02, July - December, 2019/ ISSN 2278-3199 - Volume - 08 ...

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Volume – 08, Issue – 02, July - December, 2019/ ISSN 2278-3199

Peer Reviewed….. National Journal on….. 'Social Issues and Problems' / I

ISSN 2278-3199 Volume - 08, Issue - 02, July - December, 2019.

A Half Yearly Peer Reviewed Multidisciplinary National Research Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities

National Journal on……

Chief Editor

Dr. C. B. Masram Principal

S. N. Mor Arts, Commerce & Smt. G. D. Saraf Science College, Tumsar Dist. Bhandara.

Editor

Dr. Rahul Bhagat Associate Professor &Head Department of Sociology,

S. N. Mor Arts, Commerce & Smt. G. D. Saraf Science College, Tumsar Dist. Bhandara - 441912

Published By

DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY S. N. MOR ART, COMMERCE & SMT. G. D. SARAF SCIENCE COLLEGE,

TUMSAR, DIST. BHANDARA - 441912. [email protected] / [email protected]

Website - www.snmorcollege.org.in Phone No. - 07183-233300 / 07183-233301 Mobile - 09422113067 / 09420359657

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Peer Reviewed….. National Journal on….. 'Social Issues and Problems' / II

A Half Yearly Peer Reviewed Multidisciplinary National Research Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities....

'Social Issues and Problems'

EDITORIAL BOARD Chief Editor: Dr. C. B. Masram, Principal, S. N. Mor Art, Commerce & Smt. G. D. Saraf Science College, Tumsar, Dist. Bhandara.

Editor: Dr. Rahul Bhagat, S. N. Mor Art, Commerce & Smt. G. D. Saraf Science College, Tumsar, Dist. Bhandara.

Editorial Advisory Board - Dr. Pradeep Aglave, Ex. Head, P. G. Dept. Dr. Ambedkar Thought, R. T. M. N. U., Nagpur. Dr. Suresh Waghmare, Ex. Head Dept. of Soci., Rajshree Shahu Maharaj College, Latur (MS) Dr. Jagan Karade, Head Department of Sociology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur (MS) Dr. Sanjay Salunkhe, Department of Sociology, D. B. A. M. University, Aurangabad (MS) Dr. R.N. Salve, Department of Sociology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Dist. Kolhapur.(M.S.) Dr. Sujata Gokhale, Head Dept. of Sociology, S. N. D. T. University, Mumbai (MS) Dr. Shivcharan Meshram, Principal, Kamla Nehru Govt. Girls College, Balaghat (MP) Dr. B. K. Swain, Head Department of Sociology, R. T. M. Nagpur University, Nagpur. Dr. Smita Awchar, Professor, D. B. A. Marathwada University, Aurangabad (MS) Dr. Prakash Bobde, Ex. Professor and Head, Dept. of Sociology, R. T. M. N. U., Nagpur. Dr. Ramesh Makwana, Department of Sociology, Sardar Patel University, Gujrat. Dr. M. B. Bute, Principal, Santaji Mahavidhyalaya, Nagpur. Dr. Ashok Kale, Ex. Principal, M. B. Patel College, Deori Dist. Gondia (MS) Dr. Anil Surya, President, S. M. S. New Delhi. Dr. Kalyan Sakharkar, Ex. Head Dept. of Sociology, P. N. College, Pusad Dist. Yeotmal (MS) Dr. Arun Chavhan, Head Dept. of Sociology, Vidhyabharti Mahavidhyalaya, Amrawati (MS Dr. Mahendrakumar Jadhao, Head Dept. of Sociology,Night College of Arts & Commerce, Kolhapur.

Editorial Board Member - Dr. R. K. Dipte, Dept. of English, S. N. Mor College, Tumsar. Prof. R. U. Ubale, Dept. of Marathi, S. N. Mor College, Tumsar. Prof. R. O. Belokar, Head Dept. of Pol. Science, S. N. Mor College, Tumsar.

Associate Editors - Dr. Saroj Aglave, Head, Dept. of Sociology, Mahila Mahavidhyalya, Nandanvan, Nagpur. Dr. Dipak Pawar, Head, Dept. of Sociology, Women's College, Nandanvan, Nagpur. Dr. M. V. Kolhe, Principal, Br. Sheshrao. Wankhede College, Mohapa, Disi. Nagpur. Dr. Nalini I. Borkar, Dept. of Sociology, Arts & Commerce Degree College, Petrolpump, (Bhandara) Dr. P. H. Gajbhiye, Head, Dept. of Sociology,N.P. Shivaji College, Mowad Dist.Nagpur Prof. Priyadarshan Bhaware, Head, Dept. of Sociology.,Badrinarayan Barwale College, Jalna Dr. Rajendra Kamble, Head, Dept. of Sociology., Indira Gandhi College, Kalmeshwar, Nagpur Prof. Jayendra Pendse, Head, Dept. of Sociology, Sevadal Mahila College, Nagpur. Dr. Prakash Sonak, Head, Deptt. of Sociology, Yeshoda Girls College, Nagpur.


Peer Reviewed….. National Journal on….. 'Social Issues and Problems' / III

PEER REVIEW COMMITTEE

Dr. Sai Chandrmouli T. (English), Railway Degree College, Secundrabad (AP)

Dr. Balvindarsing Ghotra (English), Govt. P. G. College, Jind (Haryana)

Prof. J. V. N. Rao, (English) Ex. professor, S. N. Mor College, Tumsar Dist. Bhandara.

Dr. Bhushan Ramteke (Marathi), Suwalal Patni Mahavidhyalaya, Pulgaon, Dist. Wardha.

Dr. Shailendra Lendhe (Marathi), R. T. M. Nagpur University., Nagpur.

Dr. Guruprasad Pakhmode, (Marathi) Ex. Principal, Pragati Mahila College, Bhandara.

Dr. Hariprasad Chourasiya (Hindi) Ex. Principal, M. B. Patel College, Salekasa.

Prof. Gajanan Polenwar, (Hindi) Arts, Commerce College, Koradi.

Prof. Mastan Shaha, (Hindi), Department of Hindi,N. M. D. college, Gondia.

Dr. R. R. Sinha (Sociology) Head Dept. of Sociology, Hislop College, Nagpur.

Dr. Sanjay Dudhe (Sociology), Arts, Commerce College, Koradi, Nagpur.

Dr. Ashok Borkar (Sociology), R. T. M. Nagpur University, Nagpur.

Dr. S. S. Bahekar (Geography), Principal, S. S. Girls College, Gondia.

Dr. Deva Bisen (Geography), M. B. Patel College, Deori Dist. Gondia

Dr. Tarachand Gedam (History) Ex. Professor, Sant Gadge Maharaj College, Hingna.

Dr. Mubarak Qureshi (History), G. B. Mahila College, Tumsar Dist. Bhandara.

Dr. D. D. Kapse (History), Samarth College, Lakhani Dist. Bhandara.

Dr. Madhuri Nasre (Home Economics), S. S. Girls College, Gondia.

Dr. Vidhya Thawakar (Home Economics), Ashok Moharkar College, Adyal.

Prof. Subha Ghadge, (Home Economics), J. M. Patel College, Bhandara.

Prof. Vikas Jambhulkar (Political Science), R. T. M. Nagpur University, Nagpur.

Prof. Atul Kadu (Political Science), Bhiwapur Mahavidhyalaya, Bhiwapur.

Dr. Sharda Mahajan (Political Science), N. M. D. College, Gondia.

Dr. S. S. Meshram (Economics), J. M. Patel College, Bhandara.

Dr. Manoj Sonkusre (Economics), M. B. Patel College, Sakoli.

Dr. Anuradha Patil (Social Work), Manavlok Social Work College, Ambejogai.

Dr. B. R. Deshmukh (Social Work), G. N. Aazad Social Work College, Pusad.

Dr. Sanjay Aagashe (Physical Education) S. N. Mor College, Tumsar.

The Editors or Publisher do not assume responsibility for the opinions expressed by the authors of the papers.


Peer Reviewed….. National Journal on….. 'Social Issues and Problems' / IV

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Peer Reviewed….. National Journal on….. 'Social Issues and Problems' / V

A Half Yearly Peer Reviewed Multidisciplinary National Research Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities....

'Social Issues and Problems'

- CONTENTS –

Sr. No. Title of Paper Author Name Page No.

1. Effect of Environmental Incitement on Learning.. Siddharth Nisargandha …1

2. Menstrual Hygiene: Need of an Hour. (Re- view article) Dr. Sheetal Juneja …5

3. Television and Social Capital in Rural Marathwada Dr. S. K. Rathod …8

4. Indian Agriculture: Challenges and Priority…. Dr. Jyoti Selukar …12

5. The unresolved agony of rape victims…. Dr. Rajshri Gajghate, …15

6. Impact of globalization on tribal in India Kedarsingh Rotele …17

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9. vk/kqfud Hkkjrkrhy lekt’kkL=kpk fodkl MkW- ukjk;.k rq- dkacGs ..27

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11. Ik;kZoj.k laj{k.k tkf.ko tkx`rh ,d vH;kl---- MkW- t;Jh egktu …35

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18. O;fäeRo fodklkoj ;ksxkpk ifj.kke% ,d vH;kl çk- olar fuukos …57

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30. vkfnoklhapk lkekftd ntkZ MkW- ljkst vkxykos …91


Peer Reviewed….. National Journal on….. 'Social Issues and Problems' / VI

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Email – [email protected] Mobile – 09420359657, 09834988337

Volume - 08 - Issue – 02, July - December, 2019 / ISSN 2278-3199

Peer Reviewed….. National Journal on… 'Social Issues & Problems' / Page 1

Effect of Environmental Incitement on Learning Abilities and Tendency of Pre-school Students.

Siddharth Nisargandha, Head & Associate Professor, Sir Sayyed College of Arts, Com. & Sci., Aurangabad.

Abstract: All the development comes about through the interaction of organism and environment. Activity in response to environmental stimulation is an outcome of such interaction. Since changes in the level of one's functioning is basically a matter of responding to the stimuli, internal and externa1,that iyringe upon one's sense receptors, the vital importance of stimulation, its quality and appropriateness as well as its adequacy becomes already apparent. A large number of children in preschool years growing up in developing countries seem to suffer a handicap in the form of a poor or impoverished environmental facility.

The environmental influences may modify the expression of temperament. The temperament of many children change over the course of preschool years and this seems in part to be attributable to the responses of parents. The unspoiled nature of the child is free, spontaneous, and creative. Each child is a unique individual like no other and is want to behave in relation to his surroundings in his own unique way. Hence the atmosphere of the school room in which the child finds himself is very important.

A child with an initial pattern characterized by frequent negative reactions may shift to a more frequent expression of positive mood, if his life experiences are benign and favorable. A very adaptable child who is repeatedly faced with impossible demands and expectations may after a time become increasingly less adaptable in his behavior.

The temperament of many children change over the course of the preschool years and this seems in part to be attributable to the responses of parents. Thus a child is not an inert and malleable mass to be shaped by the environment. Nor is he a rigid structure whose characteristics are fixed and unchangeable over time.

Introduction: Environment: is the major source

of stimuli that either control or regulate behavior. But the quality and amount of stimulation received by children in different environments vary greatly. The stimulation received especially during the preschool period will create a long lasting impact on later personality development, since this is the crucial period in every individual’s life which has to be carved and molded properly.

Learning is a complex process and the impulse to learn flows naturally from a child's curiosity about the world around him and from his desire to gain mastery over himself and his environment. The learning is fed by his steadily growing understanding of language and his interest in the magical power of words. In the class room, the child is actively engaged in exploring the environment and learning about the world and society around him. He is motivated by his own curiosity. Moreover he learns by active exploration and by involving himself in the process of development.

Children enter school with a broad range of home back grounds; these include the fortunate youngster who has his own books, parents who read to him and a wealth of enriching experiences as well as the child who has never seen any one read a book

for enjoyment. The class room teacher has a responsibility for capturing and strangulating the interest of children in reading regardless of their home environments. Favorable cognitive development and social development have been associated with predictability and regularity of home environments, which is with homes where things have their time and place where meals, bedtimes and other routines are regular and where the child has a place for her belongings, a safe place in which to play and a quiet place to study.

The arena of the impact of environmental stimulation on preschool children is still groping in the dark, conspicuous by the absence of any detailed study and research and even the average educated parents being unaware of the implications. The preschool stage, by all means the crucial period in early individuals’ life is to be carved and moulded properly, even slight stimulations creating a long lasting impact on the future personality development. A scientific study based on environmental stimulations as a whole taking into consideration the home and school atmosphere, by means of proper facilities available, will be worth while. It will bring to lime light the more intricate problems in the field, thus enabling the parents and teachers to deal with



their children in a proper and tactile way, thereby carving out healthy (both mentally and physically) individuals.

Problem Discussion: During the early childhood period, significant changes occur in the child in all the areas of development namely physical, social, emotional, and intellectual areas. His cognitive development also expands during the period. He has increasingly larger vocabulary and more sophisticated language skills. Since; any subject can be taught effectively in some intellectually honest way to any child at any stage of development, a carefully planned, well placed early education programme can give children the experiences they need for their cognitive development. Learning is a complex process and the impulse to learn flows naturally from a child's curiosity about the world around him and from his desire to gain mastery over himself and his environment. The learning is fed by his steadily growing understanding of language and his interest in the magical power of words. In the class room, the child is actively engaged in exploring the environment and learning about the world and society around him. He is motivated by his own curiosity. Moreover he learns by active exploration and by involving himself in the process of development. Autonomy flourishes as children explore a world outside the home and choose from among many activities tailored to their interest and abilities which let them experience many success that build confidence and self image. As pre-school is particularly vulnerable in helping children from one or two child families learn how to get along with other children. Children enter school with a broad range of home back grounds; these include the fortunate youngster who has his own books, parents who read to him and a wealth of enriching experiences as well as the child who has never seen any one read a book for enjoyment. The class room teacher has a responsibility for capturing and strangulating the interest of children in reading regardless of their home environments. Favorable cognitive development and social development have been associated with predictability and regularity of home environments that is with homes where things have their time and place where meals, bedtimes and other routines are regular and where the child has a place for her belongings, a safe place in which to play and a quiet place to study. In the view of Stott

(1974), a very bright and active preschool child in one sort of home situation with a particular set of parents, might become an effective and responsible school leader. The same child had been born into a very different family environment could become a domineering, hostile and emotionally disturbed person. The direction and extent of learning is a matter of great importance in relation to an individual's emotional adjustment and his total personality development. General adequacy of functioning in life is very largely a matter of learning in this broad sense. The environmental influence ray modify the expression of temperament. il, child with an initial pattern characterized by frequent negative reactions’ may shift to a more frequent expression of positive mood, if his life experiences are benign and favorable. A very adaptable child who is repeatedly faced with impossible demands and expectations may after a time become increasingly less adaptable in his behavior. The temperament of many children change over the course of the preschool years and this seems in part to be attributable to the responses of parents. Thus a child is not an inert and malleable mass to be shaped by the environment. nor is he a rigid structure whose characteristics are fixed and unchangeable over time.

Objective of the Study: 1. To find out the effect of home environment in

the areas of Temperament & Learning ability 2. To find out the effect of school environment in

the areas of Temperament & Learning ability Literature Review: Singh (1997) defines preschool age as the age of

the children before they enter into class first or primary education.

According to Ilevadas and Jaya (1 984), Clarke - Stewart and Friedman (1987), ('rag (1989) and Chauhan (1996), a preschool child is a child between the age of two and six years.

Fontana ( 19 86) has stated that the child's social life begins at home and his early social experiences play a dominant role in determining his/ her future social relationship and patterns of behavior toward others.

It is during the early years that the child is susceptible and responsive to the positive environmental influences, which enhance or expand his/her development. As mentioned by Montessori (1988) it is this sensitive period, which enables



him/her to assimilate images from his/her environment in a truly prodigious fashion.

Curiosity is often the only incentive a child needs to take him/her into new unfamiliar words and it is at peak in preschool period in the view of Nakra (2000 November).

In the words of Mc Kinney et al (1971), the restriction of early environmental stimulation and marked deviation from the normal developmental conditions of preschool children produce drastic and enduring effects on emotionality, learning ability, activity level, and social behavior.

According to Watkins and Durant (1992), environment influences the people who live and work in them. Children are particularly vulnerable to these influences as they have fewer strategies for coping of responding to any negative Impact from the space around them. He adds that in early childhood settings adults has a particular, responsibility to develop an awareness of the environments effects. In the words of Lata (1998), the young child acquires his early language habits largely through imitation of the language patterns of those around him. According to him, educational objectives and teaching techniques also influences the child's language development.

According to Ebbeck and Ebbeck (1974), the school environment must allow each child the opportunity to grow and develop. It must be broad enough in scope to meet the individual child's needs and be stimulating enough to arouse in each child the desire to learn. He adds that the school environment must be enriching so that it not only complements the home but allows the child to experience things which may in some important fields be is far beyond what he is able to get at home.

Methodology: Methodology should specify method but only in order- to justify their use for defined purposes in specified situations and circumstances.

The factors which arose for consideration in this study are (a) temperament which comprises factors activity, emotionality and sociability and (b) learning ability. For the present study, the correlation of home environment and school environment with temperament and learning ability are analyzed. ANOVA was applied to find out the variations 'of temperament and learning ability among districts.

The methods used to test the hypotheses in connection with the present study are discussed

under six sections namely (1) the sample (2) the tools (3) description of the tools (4) pilot study (5) data collection / main study procedure and (6) statistical technique.

The course of investigation in the present study was set rolling by selecting 50 subjects from the upper kinder garnet each from Aurangabad districts. The proper age group which was found most congenial and appropriate for the study was of five years since the rate of growth and development is fast at this stage, and any stimulation will have its maximum effect during the early childhood. As the tests were time consuming, the sample size was reduced to 150. The subjects were collected from a cross section of the preschool group selected from different schools at Aurangabad districts. It was decided to select five urban, co-education schools from each district and ten children were taken from each school. For the present investigation the investigator, had to administer the tests directly with the children for measuring learning ability and since these tests were time consuming, those schools who were co-operative with the study were considered. Selection of sample from each school was done using the technique of random sampling. Random sampling can be done by two methods, (a) lottery method (b) from the table of random numbers. For the present investigation, lottery method was used.

Preliminary Processing It consists of three processes.

(a) Series of informal talk with the parents and the teachers of preschool children.

(b) Collecting information from the available literature and

(c) Discussion with the experts in the field Secondary processing a pre - pilot study was

conducted among fifteen preschool children in order to know the areas which had to be included for the learning ability tests. 'The tests given included the identification and matching of letters and words, identifying pictures, ability to trace shapes, to build structures using blocks, to make objects using color papers, to thread the beads and to identify the missing letter of the words given. As children could not find out the missing letters of the words given, those questions were excluded from the tests constructed for learning ability. The questionnaire for the parents and teachers were also subjected to pre-pilot study and no modification was made in them.



Conclusion: The stimulation from the home environment in general influence the temperament and learning ability of preschool children. The stimulation from the school in general influences the temperament and learning ability of preschool children. 'The factors of school environment namely exposure to objects and media, verbal and psychological interaction, time spent quantitatively and qualitatively together with parents and children influence activity, emotionality and sociability and learning ability of preschool children. The factors of school environment namely availability of equipment, time allotment for individual activities, teacher-pupil interaction and teaching methods influence activity, emotionality, sociability and learning ability of preschool children.

Children are the most important natural resources and they lay the foundation of the world's future. To equip the citizen of tomorrow with a sense of freedom, intelligence, and physical skill, the foundation must be laid in the preschool period for which necessary stimulation from the home and school environment has to be provided. Even though the society has become modernized, even the educated parents are unaware of the significance of the stimulations that has to provide for their children. But there has been no serious research work done channelizing the aspects of home and school environment with its impact on child's temperamental traits and learning ability. So the present investigation is an attempt to find out the influence of environmental stimulation on the temperament and learning ability of preschool children and the result reveal the need to provide necessary stimulation for the preschool children in the modem environment. Even those parents who are aware of the significance of stimulation are sometimes not able to provide them because of their

busy schedule. Now as the schools are becoming result oriented, they may not provide the environment which has to given for their child to mould his behavior. Thus the study 1s highly relevant as it aims to find out the influence of several aspects of home and school environment which the parents and teachers have to concentrate. The results of the study indicate that the more appropriate the stimulation provided in the environment, the better the child's behavior and learning ability. It will be a valuable message for the parents and teachers enabling them to deal with their children in a proper and tactful way thereby carving out healthy individuals.

References:

1. Ambron, S. K. (198 1) Child development. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston

2. Anderson. P.S. (1972) Re discovering children's literature. New York: Mac Milan ha, M.

3. Aruna M (1996) Cognitive abilities of preschool children in laboratory and private nursery schools.

4. Baurnrind, D (1971) Current patterns and parental authority Developmental Psychology Monographs.

5. Banerji. M. and Mura1idharan.R. (1974) Eflet of preschool education on I (rnguclgc, clnd intellectual development.

6. Clay, M (1977) Reading the pattering of complex behaviour, London: Heinemann Education.

7. Gupta, S.P. 11988) Statistical methods. New Delhi: Sultan Chand's Sons Publishers.

8. Karlin, R (1975) Teaching elementary reading. New Delhi: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Inc.



Menstrual Hygiene: Need of an Hour. (Re- view article) Dr. Sheetal B. Juneja Banerjee, Dhote Bandhu Science College, Gondia.

Abstract: Menstruation is a naturally occurring physiological phenomenon in adolescent girls and pre-

menopausal women. The issue of addressing menstrual health and hygiene is a topic that all women and girls are intimately familiar with and yet it is so rarely talked about on the global platform. Due to the inadequate knowledge about it, there were certain unhygienic practices followed by the young girls resulting in poor menstrual hygiene. This incomplete knowledge leads to many unnecessary restrictions on young girls and they faced many health problems and complaints, which were either ignored or managed inappropriately.

This review paper re- emphasizes the important, urgent, and neglected need of providing correct knowledge to the entire community including adolescent and young girls. The physiology of the menstrual cycle, its connection to fertility, and the fact that menstruation is a normal process should be part of education in Educational Institutions.

Correct knowledge will help them to have clear concepts, practice safe and hygienic menstrual practices and come out of traditional beliefs, misconceptions, and restrictions regarding menstruation.

Introduction: Menstruation: Women experience

a monthly cycle called menstruation or a period. The lining of the uterus breaks down and leaves the body through the vagina. This has a range of effects on the reproductive system and other organs.

Young girls are often between 8 and 15 years old when they experience their first period. The first cycles might be quite irregular. The average age for onset of menstruation is 12 years.

Most women will see their period recur every 28 days. However, cycles of 21 to 35 days are also normal in adult women.

Girls over 13 years of age can experience more irregular cycles that range from 21 to 45 days. Hormones regulate these cycles.

Periods typically last for between 3 and 7 days, and the amount of blood loss can vary. They can range in severity between mild, moderate, and heavy.

Menstrual symptoms Common premenstrual symptoms include:

breast swelling and tenderness

tension

bloating

acne breakouts

leg, back, or stomach cramping Premenstrual syndrome: Some women report

feeling the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS). This very common condition can include symptoms such as:

rapid changes in mood

insomnia

dizziness

bloating

social withdrawal

difficulty concentrating

breast tenderness

tiredness Menstrual cycle problems: Women may at

times experience problems or irregularities in their menstrual cycle. Common problems include:

Amenorrhea: This refers to the absence of a menstrual cycle for at least 90 days. Contributing factors amenorrhea period include pregnancy, breastfeeding, eating disorders, excessive exercising, and stress.

Dysmenorrhea: This is sometimes severe menstrual pain. Possible causes include uterine fibroids, endometriosis, and excessive levels of a hormone called prostaglandin.

Abnormal uterine bleeding: This term includes any vaginal bleeding not considered normal for a menstrual period. This might include bleeding between periods, any vaginal spotting, unusually heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding, and postmenopausal bleeding.

Toxic shock syndrome is a bacterial infection more commonly associated with use of tampon.

Toxic shock can be extremely dangerous and is in some cases life-threatening. Symptoms of toxic shock include:

a fever over 102° Fahrenheit

muscle aches

diarrhea

vomiting

dizziness

fainting



a rash resembling a sunburn.

a sore throat.

bloodshot eyes Toxic shock is a medical emergency and requires

immediate attention. The application of warm compresses in the lower

belly may also provide relief for cramps. Women can treat other menstrual symptoms, such as the psychological effects of PMS, pain, or swelling, with a variety of medications.

Menstrual Hygiene: Menstrual hygiene plays a very important role in a woman’s life. While most people are well aware of its importance, only a few women have access to proper facilities to ensure hygiene.

Data from the 2011 census states that merely 12% of India’s total 355 million women use sanitary napkins.. A majority of rural women in India employ clothes and rags for feminine hygiene. It has been revealed that about 43 percent of Indian women did not have access to sanitary essentials at the beginning of periods, while 36 percent felt uncomfortable in buying them with other customers around.

The WHO survey was conducted in October 2017 and included women respondents from more than 35 cities all over India including Bengaluru, Chennai, Cuttack, Delhi, Indore, Jaipur, Kanpur, Kolkata, Ludhiana, Mumbai, Ranchi, Srinagar, Surat, and Thiruvananthapuram.

Out of all the participants of the survey, as many as 45 percent said that they have had to borrow the sanitary napkins at least once or twice a year.

According to a National Family Health Survey (NFHS) 2015-16, about 57.6 percent of the Indian women use sanitary napkins and 62 percent women in the age group 15-24 years still rely on a cloth during periods.

Poor menstrual hygiene has led to a spike in the cases of Reproductive Tract Infection (RTI) by 70%. These materials might predispose women to reproductive tract infections since it may be difficult for them to keep their used napkins clean and free of harmful bacteria. Washing reusable feminine products with soap and drying them in sunlight may be difficult due to lack of water, private facilities, and cultural taboos associated with menstruation.

The absence of menstrual protection not only affects women’s health but also impacts their ability to continue their daily activities. It is reported that, in rural areas, a vast majority of girls between 12 and

18 years of age miss school for five days every month. Some of them are not allowed to study further after they start menstruating.

Menstrual hygiene can be maintained using following tips;

1. Choosing proper method of sanitation: Today there are a number of ways including the use of sanitary napkins, tampons, and menstrual cups to stay clean. In India, most unmarried girls prefer to use sanitary napkins. While there are some women who choose to use either different types of sanitary napkins on different days of their periods or different methods of protection (like a tampon and a sanitary napkin), there are some who prefer to stick to one type and brand. The best tip here is to try and use one brand for one type of protection for a while to know if it helps your needs. Frequent switching between brands can make uncomfortable since brands are as unique as people, they suit everyone differently.

2. Change regularly: The standard time to change a sanitary pad is once every six hours, while for a tampon is once every two hours. The duration can be customized as per need and flow.

In the case of tampons it is very important because, if left inserted into the vagina for long periods of time it can cause a condition called TSS or toxic shock syndrome – a condition where bacteria infiltrate the body leading to severe infection that can send to the body into shock – that requires emergent treatment and can lead to serious complications and even death.

3. Wash yourself regularly: During menstruation the blood tends to enter tiny spaces like the skin between labia or crust around the opening of the vagina , so one should always wash this excess blood away. This practice also tends to beat bad odour from the vaginal region. So, it is important to wash vagina and labia (the projecting part of female genitals) well before chaning a new pad.

4. Don’t use soaps or vaginal hygiene products: The vagina has its own cleaning mechanism that works in a very fine balance of good and bad bacteria. Washing it with soap can kill the good bacteria making way for infections. So, one can use soap on the external parts but do not use it inside vagina or vulva.



5. Use the right washing technique: Always wash or clean the area in a motion that is from the vagina to the anus. Never wash in the opposite direction. Washing in the opposite direction can cause bacteria from the anus to lodge in the vagina and urethral opening, leading to infections.

6. Discard used sanitary product properly: It is essential to discard used napkins or tampons properly because they are capable of spreading infections, will smell very foul, wrapping it well before discarding it ensures that the smell and infection is contained. It is advised not to flush the pad or tampon down the toilet since they are capable of forming a block and can cause the toilet to back up. More importantly it is imperative that one should washr hands well after discarding used napkin.

7. Beware of a pad rash: A pad rash is something that you might experience during a period of heavy flow. It usually occurs when the pad has been wet for a long time and rubs along the thighs causing it to chaff. To prevent this from occurring, try to stay dry during periods. If you do have a rash, change your pads regularly and stay dry. Apply an antiseptic ointment, after a bath and before bed – this will heal the rash and prevent further chaffing. If it gets worse do visit your doctor who will be able to prescribe you a medicated powder that can keep the area dry.

8. Use only one method of sanitation at a time: Some women who have heavy flow during their periods tend to use either (i) two sanitary pads, (ii) a tampon and sanitary pad (iii) a sanitary pad along with a piece of cloth. This might seem like a good idea, but it actually is not, changing regularly is a better option. Using two pads or a tampon and a sanitary pad is bad

because the two pads absorb the blood and one can,t see that they are completely used up and are unlikely to change at regular and healthy intervals. This can lead to rashes, infections and in the case of tampons even TSS.

9. Have a bath daily: In some cultures it is believed that a woman should not bathe during her periods. This myth was based on the fact that in the olden days women had to bathe in the open or in common water bodies like a river or lake. But with indoor plumbing having a bath is the best thing one can do for her body during periods. Bathing not only cleanses body but also gives a chance to clean your private parts well. It also helps relieve menstrual cramps, backaches, helps improve mood and makes feel less bloated.

10. Be ready with on-the-go stuff during periods: It is important to have extra sanitary pads or tampons properly stored in a clean pouch or paper bag, a soft towel, some paper tissues or towels, hand sanitizer, a healthy snack, bottle of drinking water, a tube of antiseptic medication (if you are using one).Pads or tampons that remain in the bag without a clean pouch to protect it can also lead to infections like UTI (urinary tract infection) or vaginal infections.

Conclusion: Menstrual hygiene management (MHM) is an issue that can not as be overlooked as this affects women and girls’ health, dignity and confidence, as well as their participation in education, the community and the economy.

. References: 1 . Health News, © 2004-2019 Healthline Media UK Ltd,

Brighton, UK, a Red Ventures Company. 2 . Menstrual Hygiene — A Necessi ty, June 16,

2017.



Television and Social Capital in Rural Marathwada Dr. S. K. Rathod, Head Dept. of Sociology, Vinayakrao Patil Mahavidyalaya Vaijapur, Dist. Aurangabad

[email protected] Mob: 9921597953 Abstract: The aim of this research paper is to interpret how television influences the traditional social

capital of rural Marathwada region of Maharashtra State. This is a quantitative study conducted at sixteen villages in the region. The study found that popularity of television leads to decline in the traditional social capital in rural society. In the traditional rural society the social capital had played an important role in making social organization. But due to popularity of television this is rapidly changing. Social capital is not changeable like physical and human capital, but it is cause of changes in certain individual and collective activities. It also calls for a need for maintaining and conserving social capital by means of awareness, behavioural changes, comprehensive education programme, changes in cooperative movement, role of various local social organizations and NGOs etc.

Keywords: Media, Social Organization, Network, Social Cohesion. Introduction: In the traditional India bonding of

people in rural society was very strong. They were engaged in cooperate agriculture activities beyond the lines of caste and religion. They conversed more. There were age-wise groups who talked about a variety of issues. But as the TV became popular, it has cast some negative impact on the social capital. The social capital is a social cohesion and personal investment of people. They live and work in a particular society. It helps that society to function effectively. In financial terms, social capital basically encompasses that value of social relationship and links that complement to the economic capital for economic growth. In this paper social capital means folk theatre like tamasha, storytelling from grandparents, people’s participation in public or social programmes, watching TV at neighbour’s house, participation in religious activities at village temple and the association with local traditional political leaders.

The diffusion of education, development of technology, declines in Jajmani system (baluta system) growing of individualism, population density, imitation of urbanization and westernization are major cause for decline of social capital in rural society, but above all, TV is main factor in this process. The paper interprets how television influences the traditional social capital of rural Marathwada region of Maharashtra State.

Objectives: 1. To study the impact of television on social

capital. 2. To study the possibilities of social capital in

rural society.

Social Capital: Lin N. (2003)1 holds that social capital refers to the bond, either formal or informal, generate by individuals in their interaction with other individuals trying to get an expected reward in the market, a capital captured in the form of social relationship. According to Robert Putnam, ‘Social Capital means, connection among individuals, Social networks and the norms of reciprocity and trustworthiness that arise from them. It is a key component to building and maintaining democracy’. L. J. Hanifan adds that social capital is a social cohesion and personal investment in the community.

It is a social involvement of people in varied groups at village society. In shorts, social capital basically encompasses the value and link of social relationship among individual and society. It is a form of economic and cultural capital in which social networks are central.

In the context of the rural community, the concept of social capital holds within its fold entities like groups of networks. This builds trust and solidarity. It encourages them to some collective action and cooperation. It provides them with information and communication. It brings about social cohesion and inclusion. It engages people in public affairs. It offers them membership in local associations.

Literature and Method: The present paper is based on (survey method) quantitative approach. A self – administrated questionnaire was developed & used as the main data-gathering instrument for this study. The judgmental or purposive sampling has been used for selection of respondents from agricultural families having their own television set. The researcher selected the sixteen villages (two



villages from each district) from eight talukas for data collection. 20(fourteen from male and six from female) respondents were selected from each villages. In all we have selected 320(20x16) respondents from 16 villages of this region.

Variables of the Study: TV programmes constitute independent variable whereas the responses of rural to TV programmes in respect of social capital of constitute the dependent variables.

Theoretical Approach: The present research is based on Society Centred Approach. It accepts the close cooperation and face-to-face contact has promotes pro-social behavior. According to this theory the development of social capital is based on individual behavior within a network. The approach accepts social capital is depends on the ‘collective efficacy’ of people and it will be able to deal effectively with various challenges such as poverty, unemployment, water conservation etc.

Review of Literature: Roderick P. Hart (2012)2 TV declines social capital in the United States. Television’s sub-texture and its method of underlying message about governance contribute to the decline in social capital. Social capital has declined not because we do not have the time for it but because we do not have the mind for it. Putnam Robert (2000)3 says that the proliferation of TV is one of the main causes for decline of social capital in United States. Putnam found that because of TV in 20thin United States a prodigious dropping of social joining and growing in political disaffection. It leads to large social disintegration, ignorance about neighbours and lack of connection outside the workplace. He also observed that increases in TV watching decreases the classic forms of civic engagement like attending public meetings, writing a letter to congress as a member of a local

organization, going to church, entertaining friends at home. In short increase in TV consumption decreases civic engagement. People hardly find any time left for social project and neighbourhood watch.

M. K. Gandhi4 (1962) in his book Village Swaraj reported that, with the capital equipment ….the citizen will be a great asset in the building of Village Swaraj. It will be able to provide employment to all the members on the basis of voluntary co-operation. It will work for achieving self-sufficiency in its basic requirements and other necessities. Every village needs to be self-sustained and capable of managing its affairs even in matters of defending against the aggressive forces. Lalit Sharma’s (2014)5 studied the impact of family capital and social capital on youth entrepreneurship. He found that there no influence of family capital on career intensions of students but there is a significant impact of students’ social capital network span on his career intensions. The study concludes that the family finance has no influence on the actual career choice.

Iravani Mohammad Reza (2010)6 reported that social capital plays more important role in inter organizations and intra organizations than physical and human capital normally do. The networks of collective relationship ensure a kind of solidarity between human organizations, because in absence of social capital, other capitals lose its effectiveness. Williams Dmitri (2007)7 the significant bonding of social capital is found offline, whereas bridging social capital is found online. Hooghe Marc and Oser Jennifer (2015)8 watching television is either unrelated or negatively related to a range of social capital issues. Internet-based activities are good for the development of social capital though it lacks a kind of ‘in-person interaction’.

Table 1: Impact of TV on rural social capital Response

Male Female

No of Respondents Percentage No of Respondents

Percentage

Gathering at public places (temple, school and chavdi) 144 64.29 - -

Visiting friends and neighbour’s house 96 42.86 52 54.17

Participation in public programme 64 28.57 42 43.75

Participation in religious function 98 43.75 59 61.46

Viewing TV at friend/ neighbour’s house 42 18.75 07 7.29

Watching tamasha 58 25.89 15 15.63

Folksong 96 42.86 24 25.00

Importance of local politicians 34 15.18 06 6.25

Hearing stories from grandparents 120 53.57 40 41.67

Total samples 224 100 96 100

Source: field survey.



The data indicates 64.29 per cent male respondents agreed that television has decreased their habit of gathering at public places like temple, school and chavdi etc. 61.46 per cent female and the 43.75 per cent male respondents indicated that television has decreased participation of rural people in worships and other religious activities. According to 43.75 per cent female and 28.57 per cent male respondents TV has decreased their participation in public/ social programmes. 53.57 per cent male and 41.67 per cent female respondents said due to TV children no more spend time in the company of their grandparents hearing stories. 42.86 per cent male and 25.00 per cent female respondents indicated that TV has decreased the popularity of folksongs. 25.89 per cent male and 15.63 per cent female respondents hold that TV has declined craze of tamasha which was very strong earlier. 18.75 per cent male and 7.29 per cent female respondents said that when their TV set breaks down they go to the neighbouring household for watching TV and never miss their favourite shows. 15.18 per cent male and the 6.25 per cent respondents termed that TV has decreased the importance of local politicians because they could see a lot of political discussion on the TV. In this respect Benjamin A. Olken says, ‘the increased access to television signals led to reduced participation in social groups as well as it is associated with lower levels of participation in village development meetings, and self-reported trust. Reception of an extra channel of television is associated with a decline of about seven per cent in the total number of social group in the village. These declines in social participation represent a net decline in social activity, rather than shift from formal social groups to informal gatherings’.9

Results and discussion: Social capital is dramatically affected by TV in the modern times. Before the arrival of TV, the rural people came together and shared their joys, happiness and experience about their occupation during the leisure. They gathered in temples and other public places for social interaction.But after TV their interaction with the neighbours has also dwindled.Now they spent their leisure in Watching TV.They are reluctant to gather at public places like temples, schools and chavdi etc.TV has decreased the popularity of folksongs and craze of tamasha. Earlier folksong and tamasha were the main sources of recreation and entertainment of rural people, but now film music on

TV screen is very popular in rural society. People even prefer go to the neighbouring household for watching TV on certain occasions. However, most of the respondents said that they do not like the neighbours coming and watching TV in their houses because they think that it is a threat to their privacy. As TV provides a rich source of entertainment to children, they do not like to hear stories from their grandparents. Instead watch TV it is full of stories. The people’s participation in religious activity like bhajan, kirtan and other religious activities has been negatively affected. A sharp decline has been witnessed with regard to the status of local politicians. Earlier there were a few learned people in the society and they controlled the politics of the entire village as the rural people were not conscious about national and international politics. The local politicians were the main sources of political information to the villagers. But nowadays TV brings them the political news from across the world so they no more depend on the local politicians. 65.58 per cent female and 59.82 per cent male respondents suggested that TV has increased the awareness among rural people about politics. Their participation in the election process has improved. Today large numbers of politically educated people are coming up. The overall political landscape of the village is changing. We can conclude that television viewing in rural society has given a setback to traditional social capital.

Social capital has proved beneficial too as it increases human sociability and nurtures in them a team spirit. It is a very powerful method of resolving many complex social problems. It improves access to skills, expertise, knowledge or information as it networks various rural groups. It motivates the concept of ‘collective –owned capital’ for local development. It enhances mutual respect and builds solidarity among member of particular society so that they join hands on certain issues of common interests. It also discourages selfish and exploitive behaviour. It diffuses human or intellectual capital among rural society. It circulates information among the people. It supports activities for local economic development. Social capital identifies opportunities, and helps in establishment of business. It promotes entrepreneurship only when supportive cultural capital is in place. It is useful in bridging and bonding people. It harbours unity among community members. Social capital is associated with trust,



trustworthiness, norms, values, and association membership and voluntary activities among particular society. It refers to the social ties and network of people as well as trust of people in every group or community. References: 1. Lin N (2003) Social Capital, a theory of social

structure and action, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

2. Hart Roderick P. (2012) Of Television and Social Capital, Review of Communication, vol. 12, No.4 Oct. pp.270-275

3. Putnam Robert(2000) Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community, Simon &Schuster Paperbacks New York, NY 10020

4. M.K.Gandhi M. K. (1962) Village Swaraj, Complied by: H. M. Vyas, Printed & Published by: Navajivan Publishing House, Ahmedabad, www.mkgandhi.org pp.11

5. Sharma Lalit (2014) Impact of Family Capital and Social Capital on youth Entrepreneurship-a Study of Uttarakhand State, India, Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, http://www.journal-jger.com /content/4/1/14

6. Iravani Mohammad Reza(2010),Role of Social Capital on Development, Journal of Alternative in the Social SciencesVol.2, No 2, 966-978

7. Williams Dmitri (2006) The Impact of Time Online: Social Capital and Cyber balkanization, Cyber Psychology & Behaviour, Vol.10, No.3.

8. Hooghe Marc and Oser Jennifer (2015) Internet, television and social capital: the effect of ‘screen time’ on social capital, Information, communication &Society, http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1080/1369118X.2015.1022568

9. Olken, Benjamin A. (2009) Do Television and Radio Destroy Social Capital? Evidence from Indonesian Villages American Economic Journal: Applied economics, Vol.1 No.4.Oct. pp,31



INDIAN AGRICULTURE: CHALLENGES AND PRIORITY AREAS FOR SUPPORT Dr. Jyoti Selukar, Associate Professor & Head, B. S. W. College, Khaperkheda Dist. Nagpur

Abstract: Agriculture is the primary sector of economy. It is different from secondary sector (producing

manufactured& other processed goods) & the Tertiary sector (producing services). This sector is usually most important in underdeveloped countries & typically less important in industrial countries. Until the industrial revolution, vast majority of human population labored in agriculture. Pre Industrial agriculture was typically subsistent in which farmers raised most of their crop for their own consumption instead of cash crop for trade. A remarkable shift in agriculture practices has occurred over the past century in response of new technology & the development of world market. This also led to technological improvements in agricultural techniques. It also contributes a significant figure to GDP. Most of the industries also depend on agricultural sector for their raw materials. The planned approach to development has helped the country to reach a stage where the country is self-sufficient in food grains and has a comfortable buffer stock. These achievements have been possible mainly through the favourable policy framework. The policy of Indian Agriculture was to achieve food security by providing incentive for growth along with equitable access to food. As a result terrible famines have become events of the past and the agricultural production does not show large variation even in the event of adverse climatic condition.

Introduction: - India is the largest agricultural

powerhouse worldwide and the leading producer of spices, pulses, and milk. Not only that, our country has the largest area that is used to cultivate cotton, wheat, and rice. Agricultural held almost 75% share in India’s GDP a few decades ago. To this day, the share has gone down to around 14%. However, agriculture continues to be the source of livelihood for about 50% of the working population, three-quarters of which is based in the rural parts of India.

In a nutshell, agricultural is vast industry and has an impact on every citizen of the country, either directly or indirectly. Like any other sector, agriculture too has its own set of challenges, some of which are very critical and impeding.

Issues confronting Indian agriculture: - Indian Agriculture is facing several issues. After careful deliberations, the Task Force on Agricultural Development chose to concentrate on these major issues: agricultural productivity, scarcity of capital, land policy, agrarian distress and eastern states that have lagged behind the rest of the country in farming. These issues are summarized immediately below with a more detailed dissection. First, a series of essential steps are required to raise agricultural productivity. At a broad level, this issue has two aspects: low average productivity at the national level and high variation in it regionally. It is evident that while Punjab and Haryana exhibit high productivity nationally, states such as Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, and Karnataka suffer from quite low yields per hectare. The scope for improved productivity in these latter regions is substantial. To increase productivity, progress is required along three dimensions: (i) Quality and judicious use of inputs such as water, seeds, fertilizer and pesticides; (ii) judicious and safe exploitation of modern technology including genetically modified (GM) seeds; and (iii)

shift into high value commodities such as fruits, vegetables, flowers, fisheries, animal husbandry and poultry. In the longer run, productivity enhancement requires research toward discovery of robust seed varieties and other inputs, appropriate crops and input usage for a given soil type and effective extension practices. Agricultural research and development (R&D) in India has made impressive contribution in the past. But the system is under significant stress today with lack of clarity on focus and inefficient use of financial resources. There is need for a rethink of the R&D system. Agriculture is an important industry and like all other industries it also requires capital. The role of capital input is becoming more and more important with the advancement of farm technology. Since the agriculturists’ capital is locked up in his lands and stocks, he is obliged to borrow money for stimulating the tempo of agricultural production. The main suppliers of money to the farmer are the money-lenders, traders and commission agents who charge high rate of interest and purchase the agricultural produce at very low price. All India Rural Credit Survey Committee showed that in 1950-51 the share of money lenders stood at as high as 68.6 per cent of the total rural credit and in 1975-76 their share declined to 43 per cent of the credit needs of the farmers. This shows that the money lender is losing ground but is still the single largest contributor of agricultural credit. Rural credit scenario has undergone a significant change and institutional agencies such as Central Cooperative Banks, State Cooperative Banks, Commercial Banks, Cooperative Credit Agencies and some Government Agencies are extending loans to farmers on easy terms.

Third, for understandable historical reasons, land leasing laws in India have taken forms that discourage formal leasing contracts between the owner and the tenant. Field studies have shown that



most of tenancy in the country is concealed and, thus, unofficial. This fact has the implication that tenants are often not identified as actual cultivators in the records. The lack of identification of tenants as actual farmers has very serious implications for the conduct of public policy. Benefits intended for the tenant farmer such as disaster relief or direct benefit transfers risk being disbursed to the owner of the land who appears as the cultivator in the official records. In the absence of official records, tenants also lack access to formal credit and other benefits available to cultivators. In many states, leasing laws can effectively result in the loss of land to the tenant leading owners to eschew leasing land altogether. Over the generations, as families have grown, land holdings have come to be divided and fragmented into small economically unviable parcels and plots. Onerous leasing law have prevented consolidation of these holdings. On the one hand, these smallholdings force owners to seek alternative means of livelihood and on the other their plots remain uncultivated with no prospect of being joined to other plots to produce more viable holdings. Closely related, ownership rights in India are also poorly defined. All ownership is presumptive and subject to challenge in the courts. This feature has undermined the development of a vibrant land sales market with the owner unable to get the true value of his piece of land. In turn, this discourages land sales as well when the farmer finds his piece of land too small to be a viable source of livelihood. Equally important, in the absence of ownership titles and the prospects of land disputes, banks hesitate to accept land as collateral. Agrarian distress in India is not a new phenomenon. The last decade was characterized by nearly stagnant farm sector growth and falling income of the farmers .On an average 10,000 to 12,000 farmers have been committing suicide every year. In the recent months, the rural distress has led to widespread protests in certain states, in some states taking even very violent turn. With the Indian economy striving hard to accelerate its momentum, the continuing slow pace of growth in the crucial agricultural sector is increasingly becoming a matter of concern. The agriculture sector and farmers in general are facing unprecedented distress. Some of the major causes of India’s farm distress are poor growth and falling farm incomes, climate change impacting the monsoon, problematic policies, farm holding size and urbanization.

The lack of proper storage facilities results in degradation of the quality of the produce. This, in turn, affects the volume of exports causing loss of potential income. Not to mention wastage of the produce. Estimates say that 9.3% of the produce gets wasted because of improper storage and maintenance. To solve the issue, there is an on-going

effort initiated by the Food Corporation of India, the State Warehousing Corporation and the Central Warehousing Corporation to expand the storage facilities and establish a buffer stock for contingencies.

Priority areas for support:- 1. Enhancing agricultural productivity,

competitiveness, and rural growth Promoting new technologies and reforming agricultural research and extension: Major reform and strengthening of India’s agricultural research and extension systems is one of the most important needs for agricultural growth. These services have declined over time due to chronic underfunding of infrastructure and operations, no replacement of aging researchers or broad access to state-of-the-art technologies. Research now has little to provide beyond the time-worn packages of the past. Public extension services are struggling and offer little new knowledge to farmers. There is too little connection between research and extension, or between these services and the private sector.

2. Improving Water Resources and Irrigation/Drainage Management: Agriculture is India’s largest user of water. Increasing crop production to meet the food requirements of the growing population will put great pressure on water resources. Given that the vast freshwater resources that are available are far from fully exploited, there should be sufficient water for future agricultural requirements. However, there are large areas where low water supply and high human demand may lead to regional shortages of water for future food production. In these arid and semi-arid areas, where water is a major constraint on production, improving water resource management is crucial if Malthusian disasters are to be avoided. There is considerable scope for improvement, since in both dry land and irrigated agriculture only about one-third of the available water (as rainfall, surface, or groundwater) is used to grow useful plants. Other key priorities include: (i) modernizing Irrigation and Drainage Departments to integrate the participation of farmers and other agencies in managing irrigation water; (ii) improving cost recovery; (iii) rationalizing public expenditures, with priority to completing schemes with the highest returns; and (iv) allocating sufficient resources for operations and maintenance for the sustainability of investments.

3. Promoting high growth commodities: Some agricultural sub-sectors have particularly high potential for expansion, notably dairy. The livestock sector, primarily due to dairy, contributes over a quarter of agricultural GDP and is a source of income for 70% of India’s rural families, mostly those who are poor and headed by women. Growth in milk production, at about 4% per annum, has been brisk,



but future domestic demand is expected to grow by at least 5% per annum. Milk production is constrained, however, by the poor genetic quality of cows, inadequate nutrients, inaccessible veterinary care, and other factors. A targeted program to tackle these constraints could boost production and have good impact on poverty.

4. Developing markets, agricultural credit and public expenditures: India’s legacy of extensive government involvement in agricultural marketing has created restrictions in internal and external trade, resulting in cumbersome and high-cost marketing and transport options for agricultural commodities. Even so, private sector investment in marketing, value chains and agro-processing is growing, but much slower than potential. While some restrictions are being lifted, considerably more needs to be done to enable diversification and minimize consumer prices. Improving access to rural finance for farmers is another need as it remains difficult for farmers to get credit. Moreover, subsidies on power, fertilizers, and irrigation have progressively come to dominate Government expenditures on the sector, and are now four times larger than investment expenditures, crowding out top priorities such as agricultural research and extension.

5. Sustaining the environment and future agricultural productivity: In parts of India, the over-pumping of water for agricultural use is leading to falling groundwater levels. Conversely, water-logging is leading to the build-up of salts in the soils of some irrigated areas. In rain-fed areas on the other hand, where the majority of the rural population live, agricultural practices need adapting to reduce soil erosion and increase the absorption of rainfall. Overexploited and degrading forest land needs mitigation measures. There are proven solutions to nearly all of these problems. The most comprehensive is through watershed management programs, where communities engage in land planning and adopt agricultural practices that protect soils, increase water absorption and raise productivity through higher yields and crop diversification.

Conclusion: - Agriculture contributes almost about 13.7 per cent to the country's GDP. It has been seen in the last few years that the input of the agriculture sector has been declining, but it is still

one of the biggest contributor. Agriculture occupies an important position in Indian policymaking not only because of its contribution to GDP but also because of the large proportion of the population that is dependent on the sector for its livelihood. However it is clear that India’s agricultural sector has taken steps in developing its potential. The green revolution massively increased the production of vital food grains and introduced technological innovations into agriculture. This progress is manifested in India’s net trade position. Where once India had to depend on imports to feed its people, since 1990 it is a net exporter of agro food products. Its agriculture is large and diverse and its sheer size means that even slight changes in its trade have significant effects on world agricultural markets. Training the farmers and educating them appropriately to change their mind set and reorienting them to take up new activities or adopt foreign technology is of great importance. In the implementation of these reforms for successful globalization, one crucial element, not entirely within control is the need for good governance and stability in the political and economic environment. References:- 1. FICCI Economic Outlook Survey January 2011 2. Sen Gupta Saugar, 2004 .Planters Punch. The Pioneer,

January 4, 2004, New Delhi. 3. CSO (2007), "National Accounts Statistics 2007 and back

issues", Central Statistical Organization, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India, New Delhi.

4. Ahluwalia, M.S., 1996. “New economic policy and agriculture: some reflections”, Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, vol. 51, No. 3, pp. 412-426.

5. Planning Commission (2012). Working Group on Crop Husbandry, Demand and Supply Projections, Agricultural Inputs and Agricultural Statistics. Page 1-50, XII Plan document, Volume-II.

6. Mittal, S. 2008. Demand Supply trends and projections for Food in India. Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER) Working Paper No. 209, New Delhi.

7. Gulati Ashok and Kaveri Ganguli (2010). The Changing Landscape of Indian Agriculture, Agricultural Economics, in Johann Kirsten (ed.) The New landscape of Global agriculture, Proceedings of the Twenty Seventh Conference of the International Association of Agricultural Economists, Beijing, Wiley Blackwell



THE UNRESOLVED AGONY OF RAPE VICTIMS: A FIGHT FOR JUSTICE Dr. Rajshri S. Gajghate, Asst. Professor, Dept. of English, Smt. Binzani Mahila College, Nagpur

“They said women are safe in Country now. But those files full of dust and cases like Rape, molestation, murder told a different story.”

-Parth Bishnoi Introduction: - This is the fact. An unclaimed

truth Though much freedom, independence and rights are bestowed upon women folk, many legal ruled have been framed in favor of them, still invisible demon claws hover over to catch them to devour. In spite of widespread awareness programs against this crimes have been conducted by various organizations and colleges, still the picture remains the same. One of the reasons can be categorized as, lethargic legal proceedings.

Objective: - The main objective of writing this paper is to study the victim cases, repercussions of rapes and role of law in combating this serious issue called RAPE.

Definition of RAPE: - Though many descriptions of the situations of rapes have been defined by Indian Penal Code under Section 375, the gist is:-

Any action of sexual intercourse by a man with a woman, against her will, without her consent, threatening of hurt and death, when she is a minor or due to unsoundness of mind or under any intoxication- is a RAPE. This also includes marital rape.

In Indian context: - According to National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), Rape is the fourth most common crime in India. In many cases culprits are the people in relation only. The cases of many rapes go unreported due to hesitation, status, family issues, mistreatment and humiliation from the police. But now after much media attention and public protest, many cases of rape have been reported.

According to the statistics, Human Rights Watch projects – out of 100,000 minors, more than 7200 minors are raped each year in India. Maple croft states that, India was ranked 7th worst country in sex trafficking and crime against minors.

The NCRB (2006) reports that 71% of the rapes go unreported, while Madiha Kark estimates 54% of rape crimes go unreported. About The Conviction rate, only one out of four leads to a conviction. Still India’s conviction rate is higher than developed countries.

Notable Incidents of Rape:- 1. Aruna Shanbaug - Aruna Shanbaug was a

junior nurse working at King Edward Memorial Hospital, Parel, Mumbai. On 27th November 1973, she was sexually assaulted by a ward boy, Sohanlal Walmiki. He choked her with a dog chain and sodomized her. This leads to cut off oxygen to her brain, cervical cord injury and cortical blindness. Next morning she was discovered with blood splattered around her. The case was registered as a case of robbery and attempted murder and Sohanlal was sentenced to seven years of imprisonment. Since then Aruna was paralyzed and in a vegetative state, died on 18th May 2015 after 42 years.

2. Nirbhaya (Dubbed Name) - The 23 year old Physiotherapy intern Jyoti Singh was beaten and gang raped and tortured in a private bus while travelling with her friend, Awindra Pandey in 2012, in Munirka, South Delhi. All the accused were arrested and charged with sexual assault and murder. One of the accused died in police custody in 2013. One juvenile was sentenced to three years of imprisonment in a reform facility. In 2013, the four remaining were found guilty were sentenced to death by hanging. However, on 13 March, 2014 Delhi High Court upheld the guilty verdict and the death sentences.

Eleven days after the assault, Nirbhaya was transferred to a hospital in Singapore but two days later after struggling for life, succumbed to her injuries.

3. Photojournalist - In August 2013, a 22 year old photojournalist, interning with an English Language magazine in Mumbai, was gang raped by five persons including a juvenile in a deserted Shakti Mills compound in South Mumbai with a male colleague on a assignment. The city sessions court found the accused guilty and sentenced death penalty. This could happen due to newly enacted Section 376E of the Indian Penal Code.

4. Old Nun - On 14th March 2015, a 71 year old nun was gang-raped in Ranaghat , West Bengal by intruders at Convent of Jesus and Mary. The intruders were ransacking the chapel, destroying religious items, robbery and the gang rape. On 1 April 2015 the rapist were identified to be Bangladeshi Muslims.



5. Asifa - Asifa, an 8 year old minor girl was raped and murdered in Rasana village near Kathua in Jammu and Kashmir on 17 January 2018. Seven persons were arrested including temple priest, police officer, and sub Inspector. This leads to the protest by Panthers Party. That sparked widespread outrage. Six of the seven were convicted and one acquitted. Three of them sentenced to life in prison and three to five years. The juvenile tried in juvenile court.

6. Unnao rape case - On 4th June 2017, a 17 year old girl was gang raped. The accused was a politician. The victim went to him seeking employment. Her father was also beaten under the pressure of the politician, arrested and placed in judicial custody. He died there. The victim tried to immolate herself in front of the CM of the Uttar Pradesh .The death and an attempt of immolation led to widespread outrage. In 2018, the FIR was registered against the accused.

On July 2019, the rape victim and her lawyer were seriously injured and two family members died when a truck collided with their car. The police officers assigned for the security of the victim were not present on the occasion. That led to the wide suspicion of a conspiracy to eliminate the witness.

On December 7, 2019, the victim was set on fire by men accused of raping her when she was on her way to a local court for the hearing of a rape case she had filed. . She suffered 90% burns, later died of cardiac arrest. In her burnt state also, she was conscious all the way to the hospital. In her statement she had identified all the five attackers. Outrageous reactions popped up around the world. Later all the accused were dead in an encounter with the police.

A call for fight: - Rape is rampant in India .According to June 2018 Thomson Reuters, India is the most dangerous country in the world for the women. National Crime Records Bureau states that increasing cases of rapes reveal that a woman is raped in India about every 15 minutes. The rape

victim survivors in India face many hurdles in getting justice. They are abused, humiliated while registering cases led to trial delays and violence against witnesses. Mostly they are traumatized and dissuaded from filing a report.

Conclusion: - In the above stated cases, due to outrageous reactions many laws reformed, many organizations came forward, many processions led by people. Ministry of Health and Family welfare issued new guidelines. A journal on Medical Ethics made a sad statement that, “Poor utilization of funds, Contradictions in the legal provisions” still pose challenges for addressing sexual assault in India. Though too many Laws are there, Justice is too little. After some years policies change lead to gaps in fair implementation of legal reforms. According to 2017 report, Human Rights noted that Indian Police sometimes resist filing the FIR, if the victim is from marginalized community and perpetrator is from powerful community. Sometimes the police are actual perpetrators.

Above all, the mentioned victims lost their lives, preceded by causing physical loss. Sometimes, affected by paralysis, frequent rapes, child sexual abuse, aftermath serious physical injuries along with mental tortures, social enmities. Still echoing Unnao victim’s last words……

“Will I Survive…..? I want to live…..”

References:

1. “Chapter 5: Crime against women”, Crime in India 2012 Statistics(PDF),(NCRB)

2. Kumar, Radha(2003) (1993), “The agitation against rape” (ed.)

3. Correspondent, Legal(13April 2019) “Sex on false promise of marriage is rape: Supreme Court” Bampada. The Indian Penal Code, Act XLV of 1860. Calcutta.p. 322.

4. https://en.m.wikipedia.org, Rape in India

5. https://www.bbc.com, Unnao rape case



IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON TRIBAL IN INDIA Mr. Kedarsingh C. Rotele, Research Scholar, R. T. M. Nagpur University, Nagpur.

Introduction: The Indian situation is very complex and complicated, as we enter the new millennium. Fifty years of independence did bring some changes but not to the larger poor and the marginalized sections of the society. Politically the situation is very unstable and by and large, people have little faith in organized political parties. Corruption and lack of integrity have exposed national leaders and ordinary people are in real confusion as to their political role. The emergence of communalism in its new forms has undermined national unity along with regionalism and linguistic problems. The women still remain marginalized. Environmental issues have taken prominent place in the agenda of the social activists but the modern development lists are advocating interference with the nature and building up of dams etc., as the only way for the development for India. There is widespread economic insecurity brought about by profound changes in trade, finance and technology. Poverty under globalization has assumed newer dimension. Under the market friendly regime, the poor, the marginalized who have no entitlements ( land, other income, yielding assets, social securities, employment etc.) are kept out of market, both legally and logically. The compulsion of international competition has created greater pressures to exploit the natural resources that India has. There is an impetus towards greater concentration of these resources and moving towards concentration accumulation. The victims of this accumulation are the small landholder, in other words, the Daltis, Adivasis and the members of other oppressed castes. Agriculture has, under the new auspices, acquired corporate logic. Traditional methods of sustainable farming are threatened today.

The withdrawal of the state from welfare and public services spheres also has deleterious impacts, especially on the weaker sections. Their food security is affected adversely, their access to health care services, education and employment has become even more restricted, and housing and transport facilities have gone beyond their reach. with liberalization, the problem becomes complex as rapid economic growth unaccompanied with a social safety net increase disparity as only a small section of society benefit.

Concept of Globalization: *Globalization is based on principle of unrestrained functioning of the free market-economy. Globalization is a “process trans-nationalization of production and capital, and standardization of consumer tastes and their legitimization with the help of international institutions like World Bank, IMF and WTO. Obviously the process is a move towards a border less regime of free trade and transactions based on competition”. Globalization means different things to different people. In business world, it refers mainly to specific strategies in companies designed to overcome the constraints of national boundaries through the mechanism of globalized production and marketing networks. In the field of economics it is considered synonymous to economic inter-dependence between countries covering increased trade, technology, labour and international capital flows. In the political debate, globalization refers to the integrative forces drawing national societies into a global community covering the spread of ideas, norms and values. Last but not the least, in the social field, the tidal wave of global culture is sweeping the indigenous cultures all over the world.

*Globalization is defined as free movements of goods, services, capital, and people and information technology across national boundaries. The opening up of an economy increases competition internally as well as externally, leads to structural changes in the economy, alters consumer preferences, lifestyles and demands of citizens. The process of global economic integration gained momentum only in the 1970s with the development of capital markets. While mainstream economists suggest that globalization process is a strong force for equalizing per capita income between nations, others say that the developing countries are exposed to threats of further aggravation and marginalization in the process.

*Globalization, thus, poses a serious challenge to the formation of social democracy in India. It is often paraded as a custodian of enormous ‘opportunities’. But what such ‘opportunities’ do and whom they benefit are question that directly concerns the SC & ST. in an existential asymmetrical world, where we actually live, such opportunities open many doors to the haves. But the interests of the have-nots, a large majority of whom happen to be low castes, socially



excluded, tribal, women, and other vulnerable sections of the society, are often neglected. The socially excluded sections of the society are the worst victims much-hyped Specially Economic Zone [SEZs] and the resultant process of forced displacement. This had to let further perpetuations and deepening of the social and economic inequities, which n turn seriously diminish the values and principle of social justice in the society. In other words , it deepens the perennial evil of social exclusion through its much advertised project of new economic reforms, which in effect is less about ‘reforms’, and more about ‘exclusion’. It has led to the closure of various industrial units in the public sector that “played havoc with the employment scenario of the populace as a whole and of the SC & ST in particular. This, in turn, has increased unemployment and poverty on the poor/ lower castes on the one hand, and other. In the first decade of the new economic reforms in India, the ratio of both unemployment and poverty increased satisfactory.

Impact of globalization: Indigenous people are on the cusp of the crisis in sustainable development. Their communities are concrete example of sustainable societies, historically evolved in diverse ecosystems. Today, they face the challenges of extinction or survival and renewal in a globalized world. The impact of globalization is strongest on these populations perhaps more than any other because these communities have no voice and are therefore easily swept aside by the invisible hand of the market and its proponents. Globalization is not merely question of marginalization for indigenous people; it is a multi-pronged attack on very foundation of their existence and livelihood.

The impact of globalization on the Indigenous communities is manifold, and often they are ones most negatively affected. Under globalization, it is

the tribal Indigenous areas that have had to face the attacks of massive developmental projects. Cases of displacement of tribal populations have increased in India.

Globalization has seriously affected the socio-economic conditions of SC & ST over the last two decades in terms of education, employment, access to land, poverty and other welfare programmes. The process of globalization has been affecting the lives of the SC & ST’s rather more severely is the transformation of their traditional hereditary occupations into lucrative profit seeking competitive avenues where they find themselves incapable of competing with the so called upper castes who until very recently used to consider such profession as polluting.

Global market is open only for those who have the capital to play the profit game on the chessboard of its unrestrained competition. In this new profit driven game of the process of globalization, SC & ST-normally starved of capital-stand disqualified.

Conclusions: It is ultimately concluded that care needs to be taken regarding use of natural resources as they are depleting day by day and ignoring tribal people is nowhere going to be a solution for depleting forest resource. For this, exploitation of manpower has to be checked. It is this heightened amount of SC & ST atrocities wrapped in a double foil of chronic poverty and emerging SC & ST assertion that has in fact come to challenge the much hyped neo-liberal market-economy model and the promises that it flags for the promises that it flags for the deepening of democracy in India.

References: Ahuja, R. (2009) Social problem, Rawat publication. www.tribal.nic.in www.anthropologywa.org



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gSA mRrj dh vkSj foLrr rFkk nf{k.k dh vksj lqdMrk gqvk gSA izokg ?kurk e/;e Lo:Ik dh gSA

mPpkoPph; igyq %&350 feVj lsa de m¡pkbZokyk {ks= vf/kd rFkk 440 feVj ls vf/kd m¡pkbZokyk {ks= de gSA vf/kdre {ks= likV eSnkuh gSA mRrjh {ks= dh m¡pkbZ T;knk gSA bl {ks= dk <ky mRrj if'pe ls nf{k.k iqoZ dh vksj gSA cgksr de {ks= rhoz mrkjokyk gSA tks mRrjh {ks= esa vackxM {ks= esa gSA

Hkweh mi;kstu %&mRrj dh vksj taxyO;kIr {ks= vf/kd gSA Qly {ks= esa c<ksrjh gqbZ gS] flafpr {ks= 12-00 izfr'kr c<k gSA ;gk¡ yksxksa dh d`"kh dh vksj T;knk ilan fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA

Tkula[;k %& tula[;k esa deh vk;h gS ij og ux.; gSA blrjg iq:"k tula[;k esa 1 izfr'kr ls deh ¼1991] 2001 dh tux.kuk uqlkj½ vk;h gSA myVk y?kq] y?kqRre] ik.kyksV {ks= esa fL=;ksa dh rqyuk esa iq:"k yksdla[;k c<h gSA

fu"d"kZ ,oa mik;;kstuk %& izLrqr ik.kyksV {ks= us 1132 pkS-fd-eh- {ks= O;kIr fd;k gSA bl {ks= es izeq[k pkaniqj] lqj ,oa okdMk ukyk egRoiq.kZ izokg gSA

Hkqjpuk ds vuqlkj unh dh izokgiz.kkyh o`{kkdkj Lo:i dh

gSA izns'k lery gSA 2001 esa dqy yksdla[;k ,oa L=h yksdla[;k o`/nh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA myVk iq:"k yksdla[;k esa deh vk;h gSA jkstxkj] O;olk; rFkk f'k{kk ds fy;s LFkykarj.k ;g mlds dkj.k gks ldrs gSA

eq[; tyL=ksr ls nwj rd ;nh flapkbZ dh lqfo/kk eqo¸;k

dh tk;s rks d`"kh ds fy;s flafpr {ks= esa c<ksarjh gksxhA f'k{k.k] jkstxkj] O;olk;] O;kikj] c¡d] vknh lqfo/kk;s fn tk;s rks iq:"k tula[;k es gksusokyh deh :d ldrh gSA ,slk gqvk rks bl {ks= esa oSuxaxk ik.kyksV fodkl laHko gks ik;sxkA lanHkZ xzaFk %& 1- Davis W.M. (1899), The Geographical Cycle

Geography-14.

2- Gazetteer of India (1968) Maharashtra State Bhandara District Revised Edition, 1978.

3- Rawat, M.S. (2011), Environmental Germorphology and watershed management, concept publishing company Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.

4- Survey of India Toposheet No. 55 o/6, 55 o/7, 55 o/8, 55 o/10, 55 o/11, 55 o/12, 55 o/14, 55 o/15.

5- izks- frokjh fo'oukFk ¼1984½] Hkqvkdrh foKku dk Lo:i dY;k.kh ifCy'klZ] ubZ fnYyh 1984-

6- MkW- ukxrksMs ih-,e- ¼2012½ Hkqxksy'kkL=h; la'kks/ku ra=kph ewyrRos] fiaiGkiwjs izdk'ku] ukxiwj-

7- e`n la/kkj.k o ik.kyksV {ks= O;oLFkkiu lapkyuky; ¼1995½] ^ik.kyksV {ks= vk/kkfjr e`n o tyla/kkj.k ekxZnf'kZdk*] 'kkldh; QksVksf>adks eqnz.kky;] iq.ks-

8- flag] lfoUnz ¼2003½] ^Hkwvkdrh foKku*] olqU/kjk izdk'ku] xksj[kiwj 2003-



Hkkjrkrhy nfyrkaP;k foj¨/kh ekuoh gDdkaps mYyaÄu M‚- v:.k i©Mey] lekt'kkó foHkkxÁeq[k] ;'koarjko pOgk.k ¼ds,elh½ d‚yst] dŸgkiwj- [email protected]

ÁLrkouk %& loZ ekuokauk ek.kwl Eg.kwu tx.;kpk vf/kdkj

vkgs- ek.kql Eg.kqu txr vlrkuk dkgh vf/kdkjkaph xjt ekuokauk ykxrs- Hkkjrke/;s vkt lq)k nfyrkauk dkgh fBdk.kh eqDri.ks fQjrk ;sr ukgh- Hkkjrh; ÄVusus dkgh eqyHkwr vf/kdkj

fnysys vkgsr ijarq rs lq)k dk;eLo:ih mik; Eg.kwu HksnkHksn Fkkacork ;sr ukgh- vktP;k ;qxke/;s lq)k nfyrkaoj vusd fBdk.kh vU;k; vR;kpkj dsys tkrkr- ekÖ;k erkuqlkj tkrhO;oLFkk gh HkkjrkP;k fodklkrhy ,d egŸokpk lkekftd /k¨dk vkgs rla ikfgya rj mPp o dfu"B tkrh; vls d¨.krsgh oSf'k"VÓs lkiMr ukgh- vktP;k ÄMhyk xzkeh.k Hkkxke/;s nü :i Bso.;kph ijaijk fnlwu ;srs- mPp f'kf{krkuk lq)k v'kk ÁdkjP;k Hksn Hkkokyk räM |kos ykxrs- nfyrkauk ukdkj.ks] mPp oxk±ps ÁkcY; b- vktP;k fLFkrhe/;s lq)k nfyrkaoj gYys g¨rkr] cykRdkj] [kqu o HksnHkko fnlwu ;sr¨- gh ,d ekuoh eqY;kaP;k foj¨/kkr vlysyh /kedh vkgs- eqyHkwr vf/kdkj gs vR;ar xjtsps vkgs T;keqGs lkekftd lqjf{krrk lkekftd] jktfd; o lkaL—frd {ks=krhy lok±fx.k fodklklkBh vko';d vkgs- ekuo vf/kdkj gh eqGkr v'kh dYiuk vkgs ts eqyHkwr vf/kdkj vkgsr T;ke/;s tx.;kpk vf/kdkj] Lokra«;] laiŸkh feGo.;kpk vf/kdkj] ekuo vf/kdkj vkiY;kyk vkiY;krhy lqIr xq.kkapk fodkl dj.;kl enr djrkr- ts.ksd:u vkiY;krhy cq)heŸkk] lnln foosd cq)h o gq'kkjhpk okij d:u vkiY;k Hk©frd xjtk iq.kZ d: 'kdr¨ vls Eg.kkos ykxrs dh ;k vf/kdkjkaP;k laj{k.kkf'kok; d¨.krkgh ekuoh fodkl gk v'kD; vkgs- fMlsacj]

1948 e/;s jk"Vª laÄkP;k lferhus tkghj dsys dh oSf'od ekuokf/kdkj gs ekuoh eqY;koj vk/kkfjr rRos vkRelkr djkos- gh x¨"V /;kukr ÄsÅu ekuoh vf/kdkjkph pGoG gh uoh ukgh- ;quüs tkghj dj.;kvx¨nj rh vfLrRokr g¨rh- ijarq vls ekuys tkrs ;kph lq:okr [kÚ;k vFkkZus ;quüs tkghj dsY;kuarj >kyh- ekuokf/kdkj gs ,dw.k lgk Ádkjke/;s foHkkxys vkgsr- R;ke/;s lqj{kk gDd T;ke/;s y¨sdkaP;k gR;k] vR;kpkj] cykRdkj dk;nsfo"k;d vf/kdkj d¨.kR;kgh Ádkjph p©d'kh u djrk rq:axokl] xqIr dk;Zokgh] ltk bR;knh- Lokra«;kps gDd gs J)k] O;Dr dj.;kps Lokra=] laÄVu] lkekftdj.k o pGoG] jktdh; gDdke/;s jktdkj.kke/;s lgHkkxh g¨.;kps Lokra«;] T;ke/;s fun'kZu dj.ks] teko dj.ks] ernku dj.ks o ljdkjh dk;kZy;kr lsok dj.ks- lekursP;k vf/kdkjke/;s lekursph geh] leku ukxfjdRo] dk;|kle¨j loZleku o HksnkHksn fojghr thou- lkekftd vf/kdkjke/;s lok±uk leku f'k{k.k xjhchiklwu lok±ph lqVdk dj.ks] Hkqd eqDr ns'k cuo.ks eqGkr Hkkjr gk y¨d'kkgh ns'k vlY;keqGs vkiY;k ns'kke/;s ekuoh vf/kdkjkaps ikyu dsys

ikfgts- nfyr d¨.k vkgsr\ & euqP;k /kek±uwlkj nfyr Eg.kts ts

'kqæ vkgsr o T;kapk tUe gk czEgkP;k ik;ke/;s >kyk vkgs Eg.kwu nfyr gs [kkyP;k oxk±rhy vlwu R;kaps loZ vf/kdkj gs

lo.kZ y¨dkaP;k gkrkr vlrkr- nfyrkauh d¨.kR;kgh inkoj vkiyh Nki ikMyh vlyh rjh R;kauk R;kaP;k tkrheqGs vieku o nqtkHkkokph okx.kwd lgu djkoh ykxrs- R;kps Áek.k vtqu gh xzkeh.k Hkkxkr tkLr vk<Gwu ;srs- Hkkjrh; jkT; ÄVusuwlkj ,l- lh- ÁoxZ Eg.kts vktpk nfyr g¨;- nfyr Eg.kts foLdVysyk] fiMhr] oafpr o fgUnhe/;s R;kyk fgUnq /kek±rhy 'ksoVpk tkr ÄVd g¨;- Çgnq /kek±rhy tkr O;oLFkk gh mrjaMh Áek.ks lok±r tquh Eg.kts gtkj¨ o"ksZ Ákphu vkgs- ojP;k Lrjkrhy czkEg.k gk ÁFke ¼oxZ½ tkr ¼iqtkjh½ R;kuarj {kf=; o oS'; ¼O;kikjh] 'ksrdjh½ R;kuarj lok±r 'ksoVpk ÁoxZ Eg.kts 'kqæ ¼dkexkj½ R;kP;karhy ekxkl Eg.kts nfyr gk o.kZ g¨;- ;kuk lok±r vifo= letys tkr vls ijaijsus tkr gh tUekus ÁkIr g¨rs- R;kuk R;kaP;k tkrh ckgsj fookg Çdok O;olk; djrk ;sr ukghr- tkrhO;oLFkk gh nfyrkalkBh ,d Ádkjs voeqY;u vkgs- mnk- nfyrkauk brj o.kk±ph l¨Mwu jkfgysyh Äk.k dkes djkoh ykxrkr R;ke/;s esysyh tukojs vk<.ks] eSy okgqu us.ks] jLR;kph lQkÃ dj.ks] peZdke dj.ks gh loZ dkes deh ntkZph letyh tkrkr- dkj.k v'kh loZ dkes gh dkrMh'kh lacaf/kr vkgsr- nfyrkauk [kkl d:u nqtkHkkokph okx.kwd gh czkEg.k tkrhdMwup feGrs-

nfyr lektkph l|fLFkrh & vki.k ÁtklŸkkdkph 68 o"ksZ

lktjh djhr vkg¨r ijarq nfyr lektkpk ntkZ vkt gh fgu vlkp vkgs- gs ÁR;sd ukxfjdkaP;k –"Vhus Ä`.kkLin vkgs- vusd Ádkjph ljdkjs vkyh ijarq R;kauh iw.kZrk tkrhHksn Fkkaco.;kpk d¨.krkgh Á;Ru dsyk ukgh- vktP;k ÄMhyk lq)k nfyrkaoj vusd vls xqUgs ÄMr vkgsr- R;kpk y<k vtqu lekurslkBh lUekuklkBh lq:p vkgs- lkekftd ,dkRerk /k¨D;kr vlwu lq)k nfyrkaojhy gYys vtwu Fkkacys ukghr- eh ek>s nq[k dls cÿw dh lektkrwu tkrh;rk iq.kZi.ks xsyh ikfgts\ R;kpcj¨cj e¨Be¨BÓkk fopkjoarkuh vls lkafxrys dh [ksMÓkkrhy thou gs lq[kh le`) vkgs ijarq rs v/;Z lR; vkgs ijarq vkt gh tkLrhr tkLr [ksMÓkke/;s nfyrkauk leku ntkZ fnyk tkr ukgh- vkt lq)k xkopk ljiap Çdok Áeq[k gk nfyr O;Drh vlY;kl R;kyk xzkeiapk;r e/;s lHksyk clrk ;sr ukgh- nfyr gh lq)k ek.kls vkgsr ijarq R;kauk Ák.;klkj[kh okx.kwd fnyh tkrs-

dkgh egŸokps eqn~ns nfyrkaP;k gDdkaph ik;eYyh dj.kkjs

tjh dk;|ke/;s e¨BÓkkk Áek.kkr rjrqn dj.;kr vkyh

vlyh rjh ljdkj iw.kZi.ks v;'kLoh >kys vkgs dh nfyrkauk



R;kapk d©Vqafcd o vkarjjk"Vªh; fu;ekÁek.ks nfyrkauk laj{k.k

ns.;ke/;s-

ekuoh gDd laÄVuk] orZekui=s vls vusd x¨"Vh lkaxrkr dh] vusd Ádj.kke/;s nfyrkauk ekjys tkrs] R;kaph Äjs isVoyh tkrkr] R;kaP;koj cykRdkj dsys tkrkr [kqu o fiGo.kwd dsyh tkrs-

vtwu gh nfyr y¨d gs e¨BÓkk Áek.kkr lkekftd

HksnHkko lgu djhr vkgsr- R;kpcj¨cj R;kauk vkarj tkrh; Çglkpk Bjkfod dkekcj¨cj lxG~;k ÁdkjP;k HksnHkkokyk lke¨js tkos ykxr vkgs-

tjh Hkkjr ljdkj nfyrkoj vR;kpkj ukdkjr vlys rjh vusd vgoky vls nk[korkr dh] HksnHkko gk nfyrkaoj g¨r vkgs R;keqGs rs fo[kqjysY;k fLFkrhe/;sp vkgsr-

Hkkjrkrhy nfyrkaP;k foj¨/kkr ekuoh gDdkaps mYyaÄu%& Çgnq /kekZuwlkj o R;kP;k J)suwlkj] loZ euq"; Ák.kh leku Eg.kwu tUekyk ;sr ukghr fgp x¨"V tkrhoj vk/kkfjr Hksn fuekZ.k djrs- T;ke/;s lkoZtfud fBdk.kh nfyrkapk vieku] NG] ekjgk.k] [kqu b- vLi';rk gh R;kpk ik;k vkgs- T;keqGs nfyrkauk R;kP;k eqyHkwr gDdkaiklwu oafpr Bsoys tkrs R;kpcj¨cj dk;nsfo"k;d

HksnHkko] lkekftd] Lokra«;] vekuoh thou] R;kps dkekP;k fBdk.kh HksnHkko] xjhchdj.k] dqi¨"k.k] vukj¨X;] e¨BÓkk Áek.kkrhy fuj{kjrk ;k loZ x¨"VÈpk lekos'k gk ekuoh gDd mYyaÄuke/;s g¨rs-

l| ifjfLFkrhe/;s lq)k Hkkjrkrhy xzkeh.k Hkkxke/;s nfyrkauk toGikl 158 lkekU; x¨"Vh iklwu oafpr Bsoys vkgs- T;ke/;s ik.kh ns.ks] vUu o brj is;s] R;kauk cqV Äky.;kiklwu ijko`r dsys tkrs tsOgk rs mPp tkrh; y¨dkauk HksV.;klkBh tkrkr- R;kauk mPp tkrh; y¨dkaP;k oLrhe/;s lk;dyus tkÅ fnys tkr ukgh- R;kpcj¨cj R;kauk ikGho Ák.;kaP;k dkj.kkLro vekuoh i)rhus xqUgs nk[ky dsys- R;kauk tfeuh feGo.ks iklwu oafpr Bsoys tkrs R;kpcj¨cj R;kauk tcjnLrhus deh ntkZph dkes fnyh tkrkr mPp tkrh; o i¨fyl ;a=.ksekQZr lq)k ;kp i)rhus okxoys tkrs- vusd nfyr dqVwacs gh foghj] eafnj ;kr Áos'k ukdkjyk tkr¨ ijarq R;kP;k ekydhP;k oLrqoj lq)k R;kauk gDd lkaxrk ;sr ukgh- vtqu gh e¨BÓkk Áek.kkr nfyr gs vR;ar xjhch o nkfjæ;ke/;s thou txr vkgsr- R;kaP;kdMs 'ksrhps vYi Áek.k vkgs R;kauk u¨djhP;k pkaxY;k la/kh feGr ukghr] f'k{k.kkiklwu R;kauk oafpr Bsoys tkr vkgs-

jk"Vªh; ekuokf/kdkj lferh ekQZr dsysY;k losZ{k.kkuwlkj

o"kk±yk 62]000 xqUgs gs uänoys tkrkr- ÁR;sdh nü rklkyk dqBsrjh ns'kke/;s nfyrkaoj gYys g¨rkr- ÁR;sd nü rklkyk rhu nfyr óh;k o eqykaP;koj gYys g¨rkr Çdok cykRdkj dsyk tkr¨- nü nfyrkauk Bkj ekjys tkrs R;kp nü nfyrkaoj tkGwu Vkd.;kps vR;kpkj g¨rkr- ÁR;sd fnolkyk ¼u:yk( eW'kyky

g;qeu jkÃV ju iWx½ loZ xqUg;kaps [kkyhy Áek.ks dkgh vekuoh

ekuoh gDd mYyaÄu Hkkjrke/;s vyhdMs uän >kys vkgs- mnk- ikp nfyrkauk mŸkj Hkkjrkrhy ftYáke/;s gj;kuk ;k jkT;kr 4000 y¨dkaP;k tekokus xk;hps pkeMs dk<ys Eg.kwu ekjys ¼dkj.k Çgnq /keZ'kkL=kuqlkj xk; gh ifo= ekuys tkrs-½ R;kp vk.k[khu ,d dkj.k Eg.kts R;kauh i¨fylkauk ykp ns.ks ekU; dsys uOgrs- vk.k[khu ,d ÄVuse/;s L=h rkfeGukMw jkT;krhy ¼nf{k.k Hkkjr½ thyk mPp tkrh; R;kp xkokrhy y¨dkauh ekjgk.k d:u fou;Hkax dsyk- rhph laiw.kZ xkokrqu uXu Ç/kM R;kP;k dqVwacklg dk<.;kr vkyh R;kuarj i¨fylkuh lq)k fryk rq:axkr ekjgk.k dsyh R;keqGs fryk ÁlqrhioZ xHkZikr djkok ykxyk- ¼vkacsMdj&vufgys'ku½

QDr 3-5 y¨dkaP;koj xqUgk uän dsyh tkrs ngkiSdh ,dk xqUgk gk uän dsyk tkr¨- dk;nk gk okÃV Çdok vMp.k ukgh rj iq.kZrk dk;|kpk okij gk v;'kLoh g¨r¨ R;kps dkj.k 15 mPp tkrh; Çgnq gs 85 laiŸkhps ekyd vkgsr- lŸkk] U;k;O;oLFkk] i¨fyl ;a=.kk o 100 ek/;es gh R;kaP;k rkC;kr vkgsr T;keqGs v'kk xqUgsxkjkuk ltk fnyh tkr ukgh- ¼jk"Vªh; vk;¨x½ vR;ar egŸokps Eg.kts gs loZ xqUgs vR;kpkj QDr nfyrkaoj g¨rkr vls ukgh rj brj ts vYila[;kd leqnk; vkgsr R;kapkoj lq)k

vlsp ekuoh gDdkps mYyaÄu g¨rs ekxhy dkgh o"kk±e/;s 159 Çgnwuh eqLyhe y¨dkaP;k foj¨/kkr ekuoh gDdkaps mYyaÄu dsys vkgs- R;kpcj¨cj f£'pu o 'kh[k vYila[;kd y¨dkaP;k ckcrhr v'khp ifjfLFkrh vkgs- mnk- 3]000 eqLyhekauk ef'knhe/;s ÇgnqP;k dMwu ekj.;kr vkys- 1992&1994 e/;s 4000 'kh[k y¨dkauk fnYyh ;sFks tkrh; naxyhr ekj.;kr vkys- vyhdMP;k o"kk±e/;s nü gtkj eqLyhekauh xqtjkr e/;s o gtkj¨ f£'pukuk Bkj ekj.;kr vkys-

nfyrkafoj¨/kh vR;kpkj%& vR;kpkj@vU;k; gh dk;nsfo"k;d laKk vkgs- nfyrkaP;k foj¨/kkr vR;kpkj gs osxosxG~;k Ádkjps vlrkr T;ke/;s [kkyhy x¨"VÈpk lekos'k g¨r¨-

1- nq[kkir dj.ks] vieku nfyrkauk ukdkj.ks bR;knh- 2- gYyk dj.ks] cykRdkj dj.ks tcjnLrhus nfyr L=h Çdok

eqyÈpk fou;Hkax dj.ks- 3- 'kkjhfjd btk dj.ks Çdok nfyrkauk Bkj ekj.ks- 4- nfyrkauk fnysY;k tfeuhpk rkck Äs.ks R;ke/;s 'ksrh dj.ks- 5- tcjnLrhus nfyrkauk Äj l¨M.;kl Hkkx ikM.ks Çdok

nfyrkauk xko Çdok jkg.;kps fBdk.k l¨M.;kl Hkkx ikM.ks- 6- nfyrkaP;k tfeuhP;k ik.;kpk Çdok jkgR;k fBdk.;kaP;k

dk;nsfo"k;d ckcr gLr{ksi dj.ks- 7- nfyrkauk fHkd ekx.ks Çdok rRle dkes dj.;kl Hkkx

ikM.ks- 8- tk.khoiwoZd vieku dj.ks] viekfur okx.kwd ns.ks bR;knh-

vLi`';rk ikG.ks & xqtjkre/;s vkt gh vLi`';rk



ikGyh tkr vkgs- [kkyhy dkgh ÄVukae/;s vLi`';rk ikG.;kps

vki.kkal igko;kl feGrs- 1- xzkeh.k Hkkxke/;s nfyrkauk lkekftd] lkaL—frd

dk;ZØeke/;s lgHkkxh d:u Äsrys tkr ukgh - T;ke/;s eanhj Áos'k ukdkj.ks] eq[; fBdk.kh cl.ks] /kkfeZd dk;kZr lgHkkx g¨.ks- xkoP;k brj dk;ZØeke/;s mPp tkrh; y¨dkadMwu v'kh okx.kwd fnyh tkrs-

2- nfyrkauk mPp oxÊ; okijrkr R;k oLrw oki: fnY;k tkr ukgh] Äj HkkMÓkkus fnys tkr ukgh- ,dkp foghjhp ik.kh fnys tkr ukgh R;kp HkkaMÓkkus ik.kh fiÅ fnys tkr ukgh-

3- 'kkGke/;s nfyr fo|kF;k±uk osxGs cuoys tkrs- 4- v'kk tkrÈoj vk/kkfjr HksnHkkokeqGs nfyrkps f'k{k.kkps Áek.k

brj mPp tkrÈis{kk deh >kys vkgs- 5- [kkyP;k@deh ntkZP;k f'k{k.kkeqGs tkLrhr tkLr nfyr

O;Drh ¼78½ dkexkj Eg.kwu dke djrkr T;keqGs R;kauk la/kh feGr ukgh- R;keqGs R;kps ojps LFkykarj g¨r ukgh- R;kpk ifj.kke Eg.kqu rs vkfFkZd –"VÓkkk dedqor jkgrkr-

6- m|¨x/ka|kpk Á;Ru y{kkr Äsrk mPp tkrh; leqnk; gk nfyrkauh mHkkjysY;k nqdkukrwu oLrw [kjsnh djhr ukghr vls vk<Gqu vkys vkgs-

7- xqtjkr vktgh nfyrkauk xfyPN dke djkos ykxr vkgs- mnk- gkrkus eSyk lQkÃ dj.ks T;ke/;s gh dkes nfyr fL=;kauk djkos ykxrs T;kauk vki.k okYehdh Çdok R;kaP;k mitkrhrhy vlrkr vkf.k ljdkj gs nqnsZokus ukdkjrs- gh ÁFkk vfLrRokr ukghr vls Eg.krs-

8- ljdkjh ;a=.kk usgeh nfyrkaP;k eqyHkqr xjtk tls] ik.kh] oht ns.;kps xGrs- ek= ák loZ lqfo/kk loZ.kkauk yodj miyC/k dsY;k tkrkr- nfyrkauh dsysY;k fouaR;k ;k usgeh VkG.;kp dke ljdkj djrs-

9- tsOgk ,[kknk nfyr O;oLFksfo:) mHk jkg.;kpk Á;Ru djr¨ rsOgk R;kpkoj gYyk d:u R;kpk fo:n~/k lkekftd cfg"dkj Äkryk tkr¨-

10- 1989 P;k nfyr Áfrca/k dk;|kps iq.kZi.ks ikyu dsys tkr ukgh ¼;ke/;s ÄVuk] [kVyk u¨anp d:u Äsryk tkr ukgh-½ mPp tkrh; ljdkjh vf/kdkÚ;k ekQZr dkj.k rs rlk HksnHkko djrkr-

11- nfyr gs eqGkrp Hkqehghu vlrkr o xkokrhy loZukdMs tkLrhr tkLr tehu vlrs- ljdkjh vf/kdkjh o R;kaph ;a=.kk nfyrkauk tfeuh ns.;kP;k dk;|kps ikyu djhr ukgh- v'kk Ádj.kke/;s tjh ljdkj tehu ns.kkj

vlys rjh R;kps dke iq.kZ dsys tkr ukgh- R;ke/;s n¶rj fnjaxkÃ d:u nfyrkauk tfeuhiklwu oafpr Bsoys tkrs- T;kps dkj.k Eg.kts tkrhoj vk/kkfjr HksnHkko- nfyrkaojhy ekuoh gDdkaps mYyÄukaph dkj.ks 1½ Çgnq ijaijk o laL—rh%& Çgnq laL—rh gh iq.kZrk euqP;k

rRokoj vk/kkfjr vkgs- R;ke/;s nfyrkauk dqBsgh LFkku ukgh-

R;keqGs vusd fopkjoarkaP;k erkuqlkj loZp nfyr gs ncys xsys vkgsr- Çgnq /kekZe/;s lkekftd ,dkRersyk Fkkjk ukgh- euqP;k rRoKkukP;k ÁHkko mPp tkrh; y¨dkaP;k jDrke/;s fHkuyk vkgs- R;keqGs nfyrkaojhy ekuoh gDd mYyaÄukps gs ,d dkj.k g¨rs-

2½ ÇgnqRokj fo'okl%& gh vkiyh ,d Ákphu ijaijk vkgs- T;ke/;ss laiw.kZ czkEg.k leqnk; ák rRo Á.kkyh eqGs vkiys vfLrRo fVdoqu vkgs- rs vls ekurkr dh] nfyr gs xqyke] u¨dj enr dj.ks o ikÇBck b- mPp tkrh; y¨dkauk lgdk;Z dj.kkjs vkgsr- v'kk Ádkjs ÇgnqRokeqGs nfyrkauk HksnHkkokph okx.kqd feGrs- v'kk Ádkjs nfyr gDdkaps mYyaÄu dj.kkjs vusd dkj.ks ;kr lkiMrkr-

3½ mPp tkrh; opZLo%& Hkkjrkr loZ= mPp tkrh; y¨dkaps opZLo gs fnlqu ;srs- R;kauk dfu"B tkrhph Áxr [kir ukgh- rs usgeh nfyrkauk R;kP;k opZLok[kkyh Bso.;kpk Á;Ru djhr vlrkr- gs ,d egŸokps dkj.k vkgs dh lektke/;s HksnHkko fuekZ.k dj.kkjs mPp tkrh; y¨d d/khp nfyrkauk leku ekur ukgh- loZ Hkkjrkrhy ekÖ;k erkuqlkj vkt gh nfyrkauk lkekftd lekurk feGr ukgh- gs loZ=] laiw.kZ ns'kke/;s ikgk;yk feGrs ts ÄVusoj fo'okl Bsorkr rs lq)k gs ekurkr- gs laiw.kZ

mPp tkrh; opZLokps ,d dkj.k vkgs- 4½ dkekps fuc±/k%& vkj{k.kkeqGs Hkkjrke/;s dkgh cny

ÄMwu vkys vkgsr ek= Hkkjrke/kY;k tkLrhr tkLr xkoke/;s nfyrkauk Bjkfod dkep djkos ykxrs- nfyrkaps f'k{k.kkps Áek.k vR;Yi vlY;kus mPp tkrh; y¨d R;kaP;k vKkukpk Qk;nk Äsrkr o R;kP;kdMwu xqykeklkj[kh dkes djowu Äsrkr- R;kauk j¨tankjhoj Bsowu dke d:u Äsrys tkrs rs fygw] okpw 'kdr ukghr Eg.kwu R;kaP;k vMk.khi.kkpk Qk;nk Äsryk tkr¨- rs Á'u fopk: 'kdr ukgh o R;kauk R;kph tk.kho lq)k ukgh- v'kk Ádkjs mPp tkrh; y¨d ncko ra=kpk okij d:u dkes d:u Äsrkr- nfyrkauh mPp tkrh; y¨dkaP;k vkns'kkaps ikyu dsysp ikfgts vls ekuys tkrs-

5½ HksnHkko%& tsOgk Hkkjrh; Çgnq lektkus euqps rRoKkukl lq:okr dsyh rsOgk iklwu HksnHkko ák x¨"VÈph lq:okr >kyh- tjh ,[kknk nfyr mPp f'kf{kr vlyk rjh R;kyk xkoke/;s HksnHkkokyk lke¨js tkos ykxrsp- gh ,d loZekU; v'kh x¨"V vkiY;k Hkkjrh; lektke/;s vk<Grs- ns'kke/;s HksnHkko gs osxosxG~;k Lo:ikr vk<Gqu ;srs- nfyr O;Drh mPp tkrh; y¨dkaP;k oLrhe/kqu tkÅ 'kdr ukgh- loZ nfyrkauk lo.kZ y¨dkaP;k [kkyh clys ikfgts- Hkkjrh; lektke/;s mPp tkrh;

lekt gk nfyrkapk leku ntkZ d/khgh ekU; djhr ukgh- 6½ ckydkexkj%& nfyr gs brds xjhc] nfjæh vkgsr dh

rs R;kaP;k eqykaP;k f'k{k.kkoj [kpZ d: 'kdr ukghr- nfyr gs fujk/kkj vkgsr R;kauk ljdkjh ;¨tukapk Qk;nk dlk d:u ?;k;pk gs ekghr ukgh- R;keqGs R;kaph eqys gh mPp tkrh;



tehunkj u¨djnkj ;kaps dke dj.kslkBh Bsoyh tkrkr- Hkkjrke/;s

ckydkexkj gh ,d loZJqr x¨"V vkgs- 7½ vkarjtkrh; Çglkpkj%& Hkkjrke/;s v'kk vusd ÄVuk

vk<Gqu ;srkr dh tkrh&tkrh e/;s rs< Çdok Çglkpkj vki.kkal fnlwu ;sr¨- R;ke/;s tkLrhr tkLr ák ÄVuk nfyrka'kh fuxMhr tkrhe/;s vlrkr- ljdkj d¨.kR;kgh i{kkps fopkjkaps vlys rjh nfyrkaoj gYY;kps Áek.k fnolsafnol ok<rs vki.kkal fnlwu ;srs- laiw.kZ nfyrkauk ekjY;kpk ÄVuk vki.kkal fnlwu ;srkr- xzkeh.k Hkkxke/;s nfyrkauh usgeh mPp tkrÈps vkns'k ikGys ikfgtsr ukgh rj R;kaps vfLrRo /k¨D;kr ;srs-

8½ nfyrkauk feG.kkjh rqPN okx.kwd%& Çgnq lektke/;s vki.k loZ= nfyrkauk rqPN okx.kwd fnY;kps fnlwu ;srs- vusd leqnk;ke/;s nfyrkfo"k; ,d Ä`.kkLin v'kh okx.kwd ns.;kph ekufldrk fnlwu ;srs- vkt lq)k nfyr gs ncysys Eg.kwu v¨G[kys tkrkr- rs R;kaps gDd Äsow 'kdr ukghr dkj.k rs nfyr vkgsr Eg.kwu-

9½ vLi`';rk%& Hkkjrh; ÄVusP;k dye 17 uqlkj vLi';rk u"V >kyh vkgs] T;ke/;s eqyHkwr vf/kdkjkapk lekos'k g¨r¨- ijarq vkt v[ksj vLi';rse/;s dkghgh cny >kysyk fnlwu ;sr ukgh- vkt gh nfyrkauk vLi`'; letys tkrs- Çgnq lektke/;s nfyrkauk vusd gDd fnys vkgsr- T;keqGs lkekftd,dkRerk ok<koh ijarq] ekÖ;k ekfgrhuqlkj HksnHkko gh ,d lok±uk ekghr vlysyh x¨"V vkgs- loZ ek.kls lkj[kh vkgsr ijarq vLi`';rk gh loZ= ikgk;yk feGrs-

10½ iÿhl p©dhr Áos'k ukdkj.ks%& nfyrkauk vU;k;kfo:n~/k U;k; ekx.kslkBh iÿhl p©dhr ;sow fnys tkr ukgh- vki.k orZeku i=ke/;s QDr ikgrks dh] iÿhl p©dhr U;k; feGowu fnyk tkr¨- loZ iÿhl p©dhe/;s vki.kkal ikgko;kl feGrs dh] R;kaP;koj ljdkjps vusd Ádkjps ncko ;srkr- mPp tkrh; y¨d R;kp cj¨cj ljdkjh mPp tkrh; vf/kdkjh ;kaps dMwu nfyrkauk nkcwu Bso.;kr ;srs- iÿhl LVs'ku e/;s xqUgk uän dj.ks nfyrkauk [kqi vMp.khps o voÄM dke vkgs-

11½ eanhj Áos'k ukdkj.ks%& vktP;k fLFkrhyk lq)k xkoke/khy eafnjke/;s tkLrhr tkLr fBdk.kh nfyrkauk eafnj Áos'k fnyk tkr ukgh- eyk [kk=h vkgs nfyrkauk eafnj Áos'k ukgh ;kph ex vki.k dls 'k¨/k.kkj dh lkekftd lekurk :tyh dk ukgh\ R;kp eq[; dkj.k Eg.kts fganqRokoj fo'okl gsp vkgs- Çgnw ijaijsuqlkj loZ lkj[ks vkgsr gs ekU; g¨r ukgh vkf.k gsp fl) g¨rs-

12½ ik.kh o ik.khiqjoBk l¨;h ukdkj.ks%& Çgnw /kekZuwlkj nfyr gs lok±r [kkyP;k Lrjkrhy ekuys tkrkr- R;keqGs loZ nfyr lekt gk mPp tkrh; y¨dkaP;k opZLok[kkyh Bsoyk tkr¨- Hkkjr ljdkjus nfyrkauk tfeuh nsÅ dsY;k g¨R;k- ijarq mPp tkrh; y¨d nfyrkauk 'ksrh fido.;klkBh ik.kh o R;kP;k ;¨tuk ns.;kps VkGrkr- mPp tkrh; y¨d gs d/khgh ekU; djhr ukghr dh nfyrkauh 'ksrh d:u R;kps cj¨cj ;kos- 'ksrh fido.ks o vkiyk fodkl] vfLrRo fVdo.ks Eg.kts nfyrkauk ,d laÄ"kZp vkgs( xzkeh.k Lrjkoj-

13½ fodkl dk;ZØekapk okij%& ljdkj fnolsafnol vusd fodklkaps dk;ZØe] ;¨tuk tkghj dj.ks- T;keqGs nfyrkapk]

lkekftd] vkfFkZd ifjfLFkrh cnykoh Eg.kqu ijarq ;k loZ ;¨tuk l{kei.ks jkcoY;k tkr ukghr- [kjsrj loZp ;¨tukP;k ckcrhr vls ÄMrs ijarq nfyrkalkBh vlysY;k ;¨tuk ckcr ;kps Áek.k lok±r tkLr vlY;kps vk<Gwu ;srs- gs [kjs rj ljdkjP;k bPNk 'kDrhpk Hkkx vkgs ijarq 'kklu dj.kkjs ljdkj gs xkaHkh;kZus Äsr ukgh- gs lq)k egŸokps ekuoh gDd mYyaÄu nfyrkalkBh g¨rs vls Eg.kkos ykxsy-

14½ nfyrkauk /kkfeZd] lkaL—frd mRlokrqu vfyIr Bsoys tkrs%& xkoke/;s vkt lq)k nfyrkauk /kkfeZd o lkaL—frd mRloke/kwu cktqyk Bsoys tkrs- mPp tkrh; leqnk;kdMqu vls tk.kho iqoZd dsys tkrs- R;kauk mPp tkrh; y¨dkacj¨cj xkoke/;s clrk ;sr ukgh- R;keqGs R;kauk /kkfeZd o lkaL—frd dk;ZØekrqu vfyIr Bso.;kr ;srs-

nfyr óh;kaojhy cykRdkj Ádj.kke/;s vi;'k & jk"Vªh; ekuo vf/kdkj vk;¨xkuqlkj nfyr óh;kaoj g¨.kkjk

cykRdkjkP;k ÄVuk ák lkekU; letys tkrs- lektke/;s nfyr óhoj cykRdkj ÄVuk ák ux.; letY;k tkrkr- mPp tkrh; leqgkdMwu nfyr óh;kaP;k fou;Hkax o cykRdkj dsys tkrkr- R;kaps Áek.k gs [ksMÓkke/;s tkLr vkgs- Hkkjrkrhy nfyrkojhy ekuo gDd Hkax laiq"Bkr vk.k.;klkBh dkgh lqpuk

1½ nfyr dk;nk vR;kpkj vaeyctko.kh%& Hkkjrh; ÄVusus nfyrkaP;k laj{k.kklkBh vusd vf/kdkj fnysys vkgsr- ijarq Hkkjrke/;s dkVsd¨ji.ks ikGys tkr ukghr Çdok R;kaph vaeyctko.kh dsyh tkr ukgh- ljdkj ák ckcr [kqi dB¨j vlk;yk gos- R;kpcj¨cj lnj dk;|kph dkVsd¨ji.ks vaeyctko.kh >kyh ikfgts- l/;k ns'kkP;k fgR;kP;k –"Vhus nfyrkauk leku okx.kwd ns.ks xjtsps vkgs- ljdkjus ,[kknh e¨ghe nfyr gDdklac/kh lq: djkoh-

2½ nfyr jktdh; gDdkaph geh %& jktdh; gDd gs [kjs rj nfyrkauk eq[; Áokgkr vk.k.;kps lk/ku vkgs- laiw.kZ dsaæ ljdkjus ;k ckcr Lora= ;a=.kk nfyr jktdh; gDdklanHkkZr lq: djkoh] jktdh; gDd gs nfyrkauk R;kaP;k fodklkr enr djsy- loZp ljdkjkuh nfyrkauk dWchusV ntkZph ea=h ins nsÅu R;kuk R;kapk fodkl dj.;kl enr djkoh-

3½ nfyrkaojhy xqUgs u"V dj.ks%& loZp ljdkj nfyrkaojhy xqUgs u"V dj.;kr vi;'kh Bjyh vkgsr- v'kk Ádkjs ljdkjus ,d VIik iq<s ;sÅu nfyrkaoj vU;k;dkjd xqUgs u"V dsyh ikfgtsr o R;kauk eq[; Áokgkr vk.kys ikfgts- vki.k vfr'k; dMd@dB¨j fu;e vk.kwu o R;kph vaeyctko.kh d:u lektkrhy HksnHkko u"V dsyk ikfgts- ljdkjus vfr'k; osxkus nfyrkauk U;k; feGoqu fnyk ikfgts-

4½ ckyetqjh o canhLr dkes laiq"Bkr vk.k.ks%& vkt lq)k vki.k ikgw 'kdr¨ dh dkgh Bjkfod dkes gh QDr nfyrkadMqup d:u Äsryh tkrkr- R;kpcj¨cj ckyetqjh gh lq)k nfyr lektke/;s tkLr vkgs- lŸë/;s vlysY;k ljdkjus ncko Vkdqu v'kk ÁdkjP;k okÃV ÁFkk ns'kke/kqu u"V dsY;k ikfgtsr- ts tcjnLrhus cafnLr dkes o ckyetqjhe/;s vkyh vkgsr- R;kP;k fgrkP;k o gDdkP;k –"Vhus v'kk ÁdkjP;k [kVys nk[ky d:u ekuoh gDdkaps mYyaÄu Fkkacoys ikfgts-

5½ nfyr vR;kpkj fiMhrkauk 'khÄz U;k; ns.ks%& [kjsrj



nfyr Áfrca/k [kVys nk[ky d:u u Äs.ksckcr e¨BÓkk Áek.kkr jktdh; ncko vlr¨- ekuo gDd mYyaÄu dk;nsis{kk [kÚ;k vFkkZus R;koj tkLr y{k dsanzhr d:u gs Fkkacoys ikfgts- ljdkjus rkRdkG vkns'k nsÅu nfyrkauk U;k; feGowu fnyk ikfgts- lŸë/;s vl.kkÚ;k ljdkjus ra=Kkukpk okij d:u tyn U;k; feGowu fnyk ikfgts R;klkBh Li"V v'kh ekxZn'kZd rRos vlyh ikfgts-

6½ xzkeh.k Hkkxke/;s nfyrkauk leku lkekftd ntkZ fnyk ikfgts%& Hkkjrh; xzkeh.k Hkkxke/;s HksnkHksn gh ,d lkekU; x¨"V >kyh vkgs- vkt lkekftd lekurk vk.k.;klkBh vusd vMp.kÈuk räM nsr vkgsr- ÄVukRed dk;Zokgh gh vR;ar xjtsph ckc >kyh vkgs- T;keqGs lektke/;s lkekftd ,dkRerk vk.krk ;sow 'kdrs-

7½ nfyrkae/;s f'k{k.kkph VDdsokjh ok<o.ks%& f'k{k.kkus [kjs rj lkekftd ntkZ gk mapkoyk tkÅ 'kdr¨- f'k{k.k gsp ,d 'kL= vkgs ts nfyrkauk vkfFkZd o lkekftd leku ntkZ nsÅ 'kdrs- nfyrkauk R;kapk vkfFkZd o lkekftd fodkl lk/k.;klkBh ljdkjus ldkjkRed ikoys mpyyh ikfgts- T;keqGs nfyrkapk f'k{k.kkpk VDdk ok<yk ikfgts v'kk Ádkjph —rh Eg.kts nfyrkauk U;k; ns.;klkj[ks dke vkgs- f'k{k.k nfyrkauk Kku nsÅ 'kdrs-

8½ ljdkjus loZ xkokrhy nsoGke/;s Áos'k feG.;klkBh lDrh dj.kkjs dk;ns dsys ikfgtsr %& loZ xkokrhy eafnjke/;s eqDr lapkj dj.;klkBh ljdkjus dB¨j o rkRdkG vkns'k dk<kosr- R;keqGs [kj¨[kjp lok±uk eanhjs Áos'k leku g¨Ãy- lŸ¨rhy ljdkj usgeh jktdh; ukVÓ djrkr- [kjs rj nfyrkaps gs ,d Lokra«; iqoZ dkGkiklqups LoIu g¨rs- vkEgh v'kk ÁdkjP;k vkns'kkph ljdkj dMwu vis{kk djr¨- ljdkjus gh ,d xaHkhj ckc Eg.kwu fLodk:u lkekftd ,dkRerk ÁLFkkfir djkoh-

9½ vkfFkZd fodkl %& cjspls nfyr dqVwacs vkt gh nkfjæ; js"ks[kkyh vkiys thou txr vkgsr- tsOgk loZ nfyrkaph vkfFkZd ifjfLFkrh lq/kkjsy rsOgkp R;kph Áxrh g¨Ãy o R;kpk ;¨X; lkekftd] lkaL—frd fodkl g¨Ãy- ljdkjus nfyrkauk eqDr vkfFkZd enr djkoh T;ke/;s Hkz"Vkpkj vlrk dkek u;s-

10½ ljdkjus eqDr e/;s vkarjtkrh; fookg laj{k.kke/;s ikj ikMyh ikfgtsr %& Çgnq lektke/;s vkarjtkrh; fookg gs lkekftd ,dkRerk fuekZ.k d: 'kdr¨- gs yXu iq.kZrk ljdkjh laj{k.kke/;s ikj ikMyh ikfgtsr- ljdkjus vkarj tkrh; fookg dj.kkÚ;k t¨MI;kauk ns.kkjh vkfFkZd enr ok<oyh ikfgts- nfyr vkiys vfLrRo ljdkjP;k enrhoj thou Bsow 'kdr¨-

nfyrkauk laj{k.kklkBh dkgh egŸokP;k lqpuk 1- nfyr o vYila[;kd leqnk;k foj¨/kkrhy i¨fylkaps dke

;kckcr dkgh B¨l fu.kZ; o fu;ekoyh r;kj dj.ks- 2- HkDde v'kk Ádkjps ljdkjh /k¨j.k o R;kaph vaeyctko.kh

nfyrkaP;k laj{k.kklkBh dj.ks- T;ke/;s Ákeq[;kus nfyr fL=;kaP;k oj 'kkjhfjd ySafxd vR;kpkj Fkkacyk ikfgts-

3- tkrhoj vk/kkfjr lkekftd foÄVu oLrÈe/;s g¨.kkjs tkrhoj vk/kkfjr foHkktu R;kp 'kkGk o oLrhP;k fBdk.kh lxG~;k

jkg.ks] oLrh dj.ks ;kps laj{k.k Ogkos b- 4- nfyrkaph fiGo.kwd Fkkaco.;klkBh R;kp cj¨cj iquZolu

;¨tuk vk[k.ks o R;kph dkVsd¨ji.ks vaeyctko.kh d:u nfyrkauk R;kaP;k canhLr dkekrqu mnk- lQkÃ] LoPNrk dkexkj] ckyetqjh o nfyr L=h;kauk os';k O;olk;kiklwu Fkkaco.ks ;klkBh Á;Ru dj.ks- lekjï %& d'kk Ádkjs eh ek>s nq[k O;Dr d: dh

T;keqGs HksnkHksn o vLi';rk laiq.kZi.ks ;k Hkkjrh; lektkrqu u"V g¨Ãy- loZ ek.kls lkj[kh vkgsr lok±ph oSf'k"Vs lkj[khp vkgs ijarq tkrh; HksnHkko gk Çgnw /kekZe/;s vk<Gwu ;sr¨- vktgh vkiY;k ns'kke/;s fnolsafnol&rklk&rklkyk HksnHkkokph ÄVuk ÄMr vlrkr- ,d Hkkjrkpk ukxfjd Eg.kqu ák x¨"VÈpk eyk [kqi frjLdkj okVr¨- T;ke/;s nfyrkauk HksnkHksn dsyk tkr¨- ekÖ;k erkuqlkj gh ifjfLFkrh v'khp jkfgyh rj ;k ns'kkrqu tkfrHksn u"V dj.ks gs ,d LoIup jkghy- ek>k vlk Bke fo'okl vkgs dh tkfrHksn gk lqf'kf{kr y¨dkaP;k jDrkP;k is'khe/;s lqn~/kk gk :tysY;k vkgs- eh mPp tkrh; y¨dkauk vls fopk: bfPNr¨ dh rqEgh rqeP;k lektkyk vkj{k.k feGkos Eg.kwu y<r vkgkr ijarq rqEgh dk lektke/;s nfyrkauk leku U;k; nsr ukgh\ dk rqEgh nfyrkauk ek.klklkj[kh okx.kwd nsr ukgh\ ljGi.ks eh vls Eg.kr¨ ;kyk ekuork Eg.krk ;srs dk\ vls mPp tkrh; leqnk;kyk fopkjr¨ dh tsOgk rqEgh nfyrkauk HksnkHksnkph okx.kwd nsrk rsOgk R;kauk dls okVr vlsy dk\ rqEgh vls fopkj d: 'kdrk dh nfyr gs lkekftd ,dkRerk ÁkIr g¨.;klkBh y<k nsr vkgsr- tjh Hkkjrkus Lokra«;kuarj dkgh rjh e¨trk ;sÃy ,o<k fodkl dsyk vkgs ijarq nfyrkaP;k laj{k.kklkBh dk; dsys vkgs- vktgh nfyr y¨d gs ;k HksnHkkokyk lke¨js tkr vkgsr R;kaP;koj gs mPp tkrh; y¨dkauh yknys vkgs- R;kpcj¨cj ljdkjh vf/kdkjh lq)k R;kpÁek.ks R;kaP;k'kh okxrkr] o nfyrkauk HksnHkkokph okx.kwd nsrkr- vkarjjk"Vªh; dk;|kuqlkj v'kh okx.kqd ns.ks Eg.kts vtkehu ik= vls —R;s vkgsr- tjh Hkkjr ljdkj gs ukdkjr vlys rjh vkf.k lkaxr vlys rjh e¨BÓkk Áek.kkr nfyrkauk HksnkHksnkph okx.kwd fnyh tkrs- R;kauk laj{k.k ns.;ke/;s ljdkj vi;'kh Bjys vkgs- ;kaps vkarjjk"Vªh; vusd lferh o fu;ekÁek.ks vusd iqjkos vki.kkal lkiMrkr- R;kaP;k vgokyko:u vls fl) g¨rs dh] vktpk nfyr gk ^fo[kqjysY;k* fLFkrh e/;sp vkgs- t¨ i;±r nfyr vR;kpkj o ekuoh gDdkaps mYyaÄu Fkkacr ukgh rï;±r vkarjjk"Vªh; Lrjko:u Hkkjrke/;s Äjxqrh dk;|ke/;s cny d:u tkLrhr tkLr y¨dkauk U;k; feGowu ns.;kps dke djkos ykxsy- lanHkZ 1- bafM;Ul bOgsUVl~ v‚Q g;weu jkÃV o‚p] 2007- 2- Ogk;yUl v‚u nfyr bu fepZiwj- 3- fyV vk;MsUVh vW.M i‚yhVhDl] xqgk jk;] 2001- 4- buVª‚M;wDlu Vw g;weu jkÃV Á‚CysEl vW.M ÁlisDVl~ fnYyh] 2001- 5- g;weu jkÃV v‚Q nfyr bu bafM;k g;weu jkÃV~l fczQ] 2001 ¼18½- 6- nfyr bu duOgZlu fljseuh ch- ch- lh- U;wt] 2006-



vk/kqfud Hkkjrkrhy lekt’kkL=kpk fodkl MkW- ukjk;.k rq- dkacGs] izksQslj] inO;qRrj lekt’kkL= foHkkx] Lokeh foosdkuan egkfo|ky;] f’k#j rktcan rk-vgeniwj ft-ykrwj Hkkjrkyk lekt’kkL=kP;k v/;;ukr vxz.kh ekuys tkÅ

‘kdrs- dkj.k lkekftd v/;;ukpk Hkkjrkpk bfrgkl pkj gtkj o”kkZais{kkgh tkLr vkgs- vf/kdka’k lekt’kkL=K fdaok ik’pkÙ; fopkjoar lekt’kkL=kph lq#okr ;qjksikrwu ekurkr vkf.k i{kikr d:u gs foljrkr] dh tsOgk ;qjksikr lH; thou uOgrs R;kP;k vxksnjiklwu Hkkjrkr lkekftd thou mUur voLFksr gksrs- lekt’kkL=kpk vk’k; lkekftd laca/kkfo”k;h o R;kP;k O;ofLFkr

Kkuk’kh vkgs- izkphu Hkkjrkr mifu”kn] egkHkkjr] Lerh xhrk b- e/;s lkekftd laca/kkfo”k;h] R;kP;k Lo:ikckcr vkf.k lkekftd O;oLFksps ts lw{e v/;;u o foospu dsys xsys vkgs rs okLrfod vFkkZus lekt’kkL=h; v/;;;up vkgs- T;k iznh?kZ vuqHkokP;k vk/kkjkoj HkkjrkP;k izkphu lkekftd vH;kldkauh] fo}kukauh la;qDr dqVqac i)rh] o.kZO;oLFkk] vkJe&O;oLFkk] deZfl)kUr] iq#”kkFkZ] iqutZUe] eks{k] xkoiapk;r] tkrhO;oLFkk ¼JefoHkktu½] fookglaLFkk o R;kps fu;e vkf.k brj rRle ckch lkekftd KkukeqGsp ‘kD; >kys vkgs- oSfnd vkf.k mÙkj oSfnd dkGkrhy lkekftd fparukr /kekZpk izHkko vf/kd vk<Grks- ;k dkGkr lkekU;r% yksd lkekftd Kkukyk /kkfeZd Kku vkf.k lkekftd O;oLFksyk /kkfeZd O;oLFksP;k :ikr ikgr vlr- pk.kD;kP;k vFkZ’kkL=kyk lekt’kkL=kpk egku xzaFk ekurk ;sbZy- ;ke/;s lkekftd] jktdh; vkf.k vkfFkZd uhrhps izfriknu dj.;kr vkys vkgs- ;kP;k rqyusr ;qukuh fopkjoarkpk Lrj fdaok fopkjkaps izLrqrhdj.k Qkjls lw{e okVr ukgh- izkphu Hkkjrkr lkekftd Kkukph gh izFkekoLFkk gksrh rjhgh rh rqyusus loksZPp gksrh-

dkSfVY;kps vFkZ’kkL=] ‘kqØkpk;kZps uhfr’kkL=] eksxy dkGkrhy ,suh edcjh bR;knh xzaFkkiklwu vls fnlwu ;srs dh] R;kosGph lkekftd fLFkrh dk; gksrh] lkekftd O;oLFkk d’kh

gksrh] dks.kR;k izdkjps jhfrfjokt izFkk] ijaijk vkf.k O;ogkjkckcrps vkn’kZ fu;e d’kk izdkjps gksrs-

vk/kqfud dkGkr Hkkjrkrhy lektk’kkL=kpk fodkl & oSKkfud i)rhus lektkps v/;;u dj.;kpk tsFks iz’u fuekZ.k gksrks rsFks vls Eg.krk ;sbZy dh] Hkkjrkr lekt’kkL=kpk fodkl orZeku dkGkrhy vkgs- ,dk Lora= fo”k;kP;k Lo:ikr lekt’kkL=kps v/;;u&v/;kiu lokZar vxksnj eqacbZ fo|kihBkr b-l-1919 e/;s izks-iksVªhd fxM~lP;k v/;{krs[kkyh lq: >kys- R;kuarj 1923 e/;s EgSlwj fo|kihBkr lekt’kkL=kP;k v/;;u&v/;kiukph lq#okr >kyh- iq<s osxkus Hkkjrkrhy brj fo|kihBkr lektk’kL=kP;k fo”k;kps v/;;u lq# dj.;kr vkys- eqacbZ] iq.ks] ukxiwj] vkSjaxkckn] dksYgkiwj] iatkc] y[kukS] dkuiwj] fnYyh] vkxzk] esjB] bUnkSj] xksj[kiwj] jkaph] dukZVd] jktLFkku] gSnzkckn v’kk vusd fo|kihBkae/kwu lekt’kkL=kps

v/;;u&v/;kiu o la’kks/ku dk;Z pkyw vkgs- la’kks/kukP;k {ks=kr ^vkxzk bULVhVÓkwV vkWQ lks’ky lk;lsUl*ps uko mYys[kuh; vkgs- b-l- 1914 rs 1947 Ik;Zarpk dkG Hkkjrkr lekt’kkL=kP;k vkSipkfjd izfrLFkkiuspk dkG Eg.krk ;sbZy- vkt Hkkjrkr lekt’kkL=kP;k fodklkus osx /kjyk vkgs- lekt’kkL=kP;k fodklkP;k n`”Vhus ns’kkr dkgh ‘kks/k laLFkku ns[khy lq# dj.;kr vkys vkgsr- mnk- VkVk bULVhVÓkwV vkWQ lksf’k;ksykWth ,.M

lks’ky oDlZ y[kukS] vkbZ-vkbZ-Vh- dkuiwj b- vkt rj fpfdRlk’kkL=kr vFkkZr laLFkkae/;s lekt’kkL=h; Kkukps egÙo ok<r vkgs- orZeku Hkkjrkr —“kh fo|kihBkae/;s ns[khy xzkeh.k lekt’kkL=kP;k v/;;ukdMs fo’ks”k y{k fnys tkr vkgs- Hkkjrkrhy dkgh izeq[k lekt’kkL=Kkaph ukos iq<hyizek.ks nsrk ;srhy&MkW-th-,l- ?kq;sZ] MkW-ds-,e- dikfM;k] MkW-ih-,u- izHkw] MkW-,e-,u- Jhfuokl] MkW-jk/kkdey eqdthZ] MkW-‘kkekpj.k nqcs] MkW-vkj-,u- lDlsuk] MkW-,-vkj- nslkbZ] MkW-vkbZ-ih- nslkbZ] MkW-Mh-,u- eqtqenkj b- izks-fou;dqekj ljdkj }kjk fyf[kr The positive

background of Hindu Sociology, The Falk Element in Hindu Culture and Human Progress AM U Creative India from Mohen-jodaro to the age of Ramkishna, Vivekanand bR;knh xzaFkkauh Hkkjrkr lekt’kkL=h; n`f”Vdksukrwu v/;;u&v/;kiu dj.;kP;k ,dk uO;k ;qxkph lq#okr >kyh vkf.k brj fo}kukauk ;klanHkkZr fopkj djko;kl Hkkx ikMys-

izks- c`tsanz’khyus ‘Positive Science of the Ancient

Hindus’ xzaFkkrwu izkphu fgUnqRokps ‘kkL=h; foospu dsys vkgs- MkW- Hkxoku nklus vkiY;k ‘The Science of Social

Organization’ ¼1990½ ;k xzaFkkr euqP;k lektO;oLFksps foLrkjkus v/;;u dsys vkgs- izks- dsoy eksVokuhus vkiY;k ‘India’s Ancient Literature : An Introductory Survey’ ;k xzaFkkr izkphu ijaijsP;k lanHkkZr fgUnqRokps oSKkfud foospu dsys vkgs- ;k fo}kukaP;k ;ksxnkukyk foljrk ;sr ukgh-

MkW- dikfM;kus ^fookg] dqVqac vkf.k ukrsnkjh* oj vkiY;k v/;;ukP;k vk/kkjkoj cjsp dkgh fyfgys vkgs- vkiY;k ys[kkaP;k O;fDrfjDr nksu egÙokP;k xzaFkkaph jpuk dsyh vkgs- rs xzaFk Eg.kts 1- eWjst ,.M QSfeyh bu bafM;k vkf.k 2- fgUnw fou’khi gs rs nksu xzaFks gksr- MkW- eqtqenkjkus fcgkj] e/;izns’k] mÙkj izns’k vkf.k caxkyP;k vkfnoklh {ks=kr egÙokps la’kks/ku dk;Z dsys vkgs- tkrhO;oLFkk vkf.k xzkeh.k Hkkjrkckcrgh MkW- eqtwenkjkauh cjsp dkgh fyfgys vkgs- R;kauh fyfgysY;k iqLrdkae/;s ^jsl ,.M dYpj bu bafM;kt*] ^,u bUVªksMD’ku Vw

lks’ky ,FkzksaiksykWth*] ^Vªkbc bu VªkaUl’ku*] ^dkLV ,.M dE;qfuds’ku bu ,u bafM;u fOgyst*] ^fn vQsvj vkWQ , Vªkbc*] ^eWfVªDl vkWQ bafM;u dYpj* bR;knhapk lekos’k gksrks-



ik’pkÙ; ijaijs’kh lacaf/kr brj dkgh Hkkjrh; fo}kukauh ns[khy

lektkps v/;;u dsys vkgs- ;k fopkjizokgk’kh lacaf/kr fo}kukauh /kkfeZd fo’okl vkf.k uSfrd fopkjkaP;k rqyukRed v/;;ukoj Hkj fnyk- mnk- ,e-,u- Jhfuokl ;kauh nf{k.ksrhy dqxZ izns’kkrhy dqxZ yksdkaps ;k n`”Vhus v/;;u dsys vkf.k vkiys iqLrd ^fjyhtu ,.M lkslk;Vh veax nh dqxZt~ vkWQ lkÅFk bafM;k* fyfgys- brj lekt’kkL=Kkauh v’kk izdkjps v/;;u Qkjls dsys ukgh- [kjs rj v’kk izdkjP;k v/;;ukph vko’;drk] mi;ksfxrk vkf.k egÙo vkgs- Jhfuokl ;kauh Hkkjrh; lekt’kkL=kr laL—frdj.kkph uohu ladYiuk fnyh- ^eWjst ,.M QWfeyh bu EgSlwj*] ^dkLV bu ekWMuZ bafM;k ,.M vnj ,lst*] ^lks’ky psat bu ekWMuZ bafM;k*] ^bafM;u fOgyst*] ^nh fjesacMZ fOgyst* bR;knh xzaFk Hkkjrh; lekt’kkL=kyk Jhfuokl ;kaps ;ksxnku Eg.krk ;sbZy-

Hkkjrkr vusd fo}kukauh ^xzkeh.k v/;;us* ns[khy dsyh vkgsr- gh v/;;us vesfjdu lekt’kkL=h; ijaijsuh cjhp izHkkfor vlY;kph fnlrkr- Hkkjrkr MkW- ,l- lh- nqcs] MkW- eqtqenkj] MkW- ,- vkj- nslkbZ bR;knh izeq[k lekt’kkL=Kkauh xzkeh.k lektkP;k v/;;ukr fo’ks”k ;ksxnku fnys vkgs- MkW- ,l- lh- nqcs ;kauh iq<hy xzaFk fyfgys vkgsr &^,u bafM;k fOgyst*] ^bafM;u psaftax fOgystsl* vkf.k ^n dekj* bR;knh MkW- eqtqenkj

;kauh vkiY;k ^:jy izksQkbZy* e/;s xzkeh.k lektkps lekt’kkL=h; fp=.k dsys vkgs- MkW- ,- vkj- nslkbZ ;kauh Hkkjrh; xzkeh.k lektkoj cjsp dkgh lkfgR; miyC/k d:u fnys vkgs- ^:jy lksf’k;kWykWth bu bafM;k*] ^:jy bafM;k bu VªkUls’ku*] ^lks’ky cWdjkÅaM vkWQ bafM;u uW’kufyte~* bR;knh xzaFk Hkkjrh; lekt’kkL=kP;k fnysY;k ;ksxnkukph ikorh vkgsr- MkW- jk/kkdey eqdthZ ;kauh ^vFkZ’kkL=kpk laLFkkRed fl)kar* ¼bfULVVÓkw’kuy fFkvjh vkWQ bdkWukWfeDl½ ekaMyk- ;ke/;s vkfFkZd thoukoj lkekftd ewY; vkf.k ijaijkapk dlk izHkko iMrks gs n’kZfo.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk xsyk vkgs- MkW- ih-th- eqdthZauh vFkZ’kkL=k’kh laca/khr izkphu Kkukyk bfrgkl vkf.k lekt’kkL=k’kh tksM.;kP;k n`”Vhus egÙoiw.kZ dk;Z dsys vkgs- Hkkjrkr lekt’kkL=h; fparukoj Ikk’pkÙ;kapk izHkko vlY;k dkj.kkus lekt’kkL=kpk Lora=i.ks fodkl gksÅ ‘kdyk ukgh- vkt vls Eg.krk ;sbZy dh] vkrk lekt’kkL= mifuos’koknkP;k izHkkokiklwu eqDr gksÅ ikgr vkgs vkf.k Lora=i.ks fodklkpk ekxZ /k: bfPNrks vkgs-

Hkkjrkr lekt’kkL=kP;k fodklkph nqljh izo`Ùkh o frP;k leFkZdkauqlkj Hkkjrh; lekt’kkL=h; fopkjkapk izokg o R;kpk vk/kkj ik’pkÙ; lekt’kkL=h; fl)kar ulwu Hkkjrh; ijaijkxr fl)kar vlys ikfgts- Hkkjrh; lekt vkf.k laL—rhr v’kh dkgh

oSf’k”Vs vkgsr] T;kauk ik’pkÙ; lekt’kkL=h; fl)karkps vuqdj.k d:u letwu ?ksrys tkÅ ‘kdr ukgh- v’kk ifjfLFkrhr lekt’kkL=kpk fodkl ijaijkxr Hkkjrh; lekt’kkL=h; fl)karkP;k vk/kkjkojp letwu ?ksrk ;sbZy- vls dsY;kusp vki.k Hkkjrh; lektkyk ;ksX; i)rhus letwu ?ksÅ ‘kdw- v’kk

izdkjP;k fopkjdkae/;s Jh- vkuandqekj Lokeh] MkW- Hkxokunkl]

izk- ,- ds- lj.k] ujsaUnz vkf.k ueZns’oj izlkn bR;knhapk lekos’k djrk ;sbzy- vkuandqekj Lokeh vkf.k MkW- Hkxokunkl ;kaps vls er vkgs dh] ik’pkR;kaiklwu ?ksrysY;k fl)karkP;k vkf.k ladYiukaP;k vk/kkjkoj vkEgkyk Hkkjr o Hkkjrh; lekt uhV letwu ?ksrk ;s.kkj ukgh- Hkkjrh; lekt o ik’pkR; lekt ;kaP;krhy lkekftd ewY;] thoun’kZu vkf.k laL—rhr dkgh ewyHkwr varj vkgs- R;keqGs ik’pkR; fl)kar Hkkjrkrhy lkekftd thoukyk okLrfod Lo:ikr letwu ?ks.;kl Qkjls mi;ksxkps ukghr o cÚ;kp izek.kkr rs fl)kar Hkkjrh; ifjos’kkr fu#i;ksxh] O;FkZ o dqpdkekps Bjrkr- ik’pkR; fl)karkP;k vk/kkjs Hkkjrh; lekt letwu ?ks.ks Eg.kts va/kkjkr izokl dj.;klkj[ks vkgs- Hkkjrh; lektkyk Hkkjrh; ewY;kaP;k] bfrgklkP;k vk/kkjkojp letwu ?ks.ks xjtsps vkgs- vkuandqekj o MkW- Hkxokunkl ;kaP;k erkuqlkj ijaijkxr Hkkjrh; fopkjkaps v/;;u rkfØd n`”Vhus >kys ikfgts- izks- ljuus Hkkjrh; lektkP;k lajpusP;k v/;;ukdfjrk lkekftd ewY;kauk ;ksX; izdkjs letwu ?ks.;koj Hkj fnyk vkgs- izks- ueZns’oj izlknus tkrhO;oLFksP;k v/;;ukP;k vk/kkjkoj Hkkjrh; lekt vkf.k laiw.kZ thou&O;oLFksyk letwu ?ks.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk vkgs- ;k loZ fopkjoarkaph v’kh ekU;rk vkgs dh

Hkkjrh; lekt] lkekftd laLFkk vkf.k laL—rh brD;k xqarkxqarhP;k vkgsr dh ;kaP;k v/;;ukuhp vkEgkyk laiw.kZ lekt O;oLFkk letwu ?ksrk ;sbZy- vkt vf/kdka’k lekt’kkL=K vls ekurkr dh dsoG ijaijkxr Hkkjrh; fl)karkP;k vk/kkjsp uOgs rj vko’;d rsFks ik’pkÙ; fl)kar vkf.k ladYiukapk ns[khy vk/kkj ?ksryk ikfgts-

MkW- Mh- ih- eqdthZ ;kauh Hkkjrh; lekt’kkL=kP;k fodklkr cjsp dkgh ;ksxnku fnys vkgs- eqdthZpk vlk fo’okl gksrk dh] Hkkjrh; lektkpk Lor%pk vlk ,d fopkjizokg] thou rÙoKku vkgs R;kP;k Lor%P;k dkgh ekU;rk vkgsr- T;kps v/;;u dj.;kph vko’;drk vkgs- Hkkjrh; lektkyk letwu ?ks.;klkBh Hkkjrh; ijaijkaps v/;;u dj.ks Qkj xjtsps vkgs- iq<s eqdthZ Eg.krkr] Hkkjrkr la’kks/ku dk;Z dsoG ik’pkR; laL—rhr vk;kfrr fl)karkaoj&ladYiukaoj vkf.k v/;;u i)rhP;k vk/kkjkoj gksÅ u;s] ;sFks la’kks/kuklkBh Hkkjrh; ijaijk] izFkk] laLdkj] yksdjhrh bR;knh ckchauk uhV letwu ?ksrys ikfgts- ;klkBh ,sfrgkfld i)rhph enr ?ksryh ikfgts- eqdthZP;k ers] Hkkjrkr ik’pkÙ; vkf.k Hkkjrh; ijaijkaP;k leUo;kRed fparukP;k vk/kkjkojp lekt’kkL=kpk ;ksX; o mi;ksxh fodkl gksm ‘kdrks-

jk/kkdey eqdthZ Eg.krkr] lekt’kkL=h; fopkjkauk ;ksX;

izdkjs letwu ?ks.;klkBh ,sfrgkfld n`f”Vdksukpk mi;ksx dsyk ikfgts- lektkP;k lkekU; fl)karkauk let.;klkBh R;k lektkP;k Lrjhdj.k i)rhyk vkf.k fo|eku vykSfdd fo’oklkaP;k ckcr rF; izkIr dj.ks vko’;d vkgs- ik’pkR; lekt’kkL=h; ijaijkauh izHkkfor gksÅu eqdthZ ;kauh Hkkjrkr



ifjfLFkrhdh; lekt’kkL= ¼bdksykWftdy lksf’k;kWykWth½ pk

fodkl dj.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk- R;kauh fyfgysY;k ^Mk;ukWfed vkWQ ekDlZ*] ^lks’ky bdksykWth* vkf.k ^lks’ky LVªDpj vkWQ OgWY;w* bR;knh xzaFkkrwu R;kauh vkiys fopkj ekaMys vkgsr- MkW- th- ,l- ?kq;sZP;k ers dsoG ik’pkR; fl)karkps va/kkuqdj.k d:u Hkkjrh; lekt o laL—rh letw ‘kdr ukgh- ;qjksikr lekt’kkL=kpk tks dkgh fodkl >kyk vkgs] ts dkgh fl)kar o ladYiuk fodflr >kY;k vkgsr] T;k i)rhapk okij dsyk xsyk vkgs] R;kauk Hkkjrkph ifjfLFkrh] lektO;oLFksph oSf’k”VÓks bR;knh xks”Vh y{kkr u ?ksrk vka/kGsi.kkus okij dj.ks /kksD;kps vkgs- leUo;kRed fparukP;k vk/kkjkojp Hkkjrkr lekt’kkL=kpk fodkl dsyk xsyk ikfgts- MkW- vkj- ,u- lDlsuk ns[khy ojhy fopkjkauk vuqeksnu djrkr- R;kaP;k erkuqlkj iq#”kkFkZ fl)kar&/keZ] vFkZ] dke vkf.k eks{k O;DrhP;k loZ izdkjP;k lkekftd laca/kkpk vk/kkj vkgs vkf.k lekt’kkL=kr ;kP;k v/;;ukoj Hkj fnyk xsyk ikfgts-

Hkkjrkr lekt’kkL=kP;k fodklkP;k brj izo`Rrh ekDlZoknh

fopkjkauh izHkkfor vlY;kps ns[khy vk<Gwu ;srs- izks- MkW- Mh- ih- eqdthZ ;k izo`Rrhus izHkkfor jkfgys vkgs- rjhns[khy R;kauh lkaL—frd ijaijkaP;k v/;;ukP;k vk/kkjkoj lektO;oLFksyk letwu ?ks.;koj Hkj fnyk vkgs- Hkkjrkr lekt’kkL=kP;k fodklkr ojhy fo}kukaO;frfjDr MkW- ih- ,u- izHkw] MkW- lfPpnkuan] MkW- ;ksxs’k HkVy] MkW- ;ksxsanz flag] izks- ,y- ih- fo|kFkhZ] izks- jktkjke’kkL=h] izks- ,e- ,y- ,- jko] izks- okbZ- ih- nkeys] MkW- Jherh bjkorh dosZ] MkW- ctyky pOgk.k] izks- ,l- ih- uxsUnz ;kauhgh ;ksxnku fnys vkgs-

Lokra™;ksÙkj Hkkjrkr vktikosrks lekt’kkL=h; fparukyk Li”V v’kh fn’kk feGkysyh ukgh- ik’pkR; fl)karkP;k] ik’pkR;kaP;k fopkjkrwu Hkkjrh; lektO;oLFksps vka/kGs fparu dj.;kph] U;wuxaMkph izo`Ùkh xsysyh ukgh- Hkkjrh; lekt’kkL=kps v/;;u Eg.kkos frrds fodkl ikoysys ukgh-



egkjk”Vª ekuo fodkl fe’kupk f’k{k.k fo”k;d ifj.kke izk- uox.kdj vkj- Ogh-] rks”.khoky egkfo|ky;] lsuxkao] ft- fgaxksyh- eks- 9130002005

MkW- osnizdk’k eyokMs] lekt’kkL= foHkkx izeq[k] Jherh lq’khyknsoh ns’keq[k egkfo|ky;] ykrqj-

vkti;ZarP;k fodkl /kksj.kkus ns’kkr ns’k o egkjk”Vªkr eqBHkj yksdkaP;k gkrkr loZ laiRrh o mRiknukph lk/kus ,doVyh vkgsr- v’kk eqBHkj yksdkaP;k fodklko:u ns’kkpk o jkT;kpk fodkl y{kkr ?ksrk ;sr ukgh- ;k fodklkus xfjc o Jhearkrhy vkarj eksB;k izek.kkoj ok<ys- foHkkxh; vlerksy fuekZ.k >kyk- csdkjh] nkfjnz;] efgykaph oafprrk deh >kyh ukgh- v’kk fodklkus lkekftd lerk] ekuo vf/kdkjkph iwrZrk o ekuoh {kerkapk fodkl >kyk ukgh- cgqla[; yksdkaoj R;kapk okbZV ifj.kke >kyk- xfjckauk fodklkpk Qk;nk >kyk ukgh- myV xfjc vf/kdp xfjc gksr xsyk rj Jhearkph Jhearh ok<rp xsyh- lkekU; ek.klkP;k thouekukpk ntkZ mapkoyk ukgh- yksdkauk f’k{k.k] vkjksX; o mRiUu ok<hP;k i;kZ;h la/kh miyC/k >kY;k ukghr- Eg.ktsp vkti;Zarpk fodkl ekuo dsanzhr uOgrk gs MkW- veR;Z lsu o MkW- egcqc my gd ;kaP;k ekuo fodkl vgokykus laiw.kZ txkP;k y{kkr vk.kqu fnys- ekuo fodkl gs lk/; vlwu vkfFkZd fodkl gs ,d lk/ku vkgs- fodkl gk oafpr

ekulkHkksorh fQjrkuk fnlyk ikfgts- loZlkekU; ekuql vkiY;k vk;q”;kr T;k eqY;kauk egRo nsrks] R;kph izkIrh dj.;kP;k la/khpk foLrkj fodklkP;k izfdz;sr >kyk ikfgts- Eg.ktsp fodkl ‘ksoVP;k rGkxkGkrhy O;Drh i;Zar iksgkspyk ikfgts- ;k n`”Vhdks.kkyk MksD;koj ?ksowu txHkj ekuo fodklkps dk;Z lq: vkgs- egkjk”Vªkus lu 2002 lkyh vkiyk ifgyk ekuo fodkl vgoky UNDP P;k funsZ’kkuqlkj r;kj dsyk- ;k vgokykph ikg.kh dsyh vlrk jkT;kP;k vls y{kkr vkys dh] jkT;krhy 12 ftYgs vfrekxkl vkgsr- rsFkhy f’k{k.k] vkjksX; o mRiUukph fLFkrh n;fu; vkgs- yksdkauk fodklkP;k la/kh miyC/k ukghr- Eg.kwu 2006 lkyh ;k ftYg;kaP;k fodklklkBh egkjk”Vª ekuo fodkl fe’ku lq: dsys- ;k fe’ku e/;s ejkBokM;krhy fgaxksyh] ijHk.kh] ukansM] tkyuk o mLekukckn ;k ikp ftYg;kapk lekos’k vkgs- Eg.ktsp ejkBokMk gk jkT;kr eksB;k izek.kkoj ekxkl vkgs- ;k fe’kuvarxZr ekuoh fodklkps funsZ’kd Eg.kwu f’k{k.k] vkjksX; o mRiUu ;k lanHkkZr fofo/k dk;Zdze jkcfo.;kr vkys- ‘kklukpk gk dk;Zdze egRokpk okVY;k eqGs izLrqr v/;;ukr ^^egkjk”Vª ekuo fodkl fe’kupk ejkBokM;krhy f’k{k.k fo”k;d ifj.kke** rikl.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk vkgs- R;klkBh v/;;ukps mn~ns’k iq<hy izek.ks Bjfo.;kr vkys gksrs-

1 egkjk”Vª ekuo fodkl fe’kuP;k f’k{k.kklanHkkZrhy ;kstukapk vH;kl dj.ks

2 egkjk”Vª ekuo fodkl fe’kupk ejkBokMk foHkkxkrhy f’k{k.k fo”k;d ifj.kkekapk vH;kl dj.ks

la’kks/ku vkjk[kMk % izLrqr v/;;uklkBh la’kks/ku la’kks/ku fo”k;kP;k Lo:ik’kh laca/khr o.kZukRed o funkukRed la’kks/ku vkjk[kM;kpk okij dj.;kr vkyk vkgs- Eg.ktsp ;k la’kks/kukps Lo:i va’kr% o.kZukRed o va’kr% funkukRed Lo:ikps vkgs- v/;;u {ks=krqu rF;s ladyu dj.;klkBh losZ{k.k i/nrhpk okij dsyk-

v/;;u fo’o% izLrqr v/;;uklkBh ejkBokM;krhy tkyuk] ijHk.kh] fgaxksyh] ukansM o mLekukckn ;k ikp ftYg;kaph fuoM dj.;kr vkyh- Eg.kwu izLrqr la’kks/kukps gs v/;;u fo’o eku.;kr vkys vkgs-

uequk fuoM % izLrqr v/;;u uequk i/nrhoj vk/kkjhr vlwu vfHk;kukrhy ejkBokMk foHkkxkph lgsrwd fuoM dj.;kr vkyh- ejkBokM;krhy tkyuk] ijHk.kh] fgaxksyh] ukansM o mLekukckn ;k ikp ftYg;krhy vfHk;kukrhy lekfo”B 12 rkyqD;krhy eaBk] ftarwj] lsuxko] Hkksdj o dGac ;k ikp rkyqD;kaph ykWVjh i/nrhus fuoM dj.;kr vkyh o ueqU;kr

fuoMwu vkysY;k ikpgh rkyqD;krhy xkokaph izFker% ;knh izkIr d:u ;k ;knhrwu ykWVjh i/nrhus izrsd rkyqD;krqu 6 ;k izek.ks 30 xkokaph fuoM dj.;kr vkyh- izR;sd xkokrhy dqVqac izeq[kkaP;k ;knhrqu vfu;fer vadu i/nrhus izR;sdh 10 mRrjnkrs ;k izek.ks 30 xkoke/kqu 300 xzkeLFkkadMwu rF;kaps ladyu dj.;kr vkys- rlsp ;kr 30 f’k{kd vkf.k 30 MkWDVj fdaok ifjpkjhdk o 30 ljiap fdaok miljiap fdaok vfHk;ku lferh v/;{k ;kiSdh ,d ;kizek.ks mRrjnkR;kapk lekos’k dj.;kr vkyk- 30 ‘kkGk o 30 xkokapk losZ dj.;kr vkyk- v’kkizdkjs laHkkO;rk uequk fuoM i/nrhrhy lk/kk ;kn`fPNd uequk izdkjkapk mi;ksx d:u uequk fuoM.;kr vkyk vkgs-

rF;s ladyu i/nrh o ra=s % v/;;uklkBh izkFkfed o nq ;e v’kk nksUgh rF;s ladyukP;k L=ksrkapk vk/kkj ?ksryk vkgs-izkFkfed rF;s ladyu% v/;;u {ks=krqu rF;s ladyu dj.;klkBh eqyk[kr o fujh{k.kkpk okij dsyk vkgs- eqyk[kr vuqlqph r;kj djrkuk izkeq[;kus v/;;ukps mn~ns’k o midYiuk leksj Bsmup ;k ra=kph fufeZrh dsyh- ;kr cafnLr iz’u] eqDr iz’u o izkeq[;kus ekiu ra=kpk mi;ksx dsyk- fOnrh; rF;s ladyu% fofo/k ikrGhofjy ekuo fodkl vgoky] egkjk”Vª ekuo fodkl fe’kups vgoky] dk;ZiqrhZ iqLrhdk] ftYgk ekuo fodkl lferhus

izdkf’kr dsysyh izdk’kus] egkjk”Vª ekuo fodkl fe’ku fn’kkn’kZd drh vkjk[kMk] ‘kklfd; ifji=ds] ekghrh iqLrhdk] ftYgk] rkyqdk o xko ikrGhofjy ekuo fodkl lferhps jsdkWMZ] bR;knh fyf[kr lk/ku lkeqxzhpk mi;ksx dsyk-



egkjk”Vª ekuo fodkl fe’ku varxZr f’k{k.kkP;k ;kstuk%&

yksdla[;sph xq.koRrk ok<fo.kkjk egRokpk ?kVd Eg.kwu f’k{k.kkP;k xq.koRrspk fopkj dsyk tkrks( Eg.kwu f’k{k.k gk ekuoh fodklkpk funsZ’kd Bjrks- f’k{k.kkP;k la/kh fdrh ok<Y;k o yksdkapk f’k{k.kkrhy lgHkkx ok<Y;keqGs QyJqrh fdrh izek.kkr >kyh ;koj ekuo fodkl voyacwu vlrks- f’k{k.kkpk izR;sd VIik gk O;Drhyk vf/kdkf/kd {kersdMs us.kkjk vlY;kus ekuoh fodklkr f’k{k.kkph Hkqfedk egRokph Bjrs- f’k{k.kkus O;Drh] lekt o ifjlj ;kar visf{kr ifjorZu ?kMowu vk.krk ;srs- egkjk”Vªkr ‘kS{kf.kd fodklklkBh fofo/k ;kstuk o dk;Zdze vfHk;ku{ks=kr jkcfoys tkr vkgsr- ¼ekuo fodkl dk;ZiqrhZ vgoky]

2009½ izkS< f’k{k.k%&ekuo fodkl funsZ’kkad dk<.;kps lq=kae/;s

laiq.kZ lk{kjrk gk ,d egRokpk ?kVd vkgs- izkFkfed losZ{k.kko:u vls fnlwu vkys dh] fe’kuP;k dk;Z{ks=kr 12 ftYg;karhy 25 rkyqD;ke/;s vankts 5-50 y{k yksd fuj{kj gkssrs- ;kiSdh 15 rs 60 o”ksZ o;ksxVkrhy fuj{kjkaph la[;k vankts pkj y{k gkssrh rj 60 o”kZ vkf.k R;kis{kk vf/kd o;ksxVkrhy fuj{kjkaph la[;k fnM y{k brdh gkssrh- ;k fe’kurQsZ pkj y{k fuj{kjkauk lk{kj dj.;kpk dk;Zdze gkrh ?ks.;kr vkyk- ;k dk;Zdzekph veyctko.kh tkusokjh 2007 e/;s lq: dj.;kr vkyh- ;k dk;ZdzekarxZr dk;Z{ks=kr 11534 lk{kjrk dsanz lq: dj.;kr vkys- R;ke/;s ,dw.k 355733 fuj{kjkaph uksan.kh dj.;kr vkyh- ;k laiw.kZ dk;Zdzekph vaeyctko.kh fujarj f’k{k.k foHkkxkdMwu dj.;kr vkyh- xko ikrGhoj Loa;lsodkaph fu;qDrh d:u izf’k{k.k ns.;kr vkys- Loa;lsodkauk izR;sd lk{kj O;Drhadfjrk : 75 brds eku/ku ns.;kr vkys- izR;sd O;Drhekxs lk/kkj.kr% : 150 brdk [kpZ dj.;kr vkyk-

‘kkGk rsFks iz;ksx ‘kkGk%& ;k midzekarxZr b;Rrk 5 oh rs 7 oh oxZ vl.kkÚ;k loZ ‘kkGkae/;s iz;ksx’kkGk r;kj dj.;kr

vkY;k vlwu R;k ek/;ekrqu fo|kF;kZauk osxosxG;k izdkjP;k ‘kkL=h; midj.kakph] oLrqaph] fulxkZph ekghrh d:u ns.;kr ;sr vkgs- midzekarxZr fe’kuP;k dk;Z{ks=krhy 2774 ‘kkGkae/;s iz;ksx ‘kkGk LFkkiu dj.;kr vkY;k vkgsr- izR;sd rkyqD;kl lk/kkj.kr% 50 ‘kkGkauk 12-50 y{k ,o<k [kpZ dj.;kr vkyk- ¼’kklu fu.kZ; 19 tqyS 2011½

‘kkGk rsFks okpuky;%& izkFkfed ‘kkGsrhy fo|kF;kZaps vokarj okpu ok<fo.;kP;k n`”Vhus izR;sd ‘kkGse/;s Lora= okpuky; lq: d:u v’kk okpuky;kra f’k{k.k foHkkxkus izekf.kr dsysY;k osxosxG;k fo”k;kaph ntsZnkj 200 iqLrds iqjfo.;kr

vkyh- fo|kF;kZaP;k vokarj okpukeqGs ‘kS{kf.kd ikrGh mapkoyh rlsp lkekU; Kkukr lq/nk Hkj iMyh- fe’kuP;k dk;Z{ks=krhy 2931 ‘kkGkae/;s okpuky; lq: dj.;kr vkys-

f’k”;o`Rrh ijh{kk%& pkSFkh o lkroh b;Rrsrhy loZ fo|kF;kZauh f’k”;o`Rrh ijh{ksyk clkos vkf.k tkLrhrtkLr xq.k

?ksowu mrh.kZ Ogkos] ;k n`”Vhus fe’kuP;k dk;Z{ks=krhy loZ

‘kkGkae/;s fo’ks”k f’kdo.kh oxZ lq: dj.;kr vkys- f’k”;o`Rrh ifj{kslkBh loZ fo|kF;kZauk loZ fo”k;kaph iqLrds ns.;kr vkyh- ;k midzekeqGs fe’ku dk;Z{ks=krhy loZ fo|kFkhZ f’k”;o`Rrh ifj{ksr mrh.kZ gksrhy ;k n`”Vhus laiw.kZ midzekph vk[k.kh o vaeyctko.kh dj.;kr vkyh-

fDo> dk;Zdzekps vk;kstu%& ftYgk ifj”knsP;k izFkfed ‘kkGsrhy fo|kF;kZaps lkekU; Kku ok<fo.;kP;k n`”Vhus ^^fDo> dk;Zdzekaps** vk;kstu dj.;kr vkys- ;k dk;Zdzekr izkFkZusP;kosGh lkekU; Kkukoj vk/kkfjr eqykauk iz’u fopkjys tkrkr-

lax.kd izf’k{k.k%& fe’kuP;k dk;Z{ks=krhy xzkeh.k fo|kF;kZauk izkFkfed o ek/;fed f’k{k.kkiklwup ekghrh ra=Kkukph vksG[k gksÅu iq<hy f’k{k.kkr lax.kd {ks=kph fuoM dj.;ke/;s vMFkGk fuekZ.k gksÅ u;s] ;kn`”Vhus lax.kd izf’k{k.k dk;Zdze jkcfo.;kr vkyk-

lk;dy okVi dk;Zdze %& ikpoh uarj iq<hy f’k{k.kkP;k lqfo/kspk o okgrqd lqfo/ksP;k vHkkokeqGs ikyd vkiY;k eqyhl ckgsjxkoh ‘kkGsr ikBfor ukghr] ifj.kkeh xGrh o vuqifLFkrhr ok< gksrs- gs Fkkacfo.;klkBh eqyhauk ekuo fodkl fe’kurQsZ

lk;dyhapk iqjoBk dj.;kr vkyk- 2013&14 rs 2016&17 ;k dkyko/khr 1]10]143 eqyhauh ;k ;kstuspk ykHk ?ksryk vkgs- ;k ;kstusoj ;k dkyko/khr vankts 33 dksVh 4 yk[k 29 gtkj ,o<k [kpZ >kyk- (https://www.loksatta.com 2017)

ekuo fodkl cl lsok%& okgrqdhph O;oLFkk tsFks miyC/k ukgh fdaok deh izek.kkr vkgs v’;k 5 fd-eh- is{kk tkLr varj vlysY;kfBdk.kh fe’kuus ekuo fodkl cl lsok lq: d:u 12 oh i;ZarP;k loZ eqyhauk f’k{k.kklkBh okgrqdhph eksQr O;oLFkk dsyh- ;k ;kstusoj 2016&17 ;k dkyko/khr 61-18 dksVh :i;kaph rjrqn dj.;kr vkyh gksrh- (https://www.loksatta.com

2017)

M;qvy MsDlpk iqjoBk%& ftYgk ifj”knsP;k cÚ;kp ‘kkGkae/;s b;Rrk lgkoh vkf.k lkroh e/;s f’kd.kkjs fo|kF;kZauklq/nk tfeuhoj clkos ykxr gksrs( ;kpk R;kaP;k f’k{k.kkoj ifj.kke gksr gksrk- gs vksG[kqu fe’kuus ftYgk ifj”knsP;k lgkoh vkf.k lkrohP;k fo|kF;kZalkBh 169 ‘kkGke/;s 2500 M;qvy MsDlpk iqjoBk dsyk-

fdpu’ksM cka/kdke%& e/;kUu HkksTku ;kstuk vusd o”kkZiklqu

jkcfoyh tkrs ijarq vUu f’kto.;klkBh dks.krhgh Lora= O;oLFkk miyC/k uOgrh- cprxV] Bsdsnkj ikfgts R;k fBdk.kh vUu f’ktfor gksrs( R;k fBdk.kph LoPNrk jk[kyh tkr uOgrh Eg.kqu fe’kuus fdpu’ksM cka/k.;kpk dk;Zdze gkrh ?ksryk- 2008&09 i;Zar vankts 1250 fdpu’ksM ekuo fodklP;k dk;Z{ks=krhy ‘kkGsr cka/k.;kr vkys-



‘kkGkckg; eqykaps losZ{k.k%& fe’kurQsZ ‘kkGkckg; eqykaps

losZ{k.k dj.;kr vkys- eqykaps o R;kaP;k ikydkaps leqins’ku d:u R;kaP;k o;kizek.kss oxkZr izos’k fnyk xsyk( ;keqGs vusd ‘kkGk ckg; eqys ‘kkGsP;k izokgkr vkys-

‘kkGkckg; eqykauk f’k{k.kkP;k eq[;izokgkr vk.k.ks%& ‘kkGkckg; eqykauk f’k{k.kkP;k eq[; izokgkr vk.k.;klkBh fuoklh ‘kkGk] lsrq’kkGk] fQjrh ‘kkGk] ikG.kkx`gkph O;oLFkk dsY;k xsyh- JehdkaP;k LFkykarjkeqGs R;kaP;k eqykaP;k ‘kkGkapk iz’u lksMfo.;klkBh gh O;oLFkk dsY;k xsyh-

ckydkexkjkaps ‘kS{kf.kd iquoZlu%& ‘kkGsP;k ifj{ks=krhy ckydkexkjkaps o R;kaP;k ikydkaps leqins’ku d:u eqykaP;k f’k{k.k fo”k;d vf/kdkjkaps j{k.k dj.;klkBh R;kaps ‘kS{kf.kd iquoZlu dsY;k xsys-

‘kkGsr fi.;kPks ik.kh o LoPNrk x`gkph O;oLFkk%& izR;sd ‘kkGsr LoPN fi.;kP;k ik.;kph O;oLFkk d:u R;k fBdk.kP;k LoPNrk xgkph mHkkj.kh dj.ks gs dke ekuo fodkl fe’kuus gkrh ?ksrys vkgs-

‘kkGkapk ‘kS{kf.kd ntkZ mapko.ks%& ‘kkys; f’k{k.kkpk ntkZ mapko.ksdfjrk loksZRd`”V ‘kkGk izksRlkguij cf{kl ;kstuk] fo|kFkhZa nRrd ;kstuk] f’k{kdkauk izf’k{k.k] ‘kS{kf.kd lk/ku fuehZrh ;k

;kstuk jkcohY;k tkrkr- ¼ekuo fodkl dk;ZiqrhZ vgoky- 2009½- rF; fo”ys’k.k o fu”d”kZ%& izLrqr v/;;ukr ;k lanHkkZr

izR;s{k yksdkae/kqu ekghrhps ladyu d:u vfHk;kukph ifj.kkedkjdrk vH;kl.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk vkgs-

f’k{k.k fo”k;d ladyhr ekghrhps fo”ys”k.k%& izLrqr v/;;ukr egkjk”Vª ekuo fodkl fe’kupk f’k{k.k fo”k;d ifj.kke ‘kks/k.;klkBh f’k{k.kkoj vk/kkfjr v/;;u {ks=krhy 300 xzkeLFkkauk 06 iz’u] 60 f’k{kdkauk 26 iz’u] 30 vfHk;ku lferh v/;{kkauk 04 iz’u fopkj.;kr vkys gksrs- rlsp 30 xkokaP;k losZ{k.kkar f’k{k.kkoj vk/kkfjr 06 iz’u gksrs rj 30 ‘kkGkaP;k losZ{k.kkar f’k{k.kkoj vk/kkfjr 20 iz’u gksrs- ,danfjr ekuo fodkl fe’kupk ‘kS{kf.kd ifj.kke rikl.;klkBh ,dw.k 62 iz’ukapk lekos’k gksrk- ;koj ,dw.k izfrlkn feGkysY;k iz’ukoyhaph la[;k 450 ,o<h gksrh- lnj ladfyr ekghrhP;k vk/kkoj fo’ys”k.k dj.;kr vkys vkgs- ekghrhP;k vFkZfuoZpuklkBh ‘ksdMsokjh ;k la[;k’kkL=h; ra=kpk mi;ksx dsysyk vkgs- loZ oxhZdr ekghrhps ‘ksdMsokjhr :ikarj d:u vFkZfuoZpu dsysys vkgs- o ‘ksoVh fu”d”kZ ekaMysys vkgsr-

f’k{kdkadMwu izkIr ekghrhps fo’ys”k.k o fu”d”kZ%& 75 % f’k{kdkaP;k ers vfHk;ku jkcfoY;keqGs fo|kF;kZaP;k mifLFkrhr

^mRre* o *Qkjp pkaxyh* ok< >kyh vkgs- ;k vfHk;kukeqGs fo|kF;kZaP;k xq.koRrk ok<hr ^mRre* o ^Qkjp pkaxyk* ifj.kke gksrks vls 62 VDds f’k{kdkaps er vkgs- lnj vfHk;ku lq: >kY;kiklwu vktkji.k o LFkykarj bR;knh dkj.kkeqGs vuqifLFkr jkg.kkÚ;k fo|kF;kZaP;k mifLFkrhr ok< >kY;kps 50 VDds

f’k{kdkaps er vkgs- 81 VDds f’k{kdkauh ;k vfHk;kukus

‘kkGkckg; eqykauk f’k{k.kkP;k eq[; izokgkr vk.kys vls er ekaMys vkgs- 83 VDds f’k{kdakuh ;k vfHk;kukeqGs ‘kkGsyk miyC/k >kysY;k lksbZ lqfo/kkapk fo|kFkhZ ^Qkjp pkaxyk* o ^mRre* okij djrkr vls er ekaMys vkgs- vfHk;kukeqGs ‘kkGk rsFks iz;ksx’kkGk o okpuky; ;k midzekyk fo|kFkhZ izfrlkn ^Qkjp pkaxyk* o ^mRre* vkgs vls 83 VDds f’k{kdkaps er vkgs- ;k vfHk;kukP;k Ldwy cl o lk;dyeqGs eqyhaP;k mifLFkrhr ^mRre* o ^Qkjp pkaxyk* ifj.kke tk.korks] vls 73-33 VDds f’k{kdkaps er vkgs- rj ;k eqGs eqyhaP;k ‘kkys; iVla[;sr ^Qkjp pkaxyk* o ^pkaxyk* ifj.kke tk.korks] vls 65 VDds f’k{kdkaps er vkgs- lax.kd izf’k{k.k oxkZl fo|kF;kZapk ^pkaxyk* o ^Qkjp pkaxyk* izfrlkn vkgs] vls 56-66 VDds f’k{kdkaps vkgs- fdpu’ksMeqGs ldl o LoPNrkiq.kZ vkgkj feGr vkgs] R;keqGs fo|kF;kZaP;k vkjksX;kr o ‘kkys; mifLFkrhr ok< >kyh vkgs vls 63-34 VDds f’k{kdkaps er vkgs- f’kdo.kh oxkZeqGs 10 oh] 12 oh ukikl fo|kF;kZauk iq<hy f’k{k.kkaph la/kh izkIr gksr vkgs vls 61-67 VDds f’k{kdkaps er vkgs- ,dw.k f’k{kdkaiSdh 40-00 VDds f’k{kdkaP;k ers ‘kkGsyk LFkkfud yksdkaps lgdk;Z ^Qkjp pkaxY;k* o ^pkaxY;k* izdkjps vkgs-

vfHk;kukpk vkiY;k v/;kiu dk;kZoj ^vftckr* Hkkj tk.kor ukgh vls 76-67 VDds f’k{kdkaps er vkgs] rs gs vfHk;ku f’k{k.kkpk ntkZ o xq.koRrsr ok< dj.kkjs vlY;keqGs mRLQqrZ ;ksxnku nsrkr- vfHk;kukeqGs fo|kF;kZaP;k ‘kkys; izxrhr ^mRre* o ^Qkjp pkaxyk* ifj.kke gksrks vls 61-66 VDds f’k{kdkaps er vkgs-

;k o:u gs fl) gkrs dh] ekuo fodkl vfHk;kukeqGs ‘kkys; cka/kdke] jaxjaxksVh] M;qvyMsDl fdpu’ksM o brj lqfo/kk ;kRkqu ‘kkys; ifjlj LoPN o laqnj >kyk- fi.;kps LoPN ik.kh] iks”kd vkgkj o fu;fer vkjksX; rikl.kh] ‘kkSpky;kps cka/kdke bR;knh lqfo/kk ‘kkGsyk feGkY;k- ;k vfHk;kukeqGs ‘kkGkckg; eqykaP;k izek.kkr y{kf.k; ?kV >kyh( ntsZnkj] eksQr o lDrhP;k f’k{k.kkpk gDd ckydkauk feGw ykxyk vkgs-

xzkeLFkkdMwu izkIr ekghrhps fo’ys”k.k o fu”d”kZ %& 75 VDds xzkeLFk vfHk;ku jkcfoY;keqGs ‘kkGsr ^mRre* o ^Qkjp pkaxyk* cny >kY;kps lkaxrkr rj 75 VDds xzkeLFkkaP;k ers vfHk;kukpk xkokP;k ,dw.k lk{kjrk ok<hr ^mRre* o ^Qkjp pkaxyk* mi;ksx >kyk vkgs- 82 VDds xzkeLFkkP;k ers ekuo fodkl fe’kuP;k Ldqy clpk eqyhaP;k f’k{k.kklkBh ^mRre* o ^Qkjp pkaxyk* ykHk >kyk vkgs- 70 VDds xzkeLFk ‘kS{kf.kd

lqfo/ksckcr ^mRre* o ^Qkjp pkaxys* lek/kkuh vkgsr- ekuo fodkl vfHk;kukP;k dk;Z{ks=krhy dqVqackr 51 rs 70 o”ksZ o;ksxVkps ,d fdaok nksu O;Drh izkS< fuj{kj vkgsr- dsoG 06 VDds xzkeLFk vkiY;k xkokrhy ‘kkGsfo”k;h iw.kZr% vlek/kkuh vk<Gqu vkys vkgsr-



;k o:u gs fl) gkrs dh] ;k vfHk;kukeqGs ‘kkGsps

varckZg; fp= iw.kZr% cnyyss vkgs- xkokph lk{kjrk ok<fo.;kr gs vfHk;ku mRre ;ksxnku nsr vkgs- vfHk;kukph ‘kkGk rs ?kj eksQr okgrqd cllsosoj lokZf/kd xzkeLFk [kq’k vkgsr- fofo/k ‘kS{kf.kd lqfo/kk] lk;dy okVi ;kpk ifj.kke Eg.kwu xzkeLFk ekuo fodkl fe’kuP;k f’k{k.k fo”k;d ;kstukafo”k;h lek/kkuh vkgsr- rlsp ;k vfHk;kukus izkS<lk{kjrslkBh fnysys ;ksxnku xzkeh.k f’k{k.kkP;k izek.kok<hl ykHknk;h Bjys vkgs-

ekuo fodkl lferh v/;{kkMwu izkIr ekghrhps fo’ys”k.k o fu”d”kZ%& LFkkfud ekuo fodkl lferh v/;{kkauh gs vfHk;ku jkcfo.;kiqohZ eqys ‘kkGsP;k osGsr xko Hkj fQjrkuk vk<Gr vlY;kps lkafxrys- rlsp cÚ;kp eqykauh ‘kkGsr izos’k ?ksryk uOgrk] e/;sp osxosxG;k dkj.kkLro eqys ‘kkGk lksMwu nsr vlr] vlsgh cgqrka’k v/;{kkaps er gksrs- ‘kkys; lqfo/kkapk vHkko] f’k{k.kkP;k ckcrhrhy mnkflurk o xzkeh.k dqVqackrhy nkfjnz; ;keqGs f’k{k.kkps o xGrhps izek.k vf/kd gksrs- ;k loZ ifjfLFkrhr vfHk;kukeqGs eksB;k izek.kkoj cny >kyk- cgqrka’k lferh v/;{kkaP;k ers R;kauh xkokr izkS<lk{kjrk] yksdla[;k f’k{k.k] dqVqac dY;k.k] yS+fxd vktkj lkFkhps jksx ;k fo”k;h fofo/k dk;ZdekaP;k ek/;ekrqu mn~cks/ku dsys vkgs-

xkokaps losZ{k.k%& ,dw.k 30 xkokaiSdh 56-66 VDds xkokae/;ss okpuky;kr îw.kZr%* o ^cgqrka’k* okpd oxZ mifLFkr gksrk- 73-33 VDds xkokae/;ss îw.kZr%* o ^cgqrka’k* ‘kkGk iDdh o jaxjaxksVh dsysyh vkgs- 83-34 VDds xkokae/;ss îw.kZr%* o ^cgqrka’k* fo|kFkhZuh ekuo fodkl Ldqy clus ‘kkGsyk tkrkr- 46-67 VDds xkokae/;ss îw.kZr%* xkokr eqyhadMs lk;dyh vk<Grkr- 86-67 VDds xkokae/;s ^cgqrka’k* o îw.kZr%* ‘kkGsps fdpu’ksM LoPN o VkiVhi vkgs- xkaokrhy lkoZtfud okpuky;kauk HksVh fnY;k vlrk cgqrka’k xkokr okpu laLd`rh fodflr gksrkuk vk<Gyh- cgqrka’k xkokrhy ‘kkGk ;k iDd;k o jaxjaxksVh dsysY;k vk<Gwu vkY;k- ekuo fodkl eksQr Ldqy cllsospk cgqrka’k eqyh ykHk ?ksr vlqu eqyhaP;k f’k{k.kkps izek.k ok<fo.;kr o ‘kkGk xGrhps izek.k deh dj.;kr gh ;kstuk mi;qDr Bjr vlY;kps fun’kZukl vkys- cgqrka’k loZ xkokrhy ‘kkGsps fdpu’ksM LoPN o VkiVhi vk<Gwu vkys- cgqrka’k xkokrhy cgqrka’k fo|kFkhZ ‘kkGsP;k osGsr xkokr fQjrkuk vFkok [ksGrkuk vk<Gwu vkyh ukghr-

‘kkys; fo|kFkhZ o ‘kkGk losZ{k.k%& ,dw.k ‘kkGkiSdh 80 VDds ‘kkGkrhy ^cgqrka’k* o îw.kZr%* fo|kF;kZauk ‘kkGk o vH;klkph vkoM fuekZ.k >kyh vkgs- 76-67 VDds ‘kkGkrhy

^cgqrka’k* o ^cÚ;kiSdh* fo|kF;kZaP;k xq.koRrsr ok< >kyh vkgs- 80 VDds ‘kkGkrhy ^cgqrka’k* o ^cÚ;kiSdh* fo|kFkhZ ‘kkGsrhy okpuky; o iz;ksx’kkGspk fu;fer ykHk ?ksrkr- 69-99 VDds ‘kkGkrhy ^cgqrka’k* o ^cÚ;kiSdh* fo|kFkhZ ‘kkGsrhy vH;kfldk dsanzkpk fu;fer ykHk ?ksrkr- 80 VDds ‘kkGkrhy eqyhaph ekuo

fodkl Ldqy cllsoseqGs ^cgqrka’k* o îw.kZr%* mifLFkrh ok<yh

vkgs- 76-67 VDds ‘kkGkrhy ^cÚ;kiSdh* o ^cgqrka’k* ykHkkFkhZuh feGkysY;k lk;dyus ‘kkGsr ;srkr- 66-67 VDds ‘kkGkae/khy ^cgqrka’k* o îw.kZr%* fo|kF;kZaph okgrqdhP;k vHkkokeqGs ‘kkGk cqMr ukgh- 76-66 VDds ‘kkGke/khy ^cgqrka’k* o ^cÚ;kiSdh* 10 oh 12 oh ukikl fo|kFkhZ f’kdo.kh oxkZpk ykHk ?ksrkr- 73-33 VDds ‘kkGke/khy fo|kF;kZapk ^cgqrka’k* o ^cÚ;kiSdh* fDo> dk;Zdzekyk izfrlkn vkgs- 80 VDds ‘kkGke/khy ^cgqrka’k* o îw.kZr%* fo|kF;kZauk fu%’kqYd ikB;iqLrd ;kstuspk osGsoj ykHk gksrks- 80 VDds ‘kkGsP;k ifj{ks=krhy ^cgqrka’k* o îw.kZr%* Ckkydkexkjkaps ‘kS{kf.kd iquoZlu >kys vkgs- 43-34 VDds ‘kkGsyk îw.kZr%* o ^cgqrka’k* ‘kS{kf.kd lks;h lqfo/kk miyC/k >kY;k vkgsr- 80 VDds ‘kkGsrhy nksu fdaok vf/kd b;Rrsrhy eqya ,d= cloqu f’kdfoyh tkr ukghr- 42-67 VDds ‘kkGsyk ^cgqrka’k* o îw.kZr%* ‘kS{kf.kd lkfgR;] rDrs] udk’ks] cksMZ] [ksG o brj lk/kus vkgsr- 43-34 VDds ‘kkGsyk ^cgqrka’k* o îw.kZr%* [ksGkps lkfgR; o eSnku vkgs- 60 VDds ‘kkGsr ^cgqrka’k* o ^cÚ;kiSdh* eqykauk cl.;klkBh M;qvyMsLd vkgsr- 80 VDds ‘kkGke/;s îw.kZr%* o ^cgqrka’k* f’k”;o`Rrh ifj{kspk vH;kl d:u ?ksryk tkrks- 60 VDds ‘kkGsrhy ^cgqrka’k* o ^cÚ;kiSdh* oxZ

[kksY;kr fottksM.kh o QWu vkgsr- 73-33 VDds ‘kkGsph ^cgqrka’k* o îw.kZr%* bZekjr pkaxY;k voLFksr vkgs- ;k vfHk;kukeqGs ‘kkys; fo|kF;kZar ‘kkGsps vkd”kZ.k ok<ys vkgs- rlsp vH;klkr vkoM fuekZ.k >kyh o fo|kF;kZaP;k xq.koRrsr ok< >kyh vkgs- fofo/k Li/ksZr lgHkkxkps izek.k ok<ys vkgs- f’k”;o`Rrh ifj{ksr ikl gks.;kps izek.k ok<ys- ‘kkGsrhy okpuky; o iz;ksx’kkGspk fo|kFkhZ fu;fer ykHk ?ksr vlY;kps fun’kZukl vkys vlwu R;kapk oSKkfud n`”Vhdks.k o ckS/nhd fodkl gksrkuk vk<Gys- ?kjkrhy viqÚ;k tkxseqGs o viqÚ;k lks;heqGs vH;klkr ;s.kkÚ;k vMp.kh vH;kfldk dsanzkus nwj dsY;k vkgsr- cgqrka’k fo|kFkhZ ;k dasnzkpk ykHk ?ksrkuk vk<Gys- ek/;fed o mPp ek/;fed oxkZrhy eqyhaph mifLFkrh ekuo fodkl cllsokeqGs ok<yh vlY;kps fun’kZukl vkys- ykHkkFkhZ eqyh eksB;k izek.kkoj lk;dyus ‘kkGsr ;sr vlY;kps fun’kZukl vkys- fe’kupk ifj.kke Eg.kwu cgqrka’k okgrqdhP;k vHkkokeqGs dks.kR;kgh fo|kF;kZph ‘kkGk cqMr ukgh- 10 oh 12 oh ukikl fo|kFkhZ f’kdo.kh oxkZpk ykHk ?ksowu mRrh.kZ gksr vkgsr- fDo> dk;ZdzekeqGs fo|kF;kZaP;k lkekU; Kkukr ok< gksr vkgs- fu%’kqYd ikB;iqLrd ;kstuspk cgqrka’k loZ ‘kkGkae/khy fo|kF;kZauk osGsoj ykHk gksr vkgs- ;k fe’kuus ikydkaps leqins’ku d:u eksB;k

izek.kkoj ckyetqjkauk f’k{k.kkP;k izokgkr vk.k.;kps ;’kLoh iz;Ru dsys vkgsr- ‘kkGsyk oxZ [kksY;kaph miyc/kh vlY;keqGs eqykauk ,d= clfo.ks xjtsps ukgh ek= viqÚ;k f’k{kdkaeqGs ,d nksu oxkZph eqys dkagh ‘kkGkar ,d= clysyh vk<Gyh- vkjkenk;d M;qvyMsDl miyC/k >kY;keqGs fo|kF;kaZpk



f’k{k.kkpk ntkZ mapkoyk vkgs- cgqrka’k ‘kkGke/kqu f’k”;o`Rrh

ifj{kspk vH;kldze f’kdfoyk tkrks- cgqrka’k ‘kkGkar cÚ;kiSdh oxZ [kksY;kar fot tksM.kh o QWu miyC/k vkgsr- cgqrka’k loZ ‘kkGkaP;k bekjrh iD;k o pkaxY;k Lo:ikr vlY;kps ;k losZ{k.kkrqu fun’kZukl vkyss- izLrqr la’kks/kukr ;k ikpgh ftYg;kaP;k uequk v/;;uko:u vls fun’kZukl vkys dh] gs vfHk;ku ejkBokM;kP;k ekxkl Hkkxkrhy ekuoh fodklkiklqu oafpr vlysY;k yksdkaP;k thouekukpk ntkZ mapkfo.;kr iz;Rujr vkgs-

¼Vhi% izLrqr ys[k gk ^^egkjk”Vª ekuo fodkl fe’kupk ejkBokM;krhy lkekftd o vkfFkZd ifj.kke% ,d lekt’kkL=h; v/;;u** ;k ekÖ;k ih,p~- Mh- lkBh dsysY;k la’kks/kukoj v/kkfjr vkgs-½ lanHkZ%&

1- egkjk”Vª ‘kklu fu;kstu foHkkx- ¼2002½- egkjk”Vª ekuo fodkl vgoky- egkjk”Vª ‘kklu% izdk’ku foHkkx-

2- egkjk”Vª ‘kklu fu;kstu foHkkx- ¼2012½- egkjk”Vª ekuo fodkl vgoky- egkjk”Vª ‘kklu% izdk’ku foHkkx-

3- egkjk”Vª ‘kklu- vFkZ o lkaf[;dh lapyuky;] fu;kstu foHkkx ¼2017&2018½- egkjk”Vªkph vkfFkZd ikg.kh- eqacbZ% egkjk”Vª ‘kklu eqacbZ

4- ,- ih- ts- vCnqy dyke ¼2013½- ge gksaxs dke;kc- ubZ fnYyh% izHkkr izdk’ku-

5- /kukxjs n- uk- ¼2005½- ladYiukaps fo’o vkf.k lkekftd okLro- iq.ks] izfrek izdk’ku-

6- Hkkm /kekZf/kdkjh ¼laiknd½- ¼1995½- xzke&LojkT;- iq.ks% i`Fohjkt izdk’ku-

7- gkMsdj Mh- ok;- ¼2005½ MkW- vkacsMdjkaps ‘kS{kf.kd foKku- iq.ks]lqxkok izdk’ku-

8- ns’kikaMs tksRLuk] ¼2011½] fodklkps vFkZ’kkL=] ukxiwj% fiaiGkiwjs vWaUM daiuh

9- ‘kekZ],e- ¼2014½- Hkkjr dk vkfFkZd fodkl vkSj pqukSfr;k- oMZ Qksdl] 30] 82&88

10- oYMZ bdkukWfed flpq,’ku vWaM izksLisDV] 2017

11- egkjk”Vª ‘kklu fu.kZ;] ¼29 tqu 2006½- egkjk”Vª ‘kklu fu;kstu foHkkx- ‘kklu fu.kZ; dz-eefo&2006@iz-dz-20@dk-1413-

12- egkjk”Vª ‘kklu fu.kZ;] ¼29 tqyS 2011½- egkjk”Vª ‘kklu fu;kstu foHkkx- ‘kklu fu.kZ; dz-eefo&2010@iz-dz-81@dk-1428-

13- lkIrkfgd Lora= ukxfjd & fnukad 20@02@2018 (http://Swatamtranagrik.in/2018/10/ekuoh HkkaMoy funsZ’kkad)

14- UNDP. (1990). Human development report. New york : Oxford Publication.

15- Govt. of India (1999). Human development report of India. New Delhi: Oxford Publication.

16- Govt. of India (2005). Human development report of India. New Delhi: Oxford Publication.

17- UNDP. (2017). Human development report. New york : Oxford Publication.

18- http://www.un.org/development/desa/publication.

19- Govt. of India. (2018). Economics Survey of India (2017-18) Publication Govt. of India.

20- Human Development Reports- hdr.undp.org, retrieve at

21- http://hdr.undp.org/en/composite/tremds)

22- Http://hdr .undp.org/en/composite/HDI

23- Http://hrd.undp.org and Http://hrd.globaldatalab,org)

24- http://hrd.undp.org



Ik;kZoj.k laj{k.k tkf.ko tkx`rh ,d vH;kl fo”ks’k lanHkZ % tGxko ‘kgj MkW- t;Jh egktu] Lkekt’kkL= foHkkx] ewGth tsBk egkfo|ky;] tGxko-

lthokaP;k n`”Vhdksukrwu Ik;kZoj.kkps egRo vUkU;lk/kkj.k

vkgs- ;ksX; Ik;kZoj.kkf’kok; lthokaps thou lqdj o vkjksX;nk;h vlw ‘kdr ukgh-

lekt vkf.k Ik;kZoj.k ;k nksgksapk vR;ar ?kfu”B laca/k vkgs- Ik;kZoj.k Hkkjrh; lektkpk ,d eqyHkqr Ikk;k fdaok vfHkUu vax vkgs- Hkkjrh; #<h] ijaijk] i/nrh vkf.k laLd`rh ijLijka’kh ,o<;k fuxMhr vkgs dh] R;kaps Lora= vfLrRo ,desdkaf’kok; Li”V dj.ks dBh.k gksrs- izkphu osn] iqjk.k] jkek;.k] egkHkkjr] Hkxorxhrk] dqjk.k] ck;cy ;klkj[;k /keZxzFkkarqu Ik;kZoj.kkfo”k;h d`rKrsps mYys[k vk<Grkr-

bes xzgk e;ksHkwo mtZLoUr% Ik;LOkUr% iw.kkZokeL; fo”BLrsuh tktUlq tkur % ;k vFkoZosnkrhy ‘yksdkrqu Li”V gksrs dh] gs ?kj lq[knk;h

vlwu /kU;/kkU;kus Hkjysys vkgs- nq/kkrqikus laiUu vkgs- loZizdkjP;k lkSan;kZus ltysY;k fulxkZ’kh vkeph n`< eS=h Ogkoh vkf.k vkEgh ijLijkauk pkaxY;k izdkjs letqu ?;kos- Hkkjrh; laLd`rhr ekuoh thoukph fnup;kZ Ik;kZoj.kk’kh tksMysyh vkgs-

Ik;kZoj.kkfo”k;h tk.kho tkx`rh Bso.kkÚ;k ijaijkxr laLd`rhr Hkkjrh; cka/kokauh vkiys l.k mRlo Ik;kZoj.kk’kh tksMys vlY;kps y{kkr ;srs- o`{kkaph iqtk] ljiV.kkÚ;k izk.;kae/;s ukxkps fo”k dWUljyk mi;ksxh iMrs Eg.kqu dsyh tk.kkjh ukxiapeh] nq”dkG iMw u;s Eg.kqu dsyh dsysyh lw;Ziwtk] /kjrh vkiY;kyk ikslrs Eg.kqu Kkr vlysyh Hkwfeiwtk] eRL;ksRiknu] ehB o brj lk/kulaiRrhpk mi;ksx d:u ?ks.kkÚ;k dksGh lektkdMwu lktjh gks.kkjh ukjGh iksf.kZek] iksGk] ouLirh vkS”k/kkaps egRo Li”V dj.kkjh dMwfuackP;k ik+++ukps egRo fl/n dj.kkjh o rks ikyk pw.kZ Eg.kqu xqGkcjkscj izk’ku d:u m”.krk deh dj.kkjh xq<hikMO;kph iqtk] [kksdY;koj mi;qDr vkS”k/kh Eg.kqu rqGlikukps egRo Li”V dj.kkjh rqGliwtk] FkaMhe/;s ‘kjhjkr m”.krk fVdowu Bso.;kl iks”kd Bj.kkjh edj laØkarhph frGxqGkP;k vkgkjkph izFkk ekuoh thoukrhy fnl.kkjh Ik;kZoj.kfo”k;d vkLFkk Li”V djrs- Hkkjrh; lektkr Ik;kZoj.kkps izfrfcac vkiY;kyk Li”Vi.ks vk<Grs-

foKku;qxkrhy ekuokP;k ckSf/nd izxrheqGs ;kaf=dhdj.k ok<ys vkf.k vkS|ksxhdj.kkl pkyuk feGkyh- ekuoh thou fodkl vfk.k jk”V~fgr lk/k.;kph rh lk/kus curhy- R;krwup fodklkph xrh ok<yh vkf.k Ik;kZoj.kkdMs ekukokps nqyZ{k >kys- fulxkZus ekuokyk vusd lalk/kus miyC/k d:u fnysyh vkgsr-

ijarq ekuokus ;k lalk/kukapk vfoosdhi.ks vkf.k vfrjsdhi.ks okij dsyk- vkiY;k xjtk iw.kZ djrkauk uSlfxZd Ik;kZoj.kkps uqdlku gksrs gk ;kpk Qkjlk fopkj ekuokus dsyk ukgh-

vkiyk fodkl d:u ?ksrkauk fulxkZoj] Ik;kZoj.kkoj eksBk ?kkykp ?kkryk- fulxkZrhy laink okijkpk ekuo vfrjsd djhr vlY;keqGs oulaink] izk.khlaink] tylaink] enklaink ;kr vlerksy fuekZ.k >kyk vkgs- ok<R;k vkS|ksfxdj.kkeqGs gok] ik.kh] /ouh] e`nk iznq”k.k osxkus gksrkauk tk.kor vlwu R;kps Ik;kZoj.kh; nq”ifj.kke fnlw ykxys vkgsr- ok<rh yksdla[;k eksBh ‘kgjs] ok<rh dkj[kkunkjh] okgrwd] ekuokph csfQdhj o`Rrh gs ?kVd vusd Ik;kZoj.kh; leL;k fufeZrhl dkj.khHkwr Bjr vkgsr-

ekuokus Lor%ph izxrh lk/kqu ?ksrkauk uSlfxZd Ik;kZoj.kkr th <oGk<oG dsyh R;keqGs leL;kaph rhozrk ok<yh- Ik;kZoj.kh; lerksy fc?kMwu vusd vkiRrh uO;kus tUekyk vkY;k- ;kpk fn?kZdkyhu ifj.kke lektkoj gksr vlrks- Ik;kZoj.k iznw”k.kkpk ok<rk osx y{kkr ?ksrk] Hkfo”;dkGkr i`Fohojhy lthol”Vhl /kksdk iksgpY;kf’kok; jkg.kkj ukgh- ;k Ik;kZoj.kh; iznq”k.kkyk] leL;kauk vkGk ?kky.ks xjtsps vlY;keqGs loZp ns’kkr Ik;kZoj.k lanHkkZrhy lektkP;k tckcnkjhpk] tkf.kokapk vk<kok ?ks.;kr vkyk- lektkrhy ?kVdkae/khy Ik;kZoj.kfo”k;d tkf.ko] tkx`rh

vH;kl.;kpk n`”Vhdksukrqu tGxko ‘kgjkrhy 162 ,ddkaph ueqU;kr fuoM dsyh- izkFkfed rF; ladyuklkBh iz’ukoyh ;k izkFkfed ra=kpk voyac dj.;kr vkyk-

la’kks/kukph mnh”V;s %& Ik;kZoj.k gh fulxkZph ekuokyk feGkysyh ,d egRoiw.kZ ns.kxh vkgs- ekuo gk Lor% Ik;kZoj.kkpk ,d egRokpk ?kVd vkgs- ekuokP;k ok<R;k o vfrjsdh gLr{ksikeqGs Ik;kZoj.kkr vlarqyu fuekZ.k gksÅu Ik;kZoj.kkpk Úgkl gksr vkgs- Ik;kZoj.kh; ?kVdkaps iznq”k.k gksr vkgs- gs loZ VkG.;klkBh loZizFke Ik;kZoj.kkP;k lanHkkZr tutkxrh dj.;kph vko’;drk vkgs-

izLrqr v/;;ukr [kkyhy mÌh”Vs fuf’pr dsyh xsyh- 1- ukxfjdkaP;k Ik;kZoj.kfo”k;d ekfgrhpk os/k ?ks.ks- 2- ukxfjdkaph vkiRrhfo”k;d tk.kho tkx`rh vH;kl.ks- 3- lektkP;k fujfujkG;k oxkZr Ik;kZoj.k leL;kafo”k;hph

tkf.ko js[kkafdr dj.ks- 4- Ik;kZoj.k laj{k.k tckcnkjh fo”k;d ukxfjdkaph

ekufldrk y{kkr ?ks.ks- izkIr ekfgrhps fo’ys”k.k &

Ik;kZoj.k leL;k tk.kho tkxrh vH;kl djhr

vlrkauk fuoMysY;k ueqU;kr 82 fL=;k vkf.k 80 iq:”kkapk lekos’k vkgs-

45 o;kis{kk tkLr o; vl.kkjs 35 o 45 is{kk deh

o; vl.kkjs 47 fL+=;k vkgsr- iq:”kkaP;k lanHkkZr gs izek.k 30



vkf.k 50 vls vkgs- ueqU;kr 45 is{kk deh o; vlysY;k

mRrjnkR;kps izek.k egRre vkgs-

f’k{k.kkP;k lanHkkZr inoh vkf.k inO;qRrj f’k{k.k ?ksrysY;k ,ddkaph la[;k tkLr vkgs-

izLrwr ueqU;kr 96 VDds mRrjnkrs ejkBh Hkkf”kd vkgsr- 4 mRrjnkrs o brjHkkf”kd yksd vkgsr ijarq R;kauk lq/nk ejkBh Hkk”kk fyfgrk okprk ;sr vlY;kps y{kkr vkys-

Ik;kZoj.k ekfgrh &

i;kZoj.kkf’kok; ekuo gh dYiukp ‘kD; ukgh-

Ik;kZoj.kkps eq[;r% rhu izdkj vkgsr- uSlfxZd Ik;kZoj.k] ekuofufeZr Ik;kZoj.k] tSfod Ik;kZoj.k- ekrh] ik.kh] gok] okrkoj.k] ikml ;k ?kVdkapk lekos’k gksrks- uSlfxZd Ik;kZoj.kkr yksdla[;k] olkgrh] ‘kgjs] dkj[kkunkjh] lkaLd`frd] vkfFkZd] /kkfeZd] jktdh; ?kVd] ;kapk rj] ekuofufeZr Ik;kZoj.kkr lq{e thotarq] dhVd] i{kh] izk.kh] ouLirh ;kapk tSfod Ik;kZoj.kkr lekos’k gksrks- ;klanHkkZr v/;;u dsys vlrk 69-52 VDds yksdkauk Ik;kZoj.k fo”k;d ekfgrh vlY;kps ueqn dsys rj 19-45 VDds yksdkauh udkjkFkhZ mRrj fnys- 11-03 VDds yksdkauh dks.krhgh izfrfØ;k fnyh ukgh-

vkiRrhfo”k;d ekfgrhlanHkkZr ukxjhdkadMwu mRQqrZ izfrlkn feGkyk- uSlfxZd o ekuoh vkiRrhlanHkkZr loZp mRrjnkR;kae/;s tkf.ko tkxrh vlY;kps vk<Gqu vkys-

i;kZoj.k leL;k tkf.ko & Ik;kZoj.kh; leL;kaps nq”ifj.kke y{kkr ?ksrk Ik;kZoj.kkP;k larqyuklkBh] laj{k.kklkBh vusd ;kstuk dk;kZfUor dsY;k vkgsr] dk;ns vkgsr- ljdkjh ikrGhoj vusd uouohu ;kstuk vk[kY;k tkrkr- Ik;kZoj.k lk{kjrslanHkkZr fofo/k ek/;ekaOnkjs tutkx`rh dsyh tkrs- Ik;kZoj.k larqyuklkBh dsoG jk”Vzh;p uOgs rj vkarjjk”Vzh; Lrjkojlq/nk eksB;k izek.kkr dk;Z

dsys tkrs- ;kp n`”Vhdksukrwu mRrjnkR;kaph Ik;kZoj.kh; leL;kfo”k;h tk.kho vH;kl.;kr vkyh- R;klkBh R;kauk ikp fo/kkus nsoqu R;kaps er O;Dr dj.;kl lkafxrys- R;krqu R;kaP;k vfHko`Rrhps ekiu dj.;kr vkys-

1- vuqdwy Ik;kZoj.kkr ekuokpk fodkl gksoq ‘kdrks- & ;k fo/kkukyk 65-40 VDds mRrjnkR;kauh lgerh n’kZoyh vkgs- rVLFk vl.kkjs mRrjnkR;kaph VDdsokjh 23 VDds brdh vkgs- rj 11-80 VDds yksdkauh ;k fo/kkukyk dks.krkgh izfrlkn fnyk ukgh-

;ko:u vuqdqy Ik;kZoj.kkrwu ekuokpk fodkl gksrks- ;k fo/kkukps egRo mRrjnkR;kauk ekU; vlY;kps fnlrs- gh Lohdrh Ik;kZoj.k tkf.korspk ladsr ns.kkjh vkgs-

2- nqf”kr Ik;kZoj.kkeqGs yksdkauk fofo/k izdkjP;k vktkjkauk rksaM |kos ykxrs- & Ekkuoh vkjksX;kpk Ik;kZoj.kk’kh vfr’k; toGpk laca/k vkgs- ‘kq/n Ik;kZoj.kkrhy ekuokps vkjksX;gh lqn`< o fujksxh jgkrs- nqf”kr Ik;kZoj.k vusd jksxkaP;k izlkjkl iks”kd Bjrs- ;klanHkkZr mRrjnkR;kauk ;k leL;sph tkf.ko vkgs dk;\ gs

rikl.;kP;k gsrqus ojhy fo/kkuklaca/kh izfrfØ;k tk.kwu ?ks.;kr

vkY;k- ;k fo/kkukl 82 VDds mRrjnkR;kauh lgerh n’kZoyh rj

nksu VDds yksdkauh vlgerh n’kZoyh 62 VDds yksdkauh ;k lanHkkZr mRrj ns.;kps VkGys- ,dq.k egRre mRrjnkR;kauh ;k fo/kkukyk lgerh n’kZowu R;kps egRo ekU; dsys vkgs-

3- ekuokP;k vfrjsdh gLr{ksikeqGs Ik;kZoj.kkr iznq”k.k ?kMwu ;sr vkgs o leL;k fuekZ.k gksr vkgsr- & Ekkuoh thou vf/kd lq[kh o le`/n cufo.;kr Ik;kZoj.kkpk egRokpk okVk vkgs- ok<R;k yksdla[;sP;k xjtk iw.kZ dj.;klkBh ekuo fulxkZoj dqj?kksMh djhr vkgs- ifj.kkeh Ik;kZoj.kkr iznq”k.k ?kMwu vusd leL;k fuekZ.k gksr vkgsr ;kph tk.kho mRrjnkR;kae/;s fdrir vkgs\ gs tk.kwu ?ks.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk-

;k fo/kkukyk lgerh n’kZfo.kkÚ;k mRrjnkR;kaps izek.k 64-15 VDds brds vkgs- rj 16-40 VDds yksdkauh ;k lanHkkZr vlgerh n’kZoyh vkgs- 14 VDds yksd rVLFk vkgsr- rj 5-45 VDds mRrjnkR;kauh dks.krhgh izfrØh;k O;Dr dsyh ukgh-

4- yksdla[;kok<heqGs fofo/k izdkjP;k i;kZoj.kh; leL;k fuekZ.k gksrkr- & Ekkuoh yksdla[;k vkf.k Ik;kZoj.k gs nksUgh ijLijiqjd vlqu Li/kZdgh vkgsr- ekuoh yksdla[;spk vfrfjDr

Hkkj vkf.k Ik;kZoj.kh; ?kVdkapk vfrokij ;keqGs Ik;kZoj.kh; leL;kauh vf/kdp xaHkhj :Ik /kkj.k dsys vkgs- ;kalnHkkZr mRrjnkR;kaP;k vfHko`Rrh tk.kwu ?ks.;klkBh gs fo/kku dj.;kr vkys-

Ckgqla[; Eg.kts toGtoG 82 VDds mRrjnkR;kauh ;k fo/kkukyk lgerh n’kZfoyh] rVLFk jkg.kkÚ;k yksdkaps izek.k 14 VDds brds vkgs- rj 4 VDds yksdkauh ;klanHkkZr mRrj ns.;kps VkGys- ,dq.k egRre mRrjnkR;kauh ;k fo/kkukyk lgerh n’kZowu yksdla[;kok<hP;k nq”ifj.kkekph R;kauk tk.kho vlY;kus n’kZfoys-

5- cslqekj taxyrksM] ok;qiznq”k.k ;keqGs okrkoj.kkrhy vks>ksu ok;qpk {k; gksr vkgs- & i`Fohojhy thol`”Vhph N=h Eg.kqu vks>ksupk mi;ksx gksr vkgs- lq;kZiklqu ckgsj iM.kkjs vfruhy fdj.kkapk vks>ksu ok;q ’kks”kwu ?ksrks- R;keqGs i`Fohoj R;kpk foijhr ifj.kke gksr ukgh- ijarq ekuoh gLr{ksikeqGs vks>ksu ok;wpk {k; gksr vkgs- ;klanHkkZr izfrfØ;k tk.kwu ?ks.;kr vkY;k-

;klanHkkZr 52-40 VDds mRrjnkR;kauh lgerh n’kZfoyh rj vlgerh n’kZfo.kkjs mRrjnkR;kaps izek.k 24-20 VDds vkgs- 9 VDds fuosndkauh ;klanHkkZr mRrj ns.;kps VkGys rj 14 VDds mRrjnkrs rVLFk vkgsr- Eg.ktsp okrkoj.kkrhy vks>ksu ok;qpk Fkj deh gksr vkgs- ;kph tk.kho fuE;kis{kk tkLr mRrjnkR;kauk

vlY;kps y{kkr vkys- 6- ekuo Vkdr vlysY;k IyWLVhdlkj[;k fu:Ik;ksxh

oLraweqGs Ik;kZoj.k iznqf”kr gksr vkgs- & Tkxkrhy ok<R;k yksdla[;seqGs Vkdkoq o fu:Ik;ksxh oLrawP;k izek.kkr ok< gksÅu ?kudpjk iznq”k.kkph leL;k vf/kd mxz :Ik /kkj.k djhr vkgs-



IyWLVhdlkj[;k oLrq] fi’kO;k u”V gksr ukghr- R;keqGs R;kaph

foYgsokV yko.ks gk ,d eksBk iz’u fuekZ.k >kyk vkgs- ;klanHkkZr mRrjnkR;kae/;s dks.krh tk.kho fnlrs] gs ;sFks y{kkr ?ks.;kpk mÌs’k vkgs-

;kalnHkkZr 65-40 VDds mRrjnkR;kauh ;k fo/kkukyk lgerh n’kZfoyh- ;k fo/kkukckcrhr rVLFk jkg.kkjs yksdkaps izek.k 19 VDds vkgs- 6-30 VDds mRrjnkR;kauh ;klanHkkZr vlgerh n’kZfoyh rj 10-03 VDds yksdkauh izfrØh;k ns.;kps VkGys- IyWLVhdlkj[;k fu:Ik;ksxh oLrqqaeGs Ik;kZoj.k iznq”khr gksrs ;k vuq”kaxkus lgerhps izek.k egRre vkgs-

Ik;kZoj.k laj{k.k tckcnkjh & Tkyiznq”k.kkpk xaHkhj ifj.kke ekuoh vkjksX;koj gksrks- ;klanHkkZr nsokps vkf.k fuekZY; vkf.k ifo= letY;k xsysY;k oLrq unhr folftZr dj.kkjs mRrjnkR;kaps izek.k 82 VDds vlqu 9 VDds mRrjnkrs rVLFk vkgsr- ,danjhr J/nspk ,d Hkkx Eg.kqu R;kP;k nq”ifj.kkekaph ekfgrh vlqulq/nk egRre mRrjnkrs fuekZY; unhr folthZr djhr vlY;kps y{kkr vkys-

Lo;apfyr okgukaph ns[kHkky & Loa;pfyr okgukapk nSuafnu okij eksB;k izek.kkr dsyk tkrks- R;krqup ckgsj iM.kkjk dkcZu eksukDlkbZM ok;q] /kqj] ekuoh ‘kjhjkl vik;dkjd vkgs- ;k loZ

nq”ijh.kkekapk fopkj d:u mRrjnkR;kadMwu Loa;pfyr okgukaph ns[kHkky dsyh tkrs dk\ gs vH;kl.;kr vkys-

,danjhr egRre mRrjnkrs Lo;apfyr okgukaP;k ckcrhr mnklhu vlY;kps tk.koys-

nSuafnu thoukr lkSjpwy] lkSjcac] xkscjxWl] iou mtkZ ;kapk okij & laj{k.kkRed mik;;kstuk Eg.kqu lkSjpqy] cac xkscjxWl] ;klkj[kh midj.ks okijyh tkrkr- ijarq dsoG 16 VDds yksdp ;k midj.kkapk okij djrkr rj 84 VDds ukxjhd ;kiSdh dks.kR;kgh lk/kukapk okij djhr ulY;kps tk.koys-

mik;;kstuk & ,danjhr Ik;kZoj.k fo”k;d tk.kho tkx`rh vlyh rjh R;kP;k xaHkhj ifj.kkekaph n[ky ukxfjdkauk ukgh- R;kpcjkscj /kkfeZd va/kJ/nkeqGs Ik;kZoj.kkph uklkMh gksr vlY;kps y{kkr ;srs- ;kalnHkkZr ukxfjdkaP;k eukr Ik;kZoj.kkps

egRo fcaco.ks ,d vkOgkup vkgs- R;klkBh vki.k [kkyhy

mik;;kstuk d: ‘kdrks- 1- /ouhiznq”k.kkr /kkfeZd va/nJ/nk gs ,d egRokps dkj.k

vkgs- R;klkBh izkFkfed f’k{k.kkiklwup fo|kF;kZuk J/nk o va/kJ/nk ;kps Kku ns.ks xjtsps vkgs- lkekftdhdj.kkP;k izfØ;sr J/nk] va/kJ/nk ;kckcr ygku eqykaP;k eukr tkf.ko fuekZ.k gksÅu laHkkO; /kksds VGw ‘kdrkr- R;klkBh ikydkapsgh izcks/ku dj.ks xjtsps vkgs-

2- ‘kkldh; ikrGhoj Loa;pfyr okgukaph rikl.kh] f’kfcjs ?ksÅu R;keqGs gks.kkjs iznq”k.kkoj e;kZnk ;sÅ ‘kdrs- R;klkBh lkekU; ukxfjdkae/;s tk.kho tkx`rh fcaco.ksgh xjtsps vkgs-

3- IyWLVhd ikrGhoj ukxjhdkaph ekufldrk y{kkr ?ksÅu ‘kkldh; ikrGhoj IyWLVhd okijkoj canh vk.k.ks vko’;d vkgs- R;klkBh naM vkf.k ‘kklu ;k nksUghpk mi;ksx gksÅu izHkkoh mik;;kstuk vko’;d vkgs- ‘kkys; thoukiklwup R;kckcr fo|kF;kZe/;s Lo;af’kLr d’kh fuekZ.k gksbZy ;kpk fopkj d:u R;kaps lkekthdj.k dj.ks xjtsps vkgs- eqGkrp Ik;kZoj.k lao/kZu gs Lor%P;k HkY;klkBh vko’;d vkgs gk fopkjp fo|kF;kZoj fcaco.ks vkt dkGkph xjt vkgs- uOgs rs ,d vkOgku vkgs-

lanHkZ%& 1- Brijkumar and Prasadsing, Disaster Management psycho

social support and health services. Sumit Eterprises 2010. 2- Deolankar Vivek, Disaster Management strategies.

Commonwealth 2010. 3- Ramamurti K. Disaster Management. Visdom Press Delhi

2011. 4- dUkZy ih- ih-] vkiRrh O;oLFkkiu ladYiuk vkf.k drh- Mk;eaM

ifCyds’ku] iq.ks] 2007- 5- pOgk.k] lkgscjko vkf.k cks/kudj lq/khj] O;kolkf;d Ik;kZoj.k- lkbZukFk

izdk’ku] ukxiqj] 2007- 6- lkse.k ek- ‘k-] lkekftd la’kks/kukph ra=s] iq.ks fo|kFkhZ xg izdk’ku]

iq.ks] 2008- 7- pkS/kjh ,- ih-] vkiRrh O;oLFkkiu] iz’kkar ifCyds’ku] tGxko] 2012-



efgykaps jktdh; l{kfedj.k vkf.k lafo/kkfud izfrfu/khRp M‚- nhid d`".kjko iokj] lg;ksxh izk/;kid o lekt'kkL= foHkkx Áeq[k] foesUl d‚yst v‚Q vkVZ vWUM d‚elZ] 310&c] ufou

uanuou] ukxiwj&09 Email:[email protected] Mob. : 9423405816, 8983314468 la{ksi %& efgykaP;k l{kfedj.kkdjhrk f'k{k.k] vFkksZRiknu] lkekftd ntkZ o Hkqfedk gs vR;ar egRokps ?kVd vkgsr- i.k ;kghis{kk

egRpiq.kZ ?kVd Eg.kts jktdh; lgHkkx] rks ek= nqyZ{khr jkghyk vkgs- fL=;kauk jktdh; fu.kZ; izfØ;sr egRokaP;k inkoj vkf.k vkfFkZd ?kMkeksMhaP;k {ks=kr lgHkkxh d#u ?ksrY;kl R;kauk jktdh;] vkfFkZd Lokra«; izkIr gksÅu] R;kaP;k fgrkps o laj{k.kkps dk;ns d#u R;kaph izHkkoh fu;a=.kk}kjs vaeyctko.kh djrk ;srs- vkf.k R;k}kjs fL=;kaps iq.kZ l{kfedj.k lk/krk ;srs- dkSaVqfcd okrkoj.kkr fdaok pkj fHkarhP;k ?kjkr jkgwu ijkoyachi.kkrwu] fHk=si.kk fuekZ.k gksrks- ijarw jktdh; lgHkkxkrwu eukryk fHk=si.kk yodj tkrks] R;kpcjkscj lRrkinkoj jkgwu vkRefo'okl ok<rks- txkP;k rqyusr Hkkjrh; lalnsr o fo/kheaMGkr efgykaps izek.k Qkj deh vkgs- rs d/khgh 10 VDdsis{kk vf/kd jkfgys ukgh ek= Lokra«;kuarj izFkerk ,fizy 2019 P;k 17 O;k yksdlHksP;k fuoM.kwdhr fudkykuarj efgykaps izek.k lokZr vf/kd Eg.kts 14-3 VDds i;Zar iksgpys- vkWDVks- 2019 P;k fo/kkulHksOlk fuoM.kwdhr ek= gs izek.k 8-33 VDds brdsp vkgs- efgykapk dkgh izek.kkr dk gksbZuk 17 O;k yksdlHksr lgHkkx ok<yk vkgs gk vk’kspk fdj.k vkgs- 17 O;k yksdlHksr efgykaps izek.k ok<.;kr fuoM.kqdhiwohZ ehVw pGoG] 'kcjhekyk eanhj izos'k] rksaMh rykd ;k ckch cjkscj L=h dsanzh ;kstuk] csVhcpko csVh i<koks] rlsp xzkeh.k Hkkxkdjhrk mTToyk ;kstuk ;kapk izpkjkr okij dsyk xsyk- rlsp fL=;kaP;k jkstxkjkP;k vf/kdkf/kd jkstxkjkP;k la/kh miyC/k d#u ns.ks ;koj tkghj ukE;kr Hkj fnyk- ;k O;frfjDr eqfLye L=h la?kVuk] lsaVj QkWj lks'ky fjlpZ o brj L=h la?kVukauh pkp dkGkr efgykaP;k iz'ukaph ppkZ ?kMfo.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk- ;k loZ fL=;kaP;k cktwP;k okrkoj.k fufeZrh eqGs vkti;ZarP;k fuoM.kwdhP;k rqyusr efgykapk lgHkkx ok<yk- R;kpcjkscj efgyk vkj{k.k /k¨j.kkeqGs LFkkfud LojkT; laLFkk o iapk;rjkt e/;s 50 tkxk o inkaoj vkj{k.k ns.;kr vkys R;kpkgh izHkko iMyk- la/kh uOgrh Eg.kwu efgyk ekxs jkfgY;kr] la/kh feGrkp R;kauh jktdh; {ks=kr vkiys dr`ZRo fl) djhr vkgs- i.k vkrk xjt vkgs rh laln o fo/kheaMGkrhy efgykauk vkj{k.kkph-

izLrkouk% efgykaP;k l{kehdj.kkdfjrk f'k{k.k] vFkksZRiknu]

lkekftd ntkZ o Hkwfedk gs vR;ar egŸokps ?kVd vkgsr- R;kdfjrk efgykauh tkLrhr tkLr f'k{k.k ?ksÅu vkiyk ckSf)d Lrj ok<fo.ks vko';d vkgs- pkaxys f'k{k.k ?ksrys rj R;kauk jkstxkjkP;k pkaxY;k la/kh feGw 'kdrkr- fL=;kauk vkfFkZd lŸkk o vf/kdkj ulsy rj R;k irhoj fdaok ofMykaoj iw.kZi.ks voyacwu vlrkr- R;keqGs ?kjkrhy iq#"k fL=;kaoj fu;a=.k feGorkr- tj fL=;k vFkksZRiknu d: ykxY;k rj R;kauk dqVqackr vkf.k lkekftd LFkkukr ok< gksrs- fL=;k Lokra«;kpk vuqHko ?ksÅu R;kauk vkiY;k O;fDreŸokpk fodkl dj.;kph la/kh feGrs- lektkr R;kauk vkiys LFkku fuekZ.k djrk ;srs- R;kauk dkexkj oxkZr] dk;kZy;kr] deZpkjh oxkZr lgHkkx ok<rks- R;krqu R;kaps usr`Ro xq.k fodflr gks.;kl enr gksrs- ;k lanHkkZr lekt'kkL=K CywEcxZ ;kapk fyax Lrfjd.kkpk fl/nkar (Gender Stratification

Theory) egRokpk vkgs- CywEcxZ P;k ers] ^^T;k lektkr fL=;k ns'kkP;k vkfFkZd ?kMkeksMhP;k egRokP;k dk;kZr lgHkkxh vlrkr] R;k lektkr fL=;kaps vkfFkZd vkf.k lkekftd vf/kdkj tkLr vlrkr- ;k myV fLFkrh vlsy rj fL=;kapk ntkZ vkf.k vf/kdkj vkf.k deh izrhpk vlrks-1

fL=;kauk jktdh; fu.kZ; izfØ;sr egŸokaP;k inkoj vkf.k vkfFkZd ?kMkeksMhaP;k {ks=kr lgHkkxh d:u ?ksrY;kl R;kauk jktdh;] vkfFkZd Lokra«; izkIr gksÅu] R;kaP;k fgrkps o laj{k.kkps dk;ns d:u R;kaph izHkkoh fu;a=.kk}kjs vaeyctko.kh

djrk ;srs- vkf.k R;k}kjs fL=;kaps iq.kZ l{kehdj.k lk/krk ;srs- jktdh; lgHkkxkrwu jktdh; lŸkk izkIr gksrs vkf.k jktdh; lRrsus vusd xks"Vh izkIr djrk ;sÅ 'kdrkr- vkiY;k iz'ukaph lksMo.kwd djrk ;srs] fu.kZ; ?ksrk ;srkr] vkns'k nsrk ;sÅu] brjkadMwu vkns'kkps ikyu d#u ?ksrk ;srs- dk;ns r;kj d#u ?ksrk ;srkr] efgyk fodklkP;k ;kstuk vk[krk ;srkr] ;k}kjs efgykauk laj{k.k nsÅu lokZafx.k dY;k.k lk/kwu R;kaps l{kfedj.k djrk ;srs dkSaVqfcd okrkoj.kkr fdaok pkj fHkarhP;k ?kjkr jkgwu ijkoyachi.kkrwu] fHk=si.kk fuekZ.k gksrks- ijarq jktdh; lgHkkxkrwu eukryk fHk=si.kk yodj tkrks] R;kpcjkscj lRrkinkoj jkgwu vkRefo'okl ok<rks-

efgykauk jktdkj.kkrhy vf/kdkjinkojhy leku gDd dk gok vkgs\ ;koj Áfl) lektdk;Z 'kkL=K Ák- lqjsæÇlx o Ák- ,l-ih- JhokLro ;kaps Hkk"; egŸokps vkgs- rs Eg.krkr& ^^jktdh; Lrjkoj fu.kZ; ÁfØ;sr efgykapk lgHkkx ok<Y;kl o iq#"kk,o<k >kY;kl jktdkj.kkr cny g¨Ãy- jktdkj.kkph o lektkph fn'kk cny.;kl efgykapk jktdkj.kkrhy lgHkkx ok<.ks vko';d vkgs-**3 ijarq txkr d¨.kR;kgh ns'kkr efgyk o iq#"k ;kaP;ke/;s Çyx lekurk vk<Gr ukgh- txkrhy ,dw.k

ns'kkaiSdh fLoMu o fQuy¡M ;k n¨u ns'kkae/;sp efgykauk iq#"kkaÁek.ksp leku jktdh; gDd o R;klkBh dk;ns'khj laj{k.k ns.;kph O;oLFkk vkgs- i.k Áxr v'kk vesfjdk] baXyaM] ÝkUl Çdok brj ns'kkr d¨Bsgh v'kh O;oLFkk ukgh- R;keqGs txkr



y¨dla[;sr 50 VDd okVk vlwugh] 15 VDds is{kk tkLr

jktdh; ins R;kauk feGkysyh ukghr- efgykapk jktdh; lgHkkx vkf.k Hkkjr %& folkO;k 'krdkr

txkP;k jktdkj.kkr eksB;k izek.kkr cny >kysr- gqdwe'kkgh fdaok lkezkT;oknh jktdh; O;oLFkspk var gksÅu yksd'kkgh jktdh; O;oLFksph lq#okr >kyh- baXyaM o vesfjdk ;k ns'kkus fL=;kauk ernkukpk vf/kdkj fnyk- 1950 uarj tkxfrd jktdkj.kkr efgykapk lgHkkx ok<w ykxyk- vusd jk"Vªkaps iariz/kku] jk"Vªk/;{k] i{kk/;{k vkf.k brj loksZPp ins efgykauh vkiY;k l{kersus feGfoyh- lhjhek;ks HkaMkjuk;ds] bafnjk xka/kh] ekxkZjsV FkWpj] csuf>j HkqV~Vks] pafnzdk] dqekjraqxk] 'ks[k gfluk oktsn] csxe [kkfy;k f>;k] rj vxnh vfydMs HkkjrkP;k lksfu;k xka/kh] vkf.k vesfjdsP;k dkWfyu ikWosy] fgyjh fDyaVu ;kauh vkiY;k ns'kkP;k o txkP;k jktdkj.kkr Blk meVfoyk- rjh i.k txkP;k lalns e/khy fL=;kaph la[;k rqyusus dehp vkgs- vkarj lalnh; la?kkP;k ikg.khuqlkj vesfjdsr fL=;kaps lalnsrhy izek.k 12-6 VDds] ;qjksikr 12-6 VDds] iWflfQd ns'kkr 11-6 VDds] lgkjk o vkfQzdk [kaMkr 10-4 VDds] vkf'k;k [kaMkr 13-1 VDds vkf.k vjc jk"Vªkr 3-3 VDds vkgs- txkr lokZr tkLr L=h lnL; la[;k LohMu e/;s 40 VDds

vkgs- U;q>hyaM e/;s 29-2 VDds] vtsZafVukr 25-3 VDds vkf.k fpue/;s 21 VDds vkgs2- ;k rqyusr Hkkjrh; lalnsr o fo/kheaMGkr efgykaps izek.k Qkj deh vkgs-

egkjk"Vª fo/kkulHksr efgykaps izfrfu/khRo

v-Ø-

fo/kkulHkk fuoM.kwd

o"kZ

,dw.k lnL;

efgyk lnL;

efgykaps izek.k

1 1962 265 17 6-14

2 1967 271 12 4-42

3 1972 271 28 10-33

4 1978 289 9 3-12

5 1980 289 20 6-90

6 1985 289 16 5-53

7 1990 289 6 2-07

8 1995 289 11 3-80

9 1999 289 13 4-50

10 2004 289 12 4-15

11 2009 288 12 4-16

12 2014 288 20 6-94

13 2019 288 24 8-33

loZ Lrjkrhy efgykaps [kÚ;k vFkkZus] vkf.k tyn

l{kehdj.k dj.;kdfjrk R;kapk jktdh; lgHkkx ok<.ks [kwi xjtsps vkgs- R;kdfjrk vxnh rGkxkGkiklwu (Grass Root)

efgykapk jktdh; lgHkkx ok<wu] R;kaps jktdh; lkekftdj.k

gksÅu R;kpk ifj.kke Lo#i efgykapk fof/keaMG o lalnsrhy lgHkkx ok<kok ;k gsrwus 24 ,fizy 1993 yk 73 o 74 oh ?kVuk nq#Lrh d:u iapk;r jkt o LFkkfud LojkT; laLFkkae/;s 33 VDds vkj{k.k ns.;kr vkys- efgykapk ;k Lrjkrhy lgHkkx vkf.k drqZRo y{kkr ?ksÅu rlsp ;krwu feGkysY;k pkaxY;k ifj.kkekrwu rs 14 ,fizy 2011 yk rs 50 VDds dsys xsys- i.k ;kpk ifj.kke Lo#i ojP;k Lrjkr efgykapk lgHkkx ok<yk ukgh- uqdR;kp >kysY;k iqjksxkeh o fodflr jkT; vlysY;k egkjk"Vª jkT;P;k fo/kkulHksP;k fuoM.kqdhpk fopkj dsyk vlrk vls fnlwu ;srs dh egkjk"Vª ,dw.k 8-97 dksVh ernkj vkgs- R;kr iSdh 4-38 dksVh efgyk Eg.kts toG toG 50 VDds efgyk ernkj vkgs- 2019 P;k ;k fuoM.kqdhr 235 efgyk mesnokj fuoM.kqdhP;k fjax.kkr gksR;k i.k R;kiSdh QDr 24 efgyk fuoMqu vkY;k vkgsr] R;kaps fo/kkulHksP;k ,dw.k lnL; la[;s’kh izek.k 8-33 VDds brdsp vkgs-

HkkjrkP;k yksdlHksrhy efgykapk lgHkkx

v-Ø-

fo/kkulHkk fuoM.kwd

o"kZ

,dw.k lnL;

efgyk lnL;

efgykaps izek.k

1 1952 499 22 4-4

2 1957 509 27 5-4

3 1962 503 34 6-8

4 1967 533 32 5-9

5 1971 528 36 4-2

6 1977 544 19 3-4

7 1980 544 32 7-9

8 1984 544 46 8-1

9 1989 525 28 5-3

10 1991 531 39 7-2

11 1996 537 36 7-2

12 1998 544 44 8-0

13 1999 548 48 8-8

14 2004 545 48 8-8

15 2009 545 59 10-8

16 2014 545 62 11-38

17 2019 545 78 14-31

lrjkO;k yksdlHksph fuoM.kwd vusd vFkkZus y{k.kh; vkgs-

;kr Lokra«;kuarj lokZf/kd efgyk [kklnkj fuoMqu ;s.;kps izek.k tkLr vkgs- rlsp iq#"k ernkj vkf.k L=h ernkj ;kaP;k ernkukP;k VDdsokjhrhy varj deh >kys vkgs] Eg.kts efgykaps ernkukps izek.k ok<ys vkgs- efgykapk fuoM.kqdhrhy mRlkgh lgHkkx jktdh; izfØ;sfo"k;h ok<R;k tkx#drsph fun'kZd Eg.kkos



dk\ vlk iz’.k fuekZ.k gksrks vkgs- ;k fuo.kwdhr Hkkjrh;

lalnsP;k bfrgklkr ifgY;kankp yksdlHksr lokZf/kd 78 efgyk [kklnkj fuoMwu vkY;k- ifgY;k yksdlHksr ikp VDds efgyk [kklnkj gksR;k] rj lrjkO;k yksdlHksr R;kaph VDdsokjh 14-3 i;Zar ikspyh vkgs- xsY;k o"kkZiklwu efgykauk fo/kheaMG o lalnsr yksdla[;sP;k izek.kkr Eg.kts 50 VDds vkj{k.k |kos v'kh ekx.kh vkgs- rls lalnsr chy i.k nk[ky >kys gksrs] i.k gs chy eatwj gksÅu gs vkj{k.k FkaMxkj >kys xsY;k ikp o"kkZr rj v'kh dkgh ekx.kh gksrh\ gs i.k foljysr dk;\ vlk iz'u fuekZ.k >kyk vkgs- i.k Lokra«;kuarj izFkerk 2019 P;k 17 O;k yksdlHksP;k fuoM.kwd fudkykuarj efgykaps izek.k lokZr vf/kd Eg.kts 14-3 VDds i;Zar iksgpys] vls dk; ?kMys] ;k efgyk dks.k\ R;kapk lgHkkx dk\ ok<yk gh ckc egRokph vkgs-

efgykapk lgHkkx lgHkkx dk ok<yk vkgs\ ;k fuoM.kwdhiqohZ ehVw pGoG] 'kcjhekyk eanhj izos'k] rksaMh

rykd ;k fo"k;kaP;k ek/;ekrwu fL=;kaP;k iz'ukaoj ppkZ ?kMr gksrh- R;kps iMlkn fofo/k i{kkP;k tkghj ukE;kr meVY;kps fnlwu vkys- dkWxzslus ! ;k dk;|kpk vk<kok ?ks.ks rlsp efgyka fojks/kh fgalk vkf.k xqUgs ;kdfjrk fo'ks"k rikl ;a=.kk fuekZ.k dj.ks ;k eq|kapk tkfgjukE;kr Hkj fnyk gksrk- rj Hkktius L=h dsanzh

;kstuk] csVhcpko csVh i<koks] rlsp xzkeh.k Hkkxkdjhrk mTToyk ;kstuk ;kapk izpkjkr okij dsyk- rlsp fL=;kaP;k jkstxkjkP;k vf/kdkf/kd jkstxkjkP;k la/kh miyC/k d:u ns.ks ;koj tkghj ukE;kr Hkj fnyk- ;k O;frfjDr eqfLye L=h la?kVuk] lsaVj QkWj lks'ky fjlpZ o brj L=h la?kVukauh pkp dkGkr efgykaP;k iz'ukaph ppkZ ?kMfo.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk- ;k loZ fL=;kaP;k cktwP;k okrkoj.k fufeZrh eqGs vkti;ZarP;k fuoM.kqdhP;k rqyusr Eg.kts 8049 mesnokjkae/;s 715 efgyk gksR;k] R;kph VDdsokjh 8 VDds brdh gksrh- 2019 P;k fuoM.kqdhr lokZf/kd efgyk mesnokjkauk fuoM.kqdhr frdhVs gh fctw turk ny vkf.k r`.kewy dkWxzslus fnyh i.k egRokP;k Eg.kts dkWxzsl o Hkktik ;k i{kkae/;s efgykackcr mnkflurk gksrh-

T;k efgyk mesnokjkauk frdhVs feGkyh fdaok fuoMwu vkY;k R;ke/;s jktdh; okjlk ykHkysY;k cgq&csVh&iRuh flusrkjd o oknxzLr O;DrheRokP;k efgyk vkgsr- ;kyk viokn vfr'kh] jE;k gjnkl] izfeyk fclksbZ ;k vkgsr T;kauk dks.krsgh XyWej fdaok okjlk uOgrk- egŸokps Eg.kts tqU;k usR;kae/;s fejkdqekj] 'khyk nhf{kr] esgcqok eq¶rh ;kapk ijkHko >kyk- rj HkktikP;k lksGk [kklnkj iqUgk fuoMwu vkY;kr- ojP;k jktdkj.kkr Eg.kts fof/keaMG o lalnsr efgykaps izfrfu/khRo ok<ys vkgs- i.k ;k

izfrfu/khRokr Lo;aizdk'kh efgykaps izek.k Qkj ux.; vlwu T;kauk

okMofMykapk jktdh; okjlk ykHkyk rlsp R;kauk XyWej vkgs

v'kk flusrkjdk fdaok oknxzLr efgykapk eksB;k izek.kkr fuoMwu vkY;k vkgsr- eksnh ljdkjP;k ea=h eaMGkr 58 ea«;kaiSdh lgk ea=h vkgsr- ,dw.kp efgykaps fgrkps fu.kZ; fdrh ?ksrkr] gs iz'u lalnsr dls ykowu /kjrkr fdaok efgykaP;k iz'uka lanHkkZr laosnuf'kyrk nk[kor fo/kk;d dk;Z djrkr dk;\ vk'kk d#;k-

efgyk vkj{k.k /k¨j.kkeqGs LFkkfud LojkT; laLFkk o iapk;rjkt e/;s 50 tkxk o inkaoj vkj{k.k ns.;kr vkys R;keqGs jktdh; i{kkauk efgykaph vkjf{kr tkxkaoj fuoM.kwd y<fo.;kdfjrk xjt Hkklyh- uqlR;kp d¨.kR;kgh efgykauk i{kkP;k orhus mHks d:u fuoM.kwd y<fo.ks vkf.k iq<s fuoMwu vkY;koj i{kkP;k fopkjkus] i{kkP;k fuoM.kwd vtsaMÓkkuqlkj] i{kkP;k fu;a=.kkr dke djowu Äs.ks dBh.k Çdok vMp.khps g¨rs- Eg.kwu ÁR;sd i{kkus] vkivkiY;k i{kkr efgykauk lgHkkxh d:u Äsrys- R;kauk i{kkph fopkjlj.kh] /;s; /k¨j.k vkf.k fu;e o f'kLrhpk ifjp; d:u ns.;kdfjrk] i{kkP;k orhus vk;¨ftr ppkZl=s] ifj"knk] lHkk] dk;Z'kkGk] Áf'k{k.k oxZ bR;knh }kjs R;kauk jktdh; Áf'k{k.k ns.;kr vkys- R;krhy usr`Ro{ke vkf.k drZcxkj efgykapk 'k¨/k ÄsÅu] R;kauk i{kkP;k osxosxGÓkk Lrjkrhy i{kkf/kdkjh Eg.kwu use.;kr vkysys vkgs- dkgh i{kkauh]

i{kkP;k efgyk vkÄkMÓk ns[khy lq: dsY;k vkgsr- efgykauk vkj{k.k /k¨j.kkeqGs LFkkfud LojkT; laLFkk o

iapk;rjkt P;k jktdkj.kkr e¨BÓkk Áek.kkr Áos'k feGkyk- ;k Áos'kkeqGs iq#"kh ,dkf/kdkjkP;k letY;k tk.kkÚ;k {ks=kr efgyk vkY;kr- vkt R;k 50 vkjf{kr tkxkaP;k O;frfjDr] loZlk/kkj.k iq#"k ÁfrLi/kÊ vlysY;k tkxsojgh fuoM.kwdk y<for vkgs- lŸkkin dkcht d:u] vkiY;k drZcxkjhus vusd efgykauh pkaxyh Nki jktdkj.kkr ikMyh vkgs- v'kk efgykaph LFkkfud LojkT; laLFkk o iapk;rjktP;kgh dk;Z{ks=kiq<s Áknsf'kd o jk"Vªh; ikrGhoj vkxsdwp lq: >kyh vkgs- eWfD>u e¨fyu‚Dlps ^jktdh; ÁHkkoklkBh vko';d vl.kkjs loZ fud"k ,dtkr iq#"kh vkgsr-* gs fo/kku pwd Bjys vkgs- la/kh uOgrh Eg.kwu efgyk ekxs jkfgY;kr] la/kh feGrkp R;kauh jktdh; {ks=kr vkiys dr`ZRo fl) dsys vkgs- i.k vkrk xjt vkgs rh laln o fo/kheaMGkrhy efgykauk vkj{k.kkph- lanHkZ xzaFk % 1- MkW- iokj nhid ¼2016½% efgykaps jktdh; l{kfedj.k] Jh lkbZukFk

izdk”ku] ukxiwj] nqljh vkoRrh] i”B 168 2- MkW- iokj nhid ¼2016½% efgykaps jktdh; l{kfedj.k] Jh lkbZukFk

izdk”ku] ukxiwj] nqljh vkoRrh] i”B 168 3- Yksys fp=k % lRrsrY;k dkjHkkj.kh] nSfud ldkG] 11 tqu 2019] i”B 4



Ikq#”kiz/kku lekt O;oLFkk vkf.k fL=;kapk lkekftd ntkZ MkW-lrh’k xaxkjke llk.ks] lekt’kkL= foHkkxizeq[k] egkRek Qqys egkfo|ky;] vgeniwj eks-9923902796

izLrkouk%& Hkkjrh; lektkpk ,sfrgkfld vk<kok ?ksrY;kl

vls fun’kZukl ;srs dh] Hkkjrh; laL—rhph vf/k”Bkrh L=hp vkgs- oSfnd dky[kaMkr fL=;kauk iq#”kkaizek.ksp leku vf/kdkj gksrs- fofo/k {ks=kr R;kauk lkekowu ?ksrys tkr gksrs- fL=;kauk eku&lUeku gksrk- f’k{k.kkph] fo|sph] dyk {ks=kph nkjs [kqyh gksrh- ek= mRrj oSfnd dky[kaMkr fL=;kapk ntkZ dedqor >kyk- fo’ks”kr% Le`rhdkG gkp [kÚ;k vFkkZus fL=;kaP;k dedqor ntkZyk dkj.khHkwr Bjyk vkf.k ;k dky[kaMkr fL=;k gGwgGw ek.kwl vlwu R;kauk xqyke cuoys xsys- R;kauk pkj fHkarhP;k vkrhy ?kjdkekr cka/kwu Vkdys xsys- irhyk ijes’oj cuoys vu~ iRuhyk nklh cuowu irhlsok] irhpk /keZikyu dj.ks ca/kudkjd dsys vkf.k lektdkj.k] vFkZdkj.k] f’k{k.k ;kiklwu fryk Qkjdr fnyh- iq#”kiz/kkurk ok<yh- fir`lÙkkd dqVqackyk pkyuk] iq= gkp oa’kkpk fnok ekuyk xsyk-

Le`rhdky[kaMkpk rkfÙod fopkj Eg.kts] ^u L=h Lokra™; egZfr* ;kpk vFkZ ;k dky[kaMkr L=hyk dlysp Lokra™; vlrk dkek u;s- QDr ^pwy vkf.k ewy* lkaHkkG.ks] xqyke] ykpkj]

nklh Eg.kwup laiw.kZ vk;q”; rhus thou txkos- oMhy] irh] eqyxk ;kaP;k laj{k.kk[kkyh thou txys ikfgts] gkp fopkj iq#”kiz/kku O;oLFksus #tfoyk-

tSu o ckS) dky[kaMkpk fopkj dsY;kl rks dky[kaM foKkufu”B iqjksxkeh lerkewyd U;k;fu”B rÙokoj vk/kkjysyk fnlrks- HkkjrkP;k izkphu ,sfrgkfld dky[kaMkps fopkj dsY;kl QDr tSu o ckS) dky[kaMkr lokZar tkLr izek.kkr fL=;kauk lerk vkf.k lersus thou tx.;kps Lokra™; feGkys gksrs- o/kZeku egkohjkaP;k ifjokjkr panuk fgP;k vf/kdkjkr 36 gtkj Je.kh gksR;k- tsOgk Hkxoku cq)kauh dihyoLrwyk HksV fnyh rsOgk ‘kkD; iq#”kkizek.ks ‘kkD; fL=;kauk ns[khy la?kkr izfr”Bk gks.;kph mRlqdrk gksrh v’kk fL=;kauk R;kauh egkiztkirh xkSreh ;kaP;k usr`Rok[kkyh R;kauk lkekowu ?ksrys- ;k onu L=h thoukP;k ,sfrgkfld dky[kaMkpk vk<kok ?ksrY;kuarj oSfnd o ckS) tSu dky[kaMkp viokn Bjrkr- T;k dky[kaMkauk L=h thoukpk lqo.kZ dky[kaM Eg.kkok ykxrks- vU;Fkk brj loZp dky[kaMkr iq#”kiz/kku lekt O;oLFksr fL=;kaP;k thoukyk dkGhekp Qklysyh igko;kl feGrs- R;keqGs vktP;k 21 O;k ‘krdkP;k oSKkfud vkf.k lafo/kku vl.kkÚ;k dky[kaMkr ns[khy L=hyk vtwugh ek.kwl Eg.kwu laiw.kZi.ks eku&lUeku feGr ukgh- ;kmyV

[kwu] cykRdkj] vigj.k] dkSVqafcd fgalkpkjkykp cGh tkos ykxrs- Eg.kwu L=h thoukpk ntkZ vktgh [kkykoysykp vkgs-

‘kks/kfuca/kkps mn~ns’k%& 1½ Hkkjrh; L=h thoukyk lekurspk ntkZ feG.ks vko’;d vkgs- 2½ iq#”kiz/kku lekt O;oLFkkp L=h

thoukyk dyadhr dj.kkjh Bjyh ;kpk vk<kok ?ks.ks- 3½ L=h&iq#”k ;kaP;kckcr Hkkjrkr fyaxHksn vtwugh izd”kkZus ekuys tkrkr- 4½ /kekZuqlkj eqyxk gkp oa’kkpk fnkok ekuyk tkrks- 5½ vleku ntkZeqGs L=h fgalkpkjkps izek.k lkrR;kus ok<rs vkgs ;kpk vk<kok ?ks.ks-

Xk`fgrds%& 1½ oSfnd] tSu vkf.k ckS) dky[kaMkpk viokn lksMyk rj izR;sd dky[kaMkr L=h thoukph gsGlkaM >kysyh fnlrs- 2½ efgyk l{kehdj.kkyk pkyuk ns.ks vko’;d vkgs- 3½ fL=;k iq#”kkaizek.ksp dr`ZRo’khy vlrkr i.k R;kauk lekursph la/kh feGkyh ikfgts- 4½ dkSVqafcd fgalkpkjkP;k cGhrwu R;kauk okpoys ikfgts- 5½ L=h&iq#”k lekurk gs rÙo [kÚ;k vFkkZus iq#”kiz/kku lektO;oLFksus vaxhdkjys ikfgts-

rF; ladyu%& izLrqr ‘kks/kfuca/k fyfg.;klkBh f}rh; L=ksrka}kjs ekfgrh ladyhr dsyh vkgs- T;kr lanHkZ xzaFk] ekflds] orZekui=s] lkIrkfgds o baVjusV ;klkj[;k lk/ku lkexzhpk mi;ksx dsysyk vkgs-

iq#”k lekt thoukph ekufldrk vkf.k L=h thou%& L=h

thoukP;k bfrgklkpk vk<kok ?ksryk rj oSfnd] ckS) vkf.k tSu dky[kaMkrp fL=;kauk lqo.kZ;qx feGkysys gksrs- brj dky[kaMkr ek= L=h thoukph fdrh gsGlkaM >kyh ;kpk Lora= bfrgkl ikgkok ykxrks- ;kyk lokZr egÙokps dkj.k Eg.kts Hkkjrh; lektkrhy iq#”kiz/kku lektO;oLFkk vkf.k R;kaph ekufldrk gks;- fganw /kekZrhy izFkk ijaijsus /kekZyk egÙo nsÅu /kekZP;k ukok[kkyh o.kZO;oLFkk] tkrhO;oLFkk cGdV dsY;k- euqLe`rhyk vf/k”Bku nsowu fL=;kauk iq#”kkaP;k gkrhrhy ckgqys dsys- fryk nklh] xqyke] ykpkj dsys xsys] fguoys xsys- dsoG pqy vkf.k eqy lkaHkkG.kkjh] miHkksxkph ,d oLrw Eg.kwup fryk ekuys xsys- vkfFkZd] /kkfeZd] ‘kS{kf.kd vf/kdkjkiklwu fryk oafpr Bsoys xsys- R;keqGs iq#”kiz/kkursP;k ekufldrsrwu fL=;kaps thou Eg.kts ej.k ;kruk Hkksx.kkjs thou cuys- R;krp lrhph izFkk] nsonklh izFkk] fo/kok iqufoZokgkl fojks/k] cgqiRuh fookg] gqaMÓkkph izFkk v’kk vusd /kkfeZd ijaijsP;k vu~ deZdkaMkP;k csMÓkkr vMdkowu fryk caf/kLr dsys xsys- L=h Eg.kwu ik;k[kkyps ik;r.k ekuys tkrs- frus tkLr cksyw u;s] dqByk fopkj ekaMw u;s] dlysp vf/kdkj xktow u;s- dks.kR;kgh dk;ZØekr iq<kdkj ?ksowu u;s Eg.kwu fryk lkj[ks dqVqackrwu NGys tk.ks] fryk viekukLin okx.kwd ns.ks] ‘kkjhfjd] ekufld] Hkkou] ySafxd NG dsyk tkrks- dkSVqafcd

fgalkpkjkrwu rj vekuoh —R; dsyh tkrkr- mnk- Bkj ekj.ks] tkGwu ekj.ks] gqaM;klkBh lrr NG dj.ks] /kedh ns.ks] thforkl /kksdk fuekZ.k dj.ks] vlqjf{krrk fuekZ.k dj.ks] ukrsokbZdkPkk laidZ rksM.ks] xHkZikrkph lDrh dj.ks] eqyhp tUekyk ?kkrY;k Eg.kwu



frpk NG dj.ks] [kwu] cykRdkj] lklw&lkj eaMGhadMwu dzwj NG

v’kk izdkjP;k ckrE;k vki.k okprksp- R;keqGs L=h gh tUekiklwu ejsi;Zar thou txrp ukgh rj QDr ej.k;kruk Hkksxr vlrs- ex dsOgk vkiY;kp ek.klkdMwu rj d/kh lektkrhy fx/kkM izo`ÙkhP;k ujHk{kdkdMwu- ijokp ?kMysyh ?kVuk rqEgk&vkEgkps MksGs pØkowu lksM.kkjh vkf.k Úgn; gsykowu Vkd.kkjh- gSnzkckn ;sFkhy fiz;adk jsM~Mh lkscr >kysys nq”—R; Eg.kts L=h ekrsP;k xHkkZr lqjf{kr ukgh- lekt njckjkr lqjf{kr ukgh- xYyhiklwu fnYyhi;Zar L=h thoukP;k O;Fkk&dFkk lkrR;kus okbZV ?kVukaP;k ek/;ekrwu vkiY;kleksj ;srkuk fnlrkr- ;kyk fofo/k dkj.ks vkf.k lkekftd ifjfLFkrh tckcnkj vlsy ijarq lokZr xaHkhj ckc Eg.kts iq#”kiz/kku lektO;oLFksph ekufldrk vkf.k R;krwu ok<r tk.kkjh Øqjrk] fx/kkM izo`Rrh] ySafxd vklDrh] O;lukf/kurk] fu”Bqjrk] fL=;kauk fnys tk.kkjs dfu”B LFkku] dfu”B ntkZ- ;keqGsp fL=;kauk iq#”kh opZLokyk cGh iMkos ykxr vkgs-

;k xks”Vh Fkkaco.;klkBh jk”Vªlarkauh] lektlq/kkjdkauh iqjksxkeh vkf.k foKkuoknh /keZlaLFkkidkauh fL=;kauk leku vf/kdkj] gDd feGowu fnys- N=irh f’kokth egkjktkauh ijL=hyk ekrsleku ntkZ nsÅu laca/k L=h thoukpk xkSjo dsyk- e-Qqysauh L=h f’k{k.kkyk

izk/kkU; nsÅu fL=;kauk f’k{k.k{ks=kr vk.kys- jkt”khZ ‘kkgw egkjktkauh L=h&iq#”k lekurk vk.k.;klkBh vkj{k.k /kksj.kkrwu efgyk l{kehdj.kkyk pkyuk fnyh- MkW-ckcklkgsc vkacsMdjkauh ;k ns’kkP;k jkT;?kVusr fL=;kauh u ekxrkp R;kauk ewyHkwr ekuoh vf/kdkj fnys- R;kr f’k{k.kkpk] ernkukpk gDd nsowu izkphu dkGkr iq#”kkaP;k ik;F;kik’kh Ik’kq&izk.;klkj[ks thou tx.kkÚ;k fL=;kauk ek.kwl Eg.kwu rkB ekusus thou tx.;kpk vf/kdkj fnyk- R;keqGs vkt fL=;k ljiap inkiklwu ns’kkP;k jk”Vªirh inki;Zar tkowu iksgkspY;k R;k dsoG MkW-ckcklkgsc vkacsMdjkauh vki.kkl

fnysY;k Hkkjrh; lafo/kkukph ns.k Eg.kkoh ykxrs vkf.k efgykauk

dlykp] dqBykp =kl gksow u;s R;kapk NG gksow u;s Eg.kwugh ;k lafo/kkukr fofo/k dyekaph rjrwn d:u dk;|kph fufeZrh dj.;kr vkyh vkgs- ,dhdMs HkkSfrd Lo:ikr] dk;ns] lkekftd pGoGh vfLrRokr vkgsr- ek= nqljhdMs fL=;kapk lkekftd ntkZ vktgh dfu”B vlysyk fnlrks- R;keqGs d/kh ^fuHkZ;k* rj d/kh ^fiz;adk jsM~Mh* ;klkj[;k ?kVukauh fL=;kapk NG gksrkuk fnlrks vkgs-

Ikq#”kiz/kku lektO;oLFksph ekufldrk cnyk;ph vlsy rj N=irh f’kojk;kapk vkpkj] [kÚ;k vFkkZus vafxdkjkok ykxsy- Hkkjrh; jkT;?kVusps f’kYidkj MkW-ckcklkgsc vkacsMdjkauk fnysys gDd R;kauk vki.k fnysp ikfgtsr- R;kapk eku&lUeku dsykp ikfgts rjp fL=;kadMs ikg.;kpk n`f”Vdksu gGwgGw cnysy- rsOgkp [kÚ;k vFkkZus L=h Eg.kwu thou ^ek.kwl* Eg.kwu thou tx.;kpk gDd R;kauk feGsy- vU;Fkk L=h vR;kpkjkps l= vlsp pkyw jkghy- ^

lksp cnyks] [kqn dks cnyks rHkh lekt cnysxk vkSj tc lekt cnysxk rks ns’k cnysxk vkSj lkjk tgk¡ cnysxk*

;klkBh xjt vkgs iq#”kh vR;kpkj Fkkacfo.;kph] iq#”kh vgadkj] iq#iz/kku ekufldrk cny.;kph- lanHkZ 1- L=h&iq#”k rqyuk&iq#”kksÙke [ksMdj 2- L=h&iz’ukaph okVpky&ifjorZukP;k fn’ksus] fo|qr Hkkxor 3- efgyk l{kehdj.k % MkW-lqjs[kk xksxV 4- Hkkjrh; lkekftd leL;k & izk-,l-,u- xansokj



ckS) /kEe vkf.k ekuoh dY;k.k izk- MkW- 'kadj ckxMs] ejkBh foHkkx izeq[k] ,e-ch- iVsy dkWyst] lkdksyh eks- 9370632461

fo'o 'kkarhnwr fl)kFkZ xkSre cq) ;kapk tUe f[kzLriwoZ 563

e/;s oS'kk[kh ikSf.kZesyk >kyk- R;kaP;k ofMykaps uko 'kq)ksnu o vkbZps uko egkek;k vls gksrs- dfiyoLrq uxjhpk jktk 'kq)ksnu Qkj eksBk ;ks)k o Jhear gksrk- jktdqekj fl)kFkZ xkSrekps ckyi.k lq[kkr xsys- o;kP;k lksGkO;k o"khZ fl)kFkZ xkSre o ;'kks/kjk ;kaps yXu >kys- vusd o"kkZuarj ;'kks/kjsyk ,d iq= >kyk- R;kps uko jkgqy vls Bso.;kr vkys-

fl)kFkZ xkSre o;kP;k folkO;k o"khZ 'kkD; la?kkps lHkkln >kys-jksfg.kh unhP;k ik.kh okViko:u 'kkD; vkf.k dksyh; ;kaP;kr la?k"kZ fuekZ.k >kyk- R;kosGh 'kkD; la?kkP;k lsukirhus dksfy;kaP;k fo#) ;q) dj.;kpk Bjko eatwj dsyk- R;k Bjkokyk fl)kFkZ xkSrekus fojks/k dsyk- R;keqGs 'kkD; la?kkP;k fu;ekuqlkj fl)kFkZ xkSrekyk rhu izdkjP;k f’k{kk QekZo.;kr vkY;k- ^^,d lSU;kr nk[ky gksÅu ;q)kr lkehy gks.ks( nqljk nsgkUr’kklukyk vFkok ns’kR;kxkyk laerh ns.ks vkf.k frljk] vkiY;k dqVqach;kaoj lkekftd cfg"dkj vks<owu ?ksÅu R;kaP;k ekyeRrsph tIrh gksÅ ns.;kl r;kj gks.ks-**1 R;kiSdh ns’kR;kxkph f’k{kk iRd:u (

fl)kFkZ xkSre o;kP;k ,dks.krhlkO;k o"khZ ifjozT;k ?ksrkr- ifjozT;k LohdkjY;kuarj lq:okrhph lgk o"kZs vusd

_"kh&equhaP;k vkJekr o lgoklkr fofo/k fo"k;koj fl)kFkZ xkSrekus Kku xzg.k dsys- o;kP;k iLrhlkO;k o"khZ fl)kFkZ xkSrekauh cq)x;syk fiaiGo`{kk[kkyh pkj vkBoMs /;kuLFk clwu fofo/k fo"k;kaoj fparu dsys- R;krwu lR;Kku fl)kFkZ xkSrekauk izkIr >kys- thou tx.;kpk uohu ekxZ R;kauk xolyk- vkiY;kyk izkIr >kysys lE;d Kku brjkauk lkxkaos vlk fu'p; d:u( rFkkxr xkSre cq) lkjukFkyk xsys- rsFks ikp laU;klh czkã.kkauk rFkkxr xkSrekauh vkiyk /kEe ¼thou tx.;kpk ekxZ½ lkafxryk- rks /kEe R;kauk iVyk- R;keqGs rs ikp czkã.k laU;klh rFkkxr xkSrekyk 'kj.k vkys vkf.k R;kauh cq) /kEekph nh{kk ?ksryh- ^^Hkxoku cq)kfo"k;h R;kapk vknj brdk ve;kZn >kyk dh] rs R;kl rkcMrksc 'kj.k xsys vkf.k vkiys f’k"; Eg.kwu vkiyk Lohdkj djkok v’kh R;kauh R;kl fouarh dsyh- ,fg fHkD[kos ¼fHkD[kwauks] ;k-½ gk ea= mPpk:u Hkxoku cq)kus R;kauk vkiY;k /kEekr izfo"V d:u ?ksrys- rs iapoxhZ; fHkD[kw Eg.kwu iq<s vksG[kys tkÅ ykxys-**2 iq<s rRdkyhu jkts] czkã.k] {kf=;] oS';] 'kwnzkfr'kwnz o fL=;k ;k lokZauk rFkkxr xkSrekauh ckS) /kEekph nh{kk nsÅu( vkiyk Qkj eksBk vuq;k;h oxZ fuekZ.k dsyk-

rFkkxr xkSre cq) rRdkyhu yksdkauk lkaxrkr dh] cq) /kEe gk egklkxjkleku vkgs- T;kizek.ks vusd ygkueksBîk u|k] ukys lkxjkyk ;sÅu feGkY;koj R;kaps Lor%ps vfLrRo ukfgls gksrs- R;kizek.ks cq) /kEekph nh{kk ?ksrY;kuarj ewGph

tkr&o.kZ&/keZ ;kaps vfLrRo ukfgls gksrs- ckS) Eg.kts ckS)! rRdkyhu yksd tsOgk rFkkxr xkSre cq)kyk nso ekuw ykxys rsOgk rs yksdkauk letkowu lkaxrkuk Eg.krkr] eh nso ukgh ! eyk nso letw udk- eh rqeP;k lkj[kk ek.kwl vkgs- rqeP;kr o ek÷;kr Qjd ,dp vkgs- rks Eg.kts Kkukpk- gs Kku eh Lor% izkIr dsys vkgs- rs Kku rqEgkyk eh lkaxrks vkgs- lkafxrysys Kku o fopkj rqEgh vkiY;k cq)hP;k dlksVhoj ?kklwu igk- iVsy rj ?;k vU;Fkk ?ksow udk- eh ekxZnkrk vkgs ( eks{knkrk ukgh- MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj Eg.krkr] ^^Hkxoku cq) gk dsoG ekxZnkrk gksrk- eks{k gk T;kpk R;kus vkiY;k Jekus feGoko;kpk vkgs-**3 ;kizek.ks rFkkxr xkSre cq)kauh foKkufu"B o cq)hfu"B vlk /kEEk ekuokaP;k dY;k.kklkBh 'kks/kwu dk<yk-

rFkkxr xkSre cq)kauh pkj lR;s lkafxryh vkgsr- rh Eg.kts 1½ nq%[k 2½ nq%[kkph dkj.ks 3½ nq%[kfujks/k o 4½ nq%[keqfä- lq[k izkIrhpk ekxZ Eg.ktsp /kEe- /kEekps ikyu ek.klkauh

dsys rjp ekuokyk lE;d lq[k izkIr gksbZy- ekuoh txkps dY;k.k gksbZy ckS) /kEe 3] 5] 8] 10] ;k vadkrwu FkksMD;kr letwu ?ksrk ;srks-

3 Eg.kts f='kj.k- ;kpk vFkZ iq<hyizek.ks & 1½ eh cq)kyk vuqljrks +2½ eh /kEekyk vuqljrks- 3½ eh la?kkyk vuqljrks- 5 Eg.kts iap'khy- ;kapk vFkZ iq<hyizek.ks &

1- eh thofgalsiklwu vfyIr jkg.;kph f'kdo.k xzg.k djrks- 2- eh pksjh dj.;kiklwu vfyIr jkg.;kph f'kdo.k xzg.k djrks- 3- eh dkeoklusP;k nqjkpkjkiklwu vfyIr jkg.;kph f'kdo.k

xzg.k djrks- 4- eh [kksVs cksy.;kiklwu vfyIr jkg.;kph izfrKk djrks- 5- eh e|] eknd rlsp eksgkr ikM.kkÚ;k eknd inkFkkZP;k

lsoukiklwu vfyIr jkg.;kph izfrKk djRkks- 8 Eg.kts v"Vkafxd ekxZ- gs ekxZ iq<hyizek.ks & 1½ lE;d~

n`"Vh 2½ lE;d~ ladYi 3½ lE;d~ okpk 4½ lE;d~ dekZUr 5½ lE;d~ vkthfodk 6½ lE;d~ O;k;ke 7½ lE;d~ Lerh 8½ lE;d~ lek/kh-

10 Eg.kts ngk ikjferk- R;k iq<hyizek.ks & 1½ nku 2½ 'khy 3½ uS"ØE; 4½ izKk 5½ oh;Z 6½ 'kkarh 7½ lR; 8½ vf/k"Bku 9½ eS=h 10½ mis{kk-

v'kk ikjferk vaxh ck.kfo.ks ;kykp /kEEk Eg.krkr- MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj Eg.krkr] ^^mRd"kZ gk QDr ckS) /kekZrp gksÅ 'kdsy- HkxoUrkpk lerspk mins’k gksrk- ckS) la?kkr vkys Eg.kts vkiyh tkr tkrs o loZt.k leku vlrkr- vls lersus lkax.kkjk ,dp egkiq:"k vkgs vkf.k rks egkiq:"k Eg.kts Hkxoku cq) gks;-**4

cq)kP;k /kEeke/;s nso] vkRek&iqutZUe] tkrh] pkrqoZ.;Z] ;K] ozroSdY;s] va/kJ)k ;kauk LFkku ukgh- rj Lokra«;] lerk]



ca/kqrk] U;k;] ekuork] lnkpkj] ijksidkj] ikieqfä] dq'ky deZ]

fpRr'kq)h] ekuoh dY;k.k v'kk thouewY;kauk cq)kP;k /kEeke/;s fo'ks"k izk/kkU; vkgs- ^^gs vn~Hkwr vkgs] HkUrs! vn~Hkwr!! ts foLdGhr >kysys vkgs R;kph ?kMh uhV clokoh fdaok ts xqIr gksrs rs izdV djkos fdaok okV pqdysY;kyk ekxZ nk[kokok fdaok T;kauk MksGs vkgsr R;kauk ikgrk ;kos Eg.kwu va/kkjkr nhi izToyhr djkok] R;kpizek.ks Hkxorkauh vusd ekxkZauh /kEekph f’kdo.k fnyh] gh dso<h vn~Hkwr xks"V! f[kzLriwoZ 500 o"kkZiwohZ Hkxoku cq) tsOgk vkiY;k /kEekpk mins’k djhr rsOgk vusd JkodkaP;k g`n;krwu v’kkizdkjps 'kCn mRLQwrZi.ks ckgsj iMr vlr- ijarq vkt 2550 o"kkZuarjgh cq) f’kdo.khP;k laidkZr ;s.kkÚ;kauk v’kk izdkjps 'kCn LQqjys ukghr rj uoy!**5

ekuokP;k dY;k.kklkBh o;kP;k 35 O;k o"kkZiklwu rs o;kP;k 80 O;k o"kkZi;Zar rFkkxr xkSre cq)kauh laiw.kZ Hkkjrkr /kEe izpkj o izlkj dsyk- ;k dkyko/khr xkSre cq)kauh 84 gtkj O;k[;kus o izopus fnyh- R;kph vkBo.k Eg.kwu lezkV v'kksdkauh laiw.kZ Hkkjrkr 84 gtkj fogkj cka/kyh vkf.k ckS) /kEekpk izlkj HkkjrkP;k ckgsj Jhyadk] tiku] phu] eaxksfy;k] dksfj;k] czãns'k] Fkk;y¡M] bR;knh vkXus; vkf'k;krhy ns'kkae/;s dsyk- 'kadjjko gkrksys Eg.krkr] ^^ Hkxoku cq/nkP;k egku f’kdo.kqdheqGsp ,ds

dkGh Hkkjrkus lr~/keZ ekuo tkrhyk ns.;kr ,d izdkjs /keZ fnokp izkIr d:u ?ksryk gksrk- iqu% ,dnk vf[ky Hkkjrh; yksd R;kaP;k Lor%P;k dY;k.kklkBh] R;kpizek.ks txkP;k dY;k.kklkBh Hk- cq)kP;k /keZ fu’kk.kk[kkyh ;soksr] v’kh eh izkFkZuk djrks- MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj o R;kaps yk[kks vuq;k;h ;kauh ckS) /kekZph nh{kk ?ksowu Hkkjrh; /kekZP;k bfrgklkr gs ts uohu lqo.kZ iku m?kMys vkgs R;kps loZ Hkkjrh;kauh euu djkos-**6

izkphu dkGkr laiw.kZ Hkkjrh; yksdkar ekU;rk ikoysYkk ckS) /kEe ( e/;;qxkr jktkJ; u feGkY;keqGs ckS) /kEekyk vksgksVh ykxyh- ekuoh thoukrwu /kEekyk gíikj dj.;kr vkys- R;keqGs deZB o.;ZO;oLFkk] mPpuhprsoj vk/kkjhr tkrh O;oLFkk] Li`';&vLi';rk] L=h&iq:"k fo"kerk] vKku] va/kJ)k] vU;k;] vR;kpkj] 'kks"k.k ;kauk Hkjrh vkyh- ihfMr&'kksf"krkauk ek.kwl Eg.kwu tx.;kpk gDd ukdkj.;kr vkyk- MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj Eg.krkr] ^^;k ns’kkr vkEgkyk gtkjks o"ksZ fu#Lrkgh d:u Vkd.kkjh v’kh ifjfLFkrh vkgs] gh ifjfLFkrh tksi;Zar vkgs- rksi;Zar vkiY;k mUurhcíy mRlkg mRiUu gks.ks 'kD; ukgh- euqLe`rhe/;s pkrqoZ.;Z lkafxrys vkgs- gh pkrqoZ.;Z O;oLFkkgh euq";ek=kP;k mRd"kkZyk vR;ar ?kkrd vkgs-**7

vk/kqfud dkGkr baxzth jktoVhus >kysY;k jktdh;

fLFkR;arjkeqGs egkRek tksrhck Qqys] jkt"khZ 'kkgw egkjkt] MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj ;k egkekuokauh izR;sd O;fä&lekt o ns'kkP;k mUurhps vQkV dk;Z dsys-

MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdjkauh rFkkxr xkSre cq)kPkk /kEe

v'kksd fot;kn'kehP;k iokZoj fn- 14 vkWDVkscj 1956 jksth Lor% Lohdkjyk( vkf.k ikp yk[k cka/kokauk 22 izfrKklg ckS) /kEekph nh{kk fnyh- ;k izlaxh MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj Eg.krkr] ^^eSa euq";ek= dks uhp ekuus okys fgUnw /keZ dk R;kx djrk gwaA eS ,slk vuqHko dj jgk gwa] tSls fd eq>s ujd ls NqVdkjk fey x;k gSA**8 ckS) /kEekph nh{kk /kekZarjhr ckS)kaus izR;sdkyk&brjkauk |koh v'kh vis{kk MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdjkauh O;Dr d:u( lkjk Hkkjr ckS)e; djhu gs /;s; fu/kkZjhr dsys- R;kuqlkj MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj Hkkjrkrhy eksBeksBîk 'kgjkr /kEenh{kk esGkos ?ksÅu( /kEeizlkj o /kEetkxrh dj.kkj gksrs- rlsp fon~oku yksdkauk cq)kpk /kEe letkowu lkax.kkj gksrs- ijarq R;kauk /kekZrjkuarj vf/kd vk;q"; ykHkys ukgh- R;keqGs /kEEkpØ tyn xrhus fQjys ukgh- rs /kEEkpØ xrheku dj.ks gh vktP;k ckS)kaph o MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdjkaP;k vuq;k;kaph uSfrd tckcnkjh vkgs- ^^vRr nhi Hko* gs ?kks"kokD; Hkxoku cq)kph ek.klkyk ekSfyd ns.k vkgs- R;kr vkGl vkf.k fHkdekxwi.kk gîk ekuoh; 'k=wauk vFkok etcwjhps thou tx.;kP;k lo;hauk nwj dj.;kps dkS’kY; vkgs- vFkkZr ^Lokoyach Ogk* Eg.kts rqEgh etcwj gks.kkj ukghr- vkiY;k ik;koj mHks jkgky- Lor%P;k ik;koj mHks jkg.ks

Eg.ktsp Lor%P;k izfrHksus nqlÚ;kauk okV nk[kor&nk[kor vki.kgh Lo;aizdkf’kr gks.ks o vki.k vki.kkyk ikj[k.ks] fujh{k.k dj.ks] vki.kkr fuekZ.k gks.kkÚ;k izo`R;kauk tk.kwu ?ks.ks] lr~fØ;sr okoj.ks] nqf"Ø;kaiklwu vfyIr gks.ks Eg.kts dq’ky izo`Rrhr thou tx.ks vdq’kykl vki.kkr ;sÅ u ns.ks Eg.ktsp ^vRr nhi Hko* vfHk/kEefiVdkps gsp ewG lw= vkgs-**9

ekuoh dY;k.kklkBh ckS) /kEe vkgs- gh ckc y{kkr ?ksÅu izR;sd Hkkjrh; ukxfjdkauh ckS) /kEekpk Lohdkj o vuqlj.k dj.ks gh dkGkph xjt vkgs- rkRi;Z] ^^cq/nkpk /kEe ekuoh dY;k.kkpk /;kuh ?;k gksA /kEekpj.k dj.;klkBh iq<s ;k gksA ,dhps cG feGsy QG /;kuh ?;k gksA loZtu lkjs fuLokFkkZus ,d Ogk gks** lanHkZ xzaFk % 1- MkW- Hkhejko jketh vkacsMdj % Hkxoku cq) vkf.k R;kapk /kEe] fl)kFkZ

izdk’ku] ihiYl ,T;qds’ku lkslk;Vh] eqacbZ] 1990 i`- 27- 2- r=So] i- 104 3- r=So] i- 170 4- 'kadjjko gkrksys ¼laiknd½ % /kEe nh{kk lekjaHk] MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj

;kaps ,sfrgkfld Hkk"k.k] vkuan izdk’ku] vkSjaxkckn] 1984] i- 58&59 5- mxsZu la?kjf{kr % vk;Z v"Vkafxd ekxZ] f=jRu xzaFkekyk] ukxiwj] prqFkZ

vkoRrh 2013] izdk’kdh;] i- 1 6- 'kadjjko gkrksys ¼laiknd½ % /kEe nh{kk lekjaHk] mfu] i- 69 7- r=So] i- 56 8- MkW- iznhi vkxykos] MkW- lat; xtfHk, % ckcklkgsc MkW- vkacsMdj dh

/kEeØkafr] lE;d izdk’ku] ubZ fnYyh] izFke laLdj.k 2014] i- 402 9- HknUr frLloal % ckS) /kEexzaFk] vfHk/kEefiVd] lqxr izdk’ku] ukxiwj]

2005] nksu 'kCn] i- 1



foLFkkiu vkf.k fodklkph izfØ;k MkW- ufyuh vk;- cksjdj] lekt’kkL= foHkkx] dyk] okf.kT; inoh egkfo|ky;] isVksyiai]tokgjuxj ft- HkaMkjk eks- 9421240963

izLrkouk %& nqlÚ;k egk;q/nkP;k lekIrhuarj vkfFkZd

fodklkP;k izfØ;syk laiw.kZ txkr xrhekurk izkIr >kyh- egk;q/nkr fot;h o ijkHkwr >kysY;k nksUgh cktwaP;k jk”Vªkauk ;q/nkP;k >GheqGs m/oLr >kysys dkj[kkus] ‘kgjs] nG.koG.kkps ekxZ iqUgk uO;kus mHkkjo;kps gksrs- lkezkT;okn o olkgroknkP;k xGQklkrwu ewDr >kysY;k vkf’k;k;h vkf.k vfÝdu jk”Vªkukagh vkikiY;k ns’kkph vkfFkZd o lkekftd iquZjpuk djko;kph gksrh- R;keqGs fodklkph izfØ;k xrheku dj.ks gh loZp jk"Vªkaph xjt >kyh gksrh- vkfFkZd fodklkpk laca/k dsoG vkfFkZd {ks=kiqjrk e;kZfnr jkghyk ulqu R;kpk laca/k vk/kqfudhdj.kkP;k izfØ;s'kh vkgs- vk/kqfudhdj.k gs vkfFkZd {ks=kizek.ks lkekftd] jktdh;] lkaLd`frd v'kk loZp {ks=kl ykxq vkgs] R;kpk vk/kqfudrsus HkkjysY;k ekufldrs'khgh fudVpk laca/k vkgs- fodklkpk dsanzfcanw loZlkekU; ek.kwl vkgs- R;kP;k dY;k.kklkBh fofHkUu {ks=kr ifjorZu ?kMowu vk.k.;kph vko';drk vkgs rlsp fodklkps o lq/kkj.kkaps Qk;ns laiw.kZ lektkyk feGfo.;kph vko';drk vkgs-

vkfFkZd o`/nh $ lajpkuRed cny ¾ fodkl vls lehdj.k

:< >kys vkgs- ¼jk-t- yksVs 2015&351½ fodkl dk;ZØekrwu ljkljh vk;qekZukr ok<] ckye`R;wP;k izek.kkr ?kV] fL=;kaP;k lk{kjrsr ok< >kyh dh lektkr lajpukRed cny ?kMwu ;s.kkjp gs fuf'pr vkgs- Eg.kwu lkekftd ifjorZukps fofHkUu xSjvkfFkZd iSyw Eg.kts vkfFkZd fodkl vls ekuys tkrs- /kj.kkaph fufeZrh] [kk.khapk foLrkj] vkS|ksfxd izdYi vkf.k olkgrhaph fufeZrh] fotsP;k fufeZrhr ok< gs loZ vkfFkZd fodkl dk;ZØekP;k vaeyctko.khrwu ?kMr vlrs- ;krwu vFkZlaLFkk etcwr gks.kkj gs fuf'pr vkgs- ijarw nqlÚ;k cktwyk eksBeksBh /kj.ks cka/kyh tkr vlrkauk xkosP;k xkos mBfoyh tkrkr- ;k /kj.kkaeqGs foLFkkfir gks.kkÚ;k foLFkkfirkaps nwljhdMs iwuZolu djkos ykxrs- dkxksZgc foekurG fuekZ.k djko;kps vlsy rj R;k ifjljkrhy dkgh 'ksrdÚ;kauk R;kaP;k tehuh xeokO;k ykxrkr- Eg.kwu foLFkkihr o iwuZolukps iz'u vktP;k Toyar lkekthd leL;kaps :i ?ksÅu fnlwu ;srkr-

foLFkkiu %& ueZnk unhojhy ljnkj ljksojkps cka/kdke gk Hkkjrkrp uOgs rj vkarjjk"Vªh; Lrjkoj xktysyk fo"k; Bjyk gksrk- ;k izdYikP;k fufeZrheqGs T;k yksdkauk foLFkkihr Ogkos ykxys R;k lokZauh y<k mHkkjyk- dkgh dkG dke can gh ikMys gksrs- loksZPp U;k;ky;kr nkn ekfxryh- ;k izdYikyk vFkZ

lgk¸; dj.kkÚ;k vkarjjk"Vªh; uk.ksfu/kh vkf.k fo'o cWadsi;Zar tkÅu rsFksgh vkiyh cktw ykowu /kjyh- tyfo|qr izdYikaP;k fufeZrheqGs lq/nk vusd yksd foLFkkfir gksr vlrkr- mnk- fgekpy izns'kke/khy vusd foLFkkihrkauh v'kk tyfo|qr

izdYikauk fojks/k dsY;kps fnlwu ;srs- eksBeksBh /kj.ks fuekZ.k dj.ks o R;kiklwu flapukyk lks;h r;kj dj.ks v'kk vusd izdYikeqGs vusd xkokauk R;kaP;k eqGP;k tkxso:u foLFkkfir dsys tkrs- vktP;k ?kMhyk foLFkkiu gh fodklkP;k gkrkr gkr ?kkywu ;s.kkjh leL;k >kysyh vkgs- fodklkP;k ekxkZoj lekt ekxZØe.k djhr vlrkauk foLFkiuklkBh lkekftd leL;k eksB;k izek.kkr HksMlkow ykxyh vkgs-

foLFkkiukpk vFkZ %& Hkqdai] egkiwj bR;knh uSlfxZd vkiRrheqGs o ;q/n fodkl izdYi] tyfo|qr izdYikph fufeZrh bR;knheqGs foLFkkiu ?kMwu ;srs- lq/n] Hkqdai] egkiwj bR;knheqGs foLFkkfir >kysY;k yksdkauk lektkrhy loZ Lrjkrhy yksdkaph o feMh;k ph eksB;k izek.kkr lgkuqHkwrh feGr vlrs- R;kaP;k cpko dk;kZlkBh o R;kaps iwuZolu dj.;klkBh vusd lsokHkkoh laLFkk] nku'kqj O;Drh o laLFkkus leksj ;sr vlrkr- ;q/n ikrGhoj R;kaP;klkBh enrdk;kZps vkokgu dsys tkrs- ;kÅyV fodkl] izdYi] /kj.ks] tyfo|qr izdYi ;kaP;k fufeZrheqGs vusd xkosP;k xkos R;kaP;k eqG LFkkuko:u gVfoyh tkrkr- o"kksZo"ksZ

oMhyksikftZr xkokr jkg.kkÚ;k yksdkaoj vpkud xko lksMwu foLFkkihr gks.;kph ikGh ;srs- ijarw R;kaP;k Hkkouk feMh;k o brj yksd letwu ?ksr ukghr- R;kauk lgkuqHkwrh o enr feGr ukgh- R;kaP;k leL;kaoj fopkj dsyk tkr ukgh-

[kjs rj uSlfxZd vkiŸkh fu?kwu xsY;kuarj o ;q/nlekIrh uarj dkgh dkGkus yksd R;kaP;k ifjljkr ijr tkow 'kdrkr- ijarw izdYixzLrkauk ek= R;kapk ifjlj dk;e xeko.;kph ikGh ;srs- /kj.kkackcrP;k tkxrhd v;ksxkus vkiY;k vgokykr ueqn dsys vkgs dh] ^^foLFkkihrkackcr lgkuqHkwrhokVr vlwugh gs ueqn djkosls okVrs dh iquZolukuarjP;k R;kaP;k thoui/nrhr dekyhps nkfjnz; vkf.k ykpkjhpk eksB;k izek.kkoj f'kjdko >kyk vlY;kps fnlwu ;srs** ¼jk-t- yksVs & 2015 &358]359½- iquZolukuarj foLFkfirkaP;k ftoukps fufj{k.k dsY;kl vls y{kkr ;srs dh] R;kaP;k iwohZP;k v;q";kis{kk gs uos vk;q"; R;kauk txus dBh.k vkgs- tfeuhpk o ?kjknjkapk ekscnyk tks iS'kkP;k :ikr feGrks R;klkBh cgh.k HkkÅ vkikilkr oSjh >kysys vk<Grkr- xkokrhy lyks[;kps o eS=hps laca/k iw.kZi.ks u"V >kysys vk<Grkr- R;kaP;k iwohZP;k ekuejkrckps~ u"V >kysys Lo:i R;kauk ftou tx.ks dBh.k cufors- v'kk vusd leL;kapk lkeuk R;kauk djkok ykxrks- foLFkkfir yksd vkiY;k ?kjknkjkyk]

ekyeŸksyk] 'ksrtfeuhyk] jkstxkjkyk ewdrkr R;kapk jfgoklp gjorks- ,dizdkjs fodklizdYi rsFkhy LFkkfud yksdkaP;k cfynkukoj mHks jkgrkr vls EgVys rjh okxos B: u;s- R;kaps nqlÚ;k {ks=kr iquZolu uOgs rj R;kapk jfgokl] R;kp iwohZps thou



R;kauk iznku dj.ks gs U;k;kyk /k:up vkgs- 'kklukrQsZ R;kaP;k

iwuZolukpk iz;Ru dsyk tkrks i.k rks iqjslk ulrks- R;keqGs foLFkfirkaP;k iz'ukauh leL;sps :i /kkj.k dsys vkgs-

foLFkkfirkauk 'ksrh o ?kjnkj ;kaP;k ekyeŸksps ewY;kdauk d:u vkfFkZd ekscnyk fnyk tkrks- ijarw R;kauk R;kaP;k ewG fuoklLFkkuh vl.kkÚ;k i;kZoj.kkrwu vkFkhZd mRiUu feGk;ps R;krwu jkstxkjkP;k la/kh miyC/k Ogk;P;k mnk- ouLirhaph eqGs o ikus] unhik=kr lkiM.kkjs vkS"k/kh;qDr ekSY;koku [kMs bR;knh fodwu R;kaph miftfodk Hkkxr vls- ijarw iquZolukuarj R;kaP;k mRiUukr ?kV >kY;kps fun'kZukl ;srs- iquZolukuarj foLFkkfir yksd uohu tkxsr ekufld n`"V;k ijds jkgrkr- vkiY;k ijaijkaps o laLd`rhps tru dj.ks R;kauk tM tkrs- uohu fBdk.kh jkg.kkjs yksd foLFkkfirkauk ijds letrkr o R;kaP;kr la?k"kkZps izlax mHks jkgrkr- gs ekufld & lkekftd iz'u osxosxGs vlrkr i.k R;kaph lq:okr foLFkkiukiklwu gksrs-

O;k[;k % 1½ dksyhUl dkslkbZYMP;k 'kCndks'kkuqlkj & ^^yksd T;k {ks=kr jkgrkr rsFkwu R;kauk tcjnLrhus nwj ikBfo.ks Eg.kts foLFkkiu gks;-** 2½ tksl eqjhdu] tkWtZ vkf.k vU; ;kaP;k ers] ^^foLFkkiu v'kh ladYiuk vkgs dh] fodklkP;k izdYikdfjrk yksdkauk R;kaP;k ewGP;k LFkkuko:u mBfoys tkrs-**

foLFkkiukps ifj.kke % 1½ foLFkkfirkadMs nqyZ{k % fodkl izdYi r;kj djrkauk R;k tkxsojhy yksdkaP;k foLFkkiukP;k ;kstuk dxnksi=h cuowu r;kj dsY;k tkrkr R;kaP;k ekyeŸkspk ekscnyk cktkj Hkkokus ns.;kps dcwy dsys tkrs- R;kf'kok; iDdh ?kjs] oLR;k] jkstxkj nsow v'kh vk'oklus fnyh tkrkr- ;k loZ vfe"kkauk cGh iMwu rs vkiyh ekyeŸkk] ?kjsnkjs] 'ksrhokMh 'kklukl n;k;yk r;kj gksrkr- 'kkldh; dkxni=kaoj R;kaP;k lg;k ?ksrY;k tkrkr- izR;{kkr ek= izdYi iw.kZ gksowu 10 rs 15 o"ksZ yksVwugh R;kaps iquZolu dsys tkr ukgh- 'ksrh xsY;keqGs gkrkyk dke ulrs o etwjh feGr ulY;kus miklekj gksrs- vusd iquZolhr yksdkauk ekufld /kDdk clrks vkf.k R;kaP;k vkjksX;kP;k leL;k lq/nk fuekZ.k gksrkr-

2½ foLFkfirkaps lkekftd ftou u"V gksrs % foLFkkiukeqGs yksdkaps ikjaikfjd vkfFkZd] lkekftd ftou u"V gksrs- R;kaP;k toGhy mnjfuokZgkps lk/ku Eg.kts 'ksrh rh 'kklukus fgldkowu ?ksrysyh vlrs- R;kaP;kleksj mnjfuokZgklkBh dk; djkos gk eksBk iz'u vkoklwu mHkk jkgrks- xkokrhy eku ejkrc o cufoysyh ir u"V >kysyh vlrs- ljdkjus fnysyk ekscnyk iS'kkP;k Lo:ikr vlY;kus [kpZ >kysyk vlrks- iq<hy vk;q"; dls txkos vlk iz'u R;kauk HksMlkfor vlrks v'kk voLFksr R;kaps ekufld

vkjksX; fc?kMwu mnkl eufLFkrhr ftou txkos ykxrs- 3½ iquZolukps fBdk.kkckcr erHksn % foLFkkfri >kysY;k

yksdkaps iwuZolu dj.;klkBh 'kklukus ts fBdk.k fuoMysys vlrs cgqrsd osGk rh tkxk foLFkkfir yksdkauk ekU; ulrs- rs xko ewGP;k xkokiklwu [kwi ykac vkgs- frFks vkeP;k lektkrhy yksd

ukghr- v'kk izdkjP;k rØkjh foLFkkfir djhr vlrkr- R;kaP;kr

o 'kklukr ;k fo"k;ko:u erHksn gksrkr- 4½ iwuZolukP;k izfØ;sr ygku eqys o o`/nkapk cGh %

foLFkkiukP;k leL;soj rksMxk Eg.kwu iwuZolu dsys tkrs- ijarw iwuZolukph tkxk vkjksX;kl ;ksX; ulsy fdaok R;kaP;k ewGP;k xkokrhy vkuanh o vkjksX;nk;h okrkoj.k frFks ulsy rj ygku ewys o o;kso`/n yksdkauk rs okrkoj.k yodj ekuor ukgh rs vktkjh iMw 'kdrkr o izlaxh nxkow ns[khy 'kdrkr-

5½ iquZolhr o LFkkuhd la?k"kZ % foLFkkfir yksdkaps iquZolu ,[kkn;k xkokrhy eksdG;k tkxsr dsys tkrs- ftFks xkokrhy yksd iwohZ xqjs pkjk;ps vls dqj.k rs vlrs ;k foLFkfirkaP;k iwuZoluklkBh xkokrhy eksdGs dqj.k okijY;keqGs dqj.kkph tkxk deh gksrs- LFkkfudkauk xqjs dqBs pkjkohr gk iz'u lrkorks- xqjkaP;k pkÚ;klkBh nwjoj tkos ykxrs R;keqGs d"V o osG ok;k tkrks vls R;kauk okVrs- rlso iquZolhr yksd jkgk;yk vkY;kus xkokr dq'ky o vdq'ky dkexkjkaP;k la[;sr ok< gksr vlrs- xkokrhy etwjhps nj deh gksrkr- ;kpk QVdk LFkfudkauk clrks- R;keqGs iwuZolhr yksd LFkfudkauk vkiys 'k=q vkgsr dh dk; vls okVrs o nks?kkae/;s la?k"kZ mRiUu gksr vlrks- foLFkkfir yksdkaps iquZolu djrkauk ofjy leL;kapk lkeuk djkok ykxrks- R;klkBh dkgh

mik;;kstuk dsY;kl gk iz'u lksMfork ;srks- foLFkkfirkaps iquZolu dj.;klaca/khP;k mik;;kstuk %

1½ iwuZoluklaca/kh dkyc/n fu;kstu % ,[kkank fodkl izdYi 'kklukus gkrh ?ksryk dh R;kcjkscjp rks iw.kZ gks.;kl ykx.kkjk dkyko/kh ljdkjyk tkghj djkok ykxrks R;kp /krhZoj iwuZolukP;k dk;ZØekpk lq/nk ,d dkyc/n fu;kstu vkjk[kMk vk[k.;kr ;kok- izdYikP;k lq: gks.;kiklwu rs iw.kZ gksowu dk;kZUohr gksowugh iwuZolukpk iz'u rlkp Bsoyk tkrks- T;keqGs foLFkkfir yksdkauk vusd leL;kapk lkeuk djkok ykxrks- R;keqGs iwuZolukpk iz'u lksMfo.;klkBh lq/nk dkgh fuf'pr dkyko/khps fu;kstu dsys ikfgts-

2½ foLFkkfirkauk iwuZoluklaca/kh ekxZn'kZu % O;Drh fi<;ku~ih<;k T;k ifjljkr jkgrks R;k ifjljkoj rsFkhy okrkoj.kkoj rks eukiklwu izse djhr vlrks- R;kaP;k vk;q";krhy lq[k o nq%[kkP;k ?kVuk R;kp ifjljkr ?kMysY;k vlrkr- R;keqGs rks ifjlj lksMwu tk.;kph ekufldrk yksdkaph ulrs- Eg.kwu fodkl izdYiklkBh R;kauk tkxk lksMk;yk yko.ks ;kph ekufld r;kjh d:u ?ks.ks vko';d Bjrs- uohu ifjljkr] uohu O;olk;] 'ksrh dj.ks] feGkysyk iSlk tiwu Bso.ks bR;knhckcr foLFkkfirkauk ;ksX; izdkjps ekxZn'kZu feGkys rj R;kaps iwuZolu

;ksX; izdkjs o lqjGhri.ks gksow 'kdrs- 3½ iwuZoluklkBh xko gs ,d ekukos % iquZolukP;k izfØ;sr

,d O;Drh] dqVaqc gs ,dd u ekurk laiw.kZ xko gs ,dd ekukos- laiw.kZ xkokps ,dkp fBdk.kh iwuZolu >kys rj foLFkkihrkauk gks.kkjk ekufld =kl cÚ;kp izek.kkr deh gksow 'kdrks-



4½ ?kjklkBh foukewY; tkxk vkf.k xkokrhy loZ lks;h

lqfo/kk % foLFkkfirkauk ufou tkxh ?kjs cka/k.;kl foukeqY; tkxsps okVi dj.ks vko';d vkgs- tkxk eksQr feGkyh rj rs Lor%P;k tfeuhP;k ekscnY;kr feGkysY;k iS'kkrwu ?kjs cka/kw 'kdrkr- rlsp iquZolu >kysY;k olkgrhr jLrs] ukY;k] izkFkfed 'kkGk] nok[kkus] [ksGkph eSnkus ;klkj[;k loZ ukxjh lks;h iqjfo.ks vko';d vkgs- g;k o ;klkj[;k lksbZ loyrh feGkysY;keqGs R;kaps ftou FkksMs dk gksbZuk lq[kh o laiUu gksow 'kdrs-

5½ jkstxkjklkBh 'ksrtehu % foLFkkihr yksdkaph 'ksrtehu fodkl izdYikr xsY;keqGs R;kauk R;kpk ekscnyk iS'kkP;k :ikr fnyk tkrks- ijarw iSlk vkyk dh rks pSuh foyklh ftoukr [kpZ gksrks ek= jksthjksVhpk iz'u rlkp va/kkrjhr jkgrks- 'ksrh O;olk; dj.;kr R;akps vk;q"; xsY;keqGs R;kauk nqljk O;olk; ter ukgh- R;kewGs 'ksrhP;k ekscnY;kr R;kauk 'ksrhlkBh tehu miyC/k d:u fnyh rj R;kaP;k mnjHkj.kkpk iz'u dk;epk lqVw 'kdrks-

6½ ekyeŸksph HkjikbZ osGsoj n;koh % fodkl izdYikr tehu ?kj&nkj xsY;keqGs foLFkkihrkauk uqdlku HkjikbZ fnyh tkrs- ijarw 'kklukdMwu gh uqdlku HkjikbZ feGk;yk [kwi mf'kj gksr vlrks- rksoj foLFkkihrkaps gky gksr vlrkr- Loekydhph tehu o toG iSlk ulY;keqGs rs dks.krkp O;olk; o dke/kank d:

'kdr ukgh R;kaP;koj miklekjhph osG ;srs- rlsp mf'kjk feGkysY;k iS'kkaps ewY; dkGkuqlkj deh >kysys vlrs Eg.kwu R;kaP;k okV;kyk nkfjnz; ;srs-

7½ deh O;ktnjkus dtkZph rjrwn % foLFkkihrkauk R;kaP;k tfeuhP;k o ?kjknkjkP;k ekscnY;kr feGr vlysyh jDde yodjp [kpZ gksrs ijarw R;kaP;k mnjfuokZgkpk iz'u rlkp jkgrks- R;kauk O;olk; djk;pk vlsy rj HkkaMoy fdaok dtZ miyC/k ulrs deh O;ktnjkus dtkZph rjrwn d:u fnY;kl R;kauk dks.krkgh tksM/kank d:u vkiyk mnjfuokZg pkyfork ;sbZy-

8½ brj vU; lksbZlqfo/kk % foLFkkihrkaP;k leL;ksyk vkGk clkok Eg.kwu o R;kaP;koj vU;k; gksow u;s Eg.kwu dqVqack iSdh ,dkyk uksdjh nsrk ;sbZy rlsp izdYikP;k ykHkke/;s Hkkxhnkjh nsowu R;kaph vkfFkZd vMp.k nwj djrk ;sbZy- foLFkkihrkauk lqj{kk vkf.k lkekftd U;k; feGowu ns.;klkBh iz;Ru vko';d vkgs-

lekjksi % foLFkkihrkaph ;ksX; O;oLFkk dj.;kr 'kklu deh iMr vkgs vkf.k R;kauk Qkj gky Hkksxkos ykxr vkgsr- R;kf'kok; foLFkkiukeqGs i;kZoj.kkph th gkuh gksrs rh osxGhp- R;keqGsp lkekU; yksd foLRkkiukyk fojks/k d: ykxys vkgsr- vkanksyus mHkk: ykxys vkgsr- Hkkjrkr osxosxG;k dkj.kkauh yksdkaP;k tehuh vf/kxzghr d:u rsFkhy yksdkauk foLFkkihr Ogkos ykxys

rsOgk R;kauh mxz pGoGh mH;k dsY;k ;kph dkgh mnkgj.ks [kkyhyizek.ks nsrk ;srhy-

1½ ljnkj ljksoj izdYi % ueZnk unhoj xqtjkr jkT;kr /kj.k cka/kwu ljnkj ljksoj fuekZ.k dj.;kr vkys- ;k unhoj 30 eksB;k /kj.kkaps izdYi vkgs- ;k ljksojkaeqGs xqtjkre/khy dksjMsi.kk u"V

gksbZy vls x`ghr /kj.;kr vkys gksrs- ijarw gs ljksoj

cka/k.;kdfjrk fdrhrjh dqVqackps vk;q"; m/oLFk >kys vkgs- foLFkkihrkaP;k iquZolukpk iz'u vtwugh yksacdGr vkgs- vkfnoklh o LFkkfud yksdkaps ftou m/oLr >kys rlsp i;kZoj.kkph vifjehr gkuh >kyh- gs nksUgh iz'u ?ksowu Jherh es?kk ikVdj ;kauh vkanksyu mHkkjys ¼iaMhr] ckiV & 2009&265½-

2½ uafnxzke & fo'ks"k vkfFkZd iV~Vk % if'pe caxky e/khy uanhxzkeP;k foLFkkihr gksow ?kkrysY;k yksdkauh 'kklukyk fpoVi.ks fnysY;k ;'kLoh y<;kps mnkgj.k rkts vkgs- vkfFkZd lq/kkj.kkaP;k ekxs ykxysY;k if'pe caxky ljdkjus fo'ks"k vkfFkZd iV~Vk fodlhr dj.;klkBh uanhxzkeph fuoM dsyh- o rsFks yksdkaP;k 'ksrtfeuh ?ksÅu R;koj eksBeksBs mn;ksx/kans mHkkj.;kph vk[k.kh dsyh- ijarw yksdkauh vkiY;k lwihd 'ksrtfeuh ns.;kl udkj fnyk- R;keqGs R;kaP;koj /kkdniV'kk d:u R;kauk ekjgk.k dj.;kr vkyh- ;k vkanksyukeqGs if'pe caxky ljdkjph [kwi ukpDdh >kyh- vkf.k R;kauk fo'ks"k vkfFkZd iV~V;kpk vkjk[kMk cklukr xqaMkGkok ykxyk-

3½ ukxiwjpk fegku izdYi & ukxiwj ;sFks Hkkjrkrhy eksBk dkxksZ gc foeku nq:Lrh dsanz o vkarjjk"Vªh; ntkZps eksBs foekurG cka/k.;kpk izdYi izFlfor vkgs- foekurG izkf/kdj.k]

egkjk"Vª ljdkj o dsanz ljdkjpk gk la;qDr miØe ukxiwjP;k lksusxko foekurGkP;k ifjljkr vkdkj ?ksr vkgs o rks fegku izdYi Eg.kwu vksG[kyk tkrks- ;k izdYiklkBh foekurG ifjljkrhy foLr`r tehu vf/kxzgu dj.ks vko';d gksrs- dkgh tehu ok;qnykph vlY;kus rh gLrkarjhr dj.ks lksis xsys- i.k 'kgjh oLrhph tehu o [ksM;karhy 'ksrtehu feGforkauk foLFkkfirkapk iz'u fuekZ.k >kyk foLFkkfirkaP;k tehuhyk ;ksX; Hkko feGr ukgh o ekscnyk lq/nk yodk feGr ukgh- 'kgjh oLrh vkiyh tkxk lksM.;kl r;kj ukgh ;krwu vkanksyu mHks jkghys- 'ksoVh 'kgjh oLrhyk vf/kxzg.kkrwu oxG.;kr vkys- vusd xkodÚ;kaP;k xzkeLFkkauh R;kfo:/n vkanksyu mHkkjys R;keqGs izdYikps dke j[kMys- gk izdYi iw.kZ >kY;kl ukxiwj o lHkksorkyP;k ifjljkpk tlk >ikV;kus fodkl gksbZy rlsp /ouhiznq"k.k o ok;qiznq"k.k ok<qu i;kZoj.kkyk gkuh lq/nk gks.kkj vkgs- ¼MkW- lqjs[kk iaMhr] ckiV & 2009&265] 266½-

v'kk izdkjs vk/kqfud lektkr fodklkph izfØ;k vusd leL;kauk ?ksowu ;sr vkgs R;krhy foLFkkiu gh ,d egRoiw.kZ lkekftd leL;k fuekZ.k >kyh vkgs- lanHkZ xzaFk % 1- yksVs] jk- t-] Hkkjrh; lekt vkOgkus o leL;k] fiaiGkiqjs vW.M da-

ifCy'klZ] ukxiwj- 2- iaMhr] lqjs[kk o ckiV] i;kZoj.k'kkL=] Jh lkbZukFk izdk'ku] ukxiwj- 3- vuqjk/kk] lquhrk ukjax] i;kZoj.k v/;;u] dY;k.kh ifCy'klZ] uoh fnYyh- 4- ikVhy] izeksn] Hkkjrh; lekt iz'u vkf.k orZeku leL;k] va'kqy

ifCyds'ku] ukxiwj- 5- vkxykos] izfni] Hkkjrh; lekt iz'u vkf.k leL;k] Jh lkbZukFk izdk'ku]

ukxiwj-



Òkjrkrhy ÒVD;k&foeqDr tekrÈ lanÒkZrhy vk;¨x] lfeR;k] vH;kl % ,d laf{kIr vk<kok izk- fouk;d lqHkk"k y"dj] foHkkxizeq[k o lgk¸;d izk/;kid] rqGtkjke prqjpan egkfo|ky;] ckjkerh] 413102 iq.ks] egkjk"Vª

eks- 8806806362 Email: [email protected] Òkjrke/;s fczfV'kkaP;k vkxeukuarj ;k fBdk.kP;k eqyfuoklh

tkrh&tekrÈuk vkf.k fo'ks"kr% mnjfuokZgklkBh ÒVdarh dj.kkÚ;k] uSlÆxd lalk/kukoj vk/kkfjr ftou tx.kkÚ;k vkf.k ÒkjrkP;k Lokra«; y<Óke/;s lfØ; lgÒkxh vl.kkÚ;k dkgh fuoMd tkrh&tekrÈuk fczfV'kkauh dk;nk d:u ^xqUgsxkj tekr* vls Ä¨"khr d¢ys- ÁLrqr dk;nk fczfV'kkauh 1871 lkyh fuekZ.k d¢yk- ;k dk;nkvarxZr rRdkyhu 198 tekrÈuk xqUgsxkj Bjfo.;kr vkys- ;kpkp Qk;nk rRdkyhd tkrh;okn o tekroknkps leFkZu dj.kkÚ;k eaMGÈuh Äsryk vkf.k ;kaeqGs v'kk ÁoxkZe/;s varZÒqr vl.kkÚ;k loZ tekrÈuk ÁLFkkfir lektkdMwu vusd ÁdkjP;k vU;k; vR;kpkjkauk cGh iMkos ykxys-

Òkjrkyk 1947 lkyh Lokra«; feGkY;kuarj ns[khy ;k fBdk.kP;k rFkkdfFkr xqUgsxkj tekrh ;k ikjra«;krp vkiys ftou txr g¨R;k- Lora= Òkjrke/;s ns[khy ;k tekrÈuk fczfV'kkauh fuekZ.k d¢ysY;k ^[kqY;k dkjkx`gke/;s* Eg.ktsp rkjsP;k dqaiuke/;s vkiys ftou txkos ykxr g¨rs- fczfV'kkauh ;k tekrÈP;k lanÒkZr

fuekZ.k d¢ysY;k loZ dk;ns o fu;ekaph Lora= Òkjr dkVsd¨ji.ks vaeyctko.kh djr g¨rk- ;k tekrhP;k y¨dkauk rkjsP;k dqaiukckgsj lapkjkps Lokra«; uOgrs- fczfV'kkaph xqykefxjh >qxk#u ns.kkjk vkf.k fczfV'kkapk vU;k; lgu u dj.kkjk Òkjrh; lekt ek= ;kp Òkjrkpk ,d eqyfuoklh lekt ÄVd ikjra«;krp Bso.;kr vkiys Òys ekur g¨rk- Lora= Òkjrkrhy Lokra«; lsukuh] lektlq/kkjd] Á'kkldh; vf/kdkjh vkf.k jktdh; usrs eaMGh ns[khy ;k tekrÈph dkghp n[ky Äsr uOgrs- ijarq Òkjrkyk Lokra«; feGkys rjh vki.k ek= ikjra«;ke/;s dk ftou txr vkg¨r\ gk Á'u lrr lrkor vlY;k dkj.kkus ;kp tekrhe/khy dkgh O;DrÈuh rRdkyhd iarÁ/kku iafMr tokgjyky usg# ;kaph ÒsV Äsowu R;kauk Lora= Òkjrkr ns[khy vkiY;kyk d'kk Ádkjph vekuq"k okx.kqd feGr vkgs ;kpk ik<k okpyk] vkiyh O;Fkk ekaMyh vkf.k vkiY;kyk U;k; feGkok ;klkBh fouarh d¢yh- ifj.kkeh iaMhr usg#uh 1952 lkyh egkjk"Vªke/;s lÿkiwj ;k fBdk.kh vfLrRokr vl.kkÚ;k ^lsVyesaV* e/khy y¨dkauk rkjsps dqaiu r¨Mwu eqDr d¢ys- ;k tekrÈuk Òkjrkyk Lokra«; feGwu ns[khy ikjra«;krp ftou txkos ykxr vlY;kus vkf.k ÒkjrkP;k Lokra«;kurj rCcy 5 o"kk±uh Lokra«; feGkY;keqGs R;kauk egkjk"Vªkps rRdkyhd eq[;ea«;kauh ^fo'ks"k

eqDr* Eg.kwu ^foeqDr* tekrh vlk ÁoxZ fuekZ.k d#u ,dw.k 14 tekrÈpk ^xqUgsxkjh tekrÈe/;s* lekos'k d¢yk-

jk"Vªh; ikrGhojhy vk;¨x o lfeR;k %& Lora= Òkjrke/;s ;k tekrÈpk O;ofLFkr vH;kl d#u R;kauk fodklkP;k eq[;

Áokgkr vk.k.;klkBh vusd ÁdkjP;k vH;klxV o 'kkldh; lfeR;kaph LFkkiuk d¢yh xsyh- Òkjrkyk Lokra«; feG.;kiwoÊ ns[khy T;k Á'kkldh; vf/kdkÚ;kalkuh oafpr leqgkaP;k lq/kkj.ksfo"k;h /k¨j.kkaph fuÆerh d¢yh R;ke/;s 1917 lkyh Òkjrkps 'kS{kf.kd vk;qDr ¼Educational Commissioner½ vl.kkjs lj gsUjh 'kkiZ ;kauh ôafpr leqgkaP;k* ¼Depressed

Classes½ xVk e/;s iq<hy rhu ÄVdkapk lekos'k d¢yk- ;kae/;s 1½ ,srnsf'k;@eqG Çdok nÚ;k[k¨&;kr okLrO;kl vl.kkÚ;k tekrh ¼Aboriginal or Hill Tribes½ 2½ oafpr leqg ¼Depressed Classes½ vkf.k 3½ ^xqUgsxkj tekrh* ¼Criminal

Tribes½- Òkjrkyk Lokra«; ÁkIr >kY;kuarj rFkkdfFkr xqUgsxkj

tekrÈP;k rRdkyhd ifjfLFkrhpk vk<kok Äs.;klkBh Òkjr ljdkjus 1949&50 e/;s ^n fØfeuy VªkÃc vWDV buDo‚;jh dfeVh* ¼The Criminal Tribes Act Enquiry Committee½ v¸;axkj ;kaP;k v/;{krs[kkyh LFkkiu d¢yh- ;k lferhus

Òkjrke/;s d¨.k&d¨.kR;k jkT;ke/;s ^xqUgsxkj tekrh dk;nk* vfLrRokr vkgs ;kpk 'k¨/k Äsowu R;kps ifj.kke dk; g¨r vkgsr ;kpk laiw.kZ vk<kok Äsowu ;k tekrÈP;k lanÒkZrhy Á'ukph ekaM.kh d¢yh vkgs- ;kpcj¨cj ;kaP;k ifjfLFkrhe/;s lq/kkj.kk ÄMowu vk.k.;klkBh dkgh mik;;¨tukgh lqpfoY;k vkgsr- ;kpcj¨cj ;k lferhus ^xqUgsxkj tekrh dk;nk* u"V d#u ^lo;hpk xqUgsxkj dk;nk* vfLrRokr vk.kyk-

;kuarj Eg.kts 1952 lkyh Lora= Òkjrkus ^xqUgsxkj tekrÈP;k lanÒkZr ,d vR;ar egRokps vls ikÅy mpyys- rs Eg.kts ;k tekrÈoj vl.kkjk ^xqUgsxkjh* pk dyad iql.;kps- Lora= Òkjrkus ^n fdfeuy VªkÃc y‚ ¼fjfiy vWDV½ 1952* gk dk;nk d#u ^xqUgsxkj tekrÈ*oj dk;ns'khj jhR;k vl.kkjk xqUgsxkjhpk dyad iql.;kps dke d¢ys- ;kpcj¨cj Lora= Òkjrkus fodkl dk;ZØe Bjforkuk îapokÆ"kd ;¨tuk* Òkjrke/;s lq# d¢Y;k vkf.k R;k ek/;ekrwu R;kauh Òkjrh; lektkrhy fofo/k lekt ÄVdkalkBh Çdok R;kaP;k mRFkkuklkBh fofo/k vkÆFkd] 'kS{kf.kd vkf.k ik;kÒqr l¨;h lqfo/kkaP;k lanÒkZr dkgh dk;ZØe r;kj d¢ys- ;k ;¨tuke/;s ^lkekftd U;k;* ;k ÄVdkavarxZr fofo/k tkrh tekrÈP;k fodklkP;k ;¨tuk e¨BÓkk Áek.kkoj r;kj d¢Y;k- R;ke/;s nfyr vkfnoklh brj ekxkloxÊ;] foeqDr

ÒVD;k tekrh vkf.k vYila[;kd b- ÄVdkapk lekos'k d¢yk- Òkjr ljdkjus 26 tkusokjh 1953 lkyh lafo/kkukP;k

vf/kfu;e 340 vuqlkj jk"VªirÈP;k vkns'kkus dkdklkgsc dkysydj ;kaP;k v/;{krs[kkyh êkxkloxÊ; vk;¨xkph* LFkkiuk



d¢yh- gk vk;¨x ^dkysydj* vk;¨x Eg.kwu ifjfpr vkgs- ÁLrqr

vk;¨xkus nü o"ksZ l[kÿ vH;kl d#u 30 ekpZ 1955 lkyh Òkjr ljdkjyk vkiY;k vgoky lknj d¢yk- ;k vgokyke/;s ,dw.k 2311 ekxkl tkrh@leqnk;kph ;knh r;kj dj.;kps dke d¢ys g¨rs- ;k leqnk;kiSdh 237 tkrh@leqnk; gs ^vfr ekxkl* vlY;kps R;kauh ;k vgokyke/;s uänfoys g¨rs- ÁLrqr vk;¨xkus Òkjr ldkjyk ;k tekrÈP;k lkekftd o vkÆFkd mRFkkuklkBh dkgh mik;;¨tukgh lqpfoY;k g¨R;k- ;kae/;s Ákeq[;kus 1961 lkyh g¨.kkjh tux.kuk gh tkrhfugk; d¢yh ikfgts- rkaf=d o O;olk; Áf'k{k.k laLFkke/;s ekxkloxÊ; f'kf{kr fo|kF;k±uk 70 VDd¢ tkxk vkjf{kr BsoY;k ikfgtsr] u¨dÚ;ke/;s vkj{k.k Bsok;yk ikfgts- vkf.k ;kpcj¨cj 'ksrh o 'ksrhoj vk/kkfjr O;olk;klanÒkZr fo'ks"k ;¨tuk r;kj d#u R;kauk fodklkP;k eq[; Áokgke/;s vk.k.;kpk Á;Ru d¢yk ikfgts vls lqpfo.;kr vkys g¨rs-

;kuarj Òkjr ljdkjus lu 1965 lkyh vuqlwfpr tkrh o vuqlwfpr tekrh ;kaP;k ;knhph iquZrikl.kh dj.;klkBh ch- ,e- y¨dwj ;kaP;k v/;{krs[kkyh ,d lferh useyh- ÁLrqr lferh gh ^y¨dqj dfeVh* Eg.kwup ifjfpr vkgs- ;k lferhus R;kaP;k vgokyke/;s foeqDr o ÒVD;k tekrÈP;k lanÒkZr Li"Vi.ks vls

uänfoys vkgs dh] ^^foeqDr o ÒVD;k tekrhP;k y¨dkae/;s vkfnoklh leqgkph vusd y{k.ks vkf.k ikjaikfjd –"VÓkk pkyr vkysyh lkekftd Li`';rk ;kaph y{k.ks fnlrkr-** ;k lferhus jkT; ljdkjl¨cr >kysY;k ppsZnjE;ku vls ns[khy lkafxrys dh] ;k tekrÈph ftou tx.;kph i)rh gh ^ÒVD;k* ¼Nomadic½ Lo#ikph vlY;k dkj.kkus ;k tekrÈuk ^vuqlwfpr tkrh o tekrÈP;klkBh* ¼Sheduled Caste and Tribe½ r;kj d¢ysY;k ;¨tukapk iqjslk Qk;nk g¨.kkj ukgh-

1 tkusokjh 1979 lkyh Òkjr ljdkjus ch- ih- eaMy ;kaP;k v/;{krs[kkyh lkekftd vkÆFkd o 'kS{kf.kd –"VÓkk oafpr tkrh leqgkpk 'k¨/k Äs.;klkBh ,dk vk;¨xkph LFkkiuk d¢yh- ÁLrqr vk;¨x gk êaMy vk;¨x* Eg.kwu ifjfpr vkgs- ÁLrqr vk;¨xkus foeqDr tkrh tekrÈP;k lanÒkZr v'kh Òqfedk ekaMyh dh] ^^foeqDr o ÒVD;k tekrh ;k Òkjrh; lektO;oLFkse/;s vfLrRokr vl.kkÚ;k vuqlqfpr tkrh&tekrhlkj[;k oafpr vkgsr-** ikjaikfjd O;olk;ke/;s xqarysY;k tkrh mnk- ePNhekj] catkjk] iky b- tkrh ;k Òkjrke/;s dkgh Òkxkr brj ekxkl oxÊ;kaP;k lqphe/;s lekfo"V d¢ysY;k fnlrkr- ;k loZ tekrÈuk vuqlwfpr tkrh&tekrh lkj[;kp mRFkkukP;k loyrh feGk;yk gO;kr o R;kaP;k mRFkkuklkBh osxGk foÒkx o ea=ky; fuekZ.k

djk;yk gos vls ns[khy lqpfo.;kr vkys g¨rs- Òkjr ljdkjus 2002 lkyh Òkjrh; lafo/kkukRed dk;kZps

iquZfufj{k.k dj.;klkBh U;k;eqrÊ O;adVpy¸;k vk;¨xkph LFkkiuk d¢yh- ÁLrqr vk;¨xkps eq[; dke Eg.ts l/;k vfLrRokr vlysY;k lafo/kkukps dk;Z ;¨X; i)rhus pkyw vkgs dk\ vkf.k

Òkjrh; y¨d ;k lafo/kkukus lq[kh o lek/kkuh vkgsr dk\ ;kph

rikl.kh d#u vgoky lknj dj.ks gs g¨rs- ÁLrqr vk;¨xkus vkiY;k varhe vgokyke/;s ÒVD;k foeqDr tekrÈP;k lanÒkZr ekaM.kh djrkuk vlk mYys[k d¢yk vkgs dh] ^^foeqDr tekrhe/khy y¨dkauk pqdhP;k i)rhus o cGtcjhus ^xqUgsxkj* Eg.kwu oxÊ—r dj.;kr vkys vkgs- ;kpcj¨cj dk;|kP;k j{kk.kkph tckcnkjh vl.kkÚ;k Áfrfu/khÁek.ksp lkekU; tursusgh ;k tekrÈP;k y¨dkauk vU;k; vR;kpkjkph okx.kwd nsowu R;kaph usgehp fiGo.kwd d¢yh- ^^;kpcj¨cj ÁLrqr vk;¨xkus ^fMu¨fVQkÃM vW.M uëWMhd VªkÃCl jkÃVl vW.M vWD'ku xzqi* ;kaP;k Áfrfu/kÈuh ;k tekrÈP;k lanÒkZr lknj d¢ysY;k mik;;¨tuk o ekfgrhph n[ky Äsowu gk fu.kZ; Äsryk dh ÁLrqr Ádj.k gs lkekftd U;k; ea=ky;] Òkjr ljdkj] ;kaP;kdMs ikBowu vU; vk;¨xkekQr ;kph rikl.kh dj.;kr ;koh-

8 lIVsacj 2006 j¨th Òkjr ljdkjP;k lkekftd U;k; ea=ky; foÒkxkus M‚- x.ks'k nsoh ;kaP;k v/;{krs[kkyh ÒVD;k o foeqDr tekrÈP;k vH;klklanÒkZr 10 lnL; vlysY;k ^rkaf=d lYyk xVkph* ¼Technical Advisory Group½ LFkkiuk d¢yh- ÁLrqr xVke/;s fuoM d¢ysys 10 lnL; gs tkxfrd ikrGhojhy ÒVD;k&foeqDr tekrÈP;k lanÒkZr vH;kl dj.kkjs vH;kld o

dk;sZdrsZ g¨rs- ÁLrqr vH;kl xVkus foeqDr o ÒVD;k tekrÈph O;k[;k

vkf.k R;kaph osxosxG~;k jkT;ke/;s vl.kkjh vleku oxZokjh ;kapk iquZfopkj d#u R;kauk ,dk leku ikrGhoj vk.k.;kps Á;Ru djkosr vls lqpfoys- ;k lanÒkZr R;kauh fo'ks"kRokus foeqDr o ÒVD;k tekrh ;k Òkjrke/;s vLrhRokr vl.kkÚ;k jkT;krhy ÁoxkZÁek.ks vuqlwfpr tkrh o tekrhP;k lqfpe/;s lekfo"V djkos v'kh Òkjr ljdkjyk f'kQkjl d¢yh vkgs-

;kpcj¨cj foeqDr o ÒVD;k tekrhph tux.kuk d#u R;kauk R;kaps eqyÒwr ekuoh vf/kdkj] lkekftd U;k; o R;kaps lafo/kkfud U;k; gô ¼Constitutional Rights½ feGowu ns.;klkBh fo'ks"k Á;Ru d¢ys tkosr vls lqfpr dj.;kr vkys- ÒVD;k Lo#ikps ftou tx.kkÚ;k tekrÈuk dl.;klkBh tfeuh] okLrO;klkBh Äjs o j¨txkjkph lk/kus miyC/k d#u nsowu R;kauk fLFkj Lo#ikps ftou tx.;klkBh vuqdqy ifjfLFkrh fuekZ.k djkoh- foeqDr o ÒVD;k tekrhP;k y¨dkauk R;kaP;k okLrO;kP;k fBdk.kh fi.;kps ik.kh] fot] f'k{k.k] vkj¨X; ;k lkj[;k eqyÒwr nSuafnu ftouklkBh vko';d l¨;h lqfo/kk miyC/k d#u |kO;kr- ;kpcj¨cj ;k tekrhP;k y¨dkauk tUe] e`R;q] tkrhps o jfgoklh nk[kys] ernkukps vksG[ki=] f'k/kk if=dk] xk;jku tfeuhoj

tukojkauk pjkÃps gô ;k lkj[;k lqfo/kk foukvV Rofjr miyC/k d#u |kO;kr- ÒVD;k foeqDr tekrhP;k lkekftd] vkÆFkd] jktdh; l|fLFkrhpk vk<kok Äs.;klkBh jk"Vªh; ikrGhoj vH;kl lferh LFkkiu d¢yh tkoh vkf.k Òkjrkrhy ÒVD;k foeqDr tekrÈP;k y¨dkauk y¨dlÒk] fo/kkulÒk vkf.k LFkkfud LojkT;



laLFkse/;s Áfrfuf/kRo ns.;kr ;kos v'kk ÁdkjP;k eqyÒwr

f'kQkj'kh ;k vH;kl xVkus Òkjr ljdkjyk d¢Y;k g¨R;k- Òkjr ljdkjus 6 Q¢czqokjh 2006 j¨th lkekftd U;k;

ea=ky;kvarxZr ckG—".k js.kd¢ ;kaP;k v/;{krs[kkyh ^foeqDr ÒVD;k o v/kZ ÒVD;k tekrh jk"Vªh; vk;¨xkph* LFkkiuk d¢yh- ÁLrqr vk;¨xkus osxosxG~;k jkT;ke/;s n©js d#u rsFkhy jkT; ljdkj] fofo/k tkr laÄVukaps Áfrfu/kh R;k R;k Òkxkrhy lkekftd dk;ZdrsZ vkf.k lkekftd 'kkókrhy vH;kldka'kh ppkZ d¢Y;k- dkgh jkT;ke/;s fofo/k fo"k;koj dk;Z'kkGk o ppkZl= Äs.;kr vkys- ;k loZ —rhoj vk/kkfjr fu"d"kkZP;k vk/kkjs ÁLrqr vk;¨xkus 2 tqyS 2008 j¨th Òkjr ljdkjyk vkiyk vgoky lknj d¢yk-

js.kd¢ vk;¨xkus R;kaP;k vgokyke/;s ÒVD;k foeqDrkaph y¨dla[;k vankts 10 rs 12 d¨Vh vlY;kps ueqn djr ;k y¨dla[;sP;k Áek.kkr ÒVD;k foeqDrkauk 'kkldh;@fcxj'kkldh; fofo/k egkeaMGs vLFkkiuk o dk;kZy;kae/;s u¨djhlkBh vkj{k.kkph Áeq[k ekx.kh d¢yh- ;kpcj¨cj Òkjrke/;s vuqlwfpr tkrh o tekrÈuk vl.kkÚ;k l¨;h&loyrh o ;¨tuk ák ÒVD;k foeqDr tekrÈuk ns[khy ykxq djkO;kr v'kh ekx.kh d¢yh- ÒVD;k foeqDrkalkBh vuqlwfpr tkrh&tekrhlkj[kh ^fo'ks"k ÄVd ;¨tuk* ¼Sub-Plan½ r;kj d#u R;klkBh fo'ks"k vkÆFkd rjrqn vFkZladYike/;s djkoh v'kh f'kQkjl d¢yh vkgs- ;kpcj¨cj ÒVD;k foeqDr tekrÈP;k lok±xh.k mRFkkuklkBh dk;nsfo"k;d ckcÈph iquZjpuk] nSuafnu ftouko';d eqyÒwr xjtk] 'kS{kf.kd {kss=ke/;s l¨;h&loyrh ÒVD;k foeqDrkaojhy vU;k; vR;kpkj j¨[k.;klanÒkZr dMd fucZ/k] fó;kaps o ckydkaps vkj¨X;kps] f'k{k.kkps o j¨txkjklanÒkZrys Á'u ;k o v'kk Lo#ikP;k ,dw.k 76 f'kQkj'kh 'kklukyk lknj d¢Y;k vkgsr-

26 uÖgcj 2010 lkyh Òkjr ljdkjus l¨fu;k xka/kh ;kaP;k v/;{krs[kkyh LFkkiu >kysY;k jk"Vªh; lYykxkj ifj"knse/;s ¼National Advisiory Counsil½ ÒVD;k&foeqDr tekrÈP;k fodklklkBh dkgh ;¨tuk r;kj dj.ks lanÒkZr dk;Zdkjh xVkph ¼WorkingGroup½ LFkkiuk dj.;kr vkyh- ÁLrqr dk;Zdkjh xVkus 18 ,fÁy 2011 j¨th js.kd¢ vk;¨xkps lnL; o rkaf=d lYyk xVkps lnL; ;kaP;kcj¨cj nü osGk jk"Vªh; ikrGhoj lYykelyrh >kY;k- ;kuarj 13 tqyS 2011 j¨th nqljh lYykelyr >kyh- ;k lYykelyrhlkBh lektkrhy tekrhe/khy usrs] ea=ky;ke/khy vf/kdkjh] ,uftväps Áfrfu/kh vkf.k fo|kihBkrhy rK ;kauk ppkZl=klkBh cÿfoys g¨rs- ÁLrqr dk;Z xVkus vk;¨ftr d¢ysY;k mij¨Dr lYyk elyrh o ppkZl= ;kaP;k ek/;ekrwu feGkysY;k ;¨xnkukP;k vk/kkjs vkiyk vgoky r;kj d¢yk- ;k vgokyke/;s ÒVD;k foeqDr tekrhlkBh 'kS{kf.kd] vkÆFkd o dk;nsfo"k;d rjrqnh dj.;kr vkY;k- ;kae/;s fo'ks"kr% ÒVD;k foeqDrkaph tkrhfugk; x.kuk dj.ks] ;kaP;koj g¨.kkÚ;k vU;k;&vR;kpkjkP;k lanÒkZr dk;|kae/;s cny d#u R;kauk laj{k.k ns.ks- ;kaP;k eqykaP;k f'k{k.kklkBh fo'ks"k Á;Ru dj.ks- jk"Vªh; ekuo vf/kdkj vk;¨x o jkT; ekuo vf/kdkj vk;¨x ;kae/;s fdeku ,d lnL; ÒVD;k foeqDrtekrÈpk vlkok] ÒVD;k foeqDrkaP;k vkÆFkd mRFkkuklkBh ^fo'ks"k ÄVd ;¨tuk* r;kj dj.;kr ;kos v'kk ÁdkjP;k vusd f'kQkj'kh uWdP;k —rhxVkus Òkjr ljdkjyk d¢Y;k vkgsr-

jkT; ikrGhojhy vk;¨x o lfeR;k %& Òkjrke/;s T;k Ádkjs jk"Vªh; ikrGhoj ÒVD;k foeqDrkaP;k lkekftd] vkÆFkd o jktdh; mRFkkuklkBh vusdfo/k vk;¨x o lfeR;k usewu okLrfodrspk 'k¨/k Äs.;kpk o R;koj mik;;¨tuk dj.;kpk Á;Ru d¢yk xsyk r'kkp Ádkjs jkT; ikrGhoj ns[khy dkghls Á;Ru d¢ys d¢ysys[kkP;k ;k Òkxke/;s ÒVD;k&foeqDr tekrhP;k fodklkp lanÒkZr egkjk"Vª jkT; ikrGhoj ts vk;¨x o lfeR;k use.;kr vkY;k R;kapk laf{kIr vk<kok Äs.;kpk Á;Ru d¢yk vkgs-

egkjk"Vª 'kklukus 13 vkWxLV 1949 j¨th M‚- d¢- ch- v=ÿhdj ;kaP;k v/;{krs[kkyh ÒVD;k foeqDr tekrÈP;k lkekftd o vkÆFkd fLFkrhpk vk<kok Äs.;klkBh 9 lnL;kaph ,d lferh LFkkiu d¢yh- ÁLrqr lferhus egkjk"Vª ljdkjyk t¨ vgoky lknj d¢yk R;ke/;s ÒVD;k foeqDr tekrÈuk vé] oó] fuokjk o j¨txkj feGowu ns.;klkBh fo'ks"k Á;Ru dj.ks xjtsps vkgs vls lqpfo.;kr vkys- ;kpcj¨cj ÁLrqr lferhus ÒVD;k foeqDr tekrhe/;s f'k{k.kkps Áek.k vR;ar vYi vkgs vls ueqn djr R;keqGs f'k{k.kkps Áek.k ok<o.;klkBh ÁkFkfed o ek/;fed f'k{k.k e¨Qr o lDrhps djkos] R;kauk 'kkGslkBh vko';d vl.kkjh lk/ku lkexzh e¨Qr iqjokoh] eqykauk 'kkldh; olrhxgke/;s jk[kho tkxkaph rjrqn vkf.k ;k tekrhP;k eqykalkBh f'k";o`Ÿkhph ns[khy fo'ks"k rjrqn djkoh vls BGdi.ks lqpfo.;kr vkys g¨rs- ;k tekrÈP;k vkÆFkd fodklkP;k lanÒkZr lqpuk djrkuk ;k lferhus vf/kd j¨txkjkP;k la/kh fuekZ.k djkO;kr] miyC/k u¨dÚ;kae/;s R;kauk fo'ks"k la/kh fnyh tkoh] r#.kkauk Lo;aj¨txkjklkBh e¨Qr Áf'k{k.k o vkÆFkd lgk¸; miyC/k d#u n;kos vkf.k 'kklukusgh 'kkldh; ikrGhoj Lo;aj¨txkjklkBh vkÆFkd l¨;h o loyrh fuekZ.k djkO;kr vls lqpfo.;kr vkys g¨rs- ^ÒVD;k* Lo#ikps ftou gs ÒVD;k&foeqDr tekrÈP;k fodklke/khy eq[; vMFkGk vlY;kdkj.kkus r¨ nqj dj.;klanÒkZr ns[khy ;k lferhus R;kauk fLFkj dj.;klkBh dkgh f'kQkj'kh egkjk"Vª 'kklukyk lqpfoY;k g¨R;k- ;kae/;s Ákeq[;kus ÒVD;k foeqä tekrhP;k y¨dkauk fuoklklkBh 'kklukekQr e¨Qr Äjs miyc/k d#u ns.ks] ;k tekrhP;k y¨dkauk Lor%ph Äjs cka/k.;klkBh vR;ar vYi njke/;s dtkZph l¨; miyC/k d#u ns.ks vkf.k j¨txkjkps lk/ku Eg.kwu Òwfefgukauk dkgh Áek.kkr dk g¨Ãuk 'ksrtehu 'kklukdMwu fnyh tkoh vls lqpfo.;kr vkys g¨rs-

egkjk"Vª jkT;kyk d¢aæ ljdkjdMwu feGkysY;k lqpusuqlkj egkjk"Vª 'kklukus 14 ,fÁy 1960 j¨th ^fo'ks"k dk;Zvf/kdkjh* gs 'kklu njckjh in fuekZ.k d¢ys- ;k inkoj ,y- ch- FkkMs ;kaph fu;qDrh d#u ÒVD;k foeqDr tekrhP;k tx.;kP;k fLFkrhfo"k;h o mnjfuokZgkP;k lk/kukaP;k l|fLFkrhfo"k;h vH;kl d#u vgoky lknj dj.;kps egkjk"Vª 'kklukus lqpfoys- ÁLrqr lehrhus vkiY;k vH;klkvarh egkjk"Vª 'kklukyk lknj d¢ysY;k vgokyke/;s ÒVD;k foeqDr tekrhP;k y¨dkaph ftYgkfugk; y¨dla[;sph vkdMsokjh] R;kaps ledkyhu 'kS{kf.kd] fuokjk o j¨txkjkP;k fLFkrhfo"k;h] ;k tekrÈP;k Òk"kk] ;k tekrÈps eqG LFkku vkf.k miftfod¢ph lk/kus b- fo"k;hP;k ekfgrhP;k varZÒko d¢yk vkgs- ;kpcj¨cj ÁLrqr lferhP;k vf/kdkÚ;kauh lnjpk vH;kl vR;ar deh dkyko/khe/;s iq.kZ d¢yk vlY;kus vR;ar



r¨Mdk vkgs- R;keqGs ;k tekrhspk lfoLrj iq.kZvH;kl d#u ;kaP;klkBh O;kid v'kk fodklkP;k ;¨tuk r;kj d¢Y;k tkO;kr vls lqpfo.;kr vkys g¨rs-

egkjk"Vª ljdkjus 2004 lkyh fuoŸk U;k;k/kh'k vkj- ,e- ckiV ;kaP;k v/;{krs[kkyh egkjk"Vª ljdkjP;k jkT; ekxkl vk;¨xk varxZr ÒVD;k foeqDr tekrhP;k l|fLFkrhpk vk<kok Äs.;klkBh ,d lferh useyh- ÁLrqr lferhus vH;klkvarh r;kj d¢ysY;k vgokyke/;s foeqDr&ÒVD;k tekrhP;k y¨dkaph lkekftd] vkÆFkd o jktdh; voLFkk vR;ar n;fu; Lo:ikph vlY;kps uewn djr T;kÁek.ks vktgh lektke/;s o 'kklu njckjh vuqlwfpr tkrh@terhdMs cÄ.;kpk –"Vhdü vkgs- R;kpÁek.ks foeqDr ÒVD;k tekrÈuk ns[khy okxfoys tkrs vls ueqn d¢ys vkgs- ;kpcj¨cj ckiV vk;¨xke/;s vls gh ueqn dj.;kr vkys vkgs dh] foeqDr o ÒVD;k tekrh vkf.k vuqlwfpr tkrh@tekrh ;kaP;ke/;s lkaL—frd lkE; vkgs- ;k loZ dkj.kkeqGs egkjk"Vª ljdkjus ;k loZ tekrÈuk vuqlwfpr tkrh o vuqlwfpr tekrhe/;s lekfo"V djkos-

23 vkWxLV 2005 j¨th egkjk"Vª ljdkjus iqUgk ckiV vk;¨xkus lknj d¢ysY;k vgokykrhy f'kQkj'kh ikMrkG.;klkBh o egkjk"Vªkrhy eqG ^foeqDr tkrÈpk* vuqlwfpr tkrhe/;s rj eqG ^ÒVD;k tekrÈpk* vuqlwfpr tekrhe/;s lekfo"V dj.;klkBh U;k;eqrÊ vxzoky ;kaP;k v/;{krs[kkyh ,d ufou vk;¨x useyk- lq#okrhP;k dkGke/;s dk;kZy;] dk;kZy;hu deZpkÚ;kauh fu;qDrh o R;kaP;k osrukpk [kpZ ;k loZ rkaf=d ckche/;s vMdY;keqGs dkghp dke iq<s ljdw 'kdys ukgh- 23 vkWxLV 2012 j¨th ÁLrqr vk;¨xkyk dke dj.;klkBh eqnrok< ns.;kfo"k;h ppkZ lq# >kyh- ;kuarj 16 tkusokjh 2013 j¨th eaf=eaMGkP;k cSBdhe/;s ;kfo"k;h ppkZ göwu ÁLrqr vk;¨xkyk eqnr ok< u ns.;kpk fu.kZ; egkjk"Vª 'kklukus Äsowu ÁLrqr vk;¨xkP;k v/;{kkaP;k cnyh fo"k;h f'kôke¨rZc d¢ys xsys- ÁLrqr vk;¨xkps v|kii;±r dkghgh dke >kysys vfLrRokr ukgh-

lekjï %& egkjk"Vª jkT;krhy vkf.k ,dw.kp Òkjrke/khy foeqDr ÒVD;k tekrÈP;k lanÒkZr mij¨Dr vk;¨x] lfeR;k] vH;kl vkf.k dk;ZxV ;kaP;k fuÆerhph ik'oZÒweh] LFkkiusuarjph fLFkR;rjs vkf.k veayctko.kh vH;klrk- vki.kkyk ;k tekrÈfo"k;h 'kklu njckjh vl.kkjh vukLFkk vkf.k cstckcnkj dk;ZÁ.kkyhpk ÁR;; ;sr¨- egkjk"Vªke/;s ÒVD;k&foeqDr tekrÈP;k Á'ukoj dke dj.kkjs vusd lkekftd dk;ZdrsZ tkrh; laÄVukaps Áeq[k vkf.k fcxjljdkjh laLFkk vfLrRokr vlwu ns[khy ;k tekrÈph lkekftd] vkÆFkd] 'kS{kf.kd] lkaL—frd vkf.k jktdh; voLFkk tSls Fks p vkgs-

egkjk"Vªkph 'kkgw&Qqys] vkacsMdjh fopkjkaph okjlk vl.kkjh iqj¨xkeh vkf.k vkÆFkd Áxrhe/;s osxoku vl.;kph Áfrek fopkjkr Äsrk] ;k fBdk.kP;k foeqDr&ÒVD;k tekrÈuk vktgh R;kaP;k eqyÒwr xjtk o lafo/kkfud vf/kdkj feG.;kiklwu oafpr jkgkos ykxr vkgs- ;k tekrÈuk vktgh j¨txkjkP;k 'k¨/kke/;s ÒVdarh djkoh ykxr vkgs- vktgh ;k tekrÈfo"k;h vkf.k tekrÈP;k ledkyhu Á'ukafo"k;h lk/kh ekfgrh o vkdMsokjh ns[khy 'kklu njckjh miyC/k ukgh- ;k tekrh vktgh

lektkrhy ÁÒqRo'kkyh tkrhdMwu g¨.kkjs vU;k; vR;kpkj lgu djr vkgsr- vktgh ;k tekrÈP;k y¨dkadMs vkiys Á'kklu ^xqUgsxkj* ;kp utjsus ikgr vkgsr- 'kklu vktgh ;kauk fLFkj Lo:ikps ftou tx.;klkBh o mnjfuokZgklkBh 'kkldh; ¼ifMd½ tfeuh ns.;kl r;kj ukgh- ;k tekrhe/khy ts y¨d Fk¨MsQkj f'k{k.k Äsowu ika<jis'kh; O;oLFkspk Òkx cuys R;kauk ns[khy 'kklu njckjh vuar vMp.kÈuk lke¨js tkos ykxr vkgs- ;k tekrhe/khy nü Ádkjps oxGysi.k okVÓkyk vkysyk Òkx Eg.kts fó;k ;kaps Á'u rj vR;ar fcdV vkgsr-

mij¨Dr loZ Á'ukaph ;knh [kwi e¨Bh vkgs- ;k leL;kaoj vkrk vk;¨x] lfeR;k] dk;ZxV vkf.k vH;klxV use.;k,soth] useysY;k loZ vk;¨x&lfeR;kaP;k iquZfopkj d#u ;k tekrÈuk U;k; ns.;kph xjt vkgs- ;k tekrÈuk vuqlqfpr tkrh&tekrÈÁek.ks lafo/kkfud gô] y¨dla[;sP;k Áek.kkr vkÆFkd okVk ¼ctsV½ vkf.k lkekftd lqj{kspk vU;k; o vR;kpkj Áfrca/k dk;nk fuekZ.k d#u ,d ek.kwl Eg.kwu tx.;kph la/kh fnyh ikfgts- vU;Fkk vki.k dqBY;k ns'kkps ukxjhd vkg¨r\ gk Á'u Òfo";dkGkr ;k tekrÈP;k M¨D;kr fuekZ.k >kY;kf'kok; jkg.kkj ukgh- ÁLrqr lkekftd vjktdrk fuekZ.k g¨.;k vx¨njp] ;¨X; rh mik;;¨tuk dj.ks] gs lkekftd fgrkP;k –"Vhus ;¨X; ikÅy Bjsy- vls okVrs- References: 1. Bijral, Q. (2017). “The violent legacy of stigma: Ex-criminal

tribes in India”. https://thelogicalindian.com/opinion/ex-criminal-tribes/ Criminal Tribes Act, 1871.

2. D’Souza, D. (n.d.). “Declared criminal at birth: India’s denotified tribes”. Manushi.

3. Fischer, F., & Forester, J. (1993). The argumentative turn in policy analysis and planning. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

4. Jones, M.D., Shanahan, E.A., McBeth, M.K. (Eds.), 2014. The science of stories: Applications of the Narrative Policy Framework in public policy analysis. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

5. Kapadia, K.M. (1952). “The criminal tribes of India”. Sociological Bulletin, 1(2), 99-125.

6. Schwarz, H. (2010). Constructing the criminal tribe in colonial India: Acting like a thief. WileyBlackwell: Chichester, UK. Scott, J. (2010). The art of not being governed: An anarchist history of upland Southeast Asia. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.

7. Solanki, A. (2014). The Criminal Tribes Act: Classifying criminals in British India (1871-1927). MA thesis, University of Chicago.

8. Solanki, A. (n.d.). “Notes on Language and Classification in case of the Criminal Tribes Act (1871- 1927)”.

9. Torgalkar, V. (August 10, 2016). 69 Years after independence, there are still tribes that are considered ‘born criminal’.

10. Welfare measures for denotified tribes sought (Jan 18, 2017). 11. National Commission for Denotified, Nomadic and Semi-

Nomadic Tribes, Ministry Of Social Justice & Empowerment Government of India, (June 30, 2008).

12. http://socialjustice.nic.in/writereaddata/UploadFile/NCDNT2008-v1%20(1).pdf

13. National Advisory Council Working Group on Denotified and Nomadic Tribes, Ministry Of Social Justice & Empowerment Government of India, (November 26, 2010).



MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdjkaP;k lkekftd fopkjkaph izklafxdrk izk- MkW- ,l- ts- baxGs] ds- vkj- ,e- efgyk egkfo|ky;] ukansM-

Hkkjrh; lektkP;k oSpkfjd tM.k?kM.khr MkW-

ckcklkgsc vkacsMdjkaps LFkku vfr’k; egRokps vkgs- HkkjrkP;k bfrgklkr dzkarhdkjd cny ?kMoqu vk.k.;kps egku dk;Z T;k Fkksj iq:”kkauh dsys R;kr MkW- vkacsMdj gs vxzx.; gksr- rRdkyhu lekt O;oLFksrhy tkrh;rk] vLi`’;rk] o.kZO;oLFkk] vfu”V :<h] izFkk] ijaijk] va/kJ)k ;keqGs Hkkjrh; lektthou vusd leL;kauh xzLr cuys gksrs- HkkjrkP;k lkekftd thoukr MkW- vkacsMdjkaP;k :ikus ,d vHkwriwoZ v’kk tk.khokaps] fopkjkaps nkyu m?kMys xsys- R;kauh nfyrks)kj] lektks)kj o L=h;kaP;k m)kjklkBh vkiys vk;q”; ospys- lektkrhy fofo/k fo”k;kaoj o leL;kaoj euu] fparu djhr cgqeksy fopkj ekaMys vkgsr o vkiY;k fopkj dr`ZRokus vkf.k drZcxkjhus lektkyk o ns’kkyk uos vk;ke iqjfoys vlY;kus R;kaps lkekftd fopkj vktgh frrdsp cgqeksy vkgsr-

MkW- vkacsMdjkaP;k lkekftd fopkjkae/;s lekt’kkL=h; n`”Vhdksu vlysyk vk<Gwu ;srks- lekt ifjorZuklkBh O;DrhP;k eukr izFke lkekftd tk.kho fuekZ.k gks.ks vko’;d vlqu] lektkP;k izxrh] fodkl o ifjorZukP;k ekxkZrhy eq[; vMp.k Eg.ktsp lektkr vlysyh loZ izdkjph fo”kerk vlY;kps izfriknu rs djrkr- lkekftd vU;k;] /kkfeZd Xykuh] jktdh; vourh ;keqGs lektkph v/kksxrh gksr vlqu] /kekZoj vk/kkjhr lekt o.kZ o vusd tkrhHksnkauh foHkkxyk xsysyk vlY;keqGsp Hkkjrh; lektkph v/kksxrh >kysY;k er O;Dr djrkauk rs fnlrkr-

Eg.kwu lkekftd laca/k gs U;k;kojp vk/kkjysys vlkos vls R;kauk okVr vls- ekuoh izfr”Bk] Lokra=] lerk o lkekftd vkFkhZd U;k;] HkkSfrd HkjHkjkV] v/;kfRed f’kLr ;klkBh R;kauh R;kaps lca/k vk;q”; ospys ns’kkP;k izxrhlkBh tkrhfojghr] oxZfojghr vlk lekt vlY;kph vko’;drk R;kauh osGksosGh izfriknu dsysyh fnlrs- FkksMD;kr R;kauk ,dk ufou lektkph ?kM.k djko;kph gksrh- R;kaP;k ers Lokra=] lerk o ca/kqRo ;k rhu rRokoj fganw lektkph iqujZpuk gks.ks vko’;d vlqu] R;kr lkekftd U;k;kyk egRo fnys xsys ikfgts- lektkrhy loZ ?kVdkr lkeatL; vlsy rjp lkekftd vfHklj.kkP;k izfdz;syk osx ;sbZy vlk vk’kkokn rs O;Dr djr vlY;kps fnlwu ;srs

MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdjkaP;k lkekftd fopkjkaP;k v/;;ukph vko’;drk % MkW- vkacsMdjkaps lkekftd fopkj gs Lokra=] lerk] ca/kqRo o U;k; ;k vk/kqfud ekuorkoknh eqY;kaPkk vaxhdkj dj.kkjs vlY;keqGs

lekt ifjorZu] lekt iqujZpusP;k] lkekftd lq/kkj.ksP;k n”Vhus ekxZn’kZd o mi;qDr vlY;kus R;kaP;k lkekftd fopkjkaph vko’;drk Hkklrs-

XkghrdR; % ^MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdjkaP;k lkekftd fopkjkr Lokra=] lerk] ca/kqRo o U;k; ;k rRokapk lekos’k vlY;kps fnlwu ;srs-*

la’kks/kukP;k e;kZnk % izLrwr v/;;u djrkauk eh MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdjkaph xkSjo xzaFk] brj xzaFks] orZekui=s ;kaph fuoM dsysyh vkgs-

MkW- vkacsMdjkaps lektfo”k;d fopkj % MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdjkauk ,dk ufou lektkph ?kM.k djko;kph gksrh- ns’kkP;k izxrhlkBh tkrhfojghr] oxZfojghr vlk lekt vl.;kph vko’;drk R;kauh osGksosGh izfriknu dsyh gksrh- R;kaP;k ers Lokra=] lerk o ca/kqRo ;k rhu rRokaoj fganw lektkph iqujZpuk gks.ks vko’;d vlqu] R;kr lkekftd U;k;kyk egRo fnys ikfgts- lekt ifjorZuklkBh izFke O;DrhP;k eukr lkekftd tk.kho fuekZ.k gks.ks vko’;d vlqu] lektkph izxrh] fodkl o ifjorZukP;k ekxkZrhy eq[; vMp.k Eg.ktsp lektkr vLrhRokr vlysyh loZ izdkjph fo”kerk vlY;kps izfriknu R;kauh dsysys fnlwu ;srs- lkekftd vU;k;] /kkfeZd Xykuh] jktdh; vourh ;keqGs lektkph v/kksxrh gksr vlqu] /kekZoj vk/kkjhr lekt o.kZ o vusd izdkjkP;k tkrhHksnkauh foHkkxY;k xsY;keqGs Hkkjrh; lektkph v/kksxrh >kY;kps er rs O;Dr djrkr- O;Drhps lkekftd vkFkhZd U;k;] HkkSfrd HkjHkjkV] v/;kfRed f’kLr ;klkBh R;kauh laiq.kZ vk;q”;Hkj dk;Z dsysys fnlwu ;srs- lektkrhy loZ ?kVdkr lkeatL; vlsy rjp lkekftd vfHklj.kkP;k izfdz;syk osx ;sbZy vlk vk’kkokn rs O;Dr djrkr-

fganq lekt o fganq lektkph jpuk ;kaP;k ,danj Lo:ikph R;kauh fpfdRlk d:u fo’ys”k.k dsys- R;ko:u R;kauh fganq lektkyk f’kMh ulysY;k euks&;kph miek fnyh- R;kaP;k ers fganq lekt O;oLFkk gh Js.khc) fo”kerk] lkekftd fo”kerk o vkFkhZd fo”kerk ;k izeq[k rRokoj mHkkjyh vkgs- fganq lekt gk dsoG tkrhpk laxzg vkgs- Eg.kwu tkrhHksnkoj vk/kkjysY;k lekt O;oLFksoj R;kauh froz gYys p<foysys fnlrkr- tkr gh ,d ?kkrdh laLFkk vlqu] ‘kks”k.kkps ,d gR;kj Eg.kwu fryk LFkku vkgs- tkrh varxZr fookg gsp ,deso tkrhps oSf’k”V vkgs- Eg.kwu tkr u”V >kY;kf’kok; jktdh; o lkekftd ifjorZu gksoq ‘kd.kkj ukgh- Eg.kwup tkrhO;oLFkk o o.kZO;oLFkspk var dj.ks gs MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdjkauh



vkiys /;s; ekuys gksrs- R;kaP;k ers tkr gh jk”Vzh; ,dkRersP;k vkM ;sr vlY;keqGs Hkkjr gs ,dkRe jk”Vz cuw ‘kdr ukgh vls R;kauh izfriknu dsys- R;koj mik; lqpforkauk vkarjtkrh; fookg gkp R;koj ,deso mik; vlY;kps fopkj ekaMysys vkgsr- ;ko:u gs Li”V gksrs dh] MkW- vkacsMdjkauh tkrhfojghr] oxZfojfgr vkn’kZ v’kk lektO;oLFksps] ,dkRe jk”Vzkps LoIu ikghysys fnlqu ;srs-

MkW- vkacsMdjkaps /keZfo”k;d fopkj % MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj ekuokyk /kekZph furkar vko’;drk vlY;kps [kachji.ks izfriknu djrkr- R;kaP;k ers /keZ gk lkekftd thoukpk eqyHkwr ik;k vkgs- dkj.k /kkfeZd HkkouseqGs ekuokr vlysY;k pkaxY;k xq.kkapk fodkl gksrks vls R;kauk okVr vls- R;kn`”Vhus MkW- vkacsMdjkaps /keZfo”k;d fopkj ikgrk R;kauh O;Dr dsysys /keZfo”k;d fopkj gs fganq/kekZph fpfdRlk djrkauk o ckS) /kekZph rRos ekaMr vlrkauk izdV >kysyh fnlqu ;srkr- /kekZr dk; ulkos ;kpk fopkj R;kauh fganq/kekZP;k fpfdRlsP;k fufeRrkus dsyk vkgs- rj /kekZr dk; vlk;yk gos ;kph ekaM.kh R;kauh ckS) /kekZph fo’ks”krk lkaxrkauk dsyh vkgs-

MkW- vkacsMdjkP;k ers [kjk /keZ gk furhoj vk/kkjhr vlqu] foosd vkf.k foKkuk’kh lqlaxr vlrks- rks lerk] Lokra= o ca/kqRo ;koj vk/kkjhr vlrks] f’kok; rks nkfjnz;kps d/khgh leFkZu djhr ukgh Eg.kwu T;k /kekZr lerk] izse o vkiqydhph Hkkouk ulrs R;k /kekZyk /keZ Eg.kko;kl R;kapk udkj gksrk- tks /keZ orZeku le`) dj.;klkBh o HkforO; ?kMfo.;klkBh ek.klkyk izksRlkgu nsrks- ek.klkaP;k eukr v’kk iYyohr djrks o Qqyorks rksp /keZ gk [kjk /keZ gks;] vls R;kaps er gksrs- MkW- vkacsMdjkauh /keZ gk cq)hizkek.;oknh o ekuorkoknh vlkok v’kh vis{kk /kekZdMwu O;Dr dsysyh vkgs- rlsp /keZ gk ekuokP;k lsoslkBh vlqu] ekuo R;kps lk/ku jkgrk dkek u;s- /keZ gk O;DrhP;k fodklkyk vuqdwy vlkok] rks izxrh’khy vlkok] f’kok; /kekZps furhfu;e lokZauk leku vlkosr- MkW- vkacsMdjkaP;k vis{khr vlysY;k /kekZP;k dYiusr /keZHkksGsi.kk] eqrhZiqtk] gVoknhi.kk] <ksaxhi.kk] /keZosMsi.kk] O;Drhokn] xq<okn] ijaijkokn] nkfjnz; ;kauk vthckr Fkkjk uOgrk- tks /keZ dksV~;ko/kh yksdkauk R;kaPkk dks.krkgh nks”k ulrkauk xqUgsxkjkais{kk okbZV fjrhus okxorks] fof’k”V yksdkauk fi<~;kau&fi<~;k bgyksdkapk ujd ;kruk Hkksxko;kl ykorks] rks /keZ gk /keZ gksoqp ‘kdr ukgh- tks /keZ vkiY;k nksu vuq;k;kae/;s HksnHkko djrks] xqUgsxkjkais{kk vf/kd okbZV okxorks] R;koj vlgk; nqcGsi.kk yknrks rks [kjk /keZ uOgs] Eg.kwu vlk /keZ MkW- vkacsMdjkauk ekU; uOgrk- fganq/kekZr vLi`’;kadjhrk] R;kaP;k vkReksUurhyk iks”kd vls okrkoj.k ukgh Eg.kwu R;kauh vk;q”;Hkj R;kfo:)

o tkrhO;oLFksP;k tqyekfo:) y<k fnysyk fnlqu ;srks-

MkW- vkacsMdj ;kaP;k ers ekuoh lektklkBh /kekZus mi;qDr v’kk rhu xjtk HkkxfoY;k ikfgtsr R;k xjtk Eg.kts 1- /keZ gk vk/kqfud foKkuk’kh lqlaxr o lger vlyk ikghts- 2- /kekZus Lokra=] lerk o ca/kqRo ;k eqyHkwr rRokauk ekU;rk fnyh ikghts- 3- /kekZus nkfjnz;kph Fkksjoh o egrh xkm u;s- ;k rhu xjtk /kekZus HkkxfoY;k ikfgtsr- ;k loZ xjtk R;kaP;kers dsoG ckS) /keZp iq.kZ d: ‘kdrks- dkj.k Hkxoku cq)kus lkekftd] vkFkhZd o jktdh; Lokra=~;kpk iqjLdkj dsysyk vkgs- Rkn~orp L=h&iq:”k lekurspk iqjLdkj gh ;k /kekZus dsysyk vlY;kus lkekftd lerk fuekZ.k gks.;klkBh ,deso ckS) /keZp R;klkBh ;ksX; vkgs- gk fu”d”kZ R;kuh dsysY;k loZ /kekZP;k rkSykfud vH;klk varh dk<yk- R;kaP;k ers ckS) /keZ gk O;DrhaP;k lokZaxh.k izxrhlkBh iks”kd vlqu] ;k /kekZr nzO;cG] euq”;cG o ekufld cG izkIr gksm ‘kdrs- Eg.kwu ckS) /keZ gk lokZaxh.k izxrhlkBh iks”kd vlqu] ;k /kekZr nzO;cG] euq”;cG o ekufld cG izkIr gksm ‘kdrs- Eg.kwu ckS) /keZ gk lokZafx.k dY;k.kkpk ekxZ vlqu] rksp /keZ jk”Vzkph mUurh d: ‘kdrks] v’kh R;kaP;k eukph [kk=h iVY;kuarj 14 vkWDVksacj 1956 jksth R;kauh vkiY;k yk[kks vuq;k;kalg ukxiwj ;sFks ckS) /kekZph fn{kk ?ksrysyh fnlqu ;srs-

MkW- vkacsMdjkaps f’k{k.kfo”k;d fopkj % MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdjkaP;k ‘kS{kf.kd fopkjkapk ekxksok ?ksrkauk vls fnlqu ;srs dh] R;kauk vfHkizsr vlysyh f’k{k.k i)rh Eg.kts O;Drhpk ekufld o ckS)hd fodkl d:u Lora=i.ks fopkj dj.;kph ‘kDrh fuekZ.k dj.kkjs] O;DrhP;k O;DrheRokps] fodklkps lgk;Hkwr lk/ku vlqu] f’k{k.kkps egRo lkaxrkauk rs Eg.krkr] miklekjhus ‘kfjjkps iks”k.k deh >kY;kl ek.kwl ghu cy gksmu vYik;q”kh gksrks- rlsp f’k{k.kkvHkkoh rks fucqZ) jkghY;kl thoari.kh nql&;kpk xqyke gksrks- Eg.kqu f’k{k.kkyk R;kauh O;Drhph lkekftd xqykefxjh u”V dj.;kps vkFkhZd fodkl lk/k.;kps o jkTkdh; Lokra= feGfo.;kps ‘kL= ekuysys fnlqu ;srs-

MkW- vkacsMdjkauh f’k{k.kkps egRo vksG[kys gksrs] R;kauh R;kaps ifgys mikL; nSor fo|k gsp ekuys gksrs- R;kaps fo|sps osM Hk;adj gksrs- pksohl rkl rs fo|sph mikluk djhr vlr- vLi`’; lektkP;k lokZaxhu fodklklkBh] R;kaP;k mToy Hkfo”;klkBh mUurhlkBh tj dks.krh xks”V vko’;d vlsy rj rs f’k{k.k gks;] v’kh MkW- vkacsMdjkaph Bke letwr gksrh dkj.k R;kaP;k ers vLi`’;rk u”V djk;ph vlsy] ek.klkyk ek.kwl Eg.kwu txk;ps vlsy] rj f’k{k.kkf’kok; rj.kksik; ukgh vls R;kaps er gksrs- Eg.kwu vLi’; lektkr f’k{k.kkpk izlkj dj.;klkBh] R;kauk brj lektkP;k



cjkscjhus vk.k.;klkBh R;kauh jkT;?kVusr r’kk izdkjph O;oLFkk dsysyh fnlqu ;srs- R;kaP;k ers vki.k f’kdyks Eg.kts loZ dkgh >kys vls ukgh rj f’k{k.kkcjkscjp ek.klkps ‘khy gh lq/kkjys ikghts- dkj.k ‘khykf’kok; f’k{k.kkph fdaer ‘kwU; vkgs vls R;kauk okVr vls- ;kckcr R;kauh vusdnk vkiY;k lHkk] ifj”knkae/kwu osGksosGh fopkj O;Dr dsysys fnlwu ;srkr- fo|k gk ek.klkpk frljk MksGk vkgs] Kku laiknu dsY;kf’kok; ek.klkyk rj.kksik; ukgh] fo|sf’kok; ekuokyk ‘kkarrk ukgh] fo|k gh egklkxjklkj[kh vkgs] T;kizek.ks ekuokyk thou tx.;klkBh vUukph xjt vkgs] r’khp fo|sphgh xjt vkgs- dkj.k Kkukf’kok; O;Drh dkghgh d: ‘kdr ukgh- ijarq f’k{k.k gs uoekuorkoknkps laLdkj dj.kkjs vlkos] vlk R;kapk vkxzg vlysyk fnlqu ;srks-

MkW- vkacsMdjkaps vLi’;rs cn+nyps fopkj % fganw /keZ gk pkrqoZ.;koj vk/kkjysyk vkgs- pkrqoZ.;krwu tkrhHksn fuekZ.k gksrks Eg.kwu vLi’;rsps ewG tkrhO;oLFksr vkgs- tkrhHksnkrwu vLi`’;rspk mex >kY;kps R;kauh Li”V dsys- R;kaP;k ers vLi`’;rk gh lk/khlq/kh xks”V ulqu rh vkiY;k nkfjnz~;kph o ghursph tuuh vkgs- frP;keqGsp vLi’;kaph foiUun’kk >kysyh fnlrs- vLi’;kauk fganq/kekZus deh ys[kys- R;kaP;koj udks rs fucZa/k lo.kZ fganquh ykoys- Eg.kwu vLi`’;rk u”V djko;kph vlsy rj tkrhlaLFksoj vk?kkr dsyk ikfgts] ‘kqnzkfr’kqnzkaps Lokra= fganq/kekZus fgjkoqu ?ksrys- R;kauk xqyke d:u xqykeklkj[ks fucZa/k yknwu tukojkaP;k ikrGhojps thou tx.;kl Hkkx ikMys- fganq/kekZus tkrhO;oLFkk o vLi’;rk ;kaP;k :ikr lektkr fo”kerk] HksnkHksn fuekZ.k dsys- ;k lanHkkZr rs Eg.kr] vkRE;kr ijekRek eku.kk&;k fganq/kekZrhy yksd eqaX;kauk lk[kj [kkm ?kkyrkr] i.k vLi’; ek.klkyk ek= ik.;kP;k FksacklkBh rMQMkos ykxrs gh Hk;adj folaxrh vkgs- fganq/kekZus vLi’kkaoj tkpd fucZa/k ykoqu R;kauk nkfjnz~;kr fipr Bsoys] osBfcxkj cufoys- Eg.kwu fganq lektkr tksi;Zar tkrh vkgsr rksi;Zar vLi’;rk thoar jkghy vls R;kaps Li”V er gksrs- Eg.kwu rs vkiY;k vLi`’; cka/kokauk usgeh Eg.kr dh] vLi’;kauh Lor%P;k ik;koj mHks jkgwu Lor%pk m)kj dsyk ikfgts] R;kauh Lo;aizdkf’kr >kys ikghts] ijizdkf’kr jkgw u;s ;klkBh R;kauh vLi’; lektkoj yknysY;k xqykefxjhfo:) vkokt mBoqu R;kauh vLi’;kauk tkxr dsys- R;klkBh R;kauh vusd lkekthd o /kkehZd pGoGh dsY;k- ;k pGoGhpk mn+ns’k ekuoh gDd o Lokra=kps j{k.k dj.ks gk gksrk- MkW- vkacsMdjkauh vkiY;k laiq.kZ g;krhr lkoZtfud o jktdh; thoukr ts ts y<s fnys] pGoGh dsY;k- Hkqfedk ?ksrY;k] R;k lokZr vLi`’;rk u”V djkoh gsp R;kaps /;s; jkghys- R;kaP;k vLi’;rk fuokj.k

pGoGhpk eq[; gsrw vLi`’;kauk Lokra= feGowu ns.ks gkp gksrk o rs Lokra= /kekZarjkf’kok; feG.kkj ukgh- gs R;kaP;k y{kkr vkY;koj R;kauh ;ksX; fopkjkarh vkiY;k vla[; vuq;k;kalg ckS) /kekZr izos’k dsyk-

MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj gs Lora= HkkjrkP;k jkT;?kVusps f’kYidkj vkgsr- Hkkjrkph tquh lektjpuk eksMwu rh uohu vk/kqfud eqY;kaoj mHkkj.;kph la/kh R;kauk feGkyh- R;kauh HkkjrkP;k jkT;?kVusr vLi`’; o vkfnoklh ;kauk laj{k.k ns.;kP;k rjrqnhpk lekos’k dsyk- ?kVusus] dk;|kus vLi`’;rsps mPpkVu dj.;kps ,sfrgkfld dk;Z R;kauh ikj ikMys- gs R;kaP;k vLi’;rsfo:)P;k y<~;kps ,d ;’kp Eg.krk ;sbZy-

MkW- vkacsMdjkaps L=hfo”k;d fopkj % MkW- vkacsMdj leLr ekuotkrhP;k Lokra=~;kps iqjLdrsZ gksrs- Eg.kwup L=h;kaP;k xqykefxjhdMs] R;kaP;k xkS.kLFkkukdMs R;kaps y{k os/kY;k xsys- ,[kk|k lektkph izxrh R;k lektkr L=h;kapk ntkZ fdrh mPp vlrks ;koj voyacwu vlY;kps izfriknu rs djrkr o L=h;kaph fguLFkhrh gks.;kl dkj.k ;sFkhy /keZ Ikjaijsus vkysys /keZxzaFk o R;krhy fopkj R;kl tckcnkj vlqu] L=h;kaps loZ ekuoh gDd fgjkowu ?ksoqu fo”ke lektjpuk fuekZ.k dj.kkjk izfrfu/khd xzaFk euqLerh u”V dj.;klkBh o lerkf/k”Bhr lekt fufeZrhlkBh R;kauh euqLe`rhps ngu dsysys fnlqu ;srs- euqLe`rh ngu izlaxh eqyhauk f’k{k.k] Kku ns.ks vko’;d vlqu] R;klkBh vki.k ?kMiM djkoh] vlk mins’k d:u iw<s rs Eg.krkr]- L=h gh iq:”kkaizek.ks ,d iq.kZ O;Drh vkgs vkf.k Eg.kwu fryk O;drh Lokra= vlk;yk gos- yXukuarj iRuh gh iq:”kkph leku vf/kdkjh vlysyh xgh.kh vlyh ikghts] rh uo&;kph xqyke vlrk dkek u;s vls R;kauk okVr vls- ,d Hkkjrh; ukxjhd Eg.kwu L=hykgh rsp loZ gDd vlkos ts dh ,dk iq:”kkyk vlrkr- f’kok; L=hP;k vl.kk&;k xkSu LFkhrhr vkeqykxz cny ?kMowu vk.k.kkjk] fryk [k&;k vFkkZus ,d ukxjhd Eg.kwu ,d Lora= O;Drh Eg.kwu txrk ;kos ;klkBh fganq dksM chykpk elwnk ekaMyk- fganq dksM chy gs L=h;kaP;k lekuRokP;k n`”Vhus Vkdysys ,d dzkarhdkjd ikmy gksrs- R;k}kjs R;kauh lexz L=h;kaP;k mUurhpk ekxZ [k&;k vFkkZus [kqYkk dsY;kps fnlqu ;srs- Eg.kwup rs ‘kksf”krkaps eqDrknkrk Bjrkr-

MkW- vkacsMdjkaps jktdh; fopkj % MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj gs yksd’kkghps dV~Vj iqjLdrsZ gksrs- lkalnh; ‘klui)rh gh ns’kkP;k lokZaxhu fodklkyk mphr vkgs vlk lw=c) fopkj ekaMwu R;kauh tkrh] /keZ] iaFk] Hkk”kk ;kP;k iyhdMhy lRrspk vkxzg /kjyk gksrk- Hkkjrh; yksd’kgh cy’kkgh >kY;kf’kok; Hkkjrh; lekt vkf.k jk”Vz cy’kkgh gks.kkj ukgh- yksd’kkgh gk ,d izdkjpk thouekxZ vkgs- rh ,d izdkjph loZad”k lekt O;oLFkk vkgs- v’kh R;kaph /kkj.kk gksrh- f’kok; [kjh



yksd’kkgh gh jktdh;] vkFkhZd o lkekftd vlyh ikfgts vls R;kauk okVr vls- R;kaP;k ers ts ljdkj Lora=~; lekurk o ca/qkRo ;kauk cjkscj ?ksoqu pkyrs T;kr lUeku] lgdk;Z] izse o eh=Ro vkgs gsp R;kauk vkn’kZ ljdkj okVr vls- rs jktdkj.kkyk lektfodkl o ifjorZukps lk/ku Eg.kwu igkr vlr- ,dkRelekt fuekZ.k dj.ks gs R;kaps LoIu gksrs- Hkkjr gs /keZfujis{k jkT; vlkos vlk R;kapk vxzg gksrk- /keZfujis{krk gs ewY; vkiY;k lafo/kkukaps Qkj eksBs cG vkgs gs vki.k igkrksp- dkj.k /kekZa/k ‘kDrhauk] tkrh;oknh ‘kDrhauk vkoj ?kky.;klkBh gs rRo fdrh izHkkoh Bjr vkys vkgs] gs vki.kkal osGksosGh fnlwu ;srs- MkW- vkacsMdjkaP;k fopkjkr U;k;] lekurk] Lokra=~; o ca/kqRo gh rRos vkgsr- g+;k rRokr fofo/k tkrh /kekZauk ,d=hr cka/k.;kps lw= vlqu] rh jk”Vzh;rsph |ksrd vlY;kpsgh fnlqu ;srs- lektoknh lektjpuk fuekZ.k Ogkoh vlk R;kapk vxzg gksrk- rlsp yksd’kkghoj R;kaph [kwi fu”Bk gksrh- rlsp R;kaP;k ers yksd’kkghr jDrkpk ,d Fksacgh u lkaMrk yksdkaP;k vkFkhZd o lkekftd thoukr dzkarhdkjh cny ?kMoqu vk.kyk tkrks- R;kaP;k ers vFkkZr yksd’kkghP;k fodklklkBh lersph] etcwr fojks/kh i{kkph] ?kVukRed fufeeRrsph vko’;drk vlqu] R;kr dk;nk o iz’kklu lokZalkBh leku vlkos] cgqla[;kdkaps vYila[;kadkoj jkT; ulkos- rlsp yksd’kkghr O;Drhiqtk ulkoh- ln~ln~foosdcq)h gh yksd’kkghP;k fodklklkBh vko’;d vlrs vls R;kauk okVrs-

,dkRe lekt fuekZ.k dj.ks gs R;kaps LoIu gksrs- Hkkjrh;kae/;s ca/kqRokph Hkkouk fuekZ.k dj.ks vko’;d vlqu] R;klkBh ,dksik] lgHkkx ok<oqu Hkkjrh; lektkP;k eq[; izokgkr R;kauk vk.kys ikfgts- rsaOgkp lektkr ,dkRerk fuekZ.k gksbZy- ijarq vls lk/; gks.ks R;kauk vo?kM okVr vlqu] R;kayk dkj.k Hkkjrkrhy tkrhizFkk gs gks;- Eg.kwu gk vMFkGk u”V dsyk ikfgts vls R;kaps er gksrs- jk”Vzh; ,dkRersr T;kizek.ks /keZ] iaFk] tkrh] izkarokn gs ?kVd vMFkGk Bjrkr] R;kpizek.ks Hkk”kk gk lq)k Qkj eksBk vMFkGk vlY;kps izfriknu R;kauh dsY;kps fnlrs- FkksMD;kr R;kaps jktdh; fopkj gs lokZauk lkekftd U;k; ns.;kP;k izsj.ksus Hkkjkoysys vlqu] R;krwu Hkkjrh;kaps lokZafx.k dY;k.k lk/k.kkjs vlY;kps fnlqu] ;srhy-

MkW- vkacsMdjkaps vkFkhZd fopkj % MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdjkaP;k v/;;u o fparukpk vFkZ’kkL= gk egRokpk fo”k; gksrk- R;kauh vFkZ’kkL=kr foiwy vls la’kks/ku o ys[ku dsysys vkgs- R;kauh lkeqnkf;d ‘ksrh] Hkwfeghu etwj] ygku tehuh] [kksrh i)rh] egkj oru] tehu eglwy] tehunkjhps mPpkVu] m|ksx/ka|kps jk”Vzh;hdj.k] lektokn] leku dj fo”k;d /kksj.k v’kk

fofo/k fo”k;kaoj R;kauh vkiys fopkj izdV dsys vkgsr- ;krwu R;kaP;k vFkZfo”k;d fopkjkapk ekxksok ?ksrk ;srks-

MkW- vkacsMdjkaP;k ers tursP;k dY;k.kklkBh vkFkhZd lRrsps dsanzdj.k VkG.ks] laiRrhps ;ksX; okVi gks.ks gk mik; egRokps vlrks- lektoknh vFkZO;oLFksr vkFkhZd ‘kks”k.k] fiGo.kwd ;k ?kVdkauk oko ulrks- yksd’kkghP;k pkSdVhrp lektoknh lektjpuk izLFkkfir dj.;kpk iz;Ru dj.;kr ;kok] v’kh R;kaph vis{kk gksrh- lektkrhy ‘kks”khr] ihMhr oxkZps vkFkhZd ‘kks”k.k Fkkacfo.;klkBh R;kauh lektoknh lektjpuspk iqjLdkj dsyk-

MkW- vkacsMdjkaP;k ers Hkkjrh; xzkeh.k vFkZO;oLFkspk ‘ksrh gk ik;k vkgs- R;krgh vFkZO;oLFkk gh iq.kZi.ks ‘ksrhojp vk/kkjhr vkgs- ‘ksrtfeuhP;k ekydhckcr dekyhps dsanzhdj.k >kys vkgs- gs dsanzhdj.k xzkeh.k Hkkxkrhy ojh”B tkrhadMs ,doVysys vkgs- ;kpk ifj.kke Eg.kwu xzkeh.k Hkkxkrhy dfu”B tkrh ijaijsus Bjowu fnysyh dkes djhr vlrkr- R;keqGs vfr’k; vlgk; voLFksr Jehd] ‘ksretwj gs canhLr voLFksr thou txrkr- R;kaP;k ers vkFkhZd o lkekftdn`”V~;k izcG vl.kk&;k oxkZP;k nckokeqGs Jehd o ‘ksretwj ;kaps vkFkhZd ‘kks”k.k gksrs- v’kk vFkZO;oLFksP;k Lo:ikr cny gks.ks vko’;d vlY;kps er rs uksanforkr- Eg.kwu tksi;Zar ijaijkxr Lo:ikph xzkeh.k vFkZO;oLFksph pkSdV m[kM.kkj ukgh] rlsp tkrhO;oLFksP;k ‘k`a[kyk rksMY;kf’kok; ;k fof’k”V leqgkpkp uOgs rj ns’kkpkgh vkFkhZd fodkl gks.kkj ukgh] vls fopkj rs O;Dr djrkr- ikjaikfjd vFkZO;oLFkk o HkkaMoynkjkauk vuqdwy vl.kkjs vkFkhZd /kksj.k ‘kklukus vafxdkjY;keqGs nfyr tkrh] tekrh nkfjnz; js”ks[kkyh] xqykehps th.ks txr vkgsr- Eg.kwu xzkeh.k lektkrhy ijaijkxr pkSdVhrhy vkFkhZd xqykefxjhfo:) nfyrkauh] ‘kksf”krkauh vkokt xzkeh.k vFkZO;oLFksph pkSdV m[kM.kkj ukgh] rlsp tkrhO;oLFksP;k ‘k`a[kyk rksMY;kf’kok; ;k fof’k”V lewgkpkp uOgs rj ns’kkpkgh vkFkhZd fodkl gks.kkj ukgh] vls fopkj rs O;Dr djrkr- ikjaikfjd vFkZO;oLFkk o HkkaMoynkjkauk vuqdwy vl.kkjs vkFkhZd /kksj.k ‘kklukus vafxdkjY;keqGs nfyr tkrh] tekrh nkfjnz; js”ks[kkyh] xqykehps th.ks txr vkgsr- Eg.kwu xzkeh.k lektkrhy ijaijkxr pkSdVhrhy vkFkhZd xqykefxjhfo:) nfyrkauh] ‘kksf”krkauh vkokt mBfoyk ikfgts] vlk dzkarhdkjd fopkjgh R;kauh ekaMyk- R;kaP;k vkFkhZd fopkjkr lkekU;tukae/;s U;k; fjrhus laiRrhph foHkkx.kh dj.ks gk gsrw fnlwu ;srks- lkeqnkf;d ‘ksrheqGs Hkwfeghu etwjkapk iz’u lksMfoY;k tkok vls ergh R;kauh O;Dr dsys vkgs- [kksrh i)rh fo:)gh MkW- vkacsMdjkauh izFke vkokt mBfoysyk fnlqu ;srks- jRukfxjh ;sFks HkjysY;k nfyr oxkZP;k



ifj”knsr R;kauh gh i)rh jn~n dj.;klkBh iz;Ru dsys- dkj.k [kksrh i)rh gh jDr ‘kks”k.k djhr vlqu] rh ukgh’kh dj.;kusp ‘kkarrk vkf.k izxrh lk/ksy vls lkaxwu tursl R;kfo:) pGoG dj.;kl izsj.kk fnY;kps fnlwu ;srs- ^^tuZy vkWQ bafM;u bdkWukWfeDl lkslk;VhP;k^^ fu;rdkyhdkr MkW- vkacsMdjkauh ygku ‘ksrtfeuh o R;kojhy mik; ;koj ,d ys[k fyghyk gksrk- tehuhP;k gks.kk&;k vusd rqdM~;kaeqGs gks.kkjs nq”ifj.kke gs tfeuhP;k ,d=hdj.kkus deh gksrhy i.k R;k tehuh vkFkhZdn`”Vhus Qynk;h ulrhy rj R;kapk dkgh mi;ksx ulrks] vls R;kaps er gksrs-

tehuhP;k mRiUukoj tehu eglwy vkdkj.ks vU;k;kps vlY;kps R;kauk okVrs- dj Hkj.;kph ik=rk gh mRiUukr ok< >kY;kojp vlrs- ijarq tehu eglqykckcr xjhc o Jhear ;kauk lkj[kkp dj Hkjkok ykxr vls] R;kauk gs ekU; uOgrs-

‘ksrtehuhP;k jk”Vzh;dj.kkcjkscjp MkW- vkacsMdjkauh ns’kkrhy egRokP;k vk/kkjHkwr m|ksx/ka|kaps jk”Vzh;dj.k djkos vlsgh lqpfoysys fnlrs- Hkkjrkr vkS|ksfxdj.k gh ckc vko’;d vlY;kps R;kauh osGksosGh izfriknu dsys- xzkeh.k Hkkxkrhy vkS|ksfxdj.k o lq/kkjhr ‘ksrh ;kapk mi;ksx ns’kkrhy dkexkjkauk dkes ns.;kr gksbZy- ifj.kkeh csdkjh nwj gksbZy] vlk fo’okl rs O;Dr djrkr- FkksMD;kr ns’kkrhy vkFkhZd fo”kerk u”V gks.;klkBh vkFkhZd lerk izLFkkfir dj.ks egRokps vlsy fdacgwuk Lokra=~;kpk [kjk vFkZ izkIr gks.;klkBh vkFkhZd lerk egRokph vlrs] v’kk Lo:ikps vkFkhZd fopkj R;kauh ekaMysys fnlwu ;srkr-

fu”d”kZ % 1- MkW- vkacsMdjkauh ts ekuorkoknh] /keZfujis{krkoknh Hkkouk o ,dkRerk o`)haxr gks.;kl R;kPkizek.ks ufou] lqtku] fudksi o oSHko’kkyh Hkkjr fuekZ.k dj.;klkBh Lokra=~;] lerk o ca/kqRo fuekZ.k Ogkos ;klkBh Lokra=~;kps fopkj] nkL;Ro >qxk:u ns.kkjs fopkj o ns’kfu”Bk ti.kkjs vls cgqewY; fopkj vkgsr rs vktgh izsj.kknk;h Bjrkr- 2- ns’kkrhy vkFkhZd fo”kerk u”V gks.;klkBh vkFkhZd lerk izLFkkfir dj.ks egRokps vkgs- fdacgwuk Lokra=kpk [kjk vFkZ izkIr gks.;klkBh vkFkhZd lerk R;kauk egRokph vlY;kps Li”V gksrs- 3- MkW- vkacsMdjkauh yksd’kkgh i)rhP;k ljdkjyk vkn’kZ ljdkj EgVys vkgs- R;kaP;k ers] ts ljdkj Lokra=] lekurk o ca/kqRo ;kauk ?ksoqu pkyrs rsp vkn’kZ ljdkj gks;- 4- L=hf’k{k.kkpk iqjLdkj o L=h&iq:”k lekurslkBh vusd lHkk laesyus] efgyk ifj”knk] fy[kku] fganw dksMchy] jkT;?kVusrwj Hkj fnY;k xsY;kps fnlwu ;srs- 5- MkW- vkacsMdjkauh L=h;kaP;k vourhyk euqLe`rh tckcnkj vlY;kps EgVys vkgs-

L=h;kaP;k izxrho:u lektkP;k izxrhps eksteki djko;kl gos vlk fopkj rs O;Dr djrkr- 6- Ekkuoh gDdkps] Lokra=~;kPks j{k.k dj.ks ;klkBh R;kauh dk;Z dsys o R;kaP;k gDd o vf/kdkjkalkBh jktdh; y<k fnyk- 7- MkW- vkacsMdjkauh vkiY;k fopkjiz.kkyhus] dk;Zdr`ZRokus vk;q”;Hkj vLi`’; oxkZr LokHkheku] egRokdka{kk o tkx`rh fuekZ.k dsyh- vLi’; lektkoj o”kkZuqo”ksZ yknysY;k xqykefxjhfo:) vkokt mBoqu vLi’; lektkyk tkx`r dsys- 8- eqykaP;k f’k{k.kkbrdsp eqyhaukgh f’k{k.k vko’;d vkgs- lektkph izxrh gh eqyhaP;k f’k{k.kkusp >ikV~;kus gksbZy] vlk R;kauk fo’okl gksrk- 9- LokfHkekuh] Lokoyacu vkf.k vkReks)kj gs f’k{k.kkeqGs lk/; gksrks vls R;kauk okVrs- 10- f’k{k.k gs lkekftd dzkarhps izHkkoh lk/ku vlY;keqGs izR;sdkus f’k{k.k ?;k;ykp gos vlk R;kapk vkxzg gksrk- 11- ekuoh lektkP;k rhu xjtk /kekZus HkkxfoY;k ikfgts- /keZ gk foKkuk’kh lqlaxr vlkok] /kekZus Lokra=] lerk o ca/kqRo ;k eqyHkwr rRokauk ekU;rk fnyh ikghts- r}rp nkjhnz~;kph Fkksjoh] egrh gh /kekZus xkm u;s vls /kekZcn~nyps fopkj izfriknu dsysyss fnlrkr- 12- Lokra=] lerk o ca/kqRo ;k rhu rRokoj fganq lektkph iqujZpuk Ogkoh o R;kr lkekftd U;k;kyk egRo fnys xsys ikfgts] Eg.ktsp vkn’kZ lekt fuekZ.k dj.ks R;kaps /;s; vlysys fnlwu ;srs- 13- ns’kkP;k izxrhlkBh tkrhfojghr vlk lekt vl.;kph vko’;drk R;kauh izfriknu dsyh-

lanHkZxzaFk lwph % 1- xaxk/kj ikurko.ks] i=dkj MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj]

vfHkthr izdk’ku] y{ehuxj] ukxiwj] 1987- 2- Hkhejko jketh vkacsMdj] cfg”d`r Hkkjr] 3@2@1928- 3- /kuat; dhj] MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj] ikWI;qyj izdk’ku]

eqacbZ] 1992- 4- vf/koDrs MkW- ch- vkj- vkacsMdj% tkrhHksn fueqZyu]

Hkk”kkarj&izk- ek- Q- xktjs] izKk izdk’ku] iq.ks] 1992- 5- ok- uk- dqcsj % MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj] fopkj eaFku]

dsljh izdk’ku] twu 1972- 6- Vh- ,- xoGh] izk- lq[kjke fgojkGs] izk- ih- ,- xoGh]

izk- lq/khj xOgk.ks] MkW ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj xkSjo xzaFk] izpkj izdk’ku] dksYgkiwj] 14 ,fizy] 1991-

7- ek- Q- xktjs] MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdjkaph Hkk”k.ks] [kaM 2] v’kksd izdk’ku] ukxiwj-

8- pkaxnso Hkxoku [kSjeksMs] MkW- Hkhejko jketh vkacsMdj] [kaM 1] izrki izdk’ku] fxjxko] eqacbZ-

9- Hkkypan QMds] MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj] Jhfo|k izdk’ku] iq.ks] 30 vkWDVkscj] 1985-



O;fäeRo fodklkoj ;ksxkpk ifj.kke% ,d vH;kl çk- olar fuukos] lgk- çk/;kid] 'kkjhfjd f'k{k.k u- i- f'kokth egkfo|ky;] eksokM] ft ukxiwj

izLrkouk % Hkkjrh;kauk ijaijsus feGkysY;k ;ksx vkf.k /;ku

;k ns.kX;k fdrh mi;qä vkgsr] gs uO;kus lkax.;kph xjt ukgh- ek=] ;koj vkrk txUekU;rsph eksgksj meVyh vkgs- ;ksx gk 'kCn ^;qt* ;k laL—r /kkrw iklwu cuysyk vkgs] T;kpk vFkZ vkgs vkRE;kps ijekRE;kr foyhu gks.ks- ;ksx gh Hkkjrkrhy ikap gtkj o"kZ çkphu Kku'kSyh vkgs- iq"dG yksdkapk vlk let vkgs dh ;ksxkH;kl Eg.kts 'kkjhfjd O;k;ke vkgs] T;kr 'kjhj rk.kys] okdoys] fiGys tkrs vkf.k vo?kM 'olu çfØ;kapk voyac dsyk tkrks- [kjsrj ekuoh eu vkf.k vkRek ;kaph vuar {kerk tk.kwu ?ks.kkj~;k ;k foKkukph gh Eg.kts ;ksxkH;klkph dsoG ojojph vksG[k >kyh- ;ksxkH;klke/;s thou'kSyhpk ifjiw.kZ lkjka'k çkIr gksrks- ;ksx vkf.k /;ku oS;fäd fodklkr egÙokph Hkwfedk ctkorkr] vls vesfjdsrhy isfuflfYofu;k fo|kihBkP;k la'kks/kdkauk vk<Gys vkgs- /;kuk}kjs esanwyk rhu ek/;ekrwu dls ,dkxzfpÙk djrk ;srs ;kpk 'kks/k R;kauk ykxyk vkgs- ;kf'kok; /;kukr jkgwugh esanwyk fØ;k'khy Bsork ;srs-

O;fäeRo fodkl %& O;ähpk 'kkfjjhd] ekufld] Hkkofud o lkekftd fodkl gksr vlrks- ;k fodklkrwu frpk fiaM ?kMr vlrks- O;fäpk gk ?kMysyk fiaM Eg.kts O;fäeRo gks;- O;fäeRokckcr fo'ks"k ekfgrh Li"V gks.;klkBh iq<s dkgh O;k[;k fnY;k vkgsr- 1- Ô;fäeRo Eg.kts Lor%P;k ifjljk'kh O;ähps ts oSf'k"Vîiw.kZ lek;kstu gksr vlrs R;kyk dkj.khHkwr vl.kkjh o orZukyk pkyuk ns.kkjh 'kkfjjhd] ekufld ;a=.ksph la?kVuk gks;-* 2- Ô;fäeRo Eg.kts lkekftd ifjfLFkrhr ?kM.kkj~;k O;ähP;k orZukph xksGk csjht gks;-* 3- Ô;fäeRo Eg.kts lkekftd míhiu eqY;-*

O;fäeRo fodklkps fud"k %& 'kjhjkpk jax o Bso.k] cq)h bR;knh xks"Vh ?ksÅu O;äh tUekyk ;srs- ;k xks"Vh fryk vkuqoaf'kdrsus feGkysY;k vlrkr- O;ähdMs vlysY;k mitr v'kk ckchauk tSfod chts Eg.krk ;sbZy- thou txr vlrkauk fofo/k cká ?kVdkapk] çkeq[;kus lkekftd ?kVdkapk] O;ähP;k fodklkoj ifj.kke gksr vlrks- tSfod chts vkf.k cká ?kVd ;kaP;krhy vkarjfØ;spk ifjikd Eg.kts O;ähps O;fäeRo gks;- vFkkZr O;fäeRo fodklkr vkuqoaf'kdrk vkf.k okrkoj.k ;k nksUgh'kh laca/khr ?kVdkapk okVk vlrks- O;fäeRo fodklkr okVk vl.kkjs dkgh ?kVd iq<hyçek.ks

'kjhjjpuk % dkgh O;ähauk map f/kIikM rj dkghauk cqVds 'kjhj ykHkysys vlrs] dkgh O;ähaps 'kjhj lqMkSy vkf.k O;axjghr vlrs rj dkghaP;k fBdk.kh 'kkfjjhd O;axs vlrkr- O;ähP;k 'kjhjjpsukpk frP;k lek;kstukoj pkaxyk vFkok okbZV ifj.kke gksrks- mÙke 'kjhj;"Vh o vkd"kZd psgjk vl.kkj~;k O;ähapk psgjk brjkaoj yodj çHkko iMrks- mÙke 'kjhjlaiÙkhP;k cGkoj O;äh usrk cuw 'kdrks- dkgh O;äh vfr'k; ckjhd vlrkr- ygkui.kh eh i.k Qkj gMdqGk gksrks- ek>s oMhy eyk usgeh Eg.kr gk ,dsjh gkMkpk vkgs- R;keqGs gk ckjhd vkgs- ijarq lrr ‡ o"kZ O;k;ke d:u ek>s 'kjhj nqgsjh gkMkps >kys- Eg.kts ,dsjh gkM o nqgsjh gkM gk dkgh Qjd ulrks- gs eyk ‡ o"kkZuarj dGys- ijarq

eyk lqpok;ps ,dp vkgs- ek.kwl ygkui.kh ckjhd tjh vlsy ijarq ;ksX; vkgkj o fu;fer O;k;ke ;keqGs vki.kkal 'kjhj HkkjnLr cuork ;srs- ;klkBh lokaZuh fu;fer O;k;ke] ;ksxklu o çk.kk;ke fu;fer dj.ks vfr'k; vko';d vkgs-

varL=ko xzaFkh % daBfiaMkrwu tkLr L=ko gksÅu jäkr felGyk rj orZukr vfLFkjrk o pkapY; ;srs- gk L=ko deh >kyk rj O;äh lqLr curs- o`dLFk fiaMkrhy L=kokeqGs Hkkofud mæsdkaP;k le;h 'kjhjO;kikoj rkck jkgrks- tuuxzaFkhrhy L=ko dkeokluk ok<forkr- FkksMD;kr gs y{kkr ?;ko;kl gos dh] O;fäeRo fodklkr varL=ko xzaFkhpk egRokpk okVk vkgs-

fofo/k {kerk % ckSf)d {kerspk O;fäfodklkoj Qkj ifj.kke gksrks- T;k xks"Vh rSy cq)hP;k O;äh lgt d: 'kdrkr R;k xks"Vh ean cq)hP;k O;ähauk ter ukgh- ,[kk|k O;ähP;k cq)hph ped fnlrkp vU; O;äh çHkkfor gksrkr- cq)hlkeFkZ~;kus dks.krhgh O;äh brjkaoj vkiys opZLo çLFkkfir d: 'kdrs- vfHk{kerseqGs O;fäeRo ifjiq"B gks.;kl enr feGrs-

HkkSxfyd ifjfLFkrh % HkkSfxfyd ifjfLFkrhuqlkj O;fäeRokyk fof'k"V oG.k ykxrs- Mksaxj o taxy vlysY;k çns'kkrhy yksd tkLr d"VkGw vlrkr- lqfid eSnkuh çns'kkrhy yksd tkLr /kMiM u dj.kkjs] laFk o ,s"kvkjkekps thou tx.kkjs vlrkr-

dqVqac% ?kj gkp eqykapk ifgyk lkekftd ifjlj gks;- vkbZ oMhy o dqVqackrhy vU; O;ähaP;k orZukpk rlsp ?kjkrhy ,dq.k okrkoj.kkpk eqykaP;k orZukoj Qkj ifj.kke gksrks- eqykaP;k ;ksX; O;fäeRo fodklklkBh R;kph ekr`çsekph xjt ;ksX; R;k çek.kkr ygkui.kh Hkkxfoyh tk.ks vR;ko';d vlrs- T;k eqykyk çseG] oRly] l}rZuh] Qkthy ykM u dj.kkjs o viR;kP;k ;ksX; fodklkph dkGth ?ks.kkjs vkbZ oMhy ykHkrkr R;kaps O;fäeRo ;ksX; jhrhus meyrs- ygkui.khp eqykadMwu ikydkauh xzkexhrk] Kkus'ojh] fofo/k vkjrh laxzg] gjhikB ikB d:u ?ksrys rj eksBsi.kh vkiksvki eqykaoj pkaxys laLdkj gksrkr- eqykauk o;kP;k å o"kkZiklwup fu;fer ;ksxklu o O;k;kekph lo; ykokoh-

'kstkj o fe=% ?kjkckgsj iMrk ;sÅ ykxY;koj eqys 'kstkjP;k leo;Ld eqykacjkscj [ksGw ykxrkr- pkaxY;k fe=kaP;k lgoklkr vl.kkj~;k eqykaP;k O;fäeRokps pkaxys iSyw iMr tkrkr] rj okbZV eqykaP;k laxrhr vl.kkjs eqys nqoZruh gksÅ ykxrs- ^laxrh lxnks"kks.k* vls EgVysp vkgs- lekt o laL—rh lqlaL—r lektkr ok<.kkjh eqys o jkuVh lektkr ok<.kkjh eqys ;kaP;k O;fäeRo fodklkr egRokps Qjd vk<Grkr- lkekftd o lkaL—frd okrkoj.kkpk O;fäeRo fodklkoj ifj.kke gksrks- R;kx] lsok] lfg".kqrk ;klkj[;k eqY;kaph tksikluk dj.kkj~;k lektkr ok<.kkj~;k eqykae/;s gh eqY;s gGwgGw :tr tkrkr- yksd'kkgh i)rhus thou tx.kkj~;k lektkr lgdk;kZph Hkkouk ok<hyk ykxrs- dkgh lekt 'kkar rj dkgh HkkaM[kksj o`Ùkhps vlrkr-

;ksxkpk bfrgkl o O;fäeRo fodklkoj gks.kkjk ifj.kke %& ;ksx ngk gtkj is{kk tkLr o"kkZiklwu çpfyr vkgs- ;k ijaijspk mYys[k ukjnh; lqä vkf.k lokZr çkphu v';k _Xosnke/;s vk<Grks- gk vki.kkl iqUgk fla/kw&ljLorh lH;rsps n'kZu



?kMorks- ;k lH;rse/khy i'kqirhukFkkaP;k ,dk uk.;koj ;ksxeqæk

fojkteku vkgs th R;k dkGkrhy ;ksxkP;k O;kidrsps |ksrd vkgs- vfrçkphu mifu"kn cgn vj.;d e/;s ;ksxke/khy dkgh 'kkjhfjd vklukapk mYys[k vk<Grks- NkUnksX; mifu"knke/;s çR;kgkj pk rj cgn vj.;d e/khy ,dk Lrouke/;s çk.kk;ke pk lfoLrj mYys[k vkgs- çpfyr ;ksxkP;k Lo:ikpk çFke mYys[k dBksifu"kne/;s vkgs th vk;qosZnkP;k dFkk 'kk[kke/khy vafre vkB oxkaZe/;s ifgY;kank ;srs ts eq[; vkf.k vR;ar egRokps mifu"kn vkgs- ;sFks ;ksxkyk vareZukP;k ;k=slkBh rlsp psrusP;k fodklklkBh xjtsP;k çfØ;sP;k #ikr tk.kys tkrs-çfl) laokn Þ;ksx ;kKokYD;ß] tks ckck ;kKoYD; vkf.k f'k";k xkxhZ ;kaP;ke/khy laokn vkgs] T;kps o.kZu c`gn vj.;d mifu"kne/;s vkgs] ;ke/;s 'okl ?ks.;kps fdR;sd O;k;ke çdkj] 'kkjhfjd 'kq/nrslkBh xjtsph vklus vkf.k /;kukpk mYys[k vkgs- xkxhZ fyf[kr NkanksX; mifu"kn e/;s ns[khy ;ksxklukapk mYys[k vkgs- vFkoZosn e/;s laU;k';kaP;k ,dk leqgke/khy ppsZuqlkj 'kkjhfjd vklus fg ;ksxklus Eg.kwu fodflr gksÅ 'kdrkr ;koj Hkj fnyk vkgs- fofo/k lafgrkae/;s vlk mYys[k vk<Grks fd çkphu dkGh equh] egkRek vkf.k fofo/k larka}kjs dBksj 'kkjhfjd vkpj.k] /;ku vkf.k ri dsys tkr vls-

O;k;ke vkf.k fu;fer ldl vkgkj ?ksÅu O;ähyk vkiys 'kjhj fudksi o fiGnkj cufork ;srs- dkGk jax o clds ukd vlwugh O;ähps 'kjhj fiGnkj rj ;k fiGnkjki.kkph brjkaoj Nki iM.kkjp- usgeh glreq[k vl.kkjh o xksM cksy.kkjh O;äh vkiY;kyk vkoMrs- lnkloZnk dikGkoj vkBîk vlysY;k] nqeqZ[kysY;k O;fäpk lgokl vkiY;kyk vkoMr ukgh- vkiyh o`Ùkh vkuanh Bso.ks o xksM cksy.ks Qkjls dBh.k ukgh- lektkr ekU;rk ikoysY;k —fruSiw.;kiSdh ,[kkns —fruSiw.; laiknu dj.ks dq.kkykgh 'kD; vkgs- brjkauk vkoMsy vls dkgh uk dkgh çR;sdkyk djrk ;sbZy o Lor%P;k O;fäeRokpk ntkZ lq/kkjrk ;sbZy- vkiY;k O;fäeRokP;k fodklklkBh rlsp lq/kkj.kslkBh brjkaP;k enrhph vko';drk vlrs gs y{kkr Bsokos- ek.kql?kk.kh o dq<îk ço`Ùkhph O;äh vkiY;k O;fäeRokp fodkl lk/kw 'kdr ukgh- çR;sd O;ähyk Lor%ps eqY; vlrs- brjkapk vkiY;koj ifj.kke gksrks rlk vkiyk brjkaoj ifj.kke gksr vlrks-

xq#nso Jh Jh jfo'kadj Eg.krkr] ^^;ksx Eg.kts fuOoG O;k;ke vkf.k vklu uOgs- gk HkkoukRed lerksy vkf.k R;k vuknh vuar rRokyk Li'kZ djr v/;kfRed çxrhrhy loZ 'kD;rkaph vksG[k d:u ns.kkjs 'kkL= vkgs-** dkGkuqlkj ;ksx ,d vkpj.kkP;k #ikr çfl/n gksr xsyk vkgs- Hkxor xhrslg

egkHkkjrkrhy 'kkafriokZ e/;s ;ksxkpk [kqyklsokj mYys[k vk<Grks-

egkHkkjr vkf.k Hkxor xhrsP;k Qkj iwohZ ohl is{kk T;knk mifu"knke/;s loksZPp psruslkscr eukps feyu gks.ks Eg.kts ^;ksx* vls lkafxrys xsys vkgs- iratyh ;ksx lw=' ;k çkphu xzaFkkojhy xq#nsokaph veqY; çopus vkiY;kyk ;ksx Kkukckcr ykHkkfUor djrkr rlsp ;ksxkph mRirh vkf.k mís'kkackcr ekfgrh d:u nsrkr- ;ksxkph rRos] fl)kar cuo.ks vkf.k lw=kauk let.;kl vk.k[kh lksis cuo.ks gkp ;k ;ksxlw=kapk mís'k vkgs- ;ke/;s ;ksx thou'kSyhpk mi;ksx ;ksxkP;k vafre ykHkkapk vuqHko gks.;kl lgk¸;Hkwr v';k vkiys y{k dsafær dj.kkj~;k dkgh çfØ;kapk mYys[k vkgs-;ksx v'kh ifjiw.kZ thou'kSyh vkgs T;ke/;s ;ksxkP;k loZ çkphu rRokapk varHkkZo vkgs] ts.ksd:u —rK vkf.k f'kLrc/n jgkr 'kjhj] eu vkf.k vkRek ,d= gksÅ 'kdrks- ,dk Øekus çHkkoh ;ksxklus] çk.kk;ke vkf.k /;kukP;k vkarfjd vuqHkokoj Hkj fnyk tkrks- dkj.k ekufld LokLF; vkf.k ekuoh vfLrRokP;k dkgh NqI;k rRokalkBh gs xjtsps vkgs- vlk vuqHko vkgs fd tsaOgk ,[kk|kP;kr ln~Hkko] lkfRodrk vlrs rsaOgk R;kaps thou 'kkar] lq[kn vkf.k ifjiw.kZ gksrs-

lekjksi%& ;ksx pk fu;fer ljko dj.kkj~;kaP;k thou'kSyh e/;s mYys[kuh; ifjorZu >kys vkgs- R;kaps tqus vktkj ukghls

>kys] R;kaP;k okx.kqdhr cny >kys- vkjksX; çkIrh >kyh] fpark ?kVY;k] vkuan o`)h] lfg".kqrk o)h vkf.k ltxrse/;s o`)h >kY;kps vuqHko lkafxrys vkgsr- ;ksxkps ,d oSf'k"Vî gs vkgs fd rqEgh ;qod vlk fd o;kso`/n] fujksxh vlk fd vktkjh] ;ksxkH;kl lokaZlkBh ykHknkbZ vkgs vkf.k rks lokaZuk çxrh iFkkdMs ?ksÅu tkrks- o;ijRos vkiyh vklukaph let vf/kd ifjiDo gksÅ ykxrs- ex vki.k 'kkjhfjd vklukalkscr varxZr lq{ersoj vf/kd dk;Z d: ykxrks- ;ksx çR;sdkP;k thoukph vkn'kZ fn'kk Bjo.;klkBh lgk¸; djk;yk –< ladYi vkgs-çk.kk;ke vkf.k ;ksxklus gs ,desdkl iwjd vkgsr- ;k nksu ;ksxrRokapk feykQ >kY;kus 'kjhj vkf.k eukP;k mÙke çrhps 'kq)hdj.k o vkRe fu;eu çkIr gksrs ] ,danjhr ekuoh; O;fäeRo fodkl o`f)axr gks.;kl lkgk¸;Hkwr Bjrs -

lanHkZlwph%& dksYgVdj] —".kkth ds'ko] Hkkjrh; ekul'kkL= vFkkZr lkFkZ o lfooj.k ikratyh ;ksx n'kZu- v¸;axkj] ch- ds- ,l-] vkjksX; ;ksx- dqyd.khZ] th- th-] vkiyh ;ksxfo|k- ejkBs] ‘kke] nh?kkZ;q";kph jgL;s-



xzkeLoPNrsP;k ‘kkldh; ;kstuk izk-MkW-jktsanz dkacGs] dk;Zdkjh izkpk;Z o lekt’kkL= foHkkx izew[k] bafnjk xka/kh dyk] okf.kT; egkfo|ky;]

dGes’oj 441501 eks-ua- 9850526319 mail – [email protected]

iqjk.kkarjh xkokph O;k[;k v’kh fnyh vkgs- rFkk ‘kqnztuizk;k lqee`/nd`”khoyk A {ks=ksiHkksxHkwe/;s olfrxzkZelafKrk A

^ftP;k lHkksorh dhnZlkj&ofgrhyk ;ksX; tehu vkgs o ftP;ke/;s ekrcj ‘ksrdjh o iq”dGls etwj vkgsr] v’kk oLrhyk xko Eg.krkr**- ¼xkoxkMk] f=-uk- v=s½

f=-uk- v=s ;kauh [ksM;kph O;k[;k [kkyhyizek.ks dsyh vkgs- ^[ksM.ks Eg.kts tehu dl.ks o [ksMwu Eg.kts tehu dl.kkjk- rsOgk [ksMqrkaph th oLrh rs [ksMs- T;ke/;s iz/kku /kank ‘ksrh o T;ke/;s Hkj.;kph oLrh ‘ksrdÚ;kaph vlrs] R;k xkokyk yksd [ksMs fdaok xko<s Eg.krkr vkf.k rn~O;frfjDr xkokauk ‘kgj Eg.krkr-**

ns’kkP;k laLd`rhpk izHkko R;k ns’kkrhy LoPNrsP;k lo;hoj iMrks- Hkkjrkr lekt Eg.kwu LoPNrsph ijaijk fn?kZdkG g`n;kr ckGxysyh laLd`rh fo’okl vkf.k ftou’kSyh vkRelkr dsyh vkgs- fofo/k fo’okl iz.kkyh/;ss l.kkaP;k vxksnj LoPNrk vkf.k

?kjkaph ltkoV dj.ks] vH;axLukukph lo; vk<Grs] rlsp iaprRokP;k larqyukpk vknjgh vlrks] fulxkZph ikp rRos ty] i`Foh] gok] vXuh vkf.k vkdk’k LoPNrk vkf.k i;kZoj.kkps egRo lkaLd`rhd lanHkkZr izrhds vkgsr-

gGwgGw ok<rk miHkksDrkokn vkf.k lektkr nqgh >kY;keqGs ,dhdMs dpÚ;kph fuehZrh ok<yh vkf.k nqljhdMs vkn’kZ LoPNrk lo;hackcr rMtksM dsyh xsyh- orZukRed vkd`frca/k cnyY;kpk ifj.kke ‘kgjh HkkxkaP;k ckg; Hkkxkar dpÚ;kps fo’kky <hx HkjkHkj ok<w ykxys] T;keqGs ik.kh] ekrh nwf”kr gksÅu v[ksjhl thoukoj fo’ks”kr% misf{kr yksdkaoj ifj.kke >kyk- nqljhdMs xzkeh.k Hkkjr] vtwugh lkekftd fud”k Eg.kwu m?kM;koj ‘kkSpkl cl.ks] xVkj O;oLFkspk vHkko vkf.k LoPNrsfo”k;d tkx`rh vkf.k tk.khosph lqekj fLFkrh v’kk eq|ka’kh y<r vkgs-

;kr lq/kkj.kk gks.;kP;k n`”Vhus la;qDr jk”Vªla?kkus iq<kdkj ?ksowu tkxfrd ‘kkLor fodkl mn~nh”Vs fuf’pr dsysr- rs Eg.kts lokZauk lqjf{kr vkf.k ijoM.kkÚ;k njkr fi.;kP;k ik.;kph lkoZf=d vkf.k leU;k;h miyC/krk] iqjsls vkf.k leU;k;h LoPNrk vkf.k gk;thu lokZauk feG.ks] m?kM;koj ‘kkSpkl cl.;kPkk var dj.ks] efgyk vkf.k eqyhaP;k rlsp ts dedqor

ifjfLFkrhe/;s vkgsr] v’kkaP;k xjtkadMs fo”ks’k y{k ns.ks] iznq”k.k deh d:u ik.;kpk ntkZ lq/kkj.ks] MaEihax vkf.k ?kkrd jlk;us vkf.k brj lkfgR; Vkd.ks can dj.ks] ty vkf.k LoPNrkfo”k;d miØekar fodlu’khy ns’kkr varjjk”Vªh; lgdk;Z ok<owu {kerk

mHkkj.;kl ikBhack feGo.ks gs lk/; dj.;klkBh O;kid pkSdV iwjorkr-

Ikjarq gs mn~nh”Vs iw.kZ dj.;kdfjrk izR;sdt.k Lor%p lQkbZ dkexkj (Scavenger) vl.ks vko’;d vkgs- vUu lsou dj.;kbrdsp eyfoltZugh xjtsps vkgs] vkf.k Lor%pk dpjk Lor% u”V dj.ks gs izR;sdkP;k n`”Vhus ;ksX; vkgs- tj gs ‘kD; gks.kkj ulsy rj izR;sd dqVqackus vkiys LoPNrsps dke Lor% dsys ikghts-

egkRek xka/kh Eg.krkr vki.k ygkui.kkiklwup vkiY;k eukoj gs fcacoys ikfgts dh vki.k loZt.k lQkbZ dkexkj vkgksr- vkf.k ;kpk lokZr lksik ekxZ Eg.kts T;kauk ;kph tk.kho >kyh vkgs] R;k lokZauh lQkbZ dkexkj Eg.kwu esgur ?ks.;kl lq:okr dsyh ikfgts- lQkbZ dke] v’kkizdkjs gq’kkjhus gkrh ?ksrY;keqGs euq”;kP;k lekursps [kjs dkSrqd gksbZy- ¼;kstuk uksOgsacj 2019 ist ua-5½

ns’kkr lokZr tkLr ‘kkSpky;s vkf.k ‘kkSpky;kapk okij xqtjkr ¼85 VDds½ e/;s gksrks- R;k [kkyks[kky 61 VDds rssyaxkuk vkf.k fcgkj e/;s lokZr deh 30 VDds vkgs- ¼;kstuk ist 6½

1946 e/;s Hkkjrkus U;w;kWØe/;s tkxfrd vkjksX; la?kVusP;k ,dk djkjkoj LOkk{kjh dsyh gksrh] R;kr LoPNrk] iks”k.k] lq/kkj.kk] x`g fufeZrh] vkFkhZd o brj lsok’krhZ ;klg brj ckchaoj fo’ks”k laLFkkaP;k ek/;ekrwu lgdk;kZph ijokuxh tkxrhd vkjksX; la?kVusyk ns.;kr vkyh- la;qDr jk”VªkaP;k vkelHksus ik.kh LoPNrk ekuoh gDd tkghjukek ekaMyk gksrk R;koj Hkkjrkus 2010 e/;s Lok{kjh dsyh gksrh-1986 e/;s o 1999 e/;s dsanzh; xzkfe.k LoPNrk o lkaMi.kh O;oLFkkiu dk;ZØekr lq/kkj.kk d:u uarj

laiw.kZ LoPNrk o lkaMik.kh O;oLFkkiu dk;ZØe gkrh ?ks.;kr vkyk gksrk-

fueZy xzke iqjLdkj dk;ZØe gk 2005 e/;s jkcfo.;kr vkyk R;kr ekQd ;’k vkys- ;kr gkx.knkjh eqDrhe/;s pkaxys dke dj.kkÚ;k xzkeiapk;rhauk jks[k iqjLdkj ns.;kr vkyk- R;kuarjP;k dkGkr 2012 e/;s fueZy Hkkjr vfHk;ku jkcfo.;kr vkys R;kr vk/khP;k 4600 :i;ka ,soth izR;sd ik= dqVwackyk 10]000 :i;s vuqnku ns.;kr vkys- ftYgk ikrGhoj la;qDr vaeyctko.khlkBh gh ;kstuk eujsxk o brj ;kstukaP;k fu/khoj voyacwu gksrh- ;kr fu/kh ,d= d:u rks okij.;kr vusd vMp.kh vkY;k] jkT;s o ftYg;kauh ;k ;kstusyk egRo fnys ukgh R;kr lkekftd Hksn o fyaxHksn VkG.;klkBh ;ksX; lans’k xsys ukghr- R;krwu gos rs ifj.kke lk/; djrk vkys ukghr-

2 vkDVksacj 2014 jksth LoPN Hkkjr ;kstuk jkcfo.;kph ?kks”k.kk iz/kkuea=h ujsanz eksnh ;kauh dsyh ;kr xzkeiapk;rhauk



gkx.knkjh eqDrhlkBh Lor%P;k ;kstuk r;kj dj.;kl Loraaa=rk

ns.;kr vkyh- yksdkaP;k lo;h cny.;klkBh lans’k O;oLFkk dj.;kr vkyh- ¼;kstuk ist ua- 17½

jkT;?kVusP;k 63 O;k nq:Lrhuqlkj Hkkjrkr fi.;kps ik.kh o LoPNrk gs fo”k; iapk;r jkt laLFkkaph tckcnkjh Bjfo.;kr vkyh- R;kp vFkkZr xzkeiapk;rhpkgh lekos’k gksrk- xzkeiapk;rhpk fu/kh] inkf/kdkjh o dk;sZ gs lxGs ?kVd etcqr dj.;kr vkys- jk”Vªh; xzkeiapk;r fodkl ;kstuk 2018 vuqlkj iapk;r jkt ea=ky;kus xzkeiapk;r jkt ea=ky;kus xzkeiapk;r o ftYgk iz’kklu ;kauk ,d= vk.kys xsys R;krwu xqaro.kwd o /kksj.kkRed gLr{ksi gs vk/khP;kp vFkZladYih; vanktkr clfo.;kr vkys- v’kk ;kstuk dkgh osGk visf{kr mfÌ”Vs xkBw ‘kdr ukghr i.k rls gksow u;s ;klkBh dsanzh; ea=ky;kauh fo’ks”k d:u is;ty o LoPNrk ea=ky;kus ekxZn’kZd rRos tkjh dsyh- xzkeiapk;rhauh fu/kh fdrh yofpdrsus okijyk ;koj lxGs voyacwu gksrs- rh eqHkk R;kauk ns.;kr vkyh gksrh- ¼;kstuk 2019 ist 18½

LoPN ik.kh o LoPNrk lkaMik.kh O;oLFkk%& Ikk.khVapkbZpk QVdk fdeku pkGhl VDds yksdkauk vkiY;k ns’kkr usgehp clr vlrks- ok<R;k rkiekukcjkscj gs izek.k ok<r tk.kkj vkgs- 1990 iklwu vkrki;Zar 2-1 vCt yksdkauk lq/kkfjr ty LoPNrk feGkyh vlyh rjh is;tykPkk iqjoBk deh gksr pkyyk vkgs- vf/kdkvf/kd ns’kkr ik.;kojpk rk.k yksdla[;seqGs ok<yk vkgs- 2050 i;Zar nj pkj iSdh ,dk O;Drhyk ik.khVapkbZpk QVdk clsy vlk vankt vkgs- lqj{khr o ijoM.kkÚ;k is;tyklkBh

vkiY;kyk 2030 i;Zar eksBh xqaro.kwd gh ik;kHkwr lqfo/kk]

LOPNrk lks;h o vkjksX; ;kr djkoh ykx.kkj vkgs- tyL=ksrkaps j{k.k o iqu%ZHkj.k xjtsps vlqu eqyHkwr lsok feGr ulysY;k 80 dksVh yksdkauk R;k feGowu ns.ks o 2 vCt yksdkauk feGr vlysY;k lsokae/;s lq/kkj.kk dj.ks egRokps vkgs- ¼la;qDr jk”Vªs ist 18] ;kstuk½

gkx.knkjh eqDrh Iyl ¼vksMh,Q Iyl½ ;kstusrhy mfÌ”Vs 1½ dkSVwafcd ikrGhoj cka/k.;kr vkysY;k LoPNrkxgkpk

lkrR;iw.kZ okij- 2½ ;kstusr dq.kh ekxs jkg.kkj ukgh- gs ikg.ks rlsp uohu

dqVqackuk LoPNrkxg lqfo/kk ns.ks-

3½ lkeqnk;hd LoPNrkxgkaph miyC/krk ok<owu R;kr lkoZtfud lgHkkx ok<fo.ks-

4½ daiksLV [krkps [kM~Ms] fodsafnzr dpjk izfØ;k lqfo/kk ;kaP;k ek/;ekrwu xzkfe.k Hkkxkr ?ku o nzO; dpjk O;oLFkkiukph vaeyctko.kh dj.ks-

5½ n`’; ikrGhoj LoPNrk rlsp nzO; o ?kudpjk O;oLFkkiu- ¼;kstuk ist ua- 19½

lanHkZ %& 1- f=-uk- v=s] xkoxkMk- 2- ukxxksaMs xq:ukFk] xzkeh.k lekt”kkL=] 2002 3- ;kstuk ¼ekfld½ vd 4] uksOgsacj 2019] eq[; laiknd jktsanz HkV~V 4- larks’k dqekj xaxokj] ;kstuk 2019 ist 5 5- lqtkW; eqtwenkj] ;kstuk 2019 ist 16



ejkBokMÓkkrhy dqiksf”kr ckydkapk vH;kl

izk- MkW- vUlkjh ,l- th- inoh o inO;qRrj lekt'kkL= foHkkxizeq[k] egkjk”Vª mn;fxjh egkfo|ky;] mnxhj ft-ykrwj dqiks”k.k gh izxr&vizxr lektkr fnlwu ;s.kkjh tkxfrd

leL;k vkgs- fujksxh thouklkBh iks”k.k vkgkjkph vko’;drk vlrs- fdacgquk vkgkjkojp ‘kjhjkph tM.k?kM.k voyacwu vlrs- ‘kjhjkyk vko’;d dke dj.;klkBh ykx.kkjh ‘kDrh vki.k ?ksr vlysY;k vkgkjkrY;k vUuinkFkkZrwu feGr vlrs- ‘kjhjkyk ln`< Bso.;klkBh vkgkjkr dcksZnds] fLuX/k inkFkZ] thoulÙos] [kfuts vkf.k izfFkus ;k iks”kd ?kVdkaph vko’;drk vlrs- ;kr izfFkus ‘kjhjkph ok< o ‘kjhjkph >ht Hk:u dk<rkr- lrr ÅtkZ mRiUu dj.;kps dke dkcksZnds vkf.k fLuX/k inkFkZ djrkr- [kfuts vkf.k thoulRokeqGs ‘kjhjkph jksxizfrdkj’kDrh ok<rs vkf.k loZ ‘kjhjkph gkypky pyuoyu lqyHk gks.;klkBh ik.;kph furkar vko’;drk vlrs- gh iks”kdnzO;s vkgkjkr vl.ks vko”;d vkgs- ;k iks”kd ?kVdkaph vkgkjkr derjrk vlsy rj dqiks”k.kkph fLFkrh fuekZ.k gksrs- dqiks”k.kkr efgyk o ckyd cGh iMrkr- loZlk/kkj.ki.ks xjksnji.kkr fL=;kauk 3300 m’ekadkph xjt vlrs- Lrunk ekrsyk 4000 m’ekdkaph xjt vlrs- R;kpcjkscj izfFkus] [kfuts] thoulRos] dcksZnds] fLuX/k inkFkZ ;kaph

vko’;drk vlrs- rlsp ,d o’kZ rs lgk o’kZ o;ksxVkrhy ckydkal 1500 m’ekdkaph vko’;drk vlrs- ijarq T;k dqVqackr iksVHkj tso.k feGr ukgh R;k dqVqackr iks”kd vkgkjkckcr fopkj dsyk tkr ukgh- xjhckP;k dqVqackr ehB] fejph] Hkkdj feGrs- ;kiyhdMs nw/k] QGs] HkkT;k] ekal] ekls] vaMs ;k ?kVdkapk lekos’k vkgkjkr ulrks- Eg.kwu dqiks”k.kkpk fopkj dsyk rj ‘Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation’

(FAO) 2001&03 P;k losZuqlkj dqiks”k.kkP;k ckcrhr Hkkjr izFke dzekadkoj vkgs-1 197 feyh;u yksd dqiks”k.kkus xzLr vkgsr- Xykscy gaxj baMsDl ¼GHI½ 2015 fjiksVZuqlkj tkxfrd ikrGhoj Hkkjr HkqdsP;k ckcrhr 20 O;k LFkkukoj vkgs-2 Hkkjrkr 69 VDds yksd dqiks”k.kkeqGs vktkjh vkgsr- 30 dksVh yksd dqiks”k.kkeqGs =Lr vkgsr-

National Family Health Survey (2005-06) uqlkj egkjk”Vªkr 39 VDds ckyds cqVdh] 19-9 VDds ckyds jksMkoysyh] 29-61 VDds ckyds deh otukph vkgsr- egkjk”Vªkr xaHkhj r`rh; Js.khrhy dqiksf”kr xVkr 1 rs 3 VDds ckyds vkgsr-

CNSM-2014 P;k fjiksVZuqlkj egkjk”Vªkr 6 VDds ckyds [kwi deh otukph vkgsr-3 izLrqr ‘kks/kfuca/kkr dqiks”k.kkP;k leL;spk lfoLrj vk<kok ?ks.;kr vkysyk vkgs-

Lka’kks/ku Ik/nrh %& izLrqr ‘kks/kfuca/kklkBh nq ;e rF; ladyu ra=kpk okij dj.;kr vkyk vlwu ;klkBh baVjusV] lanHkZ xzaFk] nSfud orZekui=krhy ys[k] iqLrds] ekflds] vgoky bR;knhapk vk/kkj ?ksryk vkgs-

mn~ns’k % 1½ ejkBokMÓkrhy dqiks”k.kkl dkj.khHkwr vl.kkjs ?kVd vH;kl.ks- 2½ ejkBokMÓkrhy dqiks”k.kkph l|%fLFkrh rikl.ks-

dqiks”k.k Eg.kts dk;\ & dqiks”k.kkpk laca/k ekuokP;k vkgkjk’kh fuxfMr vkgs- izR;sd O;Drhyk lerksy vkgkj feG.ks vko’;d vkgs- lerksy vkgkjkph derjrk vlsy rj dqiks”k.kkph fLFkrh fuekZ.k gksrs- ^dqiks”k.k* ;k ‘kCnkyk fo’ks”k vFkZ vkgs- miklekjhus gks.kkjs dqiks”k.k ;kr varHkwZr ukgh- miklekj gksr vlrkuk feGsy rs vUu thou j{k.kklkBh [kkos ykxrs- R;k ifjfLFkrhr iks”k.k larqyukpk fopkj ‘kD; ulrks- tsOgk O;Drhyk ‘kkjhfjd vko’;drsuqlkj loZ iks”kd rÙo lerksy izek.kkr feGr ukghr- rj d/kh dkgh ?kVd vko’;drsis{kk tkLr rj dkgh ?kVd vftckr feGr ukgh- R;kps ts ifj.kke fnlrkr R;kyk dqiks”k.k Eg.krkr- dqiks”k.k ladYiuk vf/kd Li”V dj.;klkBh MsfOgM okuZj ;kauh R;kaP;k ^tsFks MkWDVj ulsy rsFks* ;k xzaFkkr EgVys vkgs dh] iqjslk o ;ksX; vkgkj u ?ksrY;keqGs tks v’kDri.kk o vktkji.kkph ifjfLFkrh fuekZ.k gksrs] fryk dqiks”k.k vls Eg.krkr-

dqiks”k.kklaca/kh ckyjksx rTK izdk’k osnikBd vls Eg.krkr dh] deh iks”k.k vkgkjkeqGs fuekZ.k gks.kkjk jksx Eg.kts dqiks”k.k-4 vkjksX; lao/kZuklkBh vko’;d R;k izek.kkr ;ksX; vUu feGkys ukgh rj dqiks”k.kkph fLFkrh mn~Hkors-

dqiks”k.k eksteki i)rh %& 1½ m”ekad o iks”k.k lsou i)rh ¼Calone Nutrition

Intake½ 2½ ekuoferh ¼Anthropometric Approach½ ;k nksUgh i)rhapk voyac d:u iks”k.k Lrj ekst.;kr ;srks-

ijarq vyhdMs m”ekad lsou i)rhis{kk ekuoferh i)r vf/kd [kk=h’khj eku.;kr ;sr vkgs- vyhdMs ;k i)rhpk mi;ksx ikp o”kZ o;kP;k ckydkaps dqiks”k.k ekst.;klkBh dsyk tkrks-

dqiks”k.kkph y{k.ks %& 1½ ‘kjhjkph ok< [kqaV.ks 2½ ckydkaps otu deh gks.ks 3½ ,fMek&gkrkik;kyk lqt ;srs- 4½ Ropsrhy cny & Ropk dksjMh o [kMcMhr gksrs- Rops[kkyhy esnkpk Fkj ukghlk >kY;keqGs Ropsph yofpdrk ukghlh gksrs- 5½ ‘kjhjkrhy jDr deh gksrs- 6½ dslkrhy cny & dsl xGrkr] HkwjdV jaxkps gksrkr- 7½ MksGÓkkrhy cny & jkrka/kGsi.kk] us=xksy ‘kq”drk ;srs- 8½ brj nq[k.kh lrr pkyw jkgrs- lqLri.kk] ejxG] ik;kP;k gkMkr ckd ;s.ks] rksaM o ftHkspk =kl-

dqiks”k.kkl tckcnkj ?kVd %& 1½ ekrk o ckydkl iks”kd larqfyr vkgkj u feG.ks- 2½ ckGkyk iwjd vkgkj u feG.ks- 3½ ekRkse/khy vKku] va/kJ)k 4½ nksu ckGkar varj deh vl.ks 5½ pkyhfjrh] #<h ijaijk 6½ nkfjnzÓk 7½ oS|dh; lks;hpk vHkko



rDrk dz-01

ejkBokMk foHkkxkrhy ftYgkfugk; dqiksf”kr ckydkaph fLFkrh ¼vkWxLV 2014½ foHkkx ftYgs vkSjaxkckn tkyuk ijHk.kh fgaxksyh ukansM chM ykrwj mLekukckn ,dw.k

otu ?ksrysY;k ckydkaph la[;k 229320 15174 110636 87790 219419 192404 147814 107128 1246258

Lkk/kkj.k Js.khrhy ckydkaph la[;k 208497 142008 103676 79681 205335 178187 139638 97870 1154889

e/;e deh otukP;k ckydkaph la[;k 16640 8340 5474 6738 11656 12510 6897 7844 76099

rhoz deh otukP;k ckydkaph la[;k 4183 1399 489 1371 2428 1707 1279 1414 15270

L=ksr % ,dkfRed ckyfodkl lsok ;kstuk dk;kZy;] ykrwj] egkjk”Vª 20145

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dqiks”k.kkps vgoky %& 1½ National Family Health

Survey (NFHS-03) 2005-06 uqlkj egkjk”Vªkr xaHkhj rhoz dqiksf”kr lWe ;k xVkr 1 rs 3 VDds ckyds vkgsr- e/;e rhoz dqiksf”kr lWe ;k xVkr 12 rs 13 VDds ckyds vkgsr- egkjk”Vªkr ,dw.k lWe o eWe v’kh 15 VDds dqiksf”kr ckyds vkgsr- 20 VDds ckyds vWuWfed vkgsr-6

2½ Comprehensive Nutritional Survey in

Maharashtra (CNSM)-2012 ;k fjiksVZuqlkj 2 o”kkZais{kk deh o; vlysY;k ckydkaps maphuqlkj otu d#u lWe] eWe ckyds Bjo.;kr vkys- (Sever Acute Malnourished) eWe Eg.kts e/;e rhoz dqiksf”kr o;kuqlkj maph deh vlysyh Eg.kts cqVD;k ckydkaps izek.k 22-8 VDds vkgs- maphuqlkj otu vlysY;k rhoz yqdMh ckydkaps izek.k 15-5 VDds vkgs- deh otukP;k ckydkaps izek.k 21-8 VDds vlY;kps vk<Grs-7

3½ uW’kuy ekWfuVjhax C;qjks ¼NNMB½ 2000&2001 ;kr uÅ jkT;kpk losZ dj.;kr vkyk- ;k losZuqlkj v/kZ iwoZ’kkys; ckyds e/;e o rhoz dqiksf”kr vkgsr- rhu rs ikp o”ksZ o;kP;k ckydkae/;s 49 VDds dqiks”k.k gksrs th eqys 06 rs 09 o”ksZ o;kph gksrh R;kP;ke/;s 63 VDds dqiks”k.k] 10 rs 13 o”ksZ o;kP;k eqykae/;s 78 VDds dqiks”k.k] 14 rs 17 o”ksZ o;kP;k eqykae/;s 66 VDds dqiks”k.k vlY;kps vk<Gwu vkys-

fu”d”kZ %& izLrqr la’kks/kukr vls vk<Gwu vkys dh] ejkBokMÓkkr cky dqiks”k.kkps izek.k eksBÓkk izek.kkr vkgs- dqiks”k.k

gk vktkj lerksy o iks”kd vkgkj u feGkY;keqGs fuekZ.k gksrks- T;k dqVqackr nkfjnz; vkgs R;k dqVqackr vkjksX; lqfo/kk] iks”kd vkgkj feGr ukgh- ekrkps vKku] fuj{kjrk] cky dqiks”k.kkl tckcnkj vkgs- dkj.k vusd ekrk vkiY;k ckGkauk lgk efgU;kuarj iwjd vkgkj nsr ukghr- QDr Lruiku djrkr- ckG vktkjh iMY;kl MkWDVjdMs u tkrk Hkxr] tknwVks.kk ;koj fo’okl Bsorkr] miokl djrkr- ifj.kkeh ckydkr dqiks”k.kkps izek.k ok<Y;kps vk<Gwu ;srs- rlsp vusd xkokr oS|dh; lqfo/kk feGr ukghr R;keqGs ckyd dqiksf”kr gksrkr- ejkBokMÓkkr lokZar tkLr dqiks”k.k vkSjaxkckn ftYg;kr vk<Gwu vkys-

mik; %& 1½ izR;sd dqVqackrhy O;Drhauk uotkr vHkZdkph dkGth] xjksnj ekrspk vkgkj o vkjksX;kph dkGth] ckydkapk vkgkj o vkjksX;] ckydkaps vktkji.kkr o vktkjkuarjph dkGth ;kps f’k{k.k izR;sd ?kjk?kjkrwu |kos- 2½ lektkrhy va/kJ)k nwj d:u vkjksX;fo”k;d ekxZn’kZu djkos- 3½ dqiks”k.k deh dj.;klkBh Lo;alsoh laLFkkauh iq<kdkj ?;kok- lanHkZ %& 1- Internet google.com malnutrition among treble: Wikipedia the

free encyclopedia.html 2- Global Hunger Index Report 2015, International Food Policy

Research Institute (IF-PRI) 3- Comprehensive Nutrition Survey in Maharashtra (CNSM)

2012 Mumbai State Report. International Institute of Population Sciences

4- f’kans vkj-ds- 2007- dqiks”k.k leL;k vkf.k mik;- feJ vuqjkx ¼laik-½ uoh eqacbZ % ;kstuk- i-34

5- ,dkfRed cky fodkl lsok ;kstuk dk;kZy;] ykrwj] egkjk”Vª] 2014 6- Comprehensive Nutrition Survey in Maharashtra (CNSM)

2012 Mumbai State Report. International Institute of Population Sciences

7- National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau, 2000-2001. National Institute of Nutrition, Osmania. P.O. Hyderabad. Indian Council of Medical Research Journal

8- ikdZ] ts- bZ-] ikdZ] ds- 1961- vkjksX; ifjp;kZ- tcyiwj % cukjlhnkl Hkuksr ifCy’klZ-

9- vUlkjh ,l-th- 2008- vkfnoklh dqiksf”kr ckydkapk lekt’kkL=h; vH;kl] fo’ks”k lanHkZ fduoV rkyqdk] vizdkf’kr ,e- fQy- ‘kks/kizca/k- ukf’kd % ;’koarjko pOgk.k egkjk”Vª eqDr fo|kihB



Hkqz.kgR;k % dkj.ks o mik;;kstuk izk- MkW- foykl ?kksMs] Lkg;ksxh izk/;kid] ch- ih- uW’kuy bfULVV;wV vkWQ lks’ky odZ] guqeku uxj] ukxiwj

izLrkouk %& folkO;k ’krdkr eqyhauk tUe fnysY;k efgykaoj

vU;k; o vR;kpkjkapk lkeuk djkok ykxr gksrk] eqyhyk tUe fnY;kus efgykauk vusd dqaVqackr =kl lgu djkok ykxr gksrk- ek= Hkqz.k gR;k dj.;k brir ra=Kku fodflr u >kY;kus Hkqz.kgR;k gksr uOgrk- dkgh dk gksbZuk eqyhauk dqVqackr tUe fnY;k tkr vls- ijarq tUekuarj eqyhyk nq ;e okx.kwd fnyh tkr gksrh- eqyxh tUekyk ?kkryh Eg.kwu vkbZyk lkljP;k eaMGh o irh dMwu =kl lgu djkok ykxr gksrk] dqVqackr eqyxh gks.;kpk laiw.kZ nks"k L=hyk fnyk tkr gksrk- eqyxk gksr ukgh Eg.kwu ?kVLQksV fnY;k tkr gksrk fdaok nqljk fookg dsyk tkr gksrk- f’k{k.kkpk izxrhcjkscjp fofo/k foKkukpk vfo"dkj >kyk- R;krp lksuksxzkQh lkj[;k ra=kpk ’kks/k ykxyk- lksuksxzkQh ra= efgykauk ojnku Bj.;k,soth Hkqz.kgR;keqGs ’kkip Bjr vkgs- eqyhyk tUekyk ;s.;kiwohZ fryk u"V dj.;kbrir ra=Kku izxr >kys- R;krqup vkfFkZd yksHkkeqGs Hkqz.kgR;k lkj[ks lkekftd xqUgs dj.;kps izek.k lektkr eksB;k izek.kkr ok<w ykxys vkgs- vkt ;k Hkqz.kgR;k leL;sus fo’kky #i /kkj.k dsysys vkgs R;kpk

vfu"B ifj.kke lektkr fnlr vkgs- ;k leL;kaps xkafHk;Z y{kkr ?ksrk Hkqz.kgR;k jks[k.;kdfjrk vuds dk;ns r;kj dj.;kr vkys vlqu lq/nk izHkkoh vaeyctko.kh gksr ulY;kus v{ksfir ;’k Hkqz.kgR;k jks[k.;kdfjrk feGw ’kdysys ukgh-

’kks/k fuca/kkpk mn~ns’k% 1- Lkektkrhy Hkqz.kgR;sP;k fLFkrhpss fo’ys"k.k dj.ks- 2- Hkqz.kgR;sP;k dkj.kkaps v/;;u dj.ks- 3- Hkqz.kgR;klaaca/kh mik;;kstukaps fo’ys"k.k dj.ks-

v/;;u i/nrh%%& izLrqr ’kks/kfuca/kkP;k v/;;uklkBh nq ;e L=ksrkapk okij dj.;kr vkysyk vkgs- ;ke/;s iqLrds] ekflds] o`Rri=krhy ys[k vkf.k baVjusVojhy ekfgrh ;kapk mi;ksx ’kks/k fuca/kklkBh dj.;kr vkysyk vkgs-

Hkqz.kgR;k gh vk/kqfud dkGkr ekuo tkrhoj vlysyh dyadhr leL;k vkgs-]lksuksxzkQh vkf.k brjgh ef’kuP;k tUekcjkscjp ;k leL;kapkgh tUe >kysyk vkgs- viaxRo] ’kkjhfjd O;ax vlysys xHkZ ’kks/k.ks] fdaok xjks/kj ekrsP;k thoukyk gkuh iksgpr vlY;kl ;k ckcr xHkZty pkp.kh d#u xHkkZps fufj{k.k dj.ks] xHkkZapk fodklkckcr uksan ?ks.ks bR;knh lksuksxzkQh ef’kupk ’kks/k yko.;k ekxpk eqG mn~ns’k gksrk- oS|fd; {ks=kr >kysY;k izxrheqGs vkf.k vkfFkZd yksHkkeqGs dkgh MkWDVlZ fdaok oS|d {ks=kr dke dj.kkÚ;k yksdkadMwu eqyxk

fdaok eqyxh fyax pkp.kh dfjrk lksuksxzkQh ef’kupk nq#i;ksx dsY;k tkr vkgs- fdaok vkbZ&ofMykaP;k ftíhi.kkeqGs fyax pkp.kdfjrk MkWDVjkaoj ncko vk.k.;kpk iz;Ru djrkr- xHkZty pkp.kh dfjrk ;s.kkjk izR;sd O;Drh gk eqyxk gok ;k

ekufldrsrwu MkWDVjkadMs ;srks- lektkrhy yksdkauk eqyxk dk gok] eqyxh dk udks] ;k ekxhy dkj.kkapk ’kks/k ?ks.ks xjtsps vkgs- eqyhaph la[;k fnolsafnol ?kVr vlY;kps fun’kZukl vkysys vkgs- R;keqGs lektkr R;kps nq"ifj.kke fnlw ykxys vkgs- ;k leL;klaca/kh lkekftd laLFkk o la?kVuk leksj ;sÅu Hkqz.kgR;klaca/kh lektkr tutkxrh djhr vkgs- lektkrhy yksdkaP;k Hkkouk gh izlkj ek/;ekrwu rhoz fojks/k djhr vkgs- lektkrhy yksdkauh eksB;k izek.kkr lkekftd pGoGh o vkanksyus mHkh d#u ’kklukl izfrca/kkRed dk;nk dj.;kl ck/; dj.;kr vkys- v[ksj Hkqz.kgR;k dj.ks dk;n;kus xqUgk Bjfo.;kr vkys- Hkkjrh; laLd`rhe/;s L=hyk eersph miek fnysyh vkgs- fulxkZus L=h e/;s eerk] d#.kk] ek;k] yTtk]lguf’kyrk vkf.k R;kx bR;knh vusd LokHkkfod xq.k fnysys vkgsr- ;kp xq.kkaoj Hkkjrh; laLd`rh o dqaVqac i/nrh l{kei.ks mHkh vkgs- fganq lektkr iq#"k iz/kku laLd`rh #tyh vlyh rjh efgykaps laj{k.k dj.ks] lUeku ns.ks gh iq#"kkph tckcnkjh vkgs-

vktps ;qx gs foKku o Kkukps ;qx vkgs- vkt lq/nk vkiY;k

lektkr eqyhyk voafpr o vks>s letY;k tkrs- lektkrhy L=hP;k izrh vlysyk nq ;e n`f"Vdksu gkp leL;syk dkj.khHkwr vkgs- lektkr gtkjks o"kkZiklwu pkyr vkysyh #<h] ijaijk] /kkfeZd dq laLdkj vkf.k iq#"kiz/kku lektk}kjs L=h neukdfjrk dsysys fu;e] L=hph lkekftd fLFkrhlaca/kh vVh- L=h& iq#"kke/;s HksnHkko] vR;kpkj v’kk vusd ca/kuke/;s L=hps thou xqjQVY;k xsysys gksrs- R;keqGs lektkrhy L=hps vfLrRor y{kkr u ?ksrk L=h thouke/;s udkjkRed n`f"Vdksukrwu cf?krY;k tkr gksrs-

lektkr L=h;kaP;k thouklkBh pkdksjhc/n ekxZ fuf’pr r;kj dj.;kr vkys gksrs- L=hyk tUekiklwu rj eR;qi;Zar d/kh oMhy] rj d/kh irh] rj d/kh eqykaoj Eg.kts dks.kR;k uk dks.kR;k iq#"kkaojrh thouHkj fuHkZj fdaok vkfJr jkgkos ykxr vkgs- ,dkp iksVkrwu tUeysY;k eqyxk o eqyxh ;kaP;ke/;s [kk.ks] fi.ks] f’k{k.k] la/kh vkf.k izfr"Bk bR;knh ckcrhr HksnHkko dsY;k tkrks- v’kk izdkjpk HksnHkko gk dsoG dks.kR;k ,dk ntkZps fdaok oxkZrp ukgh rj fuEu rs mPp oxkZrh lektkr igk;yk feGr vkgs- lektkrhy gtkjks o"kkZP;k ghu ntkZP;k okx.kwdhus] f’k{k.kkpk vHkko vkf.k vlekurseqGs L=h;kauk Qkj eksBk la?k"kZ djkok ykxr vkgs- vkt vyhdMs L=h;k iq#"kkaP;k cjkscjhus izR;sd {ks=kr dke djhr vkgsr- fodklkP;k loZ {ks=kr ;ksxnku

o lgHkkxh gksr vkgs- vusd fodze L=h;kapk ukokoj gksr ijarq L=h;kaP;k ntkZ o izfreke/;s ikfgtsrlk cny gksr ukgh- vktgh ns’kkrhy lOgZs{k.kk}kjs] ns’kkr izR;sdo"khZ gtkjksP;k la[;suh L=h Hkqz.kgR;k gksr vkgs- R;keqGs fnolasfnol nj gtkjh iq#"kkaekxs



L=h;kaps izek.k deh deh gksr vlysys fnlwu ;sr vkgs- L=h

xHkkZpk lqn`< fodkl] laxksiu] vko’;drk vkf.k mipkj dj.;kpk pkaxY;k mn~ns’kkus lksuksxzkQh gs ra= fodflr >kys vkgs- ijarq iq#"k iz/kku laLd`frr L=h Hkqz.kgR;slkBh ;k ra=kpk ljklj okij gksr vlwu lektkr L=h&iq#"kkaps izek.kkph leL;k fuekZ.k >kyh-- nqnZasokph ckc Eg.kts jkT;kpk T;k Hkkxkr lksuksxzkQh dsanzkph la[;k tkLr vkgs- R;k fBdk.kh iq#"kkaP;k izek.kkr L=h;kaph la[;k ?kVyh vlY;kps fnlwu ;srs- egkjk"Vkªr ,dw.k pkj gtkj rhu’ks iapspkGhl uksan.khd`r lksuksxzkQh dsansz vkgsr- rj ukxiwjkr 188 dsanzs dk;Zjr vkgs- jkT;kr T;k Hkkxkr‘’kaHkj is{kk tkLr lksuksxzkQh dsanzs vkgsr- rsFks nj gtkjh iq#"kkaekxs 901 vls izek.k vkgsr- ;k myV 100 is{kk deh lksuksxzkQh dsansz vkgsr- rsFks nj gtkjh iq#"kkaekxs 937 L=h;kaps izek.k vkgsr- xHkZty funkukps ok<rs izek.k gsp efgykaP;k ,dw.kp la[;syk izpaM ?kkrd Bjr vlwu jkT;krhy iq#"kkaP;k la[;sP;k rqyusr efgykaph la[;k lkRrR;kus deh gksr vkgs- Hkkjrkr njo"khZ 23 yk[k Hkqz.kgR;k gksr vlY;kps fnlwu ;srs- ekxhy 15 o"kkZe/;s lkMsrhu dksVh L=h Hk`z.kgR;k >kysyh vlY;kps fnlwu ;srs- Hkkjrkr njgtkjh iq#"kkaekxs 2001 e/;s L=h;kaps izek.k 933 gksrs- rj 2011 ;k o"kkZr nj gtkjh iq#"kkaekxs 940 vls >kys vkgsr-

L=h Hk`z.kgR;k ok<hph izeq[k dkj.ks%& 1- eqykayk tUe ns.;kph bPNk 2- vVªklkÅM VsDukWykth nq:i;ksx 3- eqyhalca/kh vlqjf{kr okV.ks 4- fookgkpk vfrfjDr [kpZ gks.ks- 5- gqaMk ns.;kph i/nr- 6- eqyhaps ySfxad ’kks"k.k- 7- fyaxHksnHkko- 8- f’k{k.kkpk vHkko- 9- vkjksX; fo"k;d leL;k- 10- voS/k ySafxd O;ogkj- 11- xHkZ voLFkk dkyko/khr leL;k- 12- vkfFkZd leL;k- 13- lektkrhy efgykaph nq ;e fLFkrh- 14- iq#"kiz/kku laLd`rh- 15- dqVqac fu;kstu lk/kukpk vHkko- 16- oa’kkpk fnok vlk;yk gok ;k mn~ns’kkus Hk`z.kgR;k- 17- eqyxh tUekyk ;sÅ u;s Eg.kwu Hkz.kgR;k dj.ks- 18- eqyxh tUekyk vkY;keqGs lektkr deh izfr"Bk-

Hkkjrkrhy L=h&iq#"kkaps izek.k¼1901&2011½

vuq- dz- Ykksdla[;k o"kZ Ikzfr gtkj iq#"kkekxs fL=;kaph la[;k

01 1901 972

02 1911 964

03 1921 955

04 1931 950

05 1941 945

06 1951 946

07 1961 941

08 1971 930

09 1981 934

10 1991 927

11 2001 933

12 2011 940

L=h Hkqz.kgR;k jks[k.;klkBh mik;;kstuk%& L=hps Hkkjrh;

lektkr vusd izdkjs o.kZu o miek fnsysyh vkgs- lektkr eqyxk gk oa’kkpk fnok vlY;kpk fopkjkeqGs eqyhyk xHkkZrp dqzj i.ks u"V dj.;kr ;sr vkgs- lektkrhy o dqVqackrhy nckokeqGs L=h;kadMwu L=h Hkqz.kgR;k dsY;k tkr vkgs- fulxZ pdzkr ekuokP;k ;k gLr{ksikeqGs Hkfo";kr ;kps xafHkj ifj.kke Hkksxkos ykxsy- ns’kkrhy yksdla[;k fu;a=.kkr vko’;d vlys rjh L=h Hkqz.kgR;syk vkGk ?kky.ks xjtsps vkgs- ;k l`"Vhr ekuo oa’kkps vfLrRo fVdoko;kps vlsy rj L=h Hkqz.kgR;k izfrca/kd dj.;kph o rlsp lektkrhy ekufldrk cny.;kph vko’;drk vkgs] L=h Hkqz.kgR;k izfrca/kklkBh [kkyhy izek.ks mik;;kstuk n’kZfoysY;k vkgsr-

1½ xHkZty ifj{k.k canh%& vk/kqfud ;qxkr ekuokus vusd uohu ra=Kkukpk ’kks/k ykoyk ijarq R;kpk ekuokyk Qk;nk gksbZy gk gsrw gksrk- ijarq ekuokus R;kpk nq#i;ksx dsyk- R;k ra=Kkukpk mi;ksx ekuo ekuokyk u"V dj.;klkBh gksr vkgs- lksuksxzkQh pk mi;ksx ekuo gk L=h Hkqz.kgR;k dj.;klkBh djr vkgs- Eg.kwu ;koj fu;a=.k Bso.;klkBh xHkZty ifj{k.kke/;s cny vkf.k vko’;drsuqlkj canh ?kky.;kr ;koh-

2½ dk;|kph vaeyctko.kh %& ’kklukus tks dk;|k

Hkqz.kgR;slkBh Hk`z.kgR;k fojks/kh dk;nk dsyk vkgs R;kph vaeyctko.kh ;ksX; fjrhus gks.ks vko’;d vkgs- rks dk;nk vfLrRokr vlwu R;kph vaeyctko.kh iw.kZi.ks gksr ulY;kps fnlwu ;sr vkgs-

3½ Lo;alsoh laLFkkaps ;ksxnku%& dks.kR;kgh lkekftd leL;sckcr Lo;alsoh laLFkk g;k tkx`r vlY;k ikfgts- Lo;alsoh laLFkk LFkkfud yksdkaP;k leL;k letwu R;k ’kkluki;Zar iksgp.;kps mRre dk;Z djhr vlrs- rlsp lkekftd] ekufldrspk vH;kl d#u rs cny.;klkBh izHkkohi.ks dk;Z djhr vlrs- Lo;alsoh laLFkk lkekftd leL;klaca/kh vkokt mBowu R;kalaca/kh tutkxrh dj.;ke/;s ;ksxnku nsr vlrs-

4½ tursps lgHkkx o lgdk;Z%& dks.kR;kgh lkekftd leL;kauk fu;=a.kk vk.k.;kdfjrk jkT; o dsanz ’kklukdMwu vusd ;kstuk] dk;ns r;kj dj.;kr ;srkr- ijarq ;k dk;n;kph izHkkohi.ks vaeyctko.kh yksd lgHkkxkf’kok; ’kD; gksr ukgh- v’;kosGh yksd lgHkkx feGwu lkekftd leL;k lksMfo.;kpk iz;Ru dj.ks vko’;d vlrs-

5½ eqyhalca/kh pqdhph fopkj/kkjk %& lektkr vktgh eqyhlaca/kh pqdhP;k dYiuk o fopkj vkgsr- eqyxh nqlÚ;k dqVqackps /ku vkgs- nqlÚ;k ?kjh tk.kkj vls letqu eqyhaP;k

’kkjhfjd] ekufld vkf.k ’kS{kf.kd fodklkdMs nqyZ{k dsY;k tkrs- rlsp iks"k.k vkgkj vkf.k vkjksX;kP;k leL;kadMsgh nqyZ{k dsY;k tkÅ eqyhaoj vU;k; dsyk tkrks--

6½ ra=Kkukoj fu;a=.k o nqji;ksx Fkkacfo.ks%& euq";kaP;k fodklklkBh] lqyHkrslkBh vkf.k vkjksX;kaP;k tVhy leL;klaca/kh



funku ‘’kks/k.;kP;k o mipkj dj.;kP;k n`f"Vdksukrwu fofo/k

ra=Kkukpk ’kks/k ykxysyk vkgs- ijarq LokFkhZo`RrheqGs ra=Kkukpk nq:i;ksx d#u ekuoh thoukoj vfu"V ifj.kke d#u ?ksr vkgs-

7½ tutkx`rh dj.ks%& lektkps xfrf’ky vfLrRo Bso.;klkBh L=h&iq#"kkaps izek.k egRokps vkgs- lektkrhy uSlfxd lerksy Bso.;klkBh L=hps izek.k xjtsps vkgs- vktgh lektke/;s eqyhaP;k tUekcn~ny mnklhurk fnlwu ;srs- loZp lektkr eqyhaP;k tUekps egRo vkgs- Eg.kwup lektkr eqyhaP;k tUeklaca/kh egRo iVowu lkax.ks egRokps >kysys vkgs-

8½ dqVqac fu;kstu lk/kukpk mi;ksx%& vkt lektke/;s e;kZnhr dqVqackaps egRo vkysys vkgs- izR;sd dqaVqackr ,d fdaok nksu viR;kph la[;k >kysyh vkgs- v’kkosGh vuko’;d eqykauk tUe ns.;k,soth fdaok xHkaikr dj.;k,soth dqVqac fu;kstu lk/kukpk mi;ksx d#u Hk`z.kgR;k fdaok xHkZikrkps izek.k FkkacfoY;k tkÅ ’kdrs- Hkz.kgR;k vkf.k xHkZikrkps izek.k deh >kY;kl efgykaP;k vkjksX;koj ifj.kke gks.kkj ukgh-

lkjka’k%& 21 O;k ’krdkr okLrO;djhr vlrkauk lq/nk ra=KkukP;k nq#i;ksx d#u eqyhapk tUekoj vR;ar okbZV vU;k; djhr vkgs vkf.k fryk tUe gks.;kiklwu oafpr Bsor vkgs- R;keqGs lektkrhy L=h&iq#"kkaps izek.k fo?kMysys fnlwu ;sr vkgs-

Hkkjrh; jkT;?kVusus L=h&iq#"kkauk leku la/kh o vf/kdkj fnysys

vlwu lq/nk efgykadMs c?k.;kpk n`f"Vdksu udkjkRed vlY;kps fnlwu ;srs- vktph ckfydk m|kph L=h vlqugh ckfydsps egRo y{kkr ?ksrys tkr ukgh- Hkkjrkr toGtoG iUukl VDds yksdla[;k efgykaph vkgs- dqVqackaP;k vkf.k ns’kkP;k fodklke/;s efgykaps egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku vkgs- efgyk izR;sd {ks+=kr ;’kps f’k[kjs laikfnr djhr vkgs- v’kk ifjfLFkrhe/;s L=h;kalca/kh udkjkRed fopkj u djRkk lektkrhy eqyhaP;k tUekps Lokxr o vkuan O;Dr dsyk ikfgts- rsOgkp lektkrhy L=h &iq#"kkaps izek.k lerksy Bsork ;sbZy-

lanHkZ xzaFk lwph % 1- vkxykos iznhi ¼2003½ Hkkjrh; lekt% lajpuk vkf.k leL;k] ukxiwj%

Jh lkbZukFk izdk’ku- 2- caMsokj lk/kuk ¼2014½ efgykalca/kh dk;ns ] ukxiwj _pk izdk’ku 3- [kSjukj fnyhi ¼2004½ vk/kqfud Hkkjrkrhy lkekftd leL;k] vkSjaxkckn%

fpUe; izdk’ku 4- dkpksGs nk-/kksa ¼2009½ vkfnoklh lekt’kkL=] vkSjaxkckn% dSyk’k

ifCyds’kUl 5- dfo ek/koh ¼2000½ efgyk dY;k.k vkf.k fodkl] ukxiwj% fo|k

izdk’ku



Ekgkjk”Vªkrhy egkfodkl vk?kkMhps ljdkj MkW- ukjk;.k nkS- ckyikaMs] jkT;’kkL= foHkkx] uxj ifj”kn f’kokth egkfo|ky;] eksokM rk- uj[ksM ft- ukxiwj eks-u- 9423407865

Hkkjrh; lafo/kkuk}kjs dsaznzh; vkf.k jkT;Lrjkoj lkalnh;

O;oLFkspk fLodkj dsyk xsyk- lkalnh; O;oLFkk ‘kklukph v’kh O;oLFkk vkgs T;ke/;s dk;nseaMG vkf.k dk;Zikyhdk ijLij lacaf/kr vkgs- dk;Zikyhdsps xBu dk;nseaMGkdMwu dsys tkrs vkf.k dk;Zikyhdk dk;nseaMGkizrh mRrjnk;h vlrs- mRrjnk;hRo Eg.kts okLrfod dk;Zikyhdk vFkkZr eaf=eaMG rks Ik;Zar vkiY;k inkoj jkgrs tksi;Zar dk;nseaMGkpk fo’okl izkIr vlrks- tls Hkkjrkr dsanzh;Lrjkoj yksdlHkk fdaok ?kVdjkT; Lrjkoj fo/kkulHkk lkalnh; O;oLFkse/;s dsanzh; Lrjkoj vkf.k ?kVdjkT; Lrjkoj dk;nseaMGkps yksdfiz; lHkkx`g yksdlHkk vkf.k fo/kkulHksP;k fuoM.kqdk gksrkr- ;k fuoM.kqe/;s ,dk i{kkyk cgqer izkIr gksrs vkf.k jktdh; i+{k vkiyk usrk fuoMrks rsOgk ns’kkpk izeq[k jk”Vªirh fdok jkT;kpk izeq[k jkT;iky cgqer izkIr usR;kyk iz/kkuea=h fdok eq[;ea=h in cgky djrks vFkok ea=heaMGkps xBu >kY;kcjkscj ljdkjps xBu dsY;k tkrs ijarq tsOgk lHkkxgkpk fo/kkulHkk fuoM.kqdhr dks.kR;kgh i{kkyk cgqer izkIr >kys uOgrs f=’kadq fo/kkulHksph fLFkrh fuekZ.k gksrs jktdh;

i{kkpk vkf.k i{kusR;ke/;s xBc/kau izØh;k lq: gksrs xBca/ku ljdkj vls ljdkj vlrs T;ke/;s dehr deh nksu i{kkph Hkkxhnkjh vlrs-

Ekgkjk”Vªe/;s 21 vkWDVªkscajyk ernkukph izfØ;k iq.kZa >kY;kuarj egk;qrhyk cgqer izkIr >kys- ijarq 75 rs 80 VDds lRrk nsosnz QMof.kl ;kauh vkiY;k gkrkr Bsoyh 20 o”ksZ pkyysY;k lRrk foHkktukpk i/nrhr >kysyk rks ,d eksBk cny gksrk lRrsr dsoG 20 rs 25 VDds okVk feGr vlY;kus f’kolsuk lrr ikp o”ksZ /kqlQqlr gksrh gh ikp o”ksZ dksMqau /kqlQql] jkx] vieku lsusus ckgsj dk<yk 2019 fo/kkulHkk fuoM.kqdhuarj vMhp o”ksZ eqa[;ea=h inkph ekx.kh d:u cgqerkiklwu 40 lnL; la[;sus nqj vlysY;k Hkktikus ;k eq[;ea=h inkpk foHkktukpk izLrkokyk ekU;rk fnyh ukgh frFksp lRrspk f=Hkktukph fcts jksoyh xsyh

vMhp o”ksZ eq[;ea=h in ;k ekx.khlkBh vMwu clysY;k f’kolsuspk enrhyk 54 vkf.k 44 vkenkj vlysys jk”Vªoknh vkf.k dkWxzsl gs nksUgh i{k /kkowu vkys- lkscrhyk f’kolsuk 56 bFksp egkvk?kkMhyk lq:okr >kyh fuoM.kwdhr jkT;krhy ernkjkauh Hkkti lsusyk ;qrhyk Li”V cgqer fnys i.k f’kolsusyk oxGwu vi{kpk enrhus Hkkti cgqer fl/n d: ‘kd.kkj ukgh

vls la[;kcG fnys fudkypk fnolh fp= LIk”V >kys- fgp rh osG vkgs f’kolSfudkyk eq[;ea=h inh cl.;kph gs f’kolsusP;k y{kkr vkys- f’kolsusus Hkktiklh Qkjdr ?ks.;kph Hkk”kk lq: dsyh rjh Hkkti vk’kkoknh eq[;ea=h inkpk nkok f’kolsuk

lksMk;yk r;kj ukgh vkf.k Hkkti R;kapk gk gê iq.kZ dj;kyk r;kj ukgh eq[;ea=h in feGkY;kf’kok; ;qrh ukgh v’kh fuokZ.khph Hkk”kk f’kolsusus djk;yk lq:okr dsyh vkf.k jktdh; iVkojhy osxosxG;k i{kkP;k pkyh cnyq ykxY;k f’kolsuk usr`Rokus ‘kjn iokj ;kaP;k’kh laidZ lq: dsys Hkktike/;s pyfcpy lq: >kyh ijarq jk”Vªoknh vkf.k f’kolsuk ;sowu dk; Qjd iM.kkj vkgs- Eg.kqu dkWxzsl f’kok; ljdkj LFkkiu gksÅ ‘kdr ukgh vkf.k dkxzsl f’kolsusyk ikBhck ns.kkj ukgh v’kh Hkktikph Hkqfedk gksrh- iokj ;kauh lkÚ;k ifjflFkrhpk vankt ?ksryk Hkktikpk vk.k[kh tkp lkslk;pk ulsy rj R;kauk lRrsiklwu nqj Bso.;kph pkyqu vkysyh la/kh lk/k.ks dkxzsl usR;kauk iVowu lkax.ks ;kpkr ;’k feGkys- iq<s gGqgGq iokj ;kauh cnyR;k jktdkj.;kps lkjs lq=s vkiY;k gkrkr ?ksryh Hkktikyk lRrsiklwu nqj Bso.ks ;k ,dkp eqn;koj f’kolsuk] dkxzsl o jk”Vªoknh dkxzslyk ,d= vk.k.;kps Ik;Zar lq: >kys- iqFohjkt pkSOgku ;kauh Hkktikyk lRrsckgsj Bso.;kdjhrk f’kolsuscjkscj gkrfeGo.kh dj.ks dls vko’;d vkgs gs letkowu ?ks.;kpk

Ikz;Ru dsyk xsY;k ikp o”kkZr dkWxzslyk dls [kPphdj.k dj.;kr vkys gs fun’kZukr vk.kqu fnys iqFohjkt pkSOgku o v’kksd pkSOgku ;k nksu ekth eq[;ea«;kuh vuqdqy Hkqfedk ekaMyh- v[ksj Hkktikyk lRrsiklwu nqj Bso.;kdjhrk f’kolsus’kh gkrfeGo.kh dj.;kph gs fnYyhrhy usR;kapk ip.kh ikM.;kr ekth eq[;ea=h iqFohjkt pkSOgku ;kauk ;’k vkys fdeku leku dk;ZØekoj jk”Vªoknh vkf.k f’kolsuscjkscj ppkZ dj.;kl fnYyhus eatqjh fnyh-

egk;qrhe/;s eq[;ea=hinko:u okn lq: >kY;kuarj egk;qrh rqVyh R;kuarj ,dk jk”Vªh; i{kkyk ;k iqohZ dks.khgh d/khgh vkOgku fnys ulsy vls vkOgku egkjk”Vªke/;s ?kMys R;keqGs vusd ‘kD;rk fuekZ.k >kY;k ygku i{kkauh gk cny ?kMwu vk.kyk vkgs i.k gs dls ?kMys\ jktdkj.kkr pk.kD; ulrkr ts yksd nqjps ikgrkr- ckjhd gkypkyhoj y{k Bsorkr vkf.k ;ksX; osGh fu.kZ; ?ksrkr- rsp R;kosGps pk.kD; Bjrkr- dkj.k egkjk”Vªkrhy vuqHkoh jktdkj.;kauh gk cny ?kMowu vk.kyk- rlsp jktdkj.k gk usgehp ‘kD;rkapk [ksG vlrks i.k dkS’kY;iq.kZa QkVkQqVheqGs jktdkj.k rks ;kosGh v’kD;rspk [ksG >kyk vkgs-

Ekgkjk”Vªkr egkfodkl vk?kkMhpk ukokus fru i{k ,d= ;s.ks gs ladVkyk fue=a.k ns.kkjs B: ‘kdrs- ;koj d’kk fo’okl

Bsok;pk\ rsOgk ;kosGh QkVkQqV ?kMwu vk.k.kkÚ;kauk tkLrhr tkLr xq.k n;kyk gos ;k fBdk.kh ;’kkpk ea= Bjyk egkfodkl vk?kkMhus fuekZ.k dsysyk leku fdeku dk;ZØe-



jk”Vªh; pWusYloj ijLij fHkUu fopkjkaps yksd dls ,d=

vkgsr vkf.k R;kapkr d’kh QkVkQqV gks.kkj vkgs ;koj ppkZ ?kMwu vkY;k- T;k xks/kaGkrqu jk”Vªh; fru i{k ,d= vkys- R;krqu R;kauh jktdh; nq”V;k ,d= ;s.;kps egRo letk;yk gos- ,d= vkY;kus ,desdkauk letwu ?ks.;kph la/kh R;kauk feGkyh vkgs-

loksZPp U;k;ky;kaus egkjk”Vªkr ljdkj LFkkiu dj.;klkBh egRokph Hkqfedk ctkoysyh fnlwu ;srs- egkjk”Vªkr ljdkj LFkkiuse/;s tks fr<k fuekZ.k >kyk gksrk R;koj egkjk”Vªkr ljdkj LFkkiu gks.;klkBh egRoiw.kZ fudky fnyk R;keqGs egkjk”Vªkr yksd’kkgh ‘kklukph LFkkiuk gksÅ ‘kdyh vfydMpk dkGkrhy gh QkVkQqV mRd`”B O;oLFkkiupk /kMk f’kdowu xsyh- f’kolsuk] jk”Vªoknh dkaxzsl vkf.k dkaxzsl ;kauk iqUgk ,dnk fLFkjrk ykHkyh vkgs-

vkWxP;k vuqlkj] ^^vk?kkMh vFkok la;qDr ljdkj ,d vls lg;ksxh izca/kkps uko vkgs T;ke/;s fofHkUu jktdh; i{kkps lnL;

ljdkjkP;k xBu vFkok ea=heaMGP;k fufeZrhlkBh ,d= ;srkr-**

xBca/ku fdaok la;qDr ljdkje/;s jktdh; leqnk; vFkok i{kkaph vk?kkMh vLFk;h vkf.k dkgh fof’k”V dk;kZlkBh dsyh tkrs- jktdh; i{kkaP;k lgdk;kZps QyLo:I la;qDr ljdkjkph fufeZrh dsyh tkrs T;kaps ,dk leku jktdh; dk;ZØekoj ,der gksrs- lanHkZ %& 1- HkksGs] Hkk-y- ¼2007½ & Hkkjrh; lk’ku o jktdkj.k] fiiGkiqjs

izdk’ku] ukxiwj 2- tSu i[kjkt ,ao ch-,y- QkMh;k] ¼2011½ & Hkkjrh; ‘kklu o

jktfurh] lkfgR; Hkou U;q fnYyh- 3- vxzoky ts- lh- vkf.k ,u- ds- pkS/kjh] ¼1996½ bysD’ku bau bafM;k

1952-1996 flQzk iCyhds’ku fnYyh- 4- U;qt isij %& 1½ yksdlRrk 2½ yksder



?kudpjk o ?kudpÚ;kps O;oLFkkiu M‚- vYdk nq/kcqjs] ‘;kefd’kksj if’kus dyk] foKku o okf.kT; egkfo|ky; nklxkao@cqt- [email protected]

izLrkouk % izR;sd fno’kh ?kjk?kjkrqu] nqdkus] dk;kZy;s]

migkjx`gs] nok[kkus bR;knhae/kwu ckgsj iM.kkjk dpjk Eg.kts ‘kgjkaiq<s ,d vkokgu vkgs- yksdla[;k ok<] vkS|kSfxd fodkl] ukxfjdj.kkpk foLrkj ;krwu eksB;kizek.kkr Vkdkow inkFkZ] fo”kkjh jlk;us] dpjk mRiUUk gksrks- la;qDr jk”Vª vesfjdklkj[;k fodflr ns’kkr ‘kgjh Vkdkow ?kuinkFkkZps izek.k njo”khZ 4-34 dksVh Vu vkgs- laiw.kZ ns’kkae/;s mi;ksxkuarj 100 xz‚e rs 600 xz‚e izrh O;Drh dpjk o Vkdkow inkFkZ ,dkfno’kh mRiUUk gksrks] Eg.ktsp egkuxjkae/;s ,dkfno’kh 2000 Vu dpjk mRiUUk gksrks- fnYYkh 4800 Vu] eqacÃ 9000 Vu izrh fno’kh dpjk fuekZ.k gksrks- fu;a=.k o egkys[kkifj{kd losZ{k.kuqlkj njo”khZ 7-2 eSfVªd Vu vkS|ksfxd dpjk] 4 yk[k eSfVªd Vu bysDVªkWfud dpjk] 1-7 eSfVªd Vu esfMdy dpjk] 1-5 eSfVªd Vu IykfLVd dpjk] 4-8 eSfVªd Vu uxjfuxe dpjk fuekZ.k gksrks- R;krhy ‘kgjh dpÚ;kr 30 rs 35 VDds tSfod dpjk vlrks- R;kiklwu [kkn iqu%fuehZrh [kr] xWl o fo|qwr fuehZrh djrk ;s.ks ‘kD; vkgs-

?ku dpÚ;kph O;k[;k % Vkdkow inkFkZ ts fd mi;ksxkuarj

Qsd.;kr ;s.kkÚ;k fdaok mi;ksxkr ul.kkÚ;k inkFkkZps vo’ks”k fdaok inkFkZ tls fd] dkxn] ikWWfyfFku] jcj] dkp] vU; dpjk ¼vksyk o lqdk dpjk½ gks;-

?ku dpÚ;kps izdkj%

o vksykdpjk % ikykikpksGk] HkkthikY;kpk dpjk] QGQqykapk dpjk] ykdMkpk Hkqlk] u[ks] [kjdVs vUUk] gkMs] ekal] ek’kkaps dkVs- ukjG] ‘kgkGs] djoaVîkk bR;knh-

o dksjMk dpjk % dkxn] iqÎk] IykfLVd] /kkrq] dkiM] fPka/;k] jsfX÷ku] FkekZdksy] jcj] dkp Ã&dpjk bR;knh-

o ?kkrd dpjk %lq;k] fljht] tquh vkS”k/ks] Mk;ilZ]

LkWfuVjh IkWM] dkiwl] cWVjh lsYl] jlk;us] rqVysys cYc] VîqcykÃVl] fdVduk’kds] tarwuk’kds bR;knhs-

o dpÚ;kps miizdkj % jaxhr iksLVlZ] lk/ks dkxn] iqÎk] flxkjsV] lkc.k] lkSn;Z izlk/kukaph os”Vu] iqLrds] ekflds] orZekui=s isij di] IysVl~ bR;knh-

o IykfLVd dpjk % nq/k vkf.k rsykP;k fi’kO;k]

ik.;kP;k CkkVY;k] ukW;ykWu cz’k] ok;lZ] batsD’ku f’kfjat] Xyqdkst ckWVYl] di c’kk] ?kjxqrh okijkP;k daqMîkk] isu] fjfQYl-

1- dqt.kkjs inkFkZ % ikykikpksGk] HkkthikY;kpk mjysyk va’k] Lo;aikdkrhy Vkdysys inkFkZ] tukaojkaph fo”Bk] esysys izk.kh] ykdwM bR;knh-

2- u dqt.kkjs inkFkZ %

o izfd;k’khy% IykfLVd] dkxn] dkp] diMk] Ykks[akM] jcj bR;knh oLrw ;srkr-

o vizfd;k’khy% FkekZdkWy] VsVªkiWd] ik.;kP;k ckWVYl bR;knh oLrw ;srkr-

?kudpÚ;kps ifj.kke % Ik;kZoj.k iznw”k.k LokLF;] LFkyh; thoukcjkscjp tyh; thou o Hkweh ;k ?kVdkaoj foijhr ifj.kke gksrks- i;kZoj.k iznq”k.kkr fnolsafnol ok< gksr vkgs- gs vlpa

pkyra jkfgY;kl lftokaP;k vfLrRokoj eksBs ladV vks<ys tkÃy- nok[kkU;krhy o vkliklP;k ifjljkrhy ?kkrd Lo:ikpk dpjk ¼vo;o] ey&eq=] jDr] lw;k] cWUMst b-½ fnolsafnol iMwu jkfgY;kl R;kP;k laidkZrhy yksdkaoj nq”ifj.kkekauk lkeksjs tkos ykxrs- ikWfyfFku fdaok IykLVhd gs dsoG mi;ksx o okijkvarh iznq”k.k iljfo.kkjs oLrw ulwu] R;k r;kj gks.kkÚ;k dkj[kk.;krhy etwj o vkliklpk ifjlj ;kdfjrk ?kkrd Bjhr vkgs-dkj[kk.;kr dke dj.kkÚ;k etqjkauk peZjksx] ‘olukps vktkj] ;dr] QsQMs o Ropk dWUlj ;klkj[ks Hk;kud jksxkacjkscjp laiw.kZ Ik;kZoj.kkdfjrk rs /kksdknk;d fl/n >kys vkgs- ?kudpÚ;kewGs tfeuhoj ,d n`< vkPNknu fuekZ.k gksrs- R;kewGs ik.;kpk fupjk gksr ukgh- izR;{k tfeuhoj iksgp.;klkBh vojks/k fuekZ.k gksrks- ;kewGs ensph izr [kkykors- iznq”k.kkr vf/kd ok< gksmu tfeuhph mRiknu {kerk deh gksr tkrs o iks”k.keqY; u”V gksrs R;keqGs ifjLFkhrhdh ;a=.ksyk /kksdk fuekZ.k gksrks- ?kkrdinkFkZ] dqt.kkjh ?kVdnzO;s tehuhr f>jiwu Hkwfexr tyiznqf”kr gksrs- ?kudpÚ;kP;k dwt.;kewGs nqxZa/kh il:u gok iznq”khr gksrs- ?kudpÚ;kP;k laxzg.kkewGs ’olukps] ?k’kkps] QqQqlkps jksx] nek] {k;] bR;knh jksxkauk fuea=.k feGrs- vktkj o jksxjkÃps izek.k ok<r vkgs-

?kudpÚ;kps O;oLFkkiu % fofo/k ‘kgjkae/;s dpÚ;kps izek.k osxosxGs vlw ‘kdrs] R;kuqlkj R;k R;k Bhdk.kpk dpjk O;oLFkkiukckcr ;ksX; R;k i)rh la;qDri.ks voyacrk ;srkr- ?kudpÚ;kps ifj.kkedkjd O;oLFkkiu rhu rRRokaoj voyacwu vkgs- m?kMîkkoj dpjk Vkd.;kP;k tksf[ke letwu ?ksÅu lektkl o Ik;kZoj.kkl fgrdkjd vlysys /kksj.k Bjowu rs izR;sd ‘kgjkr jkcfo.ks vko’;d vkgs-

deh okij dj.ks % Qsd.;ktksxs lkfgR; okij.;kis{kk dk;eLo:ih okij.;kr ;s.kkÚ;k oLrwapk okij dsY;kl Vkdkow oLrwaph fuehZrh deh gksÃy-

iquokZij dj.ks % Vkdkow inkFkZ vusd izdkjkauh okijrk ;srkr- twus IykfLVd] /kkrwaps MCCks] ckWVYl] cj.;k iqUgk okijkewGs vfo?kVuf’ky ?kudpÚ;kps izek.k deh gksÃy-



pØhdj.k dj.ks@iquizfØ;k% yks[kaM fdaok /kkrw iklwu oLrw cuork ;srkr-

O;oLFkkiukph mfnn~”Vs % o ?kudpjk gh vkiRRkh letqu frps ?kkrd ifj.kke

jks[k.;klkBh fdaok rs ifj.kke deh dj.;klkBh mik; ‘kks/k.ks- o ?kudpjk fuehZrh deh dj.ks] ?kudpÚ;kpk iquZokij

rlsp R;koj laLdj.k d:u iquZ%okij{ke dj.;kps ra= ‘kks/k.ks- o ;ksX; lqjf{kr lkBo.k] fouh;ksx o foYgsokV dj.ks gh

mfnn~”Vs vkgsr- ?kudpjk O;oLFkkiukrhy fØz;k @i)rh% ?kudpÚ;kps O;oLFkkiu dj.;klkBh ?kudpÚ;kph oxZokjh

dsyh ikfgts- R;kuqlkj ?kudpjk osxGk dj.ks egRRokps vkgs- ?kudpÚ;kph foYgsOkkV dj.;klkBh osxosxGîkk jax vl.kkÚ;k dqaMîkakpk okij dsyk tkÅ ‘kdrks- Lakxzg % dpjkdqaMh] dpjkisVh] laxzg.k VªkWyh] gkFkBsyk ;kapkokij

Ikak<jk % iwUgk okijrk ;s.;ktksxk dpjk- fgjok % dqt.kkjk fdaok vksyk dpjk- dkGk % u dqt.kkjk fdaok lqdk dpjk-

fuLrkj.k% can isVhpk okij d:u fUk/kkZfjr fBdk.kh ?kuinkFkkZpk fUkiVkjk djkok- transfer station garbage grinder ;k}kjs ?kudpjk filwu R;kps izek.k deh dsys tkrs- pneumatic pipes; }kjs Hkwfexr ykbu }kjk ?kudpÚ;kph foYgsOkkV ykoyh tkrs- fodlhr ns’kkr ;k iz.kkyhpk eksB;k izek.kkoj mi;ksx dsyk tkrks-

fuiVkjk %

i`FFkdj.k % dkp] isij] iqÎk] /kkrw] ykdMh oLrw ;kauk NkVwu iwupZØ.k] jÌh dkxnkiklwu dkxn] yks[kaMkiklwu LVhy] ,Y;wfuve] IykfLVd iklwu IykfLVd v’kkizdkjs mi;ksx i`FFkdj.kkr dsyk tkrks-

[kìsHkj.ks % Lakxzg.k dsY;kuarj dpjk [kì;kar Hkjyk tkÅu lq{eftokadMwu fo?kVUk gksÅu vkWDlkbM] feFksu] veksfu;k vkEy curs o R;kuarj tsSfod izfd;suarj cqYMkstjpk okij d:u Hkjys tkrs-

[kqyk HkaMkj% ’kgjkiklqu nwj [kqY;k tfeuhoj dpjk Vkdyk tkrks-

[kr r;kj dj.ks% fo?kVu gks.kkÚ;k ?kudpÚ;kyk tfeuhr xkMwu] R;kyk lMowu] xyowu mRRke [kr r;kj dsyk tkrks- 27 gtkj djksM :Ik;kps [kr fuekZ.k gks.kkj ,o<k dpjk ,dV;k Hkkjrkr vkgs-

HkLehdj.k % nguHkÎh}kjs dpÚ;kps tG.k d:u iznw”k.k deh dsys tkrs- flesaV foVkaphgh HkÎh cuoyh tkrs- lanHkZ xzaFk lqph %& Ik;kZoj.k foKku & MkW- foTk; dqekj frokjh dpjk O;oLFkkiu & lkS- fueZyk dkanGxokdj dpjk O;oLFkkiu & MkW- ‘kke v”Vsdj



tkxfrdhdj.kkpk Hkkjrh; ;qodkaP;k thou'kSyhoj >kysyk çHkko izk- fouksn ,l- 'ksaMs] lekt'kkL= foHkkx çeq[k] ,p- ch- Vh- vkVZl~ vW.M dkWelZ dkWyst] ukxiwj

lkjka'k % ,dks.kfolkO;k 'krdkuarj tkxfrdhdj.kkyk çkjaHk

>kY;kuarj vfodlu'khy ns'kkrhy fo'ks"kd#u Hkkjrh; lektkrhy ;qodkaP;k thou'kSyhoj lokZr tkLr ifj.kke >kY;kps vk<Gwu ;srs- folkO;k 'krdkr Hkkjrkrhy ifjfLFkrhpk vk<kok ?ksrY;kl cgqla[; çek.kkr ra=Kkuke/;s cny >kY;kps fun'kZukl ;srs- ijarq ;qodkaleksj vusd vkOgkus fuekZ.k >kyh vkgsr- ;k çfØ;sr ,d fof'k"V çdkjph vlekursph njh fuekZ.k gksr vkgs- fodflr ns’kkapk lgHkkx tkxfrdhdj.kkP;k çfØ;sr tkLr çek.kkr vlY;keqGs ik’pkR; ns’kkph laLÑrh] O;olk;] thou’kSyhr ldkjkRed vkf.k udkjkRed cny >kY;keqGs lektke/;s la?k"kZ fuekZ.k gksr vkgs-

Hkkjr gk cgqlkaLÑfrd ns'k vlY;keqGs tkxfrdhdj.kkP;k çfØ;sr vusd lkaLÑfrd iSywae/;s cny >kyk vkgs- txkrhy lokZr tkLr ;qod Eg.kwu Hkkjrke/;s vlwu vkf.k R;kpk fopkj HkkaMoy'kkghP;k n`f"Vdksukrwu vkiY;k ns'kkdMs cf?krys tkrs- vk/kqfud dkGkr uouohu ra=Kkukpk okij lokZr tkLr dsY;k tkr vkgs- ;qodkauh ;kpk ;ksX; mi;ksx dsY;kl vkf.k çR;{k

mRiknu u djrkgh vkiyk fodkl lk/; djrk ;srs- Hkkjrkrhy lfpu o fcUuh caly ;kauh f¶yidkVZ vkf.k vesfjdsrhy okWyekVZ ;kaP;krhy O;ogkjkrwu cktkjewY;kae/;s foØep dsyk vkgs- gk ,d lans'k ;qodkaleksj fnyk vkgs- tkxfrdhdj.kkr ;qodkaP;k ,dw.kp thou'kSyhoj cny gksr vkgs tls cksypky] isgjko] ds'kjpuk] laxhr] f'k{k.k] fookglaLFkk] dkSVqafcd fi<îkkae/khy la?k"kZ] lkaLÑfrd ckchaoj ifj.kke gksr vkgs- ;qodkauk lkaLÑfrd thou txrkauk ijaijkxr eqY;s VkG.ks vkf.k tkxfrdhdj.kkP;k ek/;ekrwu milaLÑrh fuekZ.k gksr vkgs- laLÑrhrwu milaLÑrh fuekZ.k djhr vlrkauk fopyukps O;ogkj tkLr çek.kkr vk<Gwu ;sr vkgs-

çLrkouk% txkrhy ekuoh lektkyk ,df=r vk.k.;kps lokZr egÙokps dk;Z tkxfrdhdj.kkP;k ek/;ekrwu dsys vkgs- tkxfrdhdj.kkpk Hkkjrh; lektO;oLFksoj tlk pkaxyk ifj.kke >kyk vkgs- rlkp okbZVgh >kY;kps fnlwu ;srs- Hkkjrh; lektke/khy lkaLÑfrd] vkfFkZd] 'kS{kf.kd] /kkfeZd] jktdh; vkf.k lkekftd thoukP;k iSywaoj ifj.kke ?kMwu vkysyk vkgs- y{k dsafnzr vl.kkÚ;k lanHkkZr LFkkfud] jkT;] jk"Vª] vkarjjk"Vªh; vkf.k lkekftd loZ Lrjkaoj cny gksr vlY;kps vk<Gwu ;sr vkgs- fo'ks"k d#u r#.k oxkZP;k thouekukoj çHkkfor >kysys

vkgs- ekfgrh ra=KkukP;k ØkarheqGs yskdkaP;k thoukpk lkaLÑfrd vkÑfrca/k cnyr vlwu vesfjdsr diMs] pk;uht vUu] Ýsap fOgLdh] bafXy'k ikWi laxhr ;kckchpk eksBîkk çek.kkr ifj.kke gksr pkyyk vkgs-

;qod gk çR;sd ns'kkpk uOgs rj txkpk usr`Ro dj.kkjk vlwu R;kaP;koj tkxfrdhdj.kkpk d'kkçdkjpk çHkko iMrks gs tk.kwu ?ks.ks vko';d vkgs- lkekftd vkf.k lkaLÑfrd cnykaps fo'ys"k.k dj.ks] ;qodkaleksj dks.krh vkOgkus fuekZ.k >kyh vkgsr ;kpk fpfdRld v/;;u dj.ks R;kpçek.ks tkxfrdhdj.kkph fufeZrh d'kh >kyh vkgs R;k lanHkkZr fofo/k fopkjoarkuh dsysY;k ladYiukpk vkf.k ifjHkk"kkpk vk<kok ?ks.ks-

tkxfrdhdj.kkph çfØ;k % tkxfrdhdj.kkph mRiÙkh vk/kqfud dkGkr fodflr ns'kkauh lqO;oLFkk] 'kkarrk fodkl vkf.k ekuorkoknhps /kksj.k fLodkjY;keqGs fuekZ.k >kyh vkgs- gk [kjk fopkj nqlÚ;k egk;q/nkpk var >kY;kuarj dsyk xsyk vkgs- tkxfrdhdj.k gh vR;ar tVhy vkf.k ekuoh thoukP;k fofo/k iSywa'kh lacaf/kr vl.kkjh v'kh çfØ;k vkgs- lekt'kkL=K vWUFkuh fxfMUl ¼1999½ ;kauh txkrhy fofo/k yksdkae/;s vkf.k {ks=ke/;s ok<r vl.kkjh ikjLikfjdrk vkf.k ijLijfuHkZjrk Eg.kts tkxfrdhdj.k gks;- gh ikjLikfjdrk vkfFkZd vkf.k lkekftd laca/kkrhy rlsp LFkG dkGkrhy varj feVowu Vkdrs- ,u okVlZ

¼2001½ ;kauh lkekftd vkf.k lkaLÑfrd O;oLFksojhy HkkSxksfyd e;kZnk deh gksrs vkf.k yskd vf/kd tkx#d gksr vlrkr vls er R;kauh ekaMys vkgs- tkxfrdhdj.kkP;k ifjHkk"kso#u lkekftd cnykaP;k çfØ;srwu lektkrhy HksnHkko deh gksÅu rlsp LFkkfud vkf.k tkxfrd Lrjkoj ,df=r >kys vkgsr- tkxfrdhdj.kkl HkkaMoy'kkgh txkP;k ç.kkyhe/;s ifjorZu dj.;kph çfØ;k Eg.kwugh ikfgys tkrs- ;keqGs tks lajpukRed vkf.k oSpkfjd ço`Ùkhe/;s cny gks.;kl enr gksrs- rlsp la;qDr jk"Vªla?kkP;k vkfFkZd vkf.k lkekftd vk;ksxkP;k ers] oLrw] HkkaMoy] lsok vkf.k Je ;kapk çokg lqyHk dj.;klkBh jk"VªkaP;k lhekae/khy vMFkGs dk<wu Vkd.ks vFkok deh dj.ks Eg.kts tkxfrdhdj.k gks;- txkP;k loZ iSywaoj vkiY;k dYiuk] oLrw lkekftd laca/k vkf.k lokZr egÙokP;k la?k"kkZe/khy ,dkp vkf.k fujarj gks.kkÚ;k ifj.kkekpk lekos'k dsyk tkrks- vkfFkZd n`"Vhdksukrwu R;ke/;s fons'kh FksV xqaro.kwd dj.ks] O;kikj] HkkaMoykpk çokg] çokl vkf.k ra=Kku ;kapk çpkj&çlkjkP;k ek/;ekrwu jk"Vªh; vFkZO;oLFksyk vkarjjk"Vªh; vFkZO;oLFkslkBh eqDr dsys vkgs- xhyihu ;kauh çHkqRo'kkyh jk"Vªkauh fodlu'khy jk"Vªkaoj vkiyh vFkZO;oLFkk vkf.k laLÑrh ykn.;kpk dsysyk ç;Ru Eg.kts tkxfrdhdj.k gks; vls EgVys vkgs- FkkWel ,y- QsMeWfMfOgy

;kauh tkxfrdhdj.kkyk rhu dky[kaMkr foHkktu dsys vkgs- R;kauh 1492 rs 1800 ;k dkyko/khr fofHkUu ns'kkapk tkxfrdhdj.kkr varHkkZo dj.ks] lu 1800 rs 2000 n'kdkr osxosxGîkk çdkjP;k m|ksxkpk lekos'k dj.ks vkf.k 2000 rs



vktrkxk;r vusd O;Drhapk tkxfrdhdj.kkP;k çfØ;sr vk/kqfud

dkGkr vksG[k d#u ns.ks- tkxfrdhdj.kkP;k çfØ;se/;s Hkkjrkus 1990 iklwu lq#okr

dsyh vkgs- ekxhy ohl o"kkZr ;k çfØ;seqGs Hkkjrkrhy ik;kHkwr lajpuk] m|ksx O;olk;] lsok {ks=kr fodkl >kyk vkgs- ekfgrh ra=Kku vkf.k nwjlapkjkr tkLr çek.kkr fodkl >kyk vkgs- FkksMîkk çek.kkr thouekukpk ntkZ mapkoyk vlwu xjhch o Jhearh e/;s rQkor fuekZ.k gksÅu vlekurk ok<yh vkgs- R;keqGs R;kpk okbZV ifj.kke lektkrhy oafpr vkf.k misf{kr ?kVdkaoj tkLr çek.kkoj >kyk vkgs- HkkSfrdn`"Vîkk cnykaP;k dkj.kkeqGs la;qDr dqVqac i/nrh] lektkrhy thou tx.;kP;k 'kSyh] #<h ijaijk ;kapkgh yqIr gksr vlY;kus vusd lkekftd leL;k ns[khy fuekZ.k >kY;k vkgsr-

tkxfrdhdj.kkph fufeZrh dj.;klkBh fofo/k rTK fopkjoarkuh çknsf'kd foLrkj dj.;kps egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fnys vkgs- FkksMD;kr tkxfrdhdj.k gh tkxfrd Lrjkojhy fofo/k yksd] jk"Vªs vkf.k lekt ;kaP;krhy vkfFkZd] lkekftd] 'kS{kf.kd] jktdh;] lkaLÑfrd laca/kkph fo'o xzke ¼Global Village½ Eg.kwu eWdyqgu ¼1968½ ;kauh ekaMysyh ladYiuk vlwu T;kyk tkxfrd O;oLFkk fuekZ.k dj.kkjh çfØ;k EgVys vkgs-

;qod % #<h ijaijkP;k n`f"Vdksukrwu ikSaxMkoLFksiklwu rs e/;e oxkZi;±rP;k dkGkyk ;qod Eg.kwu vksG[kyk tkrks- ;qodkae/;s tks'k] mRlkg] lkgl vkf.k thou'kSyhr vlysyh fHkUurk vk<Gwu ;srs- R;kaP;k n`f"Vdks.kke/;s fLFkjrk ulwu yofpdrk vlrs- o;ksxVkP;k oSf'k"Vîkkao#u ;qodkph ifjHkk"kk fuf'pr dsyh vkgs- la;qDr jk"Vª] la?kkP;k jk"Vªh; ;qod /kksj.kkuqlkj 2003 e/;s ;qodkauk 15 rs 35 o"ksZ o;ksxVkrhy vlY;kps uewn dsys vkgs- tkxfrd yksdla[;sP;k vgokyko#u Hkkjrkrhy ;qodkaph la[;k 35-6 dksVh] phu e/khy ;qodkaph la[;k 26-9 dksVh vkgs- R;kuarj [kkyhy baMksusf'k;ke/;s 6-7 dksVh rj vesfjdsrhy ;qodkaph la[;k 6-5 dksVh vkgs- ;ko#u gs Li"V gksrs dh] txkrhy brj ns'kkais{kk r#.kkaph la[;k lokZr tkLr Hkkjrke/;s vkgs- vkiY;k ns'kkph le`/nh dj.;kps dk;Z ;qodkaP;k xq.k dkS'kY;s] lqn`< vkjksX;] fu.kZ;{kerk vkf.k orZeku ifjfLFkrhr okLrfodrk fuoM.;kph {kerk T;k ;qodkae/;s vlrs rsp ns'kkyk mTToy Hkfo"; fuekZ.k d# 'kdrkr- mijksDr ifjfLFkrh fuekZ.k dj.;klkBh eqyHkwr xjtk] f'k{k.k] lqj{kk] vkjksX;] jkstxkj] miyC/k d#u ns.ks vko';d vkgs- ;qod gkp R;k ns'kkph eksBh laiÙkh vkf.k 'kDrh EgVys tkrs-

;qodkaph laLÑrh vkf.k thou'kSyhoj çHkko % ;qodkaP;k

voLFksyk eq[;r% vk/kqfud vkS|ksfxd lektkph ,d fof'k"V ?kVuk Eg.kwu lacks/kys tkrs- nqlÚ;k tkxfrd egk;q/nkuarj lokZr tkLr ;qodkaoj y{k dsanzhr dsys] dkj.k tVhy lektkP;k fodklkdfjrk vusd vkOgkus fuekZ.k >kyh gksrh- ;keqGs vk/kqfud vkS|ksfxd lektke/;s lokZf/kd ;qodkph ,d leL;k Eg.kwu

cf?krY;k xsys vkgs- ;ke/;s ;qodkaP;k vkjksX;kpk fo'ks"k

lkekftd vuqdwyu dj.ks vko';d okVk;yk ykxys- tkxfrdhdj.kkP;k çfØ;se/;s ;qodkP;k lkekftd Js.khe/;s vkiyh thou'kSyh] [kku&iku] os'kHkq"kk] ds'kHkw"kk] vfHkoknukps çdkj] f'k"Vkpkj] cksypky vkf.k O;ogkjkP;k osxGsi.kkph vksG[k fuekZ.k gksr vlY;kps vk<Gwu ;sr vkgs-

tkxfrdhdj.kkpk lektkrhy lkekftd] vkfFkZd] jktdh;] /kkfeZd vkf.k f'k{k.k çfØ;soj Qkj eksBk çHkko >kysyk vkgs- txkrhy loZp lektkrhy laLÑrhoj ns[khy ;kpk ifj.kke >kysyk vkgs- dsohu jkschUlP;k ers] ;k çfØ;seqGs ekuoh laLÑrhoj Qkj eksBk ifj.kke >kyk vkgs- vkfFkZd O;ogkjklkscrp lkaLÑfrd #ikarj.kgh fuekZ.k >kys vkgs- Hkkjrh; lektkrhy ;qodkaP;k laLÑrhoj ik'pkR; ns'kkapk çHkko iMysyk vkgs-

lok±uk Lokra«; feGk;yk ikfgts Eg.kwu tkxfrd Lrjkoj lektkrhy ewY;s ekU; dsys vkgs- Hkkjrkyk Lokra«; feG.;kiwohZ lok±uk lkj[kk vf/kdkj çkIr >kysyk uOgrk- ijarq Lokra«;kuarj lafo/kkukP;k ek/;ekrwu lok±uk Lokra«; gk eqyHkwr gDd ekuys vkgs- tkxfrdhdj.kkP;k çfØ;sr O;Drhyk vkiyk fodkl dj.;klkBh txkr dqBsgh tk.;kps Lokra«; fnY;k xsys vkgs- lkscrp rks O;Drh vkiys er erkarjs] f'k{k.k] O;olk;] ukSdjh

vkf.k okLrO; dj.;kps vf/kdkj fnysys vkgs- ijns'kkr tk.;klkBh lgti.ks ikliksVZ vkf.k fOglk lanHkkZr vl.kkjs fu;e f'kfFky d#u ljG lksih i/nrh dsyh vkgs-

laLÑrhrwu ;qodkaph ,d fof'k"V çdkjph osxGh milaLÑrh fuekZ.k dsyh tkrs- T;kps çn'kZu laxhr] QW'ku] thou'kSyh bR;knhP;k ek/;ekrwu dsafnzr dsyh vkgs- ;kçdkjP;k dk;kZyk R;kauk vR;ar vkuan vkf.k vkjke okV.kkjh laLÑrh Eg.kwu vis{kk dsyh tkrs] gh i/nrh lewgke/;s eq[; vkoM vl.kkÚ;k 'kSyhP;k i/nrhe/;s #ikarj gksrs- dqVqackrhy laLÑrh vkf.k fu;ekuqlkj ;qodkauh O;ogkj djkok v'kh vis{kk vlrs- ijarq eqykauk rs eqGhp vkoMr ulrs] R;kaP;koj tkLr ca/kus yknyh vkgsr vls eqykauk okVrs- R;keqGs ;qodkadMwu fopyu vkf.k fonzksg fuekZ.k gksrks-

tkxfrdhdj.kkP;k çfØ;sr O;DrhP;k fodklkyk loksZÙke çk/kkU; o iqjLdkj rFkk çksRlkgu fnys tkrs- ;k fodklkP;k çfØ;se/;s dq.khgh vMFkGk fuekZ.k dsY;kl R;kps fujlu dsys tkrs- v'kkçdkjP;k O;Drh Lokra«;kpk tkxfrdhdj.kkP;k çfØ;sph lq#okr dj.;kiwohZp gh ewY;s vfLrRokr vlY;kps gcZV LisUlj ;kauh Li"V dsys vkgsr- O;fDrLokra«;oknkP;k fopkjlj.khyk O;DrhP;k fgrkykp tkLr çk/kkU; fnys tkrs-

çR;sd O;Drhyk vR;ar tkLr çek.kkr fgr çkIr dj.ks vls O;Drhokn ekU; djrks-

;k çfØ;se/;s HkkaMoy'kkghps tkLr egÙo fnys vkgs- ;kr xzkgdkyk nSor ekuys tkrs- Eg.kwu R;kauk oLrw vkf.k lsokaph foØh d#u R;kpk lokZr tkLr miHkksx ?ksryk ikfgts gs R;kaps



/;s ; vlrs- lq[k o pSuhP;k oLrwyk ço`Ùk vkf.k çk/kkU; fnys

tkr vkgs- vusdkauh vkiY;k oLrwapk okij dsyk ikfgts Eg.kwu osxosxGîkk çdkjP;k uouohu LdheP;k tkfgjkrhpk çpkj vkf.k çlkj dsyk tkrks- R;k mRiknukpk xzkgdkaoj vFkok yksdkaoj cGtcjh dsyh tkrs- tls dh] ^,doj ,d Ýh* ;kph xjt ulrkaukgh R;k oLrwyk çk/kkU; fnY;k tkrs- dtZ dk<wu pSuhpk okij dsY;kph ekufldrk r;kj >kyh vkgs-

txkrhy lewg ,desdka'kh laidkZr ;srkr- rsOgk R;akP;k fo'ks"k vl.kkÚ;k laLÑrhpk çHkko brjkaoj gksrks- v'kk ifjfLFkrhr çR;sd lewgkrhy laLÑrhP;k ?kVdkrhy rÙos nqlÚ;kaP;k lewgkr vFkok lektkr gLrkarjhr gksrks- Hkkjrke/;s vl.kkjh laLÑrh tsOgk ik'pkR; ns'kkaP;k laidkZr vkys rsOgk R;kaP;k laLÑrhpk ifj.kke vkiY;k lektkoj ns[khy >kY;kps fun'kZukl ;srs- dkykarjkus ik'pkR; laLÑrh Hkkjrh;kaP;k thoukrhy ,d egÙokpk Hkkx cuyk vkgs- tls dh] iq#"k o fL=;kaP;k dsl jpuk] tso.k dj.;kP;k i/nrhe/khy cny Eg.ktsp Mk;fuax Vscyoj clwu dkVîkkpeP;kauh tso.k dj.ks] vaeyh inkFkk±e/;s /kqeziku vkf.k e|iku lsou dj.;kyk fuf"k/n u eku.ks] L=h iq#"kkauh lkoZtfud fBdk.kh u`R; dj.ks vFkok f'k"Vkpkjke/khy vkfyaxu ns.ks bR;knh ik'pkR; yksdkaP;k lkaLÑfrd ?kVdrÙos

vuqdj.k dj.;kP;k ;k çfØ;syk ,e-,u- Jhfuokl ;kauh ikf'pekR;hdj.k vls EgVys vkgs- çR;sd lektkrhy thou txr vlrkauk i;kZoj.kkuqlkj vuqdwy vl.kkÚ;k xks"Vhaps vkpj.k dj.ks gs lektkP;k eqY;kuqlkj ;ksX; ekuys tkrs- T;k çns'kke/;s m".kdfVca/k vlsy rj R;k yksdkauk lqrh diMs okij.ks vkf.k FkaM çns'kkrhy okrkoj.kkr vl.kkÚ;kauk yksdjh diMîkkapk okij dj.ks vR;ar fgrdkjd vlrs- R;kpçek.ks [kk.;kfi.;kP;k lo;h rFkk O;ogkj i;kZoj.kk'kh tqM.kkjs vlys ikfgts- v'kkçdkjph çR;sd lektkph Lor%ph eqY;s Bjysys vlrkr- ijarq tkxfrdhdj.kkP;k çfØ;sr R;kaP;koj [kÚ;k vFkkZus ;qok fi<hoj fuekZ.k gksr vkgs- okbZV lo;haeqGs R;kaP;k ekufldrsoj vkf.k R;kaP;k vkjksX;koj ns[khy xaHkhj ifj.kke fuekZ.k gksr ykxY;k vkgsr- T;kyk xjt ukgh v'kkçdkjP;k tls FkaM is;s] vkbZlfØe bR;knh loZp _rwae/;s miyC/k d#u fnyh vkgsr- fo'ks"kd#u r#.k fi<hoj çkeq[;kus tkLr okbZV ifj.kke gksr vlY;kps vk<Gwu ;sr vkgs-

eWdMksukYM ;k ik'pkR; cgqjk"Vªh; daiuhps QkLVQqM miyC/k d#u fnys vkgsr- gh ,d çdkjph QW'kup Eg.kwu yksdfç; gksr pkyyh vkgs- ;keqGs th ijaijkxr [kk|inkFkkZph fufeZrh deh gksÅu ekxs iMyh vkgsr- [kkuikuklkscrp diMîkkae/;s tls thUl] Vh&'kVZ] cjeqMk] çoklh cWXl] fof'k"V [ksGkpk iks'kk[k

cqV vkf.k lkfgR; gh lokZr tkLr vkiY;k ns'kkae/;s okijY;k

tkr vkgsr- fcx ckWl lkj[;k vusd pWuYloj v’yhy çn’kZu

dj.ks rlsp baVjusVoj iksuZ ps çn’kZu lektkP;k vkpj.k dj.;kP;k fo#/n vkgs- HkkjrkP;k loksZPp U;k;ky;kus ;kSu&v’yhy lkfgR;kauk çfrca/khr djk;yk lkafxrys gksrs i.k feMh;k oj vusd çfrca/k iw.kZi.ks dsysys ukgh- ;k lok±pk okij dj.;klkBh tkfgjkrhP;k ek/;ekrwu ;qodkaP;k ekufldrsoj fcacfoY;k tkr vkgs- v'kkçdkjP;k oLrwpk okij dsY;kl LFkkfud i;kZoj.kka'kh folaxr fuekZ.k gksr vlY;keqGs vkjksX;kl Qkj ?kkrd ifj.kke fuekZ.k gksÅ 'kdrkr ^dGrs i.k oGr ukgh* v’kkçdkjps vusdkauk tk.kho ulY;kps vk<Gwu ;srs-

;qodkaP;k ;k fi<hoj ifj.kke >kY;keqGs Hkkjrkrhy fookg] dqVqaaac] f'k{k.k] /keZ bR;knhaoj cny >kY;kps y{kkr ;sr vkgs- r#.kkauk dfjvjlkBh vfookghr jkg.ks] fookg] mf'kjk dj.ks] fookg u djrkp ;qok&;qorhauh ,d= jkg.ks T;kyk Live in relationship vls EgVys tkrs- dkgh FkksMîkkFkksMîkk'kk dkj.kko#u ?kVLQksV ?ks.ks] lefyaxh laca/k Bso.ks vkf.k R;kyk ekU;rk ns.ks] fookgkuarj eqykauk tUe gksÅ u ns.ks] foHkDr dqVqac fuekZ.k dj.ks] vkbZofMykadMs nqyZ{k dj.ks Eg.kwup vusd o`/nkauk o`/nkJekr jkgkos ykxr vlY;kps fun’kZukl ;sr vkgs-

lanHkZ 1- vkgqtk] jke ¼2016½% lkekftd leL;k,] jkor

ifCyds'kUl] t;iwj] i-Ø-279&284 2- jkor] gfjÑ".k ¼2012½ % lekt'kkL= fo'odks"k] jkor

ifCyds'kUl] t;iwj] i-Ø-151&152 3- HkkxZo] ujs'k ¼2014½] oS'ohdj.k% lekt'kkL=h; ifjçs{;]

jkor ifCyds'kUl] ubZ fnYyh] i`-Ø- 4- Youth in India (2017), Central Statistics Office,

Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Govt. of India (Social Statistics Division), P.No.2, 3

5- vkgwtk] jke] eqds'k jke ¼2015½% foospukRed vijk/k'kkL=] jkor ifCyds'kUl] t;iwj] i`-Ø-270

6- nSfud yksdlÙkk ¼2016½] tkusokjh 25 7- vkxykos] çnhi ¼1999½] lekt’kkL=h; ladYiuk] lkbZukFk

çdk’ku] ukxiwj] i`-Ø-223 8- djkMs] txr ¼2008½% tkxfrdhdj.k% Hkkjrkleksjhy

vkOgkus] Mk;eaM ifCyds'kUl] iq.ks] i`-Ø-58 9- shodhganga.inflibnet.in 10- xWyi (GALLUP) laLFkk] ¼2015½] 19 lIVsacj 11- WIKIPEDIA, History of Globalçation 12- nSfud yksdlÙkk ¼2014½] uksOgsacj 13- Mohanty, Tapan (2014), Globalçation Identity and

Indigenous People, UGC, R.T.M. Nagpur University, Refresher Course

14- careerride.com



vk/kqfud dkG vkf.k cq/n /kEe MkW- jkgqy Hkxr] lekt’kkL= foHkkx izeq[k] ,l- ,u- eksj egkfo|ky;] rqelj ft- HkaMkjk- eks- 9834988337

izLrkouk %& egkekuo fo'oHkq"k.k MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj

gs v[kaM ekuo tkrhyk feGkysys ,d vfr'k; nqfeZG o vueksy vls jRu gks;- folkO;k 'krdkrhy ,d egku fopkjoar] ys[kd] jktdkj.kh] vFkZ'kkL=K] dk;nsiaMhr v'kk fofo/k mik/kh T;kauk cgky djrk ;srhy vls egku O;Drh gksr- R;kaP;k Økarhdkjh fopkjkauh o R;kauh ekuorsP;k ewDrhlkBh mHkkjysY;k y<;keqGs 'krdkuq'krds xqykehr f[krir iMysyk vLi'; lekt [kMoMwu tkxr >kyk- 'ksdMks o"kkZP;k /kkehZd] lkekftd] vkfFkZd] lkaLd`rhd xqykehP;k lk[kGnaMkuk rksMwu ;k lektkus vkt th izxrh dsyh vkgs rh lokZP;kp utjsl Hkj.;klkj[kh vkgs- vLi';kaP;k ;k izxrhlkBh vtwu ,d egRokps dkj.k dkj.khHkwr Bjys vkgs rs Eg.kts 14 vkWDVkscj] 1956 jksth MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdjkauh vkiY;k 5 yk[k vuq;k;kalg ckS/n /kEekph fn{kk ?ksÅu Qkj eksBh oSpkjhd Økarh ?kMowu vk.kyh gh txkrhy vR;ar egRoiw.kZ ,sfrgklhd] /kkehZd Økarh gksrh-

MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdjkauh vLi`';kauk tks cq/n /kEe fnyk rks foKkukoj vk/kkjhr vkgs- R;krhy ckohl izfrKk ftou lE;d

ekxkZus tx.;kps lw= lkaxrkr- va/kJ/nk] cqokckth] deZdkaM ;kaP;k tks[kaMkr vMdysY;k vkf.k mPp] fuPp] tkr] ikr ;k fp[kykr :rysY;k vLi`'; lektkyk uohu vksG[k ckcklkgsckauh fnyh- ^eh fganw Eg.kwu tUekyk vkyks vlyks rjh fganw Eg.kwu ej.kkj ukgh* v'kh flag xtZuk R;kauh dsyh R;kaP;k ;k flag xtZusyk R;kaP;k vLi`'; lektkrhy yksdkauh nqtksjk fnyk- T;k /kekZr tUekyk ;sowu vkf.k laiw.kZ ftou txwugh] e`R;w uarjgh vieku vkf.k vogsyusf'kok; dkghp feGkys ukgh v'kk fganw /kekZr jkg.ks Eg.kts Lor%P;k izxrhyk ck/kk vk.k.ks gks; vls vLi';kauk ckcklkgsckauh B.kdkowu lkafxrys vkf.k R;kphp ifjfLFkrh Eg.kts /kEepØ izorZu fnu gks;-

/kEepØ izorZu ,d ,sfrgklhd vkf.k Økarhdkjh ?kVuk %& MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdjkauh cq/n /kEekph fn{kk ?ks.;klkBh Hkkjrkrhy e/;Hkkxh vlysys ukxiwj gs 'kgj fuoMys- ;k ukxuxjhr iwohZps ukxyksd jkgr gksrs- 14 vkWDVks- 1956 yk egkFksjks panze.kh ;kaP;k gLrs ckS/n /kEekph fn{kk R;kauh ?ksryh- R;k uarj R;kauh ikp yk[k vLi`';kauk ckS/n /kEekph fn{kk fnyh- MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdjkauh Hkkjrkrhy rFkkxr Hkxoku cq/nkP;k cq/n /kEe fLodk:u ckS/n /kEekP;k FkkacysY;k izpkj] izlkjkP;k dk;kZyk iwUgk xrheku dsys- laiw.kZ vkLrkearkr ^cq/nea---'kj.kae----

xPNkeh* vlk t;?kks"k fuuknw ykxyk fo'ks"k Eg.kts gs o"kZ rFkkxr Hkxoku cq/nkaps 2500 os egkifjfuokZ.k o"kZ gksrs- vk/kqfud txkP;k bfrgklkrhy gh ,d egku v'kh ,sfrgklhd ?kVuk gksrh T;k egku Hkwehoj gk vHkwriwoZ lksgGk >kyk rh Hkweh vkt

^fn{kkHkweh* ;k ukokus txHkj vksG[kyh tkrs- txkrhy loZ ckS/nkaps rs ioh= frFkZLFkku >kys vkgs- njo"khZ fot;kn'kehP;k ikou iokZoj bFks eksBk txlkxj mlGrks vkf.k bFks ;s.kkjk izR;sd ckS/n MkW- ckcklkgsckaP;k dk;Z dr`Rokps rst R;kP;k lkscr ?ksÅu tkrks vkf.k /kEe izpkj o izlkjkps dk;Z djhr vlrks- vk;q";kr ,dnkp uOgs rj njo"khZ fn{kkHkwehps n'kZu ?ksrk ;kos] rsFkhy xnhZpk ,d Hkkx gksrk ;kos v'kh /kMiM loZ ckS/nkae/;s tk.kors- gk ,d vHkwriwoZ lksgGk njo"khZ ukxiwj uxjhr ikj iMr vlrks Eg.kwu ;k lksgG;kps egRo tkxrhd Lrjkoj vuks[ks vkgs-

Hkxoku cq/nkapk /kEe %& egkd:.khd fl/nkFkZ xkSre cq/nkyk ^x;k* ;sFkhy cks/kho`{kk[kkyh Kku izkIr >kys vkf.k R;kauh vkiY;k /kEe ekxkZph :ijs[kk r;kj dsyh- lokZr izFke cq/nkauh vkiY;k tqU;k ikp lgdk;kZauh /kEeksins'k dj.;kps Bjfoys- R;k ikp ifjozktdkauk mins'k djrkauk cq/n Eg.kkys dh] ^^thoukph vkR;afrd v'kh nksu Vksds vkgsr ,d lq[kn Hkksxkps o nqljs LoDys'kkps- iq<s cq/n Eg.krkr dh] gs ifjozktd] gh xks"V letwu ?;koh dh] nksu vR;afrd Vksds v'kh vkgsr dh ek.klkus R;kaP;k

d/khgh voyac d: u;s- ,d Vksd Eg.kts T;k xks"Vhaps vkd"kZ.k dkeoklusP;k r`".kseqGs gksrs] R;k xks"Vhr fo'ks"kr% fo"k;klDrhr lrr Mqcr jkg.ks- r`Irh feGfo.;kpk gk ekxZ vxnh gyD;k ntkZpk] jk.kVhi.kkpk] v;ksX; vkf.k gkuhdkjd vkgs- nqljs Vksd Eg.kts ri'p;kZ fdaok LoDys'k gk ekxZgh nq%[knk;d] v;ksX; vkf.k gkuhdkjd vkgs- gh nksUgh vkR;afrd Vksds R;keqGs Vkgrk ;srkr vlk ,d e/;e ekxZ vkgs /;kukr Bsok eh R;kp e/;e ekxkZph f'kdo.k nsrks vkgs-**¼vkxykos&2019&13½-

ikphj ifjozktdkauh cq/nkaps Eg.k.ks y{kiwoZd ,sdw.k ?ksrys rsOgk fiaiGkP;k >kMk[kkyh vki.k dls fparu dsys- pkj vkBoMs lrr fparu dsY;kuarj KkuizkIrh >kyh vkf.k vki.k uok thouekxZ dlk 'kks/kwu dk<yk gs loZ cq/nkauh R;kauk lkafxrys- R;kuarj lokZauh cq/nkauk uok thouekxZ Li"V dj.;kph fouarh dsyh- rsOgk cq/n Eg.kkys dh] ^^vkiyk ekxZ Eg.kts /kEe gks;- /kEekyk bZ'oj vkf.k vkRek ;kaP;k'kh dkghgh drZO; ukgh- R;kpk ej.kksRrj thouk'kh dks.krkgh laca/k ukgh rlsp deZdkaMk'kh dkghgh lca/k ukgh- ek.kwl vkf.k ek.klkps ek.klk'kh ;k txkrhy ukrs gkp /kEekpk dsanzfcanw vkgs-**

thou nq%[ke; vkgs] nq%[kkps dkj.k vkgs nq%[kkpk fujks/k djrk ;srks vkf.k nq%[k fujks/kkpk ekxZ Eg.kts vk; vk"Vªkafxd ekxZ

gks;- ;k laca/khps lfoLrj foospu cq/nkauh dsys- rFkkxr Hkxoku cq/n ifjozktdkauk v"Vkafxd ekxkZpk mins'k

djrkr- cq/nkauh lkafxrysys v"Vkafxd ekxkZps vkB vax iq<hyizek.ks vkgsr-



1½ lE;d n`"Vh % Hkxoku cq/nkauh lkafxrysys gs ifgys o

egRokps vax gks;- lkE;d n`"Vh vfo|spk fouk'k djrs- rh feF;k n`f"Vph fojks/kh vkgs- lE;d n`f"VeqGs ek.klkpk deZdkaM o va/k%J/nsojhy fo'okl u"V gksrks- lE;d n`"Vh pk mís'k vkgs dh ekuokua v'kk feF;k /kkj.kkaiklwu ewDr Ogkos T;k fl/nkarkauk okLrorspk fdaok vuqHkokpk vk/kkj ukgh o th dsoG dkYifud vuqekus vkgsr eu] fopkj gs Lora= vlys ikfgtsr-

2½ lE;d ladYi % ek.klkP;k vk'kk] vkdka{kk] /;s;s gh mnkŸk o iz'kaluh; vlkohr- rh 'kqnz vkf.k v;ksX; ulkohr- gk lE;d ladYi pk vk'k; vkgs-

3½ lE;d ok.kh % lE;d ok.kh Eg.kts ts lR; vlsy rsp cksykos] [kksVs cksyw u;s- nqlÚ;k fo"k;h okbZV cksyw u;s] nqlÚ;kaph fuank ukyLrh d: u;s- [kksV;k xks"Vhiklwu ijko`Rr Ogkos- f'kfoxkG fdaok jkxkph Hkk"kk oki: u;s ek.klkus ek.klk'kh fouezi.ks o lkSt.;kus okxkos- ek.klkus vfZghu ew[kZi.kkph cMcM d: u;s- R;kps cksy.ks letli.kkps gsrwiwoZd o eqíslqn vlkos-

4½ lE;d deZ % lE;d deZ gs orZuk'kh laca/khr vkgs- nqlÚ;kP;k Hkkouk vkf.k R;kaps gDd ;kapk eku jk[kwu izR;sd d`rh djkoh v'kh f'kdo.k nsrs- thoukP;k eqyHkwr fu;eka'kh vf/kdkr vf/kd lqlaxr vls orZu gs R;kaps izek.k gks;- gkp R;kpk ekinaM

gks;- tsOg ek.klkps orZu fu;eka'kh lqlaxr vlrs rsOgk rs lE;d dekZUrk'kh lqlaxr vlrs-

5½ lE;d vkthfodk % izR;sd O;Drhyk vkiyk pfjrkFkZ pkyo;kapk vlrks- ijarw pfjrkFkkZps vusd ekxZ vkgsr- dkgh okbZV vkgsr dkgh pkaxys vkgsr T;kaP;keqGs brjkph gkuh gksrs fdaok R;kaP;koj vU;k; gksrks rs okbZV ekxZ gksr- nqlÚ;kaph gkuh fdaok R;kaP;koj vU;k; u djrk vkiY;k tx.;klkBh defo.;kps ts ekxZ vkgsr rs pkaxys gksr ;kyk lE;d vkthfodk Eg.krkr-

6½ lE;d O;k;ke % lE;d O;k;kepk ifgyk gsrw v"Vkafxd ekxZ'kh fojks/kh v'kk fpŸkizo`Ÿkhpk fojks/k dj.ks] v'kk foŸkizo`Ÿkh vxksnjp fuekZ.k >kY;k vlrhy rj R;kauk nkcwu Vkd.ks gk nqljk gsrw gks;- v'kk izdkjP;k T;k vko';d fpŸkizo`Ÿkh mRiUu >kY;k vlrhy R;klkBh ek.klkyk lgk¸; dj.ks gk frljk gsrw gks;-

7½ lE;d Le`rh % lE;d Le`rh Eg.kts eukph lrr tkx:drk gks;- eukr ts vdq'ky fopkj ;srkr R;akP;koj igkjk Bso.ks ;kpsp nqljs uko Eg.kts lE;d Le`rh gks;- iq<s rFkkxr Eg.krkr dh ifjozktdgks lE;d n`"Vh ] lE;d ladYi] lE;d okpk] lE;d dekZUr] lE;d vftfodk] lE;d O;k;ke vkf.k lE;d Lerh izkIr d:u ?ks.;kpk izek.k dj.kkÚ;k ek.klkaP;k ekxkZoj vMFkGs ;srkr fdaok ca/k.ks vlrkr- yksHk Ons"k] vkGl

fdaok lqLrh] la'k; vkf.k vfu'p; gs rs ikp vMFkGs gksr- 8½ lE;d lek/kh % ojhy ikpgh vMFkGs Eg.kts ca/k.ksp

gksr vkf.k rs nwj dj.;kpk ekxZ lek/kh ekxZ gk gks;- ijarw lE;d lek/kh Eg.kts lek/kh uOgs frps Lo:i osxGs vkgs- lek/kheqGs dsoG ;k vMFkG;kauk vVdko djrk ;sbZy ijarw lE;d

lek/kheqGs eukyk dk;eps oG.k ykoys tkrs rh okLrokRed

vkgs- th eukyk ,dkRersps vkf.k ,dkxzrsP;k dkGkr dq'ky dekZpk fopkj dj.;kps f'k{k.k nsrs- R;keqGs vdq'ky dekZdMs vkdf"kZr gks.;kph euizo`Ÿkh u"V gksrs- lE;d lek/kh eukyk dq'ky xks"Vhapk fopkj dj.;kph lo; ykors- lE;d lek/kh pkaxyh d`rh dj.;kl vko';d v'kh izsj.kk euke/;s fuekZ.k djhr vlrs ¼MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj & cq/nk vWaM fgt /kEe½-

v'kh vkB vk;ZlR; fdaok v"Vkafxd ekxkZph rRos Hkxoku cq/nkauh ifjozktdkauk fo"kn dsyh- cq/nkpk mins'k ,sdw.k ikpgh ifjozktd vkuafnr >kys- R;kaP;koj cq/nkP;k mins'kkpk brdk ifj.kke >kyk dh rs ,derkus Eg.kkys] ^ txkP;k bfrgklkr vkti;Zar ekuoh nq%[kkps vfLrRo ekU; dj.ks gkp /kekZpk [kjk ik;k vkgs-* gs dks.kR;kgh /keZ laLFkkidkus lkafxrysys ukgh- txkP;k bfrgklkr ;kiwohZ brdk ljG] lk/kk] vn~Hkwr vkf.k vfrekuq"kh 'kDrhiklwu brdk eqDr] vkRek b'oj vkf.k ej.kksijkar thou ;k va/k%J/nsiklwu brdk Lora= vkf.k v'kk va/k%J/nsyk fojks/k dj.kkjk eqDrhpk ekxZ d/khgh iq<s ekaM.;kr vkyk uOgrk- vk"kk<h ikSf.kZesyk ;k ikp ifjozktdkauk izFke /kEeksins'k fnyk gksrk Eg.kwu lkjukFk ;sFkhy e`xnku oukr ;k ikp ifjozktdkauk fnysyk mins'k Eg.kts cq/nkps ifgys /kEepØ izorZu

gks;- R;kuarj iq<s Hkxoku cq/n egkfjf.kokZ.kki;Zar lrr mins'k nsr jkfgys- ckS/n /kEekyk vusd jkts vkf.k lezkVkauh jktkJ; fnyk- rlsp ckS/n /kEekpk izpkj o izlkj dsyk- izh;n'khZ lezkV v'kksd ;kauh b-l- ¼304&232½ ;k R;kaP;k dk;ZdkGkr Jhyadk] czEgns'k] xzhd bR;knh vusd ns'kkr /kEe izorZd ikBfoys gksrs- R;kauh fHkD[kw la?kkph iquZcka/k.kh dsyh- R;kauk b-l- P;k ifgY;k 'krdkr lezkV dfu"d ;kauhgh ckS/n /kEekpk izpkj o izlkj dsyk- R;kauk cq/n ethZ r;kj d:u fBdfBdk.kh R;kaph LFkkiuk dsyh- R;kuarj lezkV g"kZo/kZu ;kauh lq/nk ckS/n /kEekpk izlkj o izpkjklkBh dk;Z dsys-

b-l- 12O;k 'krdki;Zar ckS/n /kEekus laiw.kZ tx O;kiys gksrs- b-l- 12O;k 'krdkuarj ek= Hkkjrkrwu ckS/n /kEe yksi ikoyk- ckSs/n /kEekus HkkjrkP;k bfrgklkyk izHkkfor dsys- rRoKku] dyk vkf.k laLd`rhyk izHkkfor dsys- b-l- 1150 rs 1800 gk dkG ek= Hkkjrkrhy ckS/n /kEekpk va/k%dkje; dkG gksrk- ;k dkGkr fganwuh vkf.k eqLyhekauh vusd ckS/n Lrwi] fogkj ;kaph rksMQksM dsyh vkf.k R;kaps :ikarj vkiY;k /kekZP;k iwtk LFkGkae/;s dsys gksrs-

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lj ,Mfou vWuksZYM ;k baxzt vH;kldkus 1885 e/;s

cq/nx;k bFks HksV fnyh- rsFkhy ifjfLFkrh ikgwu R;kps eu fo"k..k >kys vkf.k R;kauh ^VsfyxzkQ* ;k o`Ÿki=ke/;s ys[k fygwu fogkjkaP;k n;fu; voLFksdMs y{k os/k.;kps iz;Ru dsys- rlsp R;kaps v/%iru jks[k.;klkBh fouarh dsyh- R;kaP;k ys[kkeqGs Jhyadsrhy ,d ckS/n r:.k vukxfjd /keZiky fopyhr >kys- R;kauh 1891 e/;s lkjukFk o cq/nx;k ;sFks HksV fnyh- R;kauh ;k izkphu cq/n oSHkokyk ti.;kps vkf.k uohu oSHko ns.;kps dk;Z gkrkr ?ksrys- 17O;k 'krdkr cq/nx;k ;sFkhy egkfogkjkr egarkauh f'ko eafnjke/khy fyax fiaM Bsoyh vkf.k R;k fogkjkph eafnjkr :ikarj dsys- gs egkfogkj ckS/nkaP;k rkC;kr vlkos vkf.k egarkdMwu R;kpk rkck ?ksÅu ckS/nkadMs lksifoys ikfgts vlk fopkj d:u /kEeiky flyksuyk xsys- cq/n fogkjkaps O;oLFkkiu ckS/nkadMsp vlkos- baxzth vkf.k Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkae/;s ckS/n lkfgR;kps izdk'ku dj.ks bR;knh míss'k MksG;kleksj Bsowu R;kauh 31 es 1891 jksth egkcks/kh lkslk;Vhph LFkkiuk dsyh- R;kauh vkWDVkscj 1821 e/;s cq/nx;k ;sFks ^vkarjjk"Vªh; ckS/n ifj"kn* vk;ksftr dsyh gksrh- gh vk/kqfud Hkkjrkrhy ifgyh vkarjjk"Vªh; ifj"kn gks;- R;kauh egkcks/kh vW.M ;quk;VsM cq/nhLV oYMZ gs tuZy lq: dsys- HkkjrkP;k bfrgklkr ckS/n /kEekps iqu:Tthou gks.;kP;k

lanHkkZr 1891 o"kZ fo'ks"k egRokps vkgs dkj.k ;kp o"khZ vukxfjd /kEeiky ;kauh lkjukFk vkf.k cq/nx;kyk HksV fnyh gksrh ¼vkxykos & 2019 & 15½-

MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdjkauh gsp egku dk;Z iq<s usr 14 vkWDVkscj 1956 yk ukxiwjP;k fn{kkHkwehoj /kEepØ izorZu d:u yk[kks yksdkauk cq/n /kEekph fn{kk fnyh vkf.k [kÚ;k vFkkZus HkkjrkP;k Hkwehr cq/n /kEekps iqu:Tthou ?kMowu vk.kys- fganw fdaok eqLyhekauh ckS/n LFkGkaph ukl/kql dsyh- cq/nkaP;k eqR;kZ rksMY;k] QksMY;k- fogkjkauk vkf.k Lrwikauk vkiY;k ewR;kZ ekaMwu eafnjke/;s o lfLtfnae/;s ijkorhZr dsys- ijarw cq/nkaps 'kk'or rRoKku] R;kaph f'kdo.k rs d/khgh u"V d: 'kdys ukgh- cq/nkapk /kEe gk HkkjrkP;k ekrhP;k d.kkd.kkr :tysys fc;k.ks vkgs- tjklk vksyko feGrkp R;kyk ikyoh QwVrs vkf.k yodjp R;kpk eksBk cks/kho`{k gksrks gs ;k ckS/n fojks/kh 'kDrhauk ekfgr ukgh- MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdjkauh /kEepØ izorZu ?kMowu vk.kwu txkrhy ,d Qkj eksBh ,sfrgkfld Økarh ?kMowu vk.kyh- iq';eh= 'kqax ;k czkEg.k jktkus ckS/n /kEekyk u"V dj.;kdfjrk ckS/n fHkD[kqaP;k dŸkyh dsY;k gksR;k- tks dks.kh ckS/n fHkD[kqaps dkiysys eqaMds 'kj;q unhr Qsdsy R;kyk yk[k eksgjkaps cf{kl tkghj dsys gksrs- dsoG Lor%P;k gkrkr lŸksph lq=s vkyhr Eg.kwu jDrjathr vkf.k ekuorsyk dkGhek Qkl.kkjs gs orZu R;kauh dsys- R;kaurj v;ks/;sP;k o laiw.kZ Hkkjrkrhy ckS/n fogkjkauk rksMQksM d:u u"V dj.ks- fogkj o Lrwikae/;s fganwps nsfonsork ;kaP;k ewrhZ ekaMwu iwtkjh use.ks v'kh dkjLFkkus R;kus dsyh- R;kuarj Hkkjrkoj T;k eqLyhe 'kkldkaps jkT; vkys R;kauhgh gsp

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ijarw 1800 yk tsOgk Hkkjrkph lŸkk fczVh'k vf/kiR;k[kkyh vkyh R;kaP;ke/khy vusd mPp fo|kHkw"khr rRoKkuh yksdkauh HkkjrkP;k bfrgklkph iMrkG.kh dsyh vkf.k R;kauk gs vk<Gwu vkys dh Hkkjrkpk [kjk bfrgkl ckS/n /kEekpk bfrgkl vkgs- cq/n /kEe Hkkjrkrhy ,desop izkphu vlk /kEe vkgs tks tulkekU;kaP;k izxrhpk ekxZ gksrk- T;kyk jktkJ; feGkysyk gksrk- tks txkP;k dkukdksiÚ;kr vjtgh Hkkjrh;kaP;k izek.kkaeqGs iljysyk vkgs- ijarw Hkkjrkr ek= R;kaph lrr fiNsgkV gksr xsysyh vkgs- vusd baxzt vf/kdkjh iqjkrRo 'kkL=K dkekyk ykxys vkf.k cq/nx;k] lkjukFk] ukyank] jkaph] fofn'kk lkj[kh vusd ckS/n fBdk.ks 'kks/kwu R;kaps iqu:Tthou dj.;kps dk;Z gkrh ?ksrys- ,o<sp uOgs rj txkrhy loZ ckS/nkaps y{k ;kdMs oGkos ;klkBh lkrR;kus R;koj fy[kk.kgh izdkf'kr dsys-

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1789 P;k Ýsap vkf.k 1917 P;k jf'k;kP;k jkT; ØkarheqGs txkrhy lkekftd o jktdh; thoukr izpaM Økarh ?kMwu vkyh- vk/kqfud HkkjrkP;k bfrgklkrhy 14 vkWDVkscj 1956 yk ukxiwjP;k fn{kkHkwehojhy 5 yk[k vLi';kauh cq/n /kEekph fn{kk ?ksryh v'kh Økarh txkr dqBsp ?kMwu vkysyh ukgh- fganwP;k /kkfeZd] lkekftd] lkaLd`rhd xqykehr f[krir iMysY;k vkiY;k lekt cka/kokauk MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdjkauh dsoG oSpkfjd ifjorZukP;k vk/kkjkoj ewDr dsys- ekuokP;k ewDrhpk gk egklaxzke ;k jkT;Økarhis{kk fdrhrjh eksBk vkgs- ;k /kEe ØkarheqGs Hkkjrh; lektkr lkekftd] vkfFkZd cny ?kMwu vkys-ckS/nkaph fLFkrh rj vkewykxz cnyyh- vkt ckS/n lektkdMs brj lekt vlq;sus ikgrkr ,o<h R;kaph izxrh MksG;kr Hkjo.;klkj[kh vkgs- ckS/nkaP;k ;k izxrhlkBh dsoG vkf.k dsoG MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj vkf.k cq/n /kEep dkj.khHkwr vkgsr- rFkkxr Hkxoku cq/n o MkW- ckcklkgsc gs nksUgh egkekuo ekuo eqDrhps egku f'kYidkj vkgsr-

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f’k{k.k {ks=kr ljdkjps y{k ukgh- fo|kFkhZ ns’kkps HkforO; ?kMfo.kkjs egRokps ?kVd vkgs- f’k{k.kkoj dsoG vFkZladYikpk vMhp VDds [kpZ dsyk tkrks- ;ko:u HkV cfu;k f’k{k.kkP;k {ks=kr fdrh tkxr vkgs gs dGrs- dkj.k fud`”V f’k{k.k iz.kkyhr cgqtu fo|kFkhZ fud`”V f’k{k.k ?ksoqu Li/kZse/;s ekxs iMrhy v’kh ;kstuk vkgs-



f’k{k.k {ks=kr Hkkjr fiNkMhoj vkgs- tkxfrdhdj.kkP;k ek/;ekrqu fons’kh fo|kihBs Hkkjrkr ;sr vkgs- f’k{k.kkpk cktkj ekaM.;kr ;sFkhy /kksj.k dkj.khHkqr vkgs- dqBs xsyh xq.koRrk] m|ksx{ks=kr fiNkMhoj] f’k{k.k {ks=kr fiNkMhoj] vkarjjk”Vªh; O;ogkj rqyusr fiNkMhoj] f’k{k.k {ks=kr fiNkMhoj vkgs- ;qfuOgflZVht 21 us txkrhy 48 ns’kkae/;s mPp f’k{k.k O;oLFksps losZ{k.k dsys R;kr Hkkjrkpk Øekad ‘ksoVpk Eg.kts 48 ok feGkyk-

txkr ,d r`rh;ka’k xjhc Hkkjrkr jkgrkr %& tkxrhd cWd okWf’kaXVu o`RrlaLFkk ¼fnO; ejkBh 19@04@2013½ txkrhy ,d xjhc ukxfjd njjkst 1-25 MkWyjis{kk deh iS’kkoj vkiys ftou O;frr djhr vkgs- tkxfrd cWdsP;k rkT;k vgokykr gh ckc leksj vkyh vkgs-

xfjckaph fLFkrh%& dqBs vkgsr xjhc] dksBs vkgsr vfrxjhc ;k f’k”kZdkpk vgoky izfl/n dj.;kr vkyk vkgs- txkrhy 120 dksVh ukxjhd vfr xfjchr vk;q”; txr vkgsr- ek= izR;sd fodluf’ky ns’kkr xfjch deh >kY;kps vgokykr ueqn dj.;kr vkys vkgs- lu 1981 rs 2010 njE;ku gs izek.k 50 VD;kgqu deh gksoqu 21 VDds >kys vkgs- deh fodlu’khy ns’kkaph yksdla[;k 59 VDD;kauh ok<Y;kuarj gh vkdMsokjh leksj vkyh vkgs-

tkxfrd cWd leqgkps v/;{k fte ;ksax fde Eg.kkys] ,o<;k la[;sr xjhc yksd vl.ks vkiY;k lkekftd tk.khosojhy dyad vkgs- ek= vkeps fo’ys”k.k vkf.k vkepk lYyk fLodkjyk xsY;kl 2030 i;Zar txkrhy [kqi xjhc yksdkaph vOkLFkk laiq”Vkr ;soq ‘kdrs-

ojhy tkxrhd cWdsP;k vfrxfjc ukxfjd ,d fnolkyk ftou tx.;klkBh 65 :i;kais{kk deh [kpZ djrks- vFkkZr tks O;Drh njMksbZ 65 :i;s [kpZ djrks rks vfr xjhc Eg.kqu x.kyk tkrks- txkr ,dq.k 120 dksVh ukxfjd ;k mRiUukP;k xVke/;s ;srkr- R;kiSdh Hkkjrkr ,d r`fr;ka’k vfr xjhc ukxfjd jkgrkr- 120 dksVhP;k ,d r`fr;ka’k Eg.kts 40 dksVh ukxfjd ,dV;k Hkkjr ns’kkae/;s vkgs- tkxfrd cWdsps /kksj.k Eg.krs vkepk lYyk fLodkjyk rj 2030 i;Zar xjhchph voLFkk laiq”Vkr ;sbZy- tkxrhd cWd ekuorkoknh izsj.ksus dke djhr vkgsr-

lu 1991 i;Zar Hkkjrkr lektoknh vFkZO;oLFksdMs eksBk dy gksrk- ijarq uarj ek= HkkaMoy’kkghps eksBs izLFk fuekZ.k dsys vkgs- Hkkjrkrhy HkkaMoy’kkgh vkf.k czkEg.k’kkgh g;k ,dkp uk.;kP;k nksu cktw vkgsr- [kktxhdj.k] mnkjhdj.k vkf.k tkxfrdhdj.kpk dk;ZØe jkcfo.;k vxksnj Hkkjrkr Hkkjrkrhy turk xfjch js”ks[kkyh thou txr gksrh- eksB;k la[;sus yksd xfjch js”ksr gksrh ijarq vkt ;k /kksj.kkpk ifj.kke Eg.kts] uohu js”kk r;kj >kyh- rh Eg.kts Hkqdejhph js”kkdkj.k 83 dksVh turk HkqdcGh] v/kZHkqdcGhps f’kdkj vkgs- ;kauk ,d osGsps tsou feGr ukgh- cgqla[;kad cgqtu eqyfuoklh lekt mik’khiksVh >ksir vkgs- 20 dksVh 85 yk[k yksd HkqdejhP;k vafre dkBkyk iksgpys vkgs- Qk;|kr pky.kkÚ;k daiU;kps [kktxhdj.k gks.kkj ukgh] ijarq fuxZqro.kqdhyk Fkkacfork ;s.kkj

ukgh- izk;OgsV baMLVªh ns[khy izpkj djhr gksR;k dh] dksVh la[;sus jkstxkj fuekZ.k d:] ijarq ,yihth ;k ljdkjh /kksj.kkus [kk;ps nkr osxGs vkf.k nk[kok;ps nkr osxGs vls Li”V dsys vkgs-

lu 1991 P;k /kksj.kk ekxhy jgL; %& ,yihth /kksj.kkekxhy [kjs dkj.k ekfgrp gksoq fnys ukgh- ,yihth /kksj.kkus Hkkjrkpk fodkl gks.kkj vkgs- jkstxkj miyc/k gks.kkj vkgs- Hkkjr tkxrhsd egklRrk cu.kkj vkgs vls LoIu leksj d:u ;sFkhy eqyfuoklh cgqtu lektkyk eq[kZ cufoys-

vuqlqfpr tkrh tekrhyk 22-50 VDds vkj{k.k izkIr >kys rlsp vksfclhyk lq/nk 27 VDds lafo/kkfud vkj{k.k feGkys- R;keqGs ;k ns’kkrhy mPp tkrh fo”kerkoknh fopkjlj.khP;k yksdkauk gh ckc izkeq[;kus [kVdyh R;keqGs ‘kklu iz’kklukrhy czkEg.kkaps Js”BRo deh >kys vkgs- vls lafo/kkuke/;s Li”V gksrs-

Hkkjrh; lafo/kkukyk vki.k gkr ykow ‘kdr ukgh- vkj{k.k Fkkacoq ‘kdr ukgh- vuq tkrh tekrh] brj ekxkl oxZ ;kaauk R;kapk lkafo/kkuhd U;k;] gDd |kokp ykxsy vkf.k U;k; gDd fnyk rj czkEg.k lRrsP;k [kkyh ;srks-

1991 ph vkfFkZduhrh r;kj d:u [kktxhdj.k /kksj.k fLodkjys- ljdkjh laLFksps gLrkarj.k [kktxh O;DrhdMs dj.;kpk likVk lq: dsyk- ljdkjh laLFksps gGq gGq vuqnku deh d:u R;kl rksV;kr nk[kfo.;kpk izdkj lq: >kyk- ljdkjh laLFksrhy cgqtu deZpkÚ;kalkBh vfrfjDr dkes lksifo.;kr vkyh- deZpkÚ;kaoj vfrfjDr dkekpk ckstk ns.;kr ;soq ykxyk- cWdk] egkeaMGs] cksMZ ;kaph foØh dj.;kr ;soq ykxyh ljdkjh lLFkk u”V dj.;kr ;soq ykxY;k- ;keqGs vkj{k.k lekIr dj.;kr ;sr vkgs- [kktxh {ks=kr vkj{k.k jg.kkj ukgh- tkxrhdj.k] mnkjhdj.kkP;k ek/;ekrqu daiuhjkt] HkkaMoyjkt fuehZrh lq: dsyh- lafo/kkukyk gkr u ykork lafo/kku fu”izHk cufo.kkjh uhrh lu 1991 iklqu lq: dsyh- eaMy deh’ku FkksM;k izek.kkr ykxq dsys- R;kaauk vkj{k.kkpk ykHk feGq ykxyk- ijarq tsFks vkj{k.k izfrfu/khRo feG.kkj vkgs R;kpsp [kktxhdj.k dsys- Eg.ktsp vkj{k.k fnys ijarq laLFksps [kktxhdj.k dsys-

orZeku ljdkjus [kktxhdj.kkP;k varxZr ,QMhvk; vk.kY;keqGs loZ lkekU; cgqtu lektkrhy vkfFkZd O;oLFkk m/oLr gksowu lkekftd ftoukoj okbZV ifj.kke iM.kkj vkgs- R;keqGs eksB;k izek.kkoj vlaarks”k fuekZ.k gksbZy- lafo/kkfud vkj{k.k lq/nk lekIr gksbZy- gs gksoq u;s Eg.kwu eksB;k izek.kkr tu tkxrh d:u [kktxhdj.kkP;k fo:/n vkanksyu fuekZ.k dj.ks vko’;d vkgs- rlsp [kktxh {ks=krhy daiU;ke/;s vkj{k.kkph rjrqn dj.;klkBh vkanksyu dj.ks vko’;d vlqu rsOgkp ekxkloxhZ; lektkps lafo/kkfud vf/kdkj lqjf{kr jkgrhy- lanHkZ %& 1- Hkkjr ixkjs] eqyfuoklh iCyhds’ku iq.ks] Hkkjrkrhy vFkZO;oLFkk- 2- tkxfrd cWdspk vgoky] o”kZ 2011- 3- nSfud eqyfuoklh uk;d] iq.ks vkoRrh- 4- fnO; ejkBh] iq.ks-



d`f”k i;ZVu vkf.k xzkeh.k fodkl izk- lfr’k vkj- tk/ko] u- i- f’kokth egkfo|ky;] eksokM- eks- Ø- 9423419635

izLrkouk& dks.kR;kgh ns’kkP;k vFkZO;LFksr i;ZVukph Hkwehdk

egRokph vkgs- i;ZVu Eg.kts fulxkZP;k lkfu/;kr vkuankps {k.k ?kyfo.;kph vkf.k uouohu xks”Vhackcr tk.kwu ?ks.;kph ek.klkph eqyHkwr izo`Rrh vkgs- vkt nG.koG.k lk/kukP;k fodklkeqGs tx toG vkysys vkgs- R;keqGs ns’kkcjkscjp ckgsjps tx tk.kwu ?ks.;kP;k ek.klkP;k izo`RrheqGs ;k {ks=kpk lkrR;kus foLrkj gksr vkgs- Eg.kwup Hkfo”;kpk os/k ?ksr ;k Hkwehdsyk vf/kd egRo izkIr Ogkos ;klkBh la;qDr jk”VªkP;k tkxrhd i;ZVu la?kVusus tkxrhd i;ZVu fnukyk ‘kk’or i;ZVu fodklkps lk/ku vls ?kks”kokD; fuf’pr dsys vkgs- tkxrhd i;ZVu la?kVuk i;ZVu {ks=kP;k fofo/k fodklklkBh ekxZn’kZu o dk;Z djrs- ;k la?kVusP;k ,dw.k 155 ns’kkaiSdh Hkkjr ,d lnL; ns’k vkgs- 1979 e/;s Lisu ;sFks >kysY;k tkxrhd la?kVusP;k lHksr 1980 iklwu i;ZVu fnu lktjk dj.;kpk fu.kZ; ?ks.;kr vkyk- njo”khZ i;ZVu fnukP;k fufeRrkus ;k {ks=k’kh lac/khr fofo/k iSywaoj ppkZ ?kMowu vk.kyh tkrs- txkrhy ba/ku o jlk;us ;kuarjpk frljk eksBk O;olk; i;ZVu gk vkgs- i;ZVu {ks=kP;k ek/;ekrwu fuekZ.k gks.kkÚ;k izR;{k

o vizR;{k jkstxkjkoj vusdkapk mnjfuokZg voyacwu vkgs- okgrwd] gkWVsYl] euksjatu bR;knh O;olk; ns[khy i;ZVuk’kh tksMys xsys vkgs- txHkjkrhy fofo/k i;ZVdkauh fofo/k ns’kh fons’kh LFkkukauk HksVh fnysY;k vkgsr- tkxrhd i;ZVu la?kVusP;k vuqekukuqlkj fg la[;k 2030 i;Zar 180 dksVhP;k ?kjkr tkbZy vlk vankt O;Dr dsyk vkgs- Eg.kwu v’kk la/khpk mi;ksx d:u fujarj fodklkyk pkyuk nsrk ;sbZy dk\ ;kn`”Vhus i;ZVukpk fopkj gks.ks vko’;d vkgs-

i;ZVu O;olk;keqGs lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkf.k i;kZoj.kfo”k;d fodkl gks.;kcjkscjp LFkfud ukxjhdkaP;k thouekukrgh cny ?kMwu ;srks- i;ZVdkyk vko’;d vlysyh fuokl] Hkkstu] okgrwd] ekfgrh] euksjatu bR;knh O;olk;kacjkscjp R;k Hkkxkrhy LFkkfud mRiknukyk ns[khy ekx.kh fuekZ.k gksrs- lkaLd`frd o fopkjkaph vknku iznku ;k ek/;ekrwu ukxjhdkauk ,desdka’kh tksM.;kps dke ns[khy i;ZVukP;k ek/;ekrwu dsys tkrs- R;keqGs i;ZVu fodklkr ukxjhdkapk tso<k lgHkkx ok<sy rsof<p R;k Hkkxkrhy vFkZdkj.kkyk ns[khy xrh feGrs- i;ZVukckcr fodklkP;k dYiuk ekaMrkauk R;k Hkkxkrhy [kk|laLd`rh] ikjaikjhd dyk] lkfgR;] yksdthou] fulxZ ;kapk Qkjlk fopkj dsyk tkr ukgh- ts izkeq[;kus egRokps vkgs-

i;ZVdkalkBh pkaxY;k lqfo/kka ,o<sp R;kauk uO;k txkps n’kZu gks.ks vkf.k jkstP;k thoukis{kk osxGk vuqHko feG.ks egRokps vlrs- ik’pkR; jk”Vªkauh vkiY;k ijaijsP;k [kq.kk ;klkBhp [kkl d:u tiY;k vkgsr vkf.k R;kpsp ekdsZfVax dsys tkrs- i;ZVu {ks=k’kh

lacf/kr fofo/k ?kVdkaP;k fodklkRed iSyaqoj dk;Z dsY;kl Hkfo”;krhy fodklkP;k okVk n`”Vh{ksikr ;sow ‘kdrhy- vFkkZr ;klkBh i;ZVu dsanzLFkkuh vl.ks o R;kP;k fodklkoj y{k ns.;kph vko’;drk vkgs-

vk/kqfud dkGkuqlkj i;ZVukP;k osxosxG;k ladYiuk mn;kl ;sr vkgs- dkgh yksdkauk nqjP;k ns’kkr izokl dj.ks] dkfgauk leqnz fdukjh tk.;kph] rj dkfgauk frFkZ{ks=kps n’kZu ?ksr /kkfeZd i;ZVukph gkSl fdaok bZPNk vlrs- ;ko:u i;ZVukps lkaLd`frd i;ZVu] ;k=k i;ZVu] lkgl i;ZVu] ‘ksrh i;ZVu] fulxZ i;ZVu] oS|fd; i;ZVu] leqnz i;ZVu vls ,dq.k lkr izdkjkr oxhZdj.k dsys tkrs- i;ZVu dj.kkÚ;k eaMGhP;k vkdMsokjhpk vH;kl dsY;kl xzkeh.k Hkkxkis{kk ‘kgjh Hkkxkrhy ukxjhd i;ZVuklkBh vf/kd izek.kkr ckgsj iMrkr vls vk<Gwu ;srs- ‘kgjh Hkkxkrhy yksdkaph ekufld vkf.k ‘kkjhjhd Fkdok ?kkyfo.;kph bZPNk R;kauk ‘kgjkckgsj iM.;kl Hkkx ikMr vlrs- fdR;sd ns’kkae/;s i;ZVukP;k ikjaikjhd ladYiuk eksMhr dk<wu uohu dkfgrjh osxGs /kqaMkG.;kpk iz;Ru gksr vkgs- vfydMs ek= i;ZVu Eg.kts iSlk

vl.kkÚ;kaph gkSl gk let vkrk eksfMr fu?kkyk vkgs- ‘kkar] fuokar vkf.k xzkeh.k thou toGwu U;kgkG.;kph vkoM vlysY;kalkBh d`f”k i;ZVu gk izdkj vkrk pkaxykp :tyk vkgs-

d`f”k i;ZVu & d`”kh i;ZVukph vxnh ljG o lksih O;k[;k djko;kph >kY;kl ‘ksrdÚ;kaP;k QGR;k&QqyR;k ‘ksrhr i;ZVdkalkBh fuoklkph vkf.k U;kgkjhph mRre O;oLFkk d:u ns.ks gks;- d`”kh i;ZVu Eg.kts d`”kh o i;ZVu ;k nksu foHkkxkpk leUo; vkgs- ftFks i;ZVd ‘ksrkyk HksVh nsrhy] ‘ksrhP;k fofo/k iSyqaps n’kZu o fofo/k vuqHko ?ksrhy] rktk Hkthikyk o QGs [kjsnh d: ‘kdrhy] iznq”k.k eqDr okrkoj.kkpk vkuan ?ksow ‘kdrhy] xzkeh.k Hkkxkrhy Hkkstukpk vkuan ?ksrhy rlsp tkxj.k] xksa/kG] Hkk:M] fdrZu] izopu vkf.k xzkeh.k laLd`rh’kh lac/khr v’kk ikjaikjhd yksddykapk vkuan o vuqHko ?ksow ‘kdrhy- iqUgk rktsrokus gksowu vkiY;k ‘kgjkdMs fdaok ?kjkdMs tkow ‘kdrhy- ekVZus dsysY;k lOgsZ{k.kkuqlkj egkjk”Vªkrhy izeq[k ‘kgjkr lqekjs 42 VDds yksdkauk xzkeh.k Hkkxkr ,dgh ukrsokbZd ulY;kps fl/n >kys- d`”kh i;ZVukeqGs ‘kgjh o xzkeh.k Hkkx ;ke/;s vlysyh njh deh gksbZy- xzkeh.k Hkkxkrhy ek.kwl ‘kgjk’kh tksMyk tkbZy- ‘kgjkrhy eqykauk xkaokdMs vkiY;k ukR;kps ?kj feGkY;kpk vuqHko ;sbZy- ‘kgjkrhy iSlk xzkeh.k Hkkxkr fo[kwjyk tkbZy]

vkfFkZd fodsanzhdj.k gks.;kl enr gksbZy o vkiys xkao fuf’prp Lo;aiw.kZ gksbZy-

egkjk”Vªkr d`”kh i;ZVukpk iz;ksx ;’kLohi.ks jkcfo.kkÚ;k dkgh ‘ksrdÚ;kauh ,d= ;sr egkjk”Vªkrhy loZ foHkkxkr gk



O;olk; us.;kpk fopkj ekaMyk- lgk yk[kkiklwu rj ngk rs ia/kjk

yk[kki;ZarP;k [kpkZr vkikiY;k dqorhuqlkj ‘ksrkr fuoklklkBh fdeku lgk [kksY;k] ,[kknk lHkkeaMi ;klkBhp izkeq[;kus [kpZ ;srks- cSyxkfMrqu QsjQVdk ekj.ks] EgSl fdaok xkbZps nq/k ikjaikjhd i/nrhus dls dk<ys tkrs- [kkijkoj ekaMs dls r;kj dsys tkrkr- v’kk xks”Vhaps ‘kgjh okrkoj.kkr :GysY;ka yksdkalkBh rs eksBs fo’ks”k vlrs- rsOgk ‘kgjh yksdkauk vlsp dkghrjh ns.;kpk iz;Ru d`”kh i;ZVukrwu gks.ks vko’;d vkgs- i;ZVdkauk xzkeh.k laLd`rhlg ‘ksrhph ekfgrh] dks.krs fid dls vkf.k dsOgk ;srs] dks.kR;k izdkjP;k QGkiklwu ‘kjhjkyk dks.krk Qk;nk gksrks- ;k ekfgrh cjkscjp ifjljkrhy MksaxjnÚ;k] eafnjkph vksG[k d:u ns.ks vls iz;Ru >kY;kl gk O;olk; ;’kLoh gksow ‘kdrks-

Hkkjrkr egkjk”Vª jkT; d`”kh i;ZVu pGoG lq: dj.kkjs ifgys jkT; vkgs- lu 2004 lkyh ckjkerhiklwu lq: >kysyh d`”kh i;ZVukph pGoG vkt jkT;kP;k lhek vksykaMwu ns’kHkj iljyh vkgs- vkt egkjk”Vªkr 418 d`”kh o xzkeh.k i;ZVu dsanz dk;Zjr vlwu d”kh i;ZVu dsanzkph la[;k eksB;k izek.kkoj ok<r vkgs- i;ZVdkapk eksBk dy d`”kh o xzkeh.k i;ZVukdMs vkgs- ;k ek/;ekrwu 5000 is{kk vf/kd yksdkauk jkstxkj feGkysyk vkgs- xkaokrhy efgyk cpr xV] dkjkxhj] ;qod] dykdkj ;k lokZauk

d`”kh i;ZVukyk ;s.kkÚ;k i;ZVdkaeqGs Qk;nk >kyk vkgs- R;keqGs d`”kh i;ZVu gs xkaokyk iwjd O;olk;kps tkGs fuekZ.k dj.kkjk vkf.k ‘ksrhoj vk/kkjhr vlk miØe vkgs-

txHkjkrhy fofo/k ns’kkauh i;ZVu {ks= gs [kwi xkaHkh;kZus ?ksrys vkgs- vkf’k;k [kaMkrhy fdR;sd ns’kkaph vkfFkZd myk<ky fg QDr i;ZVukP;k tksjkoj lq: vkgs- d`”kh i;ZVukps egRo vkf.k xjt loZp Lrjkoj ?ksryh tkrs- egkjk”Vªkr d`”kh i;ZVuke/;s lk/kkj.kr% 69 VDds d`”kh i;ZVu pkyd ‘ksrdjh inoh/kj vkgsr- 20 VDds d`”kh i;ZVu pkyd tUekus ‘ksrdjh ulys rjhgh R;kauk O;kogkjhd Kku [kwi vkgs- gs loZ d`”kh i;ZVu pkyd mPp inoh/kj vlwu 10 VDds d`”kh i;ZVu pkyd ‘ksrdjh lkroh i;Zar f’kdysys vkgsr- 58 VDds d`”kh i;ZVu dsanzkuk ‘kk’or flapu lqfo/kk miyC/k vkgsr- 30 VDds d`”kh i;ZVu dsanzkaP;k toG xM fdYys vkgsr- R;krwu bZfrgklkph ekfgrh feGrs- 75 VDds d`”kh i;ZVu dsanzkoj dkSVqafcd lgyh ;srkr- f’kdysys ;qod d`”kh i;ZVu pkaxY;k izdkjs pkyow ‘kdrkr- fo”ks’kr% ts d`”kh inoh/kj gksowu ;k O;olk;kr ;sow bZPNhrkr R;kauk lokZf/kd la/kh vkgsr- egkjk”Vªkrhy 418 d`”kh i;ZVu dsanzkoj 927 [kksY;k vlwu 28 VDds d`”kh i;ZVd QDr fnolHkjkph lgy djrkr- d`”kh fodklkrwu xzkeh.k fodkl vkf.k xzkeh.k fodklkrwu

egkjk”Vªkpk fodkl ;klkBh o ‘ksrdÚ;kaP;k fgrklkBh egkjk”Vªkr d`”kh i;ZVu dj.kkÚ;k o d`”kh i;ZVu laLFkkauh ,d= ;sowu ,d ^egkjk”Vª LVsV ,Wxzks ,.M :jy Vqfj>e dks vkWi QsMjs’ku fy^ gk egkla?k LFkkiu dsyk vkgs- d`”kh i;ZVu fodkl laLFkk 15 o”kkZiklqwu dke djhr vkgs- lu 2015&16 ;k ,dk o”kkZr

toGikl 23 yk[k i;ZVdkauh HksVh fnY;k vlwu 35-79 dksVh

:i;kph myk<ky ,dk o”kkZr >kyh vkgs- ;kpk vFkZ d`”kh o xzkeh.k i;ZVukyk eksBk oko vkgs- R;keqGs ‘ksrh] ‘ksrdjh vkf.k f’kokj LoPNrk jkgrs- d`”kh laLd`rhps o xzkeh.k ifjljkrhy i;kZoj.kkps tru o lao/kZu gksr vkgs- xzkeh.k Hkkxkrhy ;qod rlsp efgyk cpr xVkrhy efgykauh cuoysys inkFkZ ;kauk xkaokrp cktkjisB miyC/k gksr vkgs- uohu fif<rhy ;qodkauk jkstxkjkph eksBh la/kh vkiksvkip miyC/k gksrs- ikjaikjhd ‘ksrhcjkscjp i;ZVu dsanz mHkk:u vkfFkZd ‘kk’or mRiUu feGr vkgs-

‘ksrdjh ?kke xkGrks- jk=afnol d”V djrks ijarw tsOgk gkrh ;s.kkÚ;k fidkyk ;ksX; Hkko feGr ulY;keqGs R;kP;koj vkRegR;k dj.;kph osG ;srs rsOgk okbZV okVrs- d/kh d/kh ygjh fulxkZpk QVdk clwu ;s.kkÚ;k fidkoj R;kyk c?krk c?krk ik.kh lksMkos ykxrs- vkf.k R;keqGsp ‘ksrdÚ;kauk vkrk d`”kh iwjd O;olk; dj.ks xjtsps >kys vkgs- ‘ksrh O;olk;kyk d`”kh i;ZVuklkj[;k tksMO;olk;kph lkFk feGkY;kl ‘ksrdÚ;kaP;k mRiknukr Hkj iMw ‘kdrs- egkjk”Vª jkT;kr uohu i;ZVu /kksj.k es 2016 yk vfLrRokr vkys vlwu egkjk”Vª jkT; d`”kh i;ZVu fodkl egkeaMGkps lgdk;Z rlsp egkjk”Vª jkT; d”kh o xzkeh.k

i;ZVu lgdkjh egkla?k e;kZfnr ;klg jkT;kP;k osxosxG;k Hkkxkr LFkkiu >kysY;k laLFkkadMwu d`”kh i;ZVukyk pkyuk ns.;kr ;sr vkgs- vls vlys rjhgh d`”kh i;ZVukyk izksRlkgu ns.;kP;k n`”Vhus vk.k[kh iz;Ru gks.ks xjtsps vkgs-

mik;;kstuk & d”kh i;ZVu dsanzkps ekdsZfVax ‘kklu Lrjkoj gks.ks xjtsps vkgs- i;ZVu LFkGkapk fodkl] izk/kkU;Øe] jLrs o okgrqd lqfo/kk frFks vlysY;k eqyHkwr lks;h lqfo/kk] bR;kfnaoj voyacwu vlrs- i;ZVu izn’kZukrwu d`”kh i;ZVukps ekdsZfVax dsys tkow ‘kdrs- R;keqGs R;kps O;oLFkhr ekdsZfVax d:u fofo/k i;ZVdkai;Zar iksgpfo.;klkBh ekdsZfVaxP;k osxosxG;k i;kZ;kapk voyac djk;yk ikfgts- rlsp izR;sd clLFkkud] jsYosLVs’ku] foekurG ;k fBdk.kh i;ZVd ekfgrh dsanz mHkkjk;yk ikfgts- txHkjkrhy osxosxG;k i;ZVu izn’kZukr d`”kh i;ZVu dsanz pkydkauk eksQr Vscy Lisl fnyh ikfgts-

egkjk”Vªkrhy d`”kh i;ZVukyk vOoy ntkZ izkIr djk;pk vlsy rj R;klkBh izf’kf{kr euq”;cG vkiY;kyk r;kj djkos ykxsy- R;kdjhrk i;ZVuklkBh ykx.kkjs fo’ks”k dkS’kY; iqjow ‘kdrhy v’kk izf’k{k.k laLFkk mH;k djkO;k ykxrhy- loZ i;ZVu LFkGkaoj ekfgrh Qydk}kjs i;ZVdkaps izcks/ku dsys tk;yk ikfgts- ekStetscjkscjp R;k fBdk.kh ikGko;kph f’kLr o LoPNrsckcrps

fu;e lq/nk v/kksjs[khr dsyh tk;yk ikfgts- dkfg fu;e gs R;k fBdk.kP;k oSf’k”V;kauk vuql:u vlk;yk ikfgts-

tkxfrd d`”kh i;ZVu fnu Eg.kwu 16 es gk fnol vkarjjk”Vªh; i;ZVu egksRlo if=dse/;s lekfo”V dsyk vlwu vkt txHkj R;kph O;kIrh ok<rkauk fnlr vkgs- 16 es gk tkxfrd



d`”kh i;ZVu fnu egkjk”Vª i;ZVu foHkkxkus eksB;k izek.kkr lktjk

dsyk ikfgts- mRd`”V d`”kh i;ZVu dsanzkauk iqjLdkj fnys ikfgts- fu”d”kZ& ‘ksfriqjd mRiUukps lk/ku Eg.kwu miyC/k

lk/kulkexzhr vxnh deh HkkaMoyh [kpkZr dsyk tk.kkjk iqjd O;olk; Eg.kwi d`”kh i;ZVukdMs c?khrys tkrs- ‘kgjh i;ZVdkauk xzkeh.k thoukph vksG[k d:u ns.ks o R;k vuq”kaxkus ‘kgjh iSlk xzkeh.k HkkxkdMs oGfo.ks gk mÌs’k ;k ek/;ekrwu lk/; gksrks- d`”kh i;ZVu O;olk;kr izfr”Bk izkIr d:u ns.;kps lkeF;Z vkgs- jkstxkj fufeZrh] ‘ksrekykyk ‘ksrkrp xzkgd gs egRokps gsrw R;keqGs lk/; gksrkr- d`”kh i;ZVu gs izR;sd xkaokr fufeZrhps uohu lk/ku Eg.kwu mn;kl ;k;yk ikfgts- vktP;k uohu fif<yk ‘ksrh] xksBs] pqyhojps tso.k] ?kj] xkaokdMP;k izFkk gs lkj ekfgr ulr- dkj.k R;kauh ;k loZ xks”Vh vxksnj ikfgysY;kp ulrkr- ts vUu vki.k [kkrks rs vkiY;ki;Zar fdrh izdkjP;k izfØ;srwu tkrs ;kph dYiukp ulY;keqGs vUukps egRo R;kauk iV.kkj ukgh- dkank tehuhoj mxorks dh tehuh[kkyh] ‘ksrdjh vkRegR;k dk djrkr- ;k iz’ukaph mRrjs feGok;ph vlsy rj R;klkBh d”kh i;ZVukyk pkyuk feG.ks vko’;d vkgs-

vktP;k /kdk/kfdP;k thoukrhy ijLijkrhy laokn deh gksr vlY;kus rk.kr.kko ok<rks- rks deh dj.;klkBh d`”kh i;ZVu

,d pkaxys ek/;e vkgs- i;ZVdkauk fuokari.kk feGkyk fd rs vkuanh gksrkr- d`”kh i;ZVu fg [kjrj ijns’kh ladYiuk vkgs- czkf>y] U;qf>yaM] vkWLVªfy;k ;k ns’kkr rh [kwi yksdfiz; vkgs- fg ladYiuk vkiY;k ns’kkrgh :tr vkgs- ‘kklukP;k fofo/k ;kstuk vkf.k Hkfo”;krhy ;k {ks=kph ok<rh ekx.kh ;kph osGhp n[ky ?ksowu vkiY;kdfMy izR;sd ‘ksrdÚ;kus d`”kh i;ZVuklkBh lq:okr djk;yk ikfgts-

vkt ‘ksrekykP;k cktkjkr vfuf’prrk vkgs- tks ‘ksrdjh ‘ksreky fidforks R;kyk vkiY;k ekykps nj Bjfo.;kpk gDd ukgh- R;keqGs d/kh d/kh ‘ksrdÚ;kapk mRiknu [kpZ lq/nk Hk:u

fu?kr ukgh- v’kk voLFksr d`”kh i;ZVu ‘ksrdÚ;kalkBh vR;ar

mToy HkforO; vl.kkjk vkfFkZdn`”V;k Lokra™; vkf.k lkeF;Z ns.kkjk O;olk; vkgs- dkj.k d”kh i;ZVu dsanzklkBh uohu tkxk ‘kks/k.;kph xjt jkgr ukgh- d`”khiqjd O;olk;keqGs ‘ksrhps gks.kkjs uqdlku Hk:u fu?k.;kl enr ;k d`”kh i;ZVu dsanzkekQZr d`”kheky FksV xzkgdkaP;k gkrh iM.;kl enr gksrs- ;k fBdk.kh lsanzh; i/nrhus fidfoysyk Hkkthikyk] QGs] vUu/kkU; feGw ‘kdrs- ‘ksrdÚ;kalg xkaokrhy ;qodkauk xkao ikrGhoj jkstxkj feGw ‘kdrks- xkaokrhy efgyk cpr xVkaekQZr r;kj ekykP;k foØhlkBh ;k fBdk.kh cktkjisB miyC/k gksowu ‘kgjh i;ZVdkaeqGs xzkeh.k ifjljkrhy vk/kqfudrsph vksG[k gks.;kl enr gksrs o xkaokyk izfl/nh feGrs- vkf.k laLdrh o i;kZoj.kkl enr vls fofo/k Qk;ns feGr vlY;kus xzkeh.k ;qod ‘ksrdÚ;kauh d”kh i;ZVu {ks=kdMs vkiY;k thoukph okVpky dj.ks vko’;d vkgs-

tkxfrd i;ZVu la?kVusps egklfpo rkysc fjQkbZ ;kapk i;ZVdkauk lqnj lans’k vkgs- fulxZ] laLd`rh vkf.k ;teku ;kapk lUeku djk rqEgh vf/kd pkaxY;k fo’okps nqr cuq ‘kdrk- fg Hkkouk i;ZVdkaiqjrhp e;kZfnr u jkgrk i;ZVuLFkG ifjljkrhy ukxjhdkauh ns[khy Lokxr] lUeku vkf.k lqfo/kk ;k rhu ckch y{kkr ?ksrY;kl i;ZVukP;k ek/;ekrwu visf{kr fodkl ‘kD;

vkgs-

lanHkZ& 1- i;ZVu vkSj i;ZVu mRikn] oekZ lat; dqekj] r{k’khyk

izdk’ku] uoh fnYyh] 1998- 2- i;ZVu Hkwxksy] oekZ ,l- ds- ,oa flag vkj- ih-] usgk

ifCyds’ku] cjsyh] 2005- 3- www.mopharma.com 4- www.mr.vikaspedia.in 5- www.mazisheti.org 6- www.linkedin.com 7- www.saamana.com



fØIl fe’ku@vk;ksxkps ifj{k.k izk- MkW- izfeyk Mh- Hkks;j] ¼lgk- izk/;kid½ bfrgkl foHkkx izeq[k] Lo-fu/kZu ikVhy ok?kk;s dyk okf.kT; o foKku egkfo|ky;]yk[kuh]

ft-HkaMkjk&441804 E-mail – [email protected] Cell. 9765889913 izLrko.kk %& b-l- 1600 e/;s baxzt O;kikj dj.;kP;k

mn~ns’kkus Hkkjrkr vkys- R;kosGh vkiY;k ns’kkph lRrk eksxYkkaP;k gkrkr gksrh- fnYyhP;k xknhoj eksxy ckn’kkgk tgkWaxhj gksrk Eg.kwu b-l- 1612 e/;s tgkWaxhjdMwu baxztkauh O;kikjh loyrh feGfoY;k vkf.k O;kikj dj.;kl lq:okr dsyh- HkkjrHkj O;kikj djhr vlrkauk eky lkBowu Bso.;lklkBh o[kkjh LFkkiu d: ykxys- v’kkp o[kkjh LFkkiU;ko:u fdaok ekykP;k laj{k.kklkBh caxky e/;s ,d fHkar cka/kyh ijarw rsFkhy ‘kkld fljkstmn~nksyk ;kaph ijokuxh ?ksryh ukgh R;koj fljkstmn~nksyk o baxzt ;kaP;kr b-l- 1757 yk y<kbZ >kyh fgp baxzt o Hkkjrh;kae/;s >kysyh bfrgkl izfl/n Iyklhph y<kbZ gks;- fgp baxzt o Hkkjrh;ke/khy ifgyh y<kbZ gks;- g;k y<kbZr baxztkauk fot; feGkyk o baxztkaph fgaer ok<yh uarj b-l- 1764 yk cDlkjph y<kbZ ftadyh- Eg.ktsp IyklhP;k y<kbZus baxztkauh vkiys ik; jksoys o cDlkjP;k y<kbZuh rs iDds dsys- vls EgVys tkrs- uarj baxztkauh Hkkjrkrhy ,d&,d djrk loZ izkar ftadwu laiw.kZ Hkkjr ftadwu

Hkkjrkps lRrkf/k’k cuys- Eg.kwu EgVys tkrs dh] O;kikjh Eg.kwu vkys o jkT;drsZ cuys baxzt jkT;drsZ cuY;kuarj Hkkjrh; tursoj vU;k; djhr Eg.kwu baxztkuh Hkkjr lksMwu tkos- ;klkBh vusd mBko o pGoGh Hkkjrh; tursuh dsY;kr ijarw baxzt vkiY;k vk/kqfud ‘kL=kP;k Hkjks’kkoj mBko o pGoGh nMiwu Vkdr- R;keqGs Hkkjrh; tursps baxztkcn~ny vlarks”k fuekZ.k gksr vls gk vlarks”k deh dj.;kP;k mn~ns’kkuh dkghrjh lks;hlqfo/kk nsr vkgksr Eg.kwu vkf.k Hkkjrh; turspk y{k HkVdfo.;klkBh ,[kknh lqfo/kk nsr vlr v’kkrp fØIl fe’kupk tUe >kyk-

fof’k”V varxZr vkf.k tkxfrd LiksVd ifjLFkheqGs jktdh; LokFkZ fl/nhdjhrk lkFkZ gksÅu fczfV’k ‘kklukyk Hkkjrh;kdjhrk uoh ?kVuk Lokra«; ns.;kP;k n`”Vhus fØIl vk;ksxkph ?kks”k.kk djkoh ykxyh HkkjrkP;k jk”Vªh; pGoGhP;k o ?kVukRed fodklkP;k n`”Vhus fØIl vk;ksxkyk vfr’k; egRokps LFkku vkgs- HkkjrkP;k jk”Vªh; pGoGhyk o turse/khy vlarks”kkyk vkf.k R;kauh fczfV’k ‘kklukizrh vaxhdkjysY;k vlgdkjkP;k ekxkZyk lg ns.;kpk fjrlj iz;Ru ;k ek/;ekrwu dj.;kr vkyk ijarw rks iz;Ru ;’kLoh u Bjrk fczfV’kkP;k vaxkoj vkyk-

fØIl fe’ku@vk;ksx Hkkjrkr ;s.;kph dkj.ks % 1½ vkWx”V izLRkkokps vi;’k ¼vkWx”V 1940½ %& b-l-

1935 P;k dk;n;kuwlkj izkarke/;s fuoM.kwdk gksow.k dkgh izkarkr Hkkjrh;kaps ‘kklu lRrkn< >kys- ijarw b-l- 1939 e/;s nqlÚ;k tkxrhd egk;q/nkyk lq:okr >kyh- R;kosGh fczVu ljdkj.ks Hkkjrh;kauk fo’oklkr u ?ksrk nqlÚ;k egk;q/nkr mMh ?ksryh

R;keqGs izkafrd Hkkjrh; ea=heaMGkuh jkthukes nsÅu fczfV’k ‘kkluklh vlgdkj /kksj.kkpk voyac dsyk- ;q/ntU; ifjfLFkrhe/;s Hkkjrh;kaPkk gk vlarks”k fczfV’kkauk gkf.kdkjd Bjsy R;keqGs 8 vkWx”V 1940 jksth fczfV’k ljdkj.ks ,d izLrko ikjhr dsyk- R;kykp vkWx”V izLrko vls Eg.krkr-

vkWx”V izLrkokuwlkj fof/keaMGkpk foLrkj dj.ks vYila[;kdkP;k fgrlaca/kkph tiouwd dj.ks rlsp ;q/nlekIrh uarj HkkjrkP;k Lokra«;kfo”k;h fopkj dsyk tkbZy- v’kk izdkjP;k ?kks”k.kk fczfV’k ljdkj.ks ;k izLrkokr tkghj dsY;kr- ijarw dkWaxzslyk fczfV’kkP;k ?kks”k.kkoj fo’okl uOgrk- R;kauk Rojhr fu.kZ; vkf.k veayctko.kh goh gksrh- R;keqGs dkWaxzsl.ks vkWx”V izLrko QsVkGwu ykoyk vkWx”V izLrkokP;k vi;’kkeqGs Hkkjrkr fczfV’k fojks/k dk;ep gksrk- R;keqGs dkghrjh lq/kkj.kk dj.;kP;k n`”Vhus fczfV’k ljdkjyk Hkkjrkr fØIl vk;ksxkph use.kwd djkoh ykxyh-

2½ Hkkjrh; tursps y{k ;q/nkdMs vkd”khZr dj.;kph fudM

%& vkWx”V izLrkokrhy fczfV’kkaP;k dqVhy furheqGs xka/khuh ljdkjkfo:/n O;Drhxr dk;nsHkaxkph pGoG lq: dsyh- yodjp xka/khP;k pGoGhyk Hkkjrh; tursdMwu lq/nk mRre izrhlkFk feGw ykxyk- vusd usrs vkf.k turklq/nk ;k pGoGhr lgHkkxh gksÅ ykxyhr- fczfV’k thouej.kkdjhrk la?k”kZ djhr vlrkauk xka/khuh pGoG lq: d:.k fczfV’kkaP;k ikVhr [kathj [kwilyk v’kh fVdk eqLyhe yhxus dsyh-

lqjokrhyk fczfV’k ‘kklukyk ;k pGoGheqGs dkgh vMp.kh fuekZ.k >kY;k ukgh- ijarq fnolsafnol pGoG O;kid gksr vlY;kus Hkkjrh; tursps y{k ;q/nkdMwu vkanksy.kkdMs oGw ykxys- R;keqGs ;q/ntU; ifjfLFkrhr tursps y{k ;q/nkdMs os/kwu ?ks.;klkBh Hkkjrkr dkghrjh lksbZ lq/kkj.kk djkO;kr vls fczfV’k ljdkjyk okVys vkf.k R;krwup fØIl vk;ksxkph fuehZrh dj.;kr vkyh-

3½ tikuph ;’kLoh vkxsdwp@tikupk /kksdk %& nqlÚ;k tkxrhd egk;q/nkr tikuus fczfV’k fojks/kkr mMh ?ksryh gksrh- vkf.k ekpZ 1942 Ik;Zar czEgns’kkrhy jaxqu Ik;Zar tikuph ;’kLoh ?kksMnkSM lq: gksrh- vkf.k yodjp tiku Hkkjrkoj vkØe.k dj.;kph ‘kD;rk fuekZ.k >kyh gksrh- v’kk Ikzlaxh HkkjrkP;k enrhph xjt fczfV’k ljdkjyk okVr gksrh- ;kf’kok; Hkkjr

tikuyk enr dj.kkj ukgh- ;kphgh O;oLFkk dj.ks fczVh’kljdkjyk vR;ko’;d okVr gksrs- R;keqGs Hkkjrh;kdjhrk vf/kd loyrhph ?kks”k.kk d:.k R;kP;k ekx.;k ekU; dj.;kP;k



n`”Vhus dkghrjh mik;kstuk dj.ks fczVh’k ljdkjyk vijhgk;Z

Bjys- 4½ Hkkjrh; mnkjerokn;kpk vkxzg %& tqyS 1941 e/;s

Hkkjrkrhy dkgh mnjeroknh usR;kauh ,d cSBd ?ksÅ.k ;q/ndkGkr Hkkjrh;kauh fczfV’kkauk en~nr djkoh ijarq R;k cnY;kr dsanzh; vkf.k izkarh; fo/kheaMGke/;s fczfV’k ljdkj.ks Hkkjrh;kauk tkLRk izek.kkr lgHkkxh d:.k ?;kos- rlsp ;q/nklaca/kh Hkkjrh;ka’kh fopkj&fofue; djkok v’kk dkgh ekx.;k Hkkjrh; mnkjeroknh usR;kauh fczVu ljdkjdMs dsY;k vkf.k gh lqpuk] rkj ikBowu fczVu ljdkjyk dGfoY;k xsyh- R;keqGs ,dk ys[kdkaP;k erkuwlkj ^^ fczfV’k ljdkj.ks ;k rkjsdMs] ;ksX; y{k fnys**- R;keqGs Hkkjrkr ,[kknk vk;ksx ikBfo.;kpk ekxZ eksdGk >kyk-

5½ fczVh’k mnkjerokn;kpk [email protected] %& Hkkjrkrhy dkWaxzsllkj[;k jk”Vªh; la?kVusl vuqdwy dsY;kf’kok; tikulkj[;k ‘k=qlh iwosZdMs rksaM ns.ks ‘kD; ukgh- R;keqGs fganwLFkkuyk Hkjho v’kk lq/kkj.kk ns.ks vko’;d vkgs vkf.k r’kk izdkjps vk’oklu fczfV’k ljdkjus Hkkjrh;kauk n;kos v’kk izdkjph nMi.ks rRdkyhu fczVupk iz/kkuoj pfpZyOnkj mnkjeroknh usrs vWVyh vkf.k ,MoMZ ;kauh vk.kyk- R;keqGsp fczVu ljdkjyk Hkkjrke/;s fØIl vk;ksxkph use.kqd djkoh ykxyh-

6½ tkxrhd yksderkps nMi.k %& vesjhdsus nqlÚ;k egk;q/nkr baXyaMP;k cktwus mMh ?ksryh R;keqGs iwoZsZdMs tikufo:/n ;q/n ftad.;klkBh fganwLFkkups lgdk;Z vR;ar vko’;d vkgs vls vesjhdsps v/;{k ÝWdyhu :>osYVyk okVr gksrs- R;keqGs :>osYVuh pfpZyoj nMi.k vk.kwu fganqLFkkuyk LojkT; ns.;kP;k n`”Vhus dkghrjh ;kstuk r;kj dj.;kl Hkkx ikMys- rlsp phupk ljlsukirh pWax&dS & ‘ksd ;kauh vkWLVªh;kps fons’kea=h MkW- Lokg b- ijns’kh usR;kauh HkkjrkP;k Lokra«;kph yodj lksMo.kwd djkoh v’kh lqpuk fczfV’k ljdkjyk dsyh- ;kapklw/nk izHkko fczfV’k ljdkjoj iMyk R;keqGs Hkkjrkr fØIl vk;ksxkph use.kwd dj.;kr vkyh-

vk;ksxkps vkxeu 22 ekpZ 1942 %& ofjy dkj.kkeqGs ok ifjLFkhrheqGs fczfV’k ljdkj.ks 22 ekpZ 1942 jksth vk;ksxkps izfrfu/kh Eg.kwu lj fØIl ;kyk Hkkjrkr ikBfoys- R;kuarj fØIlus Hkkjrkrhy dkWaxzsl] eqLyheyhx] fganq egklHkk laLFkkuhd b- i{kklh ppkZ d:u fØIlus th ;kstuk r;kj dsyh frykp fØIl ;kstuk vls Eg.krkr-

fØIl ;kstuspk izLrko ¼30 ekpZ 1942½ %& 30 ekpZ 1942 yk lj fØIl;kauh vkiyh ;kstuk ?kks”khr dsyh ;k ;kstusps ;q/nksRrjdkyhu vkf.k rRdkyhu ;kstuk v’kk nksu Hkkxkr

foHkkt.k dsys vkgsr- 1½ ;q/nksRrjdkyhu ;kstuk %& 1½ egk;q/n lekIrhuarj

Hkkjrla?kkph fuehZrh dj.;kr ;sÅu R;kr Hkkjrkrhy izkar vkf.k laLFkkpk lekos’k dsyk tkbZy gk la?k varxZr vkf.k ckg; dk;kZdjhrk Lora= jkfgy- 2½ ;q/nksRrj dkGkr Hkkjrkdjhrk uO;k

lafo/kkukph fuehZrh dj.;kr ;sÅu R;ke/;s izkar vkf.k laLFkkuhd

R;kaP;k izrhuh/khpk lekos’k dsY;k tkbZy- 3½ T;k izkarkuk ufou lafo/kku ekU; ulsy R;kauk Hkkjrh; la?kkiklqu osxGs jkg.;kps Lokra«; fnys tkbZy- 4½ fczVh’k ‘kklu vkf.k lafo/kku ?kVuk ifj”kn ;kaP;kr djkj d:u vYila[;kadkP;k laj{k.kkph geh fnyh tkbZy- tj dks.krsgh Hkkjrh; jkT; uO;k la?kVuspk vLohdkj djsy R;kauk fczVh’k ‘kkluklh osxGk djkj djkok ykxsy-

2½ rRdkyhu ;kstuk %& Ekgk;q/nkiklqu HkkjrkP;k laj{k.kkph tckcnkjh fczfV’kkoj jkghy- rlsp HkkjrkP;k lgdk;kZus ofjy tckcnkjh vaeykr vk.kyh tkbZy- b- izeq[k rjrqnh fØIl ;kstusr lkehy@lekfo”B dj.;kr vkY;kr-

3½ fØIl ;kstusl Hkkjrh;kaP;k fojks/kh izØh;k %& fØIl ;kstuk tkghj gksrkp Hkkjrkrhy cgqrsd loZ i{kkauh vkf.k usR;kauh ;k ;kstusyk fojks/k n’kZfoyk ijarq ;koj flrk jkek¸;k Eg.krkr] ^^fØIl ;kstuse/;s Hkkjrkrhy izR;sd i{k izlUu gksbZy v’kk xks”Vh gksR;k**-

1½ dkWaxzslph izfrØh;k %& fØIl ;kstuk dkWaxzsluslq/nk QsVkGqu ykoyh R;klkBh [kkyhy ifjLFkhrh dkj.khHkqr Bjyh R;ke/;s Hkkjrh; Lokra«;kyk ;q/n laisi;Zar LFkXkhr Bso.;kr vkys- rlsp izkarkuk Hkkjrh;k la?kkiklwu osxGs jkg.;kpk vf/kdkj ns.;kr

vkyk- ;kf’kok; la?kVuk ifj”knse/;s laLFkkfudkauk eqn~nkep lekfo”V d:u R;kauk Hkkjrh; la?kkiklqu osxGs jkg.;kps Lokra«; fnY;k xsys vkf.k eq[; Eg.kts Hkkjrkpk laj{k.k foHkkx HkkjrkP;k fu;a=.kk[kkyh Bsoyk gksrk-

2½ eqLyhe yhxph izrhØh;k %& eqLyhe yhxus lq/nk gh ;kstuk vekU; dsyh dkj.k fd ;k ;kstusuwlkj ikfdLFkkuP;k fuehZrhph ekx.kh iq<s <dy.;kr vkyh- rlsp izkarh; fo/kheaMGkrhy eqLyhekauk fnY;k xsysys izrhfu/khRo vlek/kkudkjd gksrs- R;kpcjkscj eqLyhekauk osxG;k ernkj la?kkph ;k ;kstusr O;oLFkk dsY;k xsyh uOgrh-

3½ nfyr oxkZph izfrØh;k %& nfyr oxkZus lq/nk gh ;kstuk vekU; dsyh- R;kP;k erkuwlkj R;kaP;kgh laca/kkP;k lqj{khrrsP;k n`”Vhus ;ksX; v’kh rjrqn ;k ;kstusr dj.;kr vkyh uOgrh-

Hkkjrh; dkgh mnkjeroknh usR;kuh lq/nk ;k ;kstuseqGs Hkkjrkph izrh”Bk vkf.k lqj{khrrk ;koj vk?kkr dsY;k xsyk vls EgVys vkgs- rjh fganw egklHksuh osxG;k ikfdLrkuP;k ekx.khyk fojks/k n’kZfoyk- rj egkRek xka/khuh ;k ;kstusps o.kZu ^^cqMR;k cWadspk iq<hy rkj[kspk fnysyk psd** vls o.kZu dsysys vkgs- v’kkizdkjs fØIl ;kstuk vlQy gksÅ.k fØIl 21 ,fizy 1942 yk yaM.kyk ijr xsysr-

fØIl fe’kuP;k vi;’kkph dkj.ks %& fØIl fe’ku vi;’kh Bjyh ;klkBh th dkj.ks ok ifjfLFkrh dkj.khHkqr Bjyh R;kapk lkjka’k:ikus vk<kok ;s.ksizek.ks

1½ fczVh’k ‘kklukus rMtksMhP;k /kksj.kkpk fLodkj dsyk ukgh %& fczfV’k ‘kklukus ;k ;kstusr rMtksMhP;k /kksj.kkpk fLodkj



dsyk ukgh- dsoG fn[kkÅ rMtksMhP;k iz;Rukuh vkiY;k

‘kklukpk dky[kaM ok<fo.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk- laj{k.k foHkkxkoj Lor%psp iw.kZ fu;a=.k Bso.;kpk Bsdk fczfV’kkauh lksMyk ukgh- ,dk brhgkldkjkP;k ers ^^’kklukus dsoG lhekvarxZr vkiY;k Qk;n;kdjhrk djkj d: bfPNr gksrs- R;krp djkjkps fu’p;kus ikyu djr uOgrs-

,danjhr ;k ;kstuse/;s fczfV’k ljdkjus Hkkjrh;ka’kh dkgh ckcrhr rMtksM dsyh vlrh- Hkkjrh;kauk fo’oklkr ?ksÅ.k gh ;kstuk tkghj dsyh vlrh rj dnkphr ifj.kke osxGk >kyk vlrk-

2½ gh ;kstuk v/kZoV gksrh %& fØIl ;kstuk viw.kZ gksrh vls EgVys tkrs dkj.k dh] ;kiwohZ Hkkjrh;kauh iw.kZ Lokra«;kph ekx.kh dsyh gksrh ijarw ;k ;kst.ksr HkkjrkP;k Lokra«;klaca/kh dlY;kgh izdkjpk mYys[k uOgrk- ;kf’kok; ;k ;kstusr orZekudkGkis{kk Hkfo”;koj vf/kd Hkj gksrk- rlsp eqLyhekauk Lora«k ikfdLrku gok gksrk- i.k R;kpkgh mYYks[k ;k ;kstusr uOgrk- vkf.k eq[; Eg.kts ;k ;kstuse/;s fczfV’kkapk LokFkZ lekfo”B gksrk- vkf.k R;keqGsp gh ;kstuk iw.kZRokl u vkY;keqGs vlQy dj.ks LokHkkfod gksrs-

3½ jk”Vªh; dkWaxzslph [kachj Hkqehdk %& ;kosGh Hkkjrh;

jk”Vªh; dkWaxzsl vkiY;k /kksj.kkoj vkf.k Hkqehdsoj vfr’k; [kachj jkghys vkiY;k /kksj.kkrwu ek?kkj ?;k;yk dkWaxzsl r;kj uOgrh- HkkjrkP;k iw.kZ Lokra«;kP;k fu.kZ;koj dkWaaxzsl fczfV’k ljdkj.kh djkj dj.;kl r;kj gksrs- ;kf’kok; nqlÚ;k] egk;q/nkeqGs] vkf.k fczfV’kkaP;k vLFkhj fLFkrheqGs Hkkjrkr Økarhps okrkoj.k fuekZ.k gksr gksrs- v’kk ;k vfLFkj ifjfLFkrheqGs fczfV’k Hkkjrh;kaph ekx.kh ekU; djrhy vls dkWaxzslyk okVr gksrs- dkj.k dh] ;q/ndkGkr Hkkjrh;kaP;k lgdk;kZph xjt fczfV’kkauk gksrh-

4½ fczVh’k jktnqr gsyhQWDlps fo/kku@oDr`Ro %& fØIl ;kstuk iw.kZ dj.;kP;k dkGkrp fczVupk jktnqr gsyhQWDlus g;kosGh vls ,d mn~xkj dk<ys dh] Hkkjrh; jk”Vªh; dkWaxzsl gh ygku la?kVuk vlwu Hkkjrkrhy loZ oxkZps izrhuh/khRo djhr ukgh- R;keqGs dkWaxzslP;k ekx.khdMs y{k ns.;kph xjt ukgh- v’kk ;k gsyhQWDlP;k fo/kkukeqGs dkWaxszluh g;k ;kstusl vrh’k; rhoz fojks/k dsyk R;keqGsp tkWUlu gk e`Rln~nh Eg.krks- ^^gsyhQWDlP;k mn~xkjkeqGs fØIl fe’kuP;k vi;’kkpk ekxZ eksdGk >kyk-

5½ pphZy ;kaph vMsy Hkqehdk %& ^^fczVu ps iz/kkuea=h pphZyoj R;kosGh loZcktqus nMi.k vk.kY;keqGs R;kauh ukbZyktkLro fØIl ;kstusyk ekU;rk fnyh- ijarq gh ;kstuk ;’kLoh Bj.;kP;k n`”Vhus R;k ;sktusps pphZyus euiwoZd leFkZu

dsys ukgh-** pphZyph Hkqehdk d’kh vMsy gksrh- gs R;kaP;k [kkyhy fo/kkuko:u y{kkr ;sbZy-

pphZy Eg.krks] ^^fczfV’k lkezkT;kps fnokGs oktfo.;klkBh eh iariz/kku >kyks ukgh-** vls pphZy.ks EgVys gksrs- b- izeq[k dkj.kkeqGs fØIl ;kstuk ;’kLoh B: ‘kdyh ukgh-

ifj{k.k %& b-l- 1940 P;k vkWx”V izLRkkokyk dkWaxzsluh

QsVkGwu ykoyss vkf.k Hkkjrh; tursP;k eukr baxztkcn~ny rhoz vlarks’k fuekZ.k >kyk gksrk gk vlarks”k deh dj.;klkBh vkf.k Hkkjrh; tursps y{k dqBrjh ykowu R;kauk xqarowu Bso.;klkBh dkghrjh lks;h&lqfo/kk nsr vkgksr vls ukVd fczfV’k ljdkj djhr gksrs R;krwup fØIl fe’ku Hkkjrkr ikBfo.;kr vkys- gs fe’ku Hkkjrh; usR;kalkscr fopkj&fofu;e d:u ;q/nlekIrhuarj Hkkjrkph lRrk] Hkkjrh;kaP;k gkrh ns.;kr ;sbZy v’kk izdkjph HkqyFkki ns.kkjh gh ;kstuk gksrh- i.k lq:okrhiklqup fØIl fe’ku ;’kLoh gks.kkj ukgh- ;kph n[ky pphZy o brj fozfV’k vf/kdkÚ;kauh ?ksryh gksrh- dkj.k R;ke/;s R;kapkp Qk;nk gksrk- lfou; dk;nsHkax pGoGheqGs Hkkjrh; turk ;q/nk ,soth vkiys y{k ns’kkyk Lokra«; feGowu ns.kkÚ;k pGoGhdMs dsanzhr djhr gksrs- ;keqGs fczfV’k ljdkj vMp.khr ;sr gsrs- nqlÚ;k egk;q/nkr tikuuh fczfV’kkP;k fojks/kkr ;q/nkr mMh ?ksowu HkkjrkP;k flesi;Zar vkiyh ;’kLoh vkxsdwp dsyh gksrh R;keqGs fczfV’k fu;a=.kk[kkyh vlysY;k Hkkjrkyk /kksdk gksrk- rlsp Hkkjrh; tikuP;k enn~rhyk tk.kkj ukgh- ;kphgh O;oLFkk fczfV’kkauk djk;ph gksrh- ek= dkWaxzslyk fo’oklkr ?ksrY;kf’kok; Hkkjrkfo”k;hps fu.kZ; ?ksow ‘kdr ukgh- dkj.k dkWaxzsl

gh loZ Hkkjrkps usr`Ro dj.kkjh la?kVuk gksrh- Eg.kwu mnkjeroknh fcszfV’k usrs vWVyh vkf.k ,MoMZ ;kauh pphZyoj nMi.k vk.kys- vesfjdsuh b-l- 1941 e/;s tkxrhd nqlÚ;k egk;q/nkr Hkkx ?ksryk- R;keqGs iqosZdMs tikufo:/n ;q/n ftad.;klkBh HkkjrkP;k lgdk;kZph xjt okVw ykxyh- Eg.kwu vesfjdsps v/;{k ÝWdyhu :>osYVuh fczVups iariz/kku pphZyoj nMi.k vk.kwu Hkkjrkyk LojkT; ns.;kP;k n`”Vhus dkghrjh ;kstuk r;kj dj.;kl Hkkx ikMys-

fe=jk”Vªkauk [kq’k dj.;klkBh pphZyuh fØIl fe’ku Hkkjrkr ikBfoys- ijarw rs lQy gks.kkj ukgh ;kph ek= dkGth ?ksryh dkj.k ;ke/;s pphZypkp Qk;nk gksrk- pphZy QDr ns[kkok d:u Hkkjrh;kauk xqarowu Bsok;ps gksrs- Hkkjrh;kauleksj vls izLrko Bso.;kr vkys dh] rs Hkkjrh;kauk ekU; gks.kkj ukgh- fØIl fe’ku vi;’kh >kY;kl R;kapk nks”k vkiY;koj ;s.kkj ukgh rj myV Hkkjrh; tursr] fdaok Hkkjrkrhy loZ i{kkaP;k usR;kae/;s ,der ukgh] rs Lokra«; ?ks.;kl r;kj ukgh vlk ns[kkok d:u vi;’kkps nks”k Hkkjrh;kaoj yko.;kl pphZy foljyk ukgh- baxztkaP;k v’kk orZukeqGs Hkkjrh; tursP;k eukr baxztkcn~ny dVwrk] Ons’k vkf.k vlarks”k fuekZ.k gksowu baxztkauk vkrk Hkkjrkrwu gkdywu ykoysp ikghts- v’kkizdkjph Hkkouk loZ Hkkjrh;

tursP;k eukr fuekZ.k gksowu dkghrjh osxG djko Eg.kwu b-l- 1942 P;k pystko pGoGhpk mn; >kyk ;k pGoGhr Hkkjrkrhy tursuhlq/nk Hkkx ?ksryk- usrk ulrkauk tursuh gh pGoG pkyfoyh-



nqlÚ;k egk;q/ndkyhu dky[kaMkr Hkkjrkr vaeykr vk.kY;k

xsysY;k fØIl ;kstusps tj vki.k ckjdkbZus ifj{k.k dsys rj R;ke/;s Hkkjrkps uqdlku vkf.k fczfV’kkapk Qk;nk vlysyk vkf.k >kysyk fnlwu ;srks- dkj.k dh ;k ;kstusr Hkkjrkyk Lokra«; feGsy vlk dksBsgh mYys[k dsyk uOgrk fdaok Hkkjrkyk olkgrhvarxZr Lokra«; ns.;kph osG Bjfo.;kr vkyh uOgrh ;k ;kstusr ns’kh laLFkkauk vkf.k izkarkuk Hkkjrh; la?kkr lkfey gks.;kps fdaok osxGs gks.;kps Lokra«; nsÅu Hkkjrkyk vusd Hkkxkr foHkktukph vkf.k tkrh; oknkph ik’oZHkqeh r;kj dsY;k xsyh gksrh-

;kf’kok; ;k ;kstusvarxZr fczfV’k ‘kklukyk vusd ykHk feGkys- vesfjdu vkf.k brjgh tkxrhd usR;kaP;k nMi.kkiklwu eksdGhd feGkyh vkf.k R;kauh ;k ek/;ekrwu ^^Hkkjrkr ?kVukRed ifjorZukP;k ekxkZr Hkkjrh; usR;ke/khy erHksn vkf.k R;kaph vR;kf/kd egRokdka{kk g;k xks”Vh vkM ;sr vlY;kus vkEgh Hkkjrkr iw.kZ:ikus lq/kkj.kk d: ‘kdr ukgh- ;kapk ns[kkok fuekZ.k dsyk ;kckcn MkW-ikaMs Eg.krkr] ^^pfpZy Lor% dks.kR;kgh cnykdjhrk ok Ikzxrhdjhrk mRlqd uOgrk Eg.kwu R;kus fØIl ;kstusps leFkZu dssys ukgh-** R;keqGs Hkkjrkr fczfV’k fojks/k dk;ep jkghy-

fØIl ;kstusP;k lanHkkZr MkW- DysUlh Eg.krkr] ^^fØIl dsoG dVdkjLFkku fo’okl?kkr nxkckth vkf.k nqVIih dls djhr gksrs vkf.k R;kcn~ny R;kauk doMhpkgh Ik’pkrki uOgrk-**

ia- usg: Eg.krkr] ^^;k ;kstusoj tso<k vf/kd izek.kkr fopkj dsyk tkbZy rso<h gh ;kstuk vf/kd dkYiuhd okVw

ykxsy-** ,danjhr gh ;kstuk Eg.kts fczfV’k ‘kklukpk jktdh;

[ksG gksrk- MkW-flrkjke¸;k Eg.krkr] ^^fØIl ;kstuk ea=heaMGkP;k R;k

viR;kizek.ks gksrh dh] vtqui;Zar T;kpk tUe >kyk uOgrk- fnYyhrhy 20 fnolkP;k izoklkr fØIl ;kauh tUe.kkÚ;k viR;kl Ñ=he [kkn; vkf.k vkS”k/kkus ftohr Bso.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk i.k rs v;’kLoh Bjys-**

[kjs lkaxk;ps Eg.kts nqlÚ;k egk;q/ndkGkr fczVh’k ‘kklukph fØIl ;kstuk Eg.kts ,d dqV uSrhd iz;ksx gksrk-

fu"d”kZ %& fØIl fe’ku tkxrhd nqlÚ;k egk;q/nkr Hkkjrh;kapk lg;ksx feGfo.;klkBh pphZyuh Hkkjrkr ikBfoyh gksrh- fØIl fe’kuP;k izLrkokr fganwLrku o ikfdLRkku ;kaP;k foHkktukpk dGr&udGr mYys[k gksrk- R;keqGs fØIl fe’ku vlQy gksowu baXyaMyk okil xsys rsOgk vkiY;k ekxs grk’k vkf.k dMokgV HkjysY;k Hkkjrh;kauk lksMys- Hkkjrh;kaP;k eukr fczfV’kkacn~ny rhoz vlarks”k fuekZ.k >kyk- Hkkjrh;kaph ifjfLFkrh vlkg; >kyh gksrh- R;keqGs Hkkjrh; yksd fpMys vkf.k vkrk lkezkT; oknkoj vafre izgkj dsyk ikfgts- v’kkizdkjph Hkkouk fuekZ.k gksowu b-l- 1942 ph pystko pGoG lq: >kyh-

lanHkZ lwph %& 1- MkW- fo- Hkk- vkBY;s % ^vk/kqfud Hkkjrkpk bfrgkl* 2- MkW- vfuy dBkjs % ^vk/kqfud Hkkjrkpk bfrgkl lu 1858 rs 1947 3- MkW- fc-,y-xzksoj vkf.k MkW-,u-ds- csYgsdj % vk/kqfud Hkkjrkpk bfrgkl 4- /kuat; vkpk;Z % Hkkjrkpk bfrgkl lu 1761 rs 1971 5- MkW- lqeu oS| vkf.k ‘kkark dksVsdj % vk/kqfud Hkkjrkpk bfrgkl 6- MkW- th-ch-‘kkg o MkW-vkj-ih-Hkkejs vkf.k izk- ,e-Mh-iokj % vk/kqfud

Hkkjrkpk bfrgkl lu 1857rs 1950



Hkkjrkrhy vkfnoklh lekt vkf.k dqekjhekrkaph leL;k MkW- Jhjke fdlujko [kkMs] lekt’kkL= foHkkx izeq[k] dyk] okf.kT; egkfo|ky;] ekjsxkao rk- o.kh ft- ;orekG-

izLrkouk %& Hkkjrh; lekt lajpusr vkfnoklh lekt ,d

egÙokpk ?kVd vkgs- rFkkih vktgh vkfnoklh lektkP;k thoui)rhr vf/kdka'k cny >kysyk ukgh- R;kapk thoufo"k;d la?k"kZ vkgs R;k fLFkrhrp vkgs- R;kaP;k :<h o ijaijke/;s R;kaps thou fu;af=r >kys vkgs- vkfnoklh lekt vKkuh vkf.k cafnLr ekufldrspk vlY;kewGs O;kikjh] lkodkj] Bsdsnkj] uksdj'kkgh ;kaP;kdMwu R;kaph izpaM izek.kkr fiGo.kwd vkf.k Qlo.kwd dsyh tkr vkgs- vkfnoklh fL=;ka vkf.k eqyhaps ySafxd 'kks"k.k vf/kd izek.kkr dsys tkr vkgs vkf.k Eg.kwup vkfnoklh lektkr dqekjh ekrkaph leL;k vf/kdkf/kd izek.kkr fuekZ.k >kY;kps fnlrs-

Hkkjrh; lektkrhy va/kJ)k] izFkk] ijaijk] pkyhfjrh bR;knhaP;k ek/;ekrwu fL=;kaps ySafxd 'kks"k.k dsys tkrs- ;k va/kJ)kauk /kekZpk eq[;Rosd:u vk/kkj vlrks- vkf.k ;krwup nsonklh] eqjGh b- nsokauk viZ.k dsysY;k fL=;k] R;k&R;k nsoky;kP;k ifjljkr lapkj djhr vlrkr- R;kp foHkkxkrhy Jhear yksd fdaok eanhjkrhy iqtkjh /kekZP;k ukokaoj fL=;kaps ySafxd 'kks"k.k djhr vlrkr- dkgh vkfnoklh lektkrhy

izHkqRo'kkyh usr`Ro vkfnoklh eqyhaps o fL=;kaps ySafxd 'kks"k.k djhr vlrkr- vfydMs vkfnoklh lektkr brj yksdkaps osxosxG;k dkj.kkus ;s.ks&tk.ks lq: >kys vkgs- vls yksd gh Lor%P;k oklukiwrhZlkBh vkfnoklh eqyhapk miHkksx ?ksr vkgsr- ;k ySafxd lac/kkrwu v'kk eqyhauk iq<s xHkZ/kkj.kk gksÅu eqy gksrs- R;k eqykacÌ~y ;k lektkr Qkjlk fof/kfu"ks/k ulrks- ijarq ;k vkfnoklh eqyhaps fookg gksr ukghr- rh r:.k vlsi;Zar ySafxd lek/kkukP;k ekscnY;kr R;kauk dkgh izek.kkr vkfFkZd enr R;kp ifjljkrhy yksd djhr vlrkr- i.k ;k eqykauk fu;fer cki feGr ukgh vkf.k ex ;k dqekjhekrk Lor%P;k vkf.k eqykaP;k nSuafnu O;ogkjklkBh vifjfpr ok vuksG[kh iq:"kkps uko oMhy Eg.kwu /kkj.k djhr vlrkr- v'kkizdkjP;k dqekjhekrkalkBh dks.kR;kp ekU;rkizkIr izFkk fdaok /kekZpk vk/kkj ukgh- ijarq R;k ifjljkrhy yksdkadMwu 'kks"k.k >kysY;k vkf.k uarj brjkauh miHkksxysY;k dqekjhekrk vlrkr- R;k eqGkrp xjhc vkf.k vf'kf{kr vlrkr- dqekjhekrk >kY;keqGs R;kaP;kp lektkr R;kaph lrr vogsyuk o voeku gksr vlrks-

vkfnoklh lektkrhy ;k dqekjhekrkadMs c?k.;kpk lektkpk viekfur n`"Vhdks.k] eqykaph gks.kkjh xSjlks; gs iz'u lR; vFkkZus lksMfoys tkr ukgh- ;k dqekjhekrkaph uksan 'kklu njckjh

lUekufu; i)rhus gksr ukgh- R;k vR;ar xjhc vlwugh R;kauk nkfjnz;js"ks[kkyps dkMZ fnys tkr ukgh] js'kudkMZ ukgh] ernkukph uksan ukgh- QDr eqykyk ckikps uko gos Eg.kwu R;k ,[kkns dkYifud uko ?ksÅu eqykaP;k ckikph uksan djhr vkgsr- ;k

dqekjhekrkauh v'kkizdkjs thou O;rhr dj.ks gs ;k ns'kkrhy yksd'kkghdjhrk v;ksX;] vuqfpr ?kVuk vkgs-

^dqekjhekrk* ladYiuspk vFkZ %& Hkkjrh; lektO;oLFksr dqVqaclaLFkk vkf.k fookglaLFksyk izdk;kZRed egÙo vkgs- rlsp Hkkjrh; dqVqaclaLFksr fL=;kackcr fookgkyk vkf.k ekr`Rokyk vuU;lk/kkj.k egÙo vkgs- fL=;kaP;k ckcrhr fookg vifjgk;Zrsus lDrhpk vlrks- ;k oSokfgd thoukrwup ySafxd lek/kkukph vuqHkwrh L=hus miHkksxk;ph vlrs- fL=;kaps fookgckg; lac/k ewY;O;oLFksr varHkZwr gksr ukgh vkf.k frps ySafxd lek/kku ewyHkwri.ks iztksRiknuklkBh vlrs- Eg.kwup ,d iq:"k] ,d L=h v'kkp nksu O;Drhapk fookg gksrks- R;kaps ySafxd thou o R;kaps lek/kku gs loZ iztksRiknuk'kh lac/khr vlrs T;krwu oa'k lkrR;kps lao/kZu dsys tkrs vkgs- fL=;kaP;k ckcrhr ekrRokyk fo'ksf"kr egÙo vkgs- Hkkjrh; laLd`rhr ekr`Rokps vusd loksZRre izdkjps lanHkZ fnys tkrkr- tls ekr`Rokf'kok; L=hyk iw.kZRo ukgh] ekr`Ro gsp L=hps lokZr ewyHkwr drZO; o lek/kkugh ekuys tkrs- ;klkBhp fookfgr fL=;ka ekr`RoklkBh ozroSdY;s] iwtkvpkZ]

miokl] uol ;k loZ xks"Vh djhr vlrkr- dkj.k ekr`Rokf'kok; L=hP;k thou'kSyhyk vFkZ ulrks- ekr`RokewGsp dqVqackr L=hpk eku] lUeku] izfr"Bk o`)haxr gksr vlrs- ekr`RokewGsp L=hpk dqVqackr ekulUeku dsyk tkrks] frph iwtk dsyh tkrs- iajrw ;k lxG;k xks"Vh rsOgkp izkIr gksrkr tsOgk fL=;kauk gs ekr`Ro fookgkrwu feGr vlrs- fookgkrwu feGkysys ekr`Ro gs ,d iq.;deZ o ojnku ekuys tkrs- th L=h ekrk gksÅ 'kdr ukgh] fryk oka>ksVh ekuys tkrs- ;kpkp vFkZ ekr`Ro gs L=hyk fookgkP;k varZxr ,dk iq:"kkdMwu feGkys ikfgts] v'kh Hkkjrh; lektkr izek.klafgrk vkgs- ;kmyV fo/kok vkf.k dqekjhdkauk fookgkf'kok; izkIr >kysys ekr`Ro gs vifo=] v;ksX; o dyafdr ekr`Ro letys tkrs- fookg u djrk izkIr >kysys ekr`Ro vfHk'kki vlY;kps ekuys tkrs vkf.k v'kk dqekjhekrkauk lekt O;fHkpkfj.kh Bjfor vlrs- FkksMD;kr] T;k eqyhauk fookgkP;k iwohZ brj iq:"kkacjkscjP;k ySafxd lac/kkrwu viR;izkIrh gksr vlrs] v'kk eqyhauk ^dqekjhekrk* EgVys tkrs-

Hkkjrh; lektkr ^ekrk* gk 'kCn ,d vkn'kZ O;fDreRo letys tkrs- vkbZ vkf.k ewy gs txkrhy lokZr ifo= o 'kq)Lo:ikps ukar vkgs vls ekuys tkrs- ijarq ;kp 'kCnkyk vk/kh ^dqekjh* gk 'kCn tksMyk xsyk dh R;kps lxGs lanHkZ

cnyr vlrkr- fookg u djrk fdaok fookgkP;k iwohZ izkIr >kysy ekr`Ro /kkfeZd n`"Vhus vifo= ekuys tkrs- fookgkf'kok; LFkkfir >kysys ySafxd lac/k gs vuSfrd ekuys tkrkr- tkrh&/kekZps fu;e eksM.kkjs vls gs vlaoS/kkfud dR; ekuys



tkrs- ?kjk.;kyk dkfGek Qkl.kkjh] dqVqackph izfr"Bk m/oLr

dj.kkjh v'kh gh ?kVuk vkgs] v'kh dqVqackph o lektkph ekufldrk vkgs- dqekjhekrsp eqy lekt fLod`r dj.;kr vleFkZrk izdV djrks- v'kk eqykauk ^vukSjl* BjfoY;k tkrs vkf.k R;k eqykykgh lektkph gsVkG.kh] voekuuk lgu djkoh ykxrs vkgs- gs lekt okLro vkgs-

xzkeh.k o 'kgjh lektkis{kk dqekjhekrkaps izek.k vkfnoklh lektkr vf/kd vkgs- dkj.k vkfnoklh lektkrhy dqVqaclaLFkk o fookglaLFkk brj lektkis{kk v'kar% osxG;k vkgsr- dkgh vkfnoklh tekrhr fookgiwoZ ySafxd lac/k Bso.;kps Lokra«; vkgs- fookgiwoZ ySafxd lac/kkckcr vkfnoklh yksd Qkjls laosnu'khy ukghr- ^dksO;kd ukxk* tekrhr fookgkiwohZ >kysY;k eqykyk ?ksÅu L=h vkiY;k irhP;k ?kjh tkÅ 'kdrs- gs ewy vU; O;Drhps vkgs gs ekfgr vlwugh R;kaP;kr la?k"kZ gksr ukgh- e/;Hkkjrkrhy dkgh vkfnoklh tekrhrgh fookgiwoZ ySafxd lac/k vlY;kps vk<Grs- ;klkj[;k izFkkf'kok; vkt vkfnoklh lektkpk brj lektk'kh nSuanhu Lo:ikr eksB;k izek.kkr laidZ izLFkkfir gksr vkgs- lkodkj] O;kikjh] Bsdsnkj] 'kkldh; deZpkjh o brj lekt?kVdkapk vkfnoklh {ks=krhy laidkZr o O;ogkjkr ok< >kyh vkgs-

vkfnoklh eqyhaP;k xjhfcpk] R;kaP;k lk/ks o ljGi.kkpk Qk;nk lnj yksd ?ksr vkgsr- R;kaps ySafxd 'kks"k.k djhr vkgsr vkf.k R;kewGsp vkfnoklh lektkr dqekjhekrkaph leL;k fuekZ.k >kyh vkgs- lquhrk 'kekZ vkf.k vejsanz fd'kksj1 ;kauh vksfMlk jkT;kr dsysY;k ,dk losZ{k.kkr vksMhlk jkT;kae/;s vkfnoklh lektkr toGikl 40 gtkj dqekjhekrk vlY;kps funku dsys vkgs- ;orekG ftYg;krhy ika<jdoMk ;sFkhy Qqys&vkacsMdj efgyk izcks/khuhP;k izk- fyyk Hksys2 vkf.k efgykaP;k leL;kaP;k vH;kld MkW- lhek lk[kjs ;kauh >jh&tke.kh rkyqD;kr dsysY;k dqekjhekrkaP;k losZ{k.kkr vkfnoklh lektkr toGikl 200 dqekjhekrk vlY;kps vk<Gwu vkys vkgs-

Hkkjrh; lektkrhy dqekjhekrkaph leL;k o Lo:i%& Hkkjrh; lektkr ^vkbZ* fdaok ^ekrk* ;k 'kCnkyk fof'k"V o vkn'kZ O;fDreRokpa vuU;lk/kkj.k egRo vkgs- txkrhy lokZr ifo= ukra Eg.kwu vkbZ vkf.k eqykP;k ukR;kykp vksG[ky tkrs- ^vkbZ* fdaok ^ekrk* gk vR;ar ifo= 'kCn letyk tkrks- ijarq ;kp 'kCnkyk vk/kh ^dqekjh* gk 'kCn tksMyk xsyk dh] R;kps lxGs lanHkZp cnywu tkrkr- dkj.k Hkkjrh; lektkr fookg u djrk fdaok fookgkiwohZps ekr`Ro vifo= ekuys tkrs- fookgkf'kok; fuekZ.k >kysys ySafxd laca/k gs vuSfrd o v;ksX;

ekuys tkrkr- Hkkjrh; lektO;oLFksP;k n`"Vhus tkrh vkf.k /kekZps fu;e eksM.kkja vla gs vlaoS/kkfud d`R; letys tkrs- fookgkiwohZps dqekjh ekr`Ro Eg.kts ?kjk.;kyk dkfGek yko.kkjh] dqVqackph izfr"Bk Úgkl dj.kkjh ?kVuk vkgs- ,danjhr Hkkjrh; lektkr fookg u djrk ySfxad lac/k LFkkfir dj.ks vkf.k R;krwu

dqekjhekr`Ro ;s.ka gs v;ksX;] vifo= vkf.k lektkP;k o /kekZP;k

fu;ekP;k fo:) vlY;kps ekuys tkrs- v'kk dqekjhekrk vkf.k R;kaph viR;s ;kaP;kfo"k;h Hkkjrh; lektkr dekyhph ?k`.kk vlY;kps vk<Grs- dqekjhekrsyk cnQSyh] O;fHkpkjh] ySfxad lq[kklkBh vuSlfxZd fdz;k dj.kkjh] nsgO;olk; dj.kkjh os';k] rj frP;k eqykyk vukSjl letwu R;kauk vR;ar okbZV izdkjph fdz;k o O;ogkjkauk lkeksjs tkos ykxr vlY;kps fp= vk<Grs-

rFkkfi] Hkkjrh; lektO;oLFksrhy dkgh lektkr ;klac/khps uhfrfu;e osxosxGs vlY;kps vk<Grs- Hkkjrkrhy vkfnoklh tekrhaP;k lektO;oLFkkaps v/;;u dsys vlrk vls fun'kZukl ;srs dh] vkfnoklh lektkr fookglaLFkk] dqVqaclaLFkk] /keZlaLFkk ;klkj[;k lkekftd laLFkk vkgsr- ijarq vkfnoklh lektkps Lor%ps Eg.kwu dkgh izFkk] ijaijk] dk;ns] fucZa/k vkgsr- vkf.k gs dk;ns o fucZa/k Hkkjrkrhy brj tkrh&/kekZis{kk vf/kdka'k osxGs vkgsr- vkfnoklh lektkrhy ^tkr iapk;r* ukokph laLFkk vkfnoklh lektkrhy izFkk] ijaijk o dk;|kap laj{k.k dj.;kph tckcnkjh ikj ikMr vlrs- ijarq vk/kqfud dkGkr fofo/k dkj.kkauh brj tkrh tekrhaps yksd vkfnoklh oLR;kai;Zar tkÅu fofo/ki/nrhus laokn] lapkj o fofue; djhr vkgsr- osxosxG;k laLd`rh ,d= vkY;kus eqGP;k vkfnoklh lektkr vkt fofo/k

izdkjps iz'u o leL;k fuekZ.k gksr vkgsr- vkfnoklh lektkrhy dqekjhekrkapk iz'u vkfne lektkr brj lektkarhy dqekjhekrkaP;k iz'ukais{kk dkghla osxG Lo:i /kkj.k d:u lkeksjs vkysyk vkgs- R;kewGsp vk/kqfud dkGkr vkfnoklh lektkrhy dqekjhekrkaP;k leL;sp Lo:i fnolsafnol vf/kdkf/kd vØkGfoØkG o xaHkhj gksr vlY;kps vk<Gr vkgs-

Hkkjrh; vkfnoklh lektkrhy dqekjhekrkaP;k fofo/k iz'ukapk vk<kok ?ksÅu o R;kaps foÜys"k.k d:u] dqekjhekrkaP;k iz'ukP;k Lo:ikph ekaM.kh djhr foospu dj.;kps dke Hkkjrkrhy fofo/k Lo;alsoh laLFkk djhr vkgsr- R;keqGs vkfnoklh lektkrhy dqekjhekrkaP;k iz'ukps ,dw.k Ik;kZoj.kkrhy] ifjfLFkrhrhy LFkku vkf.k xkaHkh;kZps Lo:Ik let.;kl lgk¸; gksrs vkf.k ;k leL;sP;k Lo:ikpk vankt y{kkr ?ksÅup R;kph mÙkjs 'kks/k.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk tkr vkgs- lquhrk tSu&'kekZ3 ;kauh vkiY;k ^lqy{eh yksd laLFkku* ;k Loa;lsoh laLFksP;k orhus Hkkjrh; vkfnoklh lektkrhy dqekjhekrkaP;k leL;spk os/k ?ks.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk- vf/kdka'kosGk v'kk la'kks/kukaps vgoky r;kj dsys tkrkr vkf.k ex rs cafnLr dsys tkrkr- rla u gksÅ nsrk R;kauh ;k O;"Vhv/;;ukauk (Case Study) ,dk lfoLrj vH;kliw.kZ izLrkousph tksM nsÅu rs iqLrd:ikus izdkf'kr dsys- R;keqGs

lkekU; o loZlkekU; okpdkai;Zar ;k iz'ukps xkaHkh;Z iksgkspys vkgs- lquhrk 'kekZ ;kauh Hkkjrkrhy ,dk fof'k"V ifjljkph fuoM d:u tjh gs dke dsysys vlys] rjh ns'kkryh ,dw.k ifjfLFkrh ikgrk gh leL;k lkoZf=d vkgs] gs y{kkr ;srs-



Hkkjrh; lektkP;k ukxjh o xzkeh.k lektkrhy dqekjhekrk

vkf.k vkfnoklh lektkrhy dqekjhekrk ;kr eqyr% Qjd vkgs- dkj.k xzkeh.k&ukxjh lektkrhy dqekjhekrkaP;k leL;sis{kk vkfnoklh lektkrhy dqekjhekrkaph laeL;k vkf.k Lo:Ik osxGs vkgs- rsaOgk xzkeh.k&ukxjh lektkrhy dqekjhekrkaph leL;k vkf.k vkfnoklh lektkrhy dqekjhekrkaph leL;k ;kr usedk dks.krk Qjd vkgs- gs vH;kl.;kiwohZ ;k nksUgh izdkjP;k lektkarhy oLrqfLFkrh y{kkr ?ks.ks vko';d vkgs-

xzkeh.k o ukxjh lektkrhy eqyhaP;k lanHkkZr ySafxd dqrwgy] vkd"kZ.k okV.ks vkf.k ySafxd laca/kkaP;k ifj.kkekaph vftckr dYiuk ul.ks fdaok v/kZoV] pqdhph dYiuk vlY;keqGs vusd vfookfgr o vYio;hu eqyhaP;k okV;kyk vdkyh ekr`Ro ;srs- ?kjkrhy iq:"kkaP;k] ijhfpr iq:"kkadMwu d/kh vkfe"ks] d/kh yXukpk vlR; ok;nk d:u] d/kh /kkd&/kedh&nMi.k o ng'kr v'kk ekxkZuh ,dnk ok vusdnk cykRdkj dsyk tkrks( R;krwu xjksnj jkgwu vkbZ cuysY;k v'kk dqekjhekrkaph la[;k ukxjh o xzkeh.k Hkkxkr vf/kd izek.kkr vk<Grs- ;k Hk;kaeqGs ?kjh osGsr dGfoys tkr ukgh vkf.k ?kjh dGra rsOgk xHkZikr dj.;kph osG fu?kwu xsysyh vlrs-

rj vkfnoklh lektkrhy eqyhaP;k lanHkkZr nq"dkGkiklwu rs

ng'kroknki;Zar] uSlfxZd rs ekuofufeZr vkiÙkh] vkfnoklh vYio;hu eqyhalkBh lokZFkkZua vkiÙkhp vlY;kps vk<Grs- foLFkkiu] LFkykarj] naMsyh] ekjgk.k] fu?k`Zu dÙkyh ;k xks"Vhauk cgqrsd loZ vkfnoklh lekt lkeksjs tkr vlys] rjh ;k lxG;kaps tkLr foifjr ifj.kke vkfnoklh fL=;kaP;k okV;kyk vkyh vkgsr- thouej.kkP;k iz'ukr vkfnoklh lektkrhy ukrhxksrh] vkIrlaca/k fcuegÙokph vlY;kps vk<Grs- ex ,[kk|k O;kikÚ;kyk ?kjkr ?ksÅu dksoGh eqyxh R;kP;k Lokf/ku dj.ka] etqjhoj eqdjneka'kh laca/k Bsok;yk eqyhauk Hkkx ikM.ka] vkbZ&ofMykauhp eqyhauk fod.ka] gs izdkj ljkZl ?kMr vlrkr- fdaok eqyxh vtk.krsi.kh v'kk ,[kk|k izdkjkph cGh Bjrs vkgs] gs y{kkr vkY;kojgh LokFkkZiksVh vkbZcki MksG;kaoj dkrMh vks<wu ?ksr vlrkr- yXukpa vk'oklu nsÅu] yXu >kyap vkgs vla Hkklowu ;k eqyhapk miHkksx ?ksryk tkrks- gs rj ?kMrap vlrs i.k osGizlaxh fryk vkiY;k fe=kaP;k ok ofj"BkadMs lqiwZn dj.ka fdaok ljGljG R;kauk fofdz d:u defo.;kps lk/ku vlY;kps ekuys tkrs- miklekj] lrr ifjJe] gsVkG.kh] rqPNrk] frjLdkj] ?kjxqrh fgalk gsp ;k eqyhaP;k okV;kyk ;sr vlra- v'kk fLFkrhr dq.kh izsekps nksu 'kCn cksyya ok nksu&pkj :i;kaP;k ikoMj&fyifLVdp] fVdY;k&ckaxM;kaph HksV fnyh( rjh rh xks"V

R;kaP;klkBh vizqikph Bjrs- vUu] vaydkj] fofo/k oLrw] iSls v'kk vkfe"kkauh vusd xjhc vkfnoklh eqyh Lor%ps 'kjhj iq:"kkaP;k iq<s Bsor vlY;kps lfp= vkgs- v'kk eqyhaP;k vaxkr izfrdkjkph 'kDrh ukgh] ewyr% izfrdkj djk;pk vlrks- ;kphgh tk.kho ukgh] vU;k;kfo:) tkc fopkjkok] U;k; ekxkok] v'kh

tkxkp ukgh] v'kk voLFksrY;k ;k eqyh vlrkr- eqykaps gDd]

efgykaps gDd] vkfnoklhaps gDd] gs 'kCn ijoyhps vlys rjh vkfnoklh lektkrhy dks.kkykgh gDd] vf/kdkj ekfgr ukgh] gh oLrqfLFkrh vkgs-

vkfnoklh eqyhaph Qlo.kwd] vR;kpkj lokZadMwup gksr vlrkr- jDrkps o dk;ns'khj ukR;kps ukryx] tehunkj] LFkkfud jktdkj.kh] O;kikjh] uksdj'kkgh ;kaP;kiklwu rj Loa;lsoh laLFkke/khy dk;ZdrsZ] u{kyoknh] ng'kroknh lokZaps vR;kpkj dksoG;k vkfnoklh eqyhauk lgu djkos ykxrkr- vkfFkZd iz'u] vkjksX;fo"k;d iz'u] ,M~llkj[;k vktkjkaph 'kD;rk] ekufld vkjksX;kps iz'u] lkekftd cfg"dkj ok vlgdk;Z v'kk vusd Lrjkaojhy leL;k ;k dksoG;k eqyhaP;k injh ,dk fu"iki thokP;k tckcnkjhlg ;srkr- ijarq ;kis{kk Hk;kud Eg.kts ;k dqekjhekrkauk dk;ep lkoZtfud miHkksxkph oLrw vlY;kizek.ks lektkr okx.kwd feGrs- ,dnk dqekjhekrk >kY;kuarj rhpa dks.kR;kgh iq:"kkyk lgtrsus miyC/k vl.ka gs x`ghrdR; vlY;kps dkgh izek.kkr ekuys tkrs- dqekjhekrkapa iquoZlu dj.ka] R;kauk vkfFkZdn`"V;k l{ke dj.;klkBh dkgh O;kolkf;d izf'k{k.k ns.ka] 'kkjhfjd vkjksX;klkBh vkS"k/kksipkj dj.ka] ekufld vkjksX;klkBh leqins'ku dj.ka] dk;ns'khj lYyk nsÅu R;kauk U;k;

feGowu ns.;kP;k n`"Vhua iz;Ru dj.ka] ;klkBh vkfnoklh Hkkxkr vusd Loa;lsoh laLFkk dk;Zjr vkgsr- i.k laLFkkaph la[;k vkf.k ihfMr efgykaph la[;k y{kkr ?ksryh rj dqekjhekrkaph la[;k vf/kd vlY;kps vk<Grs-

Hkkjrh; vkfnoklh o dqekjhekrkaph leL;k%& vkfnoklh lektkr fL=;kapa LFkku fdaok Hkwfedk fufoZokni.ks egÙokph vkgs- vla?kfVr {ks=kr izkekf.kdi.ks vkf.k ckaf/kydhP;k Hkkousus vkfnoklh r:.kh vkiY;k Jekph fofdz djhr vlY;keqGsp nqxZe o vfrnqxZe Hkkxkr Hkkrkph 'ksrh dsyh tkr vkgs- ;kmyV 'kgjkr xfrRokus bekjrhaph fufeZrh dsyh tkr vkgs- vkf.k ljdkjus lq: dsysY;k fodkl dkekauk funku dkgh izek.kkr ;ksX; vkdkj izkIr gksr vkgs- gs fLod`r dj.ks 'kD; ulys rjh lR; gsp vkgs dh vkiya vfLrRo vkf.k loZLo nsÅu vkfnoklh fL=;kauh vkt gs {ks= thoar voLFksr Bsoys vkgs- ifj.kkeh R;kauh [kwi dkgh lgu dsys vkgs- lektkdMwu feG.kkjs mins'kkps jlk;u veqDrrsus lgu djkos ykxrs- R;k vlk/; jksxkauk cGh iMrkr fdaok dqekjhekrk Eg.kwu mis{kspa vkf.k nkfjnz;kpk ftou txr vkgsr- Hkkjrkrhy vksfMlk] vklke] dsjG] NRrhlx<] vka/kzizns'k] e/;izns'k] egkjk"Vªª ;klkj[;k jkT;krhy vkfnoklh lektkr dqekjhekrkaph leL;k fo'ks"kRokus vk<Gwu ;srs- Hkkjrkrhy

dqekjhekrkaP;k leL;sps Lo:Ik [kkyhyizek.ks Li"V dsys vkgs- vksfMlk %& HkkjrkP;k iwoZfdukjiÍhoj vksfMlk jkT; vkgs-

;k jkT;kr ,dq.k 32 ftYgs vlwu ;k fofo/k ftYg;krwu 62 vkfnoklh tekrh okLrO; djhr vkgsr- dksjkiqV] jk;xMk] ukSjaxiwj] cm/k] eYdkufxjh] dkykgkaMh] uqvkikMk] Qwycuh]



D;ksa>j] lqanjx< vkf.k e;qjxat ;k ftYg;kr vkfnoklhapa izek.k

vR;kf/kd vkgs- laiw.kZ Hkkjrkrhy ,dw.k vkfnoklhaiSdh 22 VDds vkfnoklh ,deso vksfMlk jkT;krhy vkgsr- dan vkfnoklhaP;k yksdla[;suarj laFkky vkfnoklhaph la[;k vkgs- R;k[ksjht tksvkax] Hkqvkax] lkvksjk] cksaM vkf.k cFkqnh º;k vkfnoklh tekrhgh ;k jkT;kr vkgsr-

vksfMlk jkT;krhy dkykgkaMh] dksjkiwV] cksykaxhj] jk;xMk] eYdkufxjh] uqokikMk] dsanzikMk] lksuiwj] lqanjxM] Qqycuh vkf.k ckjxM ;k ftYg;kr lqy{eh ;k v'kkldh; laLFksus 2004 rs 2006 ;k dkyko/khr dsysY;k losZ{k.kkuqlkj mijksDr ftYg;kr vkfnoklh dqekjhekrkaph la[;k y{kf.k; vkgs- ;k losZ{k.kkuqlkj vksfMlkrhy mijksDr ftYg;kr toGikl 40 gtkj dqekjhekrk vkgsr-4 vksfMlk jkT;krhy lqy{eh laLFksus dqekjhekrkalkBh foLrr dk;Z dsys vkgs- dqekjhekrkaP;k leL;k tk.kwu ?ksÅu R;kauk vk/kkj ns.;kps] o ftoukr R;kauk iqUgk mHks dj.;kps dk;Z ;k laLFksus dsys vkgs- ;k nqnsZoh dqekjhekrkaP;k vk;q";kr vk'kspk fdj.k fuekZ.k Ogkok] ;kn`"Vhua lqy{eh laLFksus iz;Ru dsyk vkgs-

;k dqekjhekrkalkBh dk; djrk ;sbZy gs c?k.;klkBh lqy{eh laLFksP;k dk;ZdR;kZauh LFkkfud vkf.k jk"Vªh; ikrGhoj lektkP;k izR;sd Lrjkrhy dqekjhekrkaps fopkj letwu ?ksrys- yksdkae/;s

tkx`rh ;koh] ;klkBh R;kaps iz;Ru gksrs- lek/kkukph ckc Eg.kts R;kaP;k ;k iz;Rukyk yksdkauh mRLQwrZ izfrlkn fnyk- ;k dqekjhekrkauk mRiUukpa pkaxya lk/ku feGowu ns.;kph ;k laLFksph bPNk gksrh- ;kph lq:okr R;kauh dkykgkaMh ftYg;kiklwu dsyh- ^n bafM;u uW'kuy VªLV QkWj n osyQs;j vkWQ n Vªk;cUl* ;k Loa;lsoh laLFkslkscr lqy{eh laLFksus dqVhjm|ksx lq: dj.;kpk vkjk[kMk r;kj dsyk- ;krwu fdeku vkB rs ngk dqekjhekrkauk mRiUukps LFkk;h Lo:ikrhy lk/ku feGkys vkgs-

lqy{eh laLFksP;k losZ{k.k vgokykuqlkj vkt vksfMlkr lqekjs 40]000 dqekjhekrk vkgsr- d/kh cGtcjhua] rj d/kh R;kauk vkfe"ks nsÅu] eksgkr ikMwu eqyhauk ekr`Rokdfjrk ck/; dsys vkgs- fookgkf'kok; ySafxd laca/k LFkkfir dsY;keqGs R;k vkbZ ok ekrk >kysY;k vkgsr- R;kiSdh dkghauk lektkua ukoa Bsoyh ukghr fdaok okbZV pkyhph vkgs vls gh EgVya ukgh] rjhgh R;kauk ftoukr deh o vf/kd izek.kkr =kl lgu djkok ykxyk- lektkdMwu R;kauk lgkuqHkwrh feGkyh ukgh] R;kaP;k eqykauk laj{k.k feGkya ukgh dh enrhyk ok vk/kkj |k;yk dq.khgh vkya ukgh- iajrq okV;kyk vkyh QDr mis{kk vkf.k ,dVsi.kk- ex rh ekrk vksfMlkrhy leqnz fdukÚ;kyxrP;k Hkkxkryh vlks dh dkykgkaMhP;k MksaxjkG Hkkxkryh( tx.;kpk la?k"kZ R;kaP;k

ikpohyk iqtysyk vlY;kps vk<Grs- >kj[kaM jkT; %& 2011 P;k tux.kusuqlkj >kj[kaM jkT;kph

,dw.k yksdla[;k 32] 988]134 vlwu R;kr iq:"kkaph la[;k 16]930]315 rj fL=;kaph la[;k 16]057]819 vkgs- >kj[kaM

e/;s 1000 iq:"kkaP;k ekxs fL=;kaps izek.k 948 vlwu lk{kjrspk

nj 66-40 VDds vkgs-5 >kj[kaM jkT;kr vkfnoklhaph ,dw.k yksdla[;k 86]45]022

vlwu R;kr 78]68]150 vkfnoklh yksdla[;k xzkeh.k Hkkxkr rj 7]76]892 yksdla[;k 'kgjh Hkkxkr okLrO; djrs-6 >kj[kaM jkT;kr izkeq[;kus chjgksj] dksjok] ghy [kjh;k] lkSmjh;k igkjh;k] egkyh] yksgjk] djekyh] laFkky] eqaMk] vksjkWaoa] gks] Hkweht bR;knh 32 izdkjP;k vkfnoklh tekrh okLrO; djhr vkgsr-

fejWdy baMh;k] fnYyh ;sFkhy v'kkldh; laLFksP;k la'kks/ku vgokykuwlkj >kj[kaM jkT;kr toGikl 30 gtkj dqekjhekrk vlwu R;ke/;s vkfnoklhaps izek.k lokZf/kd vkgs-7 ;k jkT;krhy vkfnoklh eqyhaps ySafxd 'kks"k.k vf/kd izek.kkr dsys tkr vlwu R;kauk nsgO;kikjklkBh ijjkT;krgh vf/kd izek.kkr ikBfoys tkrs- jkT;krhy 30 gtkj dqekjhekrklkBh vkJ;xg cufo.;kps dk;Z >kj[kaM ljdkjus gkrh ?ksrys vkgs- ;ko:u ;k jkT;krgh vkfnoklh dqekjhekrkaph leL;k eksB;k izek.kkr vlY;kps fnlrs-

dsjG jkT; %& 2011 P;k Hkkjrh; tux.kusizek.ks dsjG ph ,dw.k yksdla[;k 33]406]061 vlwu R;kr 16]027]412 iq:"k rj 17]378]649 fL=a;k vkgsr-8 dsjG jkT;kr ,dw.k 14 ftYgs vlwu ok;ukM ;k ftYg;kr vkfnoklhaph la[;k y{kf.k;

vkgs- dsjG jkT;kr ,dw.k vkfnoklhaph yksdla[;k 4 yk[k 84 gtkj 839 vkgs- R;kr 4 yk[k 33 gtkj 092 vkfnoklha xzkeh.k Hkkxkr rj QDr 51 gtkj 747 vkfnoklh ukxjh Hkkxkr okLrO; djrkr- jkT;krhy ,dw.k vkfnoklh yksdla[;sr 2 yk[k 38 gtkj 203 yksdla[;k vkfnoklh iq:"kkaph rj 2 yk[k 46 gtkj 636 vkfnoklh fL=;kaph yksdla[;k vkgs-9

dsjG jkT;krhy ok;ukM ftYg;krhy ,dV;k ^fr:usYyh* ;sFks 'ksdMks vkfnoklh dqekjhekrk vkgsr- 'kkldh; vkdMsokjhuqlkj dsjGe/;s QDr 342 dqekjhekrk vkgsr-10 rFkkfi v'kkldh; laLFkkP;k losZ{k.kkuqlkj ok;ukM vkf.k iyDdM ;k ftYg;kr 400 is{kk tkLr vkfnoklh dqekjhekrk vkgsr-11 dsjG e/khy ;k loZ dqekjhekrk ySafxd 'kks"k.kkP;k cGh vkgsr- ;krhy dkgh rj vxnh 11 o"kZ o;kP;k vkgsr- ;k dqekjhekrkaps lektkrhy /kunkaMX;kauh] O;kikjh] lkodkj] Bsdsnkj] vf/kdkjh ;kauh ySafxd 'kks"k.k d:u] R;kauk fookgkps fdaok izsekps vkeh"k nsowu R;kaps ySafxd 'kks"k.k dsys o R;kauk dqekjhekrk gks.;kl Hkkx ikMys vkgs- Jos Chathukulam, M. Gopinath Reddy, Palla

Trinadha Rao ;kauh dsysY;k losZ{k.kkuqlkj ,dV;k ok;ukM ftYg;kr toGikl 500 P;k oj dqekjhekrk vlwu R;kaP;k lanHkkZr xjhch] nkfjnz;] os';koRrh] dtZcktkjhi.kk bR;knh

leL;k fuekZ.k >kysY;k vkgsr-12 e/;izns'k %& e/;izns'kkr vkfnoklhaph yksdla[;k y{kf.k;

vkgs- 2001 P;k tux.kusizek.ks toGikl 1-22 djksM vkfnoklhaph yksdla[;k gksrh- 2011 e/;s rh 1 djksM 53 yk[k 16 gtkj 784 >kyh vkgs-13 ;k jkT;kr xksaM] HkhYy] dksjdw]



cSxk] lgfj;k] dksy] Hkkfj;k bR;knh izeq[k vkfnoklh tekrh okLrO; djhr vkgsr- 2011 P;k tux.kusuqlkj e/;izns'kkr lokZf/kd vkfnoklh yksdla[;k fHkYy tekrhph vkgs- R;k is{kk deh xksaM] dksy] dksjdw] lgkfj;k o cSxk ;k tekrhph vkgs- e/;izns'kkrhy >kcqvk] /kkj] ckjok.kh] [kjxksu] fnaMksjh] fNanokMk] eaMyk] cSrqy] flouh o 'kgMksy ;k ftYg;kr vkfnoklhaph la[;k vf/kd vkgs-

e/;izns'kkrhy fHkYy] xksaM] dksjdw o lgkfj;k ;k tekrhr

dkgh dqekjhekrk vk<Gwu ;srkr- 'kkldh; Lrjkoj ;k dqekjhekrkaph dks.krhgh uksan ukgh- R;kewGs R;kapk fufÜpr vkdMk nsrk ;s.kkj ukgh- rFkkfi dkgh Loa;lsoh laLFkkP;k losZ{k.kkuqlkj e/;izns'kkrhy vkfnoklh lektkr dqekjhekrkaph la[;k toGikl 400 rs 500 brdh vkgs-14

NRrhlxM jkT; %& 2011 P;k tux.kusuqlkj NRrhlxM jkT;kph ,dw.k yksdla[;k 2]55]45]198 vlwu R;kr iq:"kkaph 1]28]32]895 rj fL=;kaph la[;k 1]27]12]303 vkgs- rj ;k jkT;kr vkfnoklhaph ,dw.k yksdla[;k 78]22]902 vkgs- ;krhy 72]31]082 vkfnoklh yksdla[;k xzkeh.k Hkkxkr rj QDr 5]91]820 vkfnoklh yksdla[;k 'kgjh Hkkxkr okLrO; djhr vkgs-

NRrhlx< jkT;krhy vkfnoklh tekrh vkiY;k fof'k"V thou'kSyh Ikjaijkxr laLd`rhewGs Hkkjrkrhy brj vkfnoklhis{kk osxG;kizdkjs vksG[kY;k tkrkr- ;k jkT;kr vkfnoklhaP;k ,dw.k 42 tekrh vkgsr- rFkkfi izeq[k tekrh Eg.kwu xksaM] daoj] fca>okj] HkSuk] Hkrjk] mjkao] eqaMk] dekj] gyck] cSxk] Hkfj;k] uxsf'k;k] ea>okj] [kkfj;k vkf.k /kuokj b- tekrhpk mYys[k dsyk tkrks- ;k jkT;kr vkfnoklh lektkrhy vR;ar ekxkl

tekrh Eg.kwu vcw>ekfM;k] dekj] igkMh dksjck] cSxk o fcjgksj ;k tekrh vlwu ;k tekrhaP;k fodklklkBh NRrhlxM 'kklukps fo'ks"k iz;Ru lq: vkgsr-15

iw.ks ;sFks ekpZ 2014 e/;s toGikl 4500 fo|kF;kZauh ;orekG ftYg;krhy vkfnoklh dqekjhekrkauk U;k; feGkok ;klkBh ,d eksBs vkanksyu dsys gksrss- ;k vkanksyukr ;k fo|kF;kZauh ;orekG ftYg;krhy dqekjhekrk izek.ksp e/;izns'k] NRrhlxM] vka/kzizns'k] >kj[kaM ;k jkT;krgh vkfnoklh lektkr dqekjhekrkaph leL;k eksB;k izek.kkr vlY;kps lkaxhrys- NRrhlxM e/khy vkfnoklh lektkrhy eqyhaukgh Bsdsnkj] lkodkj] vf/kdkjh ;kauh fofo/k vkeh"ks nsÅu R;kaps ySafxd 'kks"k.k d:u R;kauk dqekjhekrk cufoys vlY;kps ;k fo|kF;kZauh ek/;ekleksj lkaxhrys- ;kpkp vFkZ NRrhlxM jkT;krgh vkfnoklh lektkr dqekjhekrkaph leL;k vkgs-16

egkjk"Vªªª %& egkjk"Vªªªkr xksaM] okjyh] dkrdjh] dksyke] catkjk] egknso dksGh] fHkYy] Bkdwj] ij/kku] gyck] gych bR;knh vkfnoklh tekrh vkgsr- 2011 P;k tux.kusuqlkj egkjk"Vªªªkrhy vkfnoklhaph yksdla[;k 1 djksM 05 yk[k 10 gtkj 213 vkgs- ;k ,dw.k yksdla[;siSdh 90 yk[k 06 gtkj

077 vkfnoklh yksdla[;k xzkeh.k Hkkxkr rj 15 yk[k 04

gtkj 136 vkfnoklh yksdla[;k 'kgjh Hkkxkr okLrO; djhr vkgs- egkjk"Vªªªkrhy vkfnoklh yksdla[;sps izek.k egkjk"VªªªkP;k ,dw.k yksdla[;sr 9-4 VDds vkgs-17

egkjk"Vªªkrhy Bk.ks] ukf'kd] /kqGs] uanqjckj] xMfpjksyh] ;orekG ;k ftYg;krhy vkfnoklh lektkr dqekjhekrkaps vf/kd izek.k vkgs- vyhdMP;k dkGkr ;orekG ftYg;krhy >jhtke.kh ;k rkyqD;krhy 400 dqekjhekrkapk iz'u fofo/k ek/;ekarwu Qkj eksB;k izek.kkr ppsZr gksrk- ;k ppkZeqGs egkjk"Vªª 'kklukus jkT;krhy vkfnoklh lektkrhy dqekjhekrkapk 'kks/k ?ks.;klkBh dk;Zokgh lq: dsysyh vkgs-18

fuj{kjrk vkf.k xfjchP;k QsÚ;kr vMdysY;k vkfnoklh eqyhaps ySafxd 'kks"k.k d:u] R;kauk dqekjhekrk d:u iG dk<.kkÚ;k ijizkarh; Bsdsnkjkafojks/kkr vkrk egkjk"Vªª 'kklukus dMd Hkwfedk ?ksryh vkgs- jkT;krhy dqekjhekrk izdj.kkaP;k ok<R;k la[;seqGs izdk'k>ksrkr vkysY;k ;orekG ftYg;kizek.ksp Bk.ks] ukf'kd] uanqjckj vkf.k /kqGs ;k vkfnoklhaph vf/kd yksdla[;k vlysY;k ftYg;krgh vkrk dqekjhekrkapk 'kks/k ?ks.;kr ;sr vkgs- ijjkT; o ftYg;krwu vkokxeu dj.kkÚ;k Bsdsnkjkaph xzkeiapk;rhr uksan.kh dj.ks] vR;kpkjkpk vkjksi vlysY;kaph

Mh,u, pkp.kh dj.ks] v'kk mik;;kstuk jkT; ljdkjus fuf'pr dsysY;k vkgsr-

vkfnoklh lektkr da=kVkph dkes feGkysys Bsdsnkj xkokr ;srkr] vkfnoklh eqyhauk yXukps] iS'kkps vkfe"k nk[kowu R;kaP;k'kh 'kkjhfjd LFkkfir djrkr o R;kaph xkokrhy dkes iw.kZ >kyh dh rs ijLij fu?kwu tkrkr- R;krwu egkjk"Vªªkrhy ;orekG ftYg;kr vkfnoklh lektkr dqekjhekrkph lkekftd leL;k fuekZ.k >kyh vkgs- ;kckcr yksdlRrk] yksder] ldkG] fnO; ejkBh bR;knh orZekui=kauh lrr ys[ku d:u ;k iz'ukdMs 'kklukps o loZlkekU;kps o Lo;alsoh laLFkkps y{k dsafnzr dj.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk- rlsp f'kolsusP;k vkenkj MkW- uhye xks&gs ;kauhgh fo/kkulHksr gk iz'u mifLFkr dsyk- ;k ik'oZHkwehoj egkjk"Vªªkps vkfnoklh fodkl ea=h fo".kw lkojk ;kauh ;k fo"k;koj Lora= cSBd ?ksÅu vkfnoklh eqyhaps 'kks"k.k Fkkacfo.;klkBh vkf.k l/;kP;k dqekjhekrkaps iquoZlu dls djk;ps] R;kaP;k eqykaP;k f'k{k.kkpk iz'u dlk lksMok;pk] bR;knh fo"k;koj ppkZ d:u] ;k leL;sP;k fujkdj.kklkBh rkrMhP;k mik;;kstuk dj.ks vko';d vlY;kps ekU; dsys gksrs-

;orekG ftYg;krhy dqekjhekrkaP;k leL;sizek.ksp Bk.ks] ukf'kd] uanqjckj] /kqGs ;k ftYg;krwugh dqekjhekrkaP;k rØkjh ;sr

vkgsr- R;kewGs ;k ftYg;krhy vkfnoklh dqekjhekrkapk 'kks/k ?ks.;klkBh iq.;kP;k xks[kys bafUlVV;wV vkWQ ikWfyfVDl vWaM bdkWukWfeDl ;k laLFksekQZr losZ{k.k dj.;kps ekU; dsys gksrs- ijarq ;k lanHkkZr vkti;Zar ikfgts R;k izek.kkr izxrh >kysyh ukgh- FkksMD;kr egkjk"Vªª jkT;krhy /kqGs] uanqjckj] ukf'kd] Bk.ks]



;orekG ;k ftYg;kr vkfnoklh lektkrhy dqekjhekrkaph

leL;k vktgh vk<Gwu ;srs- brj ftYg;kP;k rqyusr ;orekG ftYg;krhy vkfnoklh lektkr gh leL;k izd"kkZus vk<Gwu ;sr vkgs-

lekjksi %& vk/kqfuddkGkr fodklkph izfØ;k vfr'k; xrheku vkgs- uouos dk;ns] lkekftd U;k;] lkekftd dY;k.k] lRrsps fodsafnzdj.k] jktdh; {ks=kr vkfnoklhalkBh vlysys vkj{k.k] f'k{k.k bR;knh xks"VhaewGs vkt vkfnoklhapk fodkl gksÅu R;kapk lkekftd] vkfFkZd o jktdh; lgHkkx ok<r vkgs- vkfnoklh lektkrhy yksd vkt lektdkj.k] vFkZdkj.k o jktdkj.kkr lØh; lgHkkxh gksr vkgsr- vusd vkfnoklh vkt mPp inkoj vf/kdkjh] deZpkjh o dkjdwu Eg.kwu dk;Zjr vkgsr] vusd vkfnoklh vkt vkenkj] [kklnkj >kys vkgsr- dkgh vkfnoklh rj eksBeksB;k jktdh; i{kkr mPp inkoj vkgsr- LFkkfud LojkT; laLFksP;k ek/;ekrwu vkfnoklh iq:"kp ukgh rj fL=;kalq)k ljiap] miljiap] xzkeiapk;r lnL; vls fofo/k ins Hkw"kfor vkgsr-

jktdh; o 'kS{kf.kd vkj{k.kkus vkfnoklh lektkrhy dkgh fL=;kaP;k fLFkrhr lq/kkj.kk >kyh vlY;kps vk<Grs- ijarq ;k lektkrhy toGikl 90 VDds fL=;kaph fLFkrh vktgh vfr'k;

n;uh; ok nkfjnz;tU; laLd`fr'kh laokn djhr vkgs- vkfnoklh lektkr L=h&iq:"k lekurk vkgs vls dsoG EgVys tkrs- okLrfodr% ;k lektkrgh fL=;kauk vR;ar dfu"B ntkZph okx.kwd fnyh tkrs- fryk lkekftd] vkfFkZd] jktdh; o /kkfeZd gDdkiklwu oafpr Bsoys tkrs- frps lkekftd] vkfFkZd o 'kkjhfjd 'kks"k.k dsys tkrs- vkfnoklh lektkr fdz;k o O;ogkjkrhy O;kikjh] lkodkj] vf/kdkjh] deZpkjh vkfnoklh fL=;kauk iS'kkps] izsekps] pkaxY;k vk;q";kps vkfe"k nk[kowu R;kaps ySafxd 'kks"k.k djhr vkgsr- ;k ySafxd 'kks"k.kkrwu rh xHkZorh >kyh dh ^rks eh uOgsp* v'kh Hkwfedk ?ksryh tkrs fdaok iyk;u dsys tkrs- ijarq ySafxd 'kks"k.kkyk cGh iMysyh vkfnoklh L=h ftFks vkgs rh frFksp vlY;kps vk<Grs- lekt frph gsVkG.kh o vogsyuk djrks] rh vuSfrd vkgs] os';k vkgs] v'kkizdkjph nq"k.ks ykorks- iajrw v'kkgh ifjfLFkrhr gh vkfnoklh dqekjhekrk thou txrs vkgs- v'kk 'ksdMks vkfnoklh dqekjhekrk Hkkjrkrhy loZp vkfnoklh letkr vk<Gwu ;srkr- Hkkjrkrhy vkfnoklh lektkrhy dqekjhekrkaps l[kksy v/;;u gks.ks vko';d vkgs- vkfnoklh lektkrhy dqekjhekrkaP;k leL;sps Lo:i dk; vkgs\

;k dqekjhekrkaph okLrfod l|fLFkrh dk; vkgs\ ;k

dqekjhekrkaP;k iwuZoluklkBh 'kkldh; o xSj'kkldh; laLFkk dk; djhr vkgsr\ bR;knh loZ iz'ukaph mRrjs 'kks/k.;klkBh lkekftd fopkjoar] vH;kld o la’kks/kdkauh fo’ks”k iz;Ru dj.;kph vko’;drk vkgs- lanHkZ %& 1. 'kekZ lqfurk] vejsanz fd'kksj] ¼2012½ ^dqekjhekrk*] vuqokn & izfrek

fMds] euksfodkl izdk'ku] iq.ks] 2012- 2. Hksys fyyk] ¼2008&09½ ^>jh&tke.kh ;sFkhy vkfnoklh dqekjhekrkaps

losZ{k.k*] ika<jdoMk] Qqys vkacsMdj efgyk izcksf/kuh- 3. Sulaxmi Lok Sansthan, Sector - 27, Noida, Uttar-Pradesh,

India. 4. The State of Unwed Mothers of Orissa: Possibilities of Their

Rehabilitation and Prevention to Mar This Malpractice, Research Project of Sulaxmi, Orissa, 2004-2006.

5. http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/web/guest/facts&figures 6. 1http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/Marginal-fall-

in-tribal-population-in-Jharkhand/articleshow/20374392.cms 7. Unwed mothers, pregnant women may soon get shelter,

RANCHI Updated: Jul 29, 2015 22:45 IST, Saurav Roy, Hindustan Times

8. www.anthroposindiafoundation.com/Attachement/DemographicSCTribePopulation

9. www.anthroposindiafoundation.com/Attachement/DemographicSCTribePopulation

10. The Rediff Special, Venu Menon, Unwed Mothers may spark tribal rebellion in Kerala.

11. Radhakrishnan M. G., (1998) 'On The Road to Justice', Backed by the Women's Commission, Wayanad's unwed tribal mothers may finally get their due, March 30.

12. Chathukulam Jos, Reddy M. Gopinath, Rao Palla Trinadha, (2012), 'An Assessment and Analysis of Tribal Sub-Plan (TSP) in Kerala', Research Unit for Livelihoods and Natural Resources, (Supported by Jamsetji Tata Trust), Hyderabad, Centre for Economic and Social Studies.

13. http://www.census2011.co.in/scheduled-tribes.php 14. Ansari Mubarak, (2014), 'Look in to Unwed Tribal Mothers

Issue', Pune Mirror | Dec 25, 2014, 02.30 AM IST,http://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/civic/articleshow/45634174 .cms? (News Paper Article)

15. http://www.chhattisgarhexams.in/2016/11/Tribes-of-Chhattisgarh-Art-culture.html

16. http://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/civic//articleshow/45634174.cms? 'look in to Unwed Tribal Mothers Issue, By Mubarak Ansari, Pune Mirror | Dec 25, 2014, 02.30 AM IST (News Paper Article)

17. Census of India, (2011). 18. https://bkshinde.blogspot.in/2014/12/blog-post_41.html



vkfnoklhapk lkekftd ntkZ izk- MkW- ljkst vkxykos] lg;ksxh izk/;kid] efgyk egkfo|ky;] uanuou] ukxiwj

Hkkjrkrhy cgqrka’k vkfnoklh gs nwj taxykr okLrO;

djrkr- rs nwxZe Hkkxkr jkgr vlY;keqGs brj yksdka’kh fo'ks”k laca/k ;sr ukgh- Hkkjrkyk Lokra«; feGwu 72 o”kkZpk dkyko/kh yksVY;kuarj ns[khy vkfnoklh Hkkxkr iDds jLrs] iks”V] VsfyQksu vkf.k brj nG.koG.kkP;k lks;h ukghr- vkfnoklhaP;k fofo/k leL;k vkgsr- rlsp gîkk loZ leL;k vfr'k; xqarkxqarhP;k vkgsr- Eg.kwu vkfnoklhaP;k leL;k ;k dks.kR;k i)rhus lksMfork ;srhy] ;kckr lekt'kkL=K vkf.k ekuo'kkL=Kkauh osxosxGh ers ekaMyh-

lH; lektk'kh laidZ vkY;keqGs vkfnoklhaP;k ikjaikfjd thoukoj vk?kkr >kyk- vf/kdkjh] lkodkj] O;kikjh ;k yksdkapk vkfnoklha'kh laca/k ok<yk] ;k lokZauh vkfnoklhaps 'kks”k.k dsys- R;krwu vkfnoklhaP;k vusd leL;k fuekZ.k >kY;krgh xks”V y{kkr ?ksÅu R;kauk lektkiklwu i`Fkd Bsoys ikfgts vls er MkW- Ogsfj;j bfYou ;kauh 1942 e/;s izdkf'kr dsysY;k ‘Los of

Nerye” ;k xzaFkkr ekaMys- R;kauh iq<s vls fopkj ekaMysr dh] ^vkfnoklhapk brjka'kh ;s.kkjk loZ izdkjpk laidZ can d:u

R;kaP;k laLÑrhps tru dsys ikfgts-* vkfnoklhadfjrk Lora= foHkkx LFkkiu djkosr- ;k foHkkxkr brjkauah <oGk<oG djrk dkek u;s- ;kykp MkW- bfYou ;kauh ^jk”Vªh; m|ku* (National

Park) vls EgVys vkgs- ;k jk”Vªh; m|kukr xksaM] cSxk bR;knh vla[; vkfnoklh vkiys thou eqDri.ks vkf.k fuHkZ;i.ks txw 'kdrhy- dkgh o”kkZaurj MkW- bfYou ;kauh vkiY;k fopkjkr cny d:u ,drsP;k ekxkZusp vkfnoklhapk fodkl gksÅ ‘kdrs vls izfriknu dsys-

vkfnoklhauk izxr lektkiklwu iFkd u Bsork R;kaps Hkkjrh; lektk'kh tk.khoiwoZd foyhuhdj.k ?kMowu vk.kkos- vkfnoklh lekt Hkkjrh; lektk'kh ,d:i >kY;kl R;kaP;k ijaijkxr leL;k lqVrhy- vls fopkj lekt'kkL=K MkW- th- ,l- /kq;sZ ;kauh ekaMysr- vkfnoklhauk brj lektkiklwu iFkd Bso.ks fdaok R;kaps laiw.kZ lafEeyhdj.k fdaok lkfRedj.k dj.ks gs nksugh ekxZ ijLij Vksdkps vkgsr- i`FkdrseqGs vkfnoklh lektkP;k laLÑrhps tru gksbZy- ijarq R;kpcjkscj rs jk”Vªh; izokgkiklwu nwj Qsdys tkrhy rj lkRehdj.kkeqGs vkfnoklh Hkkjrh; lektkiklwu vfyIr jkg.kkj ukghr fdaok ,d=hdj.kkpk ekxZ lqpfoyk- Hkkjrh; thouk'kh vkfnoklhaps vfHkUuRo lk/krkauk R;kaP;k laLÑrhps tru dj.;kP;k lanHkkZr iq<hy ikp rRokapk Lohdkj dsyk-

1- vkfnoklhapk fodkl R;kaP;k thoui)rhizek.ks dj.ks rlsp R;kaP;k dyk vkf.k laLÑrhl izksRlkgu ns.ks- 2- vkfnoklh yksdkaP;k Hkweh vkf.k oufo”k;d vf/kdkjkapk vknj dj.ks- 3- vkfnoklh yksdkae/;s usr`Ro fodflr d:u R;kaP;k ek/;ekrwu

fodklkl xrh ns.ks- 4- R;kaP;k lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd laLFkkaP;k ek/;ekrwu fodkl lk/; dj.ks- 5- ;kstukaps ewY;akdu djrkauk ifj.kkeka,soth ifjek.kkRed ?kVd y{kkr ?ks.sk-

v'kkizdkjs ,drkoknh n`”Vhdksukrwu mik;;kstuk dsY;kl vkfnoklhapk fodkl gksbZy- rlsp R;kaph laLÑrh] dyk vkf.k ijaijsps tru gksÅu rs jk”Vªh; izokgkr lkehy gksrhy- MkW- gÍuP;k ers] ^vkfnoklhapk fodkl laj{k.kkP;k Nk;srp gks.kkj- laj{k.k fnys rjp rs vkiY;k ik;koj mHks jkgrhy- Lo;a'kklu d: 'kdrhy vkf.k Hkkjrh; thou laiUu dj.;klkBh vkiY;k cq)h vkf.k 'kDrhuqlkj gkrHkkj ykorhy-* Hkkjrkrhy vkfnoklhapk fodkl dj.;kP;k n`”Vhus ,drkoknh ekxZ gkp vf/kd la;qfDrd vkgs- Hkkjrh; lafo/kkukus ;kp ekxkZus Lohdkj d:u vkfnoklhapk fodkl dj.;kph tckcnkjh 'kklukoj Vkdyh vkgs-

vkfnoklhaph yksdla[;k%& 2011 P;k tux.kusuqlkj Hkkjrkph ,dw.k yksdla[;k 121 dksVh 5 yk[k] 69 gtkj 573 gksrh- R;kiSdh 10 dksVh 45 yk[k 45 gtkj 616 brdh yksdla[;k gh vkfnoklhaph vkgs- Hkkjrh; yksdla[;siSdh 8-6

VDds yksd gs vkfnoklh vkgsr- 1991 P;k tux.kusuqlkj 5 dksVh 15 yk[k 29 gtkj 162 brdh yksdla[;k vkfnoklhaphp gksrh- 1991 rs 2001 ;k n'kdkr 0-44 VDds brdh ok< vkfnoklh yksdla[;sr >kyh- 2001 P;k tux.kusuqlkj dsanz'kklhr y{f}i izns'kkr ,dw.k yksdla[;sP;k 94-91 VDd]s fe>ksjke 94-46 VDds] ukxkyWaaM 89-15 VDds vkf.k es?kky; e/;s 85-94 VDds vkfnoklh vkgsr- v:.kkpy izns'k nknjk vkf.k gosyh] ef.kiwj] NRrhlxM] >kj[kaM] vksfjlk] e/;izns'k] egkjk”Vª jkT;kr vkfnoklhaph yksdla[;k cjhp eksBh vkgs-

2011 e/;s egkjk”Vªkph ,dw.k yksdla[;k 11 dksVh 23 yk[k 74 gtkj 333 brdh gksrh- R;kiSdh 1 dksVh 5 yk[k 10 gtkj 213 brdh yksdla[;k gh vkfnoklh gksrh- egkjk”VªkP;k ,dw.k yksdla[;siSdh 9-4 VDds yksd gs vkfnoklh vkgsr- egkjk”Vªkr xksaM] okjyh] dksyke] dksjdw bR;knh izeq[k vkfnoklh vkgsr- fonHkkZr xksaM&ekfM;k] dksyke vkf.k dksjdw ;k rhu izeq[k vkfnoklh tekrh vkgsr- fonHkkZrhy xMfpjksyh] panziwj vkf.k HkaMkjk ;k ftYgîkkr xksaM&ekfM;k rj vejkorh ftYgîkkrhy esG?kkV Hkkxkr dksjdw vkf.k ;orekG o o/kkZ ftYgîkkr dksyke vkfnoklh vkgsr- rj ;orekG ftYgîkkr catkjk ;k HkVD;k tekrhps yksd eksBîkk izek.kkr vkgsr-

Hkkjrh; jkT;?kVusr vkfnoklhalkBh ^vuqlqfpr tekrh* vlk 'kCniz;ksx dj.;kr vkyk- 1950 iklwu 250 vkfnoklh tekrh T;k 100 fdaok R;kis{kk tkLr Hkk”kk fdaok cksyhHkk”kk cksyrkr R;kauk vuqlqfpr tekrh Eg.kwu lacks/k.;kr vkys- Hkkjrh;



jkT;?kVusP;k dye 46 uqlkj vuqlqfpr tkrh&tekrhauk loZ

izdkjP;k 'kks”k.kkiklwu laj{k.k vkf.k lkekftd U;k; ns.;kph rjrwn dj.;kr vkyh vkgs- vkfnoklhaP;k fodklkdfjrk dsanz ljdkj vkf.k jkT; 'kklukus fofo/k ;kstuk lq: dsY;k vlY;k rjh ;k ;kstukaph ;ksX; vaeyctko.kh gksÅ 'kdyh ukgh- R;keqGs vkt ns[khy R;kapk fo'ks”k lkekftd vkf.k vkfFkZd fodkl >kysyk vk<Gwu ;sr ukgh-

fodklkph ladYiuk %& fodklkph ladYiuk O;kid vkgs- fodklkpk laca/k dsoG vkfFkZd ?kVdka'kh fuxMhr ulwu rks lkekftd ?kVdka'kh lq)k lacaf/kr vkgs- vkfnoklh lekt gk ,d vfr'k; lk/kk lekt vkgs- vkiY;k tekrhP;k :<h] ijaijsuqlkj vkfnoklh yksd thou txrkr- rs dsoG vkfFkZdp uOgs rj lkekftd fodklkiklwu [kwi nwj vkgsr- lkekftd fodklkph ladYiuk Li”V djrkauk Ogh- ,l- Mhlwtk Eg.krkr dh] ^lkekftd fodkl gh ,d v'kh izfØ;k vkgs dh] T;keqGs lacaf/kr lk/kk lekt ,dk fodflr lektkP;k :ikr ifjofrZr gksrks-* (Social development is the process by which a relatively simple society is transferred into a relatively advanced

one.1) dks.kR;kgh lektkpk dsoG lkekftd fodkl gksÅu pkyr ukgh rj vkfFkZd fodkl lq)k egRokpk vlrks- Eg.kwu la;qDr jk”Vª la?kkus fodklkph O;kid O;k[;k fnyh vkgs- la;qDr jk”Vª la?kkus vkiY;k vgokykr uewn dsys dh] ^fodkl gk dsoG ekuokP;k HkkSfrd vko';drka'khp uOgs rj R;kP;k thoukP;k lkekftd ifjfLFkrhrhy lq/kkj.kka'kh lq)k lacaf/kr vlrks- Eg.kwu fodkl Eg.kts dsoG vkfFkZd o)h ukgh rj R;kr ekuokP;k lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd] laLFkkxr vkf.k ifjorZukapk lq)k lekos'k gksrks-* (Development concerns not only Man’s material

needs but also the improvement of the social conditions of his life. Development, is, therefore, not only economic growth, but growth plus change i.e. social, cultural and

institutional as well as economic.2) ih- ,- lSeqYlu ;kauh fyfgys dh] ^lkekftd ifjorZu ts lkekftd fodklk'kh lacaf/kr vkgs rs vkfFkZd o`)h'kh ns[khy ?kfu”V :ikr layXu vkgs-* (Social change is closely related to economic growth.3) ;ko:u gs Li”V gksrs dh] vkfFkZd vkf.k lkekftd ;k nksUgh ?kVdka'kh fodklkph ladYiuk lacaf/kr vkgs- gs nksUgh ?kVd ijLij lacaf/kr vkf.k ,d&nqlÚ;kaoj ifj.kke dj.kkjs vkgsr- Eg.kwu dks.kR;kgh lektkP;k fodklkackcr vH;kl djrkauk] ;k nksugh ?kVdkapk fopkj dj.ks vfuok;Z vkgs- R;kf'kok; dks.kR;kgh lektkP;k fodklkpk Li”Vi.ks cks/k gks.kkj ukgh-

dks.kR;kgh lektkpk fodkl >kyk fdaok ukgh] gs Li”V dj.;klkBh R;kapk lkekftd ntkZ y{kkr ?ks.ks vko';d vkgs- lkekftd ntkZ mapko.ks gs fodklkps funsZ'kd vkgs- Eg.kwu fonHkkZrhy vkfnoklhaP;k fodklkckr ppkZ djrkauk R;kapk

lkekftd ntkZ Li”V dj.ks vko';d vkgs- lekftd vkf.k vkfFkZd ntkZo:u vkfnoklahpk fodkl >kyk fdaok ukgh ;kckcr

Li”Vi.ks fu”d”kZ ekaMrk ;srhy- fonHkkZrhy xMfpjksyh ftYgîkkrhy

xksaM&ekfM;k ;k vkfnoklhaps v/;;u dj.;klkBh es 2005 e/;s ih,p- Mh- P;k fo|kF;kZalkscr eh Lor% xsys gksrs- HkkejkxM ;sFks rhu fnol eqDdke gksrk- ;orekG ftYgîkkrhy ^dksyke* yksdkaps vkWxLV 2005 e/;s v/;;u dsys rj ,e- ,- P;k fo|kF;kZauk lkscr ?ksÅu vejkorh ftYgîkkrhy esG?kkV ifjljkrhy ^dksjdw* ps dkgh o”kkZiwohZ losZ{k.k dsys gksrs- R;k vk/kkjkoj fonHkkZrhy vkfnoklhpk lkekftd ntkZ Li”V dsyk vkgs-

vkfnoklhapk lkekftd ntkZ %& yksdkapk lkekftd ntkZ gk Js”B vlsy rj R;k lektkpk fodkl >kyk vlk fu”d”kZ dk<rk ;srks- dkj.k yksdkapk lkekftd ntkZ mapko.ks gk fodklkpk funsZ'kkad vkgs- rj lkekftd ntkZ fuEu vl.ks gs R;k lektkP;k ekxklysi.kkps y{k.k letys tkrs- Eg.kwu R;k lektkpk lkekftd ntkZ gk dkgh fof'k”V ?kVdkaP;k vk/kkjkoj fuf'pr dsyk vkgs-

1- :<h vkf.k ijaijkapk izHkko %& fonHkkZrhy xksaM] dksjdw vkf.k dksyke ;k frUgh vkfnoklh tekrhe/;s :<h vkf.k ijaijkapk fo'ks”k izHkko vkgs- loZp lektke/;s :<h vkf.k ijaijk vlrkr- ijarq tltlk lektkpk fodkl gksrks R;kuqlkj :<h vkf.k ijaijkae/;s dkGkuqlkj ifjorZu ?kMwu ;srs- ijarq ;k frUgh

vkfnoklh tekrhe/;s vusd dkyckgîk :<h vkf.k ijaijk vkgsr- R;k :<h vkf.k ijaijkapk R;kaP;koj izpaM izHkko vkgs dh] rs R;ke/;s ifjorZu djko;kl r;kj ukghr-

2- ckyfookg %& xksaM] dksyke vkf.k dksjdw ;k frUgh vkfnoklh tekrhe/;s ckyfookgkph i)r :< vkgs- ckyfookgkpk vfu”V ifj.kke R;kaP;koj gksrks- vYio;hu ekrRo] ckGari.kkeqGs fL=;kapk e`R;w] ckye`R;w nj vf/kd vl.ks bR;knh fofo/k leL;k ckyfookgkeqGs fuekZ.k >kY;k vkgsr-

3- dqiks"k.k %& fonHkkZrhy xksaM&ekfM;k] dksyke vkf.k dksjdw ;k frUgh vkfnoklh txkrhy dqiks”k.kkph leL;k vk<Gwu ;srs- 'kjhjkP;k iks”k.kklkBh ldl vkgkjkph vko';drk vlrs- ijarq nkfjækeqGs R;kauk iqjslk ldl vkgkj feGr ukgh- tkxfrd caW¡dsus izdkf'kr dsysY;k 2005 ‘World Development

Indicators’ ;k vgokykr dqiks”k.k gs nkfjnzîkkps lkekftd funsZ'kd vlY;kps uewn dsys vkgs-4

4- ckye`R;w nj vf/kd vl.ks %& tkxfrd c¡dsus ckye`R;w nj vf/kd vl.ks gs ns[khy nkfjnzîkkps lkekftd funsZ'kd ekuys vkgs- dksjdw] xksaM&ekfM;k vkf.k dksyke ;k vkfnoklh tekrhe/;s ckye`R;w nj vf/kd vkgs- ;k rhu vkfnoklh tekrhaiSdh esG?kkV ifjljkrhy dksjdwe/;s ckye`R;w nj vf/kd

vkgs- twu] tqyS vkWxLV vkf.k lIVsacj ;k efgU;kr 'ksdMks ckydkapk e`R;w gksrks- dksjdw e/khy ckye`R;wph egkjk”Vª ljdkjyk n[ky ?;koh ykxyh R;kdfjrk egkjk”Vª ljdkjus dkgh mik;;kstuk dsY;kr- ijarq vtwugh R;kaP;krhy ckye`R;wps izek.k



deh >kys ukgh- MkW- vHk; cax ;kaP;k lferhus fonHkkZrhy

ckye`R;wP;k lanHkkZr egkjk”Vª ljdkjyk vgoky lknj dsyk- 5- oL=kapk vHkko %& xksaM&ekfM;k] dksyke vkf.k dksjdw

;kauk iqjsls oL= ukghr- R;kaP;k toG ,dkis{kk tkLr diMs ukghr- ,dp diMk lrr okijr vlY;keqGs diMk LoPN dj.;kpk iz’u fuekZ.k gksrks- rsp rs diMs lrr okijY;keqGs peZjksx gksrks- ikolkGîkkr diMs vksys >kY;kuarj rs diMs rlsp vaxkoj Bsorkr R;keqGs rki] fueksfu;k] lnhZ gks.;kph 'kD;rk vf/kd vlrs- xMfpjksyh ftYgîkkrhy cMk] ekfM;k vkfnoklh L=h&iq:”k dsoG dejsyk QMds cka/krkr- dejsP;k ojP;k Hkkxkoj diMs ulrkr- fL=;kapk o{kHkkx gk m?kMkp vlrks- ekfM;k yksd dejsP;k ojP;k Hkkxkoj diMs ?kkyr ukghr- gGwgGw R;kapk brj yksdka'kh laidZ vkY;keqGs fL=;k o{kHkkx >kd.;klkBh ,[kknk eGdV diMk okijrkr-

6- lk{kjrspk vHkko %& fonHkkZrhy vkfnoklhae/;s lk{kjrsps izek.k vfr'k; ux.; vkgs- vkfnoklh Hkkxkr f'k{k.kkph dks.krhgh lks; ukgh- HkkejkxMiklwu 40&50 fdeh varjkojhy fcuhxqaMk ;k xkokr 'kkGk vkgs ijarq R;k 'kkGsr f'k{kd fu;fer ;sr ukgh vkys rjh rs eqykauk pkaxys f'kdor ukgh- vls rsFkhy mlsMk ;k vkfnoklhus lkafxrys-

7- LokLFk lsokapk vHkko %& vkfnoklh Hkkxkr LokLF; lsospk vHkko vk<Grks- vkfnoklh jkgr vlysY;k nqxZe Hkkxki;Zar LokLF; lsok iskgkspfoY;k tkr ukgh- MkWDVj] ulsZl vkf.k LokLF; deZpkjh ;k nqxZe Hkkxkr tkk.;kps VkGrkr- vktkjh iMY;kl 'kklu fdaok eakf=dkdMs tkÅu mipkj djrkr- HkkejkxM ;sFks MkW- izdk'k vkeVs ;kapk eksBk nok[kkuk vkgs- gGwgGw xksaM] ekfM;k yksdkauk MkWDVjkaps egRo dGw ykxys vkgs-

ijaijkxr LFkykarjhr 'ksrh csjkstxkjh bR;knheqGs fonHkkZrhy vkfnoklhaph vkfFkZd ifjfLFkrh fo'ks”k gyk[khph vkgs- R;kaps

okLrfod mRiUu deh vkgs- R;kauk laiw.kZ vk;q”; nkfjæîkkr

?kkyokos ykxrs- rs vkiY;k vko';d xjtkaph iwrhZ d: 'kdr ukgh- R;keqGs R;kapk vkfFkZd ntkZ vR;ar fuEu vkgs- nkfjnzîkkeqGs xksM] ekfM;k] vkfnoklh tekrhe/khy r:.k eqys&eqyh u{kyoknh pGoGhr lgHkkxh >kys vkgsr-

v'kkizdkjs fonHkkZrhy vkfnoklhapk lkekftd ntkZaP;k fu”d”kkZps v/;;u dsY;kuarj gs Li”V gksrs dh] R;kapk lkekftd vkf.k vkfFkZd ntkZ vfr'k; [kkykoysyk vkgs- R;kapk lkekftd vkf.k vkfFkZd ntkZ fuEu vl.ks Eg.ktsp vtwugh R;kapk fodkl >kysyk ukgh- rs lkekftd] vkfFkZd fodklkiklwu [kwi nwj vkgsr-

R;kapk lkekftd ntkZ fuEu vl.;kps egRokps dkj.k Eg.kts R;kaps okLrO; nqxZe Hkkxkr vl.ks gs gks;- Eg.kwu ;k nqxZe Hkkxkr tk.;klkBh jLrs] lMdk r;kj dj.ks vko';d vkgs- R;kpizek.ks vkfnoklh {ks=krp R;kauk jkstxkjkP;k la/kh miyC/k d:u |k;yk gO;kr- vkfnoklhae/;s f'k{k.kpk izlkj dj.;klkBh fuoklh 'kkGk lq: dj.ks vfuok;Z vkgs- ;orekG ftYgîkkrhy dksykekae/;s f'k{k.kkpk izlkj gksr vkgs- dkj.k frFks vkfnoklhaP;k eqykalkBh 'kkldh; fuoklh 'kkGk vkgsr- vkfnoklh eqykauk f'k{k.k ns.;klkBh 'kklukus vkJe 'kkGk dk<Y;k vkgsr- ijarq ;k vkJe 'kkGk laLFkkpkydkaps dekbZps ek/;e cuys vkgs- ;k vkJe 'kkGk

can d:u 'kkldh; fuoklh 'kkGk lq: djkO;kr- lanHkZ%& 1. Dsouza, V. S. - Social Development, Education and

Unemployment in India, p.237.

2. United Nations Organization (UNO) Report.

3. Samuelson P. A. – Economics an Introductory Analysis p.6.

4. 2005 World Development Indicators – The World Bank,

Washington, USA, 2005 p.70.

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