ISSN 1512-0597

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cfmfhsdtkjc vtwybtht,fsf frfltvbbc fhmtjkjubehb rdktdbc wtynhbc

;ehyfkb

= 11 2003

9

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CFHBNEFKJ UPT<B SHBFKTSBC >JHQFYT<SFY

\\ c-bc 30-bfy okt,ib cfv[hts cfmfh-sdtkjib (nf,& +)^ shbfktsbc ptufypt^ pqdbc ljyblfy 1600-2000 v cbvfqktpt^ ghja& ,& reanbyvf vhfdfkb cf.ehflqt,j 'tukb it-bcofdkf& vfs ijhbc ufvjbhxtdf hfvltybvt fstekb .jhqfyb^ hjvkt,ibw vfyfvlt ewyj,b^ vlblhekb lf eybrfkehb vfcfkf fqvjxylf& f[fk reknehfc ,& reanbyvf @shbfktsbc .jhqfyt,bc ,ho.bydfkt reknehf# eojlf [11], hjvtkbw fhmtjkjubeh kbnthfnehfib shbfktsbc reknehbc cf[tkbsff wyj,bkb&

fhmtjkjubehb ufs[ht,bc itltufl shbf-ktsbc reknehbc fhtfkb cfv[hts rfdrfcbbc wtynhfkehb yfobkbs itvjbafhukf&

erfyfcrytk okt,fvlt shbfktsbc rekne-hf 'bhbsflfl uhfylbjpekb .jhqfyt,bs b.j ofhvjlutybkb, hjvtksf lfcfrh'fkfd lfh,f-pt,ib vtnfl vhfdfkathjdfyb lf vlblhekb bydtynfhb (jmhjc lf dthw[kbc cfvrfekt,b, infylfhnt,b, zehztkb, dthw[kbc lf ,hby-]fjc bfhfqb, ifdghbfkf lf vj[fnekb rthf-vbrf) fqvjxylf (nf,& +\) [7* 8* 11* 12* 15], hfw f[kfl fqvjxtybk yfvjcf[kfht,sfy [6* 9* 13, ud& 20-22] thsfl fv nthbnjhbfpt vw[jd-ht,b vjcf[ktj,bc vfqfkb cjwbfkeh-trjyj-vbrehb ufydbsfht,bc, .jabcf lf reknehbc vfxdtyt,tkbf&

shbfktsib, ofkrbc gkfnjpt erfyfcrytk okt,ib xfnfht,ekvf cfveifjt,vf .jhqfyt,-sfy lfrfdibht,ekb f[fkb cnhemneht,b uf-vjfdkbyf [5, ud& 47-51], hfvfw vybidytkjdyfl ufpfhlf xdtyb ofhvjlutyt,b shbfktsbc reknehfpt&

1999-2000 okt,ib ofkrbc o.fkcfwfdbc ljytv cfuh'yj,kfl lfbobf& o.kbcfufy ufy-sfdbceaklf hfvltybvt rdflhfnekb rbkj-vtnhb, hfvfw ufvjbodbf bv dtkbc ufibid-kt,f^ cflfw ,& reanbyb fofhvjt,lf 'bhbsfl cfveifjt,c& ufvjdkbylf o.kbc vjmvtlt,bc itltufl @ghtgfhbht,ekb# yfvjcf[kfht,b, cfvfhjdyt,b lf .jhqfyt,b^ vfs ijhbc ,& rea-nbybc vbth ufs[hbkb +, ++, +|-+\ lf \|-\|+++ .jhqfyt,b (nf,& ++)&

o.fkcfwfdbc acrthpt ufvjdktybkb f[fkb fhmtjkjubehb 'tukt,bc abmcfwbbcfc ths-ths ufes[htk .jhqfysfy (XLVII – ,& rea-nbybc yevthfwbbc ufuh'tkt,f) mdbs vjrbh-o.kekb upf lflfcnehlf (nf,& +++3)&

.jhqfyb cja& cfysbc cfv[htsbs, + .jh-qfybc (,tber-stat) lfcfdktsbs 500 v-bc lf-wbkt,bs vlt,fhtj,c& bub mdf.hbkbfybf& vbcb lbfvtnhbf 60 v^ cbvfqkt – 1^2-1^5 v& vrfwhfl fqvjcfdktsbc v[hblfy, .jhqfybc cfhn.tkpt

vbluvekbf mdt,bs vjrbho.kekb upf, hjv-kbc yfgbht,bw lblb pjvbc ,fpfknbc mdt,b-sff itvfuht,ekb& upbc lfabmcbht,ekb cbuh-'t 356 v-bf^ cbufyt – 6 v& .jhqfybc ufhitvj c[dflfc[df pjvbc lf nbgbc .jhqfyb lflfc-nehlf, hjvtksf ijhbc jhb upbfybf& fmdt itbybiyt,f js[res[f yfut,j,t,bc rjyneht,b lf c[dflfc[df tgjmbc cfvfh[b mdf.est,b& ths-thsb ufes[htkb upbfyb .jhqfyb (\L|+++) + .jhqfybc cfv[htsbs 50 v-bc lfwbkt,bs vlt,fhtj,c (nf, +++1)&

hfvltyflfw cfv[hts rfdrfcbfib ufs[hbk .jhqfyt,sfy fctsb cnhemneht,b lfabmcbht-,ekb fh .jabkf, f[kfl ufvjdktybk .jh-qfyt,sfy lfrfdibht,ekvf upt,vf vhfdfkb rb-s[df ofhvjidf& gbhdtk hbuib eylf ufhrdt-ekb.j fv nbgbc .jhqfyt,bc sfhbqb lf fhtfkb&

o.fkcfwfdbc lfwkfv ,& reanbybc vbth fv nthbnjhbfpt ufs[hbkb .dtkf .jhqfybc yf[dbc eybrfkehb itcf'kt,kj,f vjudwf& uf-bhrdf, hjv fctsbdt upt,b fmds ,& reanbybc vbth ufs[hbk +++, |+, |+++, \|, \|++ .jh-qfyt,c^1 hjvkt,bw pjuflfl 'd&o& ++ fsfcok& gbhdtkb yf[tdhbs sfhbqlt,bfy [11, ud& 78-99* 2, ud& 38-39* 15, ud& 14-28]& fvltyfl, upbfyb .jhqfyt,bc sfhbqb ief ,hby]fjc [fybs ufybcfpqdhf&2

lfcf[tkt,ekb .jhqfyt,b cfvtwybthj kbnthfnehfib rfhuflff wyj,bkb [2* 8* 11* 15], fvbnjv v[jkjl vfs vjrkt fqothbkj,fc vjdbnfy&

+++ .jhqfyb& jdfkehb ajhvbc (18_24 v),

mdf.hbkbfyb .jhqfybf,3 hjvtkcfw fqvjcfd-ktsbc v[fhtc, .hbkbc rblblfy vbe.dt,jlf 7 v cbuh'bc lf 5 v cbufybc @узкий шлейф в

виде алеи^# hjvkbc yfgbht,ptw lblb mdt,b to.j& bub fh itlbjlf .jhqfybc .hbkib х[15, ud& 15, nf,& 93]& itvjovt,bc itvltu ufbhrdf,

1 \ .jhqfybc fqvjcfdktsbs^ vj[yek vbyljhib 350-400 v-bc cbuh'tpt lf 5-6 v-bc cbufytpt ufyc[dfdt,ekb ybflfub itbybiyt,f^ hfw itb'kt,f fv flubkpt upbc fhct,j,fc vbesbst,ltc& fyf-kjubehb cbnefwbff \\\|+ (sja-rfhb = 1) lf XLV (sja-rfhb = 2) .jhqfyt,sfy& 2 cnfnbbc lfothbc itvltu ufbs[fhf L .jhqfybc yfobkb& lfabmcbhlf mdbs vjrbho.kekb upf& fq-vjxtybkb vfcfkt,bc vb[tldbs^ .jhqfyb ,tltyehb reknehbc tgjmfc ufytresdyt,f& fvltyfl itb'kt,f bsmdfc^ hjv upbfyb .jhqfyt,b eahj flht xylt,f& 3 mdtvjs ufy[bkekb .dtkf .jhqfyb mdf.hbkbfybf&

10

hjv bub ofhvjflutyc 41 v cbuh'bc upfc (nf,& +|2)&

|+ .jhqfyb 1,5 v cbvfqkbcf lf f,cj-

kenehfl vhudfkb (lbfv& 55 v) ajhvbcff [15, ud& 16-17, nf,& 97]& vfc 160 v cbuh'bc lf 6 v cbufybc upf fmdc (nf,& +|3)&

|+++ .jhqfyb 1,5 v cbvfqkbc, f,cjke-nehfl vhudfkb (lbfv& 40 v) ajhvbcff& lf-cfrh'fkfdb vjtlybc wtynhfkehb yfobkb .jhqfybc fqvjcfdkts yfobkib vlt,fhtj,c [11, nf,& L\|* 15, ud& 18-19, nf,& 71]& upbc cb-uh't 210 v^ cbufyt 5 v-bf (nf,& +|4)&

\| .jhqfyc sfdbct,ehb, res[tt,vjvh-udfkt,ekb (nf,& |+++1-2) js[res[tlbc ajhvf

(3545 v) /mjybf [11, ud& 80* 15, ud& 20]&4 fqvjcfdktsbc v[hblfy .jhqfyc /mjylf

vce,emb lfmfyt,f, lfyfhxtyb v[fhtt,b fvfq-kt,ekb b.j& jhvjc sfdpt .hbkbc cbvfqkt 1,5-2 v-c elhblf [11, ud& 81, 83, nf,& L\+|-\|+, L\\++* 15, ud& 20, nf,& 73,4]& lqt-bcfsdbcfw .jhqfybc fqvjcfdktsb v[fht sf-yf,hflff lfmfyt,ekb& tc yfobkb o.kbc vjm-vtlt,bc itltufl vbobsff lfafhekb, hbc uf-vjw upbc vbvfhst,f .jhqfysfy vskfl yf-stkb fh fhbc& sevwf 264 v cbuh'bc lf 4,5 v cbufybc upf vrfwhfl fqvjcfdktsblfy .jhqf-ybc lhjvjcbcfrty vbtvfhst,f (nf,& +++2)&

\|++ .jhqfyb 1,5 v cbvfqkbc, vhudfkb

ajhvbcff (lbfv& 32 v)& [11, ud& 79, 83, nf,& L\, L\|++, L\|+++* 15, ud& 21, nf,& 81, 98, 151,2]& .jhqfybc .hbkc fqvjcfdktsblfy 116 v cbuh'bc lf 4,5 v cbufybc upf ethslt,f (nf,& +|1)&

fvltyfl ufbhrdf, hjv mdbs vjrbho.kekb upt,b ofkrbc ptufypt ufs[hbk c[df .jh-qfyt,cfw f[fcbfst,s&

fv nbgbc 'tukt,bc rdktdbc itvlujvb tnf-gb vfsb fhtfkbc ufhrdtdfcsfyff lfrfdibht-,ekb& vybidytkjdfyb b.j ghja& j& ]fafhb-'bc vbybiyt,f pehnfrtnib vbc vbth ufs[hbk .jhqfyt,sfy vcufdcb cnhemneht,bc fhct,j-,bc itcf[t,& ujvfhtsbc gkfnjpt, hjvtkbw ofkrbc gkfnjc ,eyt,hbd ufuh'tkt,fc ofh-vjflutyc, ghja& j& ]fafhb'bc vbth ufs[hb-kbf w[hf .jhqfyb [7* 8]& cfvb (== 3,4,6) vfsufyb @jhsfiefc# dtkpt vlt,fhtj,c& cf-vbdt vfsufysfy lfabmcbhlf mdbs vjrbh-o.kekb upt,b&

4 lqtbcfsdbc vfc vtn-yfrkt,fl vhudfkb ajhvf fmdc (nf,& |1), hfw^ fk,fs^ ,& reanbybc vbth xfnfht,ekb cfveifjt,bc itltubf& ufs[hbc it-ltufl vbc mdti lhjvjcb (nf,& |+++3) lflfcnehlf [11, ud& 81]& hjujhw xfyc^ lhjvjcbc cf[ehfdbc xfmwtdbc itltufl ofhvjbmvyf tc lfmfyt,f& fh fhbc ufvjhbw[ekb, hjv c[df .jhqfyt,bc lhjvjcbw uflf[ehekb b.j&

= 3 .jhqfybc lbfvtnhb 100 v-bf, cbvfq-

kt – 8 v [8, ud& 24-38]& 160 v-bc cbuh'bc lf 4,5 v cbufybc upf eiefkjl lhjvjcbc lf-cfo.bcfvlt vblbc (nf,& |2)&

= 4 .jhqfybc cbvfqkt 8 v, lbfvtnhb

100 v-bf [8, ud& 39-44]& lhjvjcsfy lfrfdib-ht,ekb upbc cbuh't 300 v^ cbufyt 7 v-bf (nf,& |1,3)&

= 6 .jhqfybc lbfvtnhb 84 v^ cbvfqkt

7 v elhbc [8, ud&45-48]& cfat[eht,bfyb .jh-qfybf& gbhdtkb, mdtlf cfat[ehbc cbvfqkt 3 v-vltf [8^ ud& 45^ ceh& 38]& upbc cbuh't 400 v& cbufyt 6,2 v-bf (nf,& |4^|+^ |++)& upf lflfcnehlf ths-ths ufes[htk .jhqfy-sfyfw&

shbfktsib lfabmcbht,ekb upt,bc pecnb fyfkjubt,b c[df htubjyt,blfy lqtbcfsdbc wyj,bkb fh fhbc& .ehflqt,fc bmwtdc u& uj-,t]bidbkbc vbth shbfktsbc ptufybc ufuh't-kt,fpt, ,tltybc gkfnjcsfy lflfcneht,ekb @dbohj ,bkbrmdfatybkb#, hjvtkbw @pju]th cojhfl, pju]th [dtekt,bs# hfvltybvt .jh-qfyc frfdibht,lf& fctsb cbnefwbf vfc rei-xbc, cf,blfqxfc lf pehnfrtnbc .jhqfyt,-sfyfw fmdc lfabmcbht,ekb [1, ud& 8]&

ghja& d& jhnvfyvf xdtysfy cfe,fhib uf-vjsmdf dfhfelb, hjv itcf'kt,tkbf vbc vbth fyfyfehib ufs[hbk .jhqfycfw [17] /mjyltc fctsb upf& upbc yfist,b sbsmjc nfibhbc = 5 [3, ud& 88] lf n.dbfdbc [4, ud& 32& nf,& |] .jhqfyt,sfyfw itbybiyt,f& cfvoe[fhjl^ fv @upt,bc# fhw yf[fpb lf fhw ajnj fh f[-kfdc ge,kbrfwbt,c& fvltyfl zbhc vfspt cfe-,fhb&

hfw itt[t,f u& uj,t]bidbkbc vbth lfabm-cbht,ek @,bkbrt,c#, Afctsb tktvtynt,b vfh-skfw f[kfdc .jhqfyt,c lf fhf v[jkjl lf-cf[tkt,ek geymnt,ib& eylf fqbybiyjc, hjv hjujhw @,bkbrt,b#^ bct @cfhbnefkj upt,b# .jhqfyt,sfyff lfrfdibht,ekb, vfuhfv vfs c[dflfc[df aeymwbf uffxybfs& se @,bkbrt,b# .jhqfysf ufhrdtekb ]ueabc @lfvfrfdib-ht,kfl# itb'kt,f vbdbxybjs, @cfhbnefkj upf# rjyrhtnekb cfvfh[b yfut,j,bcfsdbcff ufyresdybkb& hjujhw xfyc^ .jhqfyt,bc rjy-wtynhfwbbc flubkt,b cfreknj-cfhbnefkj fhtc ofhvjflutyty, cflfw .jhqfyt,bc ufhlf c[df fhmbntmnehekb ajhvt,bw ud[dlt,f& itb'kt,f fvbc vfufkbsc ofhvjflutyltc cf-hbnefkj upt,bc lfcfchekc, .jhqfyt,bc .hbkpt vbluvekb js[res[f yfut,j,t,b (shb-fktsbc \|, \L|++, \L|+++ Dlf pehnf-rtnbc .jhqfyt,b)& lqtbcfsdbc fhwthsb fct-sb yfut,j,f ufs[hbkb fh fhbc lf fvbnjv zbhc vfs aeymwbfpt cfe,fhb& fctsb cnhem-neht,bc hfvltybvt .jhqfysfy lflfcneht,f

11

itb'kt,f vfs sfyflhjekj,fpt lf ehsbths-rfdibhpt vbesbst,ltc&

fctdt cf.ehflqt,jf pehnfrtnbc = 3 lf = 4 .jhqfyt,sfy fhct,ekb vhfdfkctyfrbfyb yfut,j,t,bw (nf,& |1)& bcbyb sfdbc lhjpt fh bmyf lfrfdibht,ekb .jhqfyt,sfy lf vfsb sfhbqb ief cfereytt,bs ufybcfpqhf [7^ ud& 71-72]. ghja& j& ]fafhb'tv xdtysfy cfe,fhib fh ufvjhbw[f fv cnhemneht,bc .jhqfyt,sfy rfdibhb&

cfvoe[fhjl, lqtc xdtyc [tks fhct,ekb vobhb vfcfkt,b cfiefkt,fc fh b'ktdf eahj rjyrhtnekfl ufydb[bkjs .dtkf bc cfrbs[b^ hfw cfhbnefkj upt,bc fqvjxtyfv ofhvjidf& vjvfdfkb ufs[ht,b lf rdktdf-'bt,f^ fk,fs vhfdfk cfrbs[c vj/atyc yfstkc&

itvltub rbs[df, hjvtkbw f[fkb cnhem-neht,bc fqvjxtyfv ofhvjidf^ upt,bc lf .jh-qfyt,bc rjycnhemwbek ehsbthsvbvfhst,fc t[t,f&

xdtyc vbth ptvjs xfvjsdkbk .dtkf .jh-qfysfy mdbs vjrbho.kekb upf eiefkjl .jhqfybc .hbkc fqvjcfdktsblfy t,]byt,f (pehnfrtnbc .jhqfyt,sfy jlyfdb uflf[hf itbybiyt,f)& vbc eiefkj ufuh'tkt,fc, evt-ntc itvs[dtdfib, ofhvjflutyc uh'tkb lhj-vjcb, hjvtkbw upbc lfcfchekc, .jhqfybc .hbkblfy bo.t,f lf cfvfh[ yfut,j,fib itlbc (shbfktsbc \|, \\\|+, \L|++, \L|+++ lf pehnfrtnbc == 3, 4, 6 .jhqfyt,b)& .jhqfysf yfobkc lhjvjcb fh uffxybf (shbf-ktsbc +++, |+, |+++, \|++, \L| .jhqfyt,b)&5

xdtyc vbth xfnfht,ekvf cfveifjt,vf udbx-dtyf, hjv mdbs vjrbho.kekb upt,b .jh-qfysf jhufyekb yfobkbf& bcbyb, hjujhw xfyc, vbwdfkt,ekbc lfrh'fkdbc hbnefksf-yff lfrfdibht,ekb lf cfghjwtcbj vcdktkj-,bcfsdbc but,jlf& lfrh'fkdbc hbnefkbc fq-lutyf, lqtbcfsdbc xdtyc [tks fhct,ekb vj-yfwtvt,bc vb[tldbs, hsekbf& j& ]fafhb't othc – @hf smvf eylf, f[kf 'ytkbf bvbc fqlutyf, se hjujh vfh[fdlyty njvsf ,t-kflt,c, hjujhb b.j lfrh'fkdbc hbnefkb lf c[d&&& hjujhw xfyc, shbfktsbc .jhqf-yt,ib vbwdfkt,ekc pju]th tnksfy thsfl fcfakfdt,lyty& pjubths .jhqfyib itybiye-kbf tnkbc yfrdfktdb& vfsufy jhib &&& rfhufl lfwekb js[sdfkf tnkbw fqvjxylf&&&& cfabm-ht,tkbf, hjv shbfktsbc hjujhw jhvjbfy,

5 xfvjsdkbkb .jhqfyt,bc fqothbkj,blfy xfyc^ hjv v[jkjl +++ .jhqfybf yfvldbkfl elhjvjcj& c[df .jhqfyt,c^ hjujhw xfyc^ [bs yfut,b^ vbobcptlf lfcfrh'fkfdb vjtlyt,b /mjylfs^ hj-vtksfufyfw v[jkjl vwbht yfist,b itvjhxf [11^ ud& 83* 15^ nf,& 73]& ufvjyfrkbcc ofhvjflutyc \|++^ jhvjbfyb .jhqfyb&

bct @lfcfrh'fkfd lfh,fpbfy# lbl .jhqf-yt,ib vbwdfkt,ekt,c fuhtsdt tnkbs fcfa-kfdt,lyty# (8, ud& 68* 11, ud& 81)&

upt,b evtntcobkfl ufycfresht,ek, [t-kjdyeh ce,cnhemwbt,ptf lfae'yt,ekb, hjv-kt,bw pju itvs[dtdfib^ fk,fs ybflfubc yb-dtkbht,bc, pj]th rb vbobc sfyflhjekb pt-lfgbhblfy ufvj.jabc vbpybs rtslt,jlf& vfsb vfmcbvfkehb cbvfqkt 1^0 v-c elhbc& upbc mdti vjmwtekb ce,cnhemwbf eahj lblb pjvbc mdt,bsff itlutybkb^ dblht upbc ptlfgbhbf vjut,ekb^ lf hfvltybvt atyfc itbwfdc& cfhbnefkj upt,bc ufvfhsdbc tc ntmybrf cfby;byhj [tkjdyt,bc vfqfk ljytpt vtn.dtkt,c&

ufvjsmvekbf vjcfpht,f, hjv @shbfktsbc hjujhw jhvjbfy, bct @lfcfrh'fkfd lfh-,fpbfy# lbl .jhqfyt,ib vbwdfkt,ekb&&&, fy vbcb athakb, fk,fs lhjvjcbs, erdt uf-lf[ehek @lfcfrh'fkfd lfh,fpib#, tnkib it,vekb [fht,bs it/mjylfs# [8, ud& 63, 68]& fk,fs^ tnkb [11, ud& 81] cfhbnefkj upfpt ghjwtcbfcsfy thsfl vbtvfhst,jlf& hjujhw xfyc^ tc tnkt,b ths]thflb ufvj.tyt,bc b.j lf @cgtwbfkehfl lfcfrh'fkfdfl b.j ufy-resdybkb# [8 ud& 76]&

shbfktsbc .jhqfyt,bc cfvityt,kj cfm-vbc lf cfby;byhj [tkjdyt,bc itcofdkf cgt-wbfkeh rdktdfc vjbs[jdc& xdty fh itdel-ut,bs fv cfrbs[t,bc ufy[bkdfc, v[jkjl hfvltybvt itybidybs itvjdbafhukt,bs&

gbhdtk hbuib fqcfybiyfdbf ief ,hby]fjc [fybc cfreknj fhmbntmnehbc ufydbsfht,bc cfrvfjl vfqfkb ljyt, hfptw .jhqfysf fut,bc ntmybrf, blteh-tcstnbrehb v[fht lf vfsb fhmbntmnehekb cf[t vbesbst,c& fcrt-nehb ajhvt,bs ufvjhxtek .jhqfyt,ib rfh-uflff it[fvt,ekb vfcinf,b, vfcf lf ghj-gjhwbt,b, vrdtshflff ufvj[fnekb aeymwb-ehb lf ntmnjybrehb kjubrf& fctsb lblb vfcinf,bc rjvgktmct,bc vityt,kj,f lbl lhjc, cf[cht,cf lf veif[tkc vjbs[jdlf& j& ]fafhb't pehnfrtnbc .jhqfyt,bc itcf[t, othc% @fv cfvfh[b yfut,j,t,bc vityt,kj,f&&& itcf'kjf okt,bc ufyvfdkj,fib uh'tklt-,jlf# [8, ud& 66]& hjujhw xfyc^ fctsb .jh-qfybc ityt,f vfcib lfr'fkekbc cbwjw[kt-ibdt bo.t,jlf&

lblb .jhqfyb obyfcofh b.j uflf[ehekb [8, ud& 68], hjujhw xfyc^ uflf[ehekb b.j lhjvjcbc lblb yfobkbw& ufvjmdt.yt,ekb [2* 7* 8* 11* 12* 15] lf cffhmbdj vfcfkt,bc (,& reanbybc 1936-40 lf 1947-48 oo& lqbeht,b) vb[tldbs^ itdtwflts fqudtlubyf pjubthsb .jhqfybc fhmbntmnehekb ajhvf (nf,& |++1, |+++2) lf rjycnhemwbf (nf,& |+2, |++2,

12

|+++1,3)&6 ,& reanbybc vb[tldbs^ .jhqfyt,bc

uflf[ehdbcfsdbc ufvjb.tyt,jlf 30-35 cv lbfvtnhbc ve[bc 'tkt,b [11, ud& 81* reanbyb, 1936o& lqbehb, ud& 109* 15, ud& 14, nf,& 91]& pehnfrtnbc .jhqfyt,bc fqothbcfc fqybiye-kbf, hjv @[bc cdtnt,bs @lfcfrh'fkfdb lfh,fpb# uh'bdfl cfvfl b.jajlf&&& lfh,fpbc 'bhpt fqvjxtybkb ,hn.tkb mdt,b&&&& [bc cdtnt,bc 'bht,c ofhvjflutyty&&&& pju]th bcbyb ths [fppt lf thsvfytsbcfufy sfyf,fhb vfy'bkbs (js[-js[b vtnhbs) fhbc lfwb-kt,ekb [8, ud& 60-62]& se ufdbsdfkbcobyt,s, hjv pehnfrtnbc @cfvbdt lblb .jhqfybc @lfcfrh'fkfdb lfh,fpbc#&&&&& rtlkt,bc cbvfq-kt lff[kjt,bs 6,0 v fqotdc# [8, ud& 60]. fvfcsfy == 3, 4 .jhqfyt,bc cbvfqkt 8,0 vtnhbf [8, ud& 24, 39], = 7 .jhqfybcf 7,0 v [8 ud& 45], fctdt^ se ufdbsdfkbcobyt,s ,& reanbybc lqbeht,c, ufvjmdt.yt,ek yf[fpt,c [2* 7* 8* 11* 15] lf bvfcfw, hjv uflf[ehdbc rjycnhemwbfc v[jkjl ufycfpqdhekb vfcbc uf'kt,f itt'kj, eylf dbdfhfeljs, hjv cf-vfh[b rfvthbc uflf[ehdbc sfdpt .jhqfybc mdf.hbkbc cbcmt 1,0-1,2 v-c elhblf& lqtb-cfsdbc xdtyc [tks fhct,ekb vjyfwtvt,b .jhqfysf rjycnhemwbbc lf vfsb ufhtuyekb ajhvbc eahj pecnfl fqlutybc cfiefkt,fc fh b'ktdf& itvlujvb rdktdf lf fhmtjkj-ubehb ufs[ht,b^ fk,fs^ lffpecnt,c lf vhf-dfk rjhtmnbdc itbnfyc xdtyc vbth itvj-sfdfpt,ek htrjycnhemwbt,ib&

shbfktsbc .jhqfyt,sfy lfrfdibht,ek cfhbnefkj upt,c .jhqfyekb rekneht,bc fhtfkib fyfkjub fh vjt't,yt,f& bcbyb lbl vcufdct,fc bxtyty 'dtk cfv.fhjib lflfc-neht,ek cfhbnefkj-cfghjwtcbj upt,sfy [16, ud& 17-18* 14, ud& 132-136], hjvtksfufy ufy-cfresht,ek cbf[kjdtc tudbgnbc gbhfvblt,-sfy fhct,ek @fqvfdfk upt,sfy# fv;qfdyt,ty [18, ud& 123-126, 136-138, 150, 152, 157, 166, 170, 178, 189, 191, 198, 209-214, 231, ceh& 42-43, yf[& 29, 52, 53, 57, 67, 68* 10, ud& 111, 285, 290, 295, 296, 313, 325]&

.jhqfysf cfhbnefkj upt,b shbfktsbc reknehbc cfpjufljt,bc jhufybpfwbbc lf cjwbfkehb cnhfnbabwbht,bc f[kt,eh f[c-yfcfw bs[jdc& seylfw bc afmnb, hjv udth-lbudthl vlt,fht, sfyflhjek .dtkf .jh-qfyc, vfs ijhbc lblb pjvbcfc, fhf fmdc cfhbnefkj upf, vfsib lfrh'fkeksf ufy-c[dfdt,ek cjwbfkeh vlujvfhtj,fpt vbesb-st,c& ufyc[dfdt,f eylf b.jc jhvjbfy, ejh-vjj lf @lfcfrh'fkfd lfh,fpbfy# bv .jh-qfyt,ib lfr'fkeksf cjwbfkeh vlujvfht- 6 yf[fpt,b itchekt,ekbf fhmbntmnjh i& vtkb-mb'bc lf v[fndfh u& nfnbidbkbc vbth&

j,fc ijhbcfw, hjvtksfw cfhbnefkj upt,b fmds& .jhqfysf fctsb lbathtywbfwbf fhbc-njrhfnbekb ohbc bthfhmbfpt vbesbst,c&

itb'kt,f bsmdfc, hjv .jhqfysf fhmbntm-nehek cf[tib shbfktsbc reknehbc vf-nfht,tkb cfpjufljt,bc evfqktcb, fy vstkb cfpjufljt,bc ofv.dfyb bltf ufvjb[fnf&

G. Narimanishvili

RITUAL ROADS AT TRIALETI

BARROWS

(Summary)

In southern Georgia, on the Trialeti Plateau,

Professor Boris Kuftin studied many significant

sites, among which there are dozens of barrows

containing unique, hitherto unknown materials,

rich in cultural information. He coined the name,

the "Brilliant Barrow Culture of Trialeti" to

describe this newly-identified culture.

In recent years, on the basis of works carried

out in Trialeti, at Barrows 3, 6, 8, 15, 17, which

were excavated by Kuftin, and at some additional

unexcavated barrows, Nos. 47-50, ritual-pro-

cessional roads were revealed. Similar roads were

discovered at Zurtaketi in barrows 3, 4, and 6.

Stone-paved roads were also found in an eastward

configuration adjacent to barrow mounds or

dromoi.

The ritual roads connected to the Trialeti

Barrows find no counterpart in the area of Barrow

Culture. They are reminiscent of the ritual-

processional roads known in the Ancient World,

especially similar to the "ascending roads" leading

to the Egyptian pyramids. kbnthfnehf

1& uj,t]bidbkb u& ,tltybc ujhfcf-

vfh[t,bc reknehf& s,&, 1981& 2& ujuf't t& shbfktsbc .jhqfyekb

reknehbc gthbjlbpfwbf lf utytpbcb& s,&, 1972&

3& rf[bfyb r&^ qkbqdfidbkb t& nfibhbc

= 5 .jhqfyekb cfvfh[b& _ lvfybcb, +, s,&, 1998, ud& 88-107&

4& vfrfkfsbf c& n.dbfdbc .jhqfyekb

cfvfh[t,bc ufs[ht,b& s,&, 1943& 5& yfhbvfybidbkb u& 'd& o& ++ fsfcokt-

ekbc cfhbnefkj upt,b shbfktsib& – 'bt-,fyb, = 4, 2000, ud& 47-51&

6& abw[tkfehb r& bjh-fkfpybc fepbc ,hby]fj-hrbybc [fybc yfvjcf[kfhsf njgj-uhfabbc ghbywbgt,b& – rfti, |+, 1984, ud& 8-18&

13

7& ]fafhb't j& 1962-1963 okt,bc shbf-ktsbc fhmtjkjubehb tmcgtlbwbbc itltut,b& – sce ihjvt,b, 107, 1964, ud& 65-76&

8& ]fafhb't j& fhmtjkjubehb ufs[ht,b

shbfktsib& s,&, 1969& 9. Алиев В. Г. Культура эпохи средней

бронзы Азербайджана. Автореферат диссерта-

ции на соискание ученой степени доктора ист.

наук. Тб., 1983.

10. Замаровский В. Г. Их величества пи-

рамиды. М., 1986.

11. Куфтин Б. А. Археологические ра-

скопки в Триалети. Тб., 1941.

12. Куфтин Б. А. Археологические раскоп-

ки 1947 года в Цалкинском районе. Тб., 1948.

13. Кушнарева К. X. Ранние комплексные

общества Южного Кавказа. – Древние об-

щества Кавказа в эпоху палеометалла (ранние

комплексные общества и вопросы культурной

трансформации). Санкт-Петербург, 1997, стр.

11-42.

14. Маккуин Г. Xетты и их современники в

Малой Азии. М., 1983.

15. Жоржикашвили Л. Г., Гогадзе Э. М. Памятники Триалети эпохи ранней и средней

бронзы. Тб., 1974

16. Neve P. Hattusa Stadt der Götten und

Tempel, neue Ausgrabungen in der Hauptstadt der

Hethiter. Mainz am Rhein, 1996.

17. Ortmann W., Picxelauri K., Qvavadze D. Ausgrabungen in Ananauri 1997. – Georgica, 21,

1998, S. 21-27.

18. Stadelmann R. Die Ägyptischen Pira-

miden. Kulturgeschichte der Antike Welt, Band

30. Mainz am Rhein. 1991.

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nf,& + – shbfktsbc utjuhfabekb vlt,f-htj,f&

nf,& ++ – shbfktsb& ofkrbc o.fkcfwfdbc nthbnjhbfpt ufvjdktybkb .jhqfyt,bc ufy-kfut,f&

nf,& +++ – 1& shbfktsb& \L|+++ .jhqfyb& utuvf* 2& shbfktsb& \| .jhqfyb& utuvf* 3& shbfktsb& \L|++ .jhqfyb lf vbvlt,fht nthbnjhbf& utuvf&

nf,& +| – 1& shbfktsb& \|++ .jhqfyb& utuvf* 2& shbfktsb& +++ .jhqfyb& utuvf* 3& shbfktsb& |+ .jhqfyb& utuvf* 4& shbfktsb& |+++ .jhqfyb& utuvf&

nf,& | – 1& pehnfrtnb& .jhqfyb = 4& utuvf, ltnfkb* 2& pehnfrtnb& .jhqfyb = 3& utuvf* 3& pehnfrtnb& .jhqfyb = 4& utuvf* 4& pehnfrtnb& .jhqfyb = 6& utuvf&

nf,& |+ – 1& pehnfrtnb& .jhqfyb = 6& utuvf, ltnfkb* 2& pehnfrtnb& .jhqfyb = 6& htrjycnhemwbf, zhbkb&

nf,& |++ – 1& pehnfrtnb& .jhqfyb = 6& htrjycnhemwbf* 2& pehnfrtnb& .jhqfyb = 6& lfcfrh'fkfdb lfh,fpb, htrjycnhemwbf&

nf,& |+++ – 1& shbfktsb& \| .jhqfyb& utuvf lf zhbkb* 2& shbfktsb& \| .jhqfyb& htrjycnhemwbf* 3& shbfktsb& \| .jhqfyb& htrjycnhemwbf, ltnfkb&

nf,& +\ – 1& ofkrbc o.fkcfwfdbc nt-hbnjhbfpt ufs[hbk upbfy .jhqfyt,ib fq-vjxtybkb bydtynfhbc yfobkb (1-3 vj[fnekb rthfvbrf* 4-6 cf,h'jkj lf cfhbnefkj bfhfqb* 7-9 'dbhafcb kbsjybc yfofhvb)& ,& reanbybc vb[tldbs&

Description of the plates

Pl. I – Geographical location of Trialeti.

Pl. II – Trialeti. Arrangement of barrows

revealed on the territory of the Tsalka water

storage.

Pl. III – 1. Trialeti, barrow XLVIII, plan; 2.

Trialeti, barrow XV, plan; 3. Trialeti, barrow

XLVII and adjacent territory.

Pl. IV – 1. Trialeti, barrow XVII, plan; 2.

Trialeti, barrow III, plan; 3. Trialeti, barrow VI,

plan; Trialeti, barrow VIII, plan.

Pl. V – 1. Zurtaketi, barrow No. 4, plan, detail;

2. Zurtaketi, barrow No. 3, plan; 3. Zurtaketi,

barrow No. 4, plan; 4. Zurtaketi, barrow No. 6,

plan.

Pl. VI – 1. Zurtaketi, barrow No. 6, plan,

detail; 2. Zurtaketi, barrow No. 6, reconstruction,

section.

Pl. VII – 1. Zurtaketi, barrow No. 6,

reconstruction; 2. Zurtaketi, barrow No. 6, burial

chamber, reconstruction.

Pl. VIII – Trialeti, barrow XV, plan and

section; 2. Trialeti, barrow XV, reconstruction; 3.

Trialeti, barrow XV, reconstruction, detail.

Pl. IX – 1. Part of the inventory found in

barrows with roads excavated on the territory of

the Tsalka water storage, after B. Kuftin: 1-3.

painted pottery; 4-6. weapons; 7-9. items of

luxury.

14

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15

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16

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17

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1

2

3

4

18

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19

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20

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21

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2

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22

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2

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5 6

7

8

9