神州城外西湖暗流：十九世纪上半叶马六甲新加坡中文出版初探 ...

This document is downloaded from DR‑NTU (https://dr.ntu.edu.sg)Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.

神州城外西湖暗流：十九世纪上半叶马六甲新加坡中文出版初探= Western undercurrent along the China coast : astudy of chinese printing and publishing in thefirst half of 19th‑century Malacca and Singapore

庄钦永 Chng Khin Yong

2006

Chng, K. Y. (2006). 神州城外西湖暗流：十九世纪上半叶马六甲新加坡中文出版初探 = Westernundercurrent along the China coast : a study of chinese printing and publishing in the firsthalf of 19th‑century Malacca and Singapore. Doctoral thesis, Nanyang TechnologicalUniversity, Singapore.

https://hdl.handle.net/10356/6742

https://doi.org/10.32657/10356/6742

Nanyang Technological University

Downloaded on 15 Jan 2022 11:12:52 SGT

0<f|6

Western Undercurrent Along the China Coast

A Study of Chinese Printing and Publishing in the

First Half of 19th-century Malacca and Singapore

Chng Khin Yong

Centre for Chinese Language & Culture

A thesis submitted to the Nanyang Technological University

in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of

Doctor of Philosophy

2006 ZfiVb

ATTENTION: The Singapore Copyright Act applies to the use of this document. Nanyang Technological University Library

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Acknowledgements

I wish to thank the numerous individuals and institutions who have assisted me along

this journey. I owe a debt of gratitude to both of my supervisors. To Professor Eddie Kuo

Chen-yu, despite his heavy administrative works first as Dean, School of

Communications and Information (till June 2003), and later Interim Dean, School of

Humanities and Social Sciences, he spent many hours in reading my manuscripts. To

Professor Chew Cheng Hai, Director, Centre for Chinese Language and Culture (till

October 2003, and later Adviser to the Centre), who helped me refine my thoughts over

the years and also painstakingly read through the entire manuscript.

The following archives and libraries in United Kingdom and the United States of

American allowed me to access and use their collections: American Bible Society

Archives, The Oriental and India Office Collection, The British Library, Cambridge

University Library, Harvard-Yenching Library, New York Public Library, The Burke

Library of the Union Theological Seminary, University of Birmingham Library, School

of Oriental and African Studies Library of the University of London.

The following institutions provided me with microfilms and photocopies: Amherst

College Library, Amherst, Massachusetts, Belchertown Historical Association,

Belchertown, Massachusetts, Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, Detroit Public

Library, The Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine, Graduate Theological Union

Library, Luther Seminary Library, New Hampshire Historical Society, The Rhode Island

Historical Society, University of Leeds Library, W.E.B. DuBois Library, University of

Massachusetts, and the National University of Singapore Library.

I also wish to thank the Nanyang Technological University for providing me with a

Research Scholarship which enabled me to concentrate in research and finish the writing

in time.

I can never say, or do, enough to thank my wife Chiew Kuan who unfailingly makes

my work, and my life, better than it ever could be without her.

CKY

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vi


Abstract

Both the London Missionary Society (LMS) and the American Board of

Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM) came to Malacca and Singapore in 1815

and 1834 respectively to establish Chinese printing presses. They produced religious

pamphlets, as well as secular material (such as universal geography and world history,

among others) written in Chinese by Protestant missionaries and their assistants.

This thesis, after a brief literature survey of works on LMS and ABCFM, is broadly

divided into four parts. The first part consists of Chapters 1-2. The first chapter deals with

the political conflicts between the Qing and the British governments that led the two

missionary societies to set up Chinese printing presses in the Malay peninsula, while the

second examines both presses' workings (financial sources, printing process, number of

titles published, print-run, etc.).

The second part (Chapters 3-5) deals with the content of the publications. They

examine the messages in the pamphlets, which were part of a ferocious multi-pronged

attack on the beliefs of Taoism and the Chinese folklore religion; Chinese attitudes

toward foreign trade; the ideological fence separating the Chinese and Western

civilisations; and the humiliating restrictions of conduct and personal freedom. In order to

change the Chinese belief that Middle Kingdom was at the centre of the world both

politically and culturally, missionaries wrote books and articles introducing new

geographical knowledge to the Chinese in Late Qing.

The third part (Chapter 6) reveals the various ways missionaries employed to ship the

publications (which were banned) into China and how they were circulated among the

Chinese intellectuals.

The fourth part (Chapters 7-10) looks at the impact of these publications on the

Chinese scholars who read them. Chapter 7 examines the linguistic contributions of the

missionaries to the modern Chinese lexicon. To express some Western ideas, missionaries

had to coin new terms, which were later employed by the Chinese scholars. These new

terms were the tools that allowed the intellectuals to tap into the mine of Western

knowledge and widen their perspective of the world. Chapter 8 deals mainly on the

influence on the thought of Hong Xiuquan (1814-1864) by the book written by Liang Fa

titled Quan shi Hang yan (Good Words Exhorting the Age). Chapter 9 then examines how

these publications proved to be a source of information from which Chinese intellectuals

such as Wei Yuan (1794-1857) understood the world. In Chapter 10, we trace how these

VI1


publications transformed the minds of some Chinese intellectuals. In examining their

works, we discover that the age-old phrase "All under heaven" (5^T) gradually

disappeared from their minds and they were awoken from their false sense of Chinese

superiority.

In conclusion, we quote a Chinese scholar, Professor Li Cunpu (^#+h) , who wrote

that without the missionary publications produced in Malacca and Singapore in the first

half of the 19th century, a Chinese scholar like Wei Yuan would not have been able to

produce his Haiguo tuzhi (An illustrated treatise on the maritime kingdoms). We can only

say that the significance of these publications in the history of thought of Modern China

cannot be ignored.

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S ^ f f t M ^ t f c i i E ^ : H M f e f l f t ^ f t — M ^ - ^ i h i ) (Memorials of Protestant Missionaries to the

Chinese: Giving a List of Their Publications, and Obituary Notices of the Deceased ) ( 1867 ^f ) „

(1876 *mm$m±Rnft&±ffim%tft*mnXi&®.&mm:¥iBm> (Catalogue of the Chinese

Imperial Maritime Customs Collection at the United States International Exhibition, Philadelphia, 1876 )

(1876^f)J ) o 12 S L I £ & < » £ 8 F & i f c & > ( £ * : i i W i H J K t h , 1994) , 3T277-303o

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of Oriental & African Studies, 1973), 10 M:fLT&&Ml:i%WL±2.tt>XT&%t, M& 1962 *£1&:¥MMMM

IS rStrici 0l#l Andrew Gosling, "Introduction," in Catalogue of the London Missionary Society Collection

Held by The National Library of Australia, compiled by Ching Sun and Wan Wong (Canberra: National

Library of Australia, Asian Collections, 2001), 20 14 Suzanne Wilson Barnett, "Preface," in Christianity in China: Early Protestant Missionary Writings,

edited by Suzanne Wilson Barnett and John King Fairbank (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1985), p.v.

15 mmftix. m&±m {m&&5*mxit&m % 5 m (&&•. wtif.+,Kit, 2003), M 354-392 o

9


16 Patrick Hanan, 'The Missionary Novels of Nineteenth-Century China," Harvard Journal of Asian Studies Vol. 60 No.2 (December 2000) : 413-443, j&it^t/R'BcA Patrick Hanan, Chinese Fiction of the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries (New York: Columbia University Press, 2004), 58-84; ^ ^ t i ?

x&mnm. t*&i*<+siatt'Haw^je> (±.m-. ±.n&ti&mtt, 2004), H68-ioi0 17 1997 *£ 4/3 8 HilHM + HWASMffStfc (Paul A. Cohen) &£POlffiT:k^B7FM£H8t

a££»£SMK*Bt£Hfc:fc*> (frfll: MftiBJKtt, 2002) , £80,

1994) , 5193-141, 19 m^û. s,m±m(SM^+H^M)mem(m-. mimiiftmt, 2004),

M 362-391, 20 rnzmw-, ftM$i±*a «s#g?tw^» m e m <#*: £«£&*«**:, 2003 >, 5x 239-

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25


i^KI Raymond Dawson, The Chinese Chameleon: An Analysis of European Conceptions of Chinese

Civilization (London: Oxford University Press, 1967), 65-89; fflRfe {XitffiM: ffift&^lftJFi&JtpW;

xiixm , «(&%.*&&& (A*tt#f*^jK)»2001 ^msm, n84-85, J. M. Blaut, The Colonizer's Model of the World: Geographical Diffusionism and Eurocentric

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William Jones, The Jubilee Memorial of the Religious Tract Society (London: The Religious Tract Society, 1850), 5-16»

" — M ^ ' M The Br i t i sh & Foreign Bible Society # ^ ^ H 5 ! $ £ # ( $ n & J B & ^ fnj X3t# (fetfcflsA-^flJa) [ # * i SBtfciStfiJKtt. 2000], M33) , EtiT-&$it£fiJFi-ii*l£&

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£ # ) U t * : B*»it j jRtt , 2001 ) 0 14 C. Silvester Home, The Story of the LM.S,, 1795-1895 (London: London Missionary Society, 1894),

120; i i l K t H l f S i ) ( f t d t : f t ^ [ ^ ^ E p 4 5 m , 1968) , M 590

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17 (£1&7jSfc#> i t H A n " - I E t 0 * , BP-^HTE'&Âo " ( a < * M > IK K I I ^ A J ] , flf 30 T ) ; Quarterly Chronicle Vol.2 (1821): 3 PJ& 146,000,000 Ao i i J i 19 tSIS

H^rAtfjftit, *&, migfBJMfP jif , £ 1805 W , ^ H A n ^ ^ 264,ooo,ooo A, tfc <îft TJgB&ff» ^ f ^ f ^ R ^ ^ ^ r f i 83%o # R l Ho Ping-ti, Studies on the Population of China, 1368-1955

(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1959), 56Q

18 1698 ¥ , &m*fym&n±m&eTmt$M1%, ft%*t&m%f&m&o J- L. Cranmer-Byng, 'The First English Sinologists: Sir George Staunton and the Reverend Robert Morrison," Symposium on Historical, Archaeological and Linguistic Studies on Southern China, South-East Asia and the Hong Kong Region (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1967), 247-248; >PJ#^L « # * t , ftlll-^—tfJlJt

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ftftJgKffiMfllffifc* 30-50 MMrtitk, « ] f c * 9 l * i S * £ $ t o f & # & 8 S o Immanuel C. Y. Hsu, 77ie /toe of Modern China. 6th ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 140-1410

20 Immanuel C. Y. Hsu, The Rise of Modern China, 138-139. 21 T # « < « I 3 H W £ » » * > ( « : ^mfr&ftWmt, 1999) , 51199-204, 22 Immanuel C. Y. Hsu, The Rise of Modern China, 141 —142 „

26


23 %wm*£.m<*nj953fe*fift> (^m&-. miux^mmt, 1999), 135-06; &*«j *, ffikm., *B&m wmftttA) (±M) , 3u48-i490 24 (+mm\\}M^, m-xx, rmz, îo-na 25 =?*m {m±m#i^%iM.m , 220-2210

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Robert Philip, The Life and Opinions of the Rev. William Milne, D.D. (London: John Snow, 1840), 130-131. 7 "Religious Intelligence," The Panoplist and Missionary Magazine for the Year 1815, Vol XI: 365;

Robert Philip, The Life and Opinions of the Rev. William Milne, D.D. , 140-153. 28 Robert Philip, The Life and Opinions of the Rev. William Milne, D.D., 149. 9 William Milne, A Retrospect of the First Ten Years of the Protestant Mission to China (Malacca:

Anglo-Chinese Press, 1820), 135-137; Robert Philip, The Life and Opinions of the Rev. William Milne, D.D., 120-121.

30 Clifton Jackson Phillips, Protestant America and the Pagan World: The First Half Century of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, 1810-1860 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1969), 21-22.

31 m$.#%mmmAo 19 m^Êrw^m^mw daibot) mm&Tn daibot, oiyPhant & co) 0 &&mm*mmft&^tfMm-*mmmftMt\-mm7> nmx®fr(+m&m) (The Chinese Repository) i i ^ H f t f e ^ i j M r i c , f f e & . + , £ * 3 £ S f f c & £ f S U ^ M S . + , J K « M 3 f W ^

H » (Hokkien Dictionary) 0 1851 * f £ i g | t & * f & * E T ? f ^ 0 #JB. + H*t#$-^Kifi t t£f l r£JJIfff i l

i * £ < i f i [ f t * ^ ^ B A « » * > ( « : t S t t ^ ^ r # a j « t t t , 1981) , E 3 6 4 0 32 Clifton Jackson Phillips, Protestant America and the Pagan World, 172-175. 33 ABCFMAR 1832,55. 34 ABCFMAR 1833,144.

A Report of the Anglo-Chinese College, with an Appendix, from January 1830 to June 1831

(Malacca: Printed at the Mission Press, 1831), 14. S^ fpFT 1794 *£&WJPJJK ( Eccles) MLB2M&,

4 o X i ^ i ^ ^ l S i (John Marjoribanks ) 3 / g T i g T U K (Lord Provost) , %H%%&

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(secretary) . ®M, * ^ B # f i t & £ £ , M i t t t f r S H i f e F f l r ^ o

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Marjoribanks, 'The Life of Service, At Home and Abroad," The Marjoribanks Letter (October 1991): 2; ^

ft: f S f S N ^ ^ , 2000) , ] E l l 5 ft 20 36 Immanuel C. Y. Hsu, 'The Secret Mission of the Lord Amherst on the China Coast, 1832," Harvard

Journal of Asiatic Studies 17 (1954): 231-252. 37 {m%m%36M(±*: *<t$m, mi), 51129 0 asm*, mm (±^MPB%m

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27


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i ^ £ £ , fUS^h 1 8 3 2 ^ 11 H-^-Jl. 38 *mmnmmm&i£ 1830 n n 5 B&rw&jLo ®%&%mii&'£?. mnm, w-ftic

& H T O A £ M ( Charles W. King) ^ 0 l £ £ W < M 0 i f » H i f f l » WJ!£&#l f t# f t | t i l JK„ IAL "Brief History of the Mission of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions in China, from its Commencement in Feb. 1830" [ABC 16.3.11].

William Jones, The Jubilee Memorial of the Religious Tract Society: Containing a Record of Its Origin, Proceedings, and Results, A.D.I799 to A.D.1949 (London: The Religious Tract Society, 1849), 479-4820 J * 9 ^ : t i $ / N » ^ < < i t f # « £ > > , (MKmMit} , < * M S > > {&&$&) ,

/h^^wiij 18,000 mzepmiHfc&o 1832 ^ a 9 wx^-fij, M J <#jttmw>, ftrwabJKo a Alexander Wylie, Memorials of Protestant Missionaries to the Chinese , 23-240

40 * g £ M <MH«fc j3MMff l> fi£S£^#H.JKM Scripture Lessons ft**!?*, & r «

EpfiHJM»:= - & £ 1831 ¥ , 8 - f c £ 1832^, ^-^.+,JKHfH^HffifA*ao 8$~«'JPJrt?£« 4 5 ^ (British & Foreign Bible Society) £ # 0 i i W l t S r W i f c ^ , ' £ t M E f F J H M , / & ^ £p/gB i*lft3E, S ^ S I I I ^ M f f o $ B $ f l ^ & £ # I f l B * £ K I & i a H £ # : £ 0 $ ( 3 "Shing-shoo jih-ko, tsoo-heo peen-yung; - Scripture lesssons for schools," Chinese Repository (June 1832): 77; Alexandra Wylie, Memorials of Protestant Missionaries to the Chinese (Shanghae: American Presbyterian Mission Press, 1867), 22-23„

m <*B, mn mi%tRm*M9m%) c&m-. mm<pm*m±itm%m, 2005), K24.1-260 o

42 "China, " The Missionary Herald Vol. XXXI No. 1 (January 1835): 17; Report of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions Read at the Twenty-fifth Annual Meeting, Held in the City of Utica, October 8, 9, & 10, 1834, ?; BiE DkWBMM'H^

3,*U&, S££#«gMfrifcM#A&Uift> , iti£Wm 4 (1996) , 5X93-98» 43 im^m #-A-t (as 37 jf), E 96; BM «iAff^aiw^^5,^Lia^^f^^^#if

SWflAW^) , 3S 93-980 44 £;*&& ioo«5» ctftt) . 45 "Missionary Labors for China and the Chinese in Other Countries," The Missionary Herald

Vol.XXXI No.6 (June 1835): 232. 46 ii7t+H¥A^ mr&*r*#$m%w%***xmmmm¥M&mB)!r), &*§!&-

fi&wm^m <mrY&^m%&'®'>%-m(±n-. ±mx^mmt, mi), mi480 47 "American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions - Preparation of Books in Chinese, and

Their Distribution Among the People," The Missionary Herald Vol.XXXI No.l (January 1835): 17.

49 « ? t ^ ^ » ^ 3 7 i D t , # - A - b , M95-960 50 i fft] "Missionary Labors for China and the Chinese in Other Countries," The Missionary Herald

Vol.XXXI No. 6 (June 1836): 229-232; George Hunter McNeur, China's First Preacher: Liang A-fa (Shanghai: Kwang Hsueh Publishing House, 1934), 72; Michael C. Lazich, E. C. Bridgman (1901-1861), America's First Missionary To China , 9.

51 Robert Philip, The Life and Opinions of the Rev. William Milne, D.D., 130-131. 52 # /h# C^Jt$#>mf^Mmr£*ASife>> , « 4 > L 1 J A ^ M (ttftJK) » 1996 $$-% 6 m,

5X92-100o 53 ABCAR 1836, p.98.

28


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# W ( M f H l f ) ( ± > T # ) ( 2,000 * ) R < M ± F m X £ i E » ( 1,000 M) o # R I "Brief History of the Mission of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions in China, from Its Commencement in Feb. 1830," (ABC 16.3.11).

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( imw&mzTk) s imumzLBZit) ) , ^ m 1 ft ( «m^», 14,500

flU). f&£i ft( (#rttt&W> ) 0

£ & 11 ft#3M»j£*. K # # f i H * « m & f f i i f e > - * « # « « & »

t o £ ^ £ 1819¥f»m^MT*^^lLi!J 1842 ¥ , -&£§frML ÂTO^L fi

UI7 9 &, M J M @ / $ 52,500 flfr, MS'Mfc^^&ffi 1825 ¥ . 1830 i$H

1831 & 3 ¥ # J M M t ( ^ i t t & ^ m m 3 ^^s^jtif) 0 126 ^M^fflMg

a 3 ^m^mxmî'Ymmi:'^, ±m 100,000 «h 127 ^^nrnttiitfT

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«&M#%» , ftHM «&H£iE?R » &«J 1,000 *£#, IfcfcSMMttfBn

53


(^jimmm KEPT 142 m, <*&mm&> m% 58 m-, mm&x® mm

1,000 flfr, 8P4, *ff£-&ffi#7!iP£££4£*^ja««lft, ;ftg£ ( t f ^ S

#**£rh 3fc£0fUJt&m&, M - ^ W l i W o ^f fMiW^H^, WJJMft

w 142 mm {-s^ummm , ^^wu 20#M<gaiteffH£ft), M L

M^nm <MM»&ifc> Rfyffl 500 * , i p ^ r t i «£4$£gfi» K3UW 300 M,

mi&m <nmTfcm&&&i&K*> 200 m, m#%mw%ftm* mmmm m A i&n&mft&m mftm*48Rnm„ zpmtm, mmmmg-, %

7, 128 Siit, S^WM±MM#I£^AO ^tfc±ittimxfWJiWM£

XZtf i JKt t , 2002 ) , M 346 (,&K 5126 ) „ 2 "Letter from Rev. Dr. Morrison to the Committee of the American Tract Society Dated Macao,

China, October 22, 1833," The American Tract Magazine Vol. IX No. 9 (Sept. 1834): 122. 3 # |§] Eliza A. Morrison, Memoirs of the Life and Labours of Robert Morrison (London: Longman,

1839), 346. 4 ft: jmftM&mtfszmtiLR 1,000$.M®m&mo

54


5 ah mfe&m 1,000 mz$im&m0 6 & 3 B & I & & W J 7 6,223 * ( 1833 ^ 1 ,223*; 1 8 3 4 ^ 5 , 0 0 0 * ) 0 # S I "Brief History of the

Mission of the ABCFM in China, from its Commencement in Feb. 1830" [ABC 16.3.11]0

s ^ i i o #l'£]"China - Extracts from the General Letter of the Mission, Dated Sept. 8th, 1836," The

Missionary Herald Vol. 33 No. 6 (June 1837): 262; Missionary Register (October 1837): 462 =

8 H - & J i £ 1835 ¥ , %&]%% 125 £ $ ; ! & - & £ £ 1838 ^ , # f l & » # 801 TG0 #ffl "China, and India beyond the Ganges. Bible, Tract, and Education Societies," The Missionary Register for MDCCCXXXVI (Feb 1836): 96; Missionary Register (February 1836): 94; Missionary Register (March 1839): 122.

9 *"rtfrU « ^ H » , «£4$T>)$» Rm^XWW&m.&&feWL%ft&Wft$l. #131 Report of the Anglo-Chinese College and Chinese Mission at Malacca (Malacca, 1825?), 9-10; A Report of the Malacca Mission-Station and the Anglo-Chinese College, from January 1830 to June 1831 (Malacca: Printed at the Mission Press, 1831), 6; ftffi (Ît&Q, 1825-1873) , f p £ m^LS^ÎC^^l^, M) ( f t d t : £ ? ^ £ ^ , 2000) , 3l l75o

10 Km {*¥X^*V, 1825-1873) , M 175,

" ^ t f t ¥ ^ A l ! C S^LiaSq, MB 1831 ^ 1 ^ 7 H r M ^ H l ^ t g o E A Report of the Malacca

Mission-Station and the Anglo-Chinese College, from January 1830 to June 1831 (Malacca, 1831) ffj^lflS

$H £ i M $ & ) E 26, A Report of the Malacca Mission-Station and the Anglo-Chinese College, from January 1830 to

June 1831 (Malacca, 1831), 25-27. 13 £BQ The Annual Report of the Manchester and Salford Anglo-Chinese College Association ffl— (

1826 ) ~ + 0 ( 1839 ) l ^ f l z ^ o The Ninth Report of the Anglo-Chinese College; for the Years 1832

and 1833 (Malacca, 1834), 15-16, i £ f t i i m ¥ ^ M ^ 4 ^ E i * i * £ ^ l ^ f t o f S f l l H l t m ^ l l ? ^

14 *Wi=^t-£i£} ( 3 A E F : %*W&, 1822) , B f l 2 ± - 1 5 ± 0

15 J&feJS 1811 *£$}& 9 Mmfcmfc&lh 500 £ & , 1814 ^ , 1815 *p, 1818 ^ , 1820 ^ S 1823 ¥ # 3 / 1,000 ^ ^ ; « S 1827 ^ ft 1828 ^ # ^ 7 300 3I!£ 3 # 1 $ 77ie Sixteenth Report of the British and Foreign Bible Society for the Year 1820, pp. lxxvi-lxxvii; Missionary Sketches No.IX (1820), n.p.; Missionary Sketches No.IX (April 1820), n.p.; "Chinese Version of the Bible; Manuscript in the British Museum; One Version Undertaken in Bengal, and Another in China; With Brief Notices of the Means and Measures Employed to Publish the Scriptures in Chinese Previous to A.D.1830," 77ie Chinese Repository Vol. IV No. 6 (October 1835): 257-261 „ X Robert Philips £ The Life and Opinions of the Rev. William Milne., Missionary to China (New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1840)%, #iM 1823 ^ ^ # ^ 4 5 ^ M t f £ l & £ 6,000 ^m^%^Xmi, ®%\fc*m% 1827 R 1828 gJFTWfc# 300 ^ u D J i l f c ( £ 160) 0

16 The Ninth report of the Anglo-Chinese College; for the Years 1832 and 1833 (Malacca: Printed at the Mission Press, 1834), 15.

17 W ^ ^ S ^ t B y J ^ £ j 5 x U L # f : , #(S] William Jones, The Jubilee Memorial of the Religious Tract

Society (London: The Religious Tract Society, 1850), 5-16, — J & ± , ^ # & J ^ * H J E Religious Tract

society m$tt*i}&ftifcMs& ( { ^ L J & ^ + X W J . + . I K } , ^ \D , •Mîtx&mn 19 ffi^WîftJigS*, &Hlrt£ffl*1t <=£f.#ifc> mXW: i*M£4$l£, 1822)*fj*#l

18 - £ f n # # J J i 1814 ^ffllft 400 %<&; 1815 ^ 700 ^ | # ( - & g 300 £ & , E - & 1 : 400 $ ft) ; 1817 ^p 500 ^ ^ ; 1825 ¥ 300 ^ ^ ; 1834 *£ 1,000 3 i ^ 3 #fg) William Jones, The Jubilee Memorial of the Religious Tract Society: Containing a Record of its Origin, Proceedings, and Results. A.D.1799 to A.D. 1849, 471-483, 489-490; Robert Philip, The Life and Opinions of the Rev. William Milne, D.D., 160.

55


A Report of the Malacca Mission-Station and the Anglo-Chinese College, from January 1830 to June 1831 (Malacca: Printed at the Mission-Press, 1831), 6-7; The Ninth Report of the Anglo-Chinese College for the Years 1832 and 1833 (Malacca, Printed at the Mission Press, 1834), 15; William Jones, The Jubilee Memorial of the Religious Tract Society: Containing a Record of its origin. Proceedings, and Results. A.D.1799 to A.D. 1849, 9-10, 475, 479-481; Missionary Register (January 1832): 29; Missionary Register (May 1834): 231; Missionary Register (February 1835): 90; "Liang Afa to American Bible Society, 1833", ABS Historical Essays Vol.VI, p.E-63, Missionary Register (February, 1834): 66; Su Ching, 'The Printing Presses of the London Missionary Society Among the Chinese," pp. 134-135.

Report of the Chinese Mission at Malacca (Malacca: Printed at the Mission Press, 1830), 3; 3Kfjf (

mi®M*xm\ftM%m , tmmmM3&5*x%m&m (Git-. &rn¥3L$m, 2000 , 3t43-440

21 Report of the Chinese Mission at Malacca (Malacca, 1830), 3; ^ f | { ^ t L i a - ^ ^ C W J . + i l i S

» , ft 49o 22 77ie Sixth Annual Report of the Anglo-Chinese College; MDCCCXXV11I (Malacca: Printed at the

Mission Press, 1828), 14; Report of the Eleventh Year of the Anglo-Chinese College, being MDCCCXXIX

(Malacca: Printed at the Mission Press, 1829), 10-11; 3>f| (X^mM: £pJrgiJ.+,M£K#l±£g-§-^#

Robert Philip, The Life and Opinions of the Rev. William Milne, D.D., Missionary to China, 116; "Chinese Version of the Bible; Manuscript in the British Museum; One Version Undertaken in Bengal, and Another in China; With Brief Notices of the Means and Measures Employed to Publish the Scriptures in Chinese Previous to A.D. 1830," The Chinese Repository Vol. IV No. 6 (October 1835): 258.; ^ L i t A A

m, mikp& imi&mrm) (&&-. r H f f i ^ * » t , 2004), Mm, 24 The Sixth Annual Report of the Anglo-Chinese College (Malacca, 1828), 14. 25 Report of the Eleventh Year of the Anglo-Chinese College, being MDCCCXXIX (Malacca: Printed at

the Mission Press, 1829), 49-50 <, 26 Report of the Anglo-Chinese College and Chinese Mission at Malacca (Malacca, 1825?), 9D ii^rS

-£WJT500flJro 7 Report of the Protestant Mission at Malacca (Malacca: Printed at the Mission Press, 1828), 7. 18 Report of the Chinese Mission at Malacca (Malacca: Printed at the Mission Press, 1830), 3.

Report of the Anglo-Chinese College and Chinese Mission at Malacca (Malacca, 1825), pp.9-10. Jessie Gregory Lutz, 'The Grand Illusion: Karl Gutzlaff and Popularization of China Missions in the

United States During the 1830s," Patricia Neils, ed., United States Attitudes and Policies Toward China: The Impact of American Missionaries (Armonk, N.Y.: M.E.Sharpe, 1990), 46-77.

'hA-^J'^zs-fPiifc^^fa i^\§\ An Abstract of the American Bible Society, Containing an Account of Its Principals and Operations (New York: Daniel Fanshaw, 1830), 5-6 & 13.

2 ABS Historical Essays, Vol.VI; John R. Hykes, The American Bible Society in China: the Story of Eighty-two Years' Work (Shanghai: Printer by the Commercial Press, n.d.), 4-6.

33 '£%:%&&il$t}%$l.'bM^F£ ( New York Religious Tract Society ) ( J & i T 1812 ¥ ) ^ £ £

& ( Andover ) W f r ^ ^ h f l f H ^ ( New England Tract Society ) ( &AL1? 1814 ^ 5 R 23 0 ) %

34 "Gutzlaff s Distribution in China," The American Tract Magazine Vol. IX No. 2 (Feb. 1834): 13. 35 Twenty-fifth Annual Report of the American Tract Society, Boston, Presented at Boston, May

29,1839 (Boston: Printed by Perkins & Marvin, 1839), 56 ^R^Wi 1,200 HTUO ^ & , £—XMMW&

40,000 % ( J£ James Milnor, Chairman. Dated New York, 25 July 1839 [ABC 16.2.4]) 8 %L%\k%%^

it«^ft1£'h^£*&#*#J£ 40,000 in, R%mmU£ 1,200 T£MB, mMM&m£ 1840 ^ ¥ $ , &i*-¥HM*ttJ:/j^£Htt^ L213.28 7£ft%mt&T,ftMjt®; M&r$in$t.m\Rm T430 7Co

36 "Proceedings Relative to the Formation of a Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge in

China," The Chinese Repository Vol. Ill No. 8 (Dec 1834): 3830 ^XWXUL^^X^. {&'£WLHA&®

£ | B ] » (T'>H: r&tfcWrtJ t£*t , 2000) , M 421 „ fflWmtfflX.!JlT- "First Report of the Society

56


for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge in China, with the Minutes of the First Annual Meeting, Held at Canton, October, 19th, 1835," The Chinese Repository Vol. IV No. 8 (Dec 1835): 355.

"Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge in China," Missionary Herald Vol. XXXI No.7 (July 1835): 268-269.

38 € # » « - # £ * * , ftX&toj&WmffjZiSF-o ^mm^Xmim (Robert Bennet Forbes) ft

^#**&Hfc£Sl*A*H«^ 1839 3 n 28 B&fcriMfo ftT^f6^4Ms^R£il£#*fl£ £ (Mr Turner) ffi*H.&££ , 0f W f f c f f j ^ f c l f l & ^ a m + H f t g ^ f c o # 1 9 Robert Bennet Forbes, Letters From China: The Canton-Boston Correspondence of Robert Bennet Forbes, 1838-1840 (Mystic, Conn.: Mystic Seaport Museum, 1996), 1150

39 J. Beeching, The Chinese Opium Wars (New York: Harvest, 1976), 61. 40 "First Report of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge in China, with the Minutes of the

First Annual Meeting, Held at Canton, October, 19th, 1835," The Chinese Repository Vol. IV No. 8 (Dec 1835): 356; 'The Third Annual Report of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge in China; Read at a General Meeting Held in Canton, Nov. 20th, 1837," The Chinese Repository Vol. VI No. 7 (Nov 1837): 339; "Fourth Annual Report of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge in China; Read at a General Meeting, Nov. 21st, 1838," The Chinese Repository Vol. VII No. 8 (Dec 1838): 403.

41 "Gutzlaff s Letter of Thanks," American Tract Magazine 12 (3) (March 1837): 67; Jessie Gregory Lutz, 'The Grand Illusion: Karl Gutzlaff and Popularization of China Missions in the United States During the 1830s," 51.

42 "Brief History of the Mission of the ABCFM in China, from its Commencement in Feb. 1830" [ABC 16.3.11].

43 Jos. T. Dickinson, Ira Tracy, Stephen Tracy, A. North and Jos. S. Travelli, to ABCFM, "Annual Report, 1837. Dated Singapore, 8 Feb 1838."

44 $m%& «*Pi> -4SM, tt«*« 2,000 SBAff*** (££> %m, tr*{bH#*HM stf&omij&mQimitoto mm^mâm^m^^M^HiM, m^ 1,901 •&&, rsw&pj* 1,515 £ ® 0 5 $ ; f r & * # M , R H 1,262 %®, HJHSil? 600 £ £ & „ # ( 3 W. H. Medhurst,

China: Its State and Prospects (London: John Snow, 1838), 569-571 „ C ^ ^ A O t i l W — ^ X M t t $ i

mm, M , Tg ffijKMrit*. m®35 i^m} -û^m^zmô #1$ Typography Sinensis, "Estimate of the Proportionate Expense of Xylography, Lithography, and Typography, as Applied to Chinese Printing; View of the Advantages and Disadvantages of Each," in The Chinese Repository Vol. 3 No. 6 (Oct 1834): 246-2520 45 im «4>£5£P» , VL& im\M5*xfvm&m, n m-m0

46 ABCAR 1834,97-98. 47 ABCAR 1835, 71; ABCAR 1837, 89-90; fflfe itSi^^^XfS^) , K 197 0 48 M3\ 1843 JKfcfttJM. MLWLM1b&£. M^#'K^^m^^^^ lSH45K4JÊPffi'J.+1

mm±mm, *&&%&&& 1,540 T-, H sosm- 3,232 T-^M-#= mmm mfc5*x %¥> , M 191-202,

49 wtsmm^, ^^mmm^xim*, mr^m (samuei Kidd) rn m^HEim B&i6> ( 1829 WfT) J i f f l S ^ J R ^ l ^ , ^ f t f c ^ f f ^ P I S t l i S W L #ISI Report 0/ </« C/ii>ie5e Mission at Malacca (Malacca: Printed at the Mission Press, 1830), 3; Alexandra Wylie, Memorials of Protestant Missionaries to the Chinese (Shanghai: American Presbyterian Mission Press, 1867), 49, XC8I

UtJiC: ^SHJXikfriJRtt, 1995) , 5 1 7 2 , 50 mmm® {&.rkmiatM&Mf£¥), &n {is&ew%$.8.nfa—&-&%&%&&%.

XM) (#&: 4>g4$*tbJK$t, 1998) , 51427, 51 Typographus Sinensis, "Estimate of the Proportionate Expense of Xylography, Lithography, and

Typography, as Applied to Chinese Printing; View of the Advantages and Disadvantages of Each," The Chinese Repository Vol. 3 No. 6 (Oct 1834): 248-249; Ifcft (S'fir tfc ' t 'PfSifc^lk^—?£JafO> , g

* {mm5*xm\ftm , n i460 52 "Inventory of the Chinese paper, ink, and printing materials for Chinese, in the possession of the

Singapore Mission, January 20, 1841." [ABC 16.2.4 Vol.1]; "Extracts from a Letter (by E. C. Bridgman)

57


Dated Canton, March 18, 1836," in Monthly Extracts ABS No. V & VI (Oct 30,1836): 43; "Extracts from a Letter Dated Canton, March 18, 1836," Monthly Extracts (American Bible Society) No. V & VI (Oct 30, 1836), 43.

53 »ft***F. *mMx-amxm^M¥ iooi\ T.^-AETN+S:, %MJL%K& 1,500-i,8oo Xo nnm-mm 0.5-0.6 x-zmm* umitnm% 1,000 x$tn, mzmm&ft^ 1 M 5 ^ i H 8 &2.ma #f*a^jg. «4'Pl7iift[?U$»fuI£» (±fS: ±fSAK.+,Mt., 2000) , K3663

54 "Letter from Rev. Mr. Bridgman," The American Tract Magazine Vol. XI No.3 (Mar 1830):40-41. 55 tkmmxm, mnftmm%fc*mAm%%fe^*^>*^xit*mmtk, u&mm

S ^ T . f l , ^ A E F / E O "Singapore. Report of the Mission for the Year 1837," The Missionary Herald

Vol. 34 No. 11 (Nov 1838): 419. £ * h * R « f f e « & 0 f i 2 8 12 £ ^ # r j £ 3 / S ' g L | £ 4 ' , B f c 7 ^ £ £ * K

( ^ W { £ ^ £ (literary graduate ) MZ^t ( Lew Chechang ) W ^ v t ( Choo Tsing ) . ^%\M, * M A

M??'IIW&]i£%.£W%t.±i%'iftX'T? #fftl "Circular from the China Mission," The American Tract

Magazine Vol. X No.9 (Sept 1835): 135, The Report of the Directors to the Thirty-Second General Meeting of the Missionary Society,

Usually Called the London Missionary Society, 1826, 27. 57 "China," in The Missionary Herald Vol.24 No.2 (Feb 1828): 196.

B&L&iiE) MnmR&&M (%) ¥fgrtf£#3 " {nmn^^m±^ (%MB) , a LMS Archives 0

9 William Dean, "Chinese Worship - Additions to the Bangkok Church," The China Mission AdvocateVol.l No.6(June 1839): 161.

Robert Morrison, Memoirs of the Rev. William Milne, D.D. Late Missionary to China, and Principal of the Anglo-Chinese College: Compiled from Documents Written by the Deceased To Which are Added Occasional Remarks (Malacca: Printed at the Mission Press, 1824), 109.

61 BFBS Minutes of Committee, Vol. 26, 3 July 1837. 62 From Bridgman to Rev. Anderson. Dated Canton, March 7, 1827. [ABC 16.3.8 Vol.1]; Tenth

Annual Report of the American Tract Society (New York, 1835), 81; Eleventh Annual Report of the American Tract Society (New York, 1836), 91. ^BflMW, &ft^ftUfe^&M%#Xfo%T&3\&tW

& £ # I f £ t t f S « ± * £ M f i t t , B # £ # * H * & t , SUfc, 1840 ¥ M & £ i X H 3 S F 3 S J ! r t t t / h 4 s #

£ « H . » & , &** , 3 A ¥ £ E i £ M # # J « : £ ^ # J ^ £ # * ¥ l r ^ ; t t o mm "Letter from Rev. Mr. Medhurst," 77ie American Tract Magazine Vol. XV No.10 (Oct 1840): 122.

63 "Approved for Publication Abroad," The American Tract Magazine Vol.XXIII No. 8 (Aug 1838): 134; "American Christian Press Abroad," The American Tract Magazine Vol.XIV No. 2 (Feb 1839): 16.

64 m\, 1837 ii ft 30 Bftrfl^ja <na^££H&B&> zm^T.ft, msxtexm** mm&nmf&^mL X I B ^ T - is36*&n*%&{ft4-7jmm£>zxw5, mumf&w. f i l f T - ^ f r M T ^ T f r l H S o # 8 1 Bridgman Journal, 30 Nov.1837; J. W. Hayes, ed., "Letters from China,

1835-36,'VoMr/ja/ of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society Vol.11 (1971), 55 a 65 William C. Hunter, Bits of Old China (Shanghai: Kelly and Walsh, 1911), 261. 66 Um 1 8 4 0 ^ 4 ^ 12 Bi&n (Peter Parker) E £ M - i M $ i * , * J £ g g £ r ' > H ^ f f i J t H M

^ ^ ^ t f t / J ^ ^ & l l ^ ^ - o E "China. Letter from Doct. Parker, Dated Canton, April 12th, 1840," in The

Missionary Herald Vol.36 No. 11 (Nov 1840), 431. 67 "Extracts from the Journal of Mr. Milne, Missionary at Malacca, for 1815", Quarterly Chronicle

Vol.1: 88 68 A Report of the Malacca Mission-Station and the Anglo-Chinese College, from January 1830 to

June 1831 (Malacca: Printed at the Mission Press, 1831), 6-7. 69 * E f r U ! & ± (John Innes) ft < £ 4 S # | 5 ) £ > ( 1832 ^ f i j ) , ( A « > ( ? ) ( The

Beatitudes) (1834 *£) , £ # ! * « A ^ » ( ? ) (Tract on Heaven) ( 1835 ^ f l j ) , m%. « i£J I

H £ t f r j f t T & £ H « > ( 1 8 3 6 ¥ f J ) $ ^ K « } § ; g - & i 6 » (1839) 0 70 #Ri»H!i <»«^»j£9sfs«£> (f jb: timmzw^'®, ms), m iss-m-, m

ftZ {®¥JEffi5$tmtt.£} (±M: ± tSAR{l5 lKt t , 1994) , H 140-141,,

58


71 &&& <*£* (ummm^m) wttmRnmx}, 2003 ^ n n 21-22 awmmmn^ 72 < * ^ i f c & > (The Chinese Repository) ^-HgmXMZ ifl&MM) Zft&, f M ^ W i * ^

ZmmRmitfift. ft MM ~h W\ iX #-£.+, US =f 1840 ¥ , l^&BflffJSiJ i l i l .^ # 1 3 "Literary Notices. Mowyih Tung Che, or A Comprehensive Treatise on Commerce. 8vo. pp.61. With a Chart," The Chinese Repository Vol. VIII No. 12 (April 1840), 646-647; Alexandra Wylie, Memorials of Protestant Missionaries to the Chinese (Shanghai: American Presbyterian Mission Press, 1867), 61 „

m) o # l 3 i £ 5 ± * f S < J L ^ * £ i : i I ^ > > ( « : <pm'J?^)lMftMt, 1997) , M i309o

John Yung-hsiang Lai, Catalog of Protestant Missionary Works in China, 309. 75 Alexandra Wylie, Memorials of Protestant Missionaries to the Chinese, 79-80.

77 T&# m^m- -âmmntittttmrnm urn-, -faz^m, 2001), M 573

JS&SW5fe»f[^> ( i £ t P : EJl lAKriiHSIt , 1999 ) PfT^—. H , 15 340-367. 9 "Christian Missions in China," 77ie Chinese Repository Vol. 3 No.12 (1835), 566.

80 Patrick Hanan,"The Missionary Novels of Nineteenth-Century China," Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies Vol. 60 No. 2 (December 2000), 413-443, especially pp.413-431.

81 S t T - M M t t J i S f ^ ^ f J , f£ fn#f»*£ 3 1822 if 9 n 23 0 M £ f f f f c ± * f r l £ (Samuel Milton, 1788-1848) f } g # " f ^ i i W f ^ A E t J i g T E (type-cutters) i4tf-*fft + ltfflfJ

— f ^ + J C f f i T f J ^ S I S ^ i f B ^ f i ^ J o #KJ Su Ching, 'The Printing Presses of the London Missionary

Society Among the Chinese," pp.154-155,4010

The Report of the Directors to the Thirtieth General Meeting of the Missionary Society, Usually Called the London Missionary Society, on Thursday, May 13, 1824, 48-49; The Report of the Directors to the Thirtieth General Meeting of the Missionary Society, Usually Called the London Missionary Society, on Thursday, May 12, 1825, 47.

83 ft mmtmm±&±m m, ftm&j]&mto*jvem*w& i824 ^ s i826 ^lut FJfT—%Mtfife$L$-1%i, #•& 1824^D[flJ1+l 2 6 ^ o #1*3 Alexandra Wylie, Memorials of Protestant

Missionaries to the Chinese, 46 0 84 m «&H##» m {*mn%nRmzm m%m%mm?m%zmvmmfoo mm*

£ E 3 H - - £ ClSJig) , Pf72± (63) a 85 %£m(*mm¥&}. M 64; jm^{*mmtmi%.) (±m-. ihmm^^,m±, 198D , j5n-12; MM (*mmmnm?£m£.) (±m-. %E.X^^M\., 2001 >, 5ti3-i50

86 Robert Morrison, Memoir of the Rev. William Milne.D.D. (Malacca, 1823), 50, 52 & 54. 19 tft*g

BT, %% "magazine" -^ "newspaper" , "gazette" 0f#f J l ?!::£: I^W^fc (So "magazine" fftfc±

tftiEf^} , "ÊiEf^" J k ^ i n "magazine" ZJtJL^X&MHo M "newspaper" !£ "gazette" f£i&±

4>£i?ft "DfPC , " f f i W . "gffSiar = 1828 ^ f c ± £ M ( ^ T S f H > ^ i f < J ^ ^ ^ 77* l/mversa/ Gazette. ( # { $ 1826 ^ A E P ^ ^ M ^ t t J K & ^ A l Q . [David C o l l i e l - ^ J C i t M ^ W f t t

tfj^l^rvpilc^ The English and Chinese Student's Assistatit [Malacca: Printed at the Mission Press, 1826],

39&43) o ra^s&siytJWfj, fiffefnwttsi^^^Ho um&j?i&uximmm%±, M^^rtw

87 M S , ffffJîfi 11 ¥ / S , A f n £ J t # & f # J $ f W , tfelU "The Chinese Magazine" f f c t , #

|£] "Literary Notice. The Chinese Magazine", The Chinese Repository (September, 1833): 235.

59


88 (^rmm) mmmmMM im-fiBM} $-7 n ¥, autism—»+:*:« <HS i t l^ffi ) ( Semarang Advertiser) -?• 24 ^ #f£] Cecil K. Byrd, Ear/y Printing in the Straits Settlements, 1806-1858; David K.Y. Chng, "A Note on the Chinese Newspaper Jit Sheng" Kekal Abadi Vol. 6 No.3 (1987) : 2-5; Claudine Salmon, 'The First Chinese Language Newspaper of Java (1852-1857?)," Asian Culture 24: 79-89.

89 Alexandra Wylie, Memorials of Protestant Missionaries to the Chinese, 19. 90 £ & H < + g « ^ £ > ( # * : =m$fc, 1 9 5 5 ) , 31369; l i f c jS ( f ^ i - ^ i f i f t + P )

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98 The Sixth Annual Report of the Anglo-Chinese College; MDCCCXXV1I1. With Appendix (Malacca: Printed at the Mission Press, 1828), 12.

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&) Taylor and Walton Hi fig 3

^CSJ Report of the Chinese Mission at Malacca (Malacca: Printed at the Mission Press, 1830), 2; Su Ching, 'The Printing Presses of The London Missionary Society Among the Chinese," p. 144 & 443 note 110c 105 &%&=?%&&&% 1867 %-m*&iii£ «s#ifc£iisf#!$[±iHi«»: " vmn*,m m&m o 4 # 0 r ^ f f f t n i S , 1833-18370 S i J T ^ T 1833 ^ 8 / 3 l B t t r#UHJKo Mfc,

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W^ft iJKt t , 2004) , Ji 115-160o 118 Scott Shao-chi Pan, An Appraisal of Karl (Charles) Gutzlaff and His Mission: The First Lutheran

Missionary to East-Asian Countries and China, p.3. 119 ^ B Ifc*/ Pyrzyce, ft^fc^fHOW Szczecin jfci£8P«J 30 1 , 120 Arthur Waley, The Opium War Through Chinese Eyes, 223 $tl&£?£;i ;f t 1824 * f S ^ f f | fc£

121 Scott Shao-chi Pan, An Appraisal of Karl (Charles) Gutzlaff and His Mission: The First Lutheran Missionary to East-Asian Countries and China, pp.34-97.

122 W ^ c ^ t ? Z£.¥-^M, " I # K William Dean, The China Mission, 337-338; <£&& { &$&%&.

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Memorials in Malacca, 6Q 125 "Extracts from Letters of Mr Tracy, Dated at Singapore," The Missionary Herald Vol.32 No.5

(May 1836): 181. 126 ( £ $ A ^ f f ( Patrick Hanan) tMS&ft i jW-î fcX+if t , R 1819 ^7N?f i J£ i ]W!f§- -T-

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127 mimt 1825, 1830 ig 1831 ¥&& 3 ^S^fflHRJt-T-ffiAft?. BSrt&lg (( HiA M» 1833 ^ io^w##, %HimM ( K i s s M ) n&iBf&m&sjim, ns&% 1833 ftrWfiffjH^t, ik£pJ@'J7 2,000 Mo #S3 "Brief History of the Mission of the ABCFM in China, from

62


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128 Carl T. Smith, "A Register of Baptized Protestant Chinese, 1813-1842," Chung Chi Bulletin 49 (1970): 23-26.

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1 The Sacred Edict, Containing Sixteen Maxims of the Emperor Kang-he, Translated from the Chinese original, and illustrated with notes by the Rev. William Milne (London: Printed for Black, Kingsbury, Parbury, and Allen, 1817), xi-xii.

2 (tyUffiZM} , LMS Archives, Personal Box No. 2 o 3 muks. mm^mm} r, m <«*Mm m 12 m (&U: E^Btt, 1992 >, ^ en0

4mmmt{-btt*mn.£5Xfo-fi?r) ( « : m^x^^mt, 2002), Mm, 5$R'j«*#^fiii—mm^fcm} am-, m)\\A&ftmt, 1994), Mn9D 6 ^ « i t « K f a ] * # ^ » (±M: tm^mftfott., 1995) , M 3 , <<A±S&tt>> W M 3 i

# , E T 1830 ^r#l .+i){gW ({ rWISWS)) ( 77ie Canton Register) ± ( E "Doctrine of Rewards

and Punishments," The Canton Register Vol.3 No.14 (17 July 1830): 58-59 ) 0 — ffl^J+Zl^, —^ f—

W ^ , 51 Paul Carus and Teitaro Suzuki, Treatise of the Exalted One on Response and Retribution (1906),

52.

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' f I ^ S ' l K l E S a " H. The Sacred Edict, Containing Sixteen Maxims of the Emperor Kang-he, Translated from the Chinese original, and illustrated with notes by the Rev. William Milne (London: Printed for Black, Kingsbury, Parbury, and Allen, 1817), xi-xii.

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5 The Sixth Annual Report of the Anglo-Chinese College; MDCCCXXV11I (Malacca: Printed at the Mission Press, 1828), p. 14; LMS 35 Report (1829), p.24; Report of the Eleventh Year ofthw Anglo-Chinese College, Being MDCCCXX1X with an Appendix, Concerning the Laws of China (Malacca: Printed at the Mission Press, 1829), p.12. ^ i t f c E J i £ 1818 ¥Mr-H\, igfcl-*ilrEC£-0Cgi8f, 1832 ^ M l f t r * H & l

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6 Michael Greenberg, British Trade and the Opening of China, 1800-1842 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1951), 72.

7 Report of the Eleventh Year of the Anglo-Chinese College, being MDCCCXX1X (Malacca: Printed

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8 ^^m&&&J^.:sf, #151 Robert Blake, Jardine Matheson: Traders of the Far East (London:

Weidenfeid & Nicolson, 1999), 38-410

9 Suzanne Wilson Barnett £4feMinl1rH$A^ : t#±i£:£ "Practical Evangelism: Protestant Missions

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13 JAL "Prospectus of a Monthly Periodical, in the Chinese Language," The Canton Register Vol. 6 No.

10 (15 July 1833), p.40 X 'The Press in China," The Canton Register Vol. 6 No. 8 (31 May 1833) ift

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T (51 23) o W ^ 1830 iZiV?\-mA&fo5l "MA." ttffi, #f*] Sloth ( nmmXîm Robert

Thorn Z%L& ) , "On the Meaning and Use of the Character % E," The Canton Register Vol. 10 No. 31 (1

August 1837): 128 0 38 ^3mw.*m*m3Li±R%^m, Btmm&vi <fift*S5&> (£#: tinrnz^'®, 1979) m 1 m, M 588-622; %m ( * # - * 3 * * : £ P f i ' J . + I f i S £ K H ± t i « f t * W f t f e ) , ^ »

<^La-^+Xep|l'JfriJK> , ^ 113-130; ft»I <«S*®jS&*^^3aS^»nfi> , f H + Bfi f t£i&!A» H — ^ H — M , M 1-16; 2£ Immanuel C. Y. Hsu, 'The Secret Mission of the Lord Amherst

on the China Coast, 1832," Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies Vol. 17 (1954): 231-2520 39 mtomytTm*E-t-~n±.z amm (301-302); myt&&îEFi±.z (%%) 014-

316 ) ; VJ.RMJtJt&tfr.n M/JCi^+^JI VA'HmMZ} «!3^» ( 331-332; 344; 359-360; 382-383; 393-394; 407-408; 417-420) ; j£)£¥+^ (Of 12 ±-14 ± ) / £ ) £ ¥ + - ^ (Of 12 ±-13 T ) ; J%&^=-ft (Bf l0±-12T) o

40 VT®~X d&RM^mm (±n-. 3M*.+.Jistt, 1991), 5123s,

41 i^mm, oti3T-i4±0 42 <an&>, m < * B # # > mftrm^r-n, IH- i«>± 001) „ 43 « M » , ^ <£ffi#%> i l 7 t T W ¥ + - ^ , IH* 160± (301) „ 44 ( S S > , t£<&ffi##>>iift)[£j£¥lE£, P t n ± - T (316) o 45 i^lSI Notices Concerning China, and the Port of Canton (Malacca: Printed at the Mission Press,

1823), 16-17; jglStfc ( ( n k + ^ T ^ ) ( T W : r£A£.+,J{£t±, 1999) , £ 144D 46 ££*IE&*S C^n-At^mr^^X^^:^) , M 340 x , -MW8PS*&Âft«i5j£gfi!ifn2f

0|SS Frederic Wakeman, Jr., Strangers at the Gate: Social Disorder in South China, 1839-1861 (Berkeley:

University of California Press, 1966), 48-503

{Mimfe), Btio±-To (mm\t}, Bti5±0

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$^382# (f^L: XMftmt, 1977) , 5160,

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