1. Base your answer to the following question on Some of the concepts included in Darwin's theory of naturalselection are represented in the diagram below.

A) use and disuse B) variationC) changes in nucleic acids D) transmission of acquired traits

Which concept would be correctly placed in box X?

A) ammonia B) hydrogenC) methane D) oxygen

2. According to the heterotroph hypothesis, which gas was lacking in the atmosphere of primitive Earth?

A) only inorganic molecules can be synthesizedB) there is little possibility for the synthesis of

complex moleculesC) organic molecules can be synthesizedD) only complex nucleic acid molecules can be

synthesized

3. The results provided by Stanley Miller's experimentsinvolving a simulated primitive environment, asdescribed in the heterotroph hypothesis, show that in thisenvironment

A) a similar number of chromosomesB) similar habitat requirementsC) the same blood componentsD) a common ancestry

4. In the early stages of development, the embryos of dogs,pigs, and humans resemble one another. Thisobservation suggests that these animals may have

A) the fossil recordB) protein and DNA similarities between different

organismsC) similar structures among different organismsD) a stable physical environment

5. Natural selection and its evolutionary consequencesprovide a scientific explanation for each of the followingexcept

A) the organisms may have evolved from a commonancestor

B) all species have one kind of bone structureC) the cells of the bones contain the same type of

mutationsD) all structural characteristics are the same in animals

6. Base your answer to the following question on thediagram below.

What do the similarities of the bones labeled A provideevidence for?

7. Base your answer to the following question on The diagram below shows the effect of spraying a pesticideon a population of insects over three generations.

A) survival of the fittest B) dynamic equilibriumC) succession D) extinction

Which concept is represented in the diagram?

8. Base your answer to the following question on The diagram below represents four different species ofbacteria

A) Species A has the best chance of survival because it has the most genetic diversity.B) Species C has the best chance of survival because it has no gene mutations.C) Neither species B nor species D will survive because they compete for the same resources.D) None of the species will survive because bacteria reproduce asexually.

Which statement is correct concerning the chances of survival for these species if there is a change in theenvironment?

A) genetic variation within the populationB) competition between members of the speciesC) the carrying capacity for the speciesD) the rate of photosynthesis in the population

9. Limited resource contribute to evolutionary change inanimals by increasing

A) Species A is better adapted to this environment.B) Species A is the predator of Species B.C) Species B is better adapted to this environment.D) Species B is a parasite that has benefited species A.

10. The graph below represents the populations of two different species in an ecosystem over a period ofseveral years.

Which statement is a possible explanation for the changes shown?

A) natural selectionB) selective breedingC) asexual reproductionD) ecological succession

11. Ancestors of the giant panda had rounded paws withfive very short toes. Today, the giant panda has a sixthtoe, often referred to as a thumb, even though itdevelops from a wrist bone. This unique thumb is anadaptation that allows the panda to easily hold and eatbamboo shoots. The presence of the giant panda’sthumb is most likely the result of

Base your answers to questions 12 and 13 on thediagram below and on your knowledge of biology. Thediagram represents possible evolutionary pathways ofcertain organisms.

A) E B) F C) G D) I

12. Which species is most closely related to species L?

A) Natural selection occurs only as a result ofmutations.

B) Natural selection requires a minimum of 5 millionyears to occur.

C) Each new species that develops continues to existthrough present time.

D) Some species that are no longer successful in theirenvironment may become extinct.

13. Which statement can best be inferred based on theinformation in the diagram?

A) overproduction of offspringB) extinction of previous speciesC) asexual reproduction of parrots with a mutationD) a variation that allows these parrots to live in

colder climates

14. Parrots are tropical birds. However, in some areas ofNew York City, some parrots have been able to surviveoutdoors year-round. These parrots survive, while mostothers cannot, due to

A) an increase in the white moth populationB) a decrease in the white moth populationC) an increase in the number of trees in the areaD) a decrease in the air pollution affecting the area

15. A population of white moths lives in a forest near afactory. This factory bums coal and pollutes the airwith black dust. Over time, this dust has settled on thetrees in the area, making them darker in color. Thiscould result in

16. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. Thediagram shows the evolutionary relationships of some organisms.

A) monkey and mouse B) cow and horseC) chimp and rat D) horse and dog

Which two organisms would most likely synthesize the most similar enzymes?

A) a sudden mutation that changed the gills of the lobe-finned fish to lungsB) increased competition between animals that had adapted to living on the landC) the need to move to land because of increased competition for food in the oceanD) variations among offspring, followed by natural selection

17. The diagram below represents one possible evolutionary change that could have led lobe-finned fish todevelop into the first amphibians. Amphibians are animals that live on land some of their life.

This change from fins on the lobe-finned fish to legs and feet on the early amphibian is most likely due to

A) have a high survival value for the speciesB) have a low survival value for the speciesC) are inherited by more individualsD) affect only the older members of the population

18. Characteristics that are harmful to a species tend todecrease in frequency from generation to generationbecause these characteristics usually

A) feedback mechanism common to carnivores thatinhabit shallow pond ecosystems

B) favorable adaptive trait that has led to increasedsurvival

C) stage of succession that leads to a new communityD) gene mutation that occurred because carp need to

survive to maintain ecological stability

19. The crucian carp, a Scandinavian fish, thrives inshallow ponds that freeze over during winter. Whileother creatures in the pond die from lack of oxygen,these carp are able to obtain energy through abiochemical pathway that does not require oxygen.This characteristic is an example of a

A) competition between father and sonB) survival of the fittestC) inheritance of acquired characteristicsD) mutagenic agents

20. A man lifts weights and develops large arm muscles.His son has larger muscles than his father had at thesame age. According to Lamarck's theory, this situationis due to

A) A B C B) B C AC) B A C D) C A B

21. Base your answer to the following question on the chartbelow and on your knowledge of biology.

According to most scientists, which sequence bestrepresents the order of biological evolution on Earth?

22. Base your answer to the following question on the information and diagram below and on yourknowledge of biology.

Average beak sizes of the seed-eating mediumground finch on one of the Galapagos Islands are shownin the diagram below. During wet years, all types ofseeds are abundant. The medium ground finch prefersto eat small seeds that are easy to crush. However,during droughts (dry years), when small seeds are not asabundant, they eat the larger seeds on the island.

A) the birds acquired larger beaks so they could takeadvantage of the supply of small seeds

B) the birds with smaller beaks mutated due to thedrought so they produced more offspring

C) different adaptations gave some birds a betterchance for survival

D) the environment caused the birds to exercise theirbeaks and the beaks became longer and stronger

The most likely explanation for this variation in thebeak size of the medium ground finch is that

23. Base your answer to the following question on the information in the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology.

A) asexual reproduction of these finch speciesB) the selection for different shaped beaks that best suit different nichesC) the genetic recombination associated with mitotic cell divisionD) the genetic engineering of the DNA of each of these species

The differences observed in the bird beaks are most likely due to

A) evolution of a type of behavior that producesgreater reproductive success

B) synthesis of a hormone that controls cellularcommunication

C) limited genetic variability in the speciesD) fewer unfavorable mutations in the species

24. Extinction of a species could result from

A) A B) E C) K D) L

25. The evolutionary pathways of several species arerepresented in the diagram below.

Which species was best adapted for survival inchanging environmental conditions?