid that it was not considered at Pari , an<1 he was so careful that the opportunity should not pass. that be issued this statement upon the heels of. the . tat~ ment by the repTesentative of the Japane ·e Government, in which reference wa made to the treaty With China in 1915, and the President practically repudiated it. Everybody lla cepudiated it, o- far as I know, tmtil it ha been defended here to-d~y.

But let us throw aside all thi . Let us a ume that it was honorable and. honest. Let us assume, f01.: the. sake· of UI'gu­ment, that there was not a tep taken in negotiating it but that wa on the square. What i - the result, then~ If all that be true~ still that n·eaty is- a nullity under the constitution of China. I do· not believe that it would be entitled to.., th.e: ap­proval o1· sanction of any civilized Ch1·istian nation, even if it had been appro:ved under coercion by their legislative body.

Does anybody contend that 1)lis treaty maue with. Germany, signed by the President, is legal an<1 binding upon the Uniteu· State ? Does not everybody know that the Con titution of th United State provides that that treaty mu t be approved by tlle Senate? So does the constitution of th R public of G'hinL, in the case of this kind of a nreaty.

Mr. OWEN. 1\ir. President--1\Ir. NORRIS. I yield to the Senator. 1\Ir. OWEN. I wanted to ask the· Senator, that being n·ue,

if Japan relinquishes voluntarily all except eertain re er\ed right , would' not that action clear the elaims of Japan down: to that point, leaving the remaining alleged rights that Japu.n might claim to· hold under the treaty of 1915 subject to con­trover y on the ground that even tho e alleged tight ha <.l no legal foundation, being based on dU1'e s and not having been ratified. by the constitutional authority of China?

l\lr. NORRIS. I do not know that I under tand· the question of the Senator. I was interrupted when he fir t started to ask it and I cUd not hear it all.

1\fr. OWEN. The question is this: lf the treaty of 1915 has no Tegal foundation under the constitution of China, when Japan, under this proposed treaty with Germany, CUI'rying out the promi e made by the prime minister of Japan, relinqui hes to China all except certain reserved rights, would not that clear up the question of everything except tho e re erved right and then would not tho e rights themselves be subject to challenge beca.u e not on a constitutional foundation?

Mr. NORRIS. I do not think so. According to my iuea., -there was nothing conveyed by the treaty of 1915-

Mr. OWEN. l may agree to that without affeeting the yalicl­ity of the question.

1\Ir. NORRIS. Any moL'e than iil the Senator from Oklahoma walked clown Penn ylvania Avenue and was. held up by a thug and had his pocketbook taken away from him ; no· man would elaim that that fact gave title fo the money and to the pecket­book that was taken away from the Senator.

1\Ir. OWEN. Granting that that i n·ue-and I agree with the Senator that tJJat would be true-then if the thug gi\e back everything except a small part, and that small part is subsequently challenged by me before a court, i not that a better practical condition than to leave the thng with the- whole thing?

1\fr. NORRIS. No; we nre not going to gi>e the tfiug any­thing. The proper thin:; i.' to take the· prop rty away from. th~ thug and giye it to the _ri •rhtful owuer.

1919. CONGRESSION~L RECORD- SENATE. 4363 ----,.------------------y~------------·--

Mr. McCORMICK. 1\lr. President, will the Senator from_ Ne­braska yield for just a moment?

Mr. NORRIS. Ye . l\lr. l\1cCORl\iiCK. In the discussion of what has been stolen

and what has not been stolen and its relative importance, Sen­ators seem to llave forgotten that the lease of the Manchurian Railroad, which was due to expire in 1923, if I remember cor- _ rectly, was renewed for 99 years. ·

l\Ir. NORRIS. Yes; there were a good many things that were etxended; of course, in my judgment, none of them legally. At least, I am not · willing to put my official approval upon a theft or a robbery of that kind.

Mr. l\10SES. l\fr. President-· -l\!r. NORRIS. Let me get this constitutional provision in

the RECORD. Senators may argue until doomsday, and even though all they contend for is right-that is, that the treaty for which tile Senator from North Dakota contends, the treaty of 1915, was legal and binding-even though it had not been obtained by coercion or fraud or threat, it is still invalid,. be­cause it has not yet been approved by the Congress of Chma, as provided in tile constitution. China is and was at that timo a Republic, having then and now a written c?n~~itution, a Gov­ernment that we and all the balance of the CIVIhzed world had recognized ; and article 25 of the constitution of China reads as follows:

ART. 25. The President makes tt·eaties, but should articles ther~i!l provide for any change of terr!tory or increase the .burdens of the Citi­zens the concurrence of the legislature shall be reqmred.

That is more explicit than our own Constitution. Hence, even though all that the Senator from North Dakota claims is correct just as be claims it, still that treaty is a nullity.

At the present time, '1\ir. President, I do not intend to go into detail-as I intend to do before this debate is over-in regard to the method in which that so-called treaty was brought about. It seems to me it is made sufficiently plain by their own argument. This is the first time that it has been defended, so far as I have heard, in the Senate or elsewhere, as being entitled to recogni­tion by a Christian nation or people; but when they do they 0'0 right in the face of the constitution of China itself, which, fri my humble judgment, throws their argument all to the ground and completely nullifies it.

Mr. KNOX. 1\Ir. President, I give notice that on Friday next with the concurrence of the Senate, I wish to make some obse~·vations in relation to the treaty of Versailles.

1\fr. BRANDEGEE. l\1r. President, the Senator from North Dakota [Mr. McCuMBER] alluded to the alleged fact that Japan had these concessions in Shantung by right of the treaty of 1915. The Senator from Nebraska [1\fr. NoRRIS] has just shown that that treaty could not be binding without the consent of the Chinese Legislature. I wi3h to ~ead a brief statement made by ­Dr. FerO'uson who was the advisor of the Chinese Government and of four ~f the Chinese Presid~mts, and is still the official advisor of the President of China, in relation to the character of the duress which was applied to China when she was com­pelled to sign this treaty of 1915 upon which aU Japan's present claim rests. I read from page 559 of the hearings before the Committee on Foreign Relations on the treaty of peace with Germany, in part 11:

Senator BRA.~DEGEE. What was the character of the duress which Japan applied to China in order to get the concessions which she did get?

Mr. FERGUSON. She had her force which she bad sent for the capture of Kiaochow still in the Province of Shantung, and scattered along the railway northward to Lung Kow--

Senator BRL'<"DEGEE. Do you kno~ how large that force was~ . Mr. FERGUSON. Yes. May I fimsb my answer, and then I Will ex-

plS~~ator BRANDEGEE. i beg your pardon, certainly.

Then 1\fr. Ferguson says, describing how far Japan had ex­tended its authority over the Province of Shantung:

Mr. FERGUSON. Northward to Lung Kow, westward to Tsi-nan F'u, the capital of Shantung Province, and eastward to Tsingtau. That fot·ce was officially stated to be somewhere between GO,OOO and 60,000 men.

l\find you, these were veteran Japanese troops, who had just uriven the Germans out of Kiaocbow.

Japan sent her tt·oops to replace either all those or a portion of those which she bad already sent as bet· expeditionary force against Kiao­chow. She bad already sent forces, but replaced them when these demands were being made there, so that the force which she had at that time must have been somewhere between 60,000 and 70,000 men in vari­ous parts of the Province. She did not take away the original forces that she bad sent new forces to replace, but left them all there until China had consented to her ultimatum. Furthermore, she assembled her fleet at Sasebo, her naval base, which is almost dit·ectly east and about 20 hours' steaming from Kiaochow on the coast of .Japan; and she had sent word through her consular officers asking all Japanes~ to come from interior places and report at coast towns. In my expenence, out~

side •of the Boxer year 1900, when -all _na-tions sent force~ to C~ina, there bas never been anything like the siZe or ~be thr~a.temn~ attitude of the forces of any nation such as Japan used m obtammg thts conces­sion from China.

Senator KNOX. What period of time did the ultimatum prescribe~ Mr. FERGUSO~. It was given to the Chinese Government on May 7,

shortly after noon, and May 9, at 6 o'clock, an answer was demanded. Senator BRANDEGEE. Do yon think that China would have gmnted the

concession to Japan in the absence of this mi_litar~ demonstrati.o~? l\Ir. FER<.USON. No, sir; it caused the restgnatwn of the munster of

foreign affairs who had made the negotiations, and a new man was appointed, Mr.' Lu-Cheng-Tsiang, who afterwards was sen~ as the head of the Chinese commission to the Paris conference, the Chmese Govern­ment fearing that this very question would arise, and showing by the appointment of the same :man as the bead of the <;:hin.ese deleg~t~on who had signed those treaties under duress her smcer1ty m !he posttion which she has consistently maintained that the treaty was stgned under duress. I understand from the Chinese delegation-! was. not present at Paris myself and only speak from the report to me directly by a member of the Chlnese delegation who was there-.Ir. Lu made that statement also to the Paris conference, that he signed the treaty of l\Iay 25, l!H5, under protest. .

May I state also, Senator, that in the official state.ment g1ven out by the Chinese Government after the conclusion of the negotiations and the signature of the treaty that fact is also mentioned?

So that. that treaty between Japan anu China in 1915 was ex­torted by duress, in the presence of the largest Japanes~ army that had ever been in China in time of peace, together w1th the concentration of the Japanese fleet to act in cooperation with it, from a nation who were given from the afternoon of l\Iay 7 to 6 o'clock on May 9 to decide whether they would have war made against them by the Japanese Army and the Japanese fleet, they being entirely powerless to defend themselves, .or whether they would yield up an integral part of their terr1tory; and there was nothing for them to do but to succumb.

Dr. Ferguson further testified, as the official advisor of the Chinese Government, that it had to be and had bee~?- the policy of the Chinese Government, powerless to defend Itself, aftel' making all the protests and arguing for the right as best they ~ould, to give these concessions to such nations as made sufficient demonstration, relying all the time upon tl1e hope that some day these outside powers which were invading China's sovereignty woulcl quarrel among themselves, and then that China could array one set of her despoilers against the other, and possibly reinstate her own territories within her own government; but he savs the iniquity of this treaty is that it destroys the last hope. of China. No longer can these powers be hoped to fall apart, and, in the conflicting interests of each other, finally to do jus· tice to China. Under this league and this treaty they all guar· antee that this wrong shall be foreve.r perpetuated, and they all consecrate it and lend it their countenance, and agree to main­tain the status quo, and therefore any glimmering hope that China ever had that Rhe mig.Q.t obtain justice through the lack of counsels of her enemjes is gone forever; and these people who are purporting to found a league to perpetuate peace to see international justice and mqrality among the nations, as de­scribed in the preamble of this treaty, present to the world the spectacle of first falling in unison upon the weakest member of the league and despoiling it ruthlessly, as an example to the wor·ld of how they will administer justice and equity provided this unholy alliance is consummated by the ratification and ap-­proval of this treaty by the great Senate of the United States.

l\1r . OWEN. l\Ir. President, in commenting upon the Rhan­tung matter a few moments ago I spoke of the advantage?us effect to China of the treaty in its present form when the title passes from Germany to Japan, and Japan carries out the agree­ment which she made with the nations of the world to return Shantung with certain small property reservations. Even in that contingency, China, having become possessed of everything except the reserved property r ights, would be in a position to challeno-e the title of Japan even to those reserved property rights ~n the ground that Japan had no right to enforce the so-called treaty of 1915 upon China by which they -had any reserved rights in Shantung. So in the long run it would seem to be more advantageous for China than otherwise. Moreover, China would be in a position with the league of nations estab­lished to plead the duress which bas been charged against Japan and to have set aside any rights that might be claimed by Japan under a treaty so obtained, and which was not approved by the constitutional authorities of China. The Senator from Nebraska says we will not give Japan anything by this treaty, but will take Shantung from Japan. We are in no position to give China Shantung, nor can we go to war to take it from Japan. ~he Senator is surely not advocating war as a preferable alternative. Japan hm~ Shantung. The German treaty provides a m~ans of its retransfer to China, all except small property_reservatwn and the land for a Japanese town, such as at Hongkong and Shang­hai, and so forth.

Mr. BRANDEGEE. 1\Ir. President--Mr. OWEN. I yield to the Senator from Connecticut.

4364 CONGR.ESSION AL RECOR-D-SEN ATE. AUGUST 26,

1\Ir. BRANDEGEE. May I ask the Senator, would not that a tribunal as a disinterested t l'ibunnl "\\hich i compo ed of the be asking China to appeal to the very po\\er · that perpetrated very members who have perpetrated the crime against which the· outrage to undo it? you are protesting.

1\Ir. OWEN. I deny that the powers llaxe perpetrated an out- M1·. OWEN. It requires unanimous consent for action, ac-rage. . cording to the Senator, and yet the Senator llas argued that this

Mr. BRANDEGEE. The Senator may describe it in such same league would .have the power to send American soldier ·, euphuistic language as he may, but would it not be appealing without the consent of Congress, to the ends of the earth. to the very powers that are now consummating tlle thing to be Mr. BRANDEGEE. I have not said a '\VOrd on that nubject. appealed against? Mr. OWEN. I used the Senator as an illustration of those

1\fr. OWEN. It would be appealing to the organizell, decent of his colleagues whom he supports who are so contending, be­opinion of mankind through the league of nations, established, cause he, in effect, is with them in making tllat argument. among other things, to hear such questions. . · l\Ir. BRANDEGEE. I do not \\ant to be responsible for '\\hat

l\Ir. BRANDEGEE. If it is not decent no'\V, wb~- would it be other Senators may say. decent after the league i formed? 1\Ir. OWEN. I am plea ed to see the Senator unwilling o be

1\Ir. OWEN. The organized opinion of manki.nd is altogether responsible for what his leader, Mr. LoDGE, strenuously urged decent now, notwithstanding the unwarranted slur of the Sen- on August 12 in his carefully prepared addres . a tor from Connecticut. l\Ir. LoDGE made this argument: "That the league could send

The reason why we have hoped that the organized op'inion American soldiers where it pleased," and now the distinguisheu of mankind would have some force under the league is that the Senator from Connecticut argues that the league is powerles to league is composed of all the free nations of the world, a con- right a wrong of any kind becm1se paralyzed by the requirement dition that could not exist until this war was terminated and the of a unanimous vote. military autocracies overthrown. It has been a strange thing to 1\Ir. FALL. Will the Senator yield for a question? me to see Senators who were in fa-vor of a league when the mem- 1\Ir. OWEN. Certainly. bers of the league would be monarchies and military autocracies 1\lr. FALL. One of the great free nations of the earth ·with opposing a league which is now to be composed only of free whom we are to be associated, and of which the Senator is such nations. an admirer, is this nation of Japan, is it not?

1\Ir. BRANDEGEE. Are they not no'\V free when they are 1\Ir. OWE..~. I greatly admire Japan. turning over part of a great republfc to an autocratic, oriental 1\Ir. FALL. Do you mean to say that Japan is a free Qoyern-government; and, if they are free now, why will they be freer ment, a representative Government? , after the league is formed \\hen they '\\ill haYe to do it by Mr. OWEN. I will say that Japan ha made more progress 1manimous· consent? ·in the direction of establishing free goTernment--

1\Ir. OWEN. The meaning of the term "a free nation" is 1\Ir. FALL. That is not the question. where the people have control of the governing power· and l\Ir. OWEN. Than any other nation in tlle world in the same where the consent of the go-verned is the controlling force and length of time. wher~ the sovereignty is vested in the people. 1\Ir. FALL. I have heard the Senator too often not to know

l\1r.. BRANDEGEE. But. 1\Ir. President--_ 1 the workings of his mind. He k-nows 11erfectly well that he i Mr. OWEN. The Senator must allow me to reply without in- , not answering ~Y question.

terruption until I get through with my reply, and then I will 1\lr. OWEN. The Senator would argue that because Japan li ten to and answer any other question if I can do so. A has a monarchial government therefore Japan i not a free league of free nations of the world is a means by which the nation. organized opinion of mankind can be invoked. It will afford 1\Ir. FALL. Oh, no; not nece sarily. I think Great Britain a fo-rum to China to which she can appeal against any injustice 1 ha a monarchial government and I think Great Britain is a perpetrated upon her by dures . If there i no league, if Sena., free nation. The Senator kno'\Vs perfectly well what I have in tors break down the propo ·eu league and prevent it, then there mind. i no place where the organized, decent opinion of mankind can 1\Ir. OWEN. I know Yery well tlle people of Japan had no make itself effective, and Crunu will have no recourse except hesitation in going to the o-ates of their foreign office and de-war if her -diplomacy fails. manding the action which they desired, and I regard that a

I yield to the Senator from Connecticut. fairly an evidence that they are not altog ther without orne Mr. BRANDEGEE. Of course, the Senator knows that such voice.

an appeal by China to the le..<tgue of nations would require the 1\Ir. FALL. Those ,,·ho needed bread knocked at the gate f unanimous action of them all. They can not do anything ex- Versailles, too, and knocked them down. cept by unanimous con ent, we are told. Furthermore, it 1\lr. OWEN. I think that i \\·hat the people of Japan '\\ill do would be au appeal to the very people "\\ho perpeb·ated it to if they do not have liberty. undo the very thing they have sanctioned. Great Britain, 1\lr. FALL. Ah, but the people of Japan have not done it yet. France, and the United States are just as free now, and, in Mr. OWEN. They are in a mood in 'Yhich it can easil u my opinion, much more so than they will be after the super- done and they hav~ the intelligence to do it if they are deni a government of the league is sa-ddled upon them. liberty.

But the question here i , Will this great free Nation, now Mr. FALL. Does the , enator mean for a moment to say that being free to act for it elf and by itself acco1·ding to its own Japan has a free electi'e Parliament? conscience, be as representative "Of American freedo-m and l\1r. OWEN. I mean to say that Japan ha a Parliament which American liberty when it lends the sanction of its ratification by its nature represents proportionally ancl fairly the elements of to what I regard as an outrage? Will it confirm as a part of Japan. thi · treaty the granting of loot to the country which has exacted Mr. FALL. How is the upper llouse selected? tribute from Ohina by force of arms? 1\Ir. O'VEN. The upper house repre.'3ent the old amurai anll

l\1r. OWE.i~. I should be better satisfied if the Senator would nobility. not be on both sides of the same question. What I mean by 1\Ir. FALL. Kamed by whom? that is, that the Senator says no action can be taken by the l\Ir. OWEN. They are nametl, I as ume, IJy the exi tin"' old leao-ue of nations because it requires unanimous con ent-- order.

1\fr. BRAJ\1)EGEE. I diu not. I said no action could be l\Ir. FALL. By the 1\likado, in other '\Vord ·? taken without unanimous consent or except by unanimous con- Mr. OWEN. Not by the l\Iikado, but by the little group that sent. urrotmds the Mikado.

1\lr. OWEN. He said no action could be taken except by 1\ir. FALL. By the 1\likado under the constitution of Japan, unanimou consent, and therefore there would be no forum in the upper house, which has a Yeto on alllegi ·lation, and a lower which-- hou ·e elected how?

1\fr. BRANDEGEE. No; I did not ay there "\\Oul<l be no 1\fr. OWEN. I think th lo'\Ver hou. e i fairly repre entath·c forum. I ~aid it would be very difficult to get llie unanimous of Japan? consent of all the parties who had decided the other way '\\hen· 1\.Ir. FALL. Electetl by re trict <1 suff_rage. Do yon mean to they were individually free to act. say that everyone in Japan ha · a vote?

1\Ir. OWEN. · The effect of what the Senator says i that there l\Ir. OWEN. No; I do not. can be no action by the league of nations becau e· it requires 1\Ir. FALL. I thought the Senator under tood my question. unanimous consent. · Mr. OWEN. I under tand the Senat01·'s que tion '\Veil enough,

l\Ir. BRANDEGEE. Ko; I ay it ''"ill be exceedingly difficult; I and I will say to the Senator that J"apan h. vinn- made a union and everybody know , I trust, who has the privilege of voting with Great Britain, Japan lmving stood with tlle Republic of or who can read in till country, that it i not wise to appeal to France and '\Vith Belgitml and "\\ith Italy and witll th United

1919. CONGRESSIONAL .RECORD-SENA'TE. 4365 States in this Great War for liberty and civilization, is entitled to the respect of the ' orld, and particularly of this great Republic, and ought not to be insulted on this floox.

Mr .. FALL. The SeuatO:r from .New Mexico certainly .can not be accused of insulting Japan. He has not said anything about Japan.

l\1r. OWEN. I have r eference to what took place 1011 this . fioor this afternoon, where Ja-pan wa being held l'esponsible for the bre.athing and the ambitions of the Order cOf the Black Dragon, the same kind of ·an order which existed in <legree as the Order of the Blac-k Eagle in Germany-the military or­der, the order that ruled in terms of force and brute military power alene, the order that would, if it had its way, organize mankind for battle and lead them to the shambles. But that order does not control .Japan now and that order is {lecauent. TJ1at order i. being .rapidly and -practically eliminated from the forces governmg mankind, and the Senator need not be any more afraid of the Order of the Black Dragon than of the Order of the Black Eagle.

Mr. FALL. We hav jut had omething to ao with the Order of the Black Eagle.

l\Ir. OWEN. I think we have llad something to do with the Black Eagle, and the Black Dragon will go the same path if it throws it ·elf in the })ath of the li!Jerty and happine s of mankind.

l\1r. FALL. I am curious to know the idea the Senator en­tertains of Italy. Doe the ·Senator understand Italy has a government such as that under which we live?

Mr. OWEN. I have a very interesting statement from the premier of Italy~Signor Nitti-stating in flat terms that the · people <>f 'Italy are as democratic as the peeple of America.

1\fx. FALL. I have a very interesting copy of the constitution of Italy, and I presume the Senator has H.

l\1r. OWEN. Oh, yes. Constitutions do not always describe aptly the :people.

Mr. FALL. Oh, no. Mr. O'VEN. People outgrow constitutions. 1\lr. FALL. Certainly. Mr. OWEN. People burst the bounds of constitutions when

they no longer fit, and Italy is making great progress in that direction, I will say to the Senator.

Mr. FALL. I have not reflected upon the Italian people or the Italian Government any more than tTpon the Japanese people and the J:apanese Government. I am asking the Genator, who is talking about our associates, the great free people of the earth--

Mr. OWEN. I regard the Italian people as a -rery great free people.

l\!r. FALL. A great free people .of the earth, and still their upper house is not elected, and it has the veto power upon any­thing which may be done by the lower house.

Mr. OWEN. Yes; and I will say to the Senator that until recently this Chamber was in a position where one Member could veto the whole Senate by unlimited debate, by talking anything to death that he aw fit to.

1\ir. FALL. He can do it yet, I presume. Mr. 0\VE.N. He ought not to be permitted to do it. 'Ve

should have the pTevious question or perfected cloture. Mr. FALL. So far as the rules are concerned, the Senate has

rejected the suggestion of the Senato1· from Oklahoma along the line of limiting debate.

l\1r. OWEN. They have adopted limited cloh1re }}ut ought to adopt absolute cloture. They will show better manners, better ability, and greater patrioti m when they adopt the suggestion .of the Senator from Oklahoma in this matter, as they did on the direct election of Senators.

1\ir. FALL. Of course, like the ele-venth man on the jw-y, the others are aln·ays wrong. Howe·n~r, the other fellows have the -rote .as yet. ·

l\Ir. OWEN. 1\Ir. Presi<lent--Mr. FALL. If the Senator \\"ill yield for a moment to en­

able me to make a brief statement, I had expected to reply to some of the obsei\Rtions of the Senator from North Dakota {l\1r. 1\lcCuMBER]. I shall a\ail myself of the earlie t oppor­tunity after the close of the morning business to-morrow to address my elf to some of the Jll3.tters which he took up, and also to some of the matters apparently .now being considered by the Senator from Oklahoma.

FOREIGN EXCHJL'\GE.

1\!r. OWEN. :llr. President, the favorab-le }}alance of trade for July of the United States fell off $400,000,000 from what it was last June, and the Senate sits talking all day and doing nothing to protect the foreign commerce of this country. I appeal to the Senate to give that matter attention for some of the hours of the day at lea t. I want to call the attention of

the Senate to one or two matters affecting that question. I have in my hand a statement from the premier of Italy, show­ing that Italy is abundantly able to meet an its obligations, and that he is taking the steps to put her credit on the same high plane it ;re..'l.Ched before the war, where its bond. were above par. Premier Nitti says:

~· Italy needs to .cut the use of red tape. Italy is poor at pre ent, but not so poor as people abroad seem to think. The trouble lies chiefly in the secret we have made of our difficulties.

"The POOI;>le of Italy have been told that the war has been won for no advantage because, owing to diplomatic and economic reasons, nll her aspirations can not be materialized. It is the greatest mistake imaginable. ·

" Italy has won the war and won it to very great and distinct advantage. We have now a solid frontier, almost impregnable. We are rid of the Austrian yoke which n-as n-eighing heavily on our shoulders and prev~nting expansion.

CITES ITALY'S RESOURCES.

"We are now free to work for our greater program, n-hieh is one ·Of economical and political enlargement.

" Europe will soon realize that Italy is at present the strongest nucleus of tbe European Continent. France, whose territory is two-fifths larger than ours, has a smaller population than Italy, And while we are to-day nearly 40,000,000, we shall exceeti 50,-000,000 in less than 10 years.

u We po se s a greater number of men able to work than any other country. This is more than gold. It is power. And by power I mean power to carry on a program of civilization and progress. We do not want nny other war. 'Ve want to be on friendly t-erms with all nations.

"The present misunderstandings, -originate« at the peace con­ference, will soon be smoothoo over. Italy is the natural friend o-f the United States and the natural friend of France.

"The United States will need labor in future beeause of Al:nerica's wonderful resources. Italy has got labor. good labor.

"This labor must not go to the American market and slump it \Vith offers of cheap w.age . Your American workingman has the right to protect himself and there.fore the right to protect his labor market according to the standard of prices he has -earned and set up as a result of the war.

HIGH •rAX 0- CAPl'.rAL.

"' Our v;·orkingman must submit to the same rule and not try to outbid his native colleague. The same applies to Franee. Our nearness, our Latin blood, our community of interests make the two co1mh'ies bound to become more ancl more closely friendly.

" It is a vast program of work and of reconstruction which lies before us. Italy is grappling with it in great style. Economi­cally we were sound. We have only $18,000,000,000 national debt, of which $4,QOO,OOO,OOO is with foreign counh·ies, chiefly America."

I pan e to say that the $14,000,000,000 of bondecl debt which Italy bus is owned by its own citizens and is therefore to be -regarded as a private asset while a national debit and does not impair the productive power of Italy or reduce the gro s value of its property.

The premier goes on to say, in speaking of this debt: "I am going to reduce it at once at least between four and

fi\e billions by enforcing a high taxation on capital, especially on capital recently earned through the war.

" 'Then I am going to apply a heavy tax on incomes. That \Yill give us enough to face the intere t aud charges on a new loan. The Italian people will pay. And in no time you will see our securities increase their -ralue. "

"We lla\e little food and practica1Jy no coal." \\ell, we shall find a way out of even this tight corner. I am positi-re that Italy has come out of the war in far better condition than many other allied countries."

The poteutial water powers of Italy will produce enough electricity to furnish an the light, heat, and powe1.· needed in all Italy-or in Europe for that matter-to electrify the rail­roads, furnish _all the factories and homes and munic:i})a1ities of Italy with heat and light and pon-er.

He goes on to speak of the new democracy in Italy, anu I respectfully call•the attention of the Senator from Connecticut [Mr. BRANDEGEE] to \Yhat be says:

'l'llE XE W DE~IOCllA.Cl'.

""~e shall soon rebound. Our natural re o:urces are going to be expl{)ited to the utmost, and the Latest American methodB are going to be applied.

"The American people will be tll~ fir t ones to und€r. ·tand my meaning, because it is in their blood to go to the root of any problem and to dispose of it quickly in the best possible

4366 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SEN ATE. .._~UGUST 26,

way. We oo not inteml to run after any chimeric, imperial­i tic Yi ion.

"The "·hole problem to-day reduces itself to a question of let­ting the people of our countries know each other better than in the pa t. Italy is as democratic as America; and from now on ~he people themselYes will have a greater share in the gov­ernment of the country. A new era is dawning over the world. The future belongs to the new democracy, founded on :work.''

I have the greatest confidence in Italy, and I am in favor of gh·ing a generou hand to Italy until she can recover the shock of the Great War.

To help Italy is to. help ourselves. Italy demonstrated dm·­ing this war qualities of the very highest nobility and placed the whole world under eYerlasting obligations.

Why should we not extend credit to industrious, thrifty, faithful Italy?

It is a shame to sell them dollars at 85 per cent premium because of their sudden great need. To take advantage of a friend's necessity is base indeed.

1\Ir. President, when the Italians buy anything from the Unite(] States they haYe to pay for it in dollars. When they buy dollars in terms of lire they pay 85 per cent bonus for the temporary credit required for them to make their purchases in the United States. The Italians can not stand and no other people can stand any such charge as that. Great Britain under­stands that perfectly well. There is in the Annalist an item of yesterday which I wish to call to the attention of the Senate to the following effect :

BRITISH CllEDIT TO ITALY.

"Great Britain is making every effort to keep. abreast of the United States in the fight for foreign trade. In its program of peaceful penetration of Italy it is announced that the Br·itish treasttt-y 'Win now perrnit three renewals of 90-clay bills granted in payment to1· B1-it·ish 1nerchandise bought to1· export to Italy; in other 1oo1·ds, one year's credit. .

"'British business,' says the American Chamber of Com­merce, ' looks upon this decision as of the greatest importance at the present time, when United States traders are offering Italian buyers special inducements to pm·chase American gooos.'"

What special inoucements of United States traders can oYer­come a premium of 85 per cent bonus on the sale of dollars?

I notice in the press a statement that I had sugge ted Italy pleoge her customs for credit. I did nothing of the kind and would oppose such a suggestion.

Italy has no need whateYer to do anything of the kinll, and I resent the false suggestion attributed to me.

So long as we furnished credit through the Treasury of the United States to the e foreign countries, of course they were able to buy American goods for their uses, but when national creoit i cut off they must rely upon the banks and· private inw tors.

Au editorial 'vhich the New York Times published on Sunday rather disclaimed the idea that the bankers were speculating in exchange. There i no financial reason why bankers should not speculate in exchange. They handle it as commodities. It is no accusation of private demerit on their part that they are specu· lating in exchange. They buy and sell exchange as they would buy commodities of any kind. They are simply commercial men engaged in such transactions. They have no public or political out~ in the premi es under our system.

1\loreover, there are wide differences among banker . Some bankers do not and would not speculate in foreign exchange any more than they would speculate in the stock market. There are others who feel justified in doing both.

There is a statement in the Bulletin, of Philadelphia, which calls attention to this matter and which I will submit for the REconn without reading:

" On previous occasions of the kind these bankrupt reactions in exchange have meant that the course of depreciation was checked for a longer or shorter period, but with rates left to fluctuate around a distinctly lower general level than before. The reason for uch changes in the market from after each decline in rates lie first in the fact that a good part of the accumulated bills which had been overhanging the market will have been sold and di posed of, and, second, that the speculators in exchange who had sold in connection with that legitimate trade movement had made enough to coYer their speculatiye commitments when the real liquidation ceases."

The only correcti\e for this matter, 1\lr. President, is the fur­n1shing of credit to the buyers of Europe on long time, and that can not be done by the banks. The banks haye a limit to their capacity. It mu t be done by the American investing public through a mechanism provided for that purpo e, or it must be done by the GoYernment either directly or indirec:tly. These

credits are partly of a political nature ·and OU<>'ht not· to be treated as purely a commercial transaction, for the reason that the conditions temporarily created by war are such that the ordinary banking system does not fmnish the credits which are required in so large a quantity for the rehabilitation of Europe.

Moreover, as a people we have extended to Em·ope credit amounting to $10,000,000,000. In order to safeguard those cred­its, to put the people of Europe in a position where they can more promptly repay, there ought to be extended the credit necessary to furnish them with machinery and raw materials, so that their labor can be made productive, and they can pay us back in the only way any people can ultimately pay any other people, and that is in the terms of their labor transmuted into commo<lities and into manufactured good .

I again call the attention of the Senate to this matter. I have taken the time of the Senate for these few moments in order to impress upon the Senate the fact that our favorable balance of trade fell off $400,000,000 in July.

I was to-day advised by a most responsible authority that New York Harbor was full of loaded ships-held up for lack of financ­ing their cargoes intended for Europe.

What is the matter with Congress and with the administration that these conditions excite no remedy whateYer?

Where is the managing director, Eugene l\lyers, of the War Finance Corporation? Where is the Federal Reserve Board?

The initiative in this matter is on the majority that con­trols this body, and I call their attention to it once more in the hope that some action may be taken.

The exchange rates being in the hands of a few are subject peculiarly to manipulation, and this is accomplished, in part, by short selling and arbitrary fixing of prices at which dollars are sold to those compelled to have dollars for American pur-chases. ·

If short selling and speculation and manipulation are persisted in in foreign exchange, a drastic investigation should be made of the whole matter, its cau es, its chief agents, and its effects, and I shall feel it my duty to demand it. Tl1is injurious condi­tion mu t be stopped if our national commerce is to prQsper.

I have been asked what "short selling" means. The short selling of exchange means selling sterling, franc, and lire credits for future deliyery with the expectation of getting the credits before the time of deliYery at a lower price.

For example, on tl).e hypothesis of active business to be transacted, an ~<\merican impor:ter wishes to import $1,000,000 of French goods and needs French credits on November 1. A foreign exchange bank, having no French credits available, sells him 8,000,000 francs deliverable November 1, 1919, for $1,000,000. The bank sells what it has not, expecting that the French need for dollars to buy American cotton, and so forth, in the fall will be so great it ·can then, by the sale of the dollar the French severely need in October, buy the franc credit -a French exchange--at a till lower rate and make a profit.

In the hypothetical case the importer, or a pure speculator for that matter, i..; betting exchange will be higher and the bank i betting it will be lower. The banker know the crop mature in the fall, that our agricultural crops mu t largely go to market, and therefore there will be a larger demand for dollars by foreign buyer , who mu t arrange exchange of foreign credits for American credits by selling terlino-, franc , and so forth, for dollar . Moreover, the bunker knows that he and a dozen others like him have the monopoly of the e transaction -buying and selling fpreign exchange. If he sells francs at 6 and buys at 7 he make · a million francs on every $1,000,000 handled. If he buys at 7 and exchange comes buck to par-5.18-be makes 3,000,000 francs on e1ery $1,000,000 handled. Inve tor ar now doing this. As our foreign exchange goes into the hundreds of millions of dollars, the temptation to gamble in forei...,n exchange is great. It is like the temptation of a dealer in roulette, who can measurably control his wheel.

When the bankers sell exchange hort it is to thf'lr interest to make exchange go lower, and they can accompli h this r e ult by arbitrarily refusing to ell dollar credits except at a lowet· price, and NO POWER EXISTS TO PP.EVENT IT, as they have a mo-nopoly. .

I think it is against the intere t of our commerce to pecu­late in exchange by short selling it. "IV'e injure our com­merce when we tax England 15 per cent, France 55 per cent, and Italy 85 per cent premium on sale of oollar credit . No one doubts that Italy, France, an<). Great Britain will soon react and be on a live gold basis, ano if they agree to pay us buck in dollars they ought to get credit at a fair rate.

We ought not to take advantage of the very tran itory con­ditions to oYercharge them for credit. We ou.,.ht to 1·equire good security anll give fair rates and for a term sufficient to

1919. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. 4367 enable convenient repayment. The banks handling foreign exchange ha\e not funds sufficient to fully cover this field. It requires either the in\esting public or the Government itself. I think both should cooperate under the bills now pending. The importer. and exporters are disappointed, if not disgusted, with the fatal apathy of Congress.

The injury which will result to our producers will react on Congres in due time.

The delay in establishing peace leaves the national credit of newborn nations in a sad plight because of the doubt as to their stability which is thus left in the minds of American banks and investors.

Whate\er i needed in legi lation is nee<led NOW, and I ap­peal to the leaders of the majority party in this Chamber to act.

l\fr. Sl\100T. 1'\Ir. President, I wish to refer for just a moment to the remarks which ha\e been made by the Senator from Oklahoma.

We are tol<l Uwt we must at an early date secuxe action upon the peace treaty, for the reason that if we do not do so our exportation · and our business with foreign countries will de­crease. I de ire to say at this time that America can not keep up the amount of her exportations, such as those of last month or of months previous, unless there is an entire change in the commerce of the world. England herself can not purchase the goods that she has been purchasing in America unless we our­selves import more goods from England._ There are only two ways, in my opinion, in which this change can be brought about. One is that America must buy more goods from foreign coun­tries, in order that the balance of trade may be equalized, for these countries can not pay A.merica the balance of trade to-day caused by the great amount of exportations a1,1d the small am9unt of importations unless America ad\ances credit to those nation . If the exportations from this country to foreign counb·ies continue as large as they ha\e been in the past year or two, and our importations are no more than they have been during those years, eYen our country can not extend the neces­sary credit.

\Ve must remember that we haYe a great deal of uncoyered paper in this counh-y, or, in other word;s, inflation of currency, and when 've stop to think that there are $56,000,000,000 of such paper in the world ''e will at once realize that there is a limit even to our own countt·y issuing more paper money.

1\Ir. Pre ident, I recognize the fact that the bills which the Senator from Oklahoma has inh·oduced, and which are now pending before the Banking and Currency Committee of the Senate, will, in a small degree, relieve the situation, but they will afford only temporary relief. The only way that America can afford even a halfway relief is for e\ery Ame1·ican citizen, rich or poor, to begin from this time on to economize and sa-ve. Not only do I call upon every ~<\.merican citizen to do so, but I desire to say that the Govermnent of the United States must begin to sa'e money if we are to assist in relieving the financial condition in the world as they exist to-day.

I expect in a little while, shortly after the pending bill shall haye been passed, to address the Senate upon the question of the high co t of goyernment. I give notice now of my inten­tion to do so in connection wiU1 the statement-for we must begin early a national program for saving. We may talk all we desire to about the high cost of living, and of the high cost of every clas of produce and goods in the United States, and we can pass all the laws of which we can concei\e or sug­gest, but so long as the inflation of currency in the world is so great us it is to-day, molmting higher and higher, there will be no way to make Y"ery much change in present prices. Until this condition is modified in ihe world, no remedy which we may at­tempt will be a complete remedy. I shall not, however, con­sume any more time upon thi subject this eyening.

LE~SIXG OF OIL LAXDS.

The Senate, a in Committee of the Whole, resumed the con­si<leration of the bill ( S. 2775) to promote the mining of coal, phosphate, oil, gas, and sodium on the public domain.

Mr. LA FOLLETTE. lr. President, I present a number of amendments to the pending oil-leasing bill, which I a k to ha\e printed and lie on the table.

The VICE PRESIDENT. It will be o ordered. Mr. SMOOT. 1\Ir. President, the Senate has now been in ses­

sion 6 hours and 25 minutes for the consideration of the oil­leasing bill, and up to the pr~sent time I think this is the fi1:·st reference that has been made to the bill. So I think I had better keep thr.t recor<l straight for the day and not ask for the consideration of amenuments to the bill or of the bill itself at this late hour.

MISSOURI RIVER BRIDGE.

l\1r. JOHNSO~ of South Dakota. The Senator from New York [l\1r. CALDER] has requested me to report back favorably from the Committee on Commerce, with an amendment, the bill (S. 2883) authorizing the Meridian Highway Bridge Co., a cor­poration, to consh·uct and maintain a bridge or bridge~ and ap­proaches thereto across the Missouri River between Yankton C01mty, S. Dale, and Cedar Colmty, Nebr. I a~k unanimous consent for the present consideration of the bill.

There being no objection, the Senate, as in Committee of the Whole, proceeded to consider the bill.

The amendment was, in line 7, after the word "point," to insert "or points," so as to make the bill read:

Be it enacted, etc., That the Meridian Highway Bridge Co., a cor­poration organized under the laws of the State of South Dakota, its successors and assigns, be, and they are hereby, authorized to con­struct, maintain, and operate a bridge or bridges and approaches

1 thereto across the Missouri River at a point or points suitable to the interest of navigation, in section 18, township 93, range 55 west, or section 13, township 93, range 56 west, Yankton County,· S. Dak., to the shore opposite thereto at a point in sections 11 or 12, township 33 north, range 1 west, Cedar County, Nebr., in accordance with the provisions of an act entitled "An act to regulate the construction or bridges over navigable water ," approved March 23, 1906.

SEC. 2. '.rhat the right to alter, amend, or repeal this act is hereby expressly reserved.

The amendment '"'as agreed to. The bill was reported to the Senate a amended and the

amendment was concurred in. The bill was ordered to be engrossed for a third reading,

read the third time, and passed. RECESS.

1\Ir. SMOOT. I moye that the Senate take a rece ·s until 11 o'clock to-morrow.

The motion wa agreed to; and (at 5 o'clock and 30 minutes p. m.) the Senate took a recess until to-morrow, Wednesday, August 27, 1919, at 11 o'clock a.m.

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. TUEsDAY, A1tgust B6, 1919.

The Hou ·e met at 12 o'clock noon. Rev. William Couden, late chaplain of the Second Diyi..:ion,

American forces in Germany, offered the following prayer : Deai" Lord, lay upon the heart of each the sense of responsibil­

ity to do his best, and give us all the tlu·ill and power, that issue from thankfulness to and trust in Thee, to attempt, to achieve, and to aspire. Abo\e all party names and obsolete slogans, all outgrown denominational shibboleths and narrowing dogmas, may we as a people, and particularly these Representative · gathered here this morning, work for the liberation of men from all unauthorized bondage and for the vision of the king<lom of heaven in the eye of the soul. In these days of newly re~ established peace amongst nations and yet of great social unrest be Thou the force and director of the powers of the social and international mechanism. Especially we ask this in our own land, because we feel that if America goes aright there is hope for the world, but if America goes wrong the whole world will be awry. Gi\e us, therefore, we pray, light and leading in the way and will of Christ. Amen.

The Journal of the proceedings of yesterday was read and ap-proved. -

A QUORUM-CALL OF THE HOUSE.

1\Ir. ·DOWELL. 1\Ir. Speaker, I rise to a point of order. The SPEAKER. The gentleman will state-it. l\Ir. DOWELL. The point of order is that a quorum is not

present. The SPEAKER. The gentleman from Iowa [Mr. DOWELL]

makes the point that there is no quorum present. ~fr. GARNER. 1\fr. Speaker, why does the gentleman make

the point of no quorum when we can get a roll call on a division 1 The SPEAKER. Does the gentleman withdraw the point? Mr. DOWELL. No. The SPEAKER. Obviously there is no quorum present. Mr. MONDELL. l\Ir. Speaker, I move a call of the House. A call of the House was ordered. The SPE~<\KER. The Doorkeeper will close the doors, the

Sergeant at Arms " ·ill notify the absentees, and the Clerk will call the roll.

The Clerk called the ro1.J., and the following Members failed tQ answer to their names : Ackerman Anderson Andrews, Md.

Anthony Babka Baer

Benson Black Blackmon

Bland, Ind. nooher Dritten

·4368 CONGRESSION 1\_L R.ECORD-HOUSE. AUGUST 26,

~~~~k:e Pa. ~~llr~a~ass. t~~it~~?· Brumbaugh Gandy Linthicum Burke Ganly Longworth

·Burroughs GarlaDLl Luce Candler Godwin, N.C. McClintic Canh·ill Goodall McKenzie Caraway Goo<lykoontz McKinley Carew Graham, Pa. Magee Carter Graham~, !ll. Maher Chindblom Greene, Ma Manu Christopherson Griest Mead Clark, Fla. Griffin Monahan, "'is. Classon Hadley Moon Costello Hamill Mooney Crago Hardy, Colo. Moore, Pa.

. Cramton Hn~k{'ll Moore, Va. Davey Hicks Moores, lntl. Dempsey Hill Morin Dewalt Huddleston Mott Donovan Humphreys Mudll Dunn Husted Neely Echols Hutchinson Olney Ellsworth .Tames Paige J<~merson Jefferis Parker Evans, Mont. .Tohnson, '. Dak. Porter Evans, Nebr. Kahn Rainey, II. '1'. l!'ield Kelley, l\Iicl1. Rainey, J. W. Fitzgerahl Kendall Randall, Calif. Floo1l Kennedy, Iowa Reed, N.Y. Focht Kennedy, R. I. Reed, W.Va. Foster Kettner Riddick Frear Kreider Riordan .Freemnn Lea, Calif. Rogers

Rouse Rowan Sanders, N. Y. Scully Shreve Siegel Sinclail· Sisson Smith, Ill. Smith, N.Y. Snyder Steele Steenerson Stephens, Miss. Stevenson Stiness Sullivan Sumners, Tex. Taylor, Ark. Taylor, Colo. Tilson Vare Volstead Walsh Walters Ward Wason Webb Wingo Wi e Woodya.nl Yates Young, N. Dak.

The SPEAKER. Two hundred ant.l eighty-three Members have answered to their name·. A quorum is present.

::\Ir. l\10NDELL. l\1r. Speaker, I mo\e to dispense with fue­ther proceeding -nuder the call.

The SPEAKER The gentleman from Wyoming moYe · to dispeu e with further proceedingN under the call. The que tion iB on a areeing to that motion.

The motion was agreed to. The PEAKER. The Doorkeeper will open the <loorN.

EXTEXSIO~ OF REMARKS. 1\lr. REA VIS. ~lr. Speaker, I ask lmanimou consent to ex­

tel1(1 my remark in the RECORD by having printe<l a lettet· of 1L~ postal clerks relating to the service.

The SPEAKER. The gentleman from Nebraska asks unani­mous con ent to extend his remarks by inserting a letter of six: postal clerks relative to the sen .. lce. Is there objection?

There wa no objection. RETIREMENT OF SCHOOL-TEACHERS IX THE DIS'IlUCT OF COLU~Bll.

The SPEAKER. The unfinished business to-day is the bill H. n. 5818, the teachers' retirement bill for the District of Columbia, on which the previou · question was ordered. The question before the House is the motion to recommit, offered by the gentleman from Kentucky [1\fr. JOHN SO~]. As many as are in favor of the motion to recommit--

1\lr. JOHNSOX of Kentucky. ~Ir. Speaker, on that I uemand tlle yeas and nays.

The SPEAKER. The gentleman frpm Kentucky demands the yeas and nays.

l\Ir. JOHNSON of Kentnck~-. For information, l\lr. Speakei·, I ask that the motion to recommit be read.

The S:PEAKER. Without objection, the motion to recommit will be read.

The Clerk read a · follow~ : ~Ir. JoHxsox of Kentucky mo>es to recommit the bill to the Com­

mittee on the District of Columbia, with instru.ctions to that com­mittee to report the same back to the llouse forthwith, with au amendment to strike from the bill on page 7, in lines 18 and 1!>, the following word : " The superintendent of public schools."

The SPEAKER. A many as fa\or taking the \Ote by the ~· eas and nays will ri e ancl stand until they are counted. [After counting.] Ob\iously a sufficient number ha\e risen.

The yeas and nays were ordered. The SPEAKER A many a are in fa\or of the motion to

recommit will \Ote "yea"; those opposed will \Ote "nay." The question wa · tv.ken ; and there were-yeas 117, nays 168,

ans\verecl "pre .. eut" 1, not \oting 144, as follows:

.\lexander Almon Ashbroolc A well Ayl'P~ Uankh atl Rarl\l~>y Dec Hell T:lrtnll, Ya. ntnnton nox l·• .n;.t .. l:t':ggs ~~ri !I!'OU

U\J1::1:•na11

YEAS-117. Byrnes, S. C. Byrns, Tenn. Cannon

· Cantrill Cla.rk, Fla. Clarlr, Mo. Cleary Coady

olller onna.lly

Crisp Davis, Tenn. Dent Dickin.on. l\fo. Dominick Dongbton

Drane Dupre Eagle Ecllols E>ans, Nev. Ferris Fisher Garner · Garrett Goodwin .. Ark. Hardy, Tex. Harrison Hastings He.fiin Hersman llorh

Holland Hudspeth Hull, Tenn. Jacoway Johnson, Ky. .Johnson, Miss. Jones, Tex. Kincheloe Kina Kit~hin Langley Lanham

. Lan.kford Larsen

·Lazaro -LittM

McClintic McDuffie McKeown Major Mansfield Martin Mays Montague Nelson, Mo. Nicholls, S. C. O'Connor Ogden Oldfield Oliver

Overstreet • 'aunclN'S, Ya. Padgett "ears Park Sells Parrish Sherwoou Quin Small Rainey, H. T. Smithwick Rayburn Steagall Ricketts Stedman Robinson~N. C. Strong, Kan . Robsion, Ky. Taylor, Tenn. Romjue Thoma · Rubey ,Thomp on, Okla. Ruclcer Tillman Sander., La. Upshaw

NAY, -168.

Venable Vinson Watkins Watson, Va. Weaver Whaley Wilson, La. Wilson, Pa. Wingo Wright Young, Tex.

And.rews, Ne!Jr. Bacllarnch Barbour

Good McArthur Hollenberg Goul<l Ur:tham, Ill. Green, Iowa Greene, Mass. Greene, Vt. Hamilton Haugen Hawley Hayden

McCulloch Rose McFadden Rowe

Beg a

Benham McGlennon Sabath

Bland, Mo. Boies

McLane Sanders, Ind.

Brooks, Ill. Brooks, Pa. Browning Caldwell Campbell, Kan .. Campbell, Pa. Carss

1\IcLaughlin, 1\licb.Sanford McLaughlin, Nebr.Schall McPherson Scott Macerate Sims

llays Hernandez Hersey Hickey Houghton lloward llud<lle ton Hulings

iacGregot· Sinnott l\Ia!lden ~lemp 1\lapes , mith, Idaho Mason .'mith, 1\Iich. Merritt Snell

Casey Cole

Michener tephens, Ohio Miller Strong, Pa. ~inahan, N. J. 'ummers, Wash. Cooper

Copley Crowther Cullen

l\Iondell weet Hull, Iowa. Hutchinson Igoe

l\loore, Ohio Swope Morgan Taylor, Colo.

Currie, Mich. Curry, Calif. Dale

1\Iurphy Temple Nelson, Wis. '.rhompson, Ohto Irelanu

Dallinger Darrow

John on, \Va~h . Johnston, N.Y. Jones, Pa.

· Newton, ilnn. Timberlake Newton, Mo. Tincher

Davis, IDnn. Denison Dickinson, Iowa Dowell

.Tuul Nichols, Mich. •.rowner Nolan Treadway

Kearn o· onnell Vaile Kelle1· Osborne Vestal

Dunbar Kelly, Pn. Kiess

Pell Voigt Peters Watson, Pa.

Eagan Edmonds Elliott

Kinkaid Klc<'zka Knutson

Phelan Webster Platt Welling

Elston Pou Welty

Kraus LaGuat·dia Lampert Layton Leblbach Lonergan Lufkin

Purnell Wheeler Esch Fairfield

RadclitTe White, Kans. Raker . White, Me.

Fess Fordney

Ramsey Williams llamseyer Wilson, Ill.

Fuller, Ill. Gallagher

Randall, Wi . Winslow

Gard Rea vi Wood, Ind.

Glynn Luhring :llcAndrews

Rebet· Woods, Va. Rhodes Ziblman

AN WERED " PRESENT "-1. Butler ·

NOT YOTING-144.

f~~~~~0a~ ~~eio~~h ~:~~iuMich_-Andrews, i\hl. Evans, Mont. Kennedy, Iowa Anthony Evans, Nebr. K-ennedy, ll. I. Babka Fields Kettner Baer Fitzgernld Kreider Benson Flood Lea, Calif.

~}~~~mon ~g~~Jr t::b~1~· Bland, In<l. Frear Linthicum Booher Freeman Longworth Bowers French Luce Britten Fuller, Ma McKenzie Browne Gallivan McKiniry Brumbaugh Gandy McKinley Burdick Ganly Magee Burke Tarlanll :llaher Burroughs Godwin, N. C. Mann Candler Golufogle Mead Caraway Goodall Monahan, Wis. Carew Goodykoontz Moon Cartet· Uraham, Pa. Mooney Chindblom Griest Moore, Pa. Christopher on Griffin Moore, Va. Clas on Hadley Moore , Ind. Costello Hamill l\Iorin

g~~ton ii!r~~hColo. ~~~~1 Davey Hicks Neely Dempsey Hill Olney Dewalt Humphrey Paige Dono'van Husted Parker · Dooling .Tames Porter Doremus Jefferis Rainey, J. W. Dunn Johnson, S. Dak. Randall, Calir. Dyer Kahn Reed, N.Y.

So the motion to recommit was rejected. The Clerk announced the following pairs: l\Ir. l\1ooREs of Indiana with l\lr. HAMILL. l\1r. l\1cKENZIE with 1\Ir. HUMPiffiEYS. Mr. McKINLEY with 1\Ir. KETTNER. 1\Ir. LONGWORTH with l\Ir. LEA of California. 1\lr. KREIDER with l\Ir. LEE of Georgia. Mr. FREAB wltll 1\Ir. DOREMUS.

· Mr:- BuRKE with 1\Ir. SmnfERS ·of Texas .

Reed, W.Va. Riddick Riordan Rogers llouse nowan Sanders, N. Y. Scully Shreve Siegel Sinclair Sisson Smith, Ill. Smith, N.Y. Snyder Steele Steenerson Stephens, 1\Iiss. Stevenson Stiness Sullivan Sumners, Tex. Taylor, Ark. Tilson Tinkham Vare Volstead Walsh Walters Ward . Wason Webb Wise Woodyard Yates -Young, N.Dak.

' Mr. KENNEDY ·of Rhode lslnnd ''ith 1\It•. BENso-:v 1\Ir. KAHN \Yith 1\II'. BLACK.

1919. OONGRESSlON AL RECORD-HOUSE. 4369

1\:Ir. JAMES with Mr. CANDLER. Mr. GRIEST ~·ith Mr. LESHER. 1\lr. ANTHONY with l\Ir. WE~B. Mr. VoLSTEAD with Mr. DoN()tAN. l\Ir. GAnLAND with Mr. McKI ~mY. l\lr. FRENCH with Mr. MEAt>. Mr. FOCHT witll Mr. MooRE of Virginia. Mr. ELLSWORTH with Mr. NEELY. l\lr. DYER with Mr. OLNEY. 1\fr. DEMPSEY with 1\fr. RroRrAN. Mr. WALSH with Mr. CARTER.

: ...

Mr. YoUNG of North Dakota with Mr. G~NDY. ' l\Ir. MANN with Mr. BLACKMO~. Mr. 'V ASON with Mr. BooHER. Mr. STINESS with Mr. DAVEY. Mr. YATES with l\Ir. CARAWAY. Mr. GRAHAM of Pennsylvania witli Mr. TA7LOR of Arkansas. l\lr. JEFFERIS with Mr. GANLY. · l\fr. JoHNSON of Soutl1 Dakota with l\Ir. FLooD. Mr. KENNEDY of Iowa with Mr. DEWALT. Mr. LUCE with Mr. l\1AHER. Mr. MAGEE with Mr. LINTHICUM. l\lr. ACKERMAN with Mr. WISE. l\lr. BLAND of Indiana with Mr. JoHN ,V. U.ar~EY. l\[r. BROWN':: with 1\fr, CASEY. l\Ir. BuTLER with Mr. STEELE. Mr. MooRE of Pennsylvania with l\lr. GAI.LTVAN. Mr. CHINDBLOM with Mr. Row AN. Mr. CRAMTON with Mr. SMITH of New York. l\lr. CHRISTOPHERSON with Mr. SULLIVAK. l\Ir. EMETISON with Mr. l\loo ~EY. Mr. PAIGE with Mr. MooN. Mr. SHREVE with Mr. EVANS of Montana. Mr. ROGERS with Mr. FITZGERALD. Mr. RIDDICK with Mr. GoDWIN of North Carolina. Mr. PORTER with Mr. GOLDFOGLE. Mr. MoRIN with Mr. GRIFFIN. 1\!r. EvANS of Nebraska with Mr. Sissox. 1\fr. CRAGO with Mr. STEPHENS of Mississippi. Mr. FOSTER with 1\fr. BABKA. l\Ir. CosTELLo with Mr. STEVENSOL . The result of the vote was annouce<l as above recorded. The SPEAKER. The question is on the passage of the bill. Mr. HASTINGS. Mr. Speaker, on that I think we ought to

have the yeas and nays. The SPEAKER. The gentleman from Oklahoma demands the

yeas and nays. The question was taken, and 35 Members rose. The SPEAKER. Not a sufficient number. Mr. HASTINGS. Mr. Speaker, I demand the other side. The SPEAKER. There is no other side. The question is

whether one-fifth of the Members present demand the yeas and nays. Two hundred and eighty-five Members voted a moment ago. Thirty-five is not a sufficient number, and the yeas and .nays are refused. The question is on the passage of the bill.

The question was taken; and on a division (demanded by Mr. RUBEY and 1\Ir. BLANTON) there were 159 ayes and 73 noes.

Mr. RUBEY and 1\Ir. BLANTON made the point of no quorum. The SPEAKER. The Chair will count. [After counting.]

Two· hundred and twenty-three Members present, a quorum. 1\Ir. ALMON. A parliamentary inquiry, Mr. Speaker. The SPEAKER. The gentleman will state it. 1\Ir. ALMON. Would it not be in order to now make a demand

for the yeas and nays on the bill? There is such a wide differ­ence of opinion. I am opposed to the bill and would like to go on record.

The SPEAKER. That request was made once and refused. Mr. ALMON. I make it again. The SPEAKER. The gentleman can not make it again. The

ayes are 159 and the noes 53, and the bill is passed. Mr. MAPES. Mr. Speaker, I move to reconsider the vote

by which the bill was passed and to Jay that motion on the table.

The SPEAKER. The gentleman from Michigan moves to re­consider the vote by which the bill was passed .and lay that motion on the table. Without objection, it will be ordered.

Mr. BLANTON. I object. The SPEAKER. The question is on laying tlle JDDtion on the

table. The question was taken; and on a division (d~manded .by Mr.

BLANTON) there were 184 ayes and 4 noes. Mr. BLANTON. Mr. Speaker, I make tlle point of no quorum. l\lr. REA VIS. Mr. Speaker, I make the point of order that

that is dilatory.

LVIII--276

The SPEAKER. The Chair thinks that be must count. [Afte.r counting.] Two hundred and twenty-three Members present, a quorum, and the motion to lay the motion to reconsider on the table is carried.

Mr. WOODS of Virginia. · Mr. Speaker, I ask. utumimous con­sent to extend my remarks in the REcoBn on the measure just , passed.

The SPEAKER. The gentleman from Virginia asks unan­imous consent- to ~end his remarks in the RECORD on the measure just passed. Is there objection?

There was no objection. TARIFF ON PEARL BUTTONS.

Mr. FORDNEY. Mi. Speaker, I mo\e that the House resolv-e itself into Committee of the Whole Hou ~- on the state of the Union for the consideration of the bi1I {H. R. 7705) to amend section 339 of the tariff act of October 3, 1913, in resuect to the tariff on buttons of shell and pearl; and ~g _that I ask unanimous consent that one half of the time in general debate be controlled by the gentleman from North Carolina [Mr. KITcHIN] and the other half by myself, and that we run along without fixing the time until later on.

The SPEAKER. The gentleman. from Michigan moves that the House resolve itself into Committee of the Whole House on the state of the Union for the consideration of the bill H. R. 7705, and pending that asks unanimous consent that the control of one-half of the time for general debate be by himself and one-half by the gentleman from North Carolina [Mr. KITCHIN]. Is there objection?

Mr. GREEN of Iowa. Reserving the right to object, I would like to get an understanding of the situation. I want to as~ the gentleman froin Michigan in reference to the plan. As I understand it, the debate to begin with will not in all proba­bility be in relation to the bill, but subsequently, when we get through with the extraneous remarks, he will move to rise and have the time fixed and debate confined to the bill itself.

Mr. FORDNEY. Yes. 1\fr. GREEN of Iowa. I ask this in order that Members may

know what is going to come, and I understand it is agreeable to the ether side.

Mr. KITCHIN. That will be all right; we will run along until these gentlemen who have asked for time get through with their remarks.

Mr. GREEN of Iowa. And after that we "\.vill confine the· debate to the bill itself?

Mr. KITCHIN. Yes; and agree on the time. The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the gen-

tleman from Michigan? There was no objection. The motion of l\fr. FoRDNEY was.. agreed to. Accordingly the House resolved i~ into Committee of the

Whele House on the state of the Union, with Mr. FEss in the chair.

The CHAIRMAN. The House is now in Committee of the Whole House on the state of the Union for the consideration of the bill of which the Clerk will read the title .

The Clerk read as follows : A bill (H. R. 7705) to amend section 339 of the tariff act of October

3, 1913, in respect to the tarilT on buttons of shell and pearl.

1\fr. FORDNEY. Mr. Chairman, I ask unanimous con....;;ent that the fiTst reading of the bill be dispensed with.

The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman from Michigan asks llDani· mous consent that the first reading of the bill be dispensed with. Is there objection?

There was no objection. l\lr. FORDNEY. M.r. Chairman, I yield 30 minutes to the

gentleman from Wyoming [1\Ir. l\IoNDELL]. THE MONDEI.I, SOLDIER SETTLEMENT BILL.

Mr. l\101\TDELL. Mr. Chairman, I feel like apologizing to the House for discussing a matter not related to the bill before the House, and particularly a matter on which the House may not be called upon to vote for some little time, for a few days at least.

My excuse for doing so is that the question I desire to dis­cuss is, in my opinion, a tremendously important one, one that must be met, and I am afraid that in our very great interest in other matters, the necessity of giving attention to the legislation directly before the House and the committees of the House, Members have not given this matter much consideration. I ask your indulgence while I discuss for a few moments the purposes and provisions of H. R. 4871 the soldier settlement bill.

From the time o~ the signing of the armistice and before_ thoughtful men have been C<>nsidering the problems of recon­struction and restoration-problems related to the hoped-.for

4370 C0NG~ESSI<JNAL RECO~D=-HOUSE. .AUGUST·r 26,.j --

return 'to normal c<>mlitions; problems the' solution of-which,shall It is true that in several of the :western S.fxtes.£ree 1nnds:tt:r·e start the Nation on that long road of ·peaeeful ',l)rogress nnd to be found which, while they are not as fertileJ ior well wat.ered l lprosperitywhicb: we-hope lies· before us: :Afid·as welllave ·thought as the lands of the Mississippi Vll.l1ey, still afforo•o-ppor:tlinitl.es 'of these things our minds have naturally turn.ed to the question for those who desire to enguge·• m othe·!·clnss.. .of stock-raising , of what could be done and what.ought.to ~be · done to...insure ·for farming to which these landS ru·e adapted: .lit :is also ·true that l the •returning· oldler :conditions of opportunity· stlch ·as ·men there are still some sections of the:-'countryriwhei"e ' lands ·are who have offered their lives to their country are entitled to available and within reacli.:·of" 'those:· o:t..Jimited means- and ·of have. strong faith and earnest purpos-e; : . · · . ·

~ Of cmu·se;no .one who has given.:serious thought· to. tllese .things As we survey the field, however, vve- ar~' remincted of the fact has done so on the theory . h:rt. it would be neces:sltrrto create tllat the opportunities for secui"ing ·fai'm-hom~s are by no ·f.neans ) or provide by legislative action such opportunities-:fot· all of the equal · to the demand for such opportuniti which m·e certain · millions of men who entered their country's service. It would to come from the·-men wlio -a1;e returning from~ theiJ'.-c01Jllb:'Y's 1

be a sad .commentary on the Republic ind-eed if that were true. service. This was the situation as it ·.a:prfeared ,to -those who I The resources, illdush·ies, . and institution~ of the country, .for . gave thought to these matters and plann~d .1tild 'jmrPose€H.n the ; which these gallant men served -and fought, afrord and provide · hope of devising some plan whereby in~ addition ta rthe bound-

1

the most wonderful opportunities that men have ever enjoyed, less opportunities which the coun.try 'affortls •in in(lusfry··and 1n: and, speaking generallyt the-soldier of the Greif.t 'Var .who re- agriculture; furth'e'r · oJ)porttrnities both· for 'Eim:ployitient and 'for turned uninjured and unimpaired in health asks nothing of his securing a permanent foothold on-tlie: soiHtnd I a permanent home counh·y save that whole-heart&l app1·eciatlon of his service nnd under one's own·vine and 1fig. tt e -lpight tie pro!'ide<t . · sacrifice, which is asstu·ed him, and an opportunity-to 1wove li1m- The question was, How should we go · abont it!_ ·'Tne countr~ self in a fair field. .,..,

A -very great majority of our soldiers of the Great 'Var will has already provided a plan whereby tho~e' having •sufficient tu h t tin fu ui means to make payment of half. th~ vahle -Qf a farm bam~ may,

re rn orne o con ue e·pm''S ts, plans, and pmpo es of -the secure the balance on long time and at -a low rate· -o1 interest,. <lays before their Al'my ser,'ice. Many will .find . thejr oppor- and whereby those already ·ha inz -au iriterest ' in ' farm • lands tunities in the growing and ...e~nnding interest and · ind. us tries ~ of the .section ofthe country from which they came. ·others will or homes may secure on favorabie ·ter,ms a ·lpan equal to 50 • seek entirely new"iields and pursuits -and will ·find their• oppor- ' per cent of their unincumbered p.'Offlings .. · 'Tlie' fatm·loa:n ·act, j tunities in ·town or country, in the·section of the Union that may . while its terms are ·perhaps' 'asHJ.ibe~nr ·as · a" souli'cl- J)dbfic, policy, attract their adventurous footsteps. In short, the great uody "of justifies ~n the case of those -'\vn~ · '&Wl_l' :o~ seeJ{ is~Iuted- ·individ~ I the ·returning soldiers will, barring some national visitation "of ual holdmgs, does ·not meet -the )ea.se: '-Qf ; th~ ·lfeturnlng soldier, business stagnation or financial panic;whicll is wholly unlikely, with but little, if anythirig, in t the- wqy··~~!tV}Dgs, -and·particu-find abundant opportllnities awaiting them. larly he whose first need is immediate employnient. - · ·-

Whtle a.U this is ·true, . it iS also · true that in the plans ·of Fortunately, we are not altogethei- -idck.ing in ' e-Xamples or , thoughtful men touching-the future there has been constantly · experience as to the means and MethOds which . may ·•be·,sa.iely.,' the thought that ·notwithstrrndln-g the limitless- ·opportunities employed to enable tllose of eaniest ·purpose, -,but having little .which a ·conn try like ours -a.'ffol·ds and will afford to 'the stout in the way of :nrilteria'l resources,· to est~lifliSil.'ibemselves in' com· hearts, willing hands, and enthusiastic spirits of the .returning fortable, satisfactory, and sustainin.g·• facln ' hom.es: ·, · soldier, tt was-incumbent npon .the country as a measm·e and a Our own experience. under J:h.e'''l'ecl'amatiqn ~ proj~c:t~.1 ~0f ·the token of appreciation, and out ·of abundance of -caution .in . pro- West ::fford an illpstration...;of "tb,e ·value: o~ :cl)O~d~~d .imd 'co- 1

vjsion, to a.fford certain opportunities other and beyond those operative effort. The ·expel.·f.ehee •o:f' ;~~s ;~re~gn· ·peoples which the · country now n.frortls o:nd ·which would be available have afforded helpful suggestions: 'The most: recent; · ap.d per- · 'to uch oethe l.'eturnino- soldiet:S as might need employment or j haps the most helpful, obj~ct '· ~essori comes ·to :uS' .from · far ] have some. difficulty in ftnding opportunities to their liking. AustraUa~tirat pro~es ive -Co~munwealt!t , \VhlCh 'haS '.:I~Ofuted I

It would be an aWful indictment of the Republic ·for which the '"ay '1~ -several · liDporta~t ·ltrres"-7:-fot· mstance, 'in;'ttie -per­these men .fought should they return home to u. condition of feetion 'of -systems of land fl_tle ,- nnd particul~rly ·in ~ the: im< things which would necessitate the inauguration-of -special gov- prov.ement of bal~ot. and election law~. Austra'Ii.a"S' phlns, iong 1 ern mental activities, or legislative proVisions for especial op);>or- carr1ed out by a di~lrrgulshed' Ame:ctc~n. D~'.-'EI:wood . feade, j tunities, other than those which the country affords f 01• ihe have been adopted with ,great success by .Californra,. :where the , gr.eat majority, or apy very considerable portion ·or these, the Durham Colo~y afror?s··.a~ ·· oQ-j'e~t ~ssop· of wh~ _'can be' done ' most efficientJ energetic, and .capable of om· citizens. But it is th:ou_gh public age~CIEfs· 'ID' .a:ffordu~~~;opportumties~· for:' home not only u. .mark of appreciation, llnt a measure wai~ranted by bUilding ·and farm-land dev!=!lopment~ ·· : .· · · . our ·peculiar regard for the returning soldier, that certain op- E/xperience at home .ana ' abroad .b~s demonstrated the .fact p9rhmities should be afforded other .th~ -those which now exist, that a . :Policy intended, .to afford· dJ;itJ<)rtimities to men 'o'f limited . to such of them as for variou:s·Teasons desire to avail themselves ca.pital or sanngs .fol· 'fartn-bdrne e.wnm.,.· must; 'fu•st :of 8.14 fur- ~ of such opportunities. nish employment, at ' least. to those wnu· qesir:e that their period

It is entirely logic-al and natural that the thougllts of tho e who of .saving with ·a view· ·of farm-hom~.· owning shall . be. . ih the ha Ye studied and considered these things should have turned to vicinity '.-of br' P1 connection , with. the !(fe'\telo.ptnent .Of J;he future the soil-to Mother Ear~th-to these enterprises and occupations home. This .'being true, 1t 'fotlO.w.s.,ili ]1'$uclL ·a ,pQllcy: must in· which constitute the most natural and the sanest of all human volv~ .deveiop1Uent and ·· impL-o.\eii}ent, -.:first,. ·that - th~ ... necessaryr activities, us well as those most· essential to the maintenance of employment J.IiaY., .be furnishkd, ·,.an.d,. stUl: mor~ ilnpg-ftallt, ,that human life and tile perpetuity of human institutions .. i:tr ·their the futur~ o~n~.r -may sect,n;e ·. tp.~· l:)tmettt ;o'ftlle ,mcrement ,:which best form. arises out ·or the' devetopmen't of_lti . ~l'.~tt:v; fr.om ~n. ::taw, ·wuc1, · Furthermore, it is peculiarly in harmony with our exi>erience , and unat~ractiy~ 1S1:ate''itttu . Ob~ ;in ;whiCh ' it be~om ·.· fie~elot>ed,

as a people to think of opportunities baseu on the soil and its a~tra·cttve:, . a1ld''in"con.di1;1dp..:f01'. inuneclifite·.r-emu.nera~ve "QSe . . j f~rtility in c<;mnection with .our appreciation of, -care, and regard . To' ·s~cure tflese·neces ~ry . cond.itfans. 'th ,p.lnn ·a~®ted ~~us~ '_ for our fighting men, tor all of our wars ·nave 'heen followed by mvolve the ' improvement and development of reasobably . com­periods of liberal land legislation ·ancl remarkable and"unusual -pact tract.$ of consideraple area. first. to render practi~ble' the.r land development. ca1Tying on of-the .. work of improv~.n:u;m:t and de.'V~ldpment under • The glorious victorjes-of the-&word have .been followed by the }Jroper supervision .and with ~~~ 'orgqn.iZatlcliL an.d ,the:.use .(lf

b.lessed victories of peaceful land conquest and home building. su'Ch touls -1ls Wil1. produc-e ·i;.h-e . manmum· benefit _'r).t;. • .the mini­':Che men of the ar·mies of the-Revolution and of the War .of :1812 mum of cost, ·and,' -se<m1d; in ortle:C~Ilt th~ ~ 11nde'ttn.kiug ·may, poured over the barriers of the Alleghenies to .find homes on have the benefit 'nlld :nd,•a'n'tag.e ~ "'f" the il:f$Pimtiun. ttnd. en- . the headwaters of the rivers that seek the Gulf of lfexico arul thusiasm ' which, ·undel'' 1Pr<)pet' 'Ol'ganizatldn, attends the' 'United , t!te soldiers of the Civil W~r _carried _the conquest to. th~ .fur- effort of a .c?.q:tmunity to:vartJ ep~ Proposed Wld ~nten.de~ ~o ; the t confine of the terrl.tory drUilled by the , Father .,of a? van~~· th,e 1.:¢~e~ ~mtl opp.a,rtqi:Iit}es of c.ach nn~ .evet:Y .md1- · Waters and to tile lands of the western lope. It is true that vidual m .the coinmnnity. . . 1

oply a comparafiv ly small precentage of the soldiers of these A ·curefu1 re~e.w of tile comlitlons. ~ ,I ua·ver·out'fuied them wars tried th ir fortunes on the .new lands; nevertheless the and a t~oughtt\Jl consideration of. the ·problems · iri~olveu have total was large and the soldier-who left the old home to try his bl"ought a large majority o'f those who had ·given these matters c}lances.ab,road left ,.a hetter opportunity ,for .those who remained, consideration to . approximately .ide.ntica) , >iew .. as t9 what a'ml the one man out · of a score in shop or. factory who sought should be done on behn\f.. :r: ·~e;i·etur.o_lng ,solCI,ie1:; as to :wbat t:l;le. e opportunities on the land reduced the competition and could be done in- .a.. p,f'acti~al -and.:rielpfQl l :wny. ~-The ~eneral Improved tlle opportunities of those who rema~ne.d. plan whiCh ;waS :fuialJy .e ·' ol J!.d fiodS ' i legisialiY. '. outline in i ~Hut the boundless opportunities fo1~ new lADd conquests ancl ·H. R. 487, l'ep6rted' by the ·gen leman fr Iil Orego'n'. [ Ir. Sm·-1

fo1· ne\ fm·m home building of tho e otbfr <lays ·no longer exist. NOTT] from the Committee on the Public Land . ·

1919. } . J.. OONGRESSIONA:L RECORD-HOUSE~' 4371 The bill bears my name, but I claim no credit as a discoverer

of . the plan which the bill proposes to carry into effect. In fact, I · know of no one who may }Jroperly figure as the Columbus of thls legislation. No one inventecl it, because it is not an inven­tion, much less an experiment. It is the legislative expression of a plan and po1icy that in a more or less modified way has had its successful demonstration in the practice and experience of our own country and of various peoples across the seas.

The general plan which the bill embodies has been referred to by some as the " Lane plan," because of the earnest ind9rse­ment of the fundamental features of the plan by the present Secretary of the Interior. Secretary Lane has long been a stu­dent of the questions involved and has been most earnest, faith­ful, and helpful in his. advocacy and indorsement of a plan of development and settlement for the benefit of the returning soldier.

My interest in the returning soldier-my knowledge of what had been done at home and abroad in aiding men to serve them­selves and their country at one and the same time by the devel­opment and acquisition of homes-led ~me to introduce a short bill in the last Congress, contemplating the policy which has been more fully developed in the bill now under consideration. Measures proposing the carrying out of a plan of soldier settle­ment were introduced by a number of gentlemen...:_Democrats and Republicans-one by the gentleman from Colorado [Mr. T·AYLOR] was reported by the Committee on Irrigation· of Arid Lands in the last Congress. .

The Committee on Appropriations, of which I was at the time a member, reported and the Congress · provided in the sundry civil act for the fiscal year which ended June 30 last an appro­priation of $100,000 for the pul*Pose of enabling the Secreta·ry ~ of tfie Interior to make investigations with' a v.iew of secriring in­foTmation as to the locality of land that would furnish desirable projects under a plan such as is proposed in this bill, and such investigations were. carried on e::densively. The matter was, therefore, squarely before us at the beginning of this Congress. ~efore the Congress assembled and soon after the expiration

of the former Congress on Ma-rch 4, I continued my studies and examinations of the various questions involved in connec­tion with the matters now under discussion. It was suggested to me by a number of gentlexpen that it might be wise for me to give my attention to ·the drafting and introduction of a~ soldier settlement bill. I hesitated somewhat to-introduce such a measure because of my official responsibilities on the Repub­lican side, and I only did so because of some urging and in the hope that I might lend at least my personal influence to · the enactment of legislation which I believed to be sound. · At no time have I sought to use any other . than the ·personal in­fluence which I may have in support of the measure, nnd I shall not do so, and shall expect thaf gentlemen shall view it and determine their attitude touching it without regard to its official sponsor.

If I am-entitled to any especial credit in connection with the measure under consideration, it is in haVing endeavored to put in concrete legislative form a plan and purpose which has been in the minds of many men, and ~ which has been more or less full y expressed in various bills.

Stated briefly, the bill provides a fund in the Treasury which is to be known as the " Soldier settlement fund," to be used for the 1-mrposes and objects set forth in the act. · The bill carries no npproprlation; but provides for annual appropriations by Congress on detailed estimates submitted by the Secretary of Ule Interior.

l\lr. NICHOLS of Michigan. l\fr. Chairman, will the gentle­man yield?

Mr. MONDELL. If the gentleman will permit me to con­clude, I shall be gl~d then to yield if I have the time. .

Out of the appropriations for the soldier settlement fund the Secretary of the Interior " is authorized to acquire by gift, purchase, deed in trust, or otherwise the necessary l~ds for soldier settlement projects, and to utilize .PUblic lands for such purposes." The Secretary is further "authorized through such agencies as he may J>rovide to engage in such undertak­ings and do and perform such work as, in hi.s opinion, is neces­sary for the permanent reclamation or development of the lands of projects, and which he deems ~essential to place them in condition for use and cultivation, including the building of essential public roads." . · ·

The Secretary is authorized and instn1cted to divide the lands of projects "into farms suitable for the support of a family an11, in the discretion of the Secreta,ry, into smaller farm "\v.ork­er's tracts. Town sites suitable for t~e purposes of the proj-· ect lllUY be established, improved, arid sold for the benefit of the proje~t."

When the lands. of a project have been irriproved and re­claimed, or developed and subdivided, they are sold to soldiers "who ~are not the owners or proprietors of farms or rural homes," preference being given "to those who .have been em­ployed or. rendered substantial service in the development of any such projects."

The bill provides that the prices of farms and tracts " shall be fixed with a view of meeting the cost of each project," and "the price fixed for .each farm, tract, or lot shall represent as nearly as practicable its selling value compared "\lith the other units of the project." The soldier makes a first payment of 5 per centum of the sale price at the time of entering into con­tract for purchase, and the balance in amortizing payments extending over a period not to exceed 40 years.

For the purpose of enabling the soldier to improve his farm or tract in the way of buildings, fences, and .so forth, loans not to exceed $1,500 to any one soldier, or 75 per cent of the value of the improvements, may be made, to be repaid in amortizing pay­ments extending over a period not to exceed 10 years.

For the purpose of enabling the soldier settler to secure the necessary live stock and equipment, loans not to exceed $1,200 in the aggregate, or not to exceed 75 per cent of the cost of the live stock and 60 per cent of the equipment may be made, to be repaid in amortizing payments running over a period of five years. The bill also provides. for certain emergency loans in the discretion of the Secretary. Four per cent interest is charged on all loans.

The bill provides that "projects shall be selected with a view to the development of one or more projects in each of the several States in which feasible projects may be found," and "no projects shall be finally selected and no lands shall be acquired, however, unless the price to be paid and the conditions under which they are to be acquired shall be approved" by the goY­ernor, or, in case of his failme to act, the land commissioner of the State in which the lands are located and " an .appraiser designated by the Federal Farm Loan Board " and the Secretary-of the Interior. · ·

As a matter of practical operation the plan would work as fol­lows: Assuming the passage of the bill in its present form, making $500,000,000. eventually available for appropriation but making no appropriation, it would be n~cessari· immediately, after the. passage of the act to make an appropriatiol;l of possibly $100,000 to enable the Secretary of the Interior to tnake further investigations than he h~s made and to prepa~e !ind submit to the Congress an estimate covering the.first project;; he \\U:B prepa:ed to recommend and approve. · These estimates would necessarily give the estimated total cost of the completion of the. project and ·an estimate of the money believed to be essential for the development of the project for the fixst fiscal year. After an examination of these estimates the Committee on Appropria­tions would make its ·recoinm'endations of appropriations to the Congress. · •

As I have stated, the total amount authorized to be appro­priated is $500,000,000. It is confidently expected that suitable lands will be found in practically aU of the States, ·and the sum authorized to be eventually appropriated will completely develop one or more projects in all of the States. The development ot enterprises of this character will extend over a period of from two to five years, so that the appropriations would cover at least a five-year period, beginning possibly with an appropriation of $75,000,000 the first year and increasing to as much as $125,-000,000 per year as the projects are developing. If the projects are successful, as we are confident they will be, a greater portion of this sum will be eventually returned to the 'lreasury by re- -payments, and in the meantime the sums expended will bear 4 per cent interest until paid. There is, of cour e, the possibility that some projects will be less successful than others, but tlle experience of Australia, the experience of California, nnd our own experience under the reclamation law afford us substan­tial ground for the belief that carefully selected and intelli­gently directed these enterprises will all be successful frorp the standpoint of the soldier home builder ancl will return sub­stantially the entire outlay to the Treasury.

-It is believed that areas suitable for the projects contemplatecl will be found in almost every State of the Union. The cha racter of the lands selected and of tne work undertaken will yary widely, and depend, of course, entirely on tile character of the lands and of the kind of operation necessa ry to render them immediately useful, attractive, and available for fn.rm homes. In New England, New York, and other sections of the East, "the areas selected would be such as had been wholly or pa rtly abandoned, or never fully utilized, for fnrming purposes. nnd _ in the majority of cases projects in those ~.Hates would un- .. doubtedly be less . in area · than in tbe States fa rther south

r,... 1 T I . ~ \

437.2 OONGRESS!QNkL REpORD- HOUSE.

and west. . ..The. .,work. undertaken ·would be such .. as . would --be .J.a.bo1·, .ofJea<lers an~ Qrganiza.tions..of .sc;>ldiers. and of, tb..oq.s.n.nil:t fouru:l ruece sary ·to .brillg_ ·or restor · · the lands. a. a ·remunera- . fof.ihdividual soldiers. _ _' : , · .. : ,. · ti\7ely. usable ,.condition~ and. -would cover a wide ..-range of 'effort, - It .;has .. also, .1ts is .. irrev:ifable, .received . its.~ share, ot · cr1ti¢iSm. inclirding clearing, __ .grading, · smoo..thing :fertillzi..P.g, and ' the ::1!IosLrif~this :criticism .. has -hltd--:-its origin iJL"tbe wllolly~ \in~ neceSSa\'Y ;.road · Uildlng. .. . wan·a:nted -{lSSUmption thaLiL-:We re .to ,enact ,le_gi.s'Jat.ii:i.ii , par-' In the -1\.fiddle srate3 the ·projects wdu1d ·in. . .:same insta.nee~ · ticulaJ;"lt-for the be:nefit-:of..the.soldiers it..must·be o~ a .char.aeter ·

correspond in .character to those ,of .New :Y_ork .rrn<f.New:Engtand; :that w;ill ::cohfer '. some .diiec.t .and ~p_ecific. .beq.efit. oo each~ and ; with pos ib'ly less neces ity for"fe-rtilrzatlon ;and 'lln...increq..se·tn :;every man who! wore ft.l tli:n.i.fo:r:m .. _ Lhave1,already, ,pointed .. out the work of th:aina-ge. . - • . • now .. tho.roughly ~untenabJ_e,~either· from •the standpoint of ,the . In .some of ' the , Nortl1ern. ~Central,~ and ' \Vesterri . Sta..t:es :the 'Soldier ~Ol\ tlle .stan9:Point .:o.f.:.the , country, thabprocess of" r.easo~·

pl'J)tHell1 would be·~ a:rgely one ·.of ~the drainage-:and 'cleaJ.¥lg .:bf dng 'isL _ .. . . cut:over, ·areu . - _ _ . _ · -r:trb.e: ]llan .JU·.oposed . .in "f'the. ~bill' ,-has_ been,' -fiercely .assailed

'Tn the Southern,., and~ ·soUth . Central States ~-:.the 1 prd.bl~~~ fbecause .it ,iioes....not,..:lu , ,the.Jang.uage .of its rcritics,, .do something., wotild, in he 1.rrn.Jn; '-be those -o-r ' drainage. ::a:nd ·'the --lcl~rmg .a.ml ::for all. :oC the . returning.· soldiers. ; .This kind of fcritici~ is · leveling . of cut-over · tands, with~ la~ge · 'areas · nv_mltlllle '"'f.or ~,;heard rfrequtmtly from. Ubose·· who al"e favoxable to-.. show;\ng , pi;ojects. _ · _ . · . ., . . .· . . ;Uiei.r appreciation of the soldier by granting him a bonlis.- ·L ''In thc·far '-\Vest · most 'of:=t~e---p:('Ojects-wnuld ne"tlli.lsereqm.rmg -:want to express ,my .IUJ_preciation --.oL.the _.good sense ,and·i good

reclamation ·by 'tlm ·rrpplication'l>T-':wa'tei"~irrig.ation· :enterprises, citizenship.:d!.spl,ayoo by the . m~ership .Qf .;tbe . A.n;tetican, , ~:.e. . ' -·:Each ectio n.t:the ~country·· :voii1d' .present -certain. 'PTOble~s ±gion:in .declacing.,.:ngafust:.the,wlan.of a...geneml-1-bonns. r,.L.lmow

of.the _sume·.ge.Berul ·clm<Factel', "blit -*euch~n~d revery-P:.OJeet·wo-~d- it.J.S,.:true."that .some -S.tatesc h:a-vC.:.giYen •bo.nus.es::to . .their.· soldiers, . atso :present ""its-- own ' peeUJ.tm~'Pil"Clblems~ ... Tlt-e...,p-roJeets•'Wdu~d, ... !an,d -I ;:ha:ve..-no-disposition .to qu-estion the..;wis.tlom. or .. p.ropdeti! oi?'cuurse, :._, .... a.ry"in :rsize, '·deJTeiidin 'Upon1t~-e · :am~unt ~'f· !la:nd -. :oLsucb.-.twtion~ ~ · · . , , , - , ., .· ·•· . · available -for --th~"enterpdse; bu:t::as::fa.r n_s ,possible~ey hould The:.:StateSJ.r.as. . States -bo-re....n.a. coriBiaerabl~ ,JJa.rt ·..ot thCj

1co.s't,r

~hllln!ce: :a~ "suffici~~t - . "'it<Y. ~ke·-'Il~SI~Ie-<' a "~"C~_tmu~~~-'~d: ;pt;-;:r.ecr.uitin.g._ a~.,.- Ol': •• prov.i~g\ d'or. t~e~·.soJ4iers. ,It. was , Intelligent rStiflervislon and , t_lJe .-'utili-za.ti~n. ::Of - _uc:b.: "org!lruzati~n _ almost~'W.holly"ft ,national "e:x;pendi.tu:re, as .Itr-shoutd .hawe.lbeen, .: antl -eguipment "nS"cwotild "Prod~~cthe ·~axmmm--beneficl~l ·-!--~It · ·:arui.:tt:Js ~en.tir.ely;;:prop.er~ thatl--tb.er-statres,:if tlley:. teel so-odi~ed; ~ with' the· least ouUay. · . ' - . . "'"' -shouTd · express ' the gratitude ana appr.eciation.rfo:fj tbein;:people1

Projects would probably requir~ fr~m ~wo ~o .fiv~<yerrrs_..:for .to_.;.the.:soldiers. by,,a:n .• hono.raiiulll prr bon.Us; ~in ·snch.;S'\1~ -ns:'it · thef.r'.;,.deve,opm~t;L:.depend:ing· ~up.on :th·elr -StZ~ ·a~d e l cha~~er ~a.,.;;pleasez..i:hem . to. "grant. ..Bntfl ~an rtln"nk; ·of,Jl() .uction;.6ll .ithe r of tbe •work"i:a;])el·done, dul:"'mg-;Which: f'iOd'-~.the .~.:prespe~v~ ' -part- of -the.-.F'.edernt" ... Ga.vern.ment r.t--oward its~t-.soJ~ers, less ;in . purcha"Ser, or •owrrer, ·would-haye~employ~u;~na · uring:wJiieli ·k:eeping~'~witlnthek;a,ignity; ·of ,:.the1 .;qepuvli~~or:, iilllore offensi-ve .-~ P,etiod; :with"'the."'hope-•~d !J>.rosp_ect-:of·secur.mg :rl l:mmE!;i:Jle ·w-oiDd ;to. · he: _dy;:._isph".it ,of;••ind~pentle:nce , ·at;td -Jm.-triotism•nOf~ ~the-· have'the·gr-eate..<rr-t.p.Ussibi~~:IR.een:tlv.e ·to 'SSVe. , . - ', :.'A.n:reriean- --. soldi,el" ''iha.n-:~i:O;..: USSUme11:llan,·we r<l!l.Jl,ctneasu.r JliS '. : 'The-:, 5 • per Ct>Df

1

'fi:rst.o.rpay!fl~Tit; . r~ire~'' W9illdt ~n.. ·too·d:~asls· ~sei:vice'.i8.Ild 1.1tis;.:-sa:crill.ce.ti.n.Ldollm-s on \ 1:"1!.PllY' t· ih with . a -::Paltry;1 of'::lnn: - fim'ateq ·~n.ge "'Wilue-.tofi:$5;0()0,,Jle~~>f:urm,-~mountr--to~ .:sti.pencLin ·~way of a.: ·bonns. ' ~he "faet that, a .• bonm;.:as ·slllall ,

$2.50',: a ~stmr•wbiel1-!:tlre oiili-e~ ---ougbt,:to •·:be,·.able ·· tcY:easilyc.o:-sa.v~ ; .ns ,$125. .cpeu.mm.iT-: w:ou1.d• ... amount to a: · cash,ioutla~, .in .. e:ices~·~o~ . drrring~th'e ·=pertoddof i i:levelopment. . - - - - t· :the "! en:ti.re, .rc-eiinbursable.,snm,amrde,.;n.vailable;,'by ~ this ; bHh--- or

.... The i'arm being pur~hased, t~e question . ~f- ~~em~nts ~tha· ' the..,- sum ilf->..~e..of1th~ bOn-uses ;wh.ieb: lla'fe be.en. p.Jio~sed . wo'ulq.~have• -to1 :·ve:,."lnet. T~e _-o~nlD.tion in :c~ge ~f !'~he_~ de- . ::w.olild .~rnn' dinto,~-.t.he ' tens.:.;and-.;:sca-.res :..o:t,· iUioJ;}s~ ~ i&: ~ the- -lea.:st . "~pme-nt -:of ·.the-IPJ:Oject·eo)lld.:an~ "w~uJ.a)aSSI_stfthe t.sofdi.-eP.: ~~t- :~b1ecti.onab1-e c:fea.tnre-.ot.. suc~.;rp~oposals. - . .

1 , ,

Uer -"byr:pu-rcbru:e. t ... \vho1~1~ .. 1H·rees ofT a;-rpoi'tt__on;na.t .r..le~·B?f 'L' illhe d dea d;hat .e.-very.--:walim~t .you:ng ... AmeriC:u:t:.r .ricb :.. or1:poor,,

the t'JDa:terial -~ro,_w.,?uld enU:.l' ! into- 'i:he·:coos'hmcti:on· ;o~ ~.ius . ·.iff~to-:.:have:rthe: t sum ·.:OLJhis,patriotic,isaciifice,·~o.1dly ·-calculated ­iliiprovem~:nts~·- Tb~ 2~ er· •cent-~o:t~~ih~' "Vft~e_- ·o~Wle · i~-o-ve~ j :and .. doled,.wnt Lim-a"~ w~y .tha , o~d,dn t;4e p;greahmajority:1Qf ments \vntch Illl1Sf be lfnrnlshecft·l)y~ the . o~di.er-., co~d, ifJ! he i .cases ...-be ·of-, little-1Jl!l'mttn.ent ·:value ... o' llim.-a.ndlth~s,; .in .the. time ll)ft1nrtty·_..of- cases;.rbe :tfnt~is~d:in :"labo!.· .~: . e •:w:as 'o&~;me- ,o.fr.lihls .;yuut ~ancl·<strengtfrr,--Tis~-..so . repugmmt,. to ·,e-'\1ery"'' .prope.r:; c:-ba:nkal urn he •'enlild -_!Rld'l~.~o~e;~ereetlon·· offihiS: :JloUSe"'.B.ll.d ~.thinking (.person~,I.S01diel1 r :Ol! : jcivilian, ; thnt~ it ·s , lio~ entitLed to ~

1 ba:rn-::-'ll..t ~ at\Y 'ntte, he •could b-mlddhis_--own ~-.:.fen~es rn:nd -dOr'Wi:lrk ,~ ·:Seriou~._consider.ation,. :.and ·wetii . has:heen.ror.ge.d~;as,~ a .· suostitute i of-1various · kintls-Lthllt' -wonld·~et~::his •sh-ar:e-rof..:·the,;total •~st~~~: :fol:.! a--:sound.illleasure.-•of , opportmli1;y~+and ·~de-velopment ·:Such:.;as ,

1 the "!improvements. - - ~e 'have .before .. ns. . · 1- Thcri.inprovements.1Ia:ving be-en -provmefr'ivifl:dn the-:m.ti:ttmum : .. Snme;:very,,good.:peup1e, who :Y~ fear. JI.nve.not -given t11e matter,

o'f •:the loans ··which ' Ir)ny be :made·-tu· the sol.dier. ~o · su~h''IJDr-~ .very 1ca.:retuL-considel:ation, . have.-, critieized .~thls .me.a,sUI"e: be- , poses, ... he . wm:tJ.d··i>e.rentitled ·to ''loa:ns-'i:n a ~sum·".n·ot ~to _~exeee(L cruise of the plan of· development and settlemenh it;-:propose.s;·, $1,200 .for. the p~chase of live stock .. .and eqmpment~ c.mere- and ;:t.Q.ey...have...suggested.iin ieu ~thereof..a., .p.l.a.nr:whic.It,Jlas come again:. he·soldier · ettler~duld::lihd--wuys- "and'-:i-means-• o 'lliftking · tG ,be :-.referred .... 'to.;as -'the "pla.n,,...of -·~tration." . ~. T.hi~ "plan .;was , his·-;·pers.o11rti ·rcohtribntion • o'f~25 · -p-er :!.ceDt1 ·itt · he- rva:lne:- ~of ..tliv~ - ;:Carebllly ;<"considet:ed;;b~..the. ... Gommitttee .,on .tbe .P-..ublic ,Laruls.Jn ,, st6~lr·' and:{4.Q ·.pe 'Cent 'i.D·"t}~· va:ln-e-:.ldfJeq:nipmen~ _ -toward~Fth~\ ~onnec.t!--on . :w.ith ~.the considerAtion. _of .tbe. ,bil~ ¥o ._e S. ..and_. was

1 •

to-tnl -'\-:alue-::of · r~Irerty·ot · hiS •ch:amctero - ililcli he· ... o:btame~ -~phat1cally reJected by that committee. -,. . his Ionn. ' · . - ; ' W.hen..Anst:J;alia.Ai:rst.:star.ted~ · o.me jyearS:;agO,"fOn·rber . .effort to ::The 1JirAI:RMKN; - 'T.he ~ ime' :of, ~the:~Ieman";~rii~9Yyq: , -:settle r.her .. lands· :.and ,:.enc.Qllr.ag.e. ,! 'Lback.to-:the:ttarni " •. ~movement,. ,

ming:.-has --expired. ' _ . _ . ' . .t.Jia:L;Qo;mm:o:mv&lth..:providect>:.to ·~ rod. throug'b, tintiltration-in :Mi·.::r· M'ONDELL . • 'l\1r: ; Oliair11J.a.I!.;;.,..will t tJie ngentlaman dlto~ ~ -.oiher~: wp-rds .. ;she lo-an~. her •peopl.e ;~:up o ·100 p~{'..cent .. ()f . the ,

M.iCJ,).igan.' please be .. gaod ~enough "tQ' ~grant cme':!O·'•)nbrutes 'mu-..re ?'• .. alne-:Of . he ,.:fru:m ;pruperty.•w'hicfu they .. pur.ahased •a.Jl~ J?roposed -::MI-~ GREEN •of.,.Iowa . . 1\Ir. ·:·ChaiiD:rm.n;:.in f'the: .nbsence .oL:tlie ;· .to make -a home upon. · 'The scheme fail~d utterly, as. .i~ .is

gentlenmn "fron1 :l\UChigan~:nyieltl':';t6':minutes more ~o th~_::.gen,. · bmmd .. -to,_.f.ai1 wherev.er.~tried, . .-and_;-for, sarJons r-rea-s~s,,...which tleman. · · , · - -ougbt to be entirely patent to any thttiking person. If, it were ..

,;::M:r: ·~NICBOLS M:Miclligan. : 1\Ir:"--cliau:man,;-lv.Itrthe ,_gelitle;~ ..safe_as,a busirres~_.p~oposition ~to •:n;ake loans· to th-ose-,wao ;desire m-an. -in-.the. l() .minutes -:i~tted ,.tQ~....:now.illa"Ye~~cU:_nt~xi:m~ ~ -to purchase ~s_.., -wherever: f. th~Ir ::q.ncy g~s~s, . an1--a~ end to ·.answ.er som . .questions? , _ . ~ .. ~"'to.J:he~-~oan ,.act w.ould .:.te:,rthe :!-:>I;oper~efhod 'through

.::Mr: J.\lONDELL. ! ..sholild.....be:.~~ligbted:.i<b.Uo ' that;,...n.llil,Just . wnich...:.t(}.j·aec~mp~~h :th.a.t::pu~pose. ,.;::But Illave:iliem·q. no sng-as:"soon. mL I .am..: tbrough,:rilfu .my; ·Statemen:n ."Slilill.;yie.Ia to· •. g:sum:~-. Of:.:a~IO?.: 'alon~::±ha.t.,Jine.

1 , • • • . • •

the .. g~tleman. - . _ 1

.•• The ~.of Jllifilt:rn~·-S? ~called, 'Y01ild · n~~:_those Without :Mr. NICHOLS of. :Michigan. -:-The _entleman>does. uot:..caxe-t . ·-as·~well.ras,:thos ~ruth .laxllUilg..;experLellcEl , to,.Jembtt;r~ .on..~~r-,

be interrupted now? . · . - _- · . , ;· •pri.ses ''!1licht .. whil~...i.n:\tolving Jlo ri_n-yestmen~·.:!m.,~·.i.slf :on ~ theu;, ~ M,c. ,.MONDELL . . J ~-wotild ·::.ra-tker..urot_;j Q:f;~canrse; i~:r...:had · part;...:n:ught,.. ru:n.der--:, _tlnrorable -..c~m~tion~ .. ,Jn:mg,. ~ r:e.a-~·ly :·~ J.

plenty ... of time . in ~w.hich-to answ.e.n questions.-I·.--would :w .veryl ·beiie.fit;,.; large .• or ~ s.niii1lt . .and · w.h.i:cl4.;.;h.avJJ;lg .,Jl~n. -.reii.bzed __ u~ glad. to do so .noxv;,:because I ram ... very..o.::anxfousdo....answer -! U1~ i the~~r~lLCO.uld:!.be~bandoned . Wl~onLloss ~0 th,~·llUC~Sei. I .I,' questions. tbat .m.a.y. ;.be ll.Sked.

1, _can.:.think .;?f.~. no .~ s~heme...bett~~.~lcnlated ...to. und.e,unine~e

;Mr. NICHOLS· ·o.f:Miclligan. _ .And ;:I cam ,very.~ons · o ..ask mural rstamma and to tempt qnestwnable._undertah.."lllgS ~m the them. .. ~ :part;_o:f .the soldier ~than .such 11-.scll.em~:n~ -that ...

.:J\1r. ;MO:r-.."'DELL.. '.Ehe .. gentlemaq. is: .nm·mare. arixious .r. to· as .~ -:1- :·"car:t' .i.J1¥1gine -clloth~g ili~.t wo:tild. so -thor~~ghly.. ~eille them than I .am-rro answer , them. , . . ._ : ..:f~-la:n :v.alnes.,.a:s. to . h~v~- t .:knowp. th!it ,the . Federnl Gov:

'The plan .and policy proposed.dn tthelibi11 under , consrdl~r.atlon : J:~rn~en~ ~proposed-..:to . create. 4~U?~·OOQ potential fa.rm ·bu~e:::; eacl~ has received the ' strongest ,.,support. and . 1indorsement ~.o tlli>se, , ruth .the. =F:edem+Lrren:sury -at 1tis Jmck. ... If . o:nly·J~.a~~ of the .re­both- in and out of official life, wh(}. hav,e... h.ad the most -~~·i .. ,· .:tnt·ning soldiers· ~er~ tempte~ by a scheme li~e this. runl 'the ence with problems of this sort, of leaders and organizations of purchasers were limited to $o,OOO farms, the 1mmed1ate out-

'

1919. CONGRESSLONAL RECORD-HOUSE. 4373 lay would be ten billions of dollars. I hesitate to contemplate and developed under this law will, to a considerable extent, the effects of legi lation of that character-; the unsettling effect revive and restore the spirit of industry, of self-sacrifice, a.rul upon the soldiers themsel\ es, and the wild scramble of specula- enthusiasm in the building up of a community and in the estab· tors to unload property. llshment of new. hQmes which characterized· the ·pioneer periods

Others would carry the plan of helping all the soldiers, as in the deYelopment of our country from the Alleghenies to the they state, even furthel' and extend the Government credit to Pacific. all of them in a sum sufficient to buy them a house and lot in_ Instead of individuals or families without accumulations a.nd case they did not desire to buy a farm. The limitless expendi- frequently without experience, scattered n.nd isolated here and ture that such a plan would involve would be the least objec- there among more prosperous and well-established neighbors­tionable feature of it. It involves the funnamentally false idea, struggling to secure that which their neighbors already enj()y to which I have repeatedly referred, that these splendid young and becoming disheartened and discouraged in the effort-we Americans in thB very flower of their youth and strength are shall have communities of people, as we have had from tlie expecting the Government to put a prop under them and to beginning of our history in all the pioneer periods, making a afford each and all of them some peculiar benefit and advantage start in common, each animated by the same desire and pm·­not enjoyed by the people of the country as a whole. No one pose to secure a home, and all heartened, encouraged. and .stimu­would reject a theory of that kind with greater scorn than the lated by the fact that from eqUally humble beginnings . they average American soldier. were all striving for the same goal of competency and ind.e-

Opposition is voiced to the measure on the ground that it is pendence. · a measure of reclamation and development rather than a plan For one I am willing to accept the challenge, if a challenge to help the soldier-that it is in fact a scheme to utilize the it be, that this is, to a certain extent, a plan of reclamation and soldier for the purpose o! developing the wa-ste places of the development. As such it would be sound, sane, and helpful country. Early in my remarks I have called attention to some legislation if applied to the entire population instead of being of the essentials of a successf~.l enterprise purposed to enable proposed wholly for the benefit of the soldier. It is a lament­those beginning 'vith but little capital to acquire farm homes. able fact, and one which has challenged the serious and thought­Those essentials can only be met in enterprises of reclamation ful consideration of many men, that with all of our progress and development, and the fact that the bill contemplates making and development,. both in agriculture and industry, we still lands that are now largely useless, or lands that ar~ not being have considerable areas in the older and most thickly populated utilized in the best possible way, valuable, useful, and attractive sections of the country which have never been utilized in a use­for successful and permanent home-making and home-keeping is ful way, or which having been once utilized have, through the strongest possible argument in its favor, and the one fact neglect or the operation of certain. economic laws. been atm:n­which stamps it as sound, practical. and of real service and cloned. It is not well that this should be so, at least so far as benefit to the soldier. · regards those areas which are so situated and of such a. char-

Assuming that it were practical, or; from certain viewpoints, acter· that they can, with propel! effort and at a rea.so.na.h:l..e commendable, to assist the soldier in securing. possession of_ a cost, be made to afford comfortable homes and contribute to the farm now occupied and utilized, could any plan be de:vised less wealth of the country. desirable from the standpoint of the best interests of the We have as a Nation been so impress.ed with the sloga.n country than one which simply swapped on~ farm owner for "Go West, young man, and grow up with the country,'~ our · another-displaced the man familiar with his surroundings and_ people have b.een so taken with the glamor of free and cheap utilizing them to advantage for one entirely strange to, tlie en- western lands, that right . here in sight of the "dome of: the vironment? What benefit would it be to the average _soldier 'Capitol, and almost in every Eastern State, there are :::rreas without capital to thus provide for him and to e~ect him to adjacent to. populous communities, easily reached by trans­repay, without any capital at the beginning. th:e .high~ value of a p.ortation,. wbich· at a reasonable cost can. be made highly pro­cultivated, improved, and ' occupied property? ductive, that are practically valueless-from an_ economic new-

The virtue of· the plan proposed in the bill lies in the fact that point and their condition a reflection on ·the country. · · it proposes to take lands which will either cost nothing, as in _ This very summer I have traveled.several times over stidt 'np the case of-public lands, or can be purchased at. a small acreage area within.lOO miles of the CapitoL How it came to ·be aban­price, as in the case of. many cut-over or abandon-ed lands, orr doned.. or at lea.c:;t allowed to relaps_e into a. condition in which· lands requiring drainage, and by organized effort on _ a large only an exceedingly limited portion of the area is utiliz-ed· for scale, with the hest possible equipment and supervision. bring cultivation.. I am entirely at a loss-to undei·stand~ The region· those lands to a condition where they will be available for iu- is unusually attractive, and a slight outlay would make th tensive cultivation and in a condition to make residence upon transportation facilities ideal. The Umb.er Uimn. those portions them satisfactory and agreeable. that have been allowed to go back to forest would more than

The CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman from Wyo- pay for the clearing. The formerly culti\.atecllands could be ming has again expired. ,easily restored to_ fertility, and a community co:ald be built up.

1\Ir. MONDELL. 1\Ir. Chairman, I ask the gentleman fr.om through community effort under proper supervision and di.rec-1\fichigan to yield me five minutes more. tion... which would not only afford many comfOJrtable homes but

Mr-; FORDNEY. Mr. Chairman, the gentleman from 1\fichi- contribute largely to the productive capacity of the. region. It gan [Mr. NICHOL&] would like to ask. some questions,. and there- is. certainly not an argument against the plan or purpose of this fore I yield five minutes moxe. bill that it is calculated to restore to the highest · and best use

Mr. MONDELL. I would like to .finish_ my remarks, if I areas of that character. may, before I yield for questions. There has been a class of criticism· which .I almost hesitate to

Mr. FORDNEY. Very well; I will yield five min.u.tes more. refer to-the criticism of certain agriculturists and alleged Mr. MONDELL. If I could ha\e 10 minutes more, I think I agriculturists. Some one has defined an agriculturist as a man

eould yield to the gentleman from.. Michigan. .who "farms tlte farmer," and those. are the. gentlemen that I Mr. FORDNEY. I yield 10 mintues to the gentleman-5 refer to. Some of them write for agricultural journals ; some

minutes in which to conclude his statement and 5 minutes in of them instruct the youth of the land in agricnlture ; and some which to answer questions. simply play with agriculture in_a dilettante fashion, or find. their

The CHAIRMAN. ThB· gentleman. from Wyoming is recog- occupation in the maintenance of alleged agl'icultural orga.niza-nized for 10 minutes more. .tions. I have bee careful t& describe the gentlemen to whomJ

Mr. RUCKER. As I understand it, Mr. Chairman,._no limit refer, becaus~I do not want anl~one to fall into error of mistak-has been fixed on the time for debate. ing them for farmers, or mistake_ the criticism they make < ~

1r. FORD~""EY. That is true; but we have reques.ts . for 1originati.ng with farmers. Tl1e burden of the song of these gen­

three h.ours of time on this side for general debate, .and we will ·tlemen has been that the measure I have been discussing will not get through with this bill in three days if. we go on in this - :result .in inereasing the agricultural acreage of the country, and way. it is on that account to be condemned as an unwarranted and

The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman_ from Wyoming.. is recog- ,unjustifiable -interference with the monopoly of production nized for 10 minutes. which the acreages now under culti\ation are. a.ssumell b-v tho e

1\lr. MONDE~. The. p_lan proposed in the bill gives the_ sol- .gentlemen to be entitled to. · dier the benefit of all the increased values created in bringing Mr. NICHOLS of:. Michigan. l\Ir. Clu"'l.innan, will the gen-lands from a raw or neglected state into one. of fertility and tleman now yield. . availability for immediate profitable use. Furthermore, the. 1\!r. MONDELL.. I shali conchl:d.e in a minute and will then plan proposed gives the soldier the "(}en.-efit of community effort, be glad to yield. of the enthusiasm whiCh is invariably ar.on.sed by the well- One only needs to heru.· this criticism to know that it never directed efforts of a considerable numher of_ I>.OOlJle-- toward a cam~ from a real farmer. The_ farmer mas haxe his faults­single end and purpose. The communities that will be built up no doubt he h.as-but his dearest enemy, if ll.e has enemies,

(1374 CONGRESSIONAL· RECORD-. HOUSE. AUGUST 26,

would never accuse him of the narrow vision, restricted view, which such a criticism embodies. ·

I have lmown many farmers one time and anothe:r, but I have never heard a real farmer express opposition to any plan or purpose of development on the ground that his product was thereby likely to be depri\ed of a monopoly of the market. The farmer may not be polished, but he at least has a som1d and a sane vision of things, and he knows that with the growth and the development of his country and the increase of its popu­lation it is not only inevitable but it is desirable that increased areas should be brought under cultivation. Furthermore, the farmer knows that enterprises such as we are proposing, if they are successful beyond our fondest dreams, can not increase the enormous sum total of the products of this mighty and fertile land of ours to an . extent that will greatly affect markets or prices. .

There has also been mo1;e or less- flippant and misleading criticism of the measure on the ground that it was planned and proposed with a view of developing desolate and arid lands of the West and the mosquito-infested swamp lands of the South, and that it would be of little advantage to other sections of the country. Such <' .. riticism, so far as it is not in the natur·e of churlish knocking, could only have been · uttered out of ignorance of the provisions of the bill as I have outlined them. Every project undertaken must pass the scrutiny of the Com­mittee on Appropriations and of the Congress; and if any sec­tion of the country fails to secure the inauguration of enter­prises, it must be a section so blessed of Providence that it contains no areas that are not now profitably cultivated, a region in which the Secretary of the Interior has been entirely unable to discover a feasible area for development, br one whose people have not taken the trouble to call the opportuni­ties for development which the section affords to the attention of the proper officials. ·

'Vhile I am personally not disturbed for fear th.e section of the country in which I live shall not receive the consideration under the bill to which it is entitled, I realize that under legis­lation of this character the most insistent demands are likely to· come, and some of the most feasible projects are certain to be presented from among the older States of the Union.

Many of the men who will take advantage of this law have seen service overseas. They have seen the wonderful agricul­tural development of France, Belgium, and Germany. They have noted the intense cultivation and the abundant product of every available acre of these lands. They have seen cultiva­tion in its most intensive and productive form carried to the very walls and thresholds of towns and cities and industries. They have been reminded, no doubt, of the contrast with parts of their own beloved land, .where the development of industry and the lure of the West have left much of our available territory unreclaimed, undeveloped, abandoned. They can be depended upon to enter with enthusiasm upon a work which promises them a home and an independent livelihood, and at the same time lends itself to the development of their couQtry. No more inspiring work can be proposed for the men who composed our gallant and invinciple army of the Great War. [Applause.]

If I have any time remaining, I shall be very glad now to answer any question that the gentleman from Michigan desires to propound. .

MP. NICHOLS of Michigan. Mr. Chairman, will the gentle­man inform the House if this bill was concei \ ed as a reclama­tion project or as a proposition for the returning soldier?

Mr. MONDELL. The gentleman has been listening to my remarks, and I think I made myself very clear. I stated that it was conceived in the interest of the returning soldiers, and that the fact that it does propose reclamation is perhaps the strongest argument that can be made for it from the standpoint of the soldiers and of the country. A man just returned from Brest, wearing the uniform of his country, told me that for the last two months he had been discussing this bill, or a meas­ure of this sort, with the returning soldiers, the men who are about to embark for home, and that they were enthusiastic about it and were particularly enthusiastic because the bill proposed to give them an opportunity to help develop their country in securing a home.

The CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman from Wyoming has again expired.

·Mr. NICHOLS of Michigan. Mr. Chairman, I ask the chair­man of the committee to grant the gentleman from Wyoming five minutes more time, so that I may ask him some questions.

The CHAIRl\1AN. The time ts in control of the gentleman from Michigan.

1\Jr. FORDNEY. I yield five ·minutes; but that is the last I shall be able to yield, because plenty of time will be had to dis­cuss the matter when the measure comes up for consideration.

We are in consideration of a matter that we want to pass to-da~. which is very important.

The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman is recognized for five min­utes more.

Mr. NICHOLS of .Michigan. I ask the gentleman from Wyo­ming if when he appeared before the Committee on the Public Lands in favor of th' ~ bill he did not make the r:tatement before the committee that this was a reclamation project and that he would not be for it if it were not a reclamation project.

l\fr. MONDELL. I do not know that I used those words, but in a certain sense that is true. I have tried to emphasize the fact that · if we are to attempt to give men who start with little or no capital the opportunity to become farm-home owners we must first furnish them with employment and give them the opportunity to earn their first payments, and that, further, we must give them the benefit of the increment that comes from development, and in order to do that our 11rojects must be projects of reclamation development.

Mr. KNUTSON. Will the gentleman yield for a question? _l\Ir. MONDELL. I will. Mr. KNUTSON. If the gentleman's plan is carried into effect,

would it not tend to create soldier reservations in the country? Mr. MONDELL. There would be settlements in which a great

majority of the people would be soldiers. That was true after the Civil ·war in many parts of the 'Vest, where a large majority of the men who took public lands in certain localities were returned soldfers.

Mr. NICHOLS of Michigan. I would like to ask the gentleman how much, approximately, must a soldier have in cash to make his first payment on the farm?

l\Ir. MONDELL. Assuming the average value of $5,000, a~ I stated in my remarks, he would have to have $250, whlch: he could easily save in from on·e to three and a half years, during which the project would be under development.

Mr. NICHOLS of Michigan. Of course, the soldier can not go on the farm without its being improved. He has got to have some place to live in--

Mr. MONDELL. Yes. Mr. NICHOLS of Michigan. He has got to have stock, has

he not? Mr. MONDELL. Yes; and all that is provided for in this bill. Mr. NICHOLS of Michigan. It has been stated before the

committee--I believe in the gentleman's presence; perhaps he stated it-that approximately a · oldier would have to have in the neighborhood of $1,200 to make the initial payment on this proposition before he went on it.

Mr. MONDELL. Nobody said anything in my presence about the soldier needing $1,200 to make his initial payment. That can not be true, for the initial payment is only 5 per cent of the value.

Mr. NICHOLS of Michigan. What does the gentleman esti-mate it? ·

Mr. MONDELL. I have gone over it very carefully in my re­marks and placed the average initial payment at $250 on the land.

Mr. NICHOLS of Michigan. Would the gentleman give the total of what he would have to have?

Mr. l\IONDELL. I think the soldier could start to work on one of these projects without any savings and work his payment out. This bill is drawn on the theory that any soldier who is willing to work can start on one of these projects without a dollar and during the period of development save enough money and contribute enough labor to meet all of his obligations as they arise; the bill is drafted on that theory.

Mr. NICHOLS of Michigan. I call the attention of the gentle­man to the statement made by Mr. Davis, engineer of the Recla­mation Service, before the committee, in which he said that the soldier would require approximately $1,200 for the aYerage farm as an initial payment; that the soldier--

Mr. MONDELL. Mr. Chairman, I do not know what Mr. Davis stated. The bill makes no such requirement as that. So I think the gentleman must have misunderstood l\Ir. Davis. The bill provides for a first payment of 5 per cent of the pur­chase price, which the soldier pays after a long period of em­ployment on the project. Let me repeat that the plan proposed is one under which a soldier can start with practically no savings and work out a. home. Of course, it will be better if he have some savings, but if will not be necessary if he will work and save.

The CHAIRMAN . . The time of the gentleman has again ex­pired.

Mr. FORDNEY. I yield five minutes to the gentleman from Kansas [Mr. WHITE] to discuss this bill.

Mr. WHITE of Kansas. Mr. Chairman, I want the gentle­men of this committee to know that it is \vith extreme diffidence

I

1919. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE.

that I take the floor in opposition to the Republican leader of the House_ I am u member of the Committee on_ the Public Lands, having lmder consideration for something like five. or six weeks this same bill which you have heard discussed to-day. Now, whatever I may say to you to-d:ry will be of a very desul­tory character, and I will take one minute, or at least a frag­ment of the time that has· been accorded me, to say to you that I will prepare my views upon this subject and will seek a;n opportunity to pre ent them to the committee and to the House if this measure shall ever reach consideration by the House. But I want to call your attention, without notice, without preparation to speak to-day, without knowing what might be presented. here by the gentleman from Wyoming in favor of this proposition-! wrurt to cull your attention, if I can collect my thoughts and arrange them, to one or two points. Now, we diu not hear, gentlemen, in the hearings before the committee that there· were prepositi-Ons to establish these projects in the Ea tern State, in the New England .States. This seems to ha\e been a. later thought. But let it be as it may-· --

lli. SThTNOTT. Will the gentleman_yield? Mr. ·wmTE of KaBSas. I yield. Mr. SINNOTT. Do I understand the gentleman. ta say that

it ""Wa not suggested that any o-.f these projects could be estab­lished in th-e Eastern States?

:Mr. WHITE of Kansas. I say this, sir, to you, as chairman of that. committee, that in my recollection I did not hear of a single case wh-ere any gentleman crune befo-re that committee in those heo.rings suggesting that there could be such projects, and I make the statement--

M.r. SINNOTT. Does not the gentleman recall that Dir~ctor Davis, of the Reclamation Service; referred to two,. three, or po ibly m-e projects in the State of Massachusetts. anQ. projects in New York and projects in l\13lne and projects in New Hamp­shire?

Mr. WHITE of Kansas. I have but five minutes, and I do not like to ha..r-e the gentleman make u speech in my time. I want to answer that question, but I do not want the chairman of that committee to consume the few minutes <>f time allotted to me in making a speech out of my time.

Mr. SINNOTT. I wantetl to set the Member rigbtr Mr. WHITE of Kansas. I will answer the gentleman's ques­

tion. In my recollection the proposition was brought out on interrogation that such projec.ts mjght be found in 1\.Ia.ssach~ setts or in New York. [Applause.] But I want to call the at­tention of Membe1·s of the House to this proposition: I do not know how many counties there are in the State of New York. I have not looked that up. I do not know, and I want to ask the gentlemnn how many proJects might be established m a single State-hoT\· many might be established in the State of New York? And if you establish one, if yon establish two, or if you establish three, you make it necessary for every soldier in the State of New York to find employment or to find a home under the operations of the projects established.

Now, I want to lay down this proposition and this ronten­tion, that the great State o-f Illinois-

The CHAIR~IAN. The time of the gentleman from Kansas has expired. .

·.Mr. WIDTE ot" Kansas. Can I haYe two minutes moo:e? Mr. FORDNEY. I yield two minutes more to the gentleman . . Mr. WHITE of Kansas. I would welcome questions, although

I am a new and bashful Member and I am a young man. "(Laughter.] But I want to say here that I am against this proposition. from start to finish. [Applause.] There is noth­ing good in it that I can see; and_I am not prejudiced. I want to say to. you that the great States of Illinois and Iowa-and I speak in the \ery delicacy of comparison-are the two best pieces of dirt in the world of their size, and they ha.Ye been developed by individual initiative absolutely. They contain more agricultural wealth than any other two agricultural sec­;tions of the United States, and, so far as I know, of similar area. in the- entire world.

Mr. NICHOLS of :Michigan. Will the gentleman l-ield? · Mr. WHITE of Kansas. I yield. · Mr. NICHOLS of Michigan. I would like to ask the gentle­man if he remembers that the t~timony before the committee :was to the effect that a soldier had to have approximately $1,200 to pay do""WD as an initial payment before be could take the farm ; and also if the answer to that was not made~ by the proponents of the bill, that the soldier could be given employ­ment on these reclamation projects a.t $3 a day, and that with a wife and family he could sa\e enough in from three to five yenrs to pay thn t $1,200? .

Mr~ WHITE of Kansas. I so remember it, but I har-e not tirnc to discuss H.

Til CHAilt-:\L\.~. The time of the gentle.ll;lan from Kansas l12s expired.

Mr. BLANTON. Mr. Chairman, I ask unanimous consent that the gentleman's time be extended one· hour.

lllr. WHITE of Kansas. Not to-day; but I want to announce to this committee-

The CHAIR~. The time of the gentleman has expired. Mr. WHITE of Kansas. Has my time expired? Mr. KITOHIN. Mr. Ohairmnn, I yield five minutes to th

gentleman. Mr. WffiTE of Kansas. I want to say to you, gentle.me~

that this is a great question. I want to ask you, gentlemen­and I am speaking from the standpoint of an American-if you do n.ot believe in your good common sense and judgment, that a young man who has had training on a farm in any of the agricultural districts of the United States, and who desires to adopt that as his business and follow it, has not a better prospect for success and is a better asset for the Government of the United States if you allow him to seleet 80 acres of land or 40 acres tha.t for a .hundred different reasons may not ha.ro been brought under cultivation in the neighborhood, and in the district where · he has lir-ed, with the advice and counsel of his father and mother, tha.n. te- go out to some Go\ernment­reclaimed land that we admit in the beginning must in th very nature of things partake largely <>f the nature of an ex­periment?

Mr. SMITH of Idaho. Will the gentleman yield? Mr. WIDTE of Kansas. I wilL Mr. SMITH of Idaho. As a young man did not the gentleman

leave his father and mother and proceed to the new State of Kansas in the early days and become one of it most prominent and prosperou~ citizens&

Mr. WHITE of Kansas. Yes. sir; but not 0-n a colonizatioa scheme. [Applause.]

I want to tell the gentleman something else, and I want to call this committee's attention to another proposition : These 'lands ~11 be reclaimed by the Government by e~travagallt Gor-­ernment methods, and all precedent and all history pr<Y\e it, and it can not be otherwise. They will be reclaimed by labor that will be contmlled .by the union-lab-or organization and its.- rules absolutely. The lands will be reclaimed by labor paid on. a schedule fixed at eight hours per day. I want to say to- you gentlemen. that the untrained, uninitiated soldier buying. land that must be reclaimed, when it is- lrnown that the best land in _ this country has already been occupied and owned~ has no . chance whatever, when. he shall have paid the o\erhead_ ey:pensE:, to compete with the young, ambitious soldier who is ,w:illiilg . .to go on a piece of land and work fro-m 12 to 1G hour .a day .to· rna ~ . a home for his wife and hi chi,klren. [Applau e.] Your com-mon sense teaches you that. .

In talking upon. this subject in the committee I '1=a interro­gated. Let me make one statement. I ·want to make it here be.­cause I want you to hear it, awl I want yeu to. listen. I want to say to yo-u, gentlemen, that no :mnn. should be compelled to work 12 hom· a day or 16 horu:s a day, but, as a free Ame:ricUJ;l citizen, I want you to say and let it go out to the country, no man should be coerced; no man that w.ants to do anything.. for his own ad~ancement or that of his family sh-ould be prohibited from working to the full limit of hls power to achiew. [Ap.­plause.]

Mr. BOIES. May I ask the gentlema.n one queJ tion? 1\fr. \VHITE o.f..liansa . Yes, sir. lllr. BOIES. The Secretary of the Interior asse:Yt tllat he

has received from 50.000 to 60,000 applications :f:rom soldier' alre~dy. Will the gentleman see_, if he can,. as n member of the committee, that the evidenee thereof is. laid before thts Hou e for their investigation?

Mr. WHITE of Kansas. At the proper time. Ml·. CANNON. Will the gentleman yield? Mr. WHITE of Kansas. I mlL Mr~ CANNON. Just for one suggestion. Will he ask every

Member of the House on his honor how many letters he has received from private soldiers in favor of this bill? [Applause.J

Mr. WIDTE of -Kansas. That wo-uld be interesting informa-tion; very interesting .information.

It is suggested by the gentleman from Wyoming [1\Ir. ~IoN· DELL] and it is stated in t.he report of the majority, conte..mplating the vast expenditure, tba t the imagination reels and stagger lmder it.· Well, I sa.y to you gentlemen as a :ogieal deduction, that if those propositions to which the gentleman referred look so good to the soldiers of the U11ited States-and the preamble of the majority report says that they wanted omet!llqg that· would look good to them-then a. proposition tha.t would call for an investment of -$16,000,000,000 must be a proposition t}mt is better than the one that only 100,000 of the 4,000,000 soldiers of the American Army have indicated an intention to ~wail themselves of... [Applause.] ·

The CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman has c:>xpired.

CONGRESSIONAL RECORD.-- HOUSE. -'-<\_ UGUST 26,

1\Ir. HENRY T. RAINEY. Mr. Chairman,- I yield 20 minutes to the gentleman from Mississippi [Mr. JoHNSON].

The CHAIRMAl~. The gentleman from Mississippi is recog­nized for 20 minutes.

Mr. WHITE of Kansas. Mr. Chairman, I ask unanimous con­sent to revise and extend my remarks.

The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman from Kansas asks unani­mous consent to revise and extend his - remarks. Is there objection?

There was no objection. Mr. JOHNSON of Mississippi. Mr. Chairman, now that the

smoke has cleared away after a two hours' battle royal over this bill among the Republicans, in which this bill has been flayed, I shall proceed with my speech.

Mr. Chairman, the war ended nine months ago and this Gov­ernment immediately began the demobilization of the American soldiers. The Secretary of War to-day informs me that prac­tically all of the soldiers will have been returned to America and be demobilized by the middle of September. These brave, heroic sons of America have returned to find their former posi­tions filled by men and women who did not go to war; they find their property wasted, and those who had· a business find it in con:fUsion. Many of these gallant men have no bomes to go to. They own no land,· and in many cases are going from place to place seeking employment. This Nation owes them an obligation it can never pay, and this Congress has been desig­nated by the people of this Nation to enact some legislation by which this obligation can in some measure be paid. America has always recognized her obligation to the men who have fought the battles for the preservation of the Nation. In the year 1812, in order to get men to enlist for military service, many thousands of acres .of land were given them, and between the years 1812 and 1855 more than 64,000,000 acres of land were deeded or patented to men for military service.

'!'hen came the homestead law. Every man who had served his country in a military capacity was, under the homestead law, entitled to 160 acres of land for a homestead. Thousands of men took advantage of the opportunity to acquire a home under this law, and as a result sections of the country which before the law was enacted were sparsely settled have become densely populated and is now the home of hundreds of thou­sands of happy and prosperous people, and since the great war between the States, recognizing the splendid services of the' Federal soldiers, this Nation has paid to these veterans more than $6,000,000,000 by way of pensions, and during this session of Congress they have been voted several million dol­lars m·ore. I merely mention this to show you the appreciation of the American people for the services of the soldiers. · Now, if we have done all this for the soldiers who volunteered

to fight on their own land, among their own loved ones, how much more con iderate ought we to be of the men who were dra~ted, taken a way from their homes, their babies, their loved ones, their native land, and sent into foreign lands among strangers who speak another tongue, to fight to save other countries as well as our own. [Applause.] But when the tocsin of war was sounded these brave, heroic sons of America laid down for a time the peaceful and happy pursuits of civil life and took up arms in defense of justice, liberty, and freedom. They bade their wives and loved ones good-by, kissed the baby in the cradle, marched away under the flaunting Stars and Stripes, keeping step to the wild, glad· music of war, to fight and die if need be for eternal right. These incomparable soldiers fought not for aggrandizement, not for the loye of gold, but for higher, holier, and nobler things which go to make for human happiness in this life.

When the gloom of despondency hung like a cloud above the world, and even the heavens seemed to be in mourning, and de­feat was staring the allied armies in the face, it was these brave boys who snatched victory from defeat, drove the German armie back across the Rhine, and raised the Stars and Stripes on captured ground. [Applause.]

But I am not here to-day to eulogize the soldiers-they need no eulogy-they need something more substantial. I have heard eulogies of these soldiers for several weeks, but now the time has come when something more substantial should be done for them. These men are entitled to something more than decora­tion , eulogies, and citations for bravery. 1\.fany of these young men have familie . thousands have dependents, many of them have no money, no property, nothing with which to start anew the battle of life.

It is the duty of this Congress to do something for these men. It is time to quit talking and begin acting. Ours is the richest Nation on the face of the earth-our income is larger than any otlwr two nations combined. In the United States at this time there are more tlinn 300,000,000 acres of wild,. ~nused land. This

land belongs to a few corporations, a few individ\lals, and a por­tion of it belongs to the Government. This Nation, accordinO' to a statement published in a New York paper a few days ag;, is short 1,000,000 homes. The population of the cities is growing twice as fast as the population in the country. The population of the whole country is increasing ·twice as fast as the number of farms is increasing. If this continues, within the next few years this country will be forced to import food with which to feed the people. Something must be done to encourage the people to re­turn to the farms. This Government must do something to assist the people in acquiring homes. The large tracts of land held by a few · individuals and corporations must be utilized to grow food and things with which to feed and clothe the Nation.

The many millions of people of this Nation must be given an opportunity to acquire a home. This Government must a i t the people, and e pecially the soldiers of the late war. We boast of our greatness, of our wealth, our republican form of govern­ment where the people are supposed to rule, and in this great country we are. doing less for our soldiers than the European countries have done for their soldiers. Long before the armistice was signed New Zealand, Australia, Canada, France, England, and other European countries were preparing homes and farms for their soldiers, nnd I am informed that in these countries where the soldiers have been aided in procuring farms the wild. uncultivated lands have been brought into u e, and even this yem: prospects are excellent for good crops on these soldiers' farms.

Why can not this Government do something for its soldiers? They have saved the Nation-they have saved all you and I had and made it possible for us to be here to-day. They are entitled to more than ordinary consideration-they are entitled to the very best we have. Let us build homes for the soldiers, thereby erecting altars of patriotism which will teach their children love of home, love of country, and love of liberty. This country is passing through the most crucial time in its history.

New doctrines are being taught, and these doctrines are dan­gerous to a republican form of government. They find favor in large cities, where people are di satisfied with their con­dition, but seldom will you find a man · who owns his home a disrespecter of constituted authority and law. This feeling of unrest and dissatisfaction is born of an honest belief that the laborer does not get the fruits of his labor. He sees million­aires made from the fruits of his labor ; he sees millions of acres of land owned by men who refuse to sell to him for a reasonable price. The land is unused ·and unproductive. lie sees the thousands of city homes owned by a few rich men rented to the working class of people for exorbitant and out­rageous prices. He sees his wages exacted by the rich profiteers and be begins to wonder if this really is a go\ernment of the people, by the people, and for the people.

You can not find an anarchist or Bolshevist in the country on a farm, because there is no place on earth where patrioti ru and respect for law and constituted authority is tauO'ht like in the country home. Home makes the magic circle within which the careworn heart retreats to find rest from labor and disquietude of life. It is the unit of our civilization. The deepest and mo t unchangeable sentiment in the human soul is that of home affection. It is the school of human virtue. When regard for home ceases virtue dies. It is in the congested city where the criminal agitator and Bolshevist are found.

Mr. Chairman, we hear much of the back-to-the-farm move­ment, and I am very much in favor of encouraging the people to go back to the farm ; but if you will persuade the people to return to the farms they must be made more attractive. The working man must be made to realize that there i something on the farm for him more than drudgery and bard work. He mu st be encouraged by the Government assi ting him in a way that will make life more attractive. Life is not worth much to the man who has to toil all day and part of the night and re t just long enough to enable his body to begin toil the next morning. He should be able to farm in uch a way that will do away with drudgery and unnecessary hard work. I believe the people who toil and labor should have some of the good things of this life as well as bear the burdens.

The farmer feeds and clothes the world. We are entirely de­pendent upon him for our food and raiment, aml we should be willing to lend all the assistance nece. ary' to encourage tho e who engage in this laudable vocation.

We have enacted some legislation, namely, the Yocational training law and the rehabilitation act for the eli abled sol­diers. Thousands of soldiers-some blind, some \YOuncled in one way or another-are taking advantage of thi. opportunity; but there are millions of strong, vigorous, healthy young men discharged from the military service who e ambition, I am ure, is to contribute their part toward making thi. a O'reater and a grander country, and I belie\e I penk the entiments and

1919. CONGRESS!ONAL RECORD-HOUSE. 4377 aspirations of these men when I say they are anxious for a home and farm. It is true many of the discharged soldiers want DO farm; they want nothing from the Government; they are fortunate in having property, business, or money; but while that is true, there are many who have no property nor money, and it is the duty of this Government to help those who need help. Justice to the poor meaLs strength to the Nation.

The Public Lands Committee, presided over by a chairman whose honesty, fairness, and impartiality has never been sur­passed, has been holding beatings on a bill known as the soldiers' land bill for more than two months, during which time farmers, lawyers, preachers, soldiers, laborers, and representatives of all classes of people have appeared before the committee and given testimony and made arguments relative to the bill, but after a patient and careful consideration of this subject for more than two months those who have appeared before the committee have been unable to suggest a wiser or more feasible plan for aiding the soldiers of the late war. I do not indorse it in toto, for it needs many rna terial amendments.

There are some things in the bill, among them the interest charged, which I think should be eliminated. I do not believe these soldiers should be required to pay any interest to the Gov­ernment. I do not deem it necessary to discuss at length the bill, as every Representative in Congress has had the bill before him and I am sure is thoroughly familiar with its provisions. It is pro­vided by the bill that the Government shall purchase large tracts of land for the development of soldiers' homes. These lands are to be subdivided into tracts sufficiently large for a farm. It is proposed that the Government shall build the homes under the direction of the soldier-purchaser; that the farm is to be cleared and put in a state of cultivation by the Government. It is pro­posed that the Government will loan to the soldier-farmer $1,500 with which to purchase live stock and $1,000 for farming imple­ments and other things necessary on the farm. This farm is to be sold to the soldier at a reasonable value on-4:0 years' time at 4 per cent interest per annum. It is proposed that the farmer shall have the benefit of the wholesale purchase price of the things used on his farm and that a bureau of markets shall be established whereby the farmer can sell the products of his farm direct to the consumer, thereby getting the full benefit of the fruits of his labor on the farm. It is proposed to establish in these communities the things necessary to make country life attractive to the farmer and his family. Good roads connecting with the principal thoroughfares of the county in which these projects are to be built. These young farmers are to be taught free of charge by the Government the intelligent methods of farming; they will be taught the adaptability of the land, stock raising, and all the things necessary for the success of a farm.

These soldiers who wish to take advantage of this opportunity will be given employment by the Government at a remunerative wage while the farms are being prepared for them. By this method a premium will be put upon initiative and individual effort. This farm shall be paid for by the soldier in amortizing payments extending over a period of 40 years. If the farmer . pays his farm out ~fter five years, the Government will give him a patent and he thereby becomes the owner in fee simple. Under this bill the Secretary of the Interior has full authority not only to establish the projects as I have just mentioned but may estab­lish separate farm workers' tracts or individual farms for the soldiers.

The bill proposes that the Secretary of the Interior report to Congress every year touching the expenditures in the develop­ment of the farms for soldiers and estimating the amount neces­sary for the continuation of such developments. The Secre­tary of the Interior tells us that there are lands in every State of the Union on which there can be established projects for soldiers· farms. l\Iany thousands of soldiers have written letters to the Secretary of the Interior requesting an opportunity to take ad­vantage of the benefits of this law if Congress passes it. I have received many letters from soldiers in which they express a desire to build a home according to the methods set forth in this bilL

Are we to do less for our soldiers than we have done for for­eigners '? We have loaned to foreign cotmtries about $10.000,000,000.

We loaned-Belgiuln -------------------------------------- $343,445,000.00 Cuba----------------------------------------- 10,000,000.00 Czechoslovakia -------------------------------- 55, 330, 000. 00 France ~------~------------------------------- 3,047,974,777.24 Great Britain __________________________________ 4,316,000,000.00

Greece --------------------------------------- 48,236,629.05 Italy ----------------------------------------- 1,587,675,945.99 Liberia ___________ _:___________________________ 5, 000, 000. 00 Roumania __ ..: _______ _: ___________________ ·_______ 30, 000, 000. 00 Russia ----------------- ---·· ------------------ 187, 729,750. 00 Serbia .---------------------------------------- 26, 780,465. 56

Total- --- - ------------ ------------------ 9,65~172,56~84

We have recently spent more than $100,000,000 in feeding for­eigners in other countries, and yet we have done practically nothing for our own soldiers.

The plan of the soldiers' land bill bas been criticized by some, but it has met the approval and commendation of thousands where one has criticized.

1\Ir. NICHOLS of :Michigan. 1\Ir. Chairman, will the gentle­man yield?

The CHAIRMAN. Does the gentleman from Mississippi yield to the gentleman from Michigan?

Mr. JOHNSON of :Mississippi. I would like to yield to the distinguished gentleman, but my time is limited.

The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman declines to yield. Mr. JOHNSON of Mississippi. Bankers and money lenders

of the larger cities are opposed to this bill because it interferes with their lending money at 8 per cent interest to the soldiers with which to buy farms and homes. The bill has been approved by the American Soldiers' Legion, by thousands of soldiers indi­vidually, farmers' organizations, commercial organizations, and many others who have the welfare of the soldier at heart.

The paramount question before the American people to-day is the high cost of living. While the people are apparently' en­joying an era of prosperity, if we are to judge by the money in circulation, it is apparent to every thoughtful man in the coun­try that money is worth less than it has ·been for many years, and the cost of necessities of life is increasing daily.

It has been shown that five or six large corporations are in control of practically all of the meat and many other food products of this Nation. The people are crying out against profiteering and demanding that Congress do something to re­lieve the situation. This must he done immediately. I am ready to vote for any bill giving the necessary relief to our people.

While we amended the food-control bill in the House last Friday, and it is now pending in the Senate, I fear the bill will not be sufficient to correct all the evils of these profiteers. I believe all profiteers and hoarders of food should be sent to the penitentiary; that no money fine should be .assessed. Imprison­ment of these rich robbers is the only remedy; but after we have forced on the market all the food that has been hoarded by these corporations and people, and after this food is consumed, there will be another cry in the country on account uf scarcity of food, unless something is done toward encouraging more people to raise food products. ·' ·

Mr. WHITE of Kansas. Mr. Chairman~ will the gentleman yield? ·

The CHAIRMAN. Does the gentleman from 1\1ississippi ·yield to the gentleman from Kansas? ·

Mr. JOHNSON of Mississippi. I would rather not yield. I would like to finish my statement first.

Millions of people have left the farms and gone to the cities, and if the high cost of living is to be kept within reason in this country more people must become producers.

These soldiers have returned to this country believing that this country was grateful for their heroic services, believing that this Nation would show its appreciation by assisting them to start anew the battle of life.

The CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman from Missis­sippi has expired.

1\fr. JOHNSON of Mississippi. Mr. Chairman, I would like to have about five minutes more. .

Mr. FERRIS. Mr. Chairman, I ask unanimous consent that the gentleman may have five minutes more.

Mr. KITCHIN. I yield to the gentleman five minutes, Mr. Chairman.

The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman from Mississippi is recog­nized for five minutes more.

Mr. JOHNSON of Mississippi. I thank the gentleman. You and I remained at home and continued the prosecution

of our business. Many people became wealthy because of the war. There were more millionaires made in the United States during the war than in any other time in the history of this Nation. Many people took advantage of conditions to rob other people by way of high, extortionate, and unreasonable prices. These soldiers were taken away from their ·babies, their wives, and other loved ones, required to give up their busi­nesses and leave their possessions, abandon their employment, and expose their breast to the brutal army of Germany. There were more than 70,000 of these brave men who walked into . the jaws of death and now sleep in Flanders field while the gentlo zephyrs chant requiem over their graves. .

Mr. Chairman, while these men stood in the trenches in the snow and sleet, in the rain and storm, during thf? long dark hours of the night, their minds came back to A.merica and to their loved ones. These brave. boys ·who saved this country be· lieved that this Nation would be grateful for the snpreme sacrifice they were making-they believed that this Nation

4378 CONGRESSIONAL RECOR-D-· HOUSE. T 2.6,

would care. fur their wi\es and families. The- Nation demands that this be- done. The Nation demandS that gratitude be e~ pre sed in a substantial way for t:h.e: sel'Vices· rendered~ by these men· in preserving this Government. In the language! of Rresi­dent · Lincoln, " We- should bind up the- N a1iotrsJ wounds ami care for him who has borne the- brunt of hattie. and for his widow and his orphan." We should also care_ fm• those· who have survived the war.

You Republicans are in control1 of both· branche o:r- this Congress. You can pass this law or you can defeat it. There are nearly _4,000,000 \Oters in.. this country who took part in this war. These men are watching; you, they are_ going to hold you responsible for whatever Congress does, the are- goino- to give credit where credit. is due: You have said. in many speeches- delive-red on. your· sid~ · of the House that you are anxious, r.eady, and willing to do something; for" the soldieu . TheJ time• ha - come- fon · you to ac1:. You ha-ve eulogized: the soldiers and ledJ yom•· constituents. at home• to b.elie\"e that yon would1 vote--fo1• any reasonable or. feasible. pl:m for -assisting the soldiers-in obtaining_ 3.1 home. Man.s-nature· demands. a: home-­it i the. first es entiaJ. e-lement of our soctal being. Life can not be complete without horne. relatioD.S;

This-countrJI is- much di turbectby the ~rrowth of.Bolshevism and revolutionar ideal . The- way to de troy Bolshe-vism and anarchism and make patriotism is by assi ting: men. in-procm·inoo: homes. Any man· would rathw fight: for ru home than ru brull'ding: hou e; [Applause.] _

A:ny man_ who owns-- his home, feels more.· interested· in hi country than· if he does not own. the home. He: becomes= a: ~ payer and feels that he: is. helping to carry the burden : o-f government. If: you do nob pass this law or gis-e:-relief: to· the soldiers what are- you going. to tell the people when you .. go b:ack home? The. soldier will feel that their. efforts in dLving this Nation are- not apprecia.te&-they will go about. saying " justice-stands afar· off and truth lies- bleedino-: in th street.~· [Applause.]

Mt•: JErrCHIN .. 1\fr; Chair.man, I yield_ to- til O'entleman· fr-om Mi.cliigan [MT. ScOTT] 10 minutes.

The· 0H.A.liR1\f'AN. The gentleman from· Micltigan is- re<!O"'­nized: fo ·· 10: minutes..

Mi·. S<:JO.T.T~ 1\f-r.. Chairman and gentlemeru of the. Heu ~. fortunatcl for- thisi country, honol! an<L patriotism- ara not con.,. fined to any one political party or to any creed. [Applame.J Thee Republicans .- and Democrats- in thi.s.: Hou e· ancf out ide· are anxious ' to ext-end relief to the returned soldiers. But in doing that we: ought not lose-sight of the- henefi.Clari •.

Let ·us keep them in mind to the. exclusio!lJ of. I"el~sone: else. [Applause:] 1\fany weeks of hearings ha1fe heen held on- this bill before the Committee on. the·_Public. Lands: The gentlemen; p1·ominent ,in gleaning. facts· in· connectiom. with. tbi land: project are Mr: NmHoii&- o:f• 1\fichigan;. 1\fr. BEN'~r: of Indiana~ . l\Iir. WHITE of Kansas, and Mr. SNEI:Ir o:13 New·Yorlt. Thes gentlmnen 'in the headngs- brought out soillR! very interesting facts~ 1\Iy colleague,. Mr. NWHOLs-- of Mi<iliigan, ha been. c.onspicnou.s:- in ad-rocating.:. the welfu.re: of th~ s-olQier.. and , in disclosing_ the: in­sidious activities of forces more' concerned.. '--Mth. theb:: selfish i.n.tel:est& ~they are in returneer soldiers. .

It is a burning shame that greed and avarice. \\'i1Lrrot:stay1 its activities= even when the future welfm·e. of the Amel!ican soldier is under consideration. Parliamentary lang:uage- can not expr~s my contempt fur• the person. or· organi?:-ntion. who, in tlie heai"t­less rush for gain, attem}Jt:g' t'o · exploit the soldier; . Tllis Housej the. soldiers;. sailors;-and' marines-, are indebted to the gentleman from Michigan [Mr. NICHOLS] for turning the searchlight· of scrutiny on. the covert activities- of organization whose-· great interest in the passage of this legislation i their own probable gain an:d not the--welfare of the boys who fouaht: this- war. Gentlemen of the House, do you, need high-p11iced press-agent, hired by the. Southern Land &-De-velopment Organization~ to tell you what' the returned-soldier -wants-or needs.? I ror one wish to consult the- soldier himself rather· than pres agents· of private corporations.

Do you not think the retm·ned · soldier who has- su:t!e1Te<L a1 literal hell and has obeyed orders-for two years is now entilled to speri.k for himself and say wliat be wants.? If he: could be trl.isted to defend the hono1' ancf glory of our country, in justice and fairness- he certainly ought to be- trusted-now with at least an opinion· as to his future welfare and an opportunity to con­sider it- without vicious propaganda. and distorted facts:

But petty pride of position prevents, and pn.rtis::ln politics pushes patriotism into the backg:noUild. Great agencies-to oot:hin control of the country's destinies for power :md influence· of cliques o:r- ambitious-men preac{ tlrm:idca t tatements that one party, and only one party stands against this h'armful om, and attempts fo label this a Republican · men ure-, beaause it is- ih-

troduced by the. Republican floor Ieacle1: of th H us _ Lool· at the. name·~ of those who signed th.e min.ru·i:ty report. They' m: all RepubllcallS:--NDJHOLS; \\ RITE, BEXHAM, NELL--all Repnb'­llcans. A'D.d yet a Democratic Congre man "' oTT FERRI uses· the Democratic national cnmpaign committe to a · ail thi. biD as. a. Republican measure. This measure wa · suo-,..,..estedl by and has-thruapproval of a Democratic Secretary of· th Inte1uor; was drawn and introduced b a· man high' in the council o.fl the Republ.ican. Party; was indor ed in committee by· Republi-<Jnn and Democra:ts· in almo t equal nnmber, and h r am I, a. Hf -long: Republicall', opposinO'_ it.

Gentlemen; that is, I fear, a trpe, an exuggernt d type. to· be sure, but-mme the le. sa typ , of the•bu:le:fnl influenc of that ex­treme partisanship against which Washington in hi f::uewell addre warned as_ solemnly and at great lengtll a he did in hi · now frequently quoted wor-ds · against· entanglin alliance . E~er since~ the· bill' was- introdueecl a Mr: Harris; repre enting

tl1e Big· Horn Development Co., of 1\Tontana·, hn · been spendfug his e\"enings at the K. of C. ancl r. 1\f. C. A. headquarter ~ in the ctty, fTeqp.ented by large number - of soldier , ..,ailor ; and marines. He· ha de-Yoted ru great deal of aff" bl attention to these. boys in th apparent effort' to make-· them belie'e that thi bill excel tlle- millenium. I it nect> &'try to c n\'ert the oldfei· to a realization.. of w:hn t be w.ants--? Accordln<7 to the-- testimonv of the hearing ; not to exceed ,000 soldier can be· taken-care of undei· this;.biil. That numbel' i one fiftr-sixth of the AYmy and Navy. Do you wish to penalize the--other 3,700,000, a weit a thos who ·do·notwish to• become fa.rmer-? ·

The· Kentleman from Wyoming. [l\fr; 1\lb:s'D:E ] , a. a. ldier c:m- (l'o on one- of thesa fM·m · wit1wu a penny in his pock t and by thrift; _per ever.ance, and industry he- can pa:r for th fh'l'm ih 40 years. Do[) thi Hou e-wish to put a ~oldier o.ru. on~ of the farm undertho e-condition ? If'you do. I do not.

ID·. SMITH of Idaho. 'VIll the O'entleman 3-ield . 1\fi'! SCOTT: Certainly. . ~ ~r. MITK of Iilaho: I it not true tha in th p11Ulic.-laml

State 75 per cent of the people ha'\e.. become-pro~p rou farm­er wit-hout -any mean -whatever when tb.Py went there, except an ambition to succeed and establi h t11' · ln' in a- ne-w counh~·-7

Mi·: 00TT. No·; I doubt the-percentage! Mr. SMIT:s::· of Idaho. That i h·ue. I liY tiler and· I

lmo the condition·: 1\Ir. C0TT. F'ollowin(J' the gentleman' ·ar umen , I a.sk.1iirn

if! be wi ll to put any- oldier on· a waste; bacren; contemptib wee of and;. without a · nick:e1 in· his. pocket, and e-cxpect ltim to make a.living_:fOr him elf and fumily and pa, ~ fur the farm!

l\11r .• l\IITIF o~ Idaho. It is not likely tha such. a• condition· will ari e. Wliat does· the· gentleman sugge t?

1\fi·: SCOTT: That is what r am criticizing'.( Wlm.t right ha-ve y.on and' r to sugg t? Le the soldier do· his own suggest­ing; Ire· ou:ght to 1m ow better th.nu anyone- on earth whar he: want ana needs. r object to cramming this· land reclamation bill down: his- throat as an_ antiilote. There.. are hundreds o~ thou ands:' of returned soldier •, sailor , and marine who are entitled to substantial relief: from.. their Golernment. Tlley des.er\e- that con ideration ftom. ttrts Congr . "AIL that. glit­ter.s · is not gold:". And I reftlse to suppoT a oldiers' relief bill which is no relief- at- all. .Any legisfution that thi Contrress­appro,es should be a benefit, not a burden

The· C~MAN. The time of' the gentleman from 1\Iichi,g:m ha expiredt

1\fr: F0RD1\ll!Y. l\1r. Chairman, T yield 30 minutes to the !!entleman from Ohio [Mr: Mce ·rr:ocH].

lUi:. MCC.ULL0CH. 1\fr. Chairman, r ask: lea\"e to re\"i.sa :md e.:rlend my- rema1•ks in the RECORD.

The. CHAIR~fAl~ The gentleman from Ohio a 1..-s. lea\e to re-Tise and' extend his remarks in the llECORD~ I there oUjection?

There wa.s no objection. l\fr. 1\IcCULLOCH. Mr. Chairman and gentlemen of the

committee, I think I should ar at the out et that the matter r desire and intend to pre~;ient to the Hou e has not been the subject of in\esttgation by any committee of this House, either. select or otherwise. The facts I wish to present · are the result of my own investigation.

I haYe asked for time to ad<lre.,s the Hou to present the facts: in regard to a situation- which I haYe referred to· upon the- floor heretofore, and about which there seem to ha~e developed quite a controv rsy. Tbat there should have been any c.ontr.oversy about it eem c1 to me- to be sh~ange. Tho matter was,.- of intere t not only of th Army manaaement hut to eYeJJy pah·iotic American citizen, for it related to the treat­m-ent of: Al:nerican oldier in Europe after · the ~ igning of tl1e armistice. Some may regartl it a~ Wf\ ter OYer the mill, but in

1919. · CONG_RESSION AL· RECORD-HOUSE. 4379 the interest of justice, and in order that a warning may be sounded whicll will preyent such things ever happening again, and most of all, that the integrity of constituents of mine who have made complaints may be upheld and vindica~ed, I feel it is my duty to clear the matter up and place responsibility where it belongs.

After the signing of the armistice, and for some reason the true purpose of which has never been officially explained, American troops were ordered into Italy, Austria, and Monte­negro, and were stationed along the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea in the Dalmatia Provinces.

Some time ago I wrote the Secretary of War asking for information relative to the sending of American troops after the signing of the armistice into Italy and the Provinces mentioned. On June 16, 1919, I received a letter signed by the Assistant Chief of Staff of the War Department, director of operations, which letter I shall insert in the RECORD and from which I quote the following:

In November, after the signing of the armistice, one battalion of this regiment (the Three hundred and thirty-second Infantry) was ordered to Trieste ; one battalion to !.l"iume, and one battalion to Cattaro. The reasons for dividing the regiment in this manner and for sending the battalions to these particular cities can be given only by the Italian high command; but it is presumed that this action was based on a desire to exploit as widely as possible the moral etrect of the presence of American troops.

The world is familiar with the dispute over Fiume. This dis­pute came near disrupting the veace conference, and caused the one break that was really serious among the allied representa­tives at the ' peace table. It is clear from an examination of the documents setting out the claims of Italy and of the Jugo-Slavs that one of Italy's predominant purposes in the war was to get control of the ports, if not the Provinces, on the east coast of the Adria tic Sea.

Mr. BANKHEAD. Is the gentleman still quoting? Mr. McCULLOCH. No. Mr. SHER,VOOD. Will the gentleman yield? l\Ir. McCULLOCH. Yes. Mr. SHERWOOD. \Vas this order made by the Secretary of

War or by Gen. Pershing? 1\Ir. McCULLOCH. I am not informed as to who made the

order. I am simply informed by the Assistant Chief of Staff that these troops were ordered into Italy and that they were to be under the direction of the Italian high command, and that they were probably sent there for the purpose of exploitation. I will say to the gentleman from Alabama that I was not quot­ing after the words " the moral effect of the presence of Amer­ican troops." · It is stated in an official communication, signed by the Italian premier, that Italy went to war with two aims-fir t the libera­tion of her oppressed ·sons, and, second, the attainment of safe frontiers by land and sea. The control of the east coast of the Adriatic, including the Dalmatia Provinces, has been a disputed question at the peace conference even though it was involved in one of Italy's chief aims in the war.

President Wilson· took a position against Italy and in favor of the Jugo-Slavs, and on April 23, 1919, issued a statement which amounted to an emphatic declaration that he would not yield on the Adriatic question, so that the territorial advantage sought by Italy was regarded by President Wilsc:,n as unjust, and was rejected by him; but for a period of three months afte1· the signing of the armistice it would seem that American soldiers, under the direction of the Italian high command, were being used for the purpose of coercing States, new and old, on the east coast of the Adriatic to accept tile demands of Italy which the Pre ident, on April 23, 1919, declared to be unjust. In other words, it seems .American soldiers, representing a Government that has never entered upon a war of conquest, were being used as the tools of the Italian Government for the purpose of con­quest, and that they were being used to exploit and coerce peoples that were friendly and allied with America in the war to give up territory or territorial advantage whi~ it later developed the President of the United States, as our chief peace envoy, contended should not be given up.

The Three h.nndred and thirty-second Infantry was not sent into Italy and to the east coast of the Adriatic Sea after the singing of the armistice to fight Germany or Austria, nor any of the Central Powers. The war was in effect over, but they were sent there for purposes of exploitation, being ievolved in the in­trigues and the disputes among friendly allies in matters of territorial division; -the dividing up of spoils. 'Vere they being used to strengthen a claim that afterwards the President of the United States declared to be unjust?

If this is true, it is a sad commentary upon the efficiency of the American high command that any such a thing should have been permitted to occur. ·

When the armistice was signed American troops slloulu either have been sent home or held encamped and inactiYe until the war was either resumed or the peace treaty signed. Personally, I think they should have been brought home. But our troops, as represented by the Three hundred and thirty-second Regiment, were not only exploited after the armistice was signed but they were mistreated -and half starved and subjected to hardships greater than those they endured during the war and while in the front-line trenches. Not content with using them and exploit­ing them, they starved them.

'Vho is responsible for American soldiers being subject to the orders of the Italian high command after the armistice was' signed? ·Who is responsible for the use of American troops by some foreign Government for purposes of exploitation? That American troops should have been so used and thus exploited is beyond comprehension.

I have referred to this matter as a preface to the main subject that I desire to discuss for the purpose of pointing out that thP mistreatment about which complaints have been filed with me was after the signing of the armistice, and when the war was in_ effect over and on an expedition which was conh·ary to every policy of the American people from the beginning of the Govern­ment, conh·ary to every American tradition, and in direct opposi­tion to the policy as laid down later by the President of the United States himself. The soldiers to whom I shall presently refer were members of Company H of the Three hundred and thirty-second Infanh·y, were ordered to Cattro in the Dalmatian district, and were on the expedition I have referred to under the direction of the Italian high command. ·

The member~ of Company H, Three hundred and thirty-second Infantry, come largely from my home town and county, and all of them are from the State of Ohio. In fact, the entire Three llun­dred and thirty-second Infantry was made up of Ohio boys. On the night of the signing of the armistice these boys were in the -iront-line trenches within range of the Austrian fire, and after the signing of the armistice they . moved up to the point of the Austrian retreat. They were reaL fighting men, with an enviable record as soldiers, and they represent, when at home, the very best people of Canton and Stark County; they are reputable, responsible, and truthful.

Before the signing of the armistice and before they were or­dered upon this expedition of exploitation there did not come to my ear a single word of complaint by any member of Company H or of the Three hundred and thirty-second Infantry. They were not the kind to complain while the fighting was going on. They. were there to do their duty, and they did it.

Some time prior to February 5, 1919, which was almost three months after the signing of the armistice, I began receiving let­ters from parents and friends of members of Company H, Three hundred and thirty-second Infantry, then stationed at Cattro, Dalmatia, Austria. Among other letters I received one from Homer E. Black, a prominent young lawyer in my home town, calling attention to the complaints that had been made in regard to the treatment of the soldiers in Company H and asking that some action be -taken at once that would relieve the situation. The statements contained in these complaints were of such a startling nature that I felt called upon to take some action im­~pediately. Having in mind only · that conditions might be re­lieved, and desiring that what was done, if anything, should be really effecth-e, I talked the .matter over with Members of the House, including some of the leaders, and decided to present the matter to the House by submitting the Black letter and ask­ing for an immediate investigation. This I did on February 5, 1919.

As this controversy-and it now seems to have developed into a controversy-is based upon the letter of Mr. Black which I in­serted in the llECOBD in connection with my remarks on February 5, 1919, I feel that I should read the letter to the House before attempting to present the facts §UStaining the charges and com­plaints made in the ~etter:

CANTON, OHIO, January S, 1919. Ron. ROSCOE C. l\ICCGLLOCH, M. C.,

Washington, D. 0. MY DEAR Mn. McCULLOCH: The writer has had so many complaints

relative to the treatment received by soldiers in Company H, Seconu Battalion, Three hundred and thirty-second Infantry, now stationed at Cattaro, Dalmatia, Austria, that he felt it his duty to bring it to your attention. Briefly, the complaints are that the soldiers are being fed upon Italian rations and are not receiving sufficient food; in fact, several soldiers writing to their parents, and who are personally known to the writer, and whose honor, honesty, and integrity could not be questioned, stated that the food was so scarce that it was necessary for them to steal food in order to exist. They also complained that they have received no clothes of any kind since early last fall, and that thE'y havE' mended and patched their clothing until it will hardly hold to­gether. Another complaint is that all the commissioned officers located at this point, with the exception of c;ne lieutenant, are drinking to excess and are drunk practically all the time, and that their nctions are so <lisgusting and disgraceful that the officers of the English, Freuch, and Italian armies look down upon them with disgust.

4380 CONGRESSIONAL .RECORD-HOUSE·. AUGUST 26,

Another complaint is that the soldiers have not received any pay from Company H and of companies about which no complaints for a number of months. These complaints are from letters which t were made so far as the REcoRD disclosed. have read, and it is incomprehensibl~ th~t our boys .must be fed upon During the war it became a habit with Secretary Baker to horse meat spaghetti and macarom, mthout sufiicrent clothing, and o1ficered by' drunkards: This is a matter that should not be delayed by, gi've a clean bill of health to the Army management, especially a red-tape · investigatio:n but should be relieved. at once, and, because 1)f the officers, and to acquit them of all responsibility in regar-d :vour activity and the elegant results you obtam fol"l the people of your . I t th t district, I belieye that you will make things num to obtain the necessary to complaints inade without i.Irrestigation. do no say a .relief. · he willfully misrepresented this situation. He may not have

Yours, >ery truly, HoMER E. BLAcK. examined the report carefully, but to disapprove charges o:t the It should be obse~ed, in view of statements- to which I shall startling and serious character of those contained in Mr. Black's

presently refer, that the complaints relate to the tTeatment ?f letter upon a report of an investigation of companies not in­the soldiers of Company H, Second Battalion, Three hundred and volved and 800 miles away is either an evidence of inefficiency or thirty-second Infantry, which was then stationed at Cattaro, Dal- of unfairness. matia Austria· that no reference of any kind is made to any The letter received on March 1. from the Secretary of War, other 'company' or part of that regiment, the complaints being which I desire to make a part of the REcoRD, in answer to my confined entirely to one company, namely, Company H. letter to him dated February 27, 1919, probably furnished the

After presenting the letter of Mr. Black to the House I• made key to the attitude of the Secretary of War. From that letter no comment upon the charges, except only to call attention to the I quote the following: fact that Mr. Black is a reliable man, and to ask that an in- The charges made in regard to the Three hundred and thirty-second vestigation be promptly made disclosing the truth or falsity of Infantry, so far as relates to insufficiency of food and clothing, seems the Charges. I felt that every true American citizen would be to be adequately disposed of by the two inspection reports recej.ved

by me, and of which copies have been sent to you. They constitute, interested in a prompt investigation; that the War Department however the least important. elements of the charges set forth in the would be interested in it; that the House would be interested letter of. M.r_ 1Hack. The one which it seems to me is .of the greatest l·n l·t ,· and, above all, if the charges were true, an investigation gravity is that assailing the character of the officers in the regiment,

and asserting that with the exception of one lieutenant they are all would result in the conditions being immediately remedied. If drunk practically most of the time. This, of course, is a grave untrue, those charged with responsibility would be exonerated. blemi.sh upon the reputation of every officer ·in tha~ regiment.

My attitude in the matter can best be gathered from the fol- In the Secretary of War's letteJ: dated February 25, 1919, in lowing paragraph in my speech which I delivered at the time I the nrst three lines of the first paragraph, he specifically states presented Mr. Black's letter to the House, and which is as that the charges relate. only t<' Company H of the Three hun­follows : dred, and thirty-second Regiment, . and, in his lettet· of March 1,

I say that it is our duty to investigate these cases, to investigate these 1919, h ma.J?:es the startling statement that the charges are a complaints, and then let the report be made. If tt exonerates the War reflection on the officers of the entire regiment. By the same Department, well and good; ll ther~ are conditions_ o:ver there which. 1 · · h · ht 11 ~• d th t ch d · t ffi ar. e beyond control, or it there has been no negligence, if the charges OglC e illlg as we CO.a.u,en a arges rna e agruns o -are not well founded, then let the War Department be exonerated; but if cers ·or Company H were a reflection upon officers of the entire they are guilty of misconduct, then it is our duty to act, since we ha:ve American .Ex:peditonary Fore.es. ~e Secr.etary of War, him­the power to act, and see that those who are guilty-are punished. self, is responsible for the casting of an aspersion, if one is

J... believe that anyone who will take the trouble- to read the cast, upon officers other than the offiaers of Company H, and REcoRD and my speech will agree that my attitude was more it is due the officers of that regiment to have the Secretary of than fair to the W..ar Department and to the officers and' to war make. public an admission of his error. But more· startling everybody concerned. , still is the statement of the Secretary of War in his letter

Mr .. MADDEN. Will the gentleman yield? dated March 1, 1919, that whether the boys had sufficient food Mr. McCULLOCH. - Yes. . and. clothing was less important than the assailing of the char-:Mr. MADDEN. 1Vhen I was in Europe at .the time the ge.q, acter of an officer.

tle:man mentioned, when communications-w.er.e being written by If an officer were attacked, that should· be the subject, ac­the President of the United States- about Fiume, some of {)Ur. cording, ti> the Secretary of Wax, of drastic action and imme­own soldiers in Italy at the time told me that they were obliged diate investigation, but it was of relatively small importance to.· pnt_·Qur men. into. civilian unif.Or.:m, to. stop the.ir· being killed' tha.t the boys should be going nake<L and half stn.rv:ed. by uprising of Italian. people. I have no sympathy with any such an autocratic sysreJll. It

Mr. McCULLOCH. That coincides .with what I shan present. is un-Ame.rican and contrary to every principle of our ne­.I was surprised. beyond expression in w.or.ds when on or about public and I want to express, not only my disapproval of any

February 12, only seven days a.tter the letter- appeared in the such an attitude, but I think it shoula be the subject ot the REcoRD, I read in a n.ewspaper an intervi~ by the Seeretary severest condemnation. ' of War·in which he was-reported to have said when aSked about: Now, what are the real facts! Interview after interview has the charges contained in the lettoo of Mr.. Black : ' been given out by some of the o.fficers, of the Three hundl:ed and

Of' course, the allegations. are untrue. It is'inc?Jlceivahle that any<me.. ' thirty-second Regiment in condemnation of.Mr. Black's charges, will believe such slanderous statements. · · , the widest. publicity has. b_een gLven to the denials; efforts- have

The article in which the Secretary of War was quoted went- been made to belittle in every way the men who made the com­on to say that becs;use of letters w.hi.cb.· the· Secretary ~ re-. plaints. Following the. lead of the Secretary of Wa1·, these ceived since the pub-lication of the Black letter, ex:pressmg the officers oi the. regiment got upon their dignity and put up a anxiety of parents, he had cabLed to Gen. Pershing for a de- defense against charges that did not apply; in any particular tailed report as to the. exact conditions p~rtaining ·to the Three to them. The lieutenant colonel of the regiment, who. adver­hundred and thirty-se~ond Infantry. After reading the state- tised himself extensively as the minister of a Baptist Church ment accredited to the Secretary of War- in the interview, I at Norwood, Ohio, was interviewed time and time again; mak­wrote ·him a letter asking him i:f he had been correctly quoted. ing the statement'' that nobody could call him a drun.kard." · On February 25 I received a reply from the Secretary of War. 1.\Ir. CALDWELL. 'Vill the gentleman yield? in which he said : Mr. McCULLOCH. Yes.

To sp·ecifically answer your inquiry, I did express, and <lo express., Mr. CALDWELL. As I understand the gentleman's remarks, my disbelief in the charges made in Mr; Black'.sletter. The prelim1nary the complaints are directed to all of tbe officers of Company H report which I ha-v:e quoted above is s.trong e>idenc.e in support of my except one lieutenant: statement. Mr. McCULLOCH. Yes.

I shall submit the Secretary of War's letter in connection. Mr. CALDWELL. Then the charge was against only two offi-with my remarks, and I desire to call a:t:te tion to the fact that cers of the company. while the complaints in Mr. Black's letter related only to Com- l\1r. l\1cCULLOCH. That might be true and might not be true. puny H of the Three hun..dl·ed an.d thirty-second Infantry, sta- A machine-gun detachme.n.t usually has two lieutenants. tioned at Cattaro, the investigation to. which the Secretary of Mr. CALDWELL. Had this company a machine-gun detach-War refeL'S wa.S made· of the en:t:iie.regiment and of companies ment? stationed near Genoa, 800 miles away from Ca:tta~o. In one of Mr .. McCULLOCH. It did; so that . there were perhap · four the repurts to which the Se.cretary of .War x:efers, and which lieutenants and one captain stationed a.t that point. he ·say is strong evidence that the charge were untrne, the very- Think of the absurdity of such a statement, when he was stu-first line is as follows: tioned 800 miles away all the time from Co\Dpany H. By the H~v,e not seen ha.ttalion at Cattaro. . wildest stretch of the imagination the charges containeU. in Mr. Yet the Secretary of War cites. that r.eport as evidence dis- Black~s letter could have had no application wllatever to him.

approving the .chai:ges when it is admitted that .nG investigation. Yet the rev-erend .colonel was putting up a defense when be had had beeu made of Company H or the_ battalion at Cattaro, but- the no accus.er, and was fleeing when no man pur ·ued, o' that when dP.nial was based upon an investigation made 800 miles: away the boys came home, by the interview of the ecr:etary of W.m·,

r r H\ ' .. ~

1919. CON GRESSION·AL .. RECORD-ROUSE. 4381 to which I ha:ve rderred .nnd,the J.nterviews of the officers of the regiment, :hll y. founwltiley ·we.re be-ing bTa:ru.led as Ji:rrs and slack­ers before·-tbe•people of Ohio, bec..'HiSe they had Tentured· td call attentlon. to ·conditions . Ulat ,,·ere not.only :-deplo.rnble but scan­

The affidavits referred to .are as follows: !Affidavits o.f ,membe.rs ,.-o:f ·Company H, .Thre.e huntlred and thirty-seond

Infantry, sustaining charges - contained ,J n the letter of Homer E. 'Black; c:printed in the ' CONGRESSIONAL . rRECOilD, February .5, 1919.

dalou 'll.llld alma t ·beyoud wJmb he·:imttgin~n eould, concelve. Sun ou.O.Hm, Natura.ny, when tlit :Y. got home--RUd ·i'-ree from A.I•my ·discipline, Bt«rk Oouaty, ,. s,s:

.AFFIDAVIT."

they crune to-me, ar..d i:hey call)e ·•'oluntaril~, !Tivinl! me ·affidavits Robert H : Finefrock, being ·first duly sworn, says that_ he was .a ;,· e>-- ~ sergJmnt.Jn •. .C.ompany H; Three hundred .and thirty-second Infantry.

sustaining~the ~cha.I:g co:utai:ned ·in {he> Black letter and -wlrich ,U.nited .States-~y. ~ and •:t-hat he ·was ,dis.eharged from the Army on affidavits contain disclosu :.-cs of such a start)ing nature that I May; 3, ·1.91.8. l ... t d 1 · b~-" I ' d ·1 d th t · · t' t th -~fiiant . .sa~s rthat. he'- :haS' read 1he ··ietterof Homer E. Black, da-ted leSha e a ... on;; time u.aora · · OOK e .tta an JUS lCe 0 ' ose .J anuary~3~ GnU)rwhkh :was p:rinted in the :CUNoREssro~A:t. REcoRD FeD-boys, 1and: in the 'nteresb of.:ihe·..:futui-e!Of .the- country :that-such Tua.ry: -5, 1.919~ -by Cmlgressman R{)SCOE · c .. McCuLLOcn and . that the things may- ·never lHit'lven lagain,- it w-as· my .duty to ·bt'in.g the .fact.$ statements-:and-;complaints m said letter are in all rpartlculars true. t th t · f >I · 'L1 1 .1. :f b 't ffid •t f Afliant, says that while be was, in the Army he kept a diary or bt>Ok o . e a lenno.n· 0 , .w..H·~ . ...m.ouse. •=ere ore .su llll a &Vl S r .O in which he noted certain dates and ·ev·ents; and that he has refreshed

non.commi sioud toll:icers and lprl'\!a:tes-.oLCo-mpany H, illhree 'J.run.. J:lis re.eollection , by_ reference to that book in .the preparation of .1he dred tan <I -thirty~second infnlltl:y, 'that ~tell a cstory .of hardships- tollowmg uffidav.it. not ;of ~...-ar .. but· of -• peace--:-tha.t sl10u1u put ;to shame every-.- rnan Aftiant-.,sayl:; -thatw.h:lle his company., .Oom-pany-fi, was in France, that

the fond wa&- a::tisfactory but' that the men ·we.re -underfed fr.om OctobPr who-!\'\fUS in a positioa :of •l·e~TYonsibiUty in· :conrrect:ion with this 28, ~9J.B:. at. -the beginn).ng of the drtve mrtl.l Ma.r.ch 9 1.919, at which matter. .date we arri-ved at~ Genoa. '· The compxny .started on October ·28. 1918.,

I . ·1:..~ .. d .., A' on·tfre {lrive ·from Tri"Viso;udvanci:ng that night..as far as Vaxago, where n a fore1grr'land, under be hlgh...nn.1.u.WJ.'Y eo.mman :o.a.. a l;J..er- they,-remained 'for two days. ..Alfi1IIlt.-:s:xys..that they .then -mov~d across

eign-GO.vernrnent -on aH :e}..j)edif:ion-:or~loitntion rrfter the ·war •the ' Phrve. .Ri>er; .ihn.t1"th.ey -.kept <hra.nci.ng on this uriv 'wi1h an :en­was ..oYeJ;..men, who hn.d 'beeiLon·the:firing i.ine, .and,jn_ tbe·fron.t- gagement::-nt · the: ~nto Jliver um:tL..November 6, ::uus; .that on

~t.-.~ 1 ·'lf ~~1~ ,1, 1.eld · No·vemiJer 6 tbey moTed up ·to the -point of the A-ustrian retreat at the li:ne-tren'-"1>V ' were Stari\et~ went -ha ·.l.lil..ll.e~' w~e ...u ·.as l:tl:lS- time •of. 'the ignin.,.- of, the·11rmi.stice on November 1~ 1.918; . .Nh.ere .they oners, and were ·«sed ,as itlle -'''-d'll]1eS "''· 'fr:fi a fm.·agn ·power m :-se- 1 -remainNl until they wPre ·arderea to 1Jrt'pa.re to go to Ca'ttaro '; ct:hat' 'they' cm·e :.Ul !aCl.v,anUige ovei'. f.rieucth~:nllies. I reached Venke oq 1\crvember 16 a.nd that- the same e.veniog ."thef w~t

1, 1 11 ttak ~1. . • f+h. B + d ll A> , ~~.-~~~= abroad ···the .All.Stt.ta.n-·:tra.nsport..Argentfna. - ..:A.ffl.ant ·~;;ays ' that.' thts sh1.p • ·.s 1a · no ' e· 'Llle.,ume o ·u;~e oose .• ~.o Tna a O.L .~~- · was in such.,i :filthy aniLinsa.nitary· condltionl that :the- men were· imme-davlts but 1 shalt::submitrthenH:ts a- :pn:rt ~of the· :record and con- ' dia:tely -eov(>:r'.ed- with .vermln ;• that • the· .food, -given ·-the ·'DleiL.on t:he trip tentJmysclfby:readingtwo·itffi(}n.\i.ts,~e: facts...in :r.egard.;to-:w.hich 'I from V-enice i:o Ca:t.taro...o:n thiS boat wa&<'&Qlrce and..::har.illy-'1it -t.o .ef!-t;

. · d , f . ...~-h, 1 t . t.-. • hl d 1th.at the. men! ' rece1v.ed co.ffe.e,: . .hardtack.. and .IWlc.a.roni, togi>,ther w1th are sustame . .. scer·es· o iepu~t::,.. C ean.cu • ' ·"'0~0ra ~ .an • cans or buHy ·be10f;·ana'"1:h:n:t he· saw upoa:t:he cans dates -:as · Iar ..back as . tru:thful' 'YOliilg ·m.en ·f.rom. · :llly :lrome·wwll\ ,the •stnndmgr.ro. VW1Iose 119~1.·· wb.kh .indt~ated to.· him that the ·beel :h.ad been n·:o.e.d 'in .that fru!lilles is l).igh in ' tbe.h co-nummtty,....and who bear. .:~;~uta.tio-ns _ -ycaT-; "that. u~e-can of buTly beef would .be issued -to three m:e.n "'fo:r .o.nc that ar""-becuond rei"'Y1oacil mea~ and 1f_ th ,ca,n . .hai•P.ened to be spo1led, ,as many oLthem were, .:the

r ..,-- J T.LV • • , ~ . men ·welt\ 'llll p r_s "'Out Of• lOck "' and did not ;have any.; meat..to ·eat .at • 1\fr . . CALDWELL . . 1\-ir; Ollarrrrm.ll.j 'Wilt · th~·geutleman--yi.eld? tall. .A.ffuurt :ftlr:ther -says 't:h.o"tt !While •the men were being fPd ~ ou. ' the

Mr-..McCULLOCH. Yes. 1

.r:rtio-ns ·'lrerein..referred to, 'W~ we..reJ.ns.u.ffici-ent •. o.nd alL :th~ :went l\1r r<~ TD'Tl'TT1'T '1' Do -... 1. "'" -:a· ffida~vU:s =t ,.efl.ect U'no"" :.u1 .. .. "'4':; J hung~·y ~U ofi ·t'ht>~ .'time;~e ~cers had pleiJt}t- to .. cn.t · n.~<.l ~e"I"P bill.n~ -tf'd ' ' ~ -n~. .~.LU "~.. • ..., • :.~.~ ._. ,. " " vLur ' :,upon · bE"St·•-uf· oo<t,< mctudmg _;tm:.key. aud: many delica'Cles, ac.ctJri:Ung

eers "Of.. Company .H.J Do ~-!spec:i:fifally state WDY:ttaCt 1 ;of ··to·-il.tliiiiit's -eertain knpwtl'd~. :A:ffia-nt .says-.:.thn..t .he- ,ga .·attet: - 'e-v~y o.iBissio.n Or •commissionl on ifueiJ.a.t1:·'(rf? 'a narue.d o:tlicer :in··(]Om:-1 eal the:men. ,~~e- ·np in :irant af' . .t.h!! .wfudow ·of· t'he ,Jdtehen where .• the' P~ n u ~? ,meals'* of" the .mfiCcrS :nnd:1:he ·eww W<'re lJrt>patled ..n.nd 'ftgl:tt:.Jln..d , Serain.ble ~J . ~ t1} eeure.:tb.e•iea:tingS.-.from. the .. meahr.ot tbese-;o1llcers.

·' MJ:.L-~1eCUI1LOCH. r>f:hey ·do~ J.Jut,: J:l.S '-£e:Hieliibet; 1 'A:ft!Ml± ~E>:tlrn.c:tlra_ f-nt'ts mn>' 'that on thi trip the· men :-did ·not Jlave, no >officel· -is -Teferred , · y , am . '·.:suflirient•food ":.Pl~ltey:went . h'U.I!'gr'3' :a.ruLthat the omcers were~

r CALDWELL. H:n.:\= the muu€d otfioors:irL:those~ilii:vits · ·~u ~:tlmt t •rom w-ere_ a · bun~rthat-tbey ere· w.illl:n,g. to .eat;the lea-v-.. . . .,. . · . · · · · • ln1;'s :from· t ire-1-tlbh',.-,-:--of'::fhe..»fficers.

had un opportunity u :cr· ·;s-exrurunfr-.,Mtnesses? . . A-tlhmt· . i:h:rt.llfte-rthe rompltlly arrlvt'il at Catt:aro, .DaJma'tf~~the ~ Mr. 'l\icCULDOCH. N t ~t7l"e'-me :a:s a • tr-ibunal. men .'re·i Hc-t"t d in a t~nc warehouse ;..:that '"the .majority of .th.e.men.. clt.f. · c <tr.T"\v:uELL ·D +'1-. - ~ tl ,.,.,~ k :.t:l1 +• 't ";"' f . · •slept on· tbp.·b:mJ1loor-; f'hat -abant a· month before •the CD-mplPJy .. Jeft c..l.l r, ~ 'Y • ae L.lLe . ,gen em.nu l.llllll llG •. l --u... . ~lr "[ Cnttaro a small amount o.f . straw was .brong:ht for- the nse .o!dhe..men,

to put nto..,'the ..CONGBES lON.:AL RE-cORD! here.~~- rm.cte.,.__a:ffirlnvits i but' tMr~ ·was ,..not ~·mJ?"!?:h''tf:r_go n.ro_rmd:n.nd a . l:rr-ge:numbel; .o!:..me.n ,gk>p,t . made; -by the -peuple -who. mmd~: those, :casting- Tefiuet1en . "Hp''ll •. ·on }le Jmr ~t,oor du~· :thE'b: ~re stay,..a.t Ca..tta.r:o, t\vhlclt·w.as .fro.m o:ffi:cers:.of-combat•troo_ps wtthtmt 'givi;p.g•tJ.lose officers ·ant.Opp.or:- I the . .2~d o:l' N .<TV1'mbei-. '1918,"11Utll-th~ 5th of_M:n:t:ch~ J.!tt..9. •

tuJ-li~ 4:Q.-.be J1eard? FOOD. . . -~~ " . ' • • .. ~ , , n

1 ~ !Affiant s.a_y ±hat ::hls>:Compan . . H wuvpu_.on- Itldian:rmtiDus.!fm-nished ,.Jdr~ MI:CDLLO B.. Cf .cour.se. I _ID? the- <me . w.ho .must t-de- •by. ltaJinn ··~llDd'·llia.t.r >tbe<i~~d .turnis~d.J thc · men'" wbile.::il!ompany. H _

cide that question. and· 1 ' h.n ve ·~eci<led to . !IJU t ·them . n. ~, .The c W.a-8 •a t tfu:ttxm; ill) .:until the . time: . f . the• 1nvestiga tiou 1'tha.t::was.. made captain ·of the company w,as !:filially. !·elieved of .llis~rCOID.Jllill1.d following_ ,the OOJJI:pln.uyts·•m.'lde-.:in A.M:r - .Bl~'s lett:er'•""Wa.s :tnsufficient.

• • . • • - . • • 1 , !andmfnsu.eh· ;pour ~tit-y;~., t:hat · -It a-s :not i:it to ,_eat; •thutl1tbe .ratluns after. ·thlh mvestlg::ttiOn sta:rtedr::;on:Jthe; _ebft:r<Y. made · l\in. , . .colJBist-ed'.cof.·· cox:n.m.eru llrlticb:•· w.us moldy, trlee th.a:t'·· w.aso ..-nms.ty~·.:a.nd Black's .--~letter, but. as- I •·m\d~rstn:nd; reinstated. ' Two i"of ' fhe ·wol:JllY ~,aud m:tta:roni i~that >vaS ·.full "Dt JWorms_ .and .bug -; ~7tha~- wo:rms lieutenant~ I am ia:forrned '!. were,_nfte~.a.rds relieved -of -their couldd;~e ·seen· m:.:tned:l.cc -and maearont:after' 1t was ~.colllred~d ra.s it

• 0 . ...,. 1, '1 "' d .th _ was libeiug~serv..ed: to •ditce..men. .A.ID.ant ·says .Jtlbatl the ·..co:ffe~Yrwa of· ueh commanus. n - :the , reco~.....; . bere;:.~.o•Te,c•an e strate.ments.t:tllat , a-n i.nferiorrgra.-d~ct.hat rt :~~as rhardl:Y1it· to drtnk~umdt that.rfor.:llays at were r made in ·the affidavits, 'I':"•do •not thitik~· a'Ily :fnjl"ffitice - i-8 ·1 a :time: ;t-b:~y-orb:ad:-l.l'O coHe.c ·a.t nll. .UHnntd:W::then..:· ays t·that i:h.~ , cattle goinrn to- be. .done anyone . by :pUtting' :the• ... hffidaYits ~o: the 1 w.hich, wer -kiH.t''!- ~~or -th 'Ill or •· tbe· eommissm-y oLliliwmm.pa:ny ·w~re

b 1 ·.not •in a Jit -~ mulitron t"O" b 'thSecL for::ilu:man::..fo.od.,..:a:nd :.that .he was rn-RECO.RD. . . l fo:rmed 1:hat::rnqny ofdJhc attie· had- soPNnon ::the-legs · ~.nat · indicated

1\Ir. CALDWELL. I •m-etely- ca:.Jled ' the gentleman' -at-tention "that rti,te . 1\Ve.rc- ""nfferiug frum ,some..:k:inc:L ·. of a tdisease, &Dd say;s. :thnt to that fact because I tbou(J'ht be wanted to be fair. ·one.af clns--sentrie:&.crepm't-ed ·tfua.t a . lre~~:tba1r !ha.d . died · un:~ts feet duting . · " . OCH I o -1 d . (1' tl d'd . the '!Hght-wn& -qnm:tered :ily . the- ltalians.:tli n-ext mornm:g -and t:taken 1\Ir. ~IcCUL'L . am gla the ben enmn · 1 .so, but I tb th >eommissaT_yr-fmm !W.hich. Company ,H~drPw· their rations. .Affia:nt

have thought nbout it carefully, and I have decided that no in- say:s+ethat for-' n-VN' :r:ro::ootb the -food ,cook-ed :was not seasoned:-o.in ·:any

J·ustice would be done w.ay, .and :that ·for ana.n~ . o:eys <they were-:withon.t ·any salt. .Affiant-was . · . .... ffi informed by the baker of •the company, ·tinrt':rthe· flour was wormy, and

1\Ir. VAILE. And IS 1t not a fact that these o cers have had that· the---bakPra wouJd .. spend as mucb·-as am.hOUl! u day ;pic.king worms opportunity to be heard ever ·since the original disclosru·es were out of.,tb~dwur be.tor-e.:-using 't; a.nd-;that-it-was not -u.n:til a:anuary-1.2, made? ,1.919,.-.tlta.t white· bread •was first iissued to·i:he.eonqnnry:

.Aniant ·says i:hat""W.hhe he-:has .no direct .knowledge uponlt:be -subject, .1\Ir. McCULLOCH. Oh, yes; they have. I do not know that yet. it- <was,.,eommoo -talk ::among rthc ~n-:til:lt- the1 were ·being --red -upon

they .ha.ve .been heanl before .. frllY . tribuna-l -other than a:~.militury horse; :>IDeat; an<L--tllat~ rsome -'Of. hi&! m~ t~d .him they .:had seen Jm~ses tribunal :and o-f CI)Urse 1 am not-· :in a· position to ,-se.cure • tlu~ de- quartered.:and ~n"!= -to :rthe• ~missary of .. the comp!l'ny •by t-he Italians

• .. • • • . \VhOi •Were .:f1l'rllildling tbe ltallau ratluns:;upnn• :w.hich ' the· men of the tailed evidence that was developed before the military tribun'a.l, -company-. :were b.~ing· ted. although 1-ha-ve.:t:be .:report -bf the ofHcers·-who .made the 'e..~:mi­na:tio~-jn ·which .they -staie,,_ :as 1 remember~ 1 that these' .ptlrti.cut lar officers.; were ecl'elieved ·o'fl theil,:,-e:ommands. :

1\Ir. CALDWELL. i:..did not -t1l.mk: ' 'tue-:gerrtleman~ wrurted···to do...any.one an injnsti~e, •andttlmt ·-is.-fue-,.o.aJ.Y' •eason I cil.lf'edihis att-ention >to it.

Mr. McCULLOCH. -·Dh, ·no. .If ' r!tliDbght ·:to.r a minute that I would be doing anyone an injustice 'by JJUtting.these a.ffulavits in the RECORD, I would' nov do:Jt; b-ut I •feet ·-:th.a.t , the: :injustice ha.S ·.been done .the· memberstof:..t:ha.t•company .by ' the sta1ements that have .been. made by, tlle-~etarY' of\1\Var .. and.by; these,-offi­cers in attempting to make it -a_ppen:I!ttha: 'the;, complaints .they made w.ere :untrue and.. U'llfounded ;•·ana .I eelJ .. in: view" of.. th~ statements tha.t .ha.ve been. made, ,fuom ith.e .. secretary -of ,W.ar down, in justice to those- boys~ .I to.11ght to: den.~ tb.is::.ma:tter.. u_p, and that is what I am attempting to do. {Applause.]

! C[;O'l".E~Tl!>G.

• A:ftil:tnt -=sR-ys that ;at;;t;Jrerend <ofl the ddve- on · November •12, the ·day . alter the t si'gnln~:r~·-nf f.· tbe- ra.Tmiatice, the men of . .C61llpa ny · H ·bad only the dothiug •that ;they. had •on their baeks~ and · there was no clothing issued •·tG t-the m<>n frent 1'hat dflit~ ell'Jlti} ra-trotft,.fo.ur 'Wee•ks before the meu , sailed for Genoa ou'· ·March 5. • Affiant · says that the facts are there were no ' -cl.OtheS'' -issued · to the• men·- oover.1ng a period ·of about three months·~ d'tlring :which 11:i~' -they • we:nt 1.hr.ough all of these hard­sbips, including their 1•rnarcbes- a:nd thPir stay at Cattar.o ~ that .the result was ·that towa-r<fthe•,e-nd·of -that time··they were going half-naked, and~ -the • men were ·a:shamed• to go out in public beeause of· the -eondltion

.ot their 1clothes; "Which w<>re •So ·torn ·-and ragged that t::h£y would not cover th!'ir na:IO>dnE>ss. " cA1fiant .sa7-s fli:i'therc·tliat lle saw -American · -soldiers wearin-g Austrian

; clothing·whl<'b tlley ~ood -gnthered 'llP and ·washE'd and '1JUI:' in ·,condition tand ·were worn ·-uy ·t:Mm-; r1fu.at one man· in ·the e.ompan:y lwhose clothes be~ame in summad '·roh{lition -was "(''mp~Ue('l -1:~ -go arountl ·in a, blanket f6r two·.days--uiftilih wa-shed and -dri!'<l bis •uniform. Affiant says •that the shoes of the•mt>D-"Wer-e'in csu<'h ·bad condition ·that ' the- ·sooes were out ..and' •their ~t-wel'e\-nn the ground. and still they :were eompellcd' to do •gWtrd duty .and;dElil-·in all kinds ot weather.

4382. CONGR.ESSIO:N AL. RECORD-HOUSE. AUGUST 26,

TUE.Vl'M:E."·T.

~Affian t says tha t there was ' not a ·proper place for taking care of sick oldiers; that on tbc trip from Venice to Cattaro a number of the oluiel's lle<:amc ill; tha t it was believed that they had the influenza,

and they remained on the transport in all of its filth for a number of uays a f t er th ey landed at Cattaro; that finally when the boat was taken away these men were ordered off of the boat, and they walked !hrough rain and mud, sick as they were, to the billets. which were m the stone warehouse where the company was quartered, and they laid there for two days before they were taken to the hospital. Affiant says that on the arrival of the transport at Cattaro tlie entire Com­pany H was confined to billets and the drill yard for a period of 10 days, and the men were not permitted to go over to' n to take a bath ; having been transported in that filthy boat and the me.n being covered with vermin, they were still held for 10 days without any apparent excuse, not being permitted to go where they could clean up and t a ke a bath.

DRUNKENNESS. Affiant says that the statement made in the letter of Ilomer E. Black,

<lated January 3, llll9, hereinbefore referred to, that '.'Another complaint is that all the commissioned officers located at this point, with the ex­ception of one lieutenant, are drinking to excess and drunk practically all of .the time; that their actions are so disgusting and disgraceful that the officers of the English, French, and Italian Armies look down upon tberu witJ1 disgust," is true. Affiant says there were :five commissioned officers in Company H, stationed at Cattaro, and that four, including the captain, drank to excess, and -that the captain was drunk a good part cf the time. Affiant says that one of the ~ieutenants, as far a s be know:s, did not Ul'ink at all. Affiant says that the firs t evidence of driuking .. upon the: part ,of the com.missionecl officers of Company H was at F _onlam, France, on June 20; 1918; that the company hall arrived at this point and were to be billeted, according to the captain's instruc­tion:>, in private .homes ; that the men waited for about three houi·s for the·-proper ·arrangements to be made, and finally the captain of the company marched the company up_ the street to a saloon; tha t the cap­tain and the lieutenant went . into the saloon and remained there for fully an hour, leaving the men in the cempany standing outside of the saloon in the rain. Affiant say i:hat he saw the captain of Company II so intoxicated that he did not know one of the corporals of his own company. . . - .

Affiant says that the captain fmally, instead of billeting the men in private· homes crowded them into one room next to the saloon, and those , who couid not crowd into the 1.-oom were compelled to sleep out­side in the rain or in sheds or wherever they could get shelter.

'Affiant says that when the company arrived at Valeggio, Italy, on AUJ?USt 13, 1918, the regiment was assembled for the first time after arr1ving in Italy; that here they .had built a large building, which was dedi<;ated on Saturday evening, August Sl, 1918. Affiant says that just a week previous to this time an order signed by the colonel was issued that . no _liquor would be allowed brought into camp, and that at the dedication of this building beer· a'ild liquor were hauled in by the truck load, and nobody was allowed· at this affair except the officers. In other words, affiant says that the orders that were issued that no liquor or beer should be brought in seemed to apply only to the men, and when it came to a party for the officers it had absolutely no application, because they did drink liquor and beer .brought in by the truck load for this officers' ·party. _

Affiant further says that the affair was given exclusively for officers on that Saturuay night, A<Igust 31 ; that it was a very lively party; and that it lasted until 2 o'clock in the morning. Affiant says that he saw officers coming and going from the party in a drunken condition; that the language used was rough and profane; that the colonel of the regi­ment llimself was there. Affiant says that he knows positively that this party was attended by Lieut. Col. Everson, but affiant can not say that he drank' anything; but affiant does know that Lieut. Col. Everson was present, anu there were officers under him present at this party whom he could have disciplined for their conduct and their drinkin17 'had he· <lesired to do so. Affiant knows that officex·s who were under Lieut. Col. Everson did drink to excess on this occasion. Affiant says that on Octo­ber 19, 1918, Company H started on what was known as a propaganda march; that- on this occasion the captain of Company H, who was in command, was so intoxicated that .he got off of the road time and time ag:Un, leading his men aro1llld to .·no purpose, and while he was in an intoxicated condition. The facts are, affiant says, because of his condi­tion and the way he commanded our company on that day it took Com­pany H two hours longer to cover the same ground than it did Company F. _Affiant says that on October ·29, 1918, while the company was . on 1he drive, they arrived at Varago; that the. :first two lieutenants alld the captain had been dri11king all day- and were drinking during the evenin"' nnu by reason of their condition thcv did not secure the issue of rati01fs for supper for the men until 10 o'clock at ni17ht, and the failure to secure the rations for supp£-r was, in affiant's opimon, due to the drunken con­dition of the officers in command of the company.

Aifiant says that while the: company was at Venice preparatory to going aboard the transport A t·gentina for Cattaro, on November 16 one of the first lieutenants of Company H went aboard a Canadia..fi transport and got so drunk that he staggered coming off the transpox"t in full sight and in the presence ~of the men of the company. · Affiant says that on January 25 one of· the first lieutenants was picked up out of the ditch in an intoxicated condition by two pri'l"ates of Company H ; that on January 25, 1919, at Cattaro, a party was given at the officers' quarters fox· officers of the Army and Navy only, and affiant saw ... ome of these officers later in the evening at a '})arty given by the boys of the Army and Navy at the coffee house in Cattaro in such a drunken con­dition that -they were upon the;:stage where the performance was beinoo held interfering with the program until the sergeant ordered them t~ s t.'l nd . back Affinnt says that -among the officers who came to the coffee house In this drunken condition was the captain and one of the fit'. t lieutenants of Company H. - Affiant says that thev were both in a rln mken condition; that two lieutenants of the machine-gun company wore drinking and Interfering with the performance. .

Affiant say ~bat on .Tanuary _14, 1919, the captain of Company H was found sittmg on the - dock at Cattaro in a drunken stupor at 5 o'clock in the morning: and an . ambulance driver, fechanic lleinhart wa s called to take the captain to his quarters in his ambulance. '

.Affiant says that -be also knows of the trouble Sergt. Schauers, of hi s company, had with the -naval office r .who attended the officers' party a t Cattaro and who was intoxicated at the party on January 25, .191!), and he saw the lump on the erg£-ant's face where he had been struck by this officer at the time-Of the disturbance at the officers' party at

· thP officers' quarters, where officers were drinking to excess. ~ .\ ffinnt . ay, that two of t he members of the machine-gun comJlanv

wen' injured in nn accident by the bursting of a !-pounder shell, and tho t they died of such injul'i t>s ; tha f the boys were Pvt. Grinly, who

was buried on December 23, 1918, and Corpl. Brickman, buried on December 24, 191 ; that at both of these· funerals, which were military uneral.s, the captain of our company was intoxicated· that at the

funei·al of Corpl. Brickman the actions of the captain of . Comi)any B ,were so disgustln.g and disgraceful that the officers of the French Army who attended the ,fune~al tur1;1ed away from the captain in dlsaust and re~used ~o talk WJ th him. Affiant says that be stood next to the caP­tall! :Jnr~ng the ceremo~ies and that he was giving orders and inter­ferm,. w1th the ceremome in such a way as to disgust the entire com­pany, and affiant knows t -hat he was intoxicated and his actions were disgraceful.

Affiant. says t hat the Serbia commissary otl'ered to issue wine to the men in Company II ; tha t the captain of Company H refused to permit the men to receive the wine, and the next day be sent men to the Serbia commissax·y with a keg to get the wine, which they did get and deliv­ered to the officers' quarters. -A~ant says that the commander of the regiment, Col. Wallace, and

the. lieutenant colonel, Everson, were at the regimental headquarters, which was a considerable part of the time at Genoa and probably !or a short _time at 'l'reviso; that they were at least 800 miles away from Ca ttaro, where Company H was billeted. Affiant further says that Lieut. Col. IDver on visited Company H at Cattaro on two occasions only, and that the commander of the regiment visited Company H at Cattaro only once.

Affiant says that the reference in a report of the War Department that ~e clothes of t!I~ soldiers at Cattaro were badly torn due to the unloadmg of ammurubon from Austrian captured . ships and marching ove1· the. mountains at Montenegro, do not pertain to Company H, about which complaints were made, because Company H never unloaded any ammunition nor ever marched over the mountains.

Affiant say~ that on March 4, 1919, the night before they sailed for Genoa, Lieut. Col. Everson, who -had not visited Cattaro except on one. o~casion before that time, made a speech to the men of Com· pany H m regard to the complaints contained in the letter of Mr.' Black; that he said that Mr. Black was a man "just a little bit over the draft age and a slacker " ; that he had received letters from these boys and sent them to Washington to Congressman RoscoE C. Mc­CULLOCII, and that Congressman McCULLOCH presented the complaints to Congress; that dUl'ing the course of his remarks he said that "RoscoE .McCuLLOCH is a l!ar"; ' that during the course of his remarks Lieut. Col. Everson said "you men want to be mighty careful what you say in this investigation or you will be sent to France in a working battalion."

Affiant says that during the time that the members of Company H were on such poor ~talian rations that he ate with the Italian Army, and that their rations were not only good but that the quantity was sufficient; that they had food of good quality and plenty of it; that the members of Company H could not get any sugar, but the Italians had their coffee sweetened. Affiant says that it was colll1Ilon knowledge and repeatedly stated that the Italian Army was receiving American corned beef canned in 1917, while the American soldiers were compelled to eat Italian canned bully beef canned as far back as 1911. Affiant says that the soldiers were not paid regularly, and that at one time there was as much as three months' pay due them.

Affiant saya that the investigation that was conducted of the com· plaints contained in the Black letter was not a fair investigation in the opinion of affiant, fo1· the reason that it appeared that the officers were attempting to exonerate the officers of Company H and other officers rather than to get the facts; that the investigation was not started until March 17, 1!.>19, and affiant says that be saw clippings from newspapers sent to the boys from the States announcing that the investigation had been made and that the complaints had been found to be false, when in truth and in fact at that time no investigation whatsoever to affiant's knowledge had been made.

Affiant says that he wrote no letter of complaint home about con­ditions while he was in the service; that be IS making this affidavit " on his own motion and for the purpose alone of seeing that ju tice is done; that none of the complaints contained in the Black ·letters were his complaints, for he wrote no one upon the subject.

ffiant says that after the investigation which resulted from com­plaints presented- to Congre s by Congressman RoscoE C. McCuLLocH conditions immediately improved, and that they were at once placed upon American rations; that clothes were at once issued to the men: that sufficient and proper food was supplied: and that conditions generally were very much improved and that the men without .excep­tion wex·e grateful for the improved conditions.

ROBERT H. FI:XEFROCK. Sworn to bcfm·e me and subscl'ibed in my presence at Canton, Ohio,

this 9th day of l\Iay, A. D. 1919.

STATE OF OHIO, Stark County, 8 8 :

AFFIDAVIT.

J. L. FLOYD, Notary Public..

A<l.am T. Van Horn, being first duly sworn, says that he was a duty sergeant in Company H, Three hundred and thirty-second Infantry, United States Army. and that he was discharged from the Army on May 3, 1919. . .

Affiant says that he has read the letter of Homer E. Black. dated .January 3, 1919, which was printed in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD February 5, 1919, by Congressman RoscoE C. McCuLLOCH, and that the statements and complajnts contained in that letter are true.

.Affiant says that he was with Company H during his entire service in the Army; which covered a period from September 6, 1!.>17, until May 3, 1919 ; that he participated in the drive in which the company en­gaged, and that to his knowledge no complaints were made by the men as to conditions before tha signing of the armistice although the men did go· through great hardships. Affiant says that after the signing of the armistice Company H with ifs unit was ordered to Dalmatia and Company H to Cattaro; that the company reached Venice ab.out Novem­ber lG and embarked on the Austrian transport Argentina for Cattaro. The transport At·gtmtina was an Austrian hospital ship being !"ailed b.y the Italian Government flying the Italian tlag; that this hip had b<.'en used to transport Austrian prisoners. The part of the ship occupied by affiant and the other members of Company II was in an un anitary and filthy condition and the men, many of them, became covered with vermin, and the ship was not a .fit place for men to stay. On thh1 trip which lasted about six <lays, the food was not only in!;ufficient bnt or such a poor quality that the men would not eat H. Tho. e who hacl . money bought _food from the crew's kitchen. Those who diu not have

1919. CONGRESSION \.E RECORD-HOUSE. 4383 money made an 'effort to get food the best way 1hey could from the . cre-w's kitchen. Many of the men tradecT their t<Yb!lcco for ·bread. The rations were what were known as Italian iron rations, which is a ration that is only supposed to be used in extreme emergency. It consisted of one can of bully beet to three: men, and one piece of hardtack to -eac.h man. If the can happened to be spo1led the· men were" .out of luck :• ·and would have no meat to eat for that meal. As a good deal of this meat was put up in 1912, and so marked on the can, a great deal of it was spoiled. The facts are th~ men dld not have enough to eat and went hungry.

Affiant says that at the arrival at Cattaro tbe ·company-'Was billeted in a warehouse with a drill field, and that the company was immedL­ately ordP.red confined to billets and the drill field. Affiant says that during their say at Cattaro, which covered a period of about three montlui, almost 80 •per cent of the time the CDmpany was · confined to the billets and the drill field 'Or what is referred to in the Army as the company area. 'fhe ~trect of this was . that the men were confined just as though they were prisoners, no passes being :issued to l~a ve· the com-pany a1:ea or to go to town for any purpose. •

1The warehouse in · which the company was , billeted was not provided with cots or bed.s and the men ~lept .on-the hard fl-oor except !only when ­they were able to rig up a cot or a bed for themselves ; that there was no straw until about a month before the ~ompany left, and then there was ·not a third enough to go .around. Alliant suys that a unit o:t' the l!,r-ench Army was billeted at .Cnttaro~, arriving three week after Com­pany H arrived, and they ;ver~: proviaed in their billets wlth iron· cots with. springs and had VE>ry comfortable quarters while Company H was sl~ping on the hard floor and apparently no etr.ort was being made whatever on the part of the officers to •-remedy conditions. The. men learned that these eots were- available and in the Serbian war.ehouse, and when some of the men tried to get them they were <>rdered ·by-their officers not do so and were forbidden to enter any warehouse for any purpose whatever. -

Affiant says that the food prior to the investigation that was made following the eomplaints wntained in the Black letter consisted of Italian rations furnished by Italians to the company's commissary and was not only insufficient in quantity but was so poor in quality that in affiant's opinion it was not flt to eat. Affiant says that at one time there was an inspector from the Medical Department inspected ihe food, and it was reported that he condemned it and so reported, but there seen1ed to be no improvement until the investigation was made on the complaints made in the Black letter. The food consisted of wormy rice and maca­l'onl-; that the corn meal 'WaS moldy that w-as furnished ·the commissary by the Italians. Affiant says that the meat that was ·served to the m-en was of ~uch -n -quality that be could not eat it. and did not eat it. .Affiant will -say 'that he did not touch meat · more than •once or twice -when he · was at Cattaro and then 'Only for the purpose of finding -out how it tasted. The men of Company H at Catta.ro hea-rd on a Saturday night that an investlgatioin had been started investigating conditions, and on the following Wednesday nignt an English ship came in with Amedcan r·atlons. Affiant says that he is confident that th~ Amerlcnn rations were furnished because- of ·the investigation that was made, and· he learned from ihe captain of the ship that br<>ught the American rations that they had been loaded onto this transport in a hurry, having been car. ried on the upper deck. Those were the first Ameriean J.'ations· that the men of Company H had since they bad arrived at Cattaro, and from· that time on conditions improved .

. ffiant says that the men wore the arne clothes to C:attaro that they had worn on the drive and through the wh{)le campaign. and !or a num­ber of months after arriving at Ca.ttaro the clothes were in such a torn and ragged condition that the men w-ent abo11t with their overcoats and r·aincoats on in order to cov€r themselves; and 'they were ashamed, many of them, to be s~n in public because- of the .condition of their clothes; that on a 'Dumber of occasions •affiant transferred sentries who were doing guard duty from a post that was more ·br le s public to one where they were less likely· to be s~n, and he was compelled to do rthls · because the men were ashamed to be ~een ·by other people on account ot the ragged condition of their clothing. Affiant says that .he was orilered by the commissioned (}fficers to · k~p these men -with ragged clothes out· -of the sight of the public. Affinnt says that the shoeg of the men were in such ·bad condition that many ot1:hem were walklngton 'the ground in their ba.re feet. ';rhe .roads were made of; limest<Jne, and the shoes were very quickly worn out. Affiant says that in his opinion tliere was absolutely no excuse for tbe men being without clothes, for the reason that there were plenty of clothes• for the men at -squadros at 'I'revtso, but the officers of the battalion ordered that the overcoat arid blanket be taken out of the squad.ro and brought to the men, leaving all their other clothes in the squadros at Treviso. If they had br<mght the quadros to the men, they would have had clothes.

Affiant says that the first time that he observed any drinldng upon the part or officers was at'Foulain, France, and· the captain ot the eom­pany marched the men up in front of a saloon and left them tand out in the rain while he remamed in Vle saloon for .a pel'iod ot about three hours. During that time the captain came out of the aloon, and affiant talked with him and was close enough to him to observe that he had been drinking. Affiant says that the ca;J,!ta.in said ea~h squad could send one canteen into the saloon for wine. The men stood out in the -rain in front of the saloon until about 10 o'clock nt night- wnen the .men. were advised that they might seek shelter, which ·the men did wherever they could get it, some going to the station, some to the freight .house, some slept under an a.rbor, etc.

Affiant says that he was on special duty one night a:t Valeggio when there was an officers' party given. .Affiant says there was a great .quan­tity of all kinds of liquors served .at this party, and affiant says ihat he observed peL onally many of the <>fficers in an intoxicated condition. .Affiant says that while the company was on the front-line trench B-2 Varago, while he was on the line on duty having charge of a subsectoi·, or n part of a sector, the captain of the company was in an intoxicated condition and was issuing absurd and foolish orders making hi.mselt gene-rally ridiculous and malting it hard and uncomfortable for ihe sen­tries that were on duty. Affiant sa-ys that be · knows that the captain wa~ ~etting liquor during this crucral time, for the Tation truck was bringmg liquor to' him.

Affiant says that the captain of the company was drinkin~ continu­ously wh!le the company was statiened at Cattaro ; that liquor was ftlrni bed and taken to the -Officers' quarters ; that liquor was taken to these quarters in -various quantities; and. the affiant saw the captain of the company and three of the lieutenants at various times in an intoxi­cated condition. .Affiant as that ~the statements contained 1n the letter of Homer E. Black in regard to the drinking of officers of Com­pany H is true. Affulnt ays that while the officers were clrinkin.g nnd ­using intoxicating liquors 'that if the men. used• intoxicating liquors to excess and were caught that they would be punished. Affiant says that,

in h! opinion, - the men of Company II sufl'ered hardships that they would not have- been compelled to suffer had it not been rfor the fact that the •captain of the company and other officerB of the Tompany used intoxicatin~r liquors to ~cess. A.ffiant says that the investigation that was conducted was, in his opinion, not conducred in such· a way as ·to get the facts, but was more for the purpose of exonerating the ·~fficers than t6 secure the truth. .Amant says that the inspector in charge of the investigation practically admitted the 'truth of the statements and complaints that were made in regard to food and dothing, because he gave ·excuses for the conditions that existed in regard to food and clothing.

An~M 1.'. VAN H-on r~.

Sworn to before me and subscribed in my presence ~his lOth day of May, A. D. 1919.

C. C. CunTIS, Notm·y Public.

AFFIDAVIT. STATE ..OF OHIO,

Btm·k Co1mty, ss: Ct larence Weisenberger, being first duly sworn, says . that he was a

du y ·sergeant in Company H i Three hundred and thirty-second Infan­try, United States AI'Dl.y, ,and that he was discharged'fi'om.the Army on May 3, ' 1919. · ·

Affiant says that he has :read the letter of Homer E. Black dated January 1!_, 1919, which ~ was printed in - the, CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, February o, 1919, by Congressman RoscOE C. McCULLOCH, and that the statements and complaints in said letter are true. ·

Aflia:nt says that he was present when the affidavit ot Adam T. Van Ho:rn, formerly a sergeant of -company H, Three hundred ' and thirty­setond Infantry, was <lictated, •Rnd · that he has since read said affidavit and that the facts and statements contained in said affidavit are true.

CLAB.l!U'Cl!l WEISEl'IBERGEII. Sworn to before me :und -subscribed in my presence at Canton; Bhio,

this lOth day of May, A. D- 1919. C. C. CURTIS, Notm·y Public.

AFFIDAVIT. ~ . STATE. {}E' OHIO,

· Stark Oounty, ss: 1-van D. Miller. , being fust duly sworn. says that .he was a platoon

sergeant in Company H, Threec- hundrM and thirty-second Infantry, United-' .States .Army, .and that .be was discharged from the Army on May 3, 1919.

Affiant says 'that he has .read the le-tter -of Homer E . .B.l'ack dated January 3, 1919, Whlch: - was printed in the CoNGRESSIONAL RECORD, February 5, 1919, by Congressman RoscoE C. MCCOLLOCH, :and that the statements and -complaints in said letter .are true.

A11lant says that he was present when the .affidavit of, Adam T Van Horn, :formerlY a sergeant of Company H, Three bundred -and thirty­second "Infantry, was dictated. and that he has ince ,read said a1fiuavit ·and that the. facts and cStatemeots contained in aid ntlida vit .are tJ:ue.

IvA.....- 1). MlLLEn. Sworn to before me and 'subscribed in my pres®ce .at . canton, Ohio,

this· lOth day of ~ay, A.. D. 1919. C. C. CURTIS, Notat·y Pu1Hio . .

,, AFFfDAVIT. ;r,

STATE 'OF Oruo, '';'f'

Sta1·k Oounty, ss: Paul E.' Schaffner, being fi.rst duly sworn, says that .he -was a duty

sergeant in Company; H, 'Three. hundred and rthirty-.second Infantry,., United State Army, and that he as disclla.rged from the · Ar:m,y <>n May 3,~919 .

Affiant says thaL he has read the letter of nomer .E. Black, dated January 3 1919, which was printed in th Co OOBESs:IONAL ..REcoRD February 5, 1919, by Congressman Ros.coE C. McCt.rLLOCH. ~and -that the statements and complaints- in said' Jetter ·are true.

Affiant says that he '- 'Was present when the· affidavit afi Ad-a:m T. Van nom, . formerly a sergeant ·of Company H ,' Three: hundred and thirty~second Infantry f was dictated and tihat .he llas since read said a1Hda¥it, and that the facts and .statements contained in -said affidavit are true.

PAUL. E. SCHAFFNElL

Sworn to before me and ·subscribed in .my pre ence at Cil:nton, Bhio, this lOth day of May, A. D. 1919. ·

C. C. CURTIS, Notaro Public.

AF~IDAVlT. STATE 'OF OHIO,

Sta1·k Ooun.ty, ss: Joseph R. Colle, being :first -dtily sworn, says that he was a platoon

sergeant in CompanY' H, Three hundred and thirty-seeond Infantry United States Army, and that he was discharged from the· A11my• -on May 3, 1919.

Affiant says -that he has read the letter of Homer E. Black. dated January 3, 1919, which \VaS printed in the CoNGRESSIONAL RECORD February -5, 1919, by Congressman RoscoE C. McCULLOCH', a'Ild that the statements and complaints in said letter are true.

Affiant says that he was present when the affidavit of Adam T. Van Horn, formerly a sergeant of Company H, Three hundred and thirty­second Infuntry, was dictated, and that he has since read said a1fidavit, and that the facts and statements contained in said a11idavit are true.

Affiant says that he was a~igned to duty during most of the t1me that Compa-ny H was stationed at Cattaro as sergeant of the military po­lice; that as such officer (noncommissioned) he had the privilege of coming and going between the '-C<>mpany area and the walled city, of Cattaro. Affiant says that he would be in the town of Cattaro most all of the day and part of the nigh~j that there was a store known us the bakery where liquor was sold-; tnat almost evecy . duy affiant saw the captain with one of his lieutenants or perhaps two lieutenants in.• this bakery drinking liquor. Affiant says :that he has seen in this bakery the captain of the CDmpa:ny; all .o:f the lieutennnts of the company except Lieut. Brown, the two lieutenants of the machine-gun company, and the battalion adjutant in this bakery at various times. Affiant says tllat he has seen. the captain:; the three lieutenants of Company H, and· the two lieutenants of the machine-gun compan:v <>n the treats of Cattaro in an intoxicated conditi1JD. and that said offict>rs did drink i.e xccs .

Affiant says. that he had four of his m n-milltary police-at an Army and Navy party given in what was · known as th • coffee l:ouse, an :t that

4384 OONGRESSION AL RECORD- HOUSE,. AuousT 26,

on this occasion most all of the officers attending this party were under the influence of liquor; that on that occ~sion affia_nt saw in an intoxi cated condition at this party the captam, two lieutenants of Company H , and two lieutenants of the machine-gun company, and naval officers in an intoxicated condition. _

On one evening affiant says that he heard of a disturbance and on investigating he found two Serbians leading the captain of Company H out of the walled city toward his quarters in such a drunken condition he ~ould not walk without being assisted.

JOSEPH R. COLLE. Sworn to before me and subscribed in my presence at Canton, Ohio,

this lOth day of May, A. D. 1919. C. C. CURTIS, Notary Pubii c.

AFFIDAYIT. ~TATE OF OHIO,

Stark County, 88:

Edward A. Schauer, being fil'st duly sworn, says that he was a s-er­geant in Company H of the Tbl'ee hundred and thirty-second Iniantry, u nited States .Al'my.

Affiant says that he bas read carefully the letter written by Homer E. Black dated January 3, 1919, -to Congxessman RoscoE C. McCuLLOCI":, in which reference is made to complaints in regard to the food, clothing, and ti·eatment of soldiers in Company H, Second Battalion, Three hun­rtrerl and thirty-second Infantry, and that the statements and com­plaints contained in that letter are true.

Affiant says that Company H, with the battalion of the regiment, was transported from Venice to Cattaro on the captured Austrian transport A rgenti na. This ship was filthy and insanitary, and the men, as a r esul t of the filthy condition of tb.e ship, were at once covered with vermin.

.Affiant says that the men were served with canned Italian bully beef, the cans-some of them-marked "1912," indicating .the beef had been canned in that year. In many instances the beef was spoiled and the men would have to throw half of it away. The rations was one can of bully beef to .three men, which would be about an ounce and a third of beef to a man, and each man would get one piece of hard-tack. Hot coffee was never served more than once a day. The facts are the food ~erTed upon this trip, which covered a period of six days, was insuffi­cient and of such a poor quality that a large part of it was not fit to ea t and the men went hungry. Affiant says that he himself, with the o ther men, has waited for the leavings or left overs from the mess tables of the crew and the officers in order to get something additional t o eat to satisfy his hunger. Affiant says that while the men were being improperly a.nd insufficiently fed it was common knowledge among t hem that the officers on the upper ileck had plenty to eat, including t urkey and other delicacies. ·

.Affiant says that when the company arrived at · Cattaro they were billeted in a warehouse. The men bad to sleep upon the floor. The men tried to work out some way of preparing beds, and did the yery best they could, and there was not even straw furnished until the las t f ew weeks, and there was not enough to g.o around, and during this time French and Serbian troops who were billeted in Cattaro had lleds and proper quarters and plenty of room.

Affiant says that the food at Cattaro before the investigation was made consisted of Italian rations. The rice furnished was buggy and moldy and the macaroni was full of worms. The food was seldom ever seasoned. Affiant says that the meat furnished the men was of such a quality that he could not eat it; 'that it. had a ba.d .odor about it and t urned his stomach. Affiant says that, m his opmwn, the meat fur­nished the men was not fit to eat.

Affiant says that the men before the investigation in many instances dill not have sufficient clothes. The clothes were out at the knees and so . ragged and torn that they ·would not cover their nakedness and were compelled to wear overcoats when they would go out in public because of the condition of their clothes. Affiant says the shoes of the men were so worn that many times he was compelled to excuse them f rom guard duty because their feet were on the ground. Affiant says t ha t the bathing facilities were absolutely inadequate and that men wer compelled to go a long time. without a bath . •

Affiant says that there were five officers in Company H, commissioned­the captain, two first Ueutenants, and two second lieutenants. Affiant ays that uil of these officers except one second lieutenant drank to

excess and were most of the time under the influence of liquor. Affiant says that he saw ·one of the officers of Company H, on the occasion of t he funeral of one of the boys who had been killed by accident ap­proach two French officers and attempted to t a lk to them, and these officers turned away in disgust because he was in such a drunken con­(lition that his actions were disgusting. The actions of this officer 1luring the entire ceremonies of the funQral because of his drunken con­dition were disgusting to everybody. Affiant says that on one occasion a party was given by the .Army and Navy officers located at Cattaro. This party was given on January 25, 1919. Affiant says that he was informed 'by one of the officers that the purposes of the party or the object of the party was to get the Navy officers drunk; that this officer described to affiant what was known as "the boat race," and he said t hat the .Army sat on one side of the table and the Navy on the other; tha t each man had his glass upside down and they started a bottle on ._.ach s ide of the table; that each man was to fill his glass, drink it, and turn it upside down and then the next man was to do the same; that whichever side finished first won the race. Affiant says that at this party he was informeu by the 'Officer that this was one of the amuse­ments. On this day and during this evening affiant was sergeant of the guard, and at about 10 o'clock he was informed that there was a dis­turbance at the Company H officers' quarters. Affiant went to th!.' quarter s and there found tha t a naval officer was in a drunken condition and had attempted to enter a woman's room and was creating a dis­t urbance when affi..'l.nt, as was his duty, .approached this officer, ·he t r uck him in hi s face with his fist. And although this act on the part

of t his n aval officer was contra.ry to regulations and should have been investigat ed, yet the officers covered the matter up and smothered it and no investigation was made. It was commonly understood and common talk that most of the officers who attended this party drank to excess :mel were drunk. Affiant says that there were other parties where officers wer e drinking a nd to excess. A-nd affiant says that the charges made in .Mr. Black's :ctter in regard to drinking among the officers are truc. ·

Afl111.nt: ~:ays that members of Company H received word from hom-_ that thP. announcement bad been made through the newspapers that the <'han;es made by Mr. Black had been investigated and found to · be nntrue. and Ht the time th0se letters were received the investigation or Company II had not be:mn. :md affiant knows that the first in>estiga-

tion was started March 17, 1919. Affiant says that the nature of the investigation as conducted seemed to him to be an effort to exonerate offic~rs rather than to get ihe facts.

EDWARD .A. SCIIAUilR. Sworn to before me and subscribed in my presence at Canton, Ohio,

this 8th day of May, A. D. 1919. C. C. CunTIS, Notary Publio.

STATE OF OHIO, AFFIDAVIT.

Stark County, ss: Floyd E. Gable, being first duly sworn, says that he was present when

the attached affidavit of Edward .A. Schauer, former sergeant in Com­pany H, of the Three hundred and thirty-second Infantry, was c:Uctated by Sergt. Schauer, and that he bas since read it carefully, and that the facts and statements contained in that affidavit are, to affiant's knowl­edge, true in every particular. Affiant says that he was a corporal in Company H, of the Three hundred and thirty-second Infantry, United States .Army, and that he was with the company durin~ its entire foreign service. Affiant says that during the trip from Vemce to Cattaro, on the transport At·gent-ina, that he himself fought with other men for the bones and leavings from the mess; that he did this because he was so hungry that he was willing to do most anything to secure food. Affiant says that the truth is that the men were almost crazed for food and were willing to do most anything to get something to eat. .Affiant says that while. the men were in thls condition and without sufficient food that the officers on the upper deck were being feed on turkey and other delicacies and had plenty to cat.

Affiant says that the statements that have been made that the com­missioned officers of Company H, with the exception of one lieutenant, dl'ank to excess and were drunk a great part of the time are true.

FLOYD E. GADLE • Sworn to before me and subscribed in my presence at Canton, Ohio,

this 8th day of May, A. D. l!H9. C. C. CURTIS, Notary Publio.

STATE OF OHIO, Stark County, ss:

AFFIDAVIT,

n. W. Shurtz, being sworn, says that he was a member of Company H, of the Three hundred and thirty-second Infantry, being a private; that the company, with other companies of the regiment, were transported from 'Venice to Cattaro on the Italian transport Al·gentina; that this transport had carried to the Venice port Italian prisoners from an Austrian port; that before the American soldiers went aboard the ship the ItaUan authorities desired to clean and sterilize the ship. For some reason unknown to affiant the colonel of the regiment declined to have this done and insisted on leaving at once. This information came to affiant by the Italian in charl?e of the ship. ~n any event, the companies did go aboard without the ship being cleaned. Affiant says that the. ship was in such a filthy condition that tha men were at once covered with vermin and that the hold in the sbjp where they were was not a fit place for any person to stay. . .

Affiant says that during this trip, which lasted about six days, the rations were very poor. The general run of the rations would be one can of corned beef to three men and one piece of hardtack to each man. It became somewhat of a joke among the men as to the age of the corned beef because of the date on the can, some of which ran back as far as 1907. These r.ations remained about the same during _the entire trip so far as the privates and enlisted men were concerned.

Affiant says that on one occasion he was assigned to guard duty where he had an opportunity to observe the kind of rations and food that was being served during this same trip to the officers of the r egiment on the boat; that he saw supplies of dressed turkeys, dressed chickens, steaks, potatoes, and good bread. Affiant says that he saw these supplies being cooked and served to the officers upon the boat at tbe same time that the men were on the rations above refe1·red to. It was common knowledge and common talk among the men on this boat that during this trlp liquors were being served and used freely by the officers, who were on the upper deck, and affiant %;f:kthat he was told by reliable persons that there was a great deal of ing going on among the officers on this trip. ·

Affiant says that after the battalion arrived at Cattaro the conditions in regard to food and clothing were extremely bad; that the soldiers did not have sufficient clothing to cover themselves; that the men were covered with vermin, which they were unable to get rid of for about three months, and that the lack of clotbin~ inc.reas d the discomforts resulting from this condition. Affiant says that he has seen men going about with clothes that were so badly worn and torn that it caused comments from the natives living at Cattaro, who- were as ragged a set of people as affiant had ever seen, and even they were commenting upon the clothes of the American soldiers. Some time later there was a part issue of clothes made to the soldiers, which improved conditions con­siderably. Soldiers who we1·e compelled to be out on guard duty during warm days were forced to wear their overcoat in order to cover their nakedness. · .

Affiant says that the food furnished at Cattaro was for a con Iderable time known as Italian rations, which consisted of macaroni, spaghetti, beef sometimes cheese, and very often there was no coffee. Affiant says that the macaroni that was served was of su ch a poor quality that he has seen the cooks wash the macaroni to take out worm s and bugs that it contained. and when they could get no more of th e bu... and worms out bv washing they cooked it and served it to the men-bugs, worms, and alL Affiant says that the beef that was served was, to his knowl· edge in some instances not fit to be served, for the t: a son that he him­self 'saw cattle which were brought to the commis ·a ry and killed and fed to the soldiers have what in the opinion of affiant wa hoof-anu-mouth disease. He has seen cattle taken off of the boat which w ere after\Vards killed with sores on their hoofs ancl legs that proved to affiant that the cattle were atllicted with some serious disease.

Affiant says that rum was a part of the Italian rations and that to his knowledge it was served to the officers at mess and at other times. The men were entitled,' under the Italian rations, to an issue of wine, but on an order of the officers the men were not permitted to have it. Affiant says that he knows that there were many officers that did drink to excess; that there were to affiant's knowledge a number of parties given to officers and attended exclusively by officer where they drank to excess. Affiant can call attention to two specific instances nmon~ others. One was at Vallegeio. A building was to be dedicated ti.Dd arrangements were to be made for a show to be given by the ~lent of the regiment; the fil'st night, which wns n Saturday night, was to be exclus-ively for the offica-s, and the following Monday nigbt was to •

1919. OONGI{.ESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE. '4385 be for the priYatcs. This building where the show was held was right near affiant's tent, and be was able to observe all that went on. Affiant says that on this occasion, in l.iis opinion, everyone who attendt;d the affair drank to excess and were drunk; that they bad an unlimited amount of aJl ldnds of liquor, including champagne. It · was a very

· lively party. Affiant aw the officers leaving the show in such a drunken condition that they were leaning on one another's shoulders and unable to walk straight. The other occasion was at Cattaro, where a party was given by Serbian officers, attended by American officers, and to affiant's knowledge many of the officers drank to excess.

RALPH W. SHURTZ. Sworn to before me and subscribed in my presence at Canton, Ohio,

this 6th day of May, 1919. C. C. ConTIS, Notary Public.

A.FFIDAVIT. STATE OF 0Hl0,

Stark County~ ss: Robert T. Smith, being first duly sworn, says tlla t he was a serge:nit

in Company H, Three hundred and thirty-second Infantry. Affiant says that be has read the char~es that were contained in the letter sent to Congressman RoscoE C. McCuLLoCH by IIomer E. Black, which was printed in the COXGRESSIONAL RECORD and which resulted in an investigation of conditions in connection with Company H and other companies of the Three hundred and thirty-second. The complaint that the soldiers were fed on Italian rations and did not receive suffici­ent food are true. 'l'be meat was bad, the mush was moldy, and soldiers could pick worms out of the rice that was being served. Affiant says he knows that this is true, because he had such rations served to him and that be did himself pick worms out of the rice.

Affiant says that the complaint that no clothes of any kind were re­ceived for a number of months before the complaints were filed and that the men were compelled to wear clothes that were ragged and torn to such an extent that in many instances they would not cover their nakedness to the extent that the seat of the breeches were out and shirts were torn, and men were ashamed to appear in public in the clothes. While tbi8 is not true of all the men; yet the majority of them were in this condition. Being a first sergeant, I was able to secure clothes for myself, and I gave some clothes that I bad to men whose clothes were not fit to wear. The clothes that I had I brought with me, and clothes were not available at that point for distribution to the men.

In regard to the complaint about officers drinking, affiant bas this to say: It was comrron knowledge that at times the officers were drink­ing to excess. Affiant can not say that this was occurring all of the time, but he does know that liquor was used by the officers, and it was the common opinion among the men that it was used all the time. Affiant says that on one occasion he went to a building where a party had been given by officers and he saw conditions that convinced biro that there had been a great deal of drinking going on, and he was informed by men who had be{'n about the building when the pa"rty was on that the otlicet·s bad been drink"ing to excess; that the colonel of the regiment .bad made a number of drunken speeches. Affiant says that one lieutenant was sent o,·er to the building while affiant was there for wine for the colonel, and he saw this lieutenant and some of the men picking up the bottles that were sittin~,? arouDll with some liquor in them, and they secured in this way a oottle of wine, which the lieutenant said he intended to take to the colonel. Affiant says that the lieutenant referred to was very drunk at the time. .

Affiant says that the conditions were bad and that in his opinion the investigation made was not only justifiable but necessary. Affiant says that after the investigation started conditions immediately improved and that the men had practically everythinl? that could be asked for.

Affiant further says that on the transport between Venice and Cattaro the men were served one can of bully beef to three men with one piece of hardtack each; that he saw marked on the can the date 1911, which indi­cated that the beef had been canned during that year. Affiant says that he saw on that trip while the men were being fed wi.th the rations re­ferred to that the officers bad turkey, cluck, and other delicacies. Affi­ant says that on one occasion be conferred with a lieutenant wl:lile be was ·nt dinner, and be saw that the officers were being served the very finest meal; that they had celery and many other delicacies. Dur­ing this time the men were on the rations above referred to.

ROBERT T. S:MlTH. Sworn to before m~ and subscribed in roy presence at Canton, Ohio,

this 7th day of May, A. D. 1919. C. C. CunTIS, Nota.ry Public.

AFFIDAVIT. ST.A'rE OF OHIO,

Bta1·l;, County, ss: William D. Reinhart, being first duly sworn, says that he was a

mechanic and a member of Company H, Three hundred and thirty-second Infantry, United States Army; that be has just been discharged.

Affiant's company was transported with other companies of the regi­ment from Venice to Cattaro in the transport Argentina. Affiant says that the hold of the ship where the men stayed was in a terribly filthy condition and that the men became covered with vermin; that the food on the trip which lasted about six days was very scarce and very poor. One can of corned beef was given to three men, each man receiving a piece of bardt_ack at a meal and one warm meal being served each man each day. Affiant says that he saw the dates 1902 and on up on the cans which indicated to him that the bcP.f had been canned in those years. Very often the meat in the cans was spoiled.

Affiant says that during their say at Cattaro and before the investi­gation started that the soldiers were fed on Italian rations and did not receive sufficient food ; that the food they did receive was of such a poor gualtty that the rice and macaroni contained worms and bugs and the meat in affiant 's knowledge was not fit to eat. Affiant say& that he saw' cattle brought in for slaughter, the meat of which was served to the men, which cattle had running sores between the hoof and the knee, which indicated cle·arly to affiant that the cattle were suffering from some kind of a disease. For a period of about three weeks we bad neither sugar, salt, nor pepper. The flour and corn meal which we were ftu·nisbed was s» molcl~y that it could scarcely be eaten.

Affiant says that for a number of weeks prior to the investigation the men's clothes were in very bad condition ; that they were torn and in such a ragged condition that many of the men could not go out in public without wearing an overcoat or covering themselves up with a blanket.

Affiant says that while at Cattaro be 1lrove a Ford ambulance, and en one occasion the officers had a party at the hotel, and affiant states

LYJII--:!77

that he was caHed ~mt of bed at u o'clock in the morning by the corporal of the guard to take one drunken officer to his quarters. Affiant also knows from his own knowledge that two of the four lieutenants of the company were drinking to excess.

Affiant says that on one occasiou there was a party ~iven at the colfee bouse at Cattaro; that wine was served; that all of' the officers except one lieutenant were di·unk. Affiant says that drinking among the offi­cers was generaJ, with few exceptions, and that the facts as above stated in regard to drinking were true. ·

Affiant says that be bas read the charges contained in the letter of Homer E. Black addressed to Congt·essman 1\IcCuLLOCH, and that the charges set out in that letter are, in his opinion, true in every par-ticular. ·

'\\ILLIAill D. REINH·.I.R'.i'. Sworn to before me and subscribed in my presence at Canton, Ohio,

this 7th day of May, A. D. 191D. C. C. CURTIS, Notary Public.

AFirlD.\'i'IT. STATE OF OHIO,

Stark County, ss: Sergt. C. H. Orton, being fir·st duly worn, says that he was mess

sergeant of Company H, Three hundred and thirty-second Infantry ; that because of his position be was able to observe the kind of food that was available and being served to the soldiers of the company. In the first place, for at least the first two months while in Cattaro, Dal­matia, we drew from the Italian commissary of that city the follow­ing articles: Beef, bread, macaroni, rice, coffee, cheese, tomato sauce, saJt, and sugar, and occasionally an Italian red bean.

For a period of at least two months we drew no potatoes, baYing available only those which we secured from the Montenegros. 'Ihe beef was of a poor quality, frozen beef being obtainable only the last few weeks of our stay in that city. The beef was thin and scrawny and freshly killed. In fact, there were times in .which we would ~ait with our truck until the beef was butchered. Th1s fact can be venfiecl by a medical major who visited Cattaro in company with the fo<?d co~­mission, and who examined the beef on band at that time and mvesh­gated general food conditions. The macaroni and rice were wormy and buggy a large part of the time. In fact, the rice was of such a bad condition that when at one time Capt. Wallace W. Johns, of Company H, accompanied the writer to the Italian commissary with a view to picking out a sack of rice which was not wormy, after examining four sacks of rice selected from different parts of the warehouse, all of which were buggy and wormy, the captain instmcted the writer to simply take any which was issued and trade it off for something the men could eat.

The combined periods of time we were entirely without sugar totaled . at least 19 days, and we were left on our own resources to secure sugar by tradinl? food for honey or sugar, in case either was obtainalJle at that particular time. We were at times without coffee fot· periods which I would judge would total about 7 days.

Our l;lread at first was made of wheat flour and, I judge, at lea t 40 per cent corn meal. . .

Our baker told me that they spent a period of time each day plCkmg worms out of the flour before making up the bread, and the corn meal was always musty. After the arrival of the United States flour ship our bt·ead was of a good quality, the date for which can no doubt be ascertained, and at some time, which I believe to he in February, we received a quantity of American rations, which remedied conditions con­siderably. In fact, the las~ month. that we were in. the city of Cattm·o the men were very well satisfied With the food obtaine<1.

In regard to clothing conditions the writer merely wishes to make the statement that be personally went around the first month ot· so in the city of Cattaro with boles clear through both soles of his shoes at least the size of a dollar. There were many others of the company whose clothes were in very bad condition; in fact, some of them had to wear overcoats when on guard to bide the true condition of their clothes. Other matters in regard to clothing can be ascertained from SNgt. Richardson, supply sergeant of Company H, and a resident of Canton, Ohio.

C. H. OnTO::Ii, Fonner Mess Se1·geant, Company IT,

Three hund1·ed an(l Tllirty-scconcl hlfantry. Sworn to before me and subscribed in my pre ence at Canton, Ohio,

tliis 7th day of May, A. D. 1919. C. C. CURTIS, Xotary Public.

AFFID.o\YIT. STATE OF OHIO,

Stat·k County, ss: G. S. Schneider, being sworn, says that he was a member of Company

rr, of the Three hundred and thirty-second Infantry· that :.Sor a consid­erable time this company was stationed at Cattaro, balm_atia, Austria; that be was a corporal in said company; that for a con ideralJle time · the food issued and served to the members of the company was very poor; the company was on what is known as Italian rations; that he saw at various times worms or bugs in the rice and macaroni that was being served to the men. Affiant says that the condition of this rice and macaroni was such that be could not eat it and would not eat it. Affiant says that he does not know that horse meat was served to the men, as he would not be allle to detect it, but be does lmow that horse meat was a part of the Italian rations, and he aw horses in the cattle pen near the slaughterhouse and he was told by persons that they bad seen these horses slaughtered for use as rations. Atfian.t says that he himseU saw in the commissary horse meat -which be '\'IRS able to see was horse meflt by the hoofs that were on the quarters. Affiant says that in his opinion the charges that the men were nQt given sufficient food are true. Affiant also says that the men were not furnished with sufficient clothes at certain times during their stay at Cattaro. Affiant says that prior to the investigation that they after­wards learned was being made the rations were not only poor but hardly fit to eat. and the clothes were worn out and many men were compelled to wear torn clothes. In affiant's opinion the charges in regard to the poor clothing wN·e also true. Affiant a~·s that he knows that there were parties given by officer, where liquor was scrn:•d. Affiaut knows that at these parties there was served rum, champagne. wine, and beer. Affiant says that on one occasion he !mows of a part~· gh·en by officers in a building which was near his tent an1l nffiant says that he could see that all of the officers wen• g:>tting plent5· 1o d1·;uk. }. ffiJnt says that this party wl:lich was ginn exclusively for offit'l' J:; .:rc;HI'd

4386 OO~GRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. AUGUST 26,

'na t urall y dissatisfaction •among the. m~n, it ~eing given ri:ght in th~ pres- ·nc(', and , the -officers wer e unnking while the. men ·were .demed such priyjlegcs. Affiant sa~s that t.he officers, , to .Jus :knawled%e, -fill! a num i.Jci; of occasions bad ueen drinkmg, ·because _he, ·-when talking mth them, could ·smell liquor 'Wl ' their breath. Affiant .says that; ·J?.e <was able to ollservc on manv 10ccasi ns officers who were rn a conditi001 to lead him to know tha t ·hey ha<l been ·drinking. Aifiant says that after the investigation into co.nditions at · their camp had been ma?e that thro;e was a gt·eat improvement a t tbe camp at Cattaro, Dalmatia; that t~e1r ration. were improved ; and that the men :were put on largely . Am~r~can ratiom;. .A.ffiant sa:rs -that they also were is.sued clothes and conditions generally were impr.oYcd.

GOTTFRIED S. SCHNEIDER. ·.·worn 1.o uefore me and sul>scri i.Jed in my presence at Canton, Ohio,

this Gth day of May, A. D. 1919. C. C. C'GRTIS. Notar-y Publ:ic. [ SE-l L. ] .

C.iXTOX, OHIO, Jauuary S, 1919. lion. Roscm: c: ::\I <.: Cc LLOCH, :ll. C.,

Washington, D. 0. . . :.U'l DE.m JUn. i\IcC LLOCII: The writer has bad so ma.ny -complaints

relative to the t rea tment received by S(}ldiers in Co.mpa:ny H, S~cond Battalion , Three hundred and thirty-second. In~antry, 'JlOW ~;>tati?ned at Catt aro, Dalmatia, .A:nstr·ia, tha~ he felt 1t Jlis ·duty ~o 'brmg !lt. t~ yoUl' a ttention. Briefly the complamts ar,e :that the. soldiers ::r~ bmn.,. fed upon Italian rations arrd ru:e not recm-vmg ·sUffiCient foo.d , m fac.t. several oldiers, \\·r.IJ:ing to their parents, and -wh~ are personally known to tbe writer, and whose honor, honest-y, anq rntegr~ty could not be que ·tioned, state<l that the ~ood was ~o scarce that J.t · was - ~ecessary for them to steal food in order to enst. They also complarned that they ·have rece-ived :no clothes of ·any ldnd since early last fall, and •that they haTe mended and patched their clothing 1:!-ntil it will .bard.Iy Jlold together. One soldier tatec.l that the -only smt of underwear he .had was the suit he was wearing and that it co~dn:t be -washed beca:use it wouldn't hold . together. Another complarnt 1s that :all the c9m­missioned office1: located at this <point, with the ex<:eption of one ~Ieu­tenan t .are drinking -to exec s ·and ,are drtm:k ·practically all the -t1me, a:nd th~t their .actions at·e so ·disgusting and dis:.,"I:accful that ·the offic~:rs of the English, Ft'ench, ·and Italian Armies iook down -upon them wlth

di.~~ihe1· CO'.lllplaint is that- the soldiers illn'e not received~ 'Pli:Y for .a number of month·. ~'hese cmnplaints ·.are fl:O'.lll letters which I :ha-ve rea'd. a nd it is incomprehensible .that .our b~s - must b~ · fcd upon ..horse meat, !q)agbetti, ,and .:maca1·oni, without suffiCient clothmg. :and .offic~red by dnmkn.rds. This is .a matter that · should .not be 1lelayed .-by :a red­tape in..-estio-ation ·but should be Telieved at ·once; and because of - yo~ activity and"' the clegant results you obtain for the .pe<?ple of your ,(lls­trict 1 believe that -you 1\'i.ll make things :h111D to obta.m the .necessary ·relief.

· 1:' ours, very truly, IloMJE.U .E. BLACK.

MFID.AVIT. S'l'.\TE OF Orrro,

Sta,·T• Oouu tu, ss : . We. the undersigned, being fir t .duly swo-r.n, say that we ;were :mem­·ber · of the company set ·~pposit& our 11ames of he 'Dhree <hunclred·and thirty-second Infantry, United States .Army.

Afiiauts say 'that they antl each · of them. have read cai'Cfully the attached letter ·addre · ed' to ' llo-n. l:.wscoE C. ¥cCuLLOeii, .JU. Co:· Was!I­ington, D. C., signed by llomer lll. Black, -which letter was pnnted m the COXGRESSIONAL · iR:E.CO.RD, l!'ebruary G, 1.1)19, •and •affia:nts Say . that the ·ta tements 'anti complaints contained · in -saicJ ,letter are true.

AFFIDAVIT. -'STATE 0F OHIO,

.Stcrrl;, Cott:ntv, ss : Henry .E. Stifiler, being .first..duly sworn, says that h e was a member

of • ComQany F, Second Battalion, Three hundred and thirty-second . In­lantry, ·and w-as recently illschargecl ft·om the United &ates sel'VlCC; that bef.ore his c-omtnmy.went overseas .be was a m ember.J()f Company H, of the same regiment. anct was la tcr transferred to Compa-ny Ji' ; that his ·regiment went from France .to Italy in July, 1917, and that the Second .Battalion :went to Cattaro, Dalmatia, Aus tria, in Kovembcr·, 1918; ancl that his Company F was billetted at Teollo, Austria, .ami that they remained there until some time in March, 1919,. when they returned to Genoa, Italy.

Affiant sRys thnt . during the entire time that hls company was sta­tioned at ·Teodo, Austria, they were on what is ,-known as Italian rations, furnished by the Italians, and that ·during the entire time the food fur­nished the men of his company was not only very insufficient, but also of very poor quality; tliat rice that was furnished the men was wormy and full .of bugs, and that the macaroni contained maggots, and that the hardtack furnished· was also full of -woPms. ,

Affiant further says that the meat that was furnished the men of .his company <luring all of said time ·was ·unfit to •eat; that tho cans ·or Italian ·bully beef that was fru·nished them were about 3 inches in height and about 2 inches in diameter ·and contained about 4 to 5 ounces, and that one can was .served a:s the meat ration for three men 1 and that he .obser-yed .on -some of the cans the !date of 1902, "Which inilicated to hlm

· that the :meat ·was canned in that year, and that the .meat in these cans -was- ·slimy, mushy, and notJfit t'O' eat.

Affiant furthe1· says that on one occasion ·he saw .on a front quarter .of an animal in the kitchen "'f his company what ·had .looked to him like;a ·colla.r ..sore .on the :neck part, •which indicated to ·him that it was a quartet· of -n'llorse, and that this was the -anly meat rin , the kitchen of .his complllly ·.at that time, a:nd that he Jrnows that the ·company had no other meat, .n.n.d that the men .. of his companyqwere served meat. t.h.at day, ·and there­d:o.re h~ bas_.reason t-o believe that the men we~:e served thi · meat. .A.ffin.nt !lays that <m ·one occasion ,he saw the bind quarter of .an animal fmmished

. the comiJa.ny which had a very .bad sore on it, with the appea:ra:nce 10! :a cancer sore, and that .he :was present when the medical major examined it .. and told the ca-ptain of .his com:pltlly that that :piece of ·meat was ·not fit to :use, n.nd when the captain asked the .medi.ca.l :major it that sore coUld not :be cut out and the rest used, the major · replied that 1t could not, a: it was not fit to eat. Affiant says that this quarter was -the .only mo.at that the compa:ny ad ,at that time, and that the men of iliis oom­·:rany :were. served meat that day and must..thave been .served ..meat from this ,quarter. Affiant says that the men of ;his compan-y.,at this time were .go. hungry and so sta1·ved th-at they could eat almost anything. ' ~

....A:ffiant SftYS· that -().11 Thanksgiving-Day . .11118,:. the:men rOLbi.s company or ;breakfast were serv.ed -only .black ·coffee .and •black .br.ead, tand , that

was -all they had for .breakfast; that for the 11000 menLall that they 'illa.d -was .macaroni .and .black ·bread; ·and .for the eve-ning-meal all that -th.o men received :was l'ice .and black coffee.

_Affiant _fru·ther says that the clothing of the men of 1hls company dur-_ing the '€lltire .period .of . said time w-as msufficien t and o ·.badly .w.orn that :when ;:they marched .into Cetinje, 1\Iontenegt·o, they •were -ordered to pnt on their ·overcoats in .order · to bide the .holes in their uniform ; ·that they :were .not allowed outside the ·billets without •-theh' overcoats. ·because their clothing wa.s in such bad and tom1 condition ,amtl eontaine1l -so many holes. .Affiant says that be knows of one soldier of ;his company, by the name of Spencer, who lost his blouse and leggings. at the .driv of Victoria Veneto, and .that he was without any blouse ·anfl withot\t

·umted States .leggings for about. five month , .and that this . oldler later :secured ·.Austrian leggings, vhlch he ore during ·an •of saic.l time up t-o arrd ;until the investigation which was started .hy ongre man irt. C.

ALBERT L. P.EAnSO~, Corporal, Comp-any H. 1 Mc.GULLoca.

..A1ful:nt further says that .on ,one occasion a .detachml'-nt of ·11•IDCJ1 of 'his company was sent to- Cetinje, 1\fo.ntenegro,·.for the i'Retl' Cros ·,and that the:IT clothing .and underclothing was in such bad -condition .that • the nurses 'VOlunteered their {)Wn underwear to them, and that m-hcn they returned to their company they were 'Wearing · the clothing given t11em by the nurses..

.AI!' I!' IDAVIT. ST.\TE OF OHIO,

1::1tarl' County, ss:

FllA~CIS _A. ' B.ETZL'ER, .Oorporal, Oompany H.

J . HOMER EBN.llR, Go1-por.al, Oo.tnpamy H.

NoR.M.A....~ F. ·.WILHELM, Corporal, Company H.

PADL E . :MUCKLEY, Corpot·aZ, Company H.

Wll. BOUKLIAR. Com-pany H .

We, the undersigned, being first duly sworn, say that we were mem­bet·s of the company set opposite our names of the Three .hundred and thirty-second Infantry, United States ~my. . . . . .

.A:ffia nts say that for a considerable time pnor to the rnvesti,gation that was made at the request of Ccmgressman RoscOE C. A~cCuLDOCH they were fed on Italian rations and did not recei-ve suffiCient food; that the food was· not only insufficient but of Sllch .a poor quality that it was not fit to eat, and that the rice ·and macaroni that was served them contained ,bugs and worms .

.Affiants say that the soldiers were often compellec.l to either buy food or secure it in some other way than through the-ir co-mmissary or mes in order to have ·enough on which to exist.

Affiants say that for a considerable time, probably tw'O or three months before the investigation referred to .was rbegun, they .did .not haTe sufficient clothing; that the clothes ·of ·many of the men were so badly torn and so ragged that they were ,ashamed to...appear in public, and -when they went out -they would have to :wear overcoats or :wear a blanket to cover their nakedness.

Affia.nts say that ~fficcrs 'did use intoxicating liquors to excess and that there was 'drinking going on all of the time; and that liquor -w_as either bought by officers 'Or •was issued to officers a.s a part of their rations and co;nsumed by them; that the liquors used .were rnm, . champagne, bcc-1·, and wines.

.JOSEETI .A . . DYER, Corporal~.-. Oom1mny •H, 832.

TIAYMOND · l:". EISH, Oorpot·az, Oompany II, 3.31.

ALBERT S. •RICH.ARDSON, SttpLJ1!1 ergeant. Vom-f)a·nv H, 832.

WlL'Lllli .A: . . HUNTER, Oo1-p01·aZ, Oompa!I!IJ H, 3J2.

ROY A. ' S:e:EIL, Oorpoml, Oompany H, . 83!.

W::~r. BARKLIAR, Company H, SJ2.

:Affiant further says that he diu not make any complaint to Jlllyone back home in regard to their condition of food and clothing until ilie ·s-aw 'two boatloads . of American rations .peach Cattaro. ·un<l which was uu­loade.d and delivel.'ed to the Montenegrins, haulec.l to them largely in American trucks. Affiant says that it was at this. time t.hat a great deaL -of discontent :uose ·among the boys, in view of the .fact that they J:J.a.rl suffered for months in being fed on Italian rations. lie then wrote a letter to ·his mother at· home, -which letter was printed in the Repository, of Canton, Ohio, which paper containing the letter was received by Lieut.· ---, who showed affiant's letter to the captain of his company, and within a few days he .was called into the ordm·ly room before the cap­tain and taken to task for writing this. letter and mailing it home to his •mother, lind was given a sentence to be con:finecl for three weeks in the billets of the company. .Affiant says that during thls time hi · company was located .a-t Genoa, .and that this was some time in March, 1919, and that because of said confinement he was 'Ullable to ~o up stJ:ef:' t nnd sec the town. or to leave -the canJp, as ·did the rest of the boys of hl::; com­pa-ny, and that the only time during the entire three weeks that he 'Wlls allowed to be on the ·streets ,of Genoa was when the entire company was .uptown, and that when his company came away fiom Genoa before his £entence had e.A"')ired •he ha-d not got to see Genoa at all.

Further .affiant saith .not. IIE-xny ELLIS STIFll' LEn. - ~ ··Sworn to before -me and sul>scr·i l>ed i n my t)resooce thl 2 th duy ol.

May, A. D. 1919, at Canton, Ohio. C. C. CunTI .', <lfotaru Ptlblio.

AFFIU-~Y[T.

.S'TA'J:E •Oll' OHIO, .Star7' .County,. ss:

tRobert Ge:ltz, be1ng fu·st duly sworn, ay that be wa s a COL"]'lOl'al ana a .·member of Company H, 'Three hull(lre<l •a·nd thirty-second . r-nfann·y, United States .Army; that -he has just been discharged.

Affiant' s ·company ;vas uansported with .other compan i es of tbc regi· .rment from Venice to ·Cattaro lD the tran. port ilt'[!ent-ina. ·Affiant say:;; that the .hold of the :shi-p where tbn men s tayed was in a terribly :filthy condition, aJLd that the .men became covered Tt'ith "Vermln; that the food on the trip, 'W.hicb lasted .about slx days, was very scarce ·and very poor.: One ·can o! corned beef was given to three men, each man recet'Ving a piece of •.har.dtack at a meal. Affiant says that be saw the dates Hlll and 1912 on the cans which indicated to him tbat the beef had been canned in those years.' Yery often .the meat in the cans was spoilecl.

1919. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. 4387 On arrival at Cattaro the men were lJilleted in a one-story lJuilding

which had been used as a warehouse ; the men were all crowded together, and for a long time they slept on the hard floor without any straw. About four weeks before the company left Cattaro there was straw brought to the billet, but there was not enough to go around.

Affiant says that during their stay at Cattaro and before the investi­gation started that the soldiers were fed on Italian rations ant.l did not receive sufficient food; that the food they did receive was of such a poor quality that the rice and macaroni contained bugs and worms, and the meat in affiant's judgment was not fit to eat. Affiant says that he saw cattle brought in for slaughter the meat of which was served to the men which cattle had runring sores between the hoof end the knee, which indicated clearly to affiant that the cattle were suff~ing from some kind of a disease. Affiant says that he was told by some of the men that they had seP.n a horse slaughtered at the commissary slaughter­house and cut up and quartered. Affiant says that he did not learn who got the meat from the horse or what was done with it. Affiant says that he saw a beef pulled out of the pens where they were kept and quartered and hauled away by Italians in one of their two-wheeled wagons.

Affiant says that for a number of weeks prior to the investigation the men's clothes were in very bad conuition ; that they were torn and in such a ragged condition that many of the men could not go out in public without wearing an overcoat or covering themselves up with a blanket.

Affiant says that at Cattaro there were four lieutenants and one captam, commissioned , officers; that the captain and three of the lieutenants to affiant's knowledge did drink to excess, and affiant says that he has seen them drunk. Affiant says that one of the four lieutenants to. his knowledge did not drink, and he never saw him, that lieutenant, drunk. Affiant says that on one occasion there was a party given at the coffeehouse at Cattaro; that wine was served; that all of the officers except one lieutenant were drunk. Affiant says that drinking among the officers was generaJ, with few exception!>, and that the facts as above stated in regard to drinking were true.

Affiant says that he has read the charges contained in the letter of Homer E. Black addressed to Congressman McCULLOCH and that the charges set out in that letter are, in his opinion, true in every par­ticular.

ROBERT D. GELT7!.

Sworn to lJefore me and subscribed in my presence at Canton, Ohio, thjs 7th day of May, A. D. 1919.

S. S. Sn.lFEH, Sotm·y Public.

AFFIDAVIT. STATE OF OHIO,

.Stark County, ss : D. L. Martindale, being first duly sworn, says that he was a

sergeant and a member of Company H, Three hundred and thirty-second Infantry, United States Army ; that he has just been discharged. .

Affiant's company was transported with other companies of the regiment from Venice to Cattaro in the transport A1·gentina. Affiant says that the hold of the ship where the men stayed was in a terribly filthy condition and that the men became covered with vermin; that

· the rood on the trip, which lasted about six days, was very scarce and very poor. One can of corned beef was given to three men, each man receiving a piece of hard-tack at a meal and one warm meal being served each man each day. Affiant says that he saw the dates 1911 and 1912 on the cam~, which indicated to him that the beef had been canned in those years. Very often the meat in the cans was spoiled.

Affiant says that during their stay at Cattaro and before the in­\estigation started that the soldiet·s were fed on Italian rations and did not receive sufficient food; that the food they did receive was of such a poor quality that the rice and macaroni contained bugs and worms, and the meat, in affiant's judgment, was not fit 'to eat. Affiant says that be saw cattle brought in for slaughter, the meat of which was served to the men, which cattle had running sot·es between the hoof and the knees. which indicated clearly to affiant that the cattle were suffering from some kind of a disease. For a period of about three weeks we had neither sugar, salt, nor pepper. The flour and corn meal which we were furnished was so moldy that it could scarcely be eaten .

Affiant s:1ys that for a number of weeks prior to the investigation the men·s clothes were in very bad condition; that they were torn and in such a ragged condition that many of the men could not go out in public without wearing an overcoat or covering themselves up with a blanket.

Affiant uays that at attaro there were four lieutenants and one cap­tain, commissioned offi cers; that the captain and two of the lieuten­ants to affiant's knowle1lge ditl drink to excess, and affiant says tha t he has seen them dt·nuk. Affiant says that one of the four lieutenants to his knowledge did not drink, and be never saw that lieutenant drunk.

Affiant says that on one occasion there was a party given at the coffeehouse at Ca.ttaro: that he was in the room for a short while and saw officers intoxicated. Affiant says that at another time. there was a party given exclusively for officers, which was attenned by naval officers; that the officers were drinking; that one naval officer who was intoxicated raised a disturbance and the sergeant was ca11ed, and, as he came up, the drunken naval officer struck the sergeant of the guard; that the actions of this officer created a general disturbance about the place. Affiant says that drinking among the officers was general, with few exceptions, and that the facts as above stated in regard to drinking a t·e true.

Affiant says that be bas read the charges contained in the letter of Ilomer E. Black adt.lressed to Congressman McCuLLOCH, and that the cbat·ges set out in that letter are, in his opinion, true in every par­ticular.

DANIEL L. MARTI!\DALE. Swot·n to before me and subscribed in my presence at Canton, Ohio,

this 7th day of ::\la~·. A. D. 1919. S. S. SnAFEn, "Sotary Public.

AFFIDJ.YIT. STATE Oil' OHIO,

Stark County, ss : llarry Nelson, being first l.luly sworn, says that he wa a member of

Company H, Three hundred and thirty-second Infantry, United States Army, and that he has been recently discharged from the Army.

Aillant says that for a considerable time his company was stationed in Italy, anu at Cat taro, Dalmatia; that for a consldcmblc time, coveting

a period of several months following the signing of the armtstice, the food issued and served to the members of his company was insufficient and of a very poor quality; that the company was on what is known as Italian rations, and that he saw that the rice and macuroni and spa­ghetti contained worms and bugs, and was of a poor quality; tba t be saw on the cans of the Italian "bully beef" dates of 1904, which indi­cated to him that the meat had been canned in that year and that the meat in these cans was slimy, mushy, and wholly unfit to eat; that ~e knows that while the men of his company were being served on th1s kind of meat Italian soldiers were being served American-canneu beef containing the date of 1917.

Affiant further says that for a considerable time, covering some months during the time above referred to, the clothing furni.shed his company was insufficient; that many of the soldiers had to wear clothes that were badly torn and so badly wom that they were ashamed to appear in public. Affiant says that this condition continued both as to food and clothing until the investigation was made at the request of Congressman RoscoE C. McCULLOCH, when thE." conditions were improved and the men of his company put upon American rations and a supply of the necessary clothing was furnished. Affiant says further that dur­ing the time above referred to different officers of the company used intoxicating liquors anu that the liquors that were used were wines, beE."r, champagne, and rum.

Further affiant saith not. HARRY NELSON.

Sworn to before me and subscribeu in my presence at Canton, Ohio, this 21st day of May, A. D. 1919.

C. C. CURTIS, Notary Public.

[Extracts from letters in corroboration of charges contahted in Homer E. Black's letter.]

1. A father and mother of a boy in the Three hundred and thirty-second Infantry write: . .

" I'm a poor working man. They took my son, don't even g1ve him good place to sleep, fed poor, and clothed so poor. Why don't they give me permission to send him something? I certainly would so he would not have to starve. I think it is about time they came home. I gave my son till the period of the war."

2. Another father and mother of a boy stationed in Italy with the Three hundred and thirty-second Infantry write :

''My boy in Italy writes to me nearly every two weeks and tells me about the conditions over there. He said be did not get any pay for two months and don't get enough to eat, -and the clothes are not worth washing. If they would wash them they would go apart. I would be glad to send him something to eat if he don't get enough, but I see it is impossible, they will not allow us to send anything to him. I should think if he was good enough to go and fight for his good country he is good enough to get something to eat. If they can't give him that, why uon't they send him home where he will get something to eat? "

3. The mother of a boy in the Three hundred and thirty-second In­fantry stationed at Cattaro, Dalmatia, Austria, writes of the "rotten treatment they get, poor and small rations. They have not the proper clothes to change and keep clean. The officers are drunk most of the time, excepting one lieutenant; be is all right. If it lasts much longer our boys will. all be ruined morally and physically. They have gone to stealing rations to exist, and the surroundings are diseased and ·rotten. Not only my boy has written such news, also other mothers have re­ceived letters on the same order."

4. The father of au Ohio boy in the Three hundred and thirty-second Infantry, stationed at CattaL·o, Dalmatia, writes as follows:

•· These boys are stationed along the Al.lriatic Sea doing occupational work, with no prospects of getting home until peace is signed. This would not be mentioned were it not for the fact that they are being kept on Italian rations, and very few of these·. Now, I suppose our Government is paying a large sum to the Italian Government for the maintenance of the Three hundred and thirty-second Regiment, but it is sure the boys are not receiving what should be given them. Some of the men who are officers are not the proper kind, or at least they would disclose some of these things. These boys haven't been paid for over two months, otherwise they could buy some things for them­selves, lf they were to be bought."

5. A father of an Ohjo boy says: " I gave you my son to help the counh·y, and now you can't take

care of him, only be have to die from starvation. I raised my son and didn't teach him to steal, and now he's working for Uncle Sam and bas to steal for food to keep him up. I'm old, and please send him borne so be can make my living.

6. A Cleveland boy, stationed at Cattaro, Austria, with the Three hundred and thirty-second Regiment, says:

" Our rations, supplied by the Italians, are mostly wormy macaroni -and rice. We manage to get a bath once a month, but that doesn't feaze the cooties."

7. A boy with the Three hundred and thirty-second Infantry in Italy says:

"Yes, the scenery is fine around here, but we can't eat that." 8. An extract from a letter ft·om a boy stationed in southern Italy

with the Three hundred and thirty-second Infantry reads : " Down here people are picking oranges and it is not cold. It's

good it isn't, as we have no gloves and our clothes are full of holes. I have bad one suit and one shirt to wear since October 17, and it is impossible to look decent. We did not get our October pay till De­cember 14 and haven't our November pay yet."

9. Another extract from a letter from an Ohio boy says : "They say we get good eats and, no doubt, the Yanks do, but we

are connected with the Italian Army and we have at times suffered· for eats. We get coffee and bread for breakfast, sometimes rice. For dinner we always know the menu for weeks-macaroni, coffee, aud bread. For supper some stew, mostly stew, with little stuff in it. 'rhe macaroni is sickening. We get so tired of it, and it's fixed poor, too. This is not a very chPery letter, but it relates the condition of the men in Company -. We are expected to work just as hard as if we bad good eats; yes., harder. Some do guard duty while the rest work. We are living in an old military building. It's full of bed­bugs, fleas, graybacks, and other insects too numerous to mention. We have only one suit with us, and part of that is not here any more.

10. A letter from TolPdo, Oh10, says: " I am a father of a son in service in the Three hundred and thirty­

second Infantry, and I want to say that I was glad and proud to see my boy go to fight for his country but not to lay under drunken officers' feet and starve. I bt·ougbt him up from a child to a man and did

tO .GPJJSS!O· AL RECORD-HOUSE.

not t ca cll him to . teal nnd l:c h to do it to keep all• : o if there can't J· c any bett r c<H'C for him s nd him to me and ! will care for biro. li ha done .lli ti~t. ·o it is time fo1· him to ~ home, antl I want J·oiru to be. home as soon u.s it can: be done."

11. The father of a unton boy in the Three- hund.rcU: and thirty-second Ucgiment writes : .

"The boy ar apr m· n.tly receiving- no money, n.o food, n.o clothing; no chance for: a change of elotlles or bath,. tbat they :ue- in a desperate condition. I thi the reward for their s.crvices rendered, their lives sacrificed, their sutrerin encountered to keep Old Glory a.fioa t? I realize you are not Secretary of War, nor provo t mar hal, n.or Gen. Pershing, but you arc the Representative of the people of thi district through whom w talk or secure action. God knows the people of this section and the whole countr); ba ve paid million upon millions and consern~d food, etc., ancl yet to get these reports scams hardly l>e­lientbl .''

12. A letter from Louisvlll&, Ohio, reads ~ ·· Wbnt has the American soldier who willingly went to Europe to

fight for the allied nation done that they de erve such ubhorent rot­ten tre:Ltment that they are being given now? Being held o-ver there ufter n.ll the fighting is done. Going months without their pay, as has been pro\en by men back home. Last week a schoolmate of mine wrote home for money, saying that be did not hnve ·any pay since land­ing there last summer."

13. Letters publi bed in a newspaper in Canton, Ohio, gins the fol-lowing extracts : ·

'· "' don't believe Uncle Sam knows where we al'P, for· we do not get an:r American upplies, nothing but Italian junk. We are going aroun<l with the seats and knees out of our pants."

Another boy brands the Italian rations as slum und says that all his companions are infected with vermin owing to the fact that they have no clothing changes and thu.t the v rmin was contracted on the filthy boat. u d to transport them across the Adriatic Sea.

Another soldier writes to his mother that the meut furn.i bed them come from old bor es killed when their usefalnes is ended. This sol­dier also complains of insufficient clothing.

Anoth says, " r never want to look spaghetti iu the fuce again ; we ha• it three times a da:y."

.Nnother-" We had a fine Thanks!!iving dinner. We had bread and cotf~C! for breakfa t and we had to wait until 2 o'clock for dinner, then we got a cup of coffee and a piece C!f dry bread again. For supper we had bread and coff e again and some macaroni, but it was full of ma~g-ot and I could not eat mine, so you can sec wha-t kind of meals we haa."

14. man from Alliance, Ohio, says : " Oh,. the suffering of th poor boys. so home ick, not much to cat,

clothe gone, sleep uny old place. What is being done with all the money? Please mak them hurry the poor boys home.''

15. Here is a letter from a mother in St. Paul, Minn. : " My son i a ser"'eant in company of the ~ru·ee hundred and thirty­

second' Regiment. a.nd I know that- from the time the Austrian armistice was si!;,"Ded up until eeember 29 my son had only the ragged, dirty underclothing he haw on. 1 nl. ·o know be was sick, cold. hungry, an1l penniless., and that they U:id try to • steal things to eat. He told me of meeting two Au t:J.:ia.n ailor ·from a ship in the ha.rbor from whom be begged orne tins of ja:m. and beans and was going to trade some little ou,enirs he had for orne lilOT'e ja.m. The e boys ha-ve suffered unspeak­

able hardships dawn there· in that hell hole of. southern Europe, and. I ask you to demand their- immediate return home. I also ask you to use eTCLY means in yout' power: to finli who is respon il>le for these cllsgracc­ful conditions.''

10. The followin~ is a part of a letter written by a soldier of th Thl·ee hundred antl tllirty-second Infantry, now a part' of the Italian Army in Austria. :

"Tbi is the: first time I baye had. to write th truth.. We haTe a hard life. r: have not lept in a bed &iDeo I left the States. I sleep on the floor now. We get very. poor food and i-t is s .ldom we get enough ot' it as poor as i i Mouldy bread, mouldy rice with hundreds of bugs in it nnc.l meat: L ·woultl not feed a. dog; Havo had no No-vember or De­cem!Jer pay yet They ar holding us drafted boy o-ve1: here anrl telling the people back home tlley- can't get IJOa.ts. There arc enough idle bouts. her in. the harbor to carry a small army home. They are useles ly keep­in<>' u · here. The people a.t home better wake up und ask why their dTaftP<l boy are not coming home. I think they are going to bold u o;er here six months or more. It is up to th peopl at home to · e that w ~et a square deal and that they turn us loo e.''

17. Jetter written from Cle-veland, Ohio, sa:vs: ·• I lmow that the truth which yon brought forward. in your expo e

are ab ·olute fact· It is true that the men of that regiment (Three hundred arrd thirty- econd) ha\o had to go out at night looking for turnip patches and eating turnips raw:, dirt and all, in order to appeaS(} their bunger. Neither ha'\"e they been . paid for months."

1 . mother and father o:f a. Canton bo}l write : "Quantities of 1111l.il nrrl'\"ed· in. Cnnton during the past week from

the e young meu who. arc tationed with. the Three hundred and thirty­second Infantry at Cattaro, Dalmatia, anu they, to say the least, must be 'le-r:-· unc.omfortal>l:\~ itua.ted and with comparatively' little hope of being relieved. Food is remarkably scarce and of poor variety. CI.oili­ing in m.anr ca is in shreds, one boy writing that be had worn his unuerweru· four w eks without changing, a it was o tattered it would be impo ible to wa h and get it back on, and a for mending, it wa impo~ ·ible to do any more to· it alon"' th.at line.''

1D The following is part of a. letter from a wife of a man with the Three hundred and. thirty- econd Infantry at' Cattaro, Dalmatia:

" They are very much ill need o clothing and ometh.ing to eut. Their rations are \Cry slim, and he· thinks that his Uncle "am has forgotten ull about the· Three· hundred and thirty-second. The foon they do "'et is not fit to eat, full of wonn ·. l\1y husband served six years in the Regular .AJ:my a:nd ne-ve1: was treated, like he has been th past fom· months ; he al :r praised the Army until now." •

20.. A. letter from 'pokane.. Ohio, incloses a. letter from a man sta­tioned with tl1e Thre hundred and thirty-second1 and say · in. pa-rt:

" lt has been r l)Ortcd. that. we wouirl be he.re anywhere from 2 to 18 montlli. and there w.as a rum"Or that we were to leave rtaly January 3, 1913, for the States, but· that can not possibly be now as we need u com-plet outfitting. We h.a;~ to wear overcoats to town when we go on lea.ve to hide tho places~ where we sit. And a lot o fellows are out in shoes. W calL <Jl1r underclotbes 0. v· . on account of th color. OX" is the only thing- we ha'Ve enough of. nncL that is onls l.Jn­cause the Red Cross gave them to u .''

21. A letter- from the wife- of a soldier u·om C..wton, Ohlo, . ars: "I am u soldier's wife and wilL greatl:l' appreciate any attenti"On given

to thi ·, a r believe you are 3. man that believes in fair dealiD"'. I have 1·eeeinu eyerul lette1·s from my husban!l dated late in December and

Januaz:y in which he says conditions in Italy arc t rril>lc. He i::; ta­tiond 10 Austria with the Three hundred nnd thirty-seeonu Infantry. ln. ·parts of his letters he writes: 'I will cook you omething ju t ·for fun that we must eat Ol' star'\"e. Take a small beau of cabbage, cut" Jt 1n four, heart and al11 do not' wash or clean it, ptlt it in 2 gallons of water; bru.alc. ~me macaroni up, do not season it, then try to live on th;at after- working- nJl day. · Then for breakfast boil some rice in wate1· Without sugar or anything else, then wonder why we kkk.' In unother letter my husband says : ' Well, I am back from guard and al o what they call ilinne1:, wbich con isted of a piece or bread and· some spoiled meat" ~hicb they tried to camouflage by maldng pot pie; you coulu mell 1t as soon as you came in. I guel's they thmk that we do not

know anything. There are quite a few things pulled otr that' make us all. grouchy and discontented. Yoa will pardon me t1ll I I:each the prute.d States' shores once again, then I will tell all. If I must stay m this .. place very long I will not weight 100 pound ·. I have to tell you th1s1 but I do not want you to ave for us. They may get it in France, out you can. bet your last cent we do not here. It is a shame tbey force us to eut and do things thnt the boys would not do • und k.eep. out of a lot of troubl.e.' We wives who have given all and given till 1t bur~, who have g1ven. up home, hu banll, and ar living on barely n.othmg would at least like to ·have our husband come llome in· a conditio11 that they will be fit to live witll. ITow can they h"Ccp clean under such management? "

22 .. Extracts from the letters of another boy stationed at Cattaro, Austrm, are as follows : "W~ are sor.t of l.o t dogs.. or tramps, as it w re, and have been

ev~r Hnce we struck Italy, hut I ha"V'' refrained from aying so for thl.S long time. We arc practically i olated from the r mainder of ' the American Expeditionary Forces. We do not have the pri-vileges of writJ-ng ~m': like th~m •. get our. mail real late, little or no Young Mens _Cbnstlan AssoctatiOn ·supplles to buy, pay days late (not paid iYet th1 month, nor even signed the pay roll, which we should have done on November 31) ; also supplies or grub are very few and far be­tween.'' In speaking about ome money which thi soldler ent 11om just before chasing th Austrians, be comments as- follows : " ' Twould have been a wPlcome ~iend man-y times to appease· hunger if I only bought chestnuts, turmp , or cabbages, or still better 'Italian bread! I don't know why it is called bread though, as it resembles 'screen­ings ' in u flour mill or chaff in an old barn full of cobwebs. But do not think we do not eat lt. We even. teal it and hide it in our pockets for eating between meals and chewing our el-ves to sleep Please be informed, also, that what the papers say of our good eats over here is absolutely false.''

Letter from Assistant . q1ief of Sta.tf, director of opemtions, in regard to reason for sending the Three hundred and thirty-second Regiment into Italy to Cattaro and Dalmatia Province :

w AU DEPA.RTMENT, 0FFI~ OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF,

Waslzinaton, Jww Jfi, 1.91D. The llon. Ro COE C. MCCULLOCH,

House of Rezwesenta.tit'es, Un-ited States, Washington, D. 0. MY DEAn. Sm: The Secretary of War directs that l acknowledge re­

ceipt of your letter of" June 10 in which you d ir information relativ to. the sendi.ng of Amel'ican troops into• Itnly, Au tria, and Montenegro, after the armistice ''as signed.

Previou to the signing of the arml tice an American regiment. the Thre hundred and thirty-second Infantr~r, was operating in Italy undet tb gen.eral up.ervislon of the Itnlian high command..

In ·ovember, aftet· the urmistice, one battalien of this regJ.m nt was ordered to. 1.'riestc, one battalion to Fiumc, and one battalion. to Cattaro. The· reason fo.r dividing the regiment in tbi manner and fo1· sending. the battalions to these particulm: cltie can be given. only by the Italian · high command., but it. is presumed that this action was based on a desire to exploit as widely as possible the moral effect of- the presence of American troops.

The battnlion at Tri<:!ste and the battnlion at Fiume do not appear• to haYe had any unusual experiences. The battalion at Ca-ttaro took a minor part' in activities in connection with disturbances in Mont -negro in and around Cetinje, and its participation is tic cribed both in reports of our military attache at Rome and of 1\Iaj. 'canland, com­mandin"' the battali.on of th9 Three hundred and thirty- econd Infantrv at eattru:o, who was a i ted' by Capt. Constant outhwm·th, Thr · hundred and thirty-second Infantry, in making his report.

Our military attache at Rome reported on December. 21 that the Italian commander at or ncar Cattaro desired to enter· Montenegro; that he advanced to the border with Ame1·ican troop on the front, and was met by Montenegrins who tlueatened m·med r i tance. The Italian commander asked the United State commander· what as istanc would be provided in forcible entry of Uontenegro. and "~a answered "none.'' The· Montenegrins then fired on the Italian '. French general tben reported at Cattaro on Decem!Jer 17 and a sumeu command

Nothing further seem to have occuned in which the .Amer·icans weTe e p cially intere ted until Januars<.

A strug~lo in Montenegro broke· out between tlte pro- erbian Go\-­ernment in p wer, supported by Serbian troop • and a rebel pa:rty wh.ich <lid not desire annexation to Serbiu and which di liked the pr en.ce of the Serbian u·oop that were sop:::>ot·ting the "'overnment in power.

The struggle came to a. focus on. .Tunuary 6, just previous to which. the in:urge11ts m:.ule the following proposals to the Frenclt general in command, viz:, that Montenegro he occupied by American, English, an<l Italian troops aml that Bcrbian u·oops should leave 1ontenegro. Al­though the French general sent an answer within two hours, firing wa commenced by the Serbians, re mlting in 300 erbiau and. 100 Monte­negrin casualties. The French general ordered a l •'rench compan to · occupy Cettinje, the capital of Montenegro, on January G. Although he bad also order d at least half an American comp:my to Cettinje, be stopped the American company and machine-gun platoon. and an Ital­i<tn machine-y~mn pl'lt<: .'n at Niegush, we~l southeast of Gettinje, on Janum'J' 7. t was later stuted that Americans and Italians were to bold line of communication and that only French and Serbian troops were to bold Cettinje. The insurrection was over, lea'\"in" the French and , 'erl>ians in occupation by January 10.

1\laj. canland reported regarding thi atfa~· as follow': "This re;olution uegan by ::t large number of l\lont negrius, who

w.erc '\"ery poor!- organized, blockading C ttinje. Fighting l.Jegan Mon­day, J.annm:y G, 191.f). I yisiLetL the cit that 1la~· :m•l the nert; pas:--.

1 ing through bofh lines on eac'a occasion. * • ~ '.lihe allied troops 1 in i\lourcnegru uoller Gen. \'encrs on1cr::~ of Januury 11, Hll!J, wer-e I clistrilltl t Ll a. follows :

1919 .. CONGRESS! ON A1L Rill100RD-B:QUSE. 4389 " Serbians to .guard road, lloko7ica to tDub.o>ic. " Americans, same to Cettinje. " Fr£'nch, '!~ame to Rijeka. " BPsides there are Italianb • • • and 'English • • *. ·Of

the foreign -troops, the Americans are most p-opular. Besides. 'ih.eir known disinteresledness. they are credited by the Montenegrms ol having avertf'd ouch bloodshed and with three times having saved -the valley of Njegu i from fighting and pillage. • "* ·•

" The American troops have acted independently AS far as possibl.e. They have been at times embarrassed by Italians and Serbians. "The former have tried to f 1llow the Americans. The latter have ~ontrol -of the distribution of the American supplies unde1· Government .anauge-

· m~t. "On J.Ionday, January .27, 191'9, the American troops in Montenegro

were withdmwn to 'Teodo, Dalmatia, on th-e ·Bocch.e di Cattaro.'' 'Ther-e is nothing in the reports at the 'War Department whi«:Jl would

indicate that the American troops were fired upon. An Anmru:o.n ,offi­cer who was sent on a mission to ..Montenegro after th:e above affair occurred reports tnat 'h , :personally, was fired on, but ·the attendant CirCUmRtances enuer the .incident nnimpo:t:tant.

Trusting that the above information may be of Talue to,J·ou, I am, Very sincerely, yours,

HENRY 'JERYEY, 'Major Gencr_al, General Staff,

·A ssfstaut Cl&ief of Statr, Directo1' o1 Operatim1s.

Coxr€'spondenee with the Secretary of Wttr in regard to tTeatment of · Company D, Three hundred and thirty-second .Infantry.

Hon. Rosc-oE C. 1\ICC LLOCH,

W.AR DEPARTMENT, Was-hingto11, .February ffi, 1919.

House of Rep-resentatives. .DEAR Sm: On 'Wednesday, February u, you read in the Bouse -o.f

Rp-presentntiv.es a letter from Mr. Homer E. :Black, of Canton, Ohio, with regard to the tr~atment received by soldiers in Company H, Second Battalion, Three bundr~d and thirty-serond lnfantry, at Cattaro, 'Dal­matia, Austria. The _principal cha~·ges were (1) that the oldlers were being fed on Italian rations .and not -receiving sufficient food; (2) that they had received no clothes of any ltind; (3) that all i:he commis­sioned officers located at this point, with the exception of one lieuten­ant, are drinking tto excess, are ·dt:nnk practically all the time, and that th-eir actions are o di gusting nnd .disgra.ceful ihat i:he officers of the English French, and Itali11n Armies look down upon them with dis­gust; (4) that our boys are fed ·upon horse meat, spaghetti, .nnd macaroni.

Jmmediately upon the nppeurance of the .CONGRE.SSIOXAL RECORD c~n­taining your -remarks, I dir<!:cted Gen. Perslling to have a thorough m­vesti.~ation made with regn.rd to the -situation of the 'l'hree hundTed ani:l thirty- econd Infantry. 1 have t-o-day .t•eceived by cable the result of a prelimilUl.ry investigation made by .B~:i.g. Gen. Charles G. 1-.'Teat. It I'eads as follows :

" Preliminary investlgatlon and records show no hor--se meat ever eaten or issued; no stealing of food. Clothing and shoes .of ·orne in­dividnals badly wom at Cattaro unloading .ammunition from Austrian captured ships and marching over mountains in Montenegro, but con­flitions remedied later ·on reeeipt of barrack ·bn.gs unavoidably tlE>laycd in transit. No hardships f!uffere<l. No record or knowledge OI' reports of officers drinking to excess and none ob erved. No co-urt-martial of officers . Two enlisted men tried by general court for fraud, and approximately only 50 .summary court eases in entire history of regi­ment. This regiment has universally .received praise from ~ed officers, "'ri tten and spoken. .Payment was delayed ·~ month .dunng active offensive and two ·months at Cattaro, 700 mlles distant, due -to difficulty of trn.nsport; '17 days for last trip of paymaster-; no hardships. Troops have subsist d on Jtalian rations with .American :additions -as per agreement, and this has been supplemented whenever practicable ily .American supplies. Quantity sufficient. all compon-ents ·not ruwa:ys available, as often happens in active field -se_r;vlce. . All :in 6cellent phvsical condition, robust, and .much tncrea ed m we1ght and strength., Less than ~5 to ~.ooo sick, and 'Practically no venereals. Men well clothed now and bave complete new uniforms for each man on ile­barkation in United Stntes. .Am continuing investigation, interrogat­ing every individual, and w.ill submit full report later."

In addition to this investigation, another independent inquiry is being conducted by an inspector from the office of the In. pector General of the American Expeditio!lary Forces. •

Since dictating the foregoing, I have received your letter of February 19 Specifically to answer ,your inquiry, 1 did express and do express my disbelief in the charges made in Mr. Black's letter. ~he preliminary report which I have quoted above ,is strong e,•idence in support Of my statement. The subsequent reports received w.ill be transmitted to you at once. In the m(;'antime will you not assist the investigation which I have directed abroad by procuring for m.e, if_you. can, from Mr. Bla.ek or any othe1· person who makes charges of this kind, the source of their information? The character of the officers .. of this t·egiment is at stake; their a ccusers, so far, are an~nymous; it 1s my. · desire to have a ~om­plete disclosure of the facts m order that ·the mn.ocent may be vmdi­cated and the ~ilty disciplined. This, I feel :sure, is ·Yom· own view of the proper ·actiOn to take, and I earnestly request your asS:ib'tnnce in malting it effective.

Very truly, yours,

lion. NJSWTO~ D. BAKER, ecretat·y of War, Washingtoll, JJ. a.

NEWTON D. 'BA.KER, ecre.tnrv of War.

FEBin:'.illY .27, 11)1!),

DEAR SIR: I write to acknowledge·1·eeeipt of •youl' letter dated 'February 25 jn regard to the charges contained Jn .the ~etter 1·eceivetl by me _.some time ago from Homer .E. Black, of Canton, Ohio, which letter was printed in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD in connection with my :remarks under date of February 5.

.I have received about 50 letters .from _parents and friends of soldiers in J:egard to the charges contained in the letter referred to. The letters I have received confirm the charges, especiall;y us .they relate .to insuffi­cient .food and clothing. There are also letters among these l have received bearing .upon the other chal:ges contained 'in the Jetter. I should refer immediately all of these lettei's 'to your department if it were not for the information I have received and the cases -that have been cited before the committees of Congress and in · peeehes upon the floor in regard to the method of disciplining soldiers .making complaints. I feel that the penalties that haTe been imposed~after court-martial find-

ings have been v.ery -severe -and, 1f :my information is correct, in a g:Ie:rt many ca es very unjust. · I should be -very glad before ·r leave Washington to furnish a repre­sentative lfrom -your Jlepartment ·or call at the department and submit a. general -resume of ;all of the information I rhave received in support of these chal:ges, and ~ will .also he willing to furnish the names of those who might be called as witnesses if I can have the assurance that no ac­tion will be taken ·towara disciplining such persons just because the7 made eomplaint, :which 1 think would be unjust, unless it were mali­ciously done.

I have no ·interest in thi.s matter whatever -except i:-o tl-o all th:rt 1 -can to see to :it that conditions ·Which are not right are rem.edied, and to the extent I can do -so without jeopardizing -the Jnte.re.sts of persons who have given information I will be glad to cooperate.

Sincerely, yours,

Hon. 'ROSCOE C. 1\IcCULLOCH, HouBe of ReJJt·esentati1ies.

ROSCOE C. MCCULLOCH.

'WAR DEPARTUENT, Wasllill{}ton, March .1 • .1919.

DEAR SIR : I have your letter of February 27. The chaxges made with regard to the Three hundred and thirty­

second Infautry, so ..far as the1 relate to insufficiency of food and cloth­ing, seem to be adeguately d~posetl of .by the two inspection reports received by me and of which cqpies ha.ve been sent to you. They con­-stitute, howeveT, the least important elements .of tthe charges ;set ~orth in the letter of Mr. -Black. '£.he one which it seems to me is o'f the gravest gravity is that -assailing the character of 1he officers in the regi­ment and a serting 'that with the exception of one lieutenant they are all " ruunk practieally most of th.e _time.." This, of course, 1-s a grave blemish upon the reputation .of every officer in that regiment. lf it is trne, no disciplinary action which could be taken would be too severe; if it is false, those who made the charge ought to 'be ·punished for so reckless and cruel a "wrong. Of cQill'se, neither thi-S regiment nor any other J:egiment in the Army of the ·United States conld be -officered by so dissolute a group of men, anti the exaggeration of the statement rob:t it of credibility. -still the matter remains ,grave. and I am anxious to have ·every means possible of lrrvesti!!'Rti:ng -this charge and ..all other charge. made against the regiment nnd the provision tor its .supply. f you will bring to me personally .all the papers you have, I wlll go over i:be-m with you and dispatch such of them n-s ·.should •be -sent ·abroa-d, in order tbtrt the -writers may be l!alled ru; witnesses; and I ·wJil, -when I send the papers, direct ±hat nobody be punished ·for writing a let:t:ar unless ·it be founil 'that the accusation maoe Qy him is false, in which case, of cour e, they ought not to be ·p1·otect-ea against the •eonsequences of their o-wn wrongdoJng.

'Bincerely, yours, N&WTON D. BAKER, Sec1·etary of War.

:WAR DEPARTMENT, 1Tnslli-noton~ RebrocQ.rv 28, 1919.

Hon. ltOSCOE C. NICCULLOCH, Hou-se ·of Rept·esentati.vcs.

DE.A.n Srn : 1 have ·this dliY received from G-en. P-er-shing n re.port made by Gen. Baer, of the .Inspector Generru's Department, Amerrean Expeditionary For.ce, who :was -sent to Ita1;y to investigate -:the allega­tions made with _regard to i:he con(litions in -the Three 'hunared ana thirty econd 1nfantry. This is, -as •you will observe, a partial report. 1 will transmit to -you tho full l'eport a . ,s-oOil as the in:vestigation i-s completed.

Very truly, yout·s, NEWTON D. 'BAKER, Secretar11 vt War.

(Cop;y ·of cablegram 1·eceived at the War .Dc-pru:tment, iWa.sbingi:on.) ·FEBRllARY 28, 1919, '2.34 A., ~1 •

From B. A. E. F., To The Adjutant General. Wa hington. No. 2180, February 27. Confidential. ·For the Chief of .Staff. Reference A. 2736 and P. 2163, following ueport just received from

Gen. Baer, inspector sent from these headquarters to Italy: "Have not seen battalion ·at Cattaro. Ha~ commenced inspection and investiga­tion other two battalions. Soldiers well fed. Clothing better than most organizations we .have seen fu .F.rance. Third item (referring to forced theft of food) ludicrous. Meat e-xcellent quality. Some salvaged cloth­ing issued after drives, but 'has been turned in. New lot clothing re­ceived contains larg€' proportion Slfrvaged blouses and some trousers ·nut fit for troops retUl'ning to Am.eciea. Not issued !to soldiers at p·resent. Item rel-ative o1ficers untrue. Men :Paid to date here, and pay to entire battalion en -route. Will complete thol'oqghly inve tigation." Will forward further r-eport when received.

PERSHlXG.

1\Ir. TREADWAY. Mr. Chnh·man, the ·chairman of the 'orn­mittee on Ways and 1\Ieans is not present, .and he asked me to represent him. It is unaerstoo<l that he 'vould yield 20 mi.nutes to me.

The CHAIRMAN. The gen.tleman from 'Mas. act1usetts is rec­ognized for .20 minute .

1\Ir. TRE:ADW AY. Mr. Chairman, yeE.ierclay when I called the attention of the House -to certain conditions at the Union Station having to do with ]Jnblic ser\ice and the mannnr in which the monopoly is e:x::erci-sed in res[lect to the supply of taxicabs, .I also intended ·to -refer to another District matter, but on account of lack of time was unable ·to do so.

I wish to ·call the ttention of the committee to that other matter brietly ut this time. Members realize that during the heated period of tl1e year in the city of Washington there should be .given to employees in the departments and through­out the dty .every possibility fer outdoor e:x::ercise and recupera­tion. It i.s ·the .only way I think that the rpb.ysical condition of the men _-and -women living 1lt~ue during this period of the ·year can be kept tllP so as to warrant their being able to carry out their appointed duties. \Ye are fortunate in hating here two

4390 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. .1.\U GUST 26,

very nttrnctive park, Rock Creek Park and Potomac Park. Rock Creek Park is one of the most beautiful in so far as natural attraction is concerned that it has ever been my pleas­ure to ...-isit. Les , perhaps, has been done there, except so far as the roadways are concerned, than in any other park with which I am at all familiar. It is this naturalness that appeals to people, and it is fine to see the use to which it is put, hun­dreds and hundreds of families these hot nights going out there and getting the benefit of the cool and refreshing air. Potomac Park is very different in its form, but is also a great attrac­tion and great benefit to the public.

During the past two years there has been a tremendous de­y-elopment in the number of people interested in playing the game of golf. It is a game that appeals to all ages, and people getting a little beyond the meridian can secure recuperation and added health by indulgence ~n and enjoyment of that great game.

I have been very much surprised that here in our progressive Capital there has not been inaugurated any form of a municipal golf course. All large cities to-day have municipal courses. There are a great many people fond of the game who are unable to enjoy it because of the fact that membership in country clubs is expensive. They are, therefore, deprived of that opportunity and privilege. I am glad to know that at the farther end of Potomac Park there is under construction a public golf course, but it will probably be at least two years before that course will be available for public use. There is now a small section of the park, a very small field, set aside .for so-called golf practice. It consists of three -very poorly kept and short holes-nothing that would attract anyone actually from the viewpoint of playing golf. But there are hundreds of people anxious for the opportunity to indulge in the game, even to that limited extent. The field ad­joining the one to which I refer has for some time been absolutely idle. Previous to the war it was known as the polo field ; later on it was used for aeroplane landing places, before Bolling Field was constructed in Anacostia. All this summer, except for two pigeon coops, that tract has been practically unused. I have taken this subject up with the Superintendent of the Bureau of Public Parks and Grounds, Col. Ridley, but have not reached very satisfactory results with him. I am free to say that from my communications with the colonel I am disposed to think that he is not much of a golfer ; otherwise he would take more interest in those who uo enjoy the game using that tract to which I refer. The first objection raised by him was that the polo players were entitled to consideration. Quite. likely they are, but there are probably one thousand golf players in the city of Washington to-day to one polo player.

l\fr. BLANTON. Mr. Chairman, I think this Government is more interested in other business than in golf playing, and I make the point of order that there is no quorum present.

The CHAIR1\1.AN. The Chair will count. [After counting.] Seventy-four Members are present, not a quorum. · The Clerk will call the roll.

The Clerk called the roll, and the following 1\Iembers failed to respond to tbeir names : Anderson Dooling Andrews, Md. Doremus Anthony Drane Babka Dunn Baer Eagle Bankhead Echols Barbour Ellsworth Begg Emerson Benson Esch Black Evans, Mont. Blackmon Evans, Nebr. Bland, Ind. Fields Booher Fitzgerald Bowet·s Flood Brinso n Focht Britten Foster Browne Frear Brumbaugh Freeman Buchanan French Burdick Fuller, Mass. Burke Gallivan Bul'l'ougbs Gandy Butler Ganly Candlt:-r Garland Cantrill Godwin, N. C. Carew Goodall Carter Goodwin, Ark. Chindl>lom Goodykoontz Christopherson Gould Clark, Fla. Graham, Ill. Clark, lo. Graham, Pa. Classon Griest Cooper Griffin Costello IIadley Crago Hamill Cramton Hamilton Davey Hardy, Colo. Dt:-mpsey Hat·rison Denison Haskell Donovan Haugen

Hays Hicks Hill Huddleston Hulings Humphreys Husted Hutchinson James Jefferis Johnson, Ky. .Johnson, Miss. Johnson, S.Dak. Johnson, Wash. Jones, Tex. Kahn Kelley, Mich. Kendall Kennedy, Iowa. Kennedy, R. I. Kettner Knutson Kreider Lankford Lea, Calif. Lee, Ga. Lesher Linthicum Longworth Luce f Lufkin Luhring McClintic McKenzie McKinley Magee Maher Mann Mansfield Mason

Mead Merritt Monahan, Wis. Mondell Montague Moon Mooney Moore, Pa. Moore, Va. Moore. , Ind. Mot· in l\Iott Mudd Neely Nelson, }Vis. Newton, Minn. Nicholls, S. c. · Oliver Olney

~!~\~ Porter Pou Rainey, H. T . Rainey, J. W. Randall, Calif. Randall, Wis.

~r:i~Ic~· Y. Riordan Rogers Rouse Rowan Sa bath Sanders, Ind. Sanders, La. Sanders, J;i. Y. Saunders, Va. Scully Sells

Shreve Stephens, Miss. Vare Siegel Stephens, Ohio Yestal Sims Stevenson Voigt Sinclair Stiness Vols t ead Sisson Sullivan Walsh Small Sumners, Tex. Walter · Smith, Ill. Taylor, Ark. Ward Smith, N. Y. Taylor, Colo. Wason Snyder Tilson Watson , ra. Steenerson Towner Webb

The SPEAKER resumed the chair.

Webster Wilson, Ill. Winslow Wise Woodyard Yates Young, N. Dak. Zihlman

1\Ir. FESS (Chairman of the Committee of the Whole House) . Mr. Speaker, the Committee of the Whole House on the state of the Union having had under c'onsideration the bill H. R. 7705 and finding itself without a quorum, under the rule the Chair caused the roll to be called, whereupon 227 Members, a quorum, an­swered to their names, and I present herewith the list of ab­sentees, to be recorded in the ;r ournal.

The SPEAKER. The committee will resume its e iou. The committee resumed its ·session. Mr. TREADWAY. Mr. Chairman, I was about to conclude

the reference I was making at the time the question was raised that there was no quorum. I simply wish to add that it seems to me that the field to which I referred adjoining that used for the game of golf at the present time could be -very readily adapted to the further enjoyment of that ancient game by a large number of working people of this city at the present time. I wish that the Superintendent of Public Buildings and.Grounds might see fit to use that section in the way to which I have referred. It would entail ...-ery little expense and afford recrea­tion to a large number of persons.

I wish no"·· l\!r. Chairman, to turn the attention of the com­mittee to an entirely different matter from that which I ha-ve been discus in •. I received in the mail this morning-and I sup­pose every Member of the House did-the volume which I hold in my hand, entitled" The Report of the United States Housing Corporation." This is a volume of over 500 page , printed on the very finest of paper, with no end of illustration and cuts and plots and architects' plans and surveyors' designs and every conceivable sort of a proposed plan and existing plan that one might want to incorporate into any record goinrr to make the account of a great effort for future generations to know what some people had done to aggrandize them elves. I was interesteu to see under what authority any uch report r.s this could be submitted. I find that in the act incorporating the Hou ing Corporation-or establishing it, rather-one title is "The United States Housing Corporation," the other the "Bureau of Indu -trial Housing and Transportation," which I believe is the official title. As I say, I was interested to see how the authority could be secured to publish at public expense such .a volume as this.

The only ·authority that I can find, and it is the one to which the president of the organization referred in his official report transmitted to the Secretary of Labor, is section 6 in public act No. 149, Sixty-fifth Congress. That is purely a reference to a report that the President of the United States is directed to make t o Congress every year during the life of this organization. This in no way gives authority, in my opinion, to publish at public expense such a document as I hold in my hand.

Mr. CAMPBELL of Kansas. Will the gentleman yield? 1\Ir. TRE.AJ)\VAY. I will. Mr. CAMPBELL of Kansas. 'Vell, is not that can<lalou

expenditure of public money in keeping with the manner in which that corporation spent most of the money turn d OYer to it?

Mr. TREADWAY. I think it is one of the most outrageou examples of extravagance that ever came to my attention, and it is simply an example of what this arne corporation ha done from the day on which our legislation gave it birth.

Mr. CALDWELL. Will the gentleman yield? Mr. TREADWAY. I will. 1\fr. CALDWELL. 'Vill not the gentleman in arching his

mind agree that his greatest objection is that the report refute· all the aspersions cast upon this organization?

Mr. TREADWAY. I do not think it refute. any aspersions cast upon this organization. I think it is an example of ver­sonal extravagance, no1;lling else, and per onal aggranclizem nt. Is there anything in this act, Mr. llairman, tha t authorized the employment of an editor by the Housing Corporation? For we find on the second page of this publication that it is ub­mltted by Mr. Hubbard. as editor of volume 2. An editor ha-v­ing to do with the report to be transmitted by the President of the United States to Congress! Think of it! Now, I have also gone to the extent of making an inquiry as to the probable ex­pense, and I am informed that it would cost about $1 to bind that book alone.

I am informed that at the Go-vernment printing rate this \olume will actually cost in the neighborhood of $10,000. Prob-

1919. . CONGRESSIO:r AL R.ECORD-HOUSE. 4391 ably if ron went out in the public market and ash.-ed for a 1\li·. CURR¥ of California. I wish to say, if the gentleman contract to print it, it would be a great deal more. I think will yield, if he will inquire he will find that the Senate com­it is safe to say that such a publication as that can not tie mittee was appointed about two and one-half months ago and 1mt out 1111<.h~1· $5 a volume. has not done anything- since.

Mr. CALDWELL. ·wm the gentleman yield? Mr. SEARS. If· I remember correctly, the gentleman from 1\ir. ':CRE.ADW AY. Certainly. Florida:; my colleague [Mr. CLARK], tried to secure :-.ction in !\fr. CALDWELL. Does not the gentleman know that ac- this Hause dbribg the last session in order to make an investiga-

companying that book is a Jetter stating thato it· i to be sold at tion. r remember- that he made a personal investigation. I · $1.50-- understand the Gommittee on Public Buildings and Grounds by

Mr. TREADWAY. I know-- a unanimous report, led by your able chairman, Mr. LANGLEY, Mr. CALDWELL. And does not the gentleman know under - 1 has reported out a bill or resolution·, and t11at they will make

the law we can not sell a book cheaper than it costs to yroduc.eit? a thorough and complete investigation. l\lr. TRE~illWAY. I do. I am saying that if you went out Mr. TREAD'V AY. I will say to the gentleman from Florida

in the public market and endeavored to secm·e its printing it [Mr. SEABsT that r: saw;-the resolution presented by his .collea.gne, would <loubtle s co t . iJ. providing- that the investigation shoul<l' be made by the Com-

1\fr. CALDWELL. I did not understand that. mittee on_ Public Buildings and Grounds. I think that is the Mr. TREADWAY. I think tl1at is a correct statement. But resolution to which·the gentleman from Kansas [Mr. CAJUPBELL]

be that us it may, 1\lr. Chairman, there is $10,000 that· the Gov- refers as havin0 been before the Committee on Rilles an<l ' on ernment wasted on that repo1·t. Now, it is but an ·example-of wliich there has notyetbeen action taken. The-re olution which the conduct of the Housing Board from the day it started; and t presented is for a special committee rather than for a: standing. I ~ink it high time that we h.--new something of the details of committee of the House· to conduct the investigation. that organization-- Mr. SElARS. The gentleman is correct. My colleague tried

Mr. GREEN of Io~·a. Will tl1e gentleman yield? for several days to ha-ve-the Rules-Committee repqrt out a special Mr. TllEADW AY. I willi L"Ule in. order that' a thorough and complete investigation might-Mr. GREEN of Iowa. Does not a mere examination of. that be· made.·

book show that the Government~~ no~ po siblY get' it fm• $1.5'0?· 1\fi'. TREADWAY. And irrespective of what the procellure I~ the! offer the book at- $1.50, 1t 1s snnply another example of· may be, some investigation or this HousiJ;lg Corporation should Vlolation of law. be promptly and efficiently made. Tliat is all I am aiming. to

Mr. TREADWA.Y. I shoul<.l think that is a very proper secure. statement. I am not enough of, an employer of printer's ink Mr. CA~IPB::E-Lh of Kansas. 1\lr. Chairman-, -to know exact value , but there is a whole page right here where The CHAIRM:AN. Does the <Yentlema.n from l\lussachusetts I o:gen the-book showing__a cut of1the1iiningrooms of Wnshington yield to .tlie aentleman from KU~sas-? · residences of the. housing buildings: 1\fr. TREADWAY Y:es ;. I I yield. ·

Mr. GREEN of Iowa. And all prmte<.l on the finest calendered Mr. CAMPBELliof Kansas. In an we-e to ·the gentleman t1~.om paMrper:lRrnA -n.

1Flmida, if. the gentleman from Jfnssachusett. will permit.

.• -Ll ~'YAY. On the be t of paper. I am not .finding fault me- · witli that~ because they make good paper up .in.my district! I Mr: TREADWAY. Certainly. do not know whether they sold any for this publication or not', . ' Mr. CAMPBELL of Kansas·. The reasen the Committe-e 011 but I shou1d be glad if they had. But has any Member of this · Ru1es- suspended action upon the re:olution w-a. , as-heretofOI·e House ·any direct interest in having ' the page cut of the <lining stated, that tl1e Senate was pursuing a .•imilar in\estigatiou, and hall right below· us here-for. publi<r distribution? Thel·e ar<J ·a:U we did not think- it necessary to dup1ioat inY"e. ·tigations into through the "Volume the "Very selfsame sort of illustrations. I the same;concern. · will not take the time of the House to call further attention to this particulm" yolume, but I would like to close by saying Mr. SEARS·. l\Ir. Qllairman, I• ha'f'e not t!Je floor~ but if my-that this hns brought to mind what appears to me at least to be fi'iend will permit--the need of a thorough investigation of the whole HOusing Cor- Mr. TREADWAY. Certainlr. porn.tion. And, looking to . that end, I have this afternoon Mr. SEARS- (continuing). n wantell· to ~ny that this has introduced a resolution calling· for the appointment: or. a rom- been' neglectedi and my colleagn~ aml personal. friend, the g.en­mittee to make such investigation. I hope that later on the ·tlemarufrom.Florlda [M.r. @r.ARK], .mad ·. f'V(> . .rnl speeches on the House will act favorabl on. that resolution and that we will propositi<m here. dm·in-g the In ·t ses.·ionJ know whether the work of the Housing Corp-oration, in an its yast The GHA IBM~. The- time of: the gPntleman ha expired.

• detail, has been carried on in exactly the same way as this Ml". ELLIOTT. :Mr. Chair:man--volume has been printed at Go\ernment expense. Mr. TREADWAY. I will· yield if I' can get more ·time:

Mr. CAMPBELL of Kansas. 'Vill the gentleman yieHl? Mr.. F0RDNEYi. I ; yiel<f two · minutes more to the-gentleman The CHAIRMAN. 'Vill the gentleman from 1\la.ssachu. ·etts in order that he may answel" question .

yield to the gentleman from Kansas? The CHAffi.l\fAl · Does the gentleman from l\Ihssachu.setts· 1\fr. TREADWAY. Certainly. . yield to4 the gentl~an from Indiana? · 1\fr. CAMPBELL of Kansas. A number of resolutions have Mr. TREAD'\\TA:.Y. I do.

already been introduced to investigate the manner in which the Mr. HnLIOTT. I wish to state that a hill came before the corporation has expended the public moneys that "·ere turned Committee on Public Buildings,and Grounds a sliort time ago to over to them. The Committee on Rules started arr inquiry on dissolve and abolish this corporation and tui·n the business of it one of these resolutions. we learned that the Senate was pur- over to the Capitol Building a:n<r.Grounds Committee, and that suing a similar resolution, and therefore made some inquiry bill has been reported unanimously by the committee and is now of the senate committee that had the matter in charge, and were pending before this House. If the gentleman wishes to get orne informed that that committee would make a thorough and com- action on this matter, the sooner he takes it up the sooner he plete investigation of the actiYities of .this corporation. There- will get action. fore we suspended fnrther action in our committee. 1\fr. TREADWAY. ram very glad to hear that.

Mr. TREADWAY. I am very glad to hear the statement- of Mr. KE.A'RNS. Will the gentleman yield? the chairman of the Committee on Rules. I had heard rumor l\Ir. TREAD,VAY. I will. of the re olution to wbich the gentleman refers, and, in order 1\fr. KEARNS. I was- just wonde1·ing whether or not there not to duplicate inYestigation , previous to the introduction of. was a criminal statute under which men could be punished -who the resolution I haYe put in the basket this afternoon I went divert' public- · funds :n.·om the channel for· which they are · in. to the document room, and the chief of' that room sho-wed me tended?' Is there such a statute? a resolution mtro<.lucecl into the Senate by Senator NEw, which Mr. TREADWAY. Pe1·sonally I am not capable of passing on is in no sen e similar to the one I ha'\"'e just inh·oduced. And the inquiry of tile gentleman. he sald that -was all there was in the Se-nate records. The 1\fr. KEARNS. Why not? . New resolution is . imply to investigate the buililiDe"'S here, Mr. TRE.A.DWAY. There should be if there is not now. whether they are completed or otherwise. There may: be other The CH:Aill:M'AN. The time of the gentleman- has e:xpJ.red. resolutions, but that i the information I secured• from the Mr. FORDNEY. l\fr. Chairman, I yield 10 minute-s- tn the head clerk of the uocument room this afternoon. gentleman from Iowa [1\lr. R.ursEYER].

1\Ir. CAMPBELL of Kan as. I think if the gentleman from Mr. KI.TCmN.. Let me put in one for 20 minute. no,v. I Massachusett will inquire of the Senator from Maine [Mi.". thought! the gentleman just want~<I t-wo minutes. FERNALD], he will find they are proceeding under a. resolution 1\Ir. B'ORDNEY. I. haYe one for :> minu.tcs and anotht•J· for· that authorizes them to make n complete investigation. 10 minutes ..

Mr. TREADWAY. I trust that may be true. 1\Ir. KITCHIN. Suppose you 11ut in your five-minute lll i n.

4392 CON GRESS! ON AL RECORD-HOUSE. A GUST 26,

l\Ir: FORDNEY. The gentleman I wanted to yield to wan.ted 10 minute . l\Ir. Chairman, I yield 10 minutes to the gentleman from Iowa [l\Ir. RAMSEYER].

The CHAIRl\1AN. The gentleman from Iowa is recognized for 10 minutes. . .

Ir. HAl\1SEYER. l\Ir. Chairman and gentlemen of the House, I de ire to make a few observations in regard to the soldiers' in­surance and I want at the outset to assure Members of the House that I a~ doing that not in a critical mood or manner but in the hope that certain reforms ma,y be urought about in the manage­ment of the War Risk Insurance Bureau.

Along the fore part of July I receivea a letter, as undoubtedly every l\Ieruber of Congress did, from the War Risk Insurance Bureau requesting me to write an article urging the service men to· retain their Government insurance. July 18 an advisory committee 'beaded by ex-Justice Charles E. Hughes, after an in­yestigatio~ of the bureau, made a report which disclosed that 75 per cent of the men bad already dropped their insurance. This was indeed startling information to me, as at the time this in­surance law was enacted it was termed "the most generous piece of legislation ever written on the statute books of a grate-ful nation." .

I complied witll the ·request of the bureau and prepared an article calling the attention of the service men to the benefits and rates of Government insurance. This article was sent to every newspaper in my district and was published by nearly all of them. Since that time I have beard from a number of the service men in regard to Government insurance. Judging from these letters and from other sources of information, I find:

First. No marked preference or enthusiasm for Government insurance over insurance in some private company.

Second. A lack of confidence in the present management of the 'Var Risk Insurance Bureau. This is due chiefly to the trouble many men had in getting their allotments and allow­ances paid as they directed when they entered the Army and the unnecessary delays in paying death losses to the bene-ficiaries. ' ·

Third. Inability to get' information from the bureau. l\Iost of the letters I have received are not from men who have dropped their insurance and ask to be reinstated, for of that kind I have not received a single one, but the letters are from men who have written to the bureau for information, and a few of them repeatedly, how to convert their insurance, and who had re­ceived no reply from the bureau. For this tllere can be no explanation except either laziness or inefficiency on the part of the managers of the bureau. If any of these .'nen had written a letter to a private insurance company for information con­cerning n policy he held in that company, or about one he ex­pected to take out, be would have received an answer by return

· mail. And the chances are nine in ten that one of the com­pany's agents would have called on him even before the com­pany's letter reached him. If the Government wants to stay in the insurance business it must promptly take care first of all of its policyholders. If the bureau fails to give information to the men who want to retain their Government insurance and to make prompt settlement with the beneficiaries named in the policies, the Government might as well go out of business. It any private concern would do business the way .the bureau does it would be in 90 days past all hope of restoring itself in the public confidence. To those who have watched closely the workings of the 'Var Risk Insurance Bureau it is difficult to escape the conclusion .that the men who are responsible for its management are undertaking deliberately to wreck the Govern­ment insurance business.

l\1r. AYRES. l\Ir. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? l\Ir. RAl\ISEYER. Yes. Mr. AYRES. Does not the gentleman really think the Gov­

ernment ought to have an agency of some kind in every State of the Union?

l\1r. RAMSEYER. It will have to .do something or else go out of business.

1\Ir. AYRES. In order to have these men renew their policies? Mr. RAMSEYER. I am not presenting any plan of organiza­

tion, but something has to be done or a large part of the. 25 per cent of the men who still hold on to their policies will also drop them.

Mr. AYRES. Tllat is a fact with respect to the old-line in­surance companies, that they have an agent in every community. The Government will have to resort to that in order to keep its business?

Mr. RAMSEYER. Yes; and the first thing the .Government must learn is promptness in dispatch of its business. The one thing tilat appeals especially to those seeking. life insurance is t.lle promptness with ''"hich private life insurance companies set­tle tlleir losses. If a policyholder of one of these companies

dies, usually one of its agents is near to expedite settlement. In a week or 10 days the bereaved widow is paid the full vnlu of the policy. That is good business. It i the best kinll of advertising the company can get. Just as an illustration, last fall a Congressman's secretary, who had enlisted, died while on leave from one of the Army camps in this country. He had $5,000 insurance with a private insurance company and $10,000 with the Government, both in favor of his mother. Within 10 days after his death his mother was paid the $5,000 by the private company, but even though this young J;Ilan's friends here in Washington did everything possible to expedite payment of the Government insurance, it was OYer six months before the mother received a dollar on her son's Government policy.

When I was diverted I was discussing the illability of service men to get information from the bureau. In this connection I am going to read you a few extracts from let~ers which I have received in response to the article which I ha9. published in the District papers. The first is from a soldier who served with the American Expeditionary Forces. Among other thing , he writes: ·

I also read a letter of yours in the Albin Republican relative to soldier's insurance. Now, I let mine lapse or dropped it in .July for no other reason than that I did not know just bow to convert It into another form of insurance. I have written to the Bureau of War Risk Insurance, but they have failed to give me any reply.

The second letter is also from a man who hall seen service with the American Expeditionary Forces in France. He write :

No doubt you have been bothered a great deal about the question of ·Army insurance, and also no doubt you are well posted on that subject. I have been trying for several months to get information from the Bureau of _ War Risk Insurance regarding the posslbilitl of changing my insurance into some standard insurance policy, bu as yet hnve been unable to get an answer from them.

Can you not let me know what arrangements have been made for converting this insurance to a standard policy? I do not wish to con­tinue any longer than necessary the monthly payments. It seems to be an impossibility to get any response from the Bureau of War Risk Insurance.

The third is from a man who wrote me concerning a claim that has been pending in the War Risk Insurance Bureau for over a year. He writes in behalf of another party, in part, as follows:

If you can help to bring results in this matter, I a ure you it will be appreciated by him and personally will consider it a great favor myself. I might add that the fact that there is so much di~satisfaction with the returns on this kind of insurance is in a great part re­sponsible for the fact that the boys are dropping it generally. I have a boy who Is still carrying $10,000, but am not altogether sure that it will be continued. Success to you these busy and strenuous times.

Now, so much for the failure on the part of soldiers, sailor , and marines to get any response out of the War Risk Insurance Bureau concerning matters in which they are vitally inter sted. I have numerous other letters along the same line, but I shall not take up the time of the House to read them to you.

These few extracts from letters I have received are samples of the kind of correspondence that has come to my office since the publication of the article to which I referred in the beginninrr of my remarks. .

Mr. SNELL. 1\Ir. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? Mr. RAMSEYER. Certainly. Mr. SNELL. I notice the statement that 75 per cent of tile

insurance business has been canceled. How many of · the em­ployees of that bureau have been dropped on account of the fact that 75 per cent of the business has been canceled?

Mr. RAMSEYER. My information is that they have a lar"'et' force now than they had during the war. [Laughter.]

Mr. SNELL. How mariy will you have to have when it is all gone? [Laughter.]

l\Ir. RAMSEYER. The question asked by tile gent! man from New York, of course, answers itself.

The other point I desire to eli cuss is dissati ·faction with the rates.

I do not claim to have a technical under tanding of the insur­ance business, and, of course, am not an expert on insurance rates. I am simply giving you the objections that came to me. I have had no kicks on the rates charged during tile enlistment period, but the kicks are on the rate of converted · policies­ordinary life, 20-payment life, 20-year endowment, and so forth. It is true the Government rates are lower than the rates of old-line companies, but the annual difference i not much. And you let an insurance agent get off his talk about participat­ing and nonparticipating policie ·, annual dividend , net cost, continuous-income plan, commuted yalue, surremler value, and a lot of other stuff, the average fellow is not . o sure that he has a great advantage in.his .Goyernment insumncc policy.

In this connection I am going to read ron a letter from a returned soldie1~ which strikes me as a very forceful and .inter­esting presentation of· the re:'lsonl' wll. -··ome service men drop their insurimce. Undoubtedly- tlle thou~hts prese11ted by this

I

1919. CONGRESSIONAL RECO_:RD-HQUSE. 4393 \\Titer are shareu by many, not only of the 75 per cent who have dropped their insurance but also of the 25 per cent who are still holdin~ en to their in-surance:

I note in the papers an appeal written by you to the returned soldiers re~r<ling the lap e of the Government insurance. I am a returned soldier and one of the small 25 per cent who are keeping up the premi­ums since leaving the Army. I believe I can give you an idea as to why some of the men are la'(>sing their policies, as I have talked with a con­siderable number on the question.

In the fi1·st place it is well known that when the men enlisted they belteveu the GQvernment insurance to be regular insurance at less than half the regular rate, instead of simply a fiTe-year term policy at about the same rate that any old-line company could supply it. Now, rightly or wrongly, this is what the men believed, and we are dealing with facts as they arc and not as they should be. Then, after November 11, when the War Department started to talk converting the insurance to some standanl policy at an increase of 150 per cent in the premium, it came as a decidedly unwelcome jolt. .

A million men figured, "Well if they are going to sell us insurance in peace time at more than double the war rate, I'll just lay off," and they did. Now, I realize the flaw in the reasoning as well as anyone, and I realize the double value of standard policies over term insurance, but that does not affect what .has actually happened in the minds of other men.

In the next place I believe (although, of course, I don't know the figures) that another million uropped out for a little different reason. They carried their insurance just as it was for a month or so after leav­ing the Army and planned on converting it within the five-year period. Then, one bright day they discover that instead of their insurance being such a bargain as they had supposed, that when they do convert it they will have to pay nearly the same premium as though it were to be pur-chased from an old-line company. .

There is a little difference, a matter of a dollar a thousand, and Mr. Average Man finds he bas been pinching himself to keep up a supposedly good thing only to finu out that he hasn't got as much as he anticipated. He then thinks "Well, here I am, nearly busted, and the old bonus money gone to buy an outfit of clothes "-it takes considerable figuring to do that-" so I guess we will let the insurance lapse. Insurance is a good thing, all right, but I can buy it from any old-line company just about as cheap, and I would rather pay a little more later and not be so fiat rlght now.''

All argument to the contrary notwithstanding, the men feel they were promised very reasonable insurance by the Government and that the Government has some .way or another doubled the ante on them, and they refuse to go further with it. If it is an object of the Government for the men to keep up their insurance, let it make a contract which will lJe good enough that the men will want to take advantage of it. We read a lot about cheap insurance for the soldiers, but just let a good old-line salesman talk figures .and clauses to you. If the War Risk Bureau is going to keep on under the present plan, all right; but lets not talk of the wonderfully cheap soldier insurance and wonder why they drop such a gold mine.

I am stiU, and I want to remain, of the opinion that a Govern­ment policy is the best obtainable policy. But the bureau ought to Jet its policyholders know it. Whether the rates could be lower, I shall not venture an opinion on that. Only the physically fit got into the service. Except a comparatively small per cent who came out of the service injured or diseased, the men on the whole came out of the service in better physical condition than when they went in. They are the best risk in the world for any insurance company. This fact was undoubtedly considered by the bureau in fixing the rates for converting the insurance. If it was not, it should have been. One thing sure, the Government is making no profits out of this insurance and never will. The bureau should do business on a business. basis, and give these men the service and prompt attention to which they are entitled and which they were promised, or Congress should abolish this bureau and create some Government institution that will. [Applause.]

Mr. KITCHIN. Mr. Chairman, I yield 20 minutes to the gen­tleman from Alabama [Mr. HEFLIN].

The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman from Alabama is recognized for 20 minutes.

1\Ir. HEFLIN. Mr. Chairman and gentlemen of the House, on last Friday I called attention to the fact that the blind Chap­lain of this body, a ~epublican and a Union soldier, who had lost his eyesight in the \Var between the States, had been crit­icized by the Republican Speaker for praying for the league of nations. The league of nations has for its purpose the promo­tion of peace and the prevention of war. Let me read the prayer that aroused the wrath of the Speaker and that occa­sioned the censure of the blind old Chaplain's petition to God in behalf of peace in the world :

The Chaplain, Rev. Henry N. Couden, D. D., offered the following pr~yer: "We bless Thee, our Father in Heaven, for the wise, the true, the noble men who have witnessed the terrible disasters which a world­wide war bas left in its wake, who are striving to form a league of nations to prevent its recurrence in the future. Let those who object to a league of nations visit Arlington, our national cemeteries and those in France where our American dead lie in abundance. Let '.them witness the wounded and mai!Ded, with arms, le~s, eyes, health gone; pouder these unsightly scenes before they lift their voices against those who would prevent such scenes."

[Applause.] That, _:Mr ... Chairman, is the appropriate and eloquent prayer

that off~ded the Speaker of this House, who, like Senator LoDGE, is opposed to a league of nations. I hold that the Chap­lain of the American Rouse of Representatives had a right to pray that prayer ancl that 110 Speaker, be he Democrat or Re­publican, had the rigllt to rPprove and. humiliate him as the

Speaker of this House did the old blind Chaplain a few days ago. The Chaplain's prayer was exactly in line with the teach­ings of Christ, who preached the doctrine of peace on earth and good will to men. It w~ in perfect harmony with God's desire revealed through the prophet Isaiah, when he said: " And they shall beat their swords into plowshares and their spears into pruning hooks, and nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more." [Applause on the Democratic side.]

Let me read to you the preamble to the league of nations : . The high · contracting parties, in order to promote international co­

operation and to achieve international peace and security by acceptance of obligations not to resort to war; by the prescription of open, just, and honorable relations between nations; by the firm establishment of the understandings of International law as the actual rule of conduct among governments ; and by the maintenance of justice and a scrupulous re­spect for all treaty obligations in the dealings of organized peoples with one another, agree to this covenant of the league of nations.

Gentlemen, thi'3 is the preamble to the greatest international document ever fashioned by the brain of man or submitted to the children of men. [Applause on the Democratic side.] And yet the blind Chaplain of this House has been censured by the Speaker for praying for the success of this international effort to promote peace in the world. But, l\Ir. Chairman, there is con­solation to the blind Chaplain in the fact that One more pow­erful than the Speaker of this House has said, " Blessed are the peacemakers, for they shall be called the children of God." [Applause on the Democratic side.]

I trust that I may escape censure for quoting scripture in this Chamber. [Laughter.]

The Chaplain, this faithful old servant of God, beloved by the membership of this body for his Christian life and for the powerful prayers that he has prayed through the long years of his service here, for the first time in his service of 24 years is censured and humiliated because his prayer to God does not conform to the league of nations. attitude of the present Repub­lican Speaker. He served the House as Chaplain for eight years while Mr. CA.N~-oN was Speaker, and not one time did UNCLE JoE ever try to dictate to the old man what the wording of his prayer should be. He was nominated in a Democratic caucus and elected· Chaplain of a Democratic House for eight years while l\Ir. CLARK was Speaker, and never during that time did the Democratic Speaker even intimate to the old blind Chaplain that he desired that his petitions to Almighty God should conform to the Speaker's will. [Applause on the Demo­cratic side.]

But we have a new and strange condition of things here now, gentlemen. Republican leaders who have advocated the league of nations for years, who have made the strongest pronounce­ments in its behalf that I am able to find anywhere, are to-day, when the thing is at our door for indorsement, trying to defeat the league of nations. They are holding up its ratification. They are undertaking to amend the text of the treaty ; and if the~ do, it must be recommitted to Germany for her approval. Do these Republican leaders desire to give Germany an oppor­tunity to refuse to sign the amended treaty?

Let me read you the headlines of a dispatch in the Washing­ton Post from Berlin: GERMANY SECRETLY ORGANIZES ARMY-SOCIALIST ORGAN WARNS THE GOV·

ERNME~T-ENDANGERS TREATY.

BERLIN, August 23. The German Army, as in the days of Napoleon, is being secretly

organized. •

I told you here on last Friday that an American chemist from the State of New Jersey has just finished a tour of Germany, and on his way back stopped in London and said : ·

Since October last Germany has made superhuman efforts to perfect her chemical processes. She bas multiplied and increased her chemical factories.

Can it be that the delay in ratifying the peace treaty in the United States is encouraging Germany to believe that her plans and not the plans of the Allies will yet be successful? Germany is building up an army secretly and multiplying her chemical processes, and the Senate of the United States, under Republi­can rule, is holding up and may defeat the ratification of the league of nations.

Germany is fighting to defeat the league of nations, and men in the United States, leading Republicans who heretofore lun·e favored a league of nations, and who advocated it before the . young men in Massachusetts, are now opposing it. Senator LODGE in his speech at Union College in 1915, addressing young men-who must always bear the brunt of battle in time of war­told them that the only way to defeat war is to unite the nations into a mighty international tribunal. · Now, this ·Republican leader has had a change of heart and is against the lea gue ot nations.

4394 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE·. AUGUST 26,

The Speaker- of the House hails from the same State- of 1\Iassa- the New England con1)cience, rebuked llim for introduci ng politics into d his prayers.

chusetts-a great State and' a large munition-making State-a~ The purpose of the league of nations is to prevent a r ecurrence of t he I can not quite understand the pre: ent attitutle of this distilL- great war by providing an organization ready to act instantly in re­aui heel Renublican Speaker In respon...~ to my charge-that the· straining one nation from attacking :mother. Does anyone wish t o see o . 1:c' • • • • , the gnat war repeated? Can anyone contemplate ca1mly another out-Chaplam had been forbidden to pray m thiS body for the-success break oi slaughter with 7,000,000 deatlls· and 20,000,000 or 30 000,,900 of the forces fighting to prevent war and promete- peace, th~ cas.uo.lties ~f every sort, and with a war area devastated like Belgmm Speaker is quoted as saying; "I did speak to him _a~out it,. be- a.nd a cons:uie:rnble ~art of F'rance and all of Serbia and roland? c::m e I did not want any contr(}versial matters m)ected rnto What do you think of that? prayer " · · What shall a Chaplain pray for it not for the reign of peace? And

· ·b t f th ·t· ~1: th ~ d Senator Lonm: and '.rheodore Roosevelt have told us-the latter in two Gentlemen talk about the h er Yo e Cl lZen anu e .uce 0!ll or thre or l'lis books: and running over the period from l!HO to 1016-of the press. What we need now iS an untrammeled Cha~lam that the only wn.y of insurint;: the- world's peace is by a combination of in the fteedom of prayer. Never did. I think that the day would nations to prevent one nation from attackin,.. another. If th~t ~s

come under the C(}ntrol of any party when. the Speaker of this , ~glf~:g ~~~c~~d i~~h~~ t~to t~;_e w~; i~P~~n~egf ~~n a;I~a~ Hon e would arrogate to himself the authon.ty to fix the form of for war? a Chaplain's prayer-. [Applause.] If. a Chaplain may . not Pl"U.Y' for the establishment of the lea.gue of

l\Ir. Chairman, I knew that the- ~peaker had the right, ~f a ~:n= ~~0lfJ:~J!~~e~~e~~Y~~;uFuco~:fes ~ofstr~·:~~er}e~d~ bill was not properly drawn, to rule 1.t out, and I knew that if. a profanation. resolution was not in proper form he had the l'ight to ru1e it out; [Applause on the Democratic side.] but I never- knew before that a Republican Speaker of the H01ISe Newspapers. all o"\7er the country are criticizing, and properly would rush in where angels fear to tread and undertake to pre- criticizin..,.. the Speaker for ills unjustified and unwarranted scribe the form of prayer to Almighty. God. [Applause.] We reprovar "'dt the Chaplain of thi House. . still have free speech on. the ~~(}r of this House, and I 'Yant !X' It seems that certain Repubtican leaders would lik to change say that L regard the oppoSitiOn to the league ~t natrons m the· scriptural quotation from "-Blessed are the peacema:kers,. for the United States as a fight against the peace-lovmg forces of · they shall be called tile chiHlren of God," to "Blessed a.re the the- world. [Applause~} r regard it as an effurt to take away munition makers, for we shall inherit abundant campaign funds from the father whose boy died in battle and who has:. other from them in the year 1920." [Applause on. the DemocratiC' boy coming on, and from the mother who saw her boy- go away- side.] ne,er to come back-I regard it as an attempt to f?ke out of The- OHAIRlUAN. The time of the gentlem::m from Alabama their hearts the hope of peace on. earth and good Will to men. has expired. [Applause.] 1\!r. KITCHIN. 1\Ir. Chairman, I yield to the g ntleman from

The Speaker of the House [1\Ir. G.n.LEn], the distinguiShed Alabama five minutes more. Republican Speaker-from Massachusetts, does nbtlike:to baye the Mr. HEFLIN. Now, gentlemen, I w:mt to read to yo11 tbe Chaplain p:r:ay for the success or the league of na~ons. L~t . exact language of Senator LoDGE ; me now show you what this Speaker. of the House himself cT1d T.here i.s- no escape- from the. pxopo..sition thnt thet pea c- ot the world in 1916 regarding international peace and order. We. passea a can llnly be-mn1n.tnined as- the: {leae~ of a sing]~· ~tion is main~in d-b .ll · thi House rn' which lie is committed to the doctrine. of.. a by the- force whicb thee united natlo-ns are wilhng to put behin.d tl!e

1 m S . . ~ · . . peace aD<L order of the world'. Nation must unite a s men urute 1D league of nations-. Now, here l.S what_ it IS, t-?e navar bll ()-f· ~916. o.r.d.cr-to. presm.:ve- peace nnd' order. The grt>a nations must be> so united

This is tlre pl'ovision: as to be able. to &'tl! tO' rrn:y siugle country, .. Yon must not- g.o,. to. "·a.r," . . and th1!y c:m. only say that elfet!tively when the- country- desiring war

It is hereby declared to. oo the J>Oliey of th. e UD;lted States t~ adJ.nst- knows. that the force which the united nations place behind peace- is and settle its international. disttutes. through mediation or ~1tratwn, irresistible. No one is. more conscious- than I of the. enm:mous difficul­to the end that war may be honorably av-oided~ It looks. wtth: appre- ties which beset such a solution oi such scheme~ but I am certain that hension and disfavor upon a..gener.:tl ~se of a:s;mament throug~t the it iS in this- direction alone that we ea:n find hope- of the mn:inteDance world, but it realizes that no: single nation can disa~m,_and that WJ.thou~ . of the world's pe:tre a.nd the ftVoidancc of: needles w:ns. a c::om~on agree!Dent upon. the . subject every conSld&able po>ver mus-t" [Annl.-m ... e on the- Democratic sid .]· marntnrn a relative standing in military strength. 1:c'.foU4~ • • ~ • •

In view of the premises, the President is a uthorized and requested. ~o Can you reconcile tha.t· position of ena.tor LODGE Wit h his invite at an appropriate ti.rne'. not later tlum. the close of the war m lJosition of to-day'· . rou;o~~n~e~:.g;':t~hGosh:uu::~~~e~~~.rtg/~~~~~~~ii\ifa~i;e: 1\Io_dern war is terrible. So~ething; must be done to pre'·:entt

· plan for a court of arbitration or other- tribunal~ to wru,;eh d1spu.ted. ques- wa:r m the. future. ·The Will" JUS ended was the- lll()St hornble tions between: nations .shall be referred fo! adjudication- ancl p~acef~ war of the ages, and it wa for a great internationu.l effort to ~~~~~~~~:n t~oc~~:::~:e~U::~g~e~~~f:llo~~~~~bml t th preTen~ tlH~. recur~nce. of another. sucl~ war tll?-t the- blind

H S k G ted for that Clmplam· was IJraymg m the Amertcan Hou of llepre nta-Gentlemen of. the ouse, pea ~e~ n;.:LE:r vo . tives~

prov~sio~. ~Appl~use.] Tlie Chapla:m ot this ~~ fi~ been 1\fr ~ Chairman~ the question. tll:at confronts us j not what W"e praymg rn line With. that vote of SpeaK:er GILLETT a ~ve~: sm.ce as a nation wanld.. like to do, but the question is ' hat i the 1916 [applause]; an~l the other day, :fter the President. had wisest ·a.nd best tmng· to d() ami' ""hat is necessary to do. \Ve do.ne what the proViSion. that Speake~ GIL.I.E'l"l'" voted. fm re- know th:rt we had nothlng to do in bringing on the war ju t quested him to do. and had returned With tlie. covenant ta sub- ended and_ when it began we did all in our power t(} keep out mit to his Government for apnrova~, and the tlnng was ready for of it · 'but we were drawn into it by :1: p(}wer that thonght it elf accornplis~ent, and: the Chap~rurr, happy over th~ . outlook; big ~nough_ and: strong enough to conquer the world. So we prayed for 1ts success, why, h~ IS censured and h~nnliated for had to fight to help put doW"n this war monster of tlre- Old a .prayer out of harmony With the .cha_nged attitude of the world or be consumed by it We have learned through bitter Speaker. [Applause on t:t;I.e Dernoc~·attc ~lde.) And ~e has· not experience, nt a cost of twenty-()dd billions of dollars a.n<.1 the since mentioned the league of nations m his prayei. thousand o:t wounded and. dead American soliliei , that one

:Mr. KING. Hooray! . cmmtry on the other ide or the ocean, left rmwntched and un-Mr. HEFLIN. Yes; you may dlY, "~ooray." a~ .I rt;mem- restra.ined to arm and equip 1tself for WID", can, as Germany did,

ber when the gentleman [1\~·· KINo] obJ~cted to prmtmg m the endanger the Uberty and civilization of the- world. If the CoN<mESSION.A.:C RECO:&D a Slillple reselutwn from the people of league of nations is established, Germany will not, she can not, Georgia in the interest of world peace. . again become a dange1·ouS' outlaw nation, disturbing and de-

The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman must be m order. stroying the peace of the world. We W"ere- forced to go into 1\Ir. KING. Will the gentleman. yield?- the war to save free government the world. ov-e~·. .r ·ow, i it 1\Ir. HEFLIN. No; I have not time now. not the part of wisdon:l for n to join with the other peace-Mr. KING. You do not dare yield. . loving nations and use our power and influen-ce to prevent an-1\I.r. HEFLIN. I recall tb~t 1\Ir. OVERSTREET asked perm1.s- other such war. We lllul no opportunity to aid other nation

sion to print a short resolution sent here by some J?eople 1n who felt as- we do about war m preventing the war ju t ended, Georgia. asking for the adoption of the league of nations, and and when it came it dr w us into it overL our prote t and

.the gentleJ?la.n objected. to printing it in t~e ItJ:co:I?>. But_ I against our ·will; but now we h:rre the opportunity to. u.nit han~ not time now to discuss the gentleman s abJection. I am om· forces in. ::rn. effort to promote peace and preyent "m. I operating on larger fish just at present. [Laughtel'.l had rather America would be in po ition to ~1 her influe11ce _in

· Mr. KING. The gentleman had better W(}l'k on h1mself. He preventing war rather than to have her ,.,.-Ithout po:-er or m-i a pretty good size fish. . ffuen.ce to prcevent a -war that is bound to break o.o t m t h Olll

Mr. BEFLii~. Let rue read wh-at the editor of the Phlla~ World unless the civilized forces of t h worlt1 umte to pr vent delphia Record said on the subject: it. She had ootter u her influ nee nn<~ pow t· in time . of

The blind Chapiain of the rrou e of R~re en.ta.tin-s prayed. to the peace tn prevent war ra.th~r than t p<.>n mt nn outlaw n nti n Cr tol" that the leaguo of nations might be e tabllshed to Pe:PQetu.a.te to -do tJm thing that will force her into such a w nr a · the one the peace of the world and Speaker G r LLET'l', who comes from the same . t ded State as Senator LoDGE, once the PnrHan Sta te, once the exponent of JUS en ·

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1919. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. 4395 It seems to me to be the part of wisdom for us to create an 'voted for a proposition in the naval appropriation bill in 1916

international force for the purpose of preventing war rather which committed them, every one of them, to the principles of than to permit warlike nations to arm and equip themselves arbitration, reduction in armament, and the establishment of an anu begin a war that will force us to fight. The first plan prom- international tribunal for the prevention of war. The Presi­ises peace, and we believe will prevent war, while the other dent has done just what the provision in the naval bill, for which plan leaves us at the mercy of the old system that has produced they voted, requested him to do. He has .submitted to the Sen­all tile wars of the past and will produce more wars in the future. ate the league of nations plan which carries out the purpose of On the side of the old system is darkness. On the side of the the naval bill provision approved by both branches of Congress new system is light. On the side of the old system is crime and in 1916. Is not this change in the attitude of Republican leaders misery and death, and on the side of the new system is justice,· enough to cause the intelligent and peace-loving people of Amer­peace, and life. If the old system is to remain to curse 1.LS and ica to look with deep concern and with some degree of suspicion our children, write across its front of black despair the words, upon gentlemen who have solemnly declared in favor of an inter­" 'Var, certain war." But if the new system, with its possibili- national tribunal to prevent war? The man or the party that ties of law and order, its promise of peace, is to be established, will play politics with this momentous question deserves the write upon the arch that spans its blessed highway the encourag- condemnation of all right-thinking people. There are two or ing worus, " The hope of the peace of the world." Let no man three disgruntled and discredited Democrats in official positions or nation be deceived. Every man and every nation that favors who have deserved and received the contempt and scorn of their war is against the league of nations. constituents because of their Pottsdam-tainted opposition to the

Every German agent and every citizen in our counh·y who league of nations. They did not have during the war between was in sympathy with Germany in her war against the United the United States and Germany the confidence of the President States is opposing the league of nations. Newspapers friendly to of the United States. The position of these men, as well as Germnny during the war, and which were denied the use of the that of Republican leaders who are opposing the league · of na­United States mails because of the treasonable articles that they tions, is entirely in harmony with Germany's efforts and desires. contained, are now abusing President \Vilson and opposing the Every day's delay in ratifying the peace treaty encourages the league of nations. Germany is doing all in her power to defeat German agents in the United States to believe that their propa­tbe league of nations. She signed the peace treaty under protest. ganda is bearing fruit and that there is hope of defeating the She wants to be left free to arm and equip herself for another league of nations. Believing this, they continue their disquiet­war. If the league of nations is defeated, Germany will become ing and disturbing activities in every way possible to produce an armed camp within 10 years from now. She intends to take, dissatisfaction and disorder among our people. Our trade re­and she will take, Russia, Austria, and Turkey, and with Ger- lations with the Old World are disturbed. Our customers do many weld them into the mightiest military despotism that ever not know what to do. They do not know what we are going to cursed the world. When the end of the awful war came last do. They do not know whether they have got to go forward fall and the curtain went down on the battle fields of France the with military preparation for another war or whether the civi­munition and gun makers of the United States were selling lized nations are going to join together to prevent war. They billions of dollars' worth of their products to our Government are in a state of unrest and uncertainty. They know not what and to our Allies. All of this tremendous traffic in war imple-1 to do. Just as soon as the millions of people in Europe find that ments stopped suddenly and the men who had been doing such a the United States, the greatest Government in the world, has flourishing business for months were not willing to have the decided against international outlaw and murder they will settle lucrative h·affic in war implements to stop, and they said the down and go to work. [Applause.] league of nations proposes to settle disputes by arbitration, to Nothing else will give that assurance. Our country and all bring about reduction in war equipment, and to prevent war, the peace-loving countries of the world demand that this thing therefore the league of nations will interfere with our business, be settled and settled now in favor of peace and order. They and we will quietly oppose its ratification. all claim that no political party and no nation bas the right to

They are aiding the propaganda against the league of nations play politics with the lives of human beings or gamble on the financially and otherwise, and it may appear as a strange co- peace of the world. [Applause.] incidence, but the Republican leaders who are bitterly opposing If the food destroyed by the German submarines could be the league of nations come from the big gun and munition- had now there would be no food famine and starvation in the making States of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Old World. What is responsible for the unrest and distracted Massachusetts. The munition and gun makers know that if condition that we see on every hand in the Old 'Vorld? There the league of nations is defeated war will be, as always hereto- is but one answer, war. What was it that took millions of fore, the only arbiter for the settlement of international dis- men out of the fields of production and upset the peaceful putes, and that every country on the globe will begin at once processes through which the human race was fed and clothed? to arm and equip itself for existence on a war basis, and then There is but one answer, war. What was it that took millions in the absence of a league of nations the gun and munition of men out of farms and factories and drove them to manu­makers of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Massa- facturing munitions and implements with which to kill? There chusetts will in the next 10 years sell billions of dollars' worth is but one answer, war. If the war just ended has produced of war implements to the nations of the earth and then another the woe and misery that now afilicts the world what is the first war will come and our boys will have to go out and meet in duty of the civilized nations in this aftermath of that terrible battle the very weapons that we ourselves have made and sold. struggle? It is to unite their forces in creating a tribtmal to The league of nations has come to say to the nations of the prevent the recurrence of another such war. Germany is sore earth as the blessed Christ said to Peter, "Put up thy sword." and sullen. She has never repented of her wrongs and crimes. But this plan for world peace interferes with the sale of war Von Loringhoven, of the German general staff, has just writ­implements, and our munition and gun makers are against it. ten a book, in which be says that Germany must be able to They are backing Republican leaders who oppose it. Ex-Presi- keep on the offensive in the next war~next war, mark you. dent Taft is right in his position that certain Republican German officers, on leaving Strassburg, said to the French in­leaders are opposing the league of nations purely on political habitants: "We will be back in five years." grounds; that they are against it simply and solely because it German officers are quoted as saying when the armistice was happens to be submitted by a Democratic President. If there signed: "We did not succeed this time, but we \vill next time." ever was a measure that should have the whole-hearted sup- Is the peace and the safety of the world to be left again to the port of all men in all parties, it is the league of nations. It intligue and war mania of Germany? The thought of such a sounds the death knell of rule by force. It is the league of monstrous thing was enough to cause the blind Chaplain to in­nations and peace, or militarism and war. Choose you this voke the aid of the God of Justice and Mercy in establishing n day which one you will support. Let us, Democrats and Re- league of nations to prevent such a thing. publicans alike, put aside our party differences and dedicate Mr. Chairman, the nations that banded together to prevent the ourselves to the cause of right, justice, and peace. Democratic destruction of civilization and liberty, turning away from the ~s and Republican boys fought side by side in putting down miserable slaughterhouse of war, have expressed in the peace a war monster that threatened the overthrow of their country treaty just submitted their desire and determination to establish and the destruction of free government the world over. They an international tribunal to oppose and, if possible, to prevent succeeded in putting down that destructive monster; now let war. They realize that the civilized nations must now unite us, Democrats and Republicans, rise to the full measure of duty their forces for the maintenance of law and order or permit the as American patriots and see to it that these boys are not de- old order to remain with no restraining or controlling power prived of the fruits of their victory. [Applause.] anywhere. Such a course would be the surrender of civilization

The man who places the desire to accumulate money above to the brute force and barbarities of the Dark Ages. the desire for the safety of his country and the protection of the The league of nations has come to establish peace, founded lives of American boys is against the league of nations. These upon the principles of common right and justice. It comes to Republican leaders who are now opposing the league of nations condemn and cast down \Tar as the arbiter of disputes between

4396 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. A. UGUST' 26,

nationB and to. set up. in. its· stead an arbillation board,. which has for its purpose the enforcement of the Jaws o~ justice,. thH promotion of peace, and the prevention of war.

The league of nations is a covenant By its members- to keep the· peace, and it confers p_ower to be. used, if· necessary, to p:re.~ v-ent outlaw natiollS' from disturbing- and' destroying the peace: a.nd happiness of the· rest of the world. It. is the ark of the> covenant of nations lodged upon. th Ararat of uni"'V-ersa.I peac~ [Applause.}

Can: ::myone blame tht> blind Chaplain, who personally knows. the. horrors of war., for praying- foJ: the success of the forces that: ~a striving to promote peace in the world"?

MI. Chairman, let us highly resoh-e that the sacrifices which our country has· made for liberty and progres shall not. have been ma<fe in -v.ain. Let- us· say, " Lead on, America ; tfie· path o:fl your destiny beckons· you an." The- failure of America to ratrry the league defeats the-whole plan. DefeAt the league and' you. te..'li' out of the heart the hope· of l)e:ICe; You.c throw across the v-ision o:fi the futme the black mantle of ue pair. You substitute the word" war' for" peace" among the nations. The world· ·s p.raying for deliveranee from the bondage of war. The- nations are cr·ying out as did St Paul, " Wll.o wil deliver- me from tlie bo(]y of this death? " And her stand the party of :Lincoln anci ::m·Kinfey, mi represented by its siwru ightecf bo.s es~ standing irr tlle way of permanent peace. Tli.e-only plan submitted. for peace­among th-e, nations- is· bitterly OQposed by the-leaders· of. the Re­publican Party: Go read tlie:Clemenceau indictment against Ger­many and you can see! factories in ruin , homes nnd chn:J.:ches: burning; struggling, d.I:.owning women andJ chiicTren mocked f>y submarine captains. You can hea-r the• groans of oldiers gassed as they roll in the deat1i struggle· ga ping for breatfi. Yon. carr. hear- tlle pitiful shrielts of rnmshed' women. Yo1.1 enn hear t.l.lB­low moans an<l mur.mnr of vanq:uislied milllom:; :lS.. tfi 0011 of France, Belgium, and Britain go to <fealli fu lJattle with the murderous- Hun. Then llear tile- l\erOic Tfge:e of" France as he says:

The allied powers will lle fal e to tho who ha"e given their lives, tl1eir all, to save the- freedom of the· world if' they consent to treat< war on any other basis than as a crime· against. humanity.

[Applause.] AU of tlJ.ese things moved the UJind Chaplain to all upon God

to prevent shortsighte<. and selfish mortnls ih officialJ station from going. against and casting down the highe a n<l' best inter­est of· human beings made in God's own image.

Fathers and mothers. and ministers of the Go pel eTerywhere, like the blihd old Chaplain, a.r.e praying God' ble . ings upon the league of nations.

~Jr . .AYRE . 1\lr. Chairman, u'ill the crentleman. state. thll date of the Chaplain' prayer fot~ tile succe of the league. of nations?

:Mr. HEFLIN. June the 12th, 1919; l>ut I ditl not learn what happened regarding it until a few days ago, 1 regret t.h.a.t some.. gentlemen on.. the Republican side laugh. when we condemn. the­censure of the blind Chaplain~s n.ra;ye1: Can it be that he must stand each morning now and pray, wondering aU the while. if. the· man sitting behind ll.ilu is pleased with his- prayer, and is- ha refraining from saying things that his heart yearns to say? Mr. Chairman,.. whether he be a Democrat or. a Republican Speaker,. in the name of all the sacred traditions of. this House and in the. name of the free people of America, I repudiate the attemQt to. guide tlle mind and control th conscience of. and stifle.. free ·peech in the blind Chaplain's prayt>r to God the Omnipotent. [Applause on the Democratic side.}

Mr. FORD~"EY. Mr. Chairman, 1i l'ieltl h: minutes to. the­gentleman from Colorado [Mr. VAILE].

l\Ir. VAILE. Mr. Chairman, I UlllJSUI:eth" the Almighty must feeL Tery much en ouraged:,. indeed gratifi.e.d:, l>y the eloquent ad~ dre. to which He mu t have. listened with clo e. attention, just delivered by the gentleman from .Afub.ama [1\Ir. IIEFr..IN]. I fear_ that if it had not been for the remarks of our <listinguishe.d friend, the .almighty might not l>e able pos ibly to hear til peti­tions of Hi bumble 1.1ppliants on. tl:l.i£ lowly globe.

However, I feel too moll nt to follow the gentleman upon, tlle flight that lie lias just taken an<l r want to get back to earth. I want to get l>ack into tll.e House of Repre entn.tives, and for that purpose I desire to comment briefly upon a few things which ap­peared in the REcoJID.of the-other <lay. In tbe RE onn of August 2:1,.1919, on page-4132) at tlle bottom of. the I ft-han-clcolumn, tlle. di tinguiShe.cl g ntleman from Pennsylvania [Mr. D ::WALT] ~ in.. the tungsten:-Dil1 debate, is quoted a. , aying: ·

The great trouble in this proposition~ at this time, s ms to be that tlre gentlemen on the other side· of thee aisle are more concel'ned in the:·weh fare.. ora pn.rticulnr-Btate and tbe mines of that Stat producing t-ungsten than tli.ey; aro concerned- in. ihc pro. pcrity of. the entire Union...

The-actual language of the gentleman on the floor, as appears by the transcript of the Reporter's. notes, is a-s follows-and there is very little ehange,. but I want to call attention to it :

Th great trouble fn this proposition, at this time, seems to be that the gentlemen on the. other- side of the aisle are more concerned in the we1tare. o-r Colorado and the. mines in Colorado producing tungsten than they are concerned in the prosperity of the entire Union.

Mr. DEWALT. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? 1\fr. VAILE. Certainly. Mr. DE:W ALT. 1 admit that the correction was i!l:l.de, !>ut, !n

iustice to. myself, 1 think the gentleman will permit me to say that certain gentlemen who were· deeply interested in the tate of 8olorado desired me to make the change, and out of politeness ami consideration for theil' fee.lings I did make the change.

Ur. V A.IT,E.. In. behalf of my distinguished colleague from Conn·ad'o [Mr: TA'YLOR] I thank the gentleman for his consi<lera­tion of the members of om~ delegation. I am not contending for a moment that the gentleman's revision was in the least unfair. I think it was much less of a revision. than most members would have made. In fact, in a few years I think the gentleman will \1 ish that he had revised his entire speech out of the RECORD. \Vhen tlie laboring people-in the district that he· represents ask the gentleman. why he left it to a Republican Jlliljority of this House to protect an industry upon which tl1e industi·y of Penn­sylTU.nia <lepends, he will wish that he had run a blue pencil through the whole speech before it went to the printer.

T wish to proceed fi.u:ther. The RECOBD quotes tbe gentleman further us saying_: ·

Is tho reason for tll.at coueeTn tbis, that in. 1920 that particular tate will be a pivotar State, and they are now. electioneering for tbe vote of that: Coll11Donwealth ?·

What he aebm.lly· sa.hl, accorilin.g to tlle Officiallleporter, is.: Is the reason for that concern thi , that in 1920 Colorado wilL llc a

[livotal State, and that they a.I."e no iV electioneering for the vote of' Colorado?

Proceeding further, the gentleman is quoted in, the RECORD u.s follows:

I come from a district where there are at least 230,000 people working in the steel mills, the cement mills, and in tbe factories producing the other products which go into the prosperity of this country, -nncl gentle­men on tha.i: side. oi tho aisle propose now to legislate tor a, pocket.~ horough Stai:e, having. a. poQulation less tllan one-.fifth. oi that of Penn· sylvania, and to protect au industrY. that is employing only 5,000 men.

The lust words as neeorded in the note of the Official Reporter are as follows :

Gentlemen on that sid~ of· the aisle propose now to legislate for. a pocket borough called Colorado, to p.wtect an. indnstry that is employing o,OOO men.'

I want to iliscu.., fo.r ju t a moment what a pocket borough is. In the first place, it occurs to me that the objection of my dis­tinguished friend is not really that Colorado is a pocket borough-whatever that may mean-but that this particular Commonw nlth, which st year. ago. was entirelY in. the pocket­ofthe Democr.atic Par:ty, which fom: years ago and three rears ago. w.as fi\e-RL'tths fu the yocket of the Democratic Party, is now three-fourth out of that pocket and getting rapidly all the way out. [Applau eon the Renublican side.] T.he objection is that it is not still in the rapidly emptying pocket of the Democratic Party. But what i. a pocket bor:ough?

The CH.AIR~IAN. The time of the gentleman has expir tl. l\fr. V A.ILEJ. May I ask two mihutes more? lli. FORD.NEY. I \\"ill yi m· the gentleman t\vo additional

minutes. l\lr. VAI:r.E: Is a pocket borough a tate wher peopl have

no. nolitical independence, no disposition to exercise their own thoughts an<l judgment? Colorado is not in that cla · ·. I can . ay it has not always been Repu.f>lican. but I would say for the information of the gentleman that since the Fifty- econd on­gre there has been only one olicl <lelegati.on to both Hou es, and that was in the SixtJ-thiru. rn that year, the candidate be­ing all good men, there was not the usual careful scr·uti.ny which governs tbe selection of :Qolitical candldates in Colorado, and

' six DemocTats were electeu, as I aid a moment ago. ince Colorado was admitted to the Union in 1876 it has been r pre-en.ted by nine Republican and by fiy Democratic Senator ,

and by 12 Republican anu 11 D mocratic. Representativ . . If the aentlem.an wants to talk about a pocket borough, I ould compare Colorado witli a dozen State on the other ide of th.a aisle, and I would even . ubmit to a compari on with the o-entleman's own dlstrict, whi h ha been mo t ably r pre­sente<l by h..imself in this and the two preceding Congre es, and by a. Democrat in th five la t preceding Con::!r e ,

' and if he thinks tha a State- where women have voted for 25 ~·ears do not e:x:ercis indep ndent judgment r cnn assure the gentleman that ill Penns:ylvnnia, where tliey soon will vo , h

i will llm.:.e. an OPDOrtunity to revi:e his opinion on that subject. If you \v-ant reallr to select a pocfr:et borough, I do not mention

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1919. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. 4397 any particular district, but I ·would suggest that a district which can furnish a man as a Democratic Representative who can in­troduce in this House a higher tariff bill than we ever conceived of, who still can come here as a Democrat and be elected term after term, possibly more aptly fulfills that description. [Ap­plause on the Republican side.] I yield back th€ remainder of my time.

Mr. BL~TO. ~. Mr. Chairman, a parliamentary inquiry. The CHAIRTh1AN. The gentleman will state it. Mr. BLANTON. After spending the entire day upon the

pearl-button bill I would like to ask if we hav-e not exhausted debate on that subject?

The CHAIRMAN. That is not a parliamentary inqt;tiry. 1\lr. FORDl\TEY. 1\Ir. Chairman, I yield 10 minutes to the gen­

tleman from New York [l\Ir. CROWTHER]. Mr. CROWTHER. Mr. Chairman and gentlemen of the com­

mittee, so much has been said on the subject of the high cost of living that there is perhaps little new to offer as cause or cure.

To the a\erage man the fact of the dollar being worth a trifle less than 50 cents is all sufficient. Inflation of the cmTency i ' too technical a subject for understanding by ordinnry folks, though many of you Members who are lawyers and bankers and brokers have cultivated the habit of discussing billions with the same ease, grace, and celerity that we everyday folks of ordinary ability and small means speak of buying a suit of clothes for twenty-seven fifty. I look upo~ the present conditions as a natu­ral sequence following the great crisis through which we ha:\e just passed. Raising, training, and equipping nn army of 4,000,000 men in 1D months, and helping to transport more than half of them 3,000 miles O\erseas, was a gigantic undertaking. With every industrial enterprise in the country turning O\er a part or the whole of its force to the Government, most drastic demands made upon our farmers for increased production, a higher rate of wages paid than we ever dreamed of-surely after such a period of great tension there wa certain to be a reaction.

The war is o\er, but we have not yet paid the bill. Let us fully realize that, for in the excitement of the hour we seem to ha \e forgotten it. Hi~h wage are here to stay; they are not just on a \isit. The

Republican siue of the House de ires to perpetuate the prin­ciple-· of high protective tariff, which will help tremendously in enabling American working men and women to live a little better each year anu give their children every possibl'e educational op­portunity. A protective tariff and high wages go hand in hand.

T11e distinguished gentleman from North· Carolina [Mr. KITCHIN] scoffs and raves against protective tariff, picturing it as a chasm of iniquity, leading us to believe that the country is on the edge of a precipice, about to fall into primeval chaos, where stars ha\e ceased to shine. But if you say to him, "Mr. KITCHIN, is this really so? " he will answer, " Oh, no ; this is. not a fact; it i merely a prediction." During the last campaign mru1y anxious and tro:ubled Democratic candidates for Congress, after telling their audiences that tariff was old-fashioned and obsolete, occupied the next hour of their time in endea\oring to explain that point 3--one of the famous 14-" the removal of economic barriers," was not free trade. Harsh criticism of labor unions an~l organized labor in general is a favorite indoor sport on the Democratic side of the House. Like high wages, organized labor-and they are almost synonymous terms--is here to stay. And. it represents in its membership the \ery back­bone of' the Nat.:on.

The district which it is my privilege to represent is largely composed of indu trial communities; the great General Electric works and the American Locomotive Co. are located there in the city of Schenectady. Organized labor is perhaps stronger there than in any district of its size in the country, and at all time· they have been eminently fair. Their membership is the membership of our churches and our fraternal societies­the~· are our neighbors, and we feel secure in the fact that they will ne\er use unfair means in obtaining their just rights. During three great strikes since 1912, when 23,000 employees walkeu out, no extra city police were needed, the labor organiza­tion · requesting the mayor and commissioner of public safety to S\\'ear in 100 of their own members to sene during the strike, which was conducted with no disturbance whate\er. The ·e conditions are not the exception ; I believe that they are the rule all over the cOlmtry. High wages and shorter hour mean lesseneu production and that results in high prices. Gi\e wage earners an interest in the profits, as many concerns ru·e- doing, and you \vill find production speeding up all over the land. I de ire at this time to quote from one of our lead­ing magazines to show that while many bills were pre ·ented in tile Sixty-fourth Congress bearing on the high co t of liYing, they were buried in committee;

You remember Congress opelled with an excited determination to reduce the high cost of living. None of the dozen or more bills to reduce the cost of living have even neeked out of committee rooms, and it is now near the close of the sesslon. Not that any of · these bills would have had a great or la.sting effect on the cost of living but they did, whether accidentally or not. register the protests that are heard in e>ery part of the country against the continual struggle to meet the expenses of normal appetites and ambitions . . It is difficult to say which Congressman had the best scheme to

get the cost of living down within reaching distance. Fitzgerald, of New York, introduced two bills--one advocating the use of the parcel post to send food product to any part of the United States at a low rate of postage; the other for an embargo on farm products, fish, game, and manufactured foodstutl's.

Farr, of Pennsylvania, wanted Congress to give the President power to issue an embargo upon w"he:rt and fiour. SABATII, of Illinois, wanted an immediate investigation by the Attorney GenE.>ral to deter­mine the " unreasonable ad>ances " in the prices of food tuffs, fabrics, paper, · and fuel. Borland, of Missouri, wanted the Federal Trade Com­mission to investlJ1ate the "basic facts" relating to the whole works, including production, marketing, and distribution of food suppli~s. CAMPBELL, of Kansas, was concerned about the high cost of boots and shoes and manufactured leathE'r goods; his idea was to make it unlawful to export any such goods from the United State· " for a period of one ye:u·.'' Lindbergh, of Minnesota, was against em­bargo bills, " as the burden of an embargo would fall most heavily on the farmer." His proposition was to appoint a joint committee of Congress u to investigate the effect upon our resources, supply, and prices, caused by the system of international commerce now prac­ticed."

EMERSON, of Ohio, wanted the Secretary of Agriculture to report " on the advisability to pla.ce an embargo on wheat, and so forth." Mc­Lemore, of Texas, wanted "to forbid the transportation in interstate commerce of food products (except meats and fruits) that have been kept in cold storage more than 90 days." Senator James Hamilton Lewi , in an intervie>., adyocated the · seizure of surplus foodstuffs held for peculation. There were many other suggestions, bills, and other schemes.

One man only in this large concla>e of thinkers met the issue with a clear, convincing solution. l\Il'. CHAMP CLARK, when asked by a repre­sentative of the press how the people could meet the problem of the

1 high cost of li'dng, replied, .. Eat mush," adding that " Everyone who can should keep some hens." If anybody has doubted that . CHAMP CLAnK is presidential size that doubt must now be dispelled.

For President in 1920: CHAMP CLAnK. Democratic platform-mush. The condition has not entirely changed since then. There

is still, two years after, just as great a dea'rth of acceptable candidates whom you cnn nominate for the Presidency of the United States. Where will you fino him? Wh.o will be the Moses to lead you Democrats once more into the Promised Land, where for six years you ha\e feasted on milk and honey? You will ha\e difficulty in findin~ him because in every part of this country, gentlemen, the popular indoor sport in 1919 will be the declination of Democratic nominations. [Applause on the Re­publican side.]

The CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman ha expired. 1\Ir. BL_t\NTON. l\lr. Chairman, I make the point of ordf'l' that

there is no quorum present. 1\Ir. FORDNEY. 1\fr. Chairman, I moye that the committee do

now rise. The motion wa agreed to. . Thereupon the committre ro ·e ; and the Speaker having re-.

sumed the chair, Mr. FEss, Chairman of the CQmmittee of the Whole House on the state of the Union, reported that that com­mittee had had under consideration the bill (H. R. 7705} to amend section 339 of the tariff act of October 3, 1913, in respect to the tariff on button · of shell and pear1, and had come to no re olution thereon.

LEAVE O:F .AR E~CE.

Mr. ScoTT, by unanimous consent, was granted leave of ab­sence for one week on nccount of official business.

LEA. YE TO AnDRE S THE HOUSE.

l\lr. KITCHIN. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent that the gentleman from Mississippi [1\Ir. CoLLIER] be permitted to address the House on Thursday morning for 30 minutes after the reading of the Journal ·

The SPF.JAKER. The gentleman from North Carolina asks unanimous consent that the 'gentleman from Mississippi [Mr. CoLLIER] be permitted to address the House for 30 minutes on ThurRdny- morning immediately after the reading of the Journal and conclusion of business ou the Speaker's table. Is there objection?

l\lr. GREEN of Iowa.. )Jr. Speaker, reserving the right to ob­ject, will not the gentleman couple with his request that when the House adjourns to-morrow it adjourn to meet at 11 o'clock on Thur day?

1\Ir. MADDEN'. ·::ur. Speaker, reseiTing the right to object, I would like to ask the subject on 'i\hich the gentleman wishes to address the House?

l\lr. KITCHIN. It will be about like the subjects of this afternoon. I ask it beeause l\Ir. CoLLIER yielded this afternoon.. And I couple with that, M:r. Speaker, that ·when the House ad­journ· Wednesday it adjourn to meet at 11 o'clock a. m. on the following Thursday.

4398 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. .1:.\.UGUST 26,

The SPEAKER. I,s there objection? [After a pause.] The Chair hears none.

Mr. BEGG. neserving the right to object, I would like to know the neces ity of coming here at 11 o'clock unless it is so that the gentleman from :;exas [Mr. BLANTON] may make a point of order.

The SPEAKER. The gentleman is too late. The consent has been given.

C01\HIUNICA.TION F ROM T HE SPEAKER OF THE HOUHE OF COMMONS OF CANADA. ·

The SPEAKER. The Chair asks permission of the House to lay before it a letter which has been received by aeroplane mail from the Speaker of the House of Commons of Canada, and which the Clerk will read. .-

The Clerk read a follows : . IlO USE OF CO:UMONS, CANADA ,

Ottatca, A ugust 23, 1919. To the SPEAKER liOUS E Oll' REPRESE NTATIVES,

Washington, D. C., United States. MR. SPEAK E R: I gladly avail myself of the privilege afforded through

the courtesy of the Aero Club of Canada to send you greetings and assm·ances of goou will.

Canadians rejoice in the happy circumstances tbat for more than a century their relations with their great neighbor have been peaceful and on the whole <:ordial and friendly; relations which bave become more cordial and friendly as methods of intercommunication have improved and we have learned to know each other better.

'.fherefore this first " international aerial mail service," which no doubt is the foreru.r:ner of a continuous service, can not fail to still further cement the friendly ties which bind Canada and the United States.

With every goou wish and assurance of highest esteem, believe me, Faithfully, yours,

EDG.An N. l\Ioom<J, The Speaker House of Commotzs, Canada·.

The reading of the letter was greeted with applause.

ADJOURNMENT.

l\1r. FORD:l\TEY. l\II'. Speaker, I move that the House do now adjourn.

The motion was agreed to ; accordingly (at 5 o'clock and 8 minutes p. m.) the House adjourned until Wednesday, August 27, 1919, at 12 o'clock noon.

REPORTS OF COl\11\HTTEES ON PUBLIC BILLS AND · RESOLUTIONS.

Under clause 2 of Rule XIII, bills and resolutions were sev­erally reported from committees, delivered to the Clerk, andre­fer.red to the several calendars therein named, as follows:

Mr. MAYS, from the Committee on the Public Lands, to which was referred the bill (S. 425) to establish the Zion National Park, in the State of Utah, reported the same without amend­ment, accompanied by a report (No. 262), which said bill and report were referred to the Committee of the Whole House on the state of the Union.

Mr. RAKER, from the Committee on the Public Lands, to which was referred the bill (H. R. 1124) to authorize entry of the public lands by school districts for schoolhouse sites and grounds, reported the same with a.D;l.endment, accompanied by a report (No. 265), which said bill and report were referred to the Committee of the Wbole House on the state of the Union.

REPORTS OF COMMITTEES ON PRIVATE BILLS ~ND RESOLUTIONS.

Under clause 2 of Rule XIII, private bills and resolutions were severally reported from committees, delivered to the Clerk, and referred to the Committee of the Whole House, as follows:

Mr. MAYS, from the Committee on the Public Lands, to which was referred the bill (S. 428) for the relief of Thomas Sevy, re­ported the same without amendment, accompanied by a report (No. 263), which said bill and report were referred to the Pri-Yate Calendar. - -

He also, from the same committee, to which was referred the bill (H. R. 5213) for the relief of occupants and claimants of unsurYeyed public lands in township 8 north of range 2 west of Salt Lake meridian, Utah, reported the same with amend­ment, accompanied by a report (No. 264), which said bill and report were referred to the Private Calendar.

CHANGE OF REFERENCE.

Under clause 2 of Rule L""'CII, the Committee on Pensions was discharged from the consideration of the bill (H. R. 7822) granting an increase of pension to William B. Haslett, and the same was referred to the Committee on Ilwalid Pension

PUBLIC BILLS, RESOLUTIONS, A.ND lUEMORIALS. - ·

Under clause 3 of Rule XXII, bills, resolutions, and memorials were introduced and severally referred as follows:

By Mr. CAMPBELL of Pennsylvania: A bill (H. R. 8720) authorizing the Secretary of War to donate to Brookline, nine­teenth ward, Pittsburgh, Allegheny County, Pa., one German cannon or fieldpiece, to .be erected at the community flagpole at intersection of Chelton and Queensboro Avenues on Brookline Boulevard; to the Committee on Military Affairs.

Also, a bill (H. R. 8721) authorizing the Secretary of War to donate to the borough of Homestead, Allegheny County, Pa., one German cannon or fieldpiece, to be erected in Frick Park ; to the Committee on 1\Iilitary Affairs.

Also, a bill (H. R. 8722) authorizing the Secretary of War to donate to the twentieth ward, Pittsburgh, Pa., one German can­non or fieldpiece, to be erected on the tTiangle piece of ground on Sherwood Avenue, next to honor roll; to the Committee on Mili­tary Affairs.

Also, a bill (H. R. 8723) authorizing the Secretary of War to donate to the borough of Bridgeville, Allegheny County, Pa., one German cannon or fieldpiece, to be erected on public-school grounds; to the Committee on Military Affairs.

Also, a bill (H. R. 8724) authorizing the Secretary of War to donate to the borough of Rosslyn Farms, Allegheny County, Pa., one German cannon or fieldpiece, for erection in public park ; to the Committee on Military Affairs.

Also, a bill (H. R. 8725) authorizing the Secretary of War to donate to Coal Valley, Jefferson Township, Allegheny County, Pa., one German cannon or fieldpiece, to be erectc<.l next to the honor roll; to the Committee on l\lilitary .Aff8.irs.

Also, a bill (H. R. 8726) authorizing the Secretary of War to donate to the borough of Mount Oliver, Allegheny County, Pa., one German cannon or fieldpiece, for erection beside honor roll; to the Co~mittee on Military Affairs.

Also, a bill (H. R. 8727) authorizing the Secretary of " ' ar to donate and deliver to the city hall, Pit~sburgh, Allegheny County, Pa., one German cannon or fieldpiece; to the Committee on Military Affairs.

Also, a bill (H. R. 8728) authorizing the Secretary of War to donate to the eighteenth ward, Pittsburgh, Pa., one German cannon or fieldpiece, to be placed next to honor roll and monu­ment; to the Committee on Military Affairs.

Also, a bill (H. R. 8729) authorizing the Secretary of War to donate to Upper St. Clair Township, Allegheny County, Pa., one German cannon or fieldpiece, to be placed according to the wishes of the citizens of said place; to the Committee on 1\Iili­tary Affairs.

Also, a bill (H. R. 8730) authorizing the Secretary of War to donate to the sixteenth ward, Pittsburgh, Allegheny County, Pa., one German cannon or fieldpiece, to be placed according to the wishes of the citizens of said place; to the Committee on Mili­tary Affairs.

Also, a bill (H. R. 8731) authorizing the Secretary of War to donate to Union Township, Allegheny County, Pa., one Ger­man cannon or fieldpiece, to be placed according to the wishes of the citizens of said place; to the Committee on Military Affairs.

Also, a bill (H. R. 8732) authorizing the Secretary of War to donate to the seventeenth ward, Pittsburgh, Allegheny County, Pa., one German cannon or fieldpiece, to be placed according to the wishes of the citizens of said place; to the Committee on Military Affairs.

Also, a bill (H. R. 8733) authorizing the Secretary of War to donate to Stowe Township, Allegheny County, Pa., one Ger­man cannon or fieldpiece, to be placed according to the wishes of the citizens of said place; to the Committee on Military Affairs.

Also, a bill (H. n. 8734) authorizing.the Secretary of War to donate to the borough of Westwood, Allegheny County, Pa., one German cannon or .fieldpiece, to be placed according to the wishes of the citizens of said place; to the Committee on Mili­tary Affairs.

Also, a bill (H. R. 8735) authorizing the Secretary of War to donate to the nineteenth ward, Pittsburgh, Allegheny County, Pa., one German cannon or fieldpiece, to be placed according to the wishes of the citizens of said place; to the Committee on Military Affairs.

Also, a bill (H. R. 8736) authorizing the Secretary of War to donate to the borough of Clairton, Allegheny County, Pa., one German cannon or fieldpiece, to be place<l according to the wishes of the citizens of sa i<l place; to the Committee on ~1Ui­tary Affair .

1919. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. 4399 Al ·o, a bill (H. R. 8737) a:uthorizing the Secretary of War to

donate to the borough of Carrick, Allegheny County, Pa., one 1

German cannon or fieldpiece, to be placed according to the ' _wishes of the citizens of said place; to the Committee on Mili­tary Affairs.

Also, a bill (H. R. 8738) authorizing the Secretary of War to .donate to the borough of Heidelberg, Allegheny County, Pa., one German cannon,(,~ fieldpiece, to be placed according to the wishes of the citizens of said place; to the Committee on Mili-tary Affairs. ·

Also, a .bill (H. R. 8739) authorizing the Secretary of lVar to donate to the borough of Dormont, Allegheny County, Pa., .one German cannon or fieldpiece, to be placed according to the wishes of the citizens of said .place; to the -Committee on Mili-tary Affairs. .

Also, a bill (H. B. 8740) authorizing the Secretary of War to donate to the borough · of Dravosburg, Allegheny County, Pa., one German cannon or fieldpiece, to be placed according to the wishes of the citizens of said place; to the Comm1ttee on Mili­tary Affairs.

Al ·o, a bill (H. R. 8741) authorizing the Secretary of Wa:r 1

to donate to the borough of Greentree, Allegheny County, Pa., one ·German cannon or fieldpiece, to :be -placed ·according to the wishes of the citizens of said place; to the ·Committee ·on Mili­tary Affairs.

Also, a bill (H. ·R. 8742) authoTizing the Secretary of War to donate to the 'borough of Hays, Allegheny COllilty, Pa., one German cannon or fieldpiece, to be placed according to the wishes of tbe citizens of said place; to the Committee ·on Mili­tary Affairs.

Also, a bill (H. R. 8743) authorizing the ·Secretary of War to donate to the borough -of .Knoxville, Allegheny County, Pa., one German cannon or fieldpiece, to be placed ·according to the wishes of the citizens of aitl place; to the Committee -en Mili- · tary Affairs.

Also, a bill (H. R. 8'744) authorizing the Secretary of War to donate to the borough of 1\lunhall, Allegheny County, Pa., one German cannon or fieldpiece, to be placed according to the wishes of the citizen of said place; to the ·Committee on 'Military ~>\ffairs.

Al o, a "bill (H. ll. 8745) authorizing the Secretary of War to donate to the borough of McKees 'Rocks, A'llegheny ·County, Pa., one Gernman cannon or fieldpiece, to be ;placed according to the wishes of the citizens of said place; ·to the -committee on Military Affairs.

Also, a bill (H. R. 8746) authorizing the Seereta:ry of Wm· to donate to the borough o1: :North Clairton, Allegheny Com:rtY., Pa., one German cannon or fieldpiece, to .be 1placed according to the wishes of i:he citizens of said place ; to the Committee on Military Affairs.

Also, a bill (H. R. 8747) authorizing J:he .Secretary of War to donate to the borough of Oakdale, Allegheny County, Pa., one German cannon or fieldpiece, to be J.)laced ac.cording to :the wishe of the citizens of said place; to the Oomm1ttee on 1llil:i­tary Affairs.

Also, a bill (H. R. 8748) authorizing .the Secretary of War to donate to the bol'ough of ·St. Clair, Allegheny ·County, !Pa., one German cannon or fieldpiece, :to be placed according to the wishes of the citizens of said place; to the Committee on Mili­tary .Affairs.

AL'3o, a bill (H. R. 8749) authorizing the Secretary of War to donate to the borough of Thornburg, .Allegheny County, Pa., one German cannon or fieldpiece, to be placed according to the .wishes of the citizens of said place; to the Committee on Mili­tary Affairs.

Also, a bill (H. R. 8750) authol'izing the Secretary of War to donate to South Fayette Township, Allegheny County,

~ Pa., one German cannon or fieldpiece, to be placed according Jo t1le wtshes of the citizens of said _place ; to the Committee on Mill tary Affairs.

Also, a bill '(H. R. 8751) authorizing the -secretary of War to donate to Kennedy Township, Allegheny COllilty, Pa., one .German cannon or fieldpiece, to be placed according to the ,wishes of the citizens of said place; to the Committee on Mili­tary Affairs.

Also, a bill (H. R. 8752) n:uthorizing the Secretary of War to donate to Lower St. Clair Township, Allegheny ·county, .Pa., one German cannon or .fieldpiece, to be p1ac.ed :according to the wishes of the citizens of said place·; to -the Committee on Mill tary Affairs.

Also, a bill (H. R. 8753) authorizing _the Secretary of War to donate to Miffiin 'Township, Allegheny Oount;y, IPa., one German eannon oi· fieldpiece, to be placed ·according to the wishes of the citizens of said place ; to the Committee on Mili­tary Affairs.

/

Also, a bill (H. B. 8754) authorizing the Secretary of War to donate to Moon 'llownsbip, Allegheny County, Pa., ·one German cannon or fieldpiece, to be placed according to the wishes of the citizens of said place ; to the Committee on Military Affairs.

Also, a bill (H. R. 8755) authorizing the Secretary of War to donate to the township -of 1\Iount Lebanon, Allegheny County, Pa., one 'German cannon er fieldpiece, to be placed accoriling to the wishes of the citizens of said place; to the Committee on Military Affairs. .

Also, a bill (H. R. 8756) authorizing the Secretary of War to donate to Crescent Township, Allegheny County, Pa., -()ne German cannon or fieldpiece, to be placed according to the wishes OI the citizens of said place; to the Committee on Military Affairs. .

A:lso, a bill (H. B. 8757) autho-rizing the Secretru·y of War to donate to Snowden Township, Allegheny County, Pa., one Ger­man cannon o1· fielllpiece, to be 'placed according to the -wiShes of the citizens of said place; to the Committee on Military .Affairs.

Also, a bill (H. !R. 8758) -authorizing the .Secretary of War to donate to Scott Township, Allegheny County, Pa., one German ca-nnon or fieldpiece, to be placed according to the wishes of tbe citizens of said place; to the Committee on Military Affairs.

Also, a bill ('H. B. 8759) .authorizing the Secretary of War to rdonate to Robinson TownSh.i,p, Allegheny County, Pa., one •Ger­man ·cannon or fieldpiece, to be :placed according to the wishes of the citizen · of said -place; to the Committee on Militsxy .Af­fairs.

Also, a blll (H. R. 8760) authorizing the Secreta"l'Y of W.ar to -donate to Neville Township, Allegheny ;County, Pa., one -Ger­·man cannon or fieldpiece, to be _placed according to the -wiShes of i:he citizens of said ·place; to the Committee on Military Affair .

.:Also, a bill (H. .R. '8761) authorizing fhe Secretru:y of WaT to donate to North Fayette Township, Allegheny Oounty, Pa., one German cannon or field,piece, to be _placed .acco.rffing to the wishe of the .Citizens -of said -place ; to the Committee on Mili­tary Affairs.

Also, a bill (H. R. 8162) authqrizing the Secreta1:y of ··war to {lonate to Bethel Township, Allegheny ·eonnty, Pa., one •Ger­-man cannon •Or fieldpiece, to be -placed according to the wjshes of the citizens of said place ; to the ·Committee on Military A:ffairs.

Also, -a. bill (H. R. 8763) autllorizing the Secretary of War to donate to Jefferson Township, A:llegb.eny County, .Pa., one •Ger­man -cannon or field_piece, to be placed according 1:o the wisbes .of ±b.e citizens ,of Eaid place; to the Committee o:n Military A:ffairs.

Also, a bill (H. n. 8764) authorizing the Becretai~y of tW.ar to donate to Findley 1:ownship, .Alleg1leny -Clounty, ~a., ooe •Ger­man cannon or fieldpiece, to be placed according to the wJ.Shes of the citizen of said place; to tb.e Committee on Military Affairs.

Also, a .bill (H. n. -8765) ·authorizing the Secretru-y OI Wru· to donate to the borough of Ingram, Allegheny ·CountY, :Pa., ·one. ·German cannon or fieldpiece, to be placed according to .the wishes of the citizens of sa1d place; to the Committee on Milit~y_ Affairs.

Also, a 1bill (H. R. 8766) authorizing the Secretary of W.ar to donate b> Collier Township., .Allegheny County., Pa.., one German -cannon .o~· ;fieldpiece, to be ·plaaed according to tbe wishes of the citizens-of said -place~ to the Committee on Military Affatrs.

Also, a bill (H. R. 8767) authorizing the ,Secretary of War to donate to -Churtiers Township, .Allegheny County, P..u., one Ger­man cannon or fieldpiece, to be placed according to the wishes of the citizens of said place; to the Committee on Military_ Affillrs.

.Also, a bill (H. R. 8768) authorJzing the Secretary of War to donate to the borough o1: Brentwood, .Allegheny .countY., Pa., one German :cunnon .or .fieldpiece, to .be placed according to the wishes of the .citizens of said ,place; to the Committee on Military, Affairs .

Also, a bill (H. R. 8769) authorizing the Secretary of War to donate -to the borough ·of Coraopolis, .Allegheny County, Pa., · ·une -.German ca;nnon or ..fieldpiece, to be placed according to .the wishes of the citizens of said i})lace ; to .the ;Committee on Mili­tary Affairs.

Also, a bill (H . .R . . 87-70.) authorizing the Secretary of ·war to: donate to the borough of 'Ora.fton, .Allegheny County, Pa., one tGennan "Cannon or :fieldpiece, to .be placed according to the wishes .of ·the citizens of said place.; io the Committee on Mili-tary Affairs. ·

Also, a bill (H. R. 8771.) authorizing the Secretary of War to donate to the borough of Carnegie, Allegheny County, Pa., one

. 4400 CONGRESSIONAL. RECOR.D-· HOUSE . .A. U G US1.1 26,

Gorrann canHon or fieldpiece, to -be · plrrc~d .according to . the PRIVATE BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS. \l: ishes ·of the citiz.eu · of ·said place·; to the Committee on l\lilitary Undei· ~lause 1 of Rule XXII, private bills and resolutiol1s A1l. .. 'li.rs. ·

··so, a bill (H. n. 772) authorizing the Secretary of War to were introduced ·and severally referred as follows: donate to the borough of \Vhitak~r, Allegheny County, Pa., one By Mr. :ASHBROOK: A bill (H. n. 8785) granting an increase German cannon or fieldpiece, to be placed according to the wishes of pension to Joseph Finley; to the Commit tee on Invalid Pen-'of the citizens of . nid place; to the Committee. on Military sions. · Affairs. By 1\fr. BUTLER: A bill (H. R. 8786) granting an increase of

Also, a bill (H. n. 8773) authorizing the Secretary of War to pension to William McOloml; to the Committee on Invalid Pen- . sions.

<lonate to the ];)orough of Wilson, Allegheny County, Pa., one By. Mr. CAMPBELL of Kansas: A bill (H. R. 8787 ) g•·antin .... German cannon or fielllpiece, to be placed according to the an increase of pension to George W. Potter; to the Committee o~ wishes of the citize.n of said place; to the Committee on 1\filitary Invalid Pensions. Affairs. ·

Also, a bill (H. R. 8774) authorizing the Secretary of War to By Mr. COLE: A bill (H. R. 8788) granting an incrca e of donate to the borough of West Homestead, Allegheny County, pension to Peter W. 'Veber; to the Committee on Pensions. Pa., one German cannon or fieldpiece, to be placed according to Also, a bill (H. R. 8789) granting a pension to William H. the wishes of the citizens of said place; to the Committee on Mili- Dean; to the Committee on Inv-alid Pensions. tary Affairs. - BY, Mr. COSTELLO: A bill ·(H. R. 8790) for the relief of · Also, a bill (H. R. 877G) authorizing the Secretary of War to Anthony Knox; to the Committee on Claims. donate to the city of Duquesne, Allegheny County, Pa., one Ger- By Mr. DOREMUS: A bill (H. R. 8791) granting an increase man cannon or fieldpiece, to be placed according to the wishes of pension to Lavina \V. Ellis; to the Committee on InYalid of the citizens or aid place; to the Committee on Military Pensions. . . . Affairs. By Mr. DOWELL: A bill (H. R. 8792) granting an increase

Also, a bill (H. R. 8776) authorizing the Secretary of War to of pension to Anna L . . Witters; to the Committee on P ension . donate to the borough of West Elizabeth, Allegheny County, Pa., By 1\lr. EMERSON: A bill (H. R. 8793) granting a pension one German cannon or fieldpiece, to be placed according to the to Esther F. Aiken; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. wishes of the citizens of said place; to the Committee on Military By 1\fr. FOSTER: A bill (H. R. 8794) granting a pension to Affairs. Mary C. Davis; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions.

Also, a bill (H. R. 8777) authorizing the Secretary of War to By 1\!r. HAWLEY: A bill (H. R. 8795) granting a pension donate to the township of Baldwin, Allegheny County, Pa., one to Ann E. Stephens; to the Committee on Pe.nsions. German cannon or fieldpiece, to be placed according to the wishes By Mr. HERNANDEZ: A bill (H. R. 8796) granting an of the citizens of said place; to the Committee on Military increase of pension to Ben Sylyester; to the Committee on Affairs. Invalid Pensions.

By Mr. SWEET: A bill (H. R. 8778) to amend and modify the . By Mr. JOHNSTON of New York: A bill (H. R. 8797) war-risk insurance act; to the Committee on Interstate and For- for the relief of Andrew N. Jung; to the Committee on eign Commerce. Claims.

By Mr. WHITE of Kansas: A bill (H. R. 8779) to· provide for By Mr. KENDALL: A bill (H. R. 8798) granting a pension to the erection of a Federal building at Hays, Kans.; to the Com- Rebecca Barnett; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. mittee on Public Buildings and Grounds. By Mr. KNUTSON: A bill (H. R. 8799) granting a pension

By Mr. EDMONDS: A bill (H. R. 8780) to allow the use of to Paul Newton; to the Committee on Pensions. bonds for the purchase of war material and other property from By Mr. MAcGREGOR: A bill (H. R. 8800) f;ranting an in-the Government; to the Committee on 'Vays and Means. crease of pension to Laurence Vanderbosch; to the Committ0e - By Mr. PARK: A bill (H. R. 8781) to donate one Army ambu- , on Invalid Pensions. lance ?r truck t? _tJ~e City ~o pital of Thomasville, Ga.; to the I By Mr. McCLINTIC: A bill (H. H . 801) to authorize t he Oomnnttee on M1lltary Affairs. President to award a medal of honor to Lieut. Jame Mont­. B_y Mr .. 1\lcK~mY: A ~ill (H. R. 8782) to es~blish a gomery Bell for conspicuous bravery while serving with Gen. vehicle registration bureau m the Department of Justice as a Ouster in November 1868 · to the Committee on Military Affair central registration bureau of licen~es for all motor vehicles · By Mr. McPHERSON:' A bill (H. R. 8802) granting a ;1eu: or conveyances used for travel by all', land, or water; to the sion to Mary E. Applegate· to the Committee on Im·alill Pen-Committee on the Judiciary. sions. ' . By Mr. OURR:Y. of Ca?fornia: A bill (H. R. 8783) authoriz- By 1\fr. REAVIS: A bill (H. R. 8803) granting an increase of mg tl.le use of radi_? statiOns under control of the Navy Depart- pen ion to Mary 1\l. Jarvis. to the Committee on Pension . ment ~or commercial purposes a~d for ot~er p~rposes; to the By Mr. ROSE: A bill CH. n. 8804) granting an increa e of Comnnttee on the Merchan~ Manne and F1shel'les. . pension to Albert Sanders; to the Committee on Invalid Pen ·ion .

By M~. HAYDEN: A bill.(H. R. 8784) to reimburse the ByMr.SLEl\fP:Abill (H.R.8805) fortherellef ofGeorgc reclaD?atwn flmd for expend~tu;es on . accoun~ of levee co~- T. Larkin ; to the Committee on Claims. stru~tion on the Yun;a reclam~tion proJect, AriZona and Cah- Also, a bill (H. R. 8806 ) for the relief of George T. Larkin; forma ; to the Oomnnttee on Rivers and Harbors. to the Committee on Claims

By 1\lr. TREADWAY: Resolution (H. Res. 263) to authorize . · . the Speaker to appoint a select committee of six Members of . By 1\~r. THOMPSON ?f Oklahoma: A bill (H. R. 8807) gL'aJ~t­the House to inquire into the operations of the Bureau of mg an mcre!lse of pensiOn to John N. Jackson; to the Commit-Industrial Housing ancl Transportation and the United States tee on Pen.swns. . . . Housing Corporation or any agency, branch, or subsidiary of Also, a b_Ill (H. R. 880~) grantmg a pen 'IOn to J. L. Sm1t~; to either; to the Committee on Rules. the Committee on PensiOns; · By 1\Ir. KEARNS: Resolution (H. Res. 264) for the immedi- Also, a bill (H. R. 8809) granting an increase of pens ion to ate con. ideration of Senate bill 2622 · to the Committee on Olive G. Hughes; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. Rules. ' Also, a bill (H. R. 8810) granting an increase of pen ion to

By 1\Ir. KAHN: R esolution (H. Res. 265) for the immediate Dabner D. \Vright; to the Committee on Invalid Pen ions. consideration of Hou e bill 7594 · to the Committee on Rules. Also, a bill (H. R. 8811) granting -an increase of pension to

By 1\Ir. HAWLEY: Joint re~olution (H. J. Res. 183) to Jacob Amberg; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. amend a joint resolution to suspend the requirements of an- Also, a bill (H. R. 8812) granting an increase of pension to nual a ses ment work on certain mining claims during the James A. H: Markwell; to the Oo~mittee ?n Inyalid Pensi?ns. year 1919 approved August 15 1919 · to the Committee on Also, .a bill (H. R. 8813) gt·anting an mcrease of pensiOn to Mines and 1\Iining. · · ' ' Isaac R. Raines ; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions~

By 1\Ir. UPSHAW: Memorial from the Legislature of Also, a bill (~. n. 8814) gran.ting an incr~a e of pension to Georgia asking governmental investigation of the high cost of Jefferson C .. Sm1th; to the Comm1t~ee on Pens~ons. living· to the Committee on AO'riculture. Also, n b1ll (H. R. 8815) grantmg a pensiOn to Thoma 0.

Alsd, memorial from the Le~islature of Georgia protesting Wiley; to the Committee on Pensions. against the high duty on potash as proposed by the Fordney bill; By Mr. WHITE of Kal}sas: A bill (H. R. 8816) to cm·.rect the to the Committee on w·ays and Means. military record of David Pan·itt; to the Committee on l\1ili-

Al o, memorial from the Legislature of Georgia approving bill tary Affairs. · .to give ix months' pay to all soldiers, sailors, and marines who By Mr. WILSON of Illinois : A bill (H. R. 8817) granting an serv-ed during the European War; to the Committee on Military increase of pension to Charles H. Smith; to the Committee on Affairs. . Invalid Pensions.

1919. OONGRESSIO~AL RECORD-SENATE. 4401 PETITIONS, ETC.

Under clause 1 of Rule XXII, petitions and papers were laid on the Clerk's desk and referred as follows: ·

The SPEAKER (by request): Petition of the Alcade of San Sebastien, Porto Hico, favoring the extension to Porto Rico of Federal rural credits; to the Committee on Banking and Cur­rency.

By Mr .. SHBROOK: Petition of employees of Mount Ver­non (Ohio) post office, in favor of Senate joint resolution No. 84, to increase pay of postal employees; to the Committee on the Post Office and Post Roads.

By l\Ir. COLE: Petition of the Toledo Commerce Club, of Toledo, Ohio, p'rotesting against the Government ownership of railroads; to the Committee on InterNtate and Foreign Com­merce.

Also, petition of 33 members of the Railway Mail Association of Marion, Ohio, requesting support of the Zihlman bill, H. R. 8376; to the Committee on the Post Offiee and Post Roads.

By Mr. DALLINGER: Vote of the executive committee of the Associated Industries of Massachusetts, relative to the Mondell­Smoot bill; to the Committee on Ways and Means. · By l\Ir. FAIRFIELD: Petition of the Missionary Church Asso­ciation of Berne, Ind., protesting against the passage of legisla­tion providing for universal military training; to the Committee on Military .Affars.

By Mr. FULLER of Illinois: Petition of General Henry 1\I. Slo­cum Post, No. 55, Grand Army of the Republic, Department of New Jersey, favoring a bill to grant a pension of $50 per month to . all veterans of the Civil War, and of $30 per month to all ·widows of uch veterans regardless of date of marriage; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions.

By Mr. GARRETT: Petition of First National Bank of Chat­tanooga, Tenn., favoring private ownership and management of railroads; to the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Com-merce. -

By Mr. LINTHICUl\r: Petition of AlleJany Trades Council, of Cumberland, l\Id., favoring the pas!:'age of the Sims bill, H. R. 8157; to the Committee on Interst:1 te an<l Foreign Com­merce. ·

Also, petition of Baltimore Federation of Labor, Baltimore, 1\Id., favoring the passage of a bill providing for a 35 per cent increase in wages for postal employees; to the Committee on the Post Office and Post Roads. ·

Also, petition of l\Ir. LeRoy Bull, of Baltimore, :\ld., favoring Senate joint resolution No. 84; to the Committee on the Post Office and Post Roads.

Also, petition of Joseph C. Hild and others, of Baltimore, Md., protesting against the Smith-Towner bill; to the Committee on Education.

Also, petition of Joseph A. McDonell and others, of Baltimore, Md., favoring the passage of legislation to increase pay of postal employees and letter carriers; to the Committee on the Post Office and Post Roads.

By 1\lr. McCLINTIC : Petition of retail merchants and busi­ness men of Elk City, Okla., urging the support of the Kenyon bill; to the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce.

By Mr. l\lcGL~1NNON: Petition of John Hughes and others, of Paterson, N. J., favoring a bill granting to all Union veterans of the Civil 'Var and the '\vidows of the deceased veterans a monthly pension of $50 per month; to the Committee on Pen­sions.

By Mr. 1\IORIN: Petition of Post 18, of the American Legion, Pittsburgh, Pa., protesting against amnesty for any person im­prisoned under the espionage act; to the Committee on the Judiciary.

By Mr. HENRY T. RAINEY: Petition of sundry citizens of Havana, Ill., favoring the repeal of section 907 of the revenue act; to the Committee on ·ways and Means.

By Mr. RAKER: Petition of the Cooks' A sociation of the Pacific Coast, asking that their profession be included in the labor bill now before the Senate Committee on Labor, of which Senator KENYON is the sponsor; to the Committee on Labor.

Also, petition of the Federated A.ssociations for Cripples, pro­testing against the Smith-Fess measure providing for encour­agement of the States to rehabilitate civilian cripples; to the Committee on the Judiciary.

Also, petition of the city council of Oakland, Calif., urg­ing Congress to pass legislation reducing the high cost of liv­ing; to the Committee on Agriculture.

Also, resolution passed by the American Legion, headquarters New York City, against any moYement against law and order; to the Committee on the Judiciary.

LVIII--278

Also, telegram from C. E. Clinch, of Grass Valley, Calif., protesting against the licensing bill and suggesting method of lowering the high cost of living; to the Committee on Agricul-ture. ·

Also, petition of the Western Express Messengers' Lodge, No. 2034, San Francisco, Calif., urging the c,gntinuation of Gov­ernment ownership of railroads and e::.rpress companies for five years; to the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Com-merce. ·

Also, petition of Sonora Theater, Sonora, Calif., urging the repeal of the admission tax on motion-picture theaters; to the Committee on Ways and Means.

By Mr. THOMPSON of Ohio: Petition of Scott Post No. 100, with 88 members, of Van Wert, Ohio, favoring an increase pen­sion to the surviving Civil War veterans to $50 per month; to the Committee on Pensions.

SENATE.

"\VEDNESDAY, August 1£7, 1919.

(Legislative day of Saturday, August 23, 1919.)

The Senate met at 11 o'clock a . m., on the expiration of the recess.

LEASING OF OIL LANDS. The Senate, us in Committee of the Whole, resumed the con­

sideration of the bill ( S. 2775) to promote the mining of coal, phosphate, oil, gas, and sodium on the public domain.

The VICE PRESIDENT. The question is on the amendment of the Senator from Arkansas [Mr. KnrnY] in the nature of a substitute.

Mr. SMOOT. Mr. President, I think there ought to be one Democrat in the Chamber before we begin the consideration of the bill.

1\1~·- . GAY. Mr. Preside~t. I take exception to the statement of the Senator from Utah.

Mr. SMOOT. The Senator was on this side of the Chamber, and I did not observe him. I think I had better suggest the absence of a quorum.

The VICE PRESIDENT. The Secretary will call the roll. The Secretary called the roll, and the following Senators an­

swered to their names : Ball Gore McNary Brandegee Harris Myers Calder Henderson Nelson Capper Johnson, S. Dak. New Chamberlain Jones, Wash. Norris Culberson Kellogg Nugent Cummins King Overman Curtis La Follette Page Dial Lenroot Phipps Fernald McCumber Poindexter Gay McKellar Pomerene

Robinson Sheppard Smoot Spencer Sterling Sutherland Trammell Walsh, Mass. Walsh, Mont. Wolcott

Mr. TRAMMELL. I desire to announce the unavoidable ab­sence of my colleague [Mr. FLETCHER] on account of illness.

Mr. KING. The Senator from Rhode Island [Mr. GERRY], the Senator from Arizona [1\fr. AsHURST], the Senator from Ala­bama [Mr. BANKHEAD], the Senator from New Mexico [Mr. JoNES], the Senator from North Carolina [Mr. SIMMONS], and the Senator from Maryland [1\Ir. SMITH] are detained on official business.

The VICE PRESIDENT. Forty-three Senators have an­swered to the roll call. There is not a quorum present. The Secretary will call the roll of absentees.

The Secretary called the names of the absent Senators, and l\fr. 1\lcCoR:MICK answered to his name when called.

The VICE PRESIDENT. Forty-four Senators have an­swered to the roll call. There is not a quorum present.

Mr. SMOOT. I move that the Sergeant at Arms be directed to request the attendance of absent Senators.

The motion was agreed to. The VICE PRESIDENT. The Sergeant at Arms is instructed

to request the attendance of absent Senators. 1\fr. RANSDELL entered the Chamber and answered to his

name. Mr. RANSDELL. I was requested by the chairman of the

Committee on Agriculture and Forestry [Mr. GRONNA] to an­nounce that that committee is holding a very important hear­ing on some of the bills now pending before the Senate, and Senators GRONNA, WADSWORTH, KE YON, KEYEs, KENDRICK, and IIA.ImrsoN are detained at that hearing.

Mr. FALL, Mr. JOHNSON of California, l\ir. PHELAN, Mr. MosEs, 1\fr. f)WANSO., Mr. UNDERWOOD, 1\lr. WILLIAMS, l\Ir. TOWNSEND,