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uothou fçUVlZ ,.M ifCy'klZdapu ekdsZV (QLVZ ¶yksj) vLirky ekxZ] vkxjk&282003

nwjHkk"k % (0562) 4101500, 7002054055E.Mail : [email protected] | Online Shop : www.navjeevanprinters.in

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facebook.com\pujabooks

cky euksfoKkucky euksfoKku,oa f'k{kk'kkL=,oa f'k{kk'kkL=

cky euksfoKku,oa f'k{kk'kkL=

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CTET | UPTETSUPERTET

HPTET | RTET REET | KVS NVS | PTET

MPTET | BTETUTET | CGTETB.Ed. | DSSSB

lHkh jkT;ksa dh f'k{kd ik=rkijh{kk dk ikB~;Øe lekfgr

dqynhi�lkjLorM.A., M.Sc., M.Ed., M.B.A.,Pursuing Ph.D.

eqnzd % ik'oZukFk fizUVlZ] vkxjk

IAS IAS IAS PCSPCSPCS UGCUGCUGC NDANDANDA CDSCDSCDS

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lkekU;�KkulkekU;�KkulkekU;�KkuGENERAL KNOWLEDGE GENERAL KNOWLEDGE GENERAL KNOWLEDGE

No.

fofHkUu izfr;ksxh ijh{kkvksa esa fiNys 10 o"kkZsa esa iwNs x, iz'uksa ij vk/kkfjr

ewY; ewY; ` 250` 250ewY; ` 250

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uothou fçUVlZ ,.M ifCy'klZdapu ekdsZV (QLVZ ¶yksj) vLirky ekxZ] vkxjk&282003

nwjHkk"k % (0562) 4101500, 7002054055

E.Mail : [email protected]

vc�cM+s�lkbt�esamiyC/k

1. f'k{kk ,oa euksfoKku ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5-15

2. o`f¼ vkSj fodkl ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16-40

3. f'k{k.k ,oa f'k{k.k fo/kk,¡ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 41-69

4. cqf¼ ,oa O;fDrRo dh vo/kkj.kk ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 70-86

5. Le`fr] foLe`fr ,oa vfHkizsj.kk ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 87-102

6. l`tukRedrk ,oa oS;fDrd fHkUurk ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 103-108

7. lh[kuk (vf/kxe) ,oa lh[kus ds fl¼kUr --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 109-131

8. dYiuk] fpUru ,oa rdZ dk fodkl ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 132-146

9. fof'k"V vko';drk okys cPps (lekos'kh f'k{kk) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 147-164

10. funsZ'ku ,oa ijke'kZ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 165-180

11. ijke'kZ esa lg;ksx nsus okyh laLFkk,¡ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------181-183

12. fØ;kRed 'kks/k ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 184-193

13. 'kSf{kd ekiu ,oa ewY;kadu dh vo/kkj.kk ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 194-206

14. lkaf[;dh ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 207-212

l foxr o"kks± ds gy iz'u&i= (CTET & UPTET)-------------------------------------------------------------------- 213-288

lHkh izfr;ksxh ijh{kkvksa ds fy, mi;ksxh

`100/-

Computer Fundamentals, Virus, MS Excel, MS Word, Communications, Internet, Web browsers, Shortcut Keys,

cky euksfoKku ,oa f'k{kk'kkL= | 5

v/;k;

1f'k{kk ,oa euksfoKku

(Education and Psychology)

f'k{kk (Education) f'k{kk 'kCn dh mRifÙk laLÏr Hkk"kk ds f'k{k* /kkrq ls gqbZ gS ftldk

vFkZ lh[kuk vkSj fl[kkuk gksrk gSA ;fn ge ns[ksa rks blesa og lc dqN lfEefyr gS tks ge lekt esa jgdj lh[krs gSaA

f'k{kk ds fy;s iz;qDr vaxzsth 'kCn ,twds'ku (Education) ij fopkj djsa] rks Hkh bldk ;gh vFkZ fudyrk gSA

Education 'kCn dh mRifÙk ySfVu Hkk"kk ds rhu 'kCnksa ls ekuh x;h gSA

(f'k{kk nsuk] mBkuk) (vkxs c<+uk)(f'k{k.k dh fØ;k)Educare EducereEducature

LatinLatin

Latin

Education (vaxszth)

f'k{kk (fgUnh)

vFkkZr~ f'k{kkoggStks fuf'prmís';ksa,oay{;ksadks /;kuesaj[kdjckydksadkfodkldjrhgSA

dqynhilkjLor ds vuqlkj] Þf'k{kkoggStksckyddsvUnjfufgrrRoksadksckgjdhvksjvxzflrdjrhgSAß

bl izdkj Education dk loZekU; vFkZ gqvk& ckyd dh tUetkr 'kfDr;ksa ;k xq.kksa dks fodflr djds mldk lok±xh.k fodkl djukA bl f'k{kk izfØ;k ds Lo:i dks vkSj Hkh vusd vFkks±

esa le>k tk ldrk gSA

f'k{kkdkladqfprvFkZ(Narrow meaning of Education)

f'k{kk ds ladqfpr vFkZ dk rkRi;Z fo|ky;h f'k{kk ls gS ftlesa

ckyd dks ,d fuf'pr LFkku ij f'k{kk nh tkrh gSA blesa f'k{kk

dh ,d fuf'pr ;kstuk gksrh gS] fuf'pr ikB~;Øe gksrk gS] fuf'pr

le; gksrk gSA ftlesa ckyd dks dqN fuf'pr fof/k;ksa ds }kjk Kku

iznku fd;k tkrk gSA

f'k{kkdkO;kidvFkZ(Broad meaning of Education)

f'k{kk ds O;kid vFkZ dk rkRi;Z ,slh f'k{kk ls gS ftlesa ckyd ßvkthoulh[krkgSAÞ

f'k{kk ds O;kid vFkZ ds vuqlkj ßf'k{kkvkthoupyus okyhizfØ;kgSAtksckyddstUelsysdje`R;qrdfujUrjpyrhjgrhgSAÞ

f'k{kk dk fo'ys"k.kkRed vFkZ (Analytic meaning of Education)

f'k{kk ds fo'ys"k.kkRed vFkZ ds vuqlkj fo}kuksa us f'k{kk ds fuEufyf[kr vFkZ ekus gSaµ

lf'k{kk ,d mís';iw.kZ izfØ;k gSA lf'k{kk ,d xfr'khy izfØ;k gSA lf'k{kk ,d euksoSKkfud izfØ;k gSA

f'k{kk dk nk'kZfud lEizR;; (Philosphic Concept of Education)

n'kZu dk fopkj dsUæ euq"; gksrk gSA ekuo thou ds vfUre mís'; dh izkfIr dk lk/ku ekxZ fuf'pr djus esa nk'kZfudksa dh #fp gksrh gSA ekuo thou ds vfUre mís'; ds lEcU/k esa nk'kZfudksa ds fHkUu-fHkUu er gSaA vr% bldk izHkko muds }kjk nh x;h fopkj/kkjk ls Li"V gksrk gSµ

1. txrxq# 'kadjkpk;Z ds 'kCnksa esaµßl%fo/kk;kfoeqDr;sÞ 2. Lokeh foosdkuUn ds 'kCnksa esaµßeuq";dhvUrfuZfgriw.kZrkdks

vfHkO;Drdjukghf'k{kkgSAÞ

f'k{kkdhifjHkk"kk,¡(Definition of Education)

fofHkUu f'k{kk'kkfL=;ksa us f'k{kk dks vius-vius fopkjksa esa O;Dr fd;k gSµ

,l-,l-eSdsUth ds vuqlkj] ßO;kid vFkZ esa f'k{kk ,d ,slh izfØ;k gS tks thoui;ZUr pyrh gS rFkk tks thou ds izR;sd vuqHko ls lEcfU/kr gSAÞ

"In wider sense it is a process that goes on throughout

life and is promoted by almost every experience of

life." —S. S. Mackenzs lqdjkr ds vuqlkj] ßf'k{kk dk vFkZ mu loZekU; fopkjksa dks

fodflr djuk gS tks izR;sd euq"; ds efLr"d esa foyqIr gSaAÞ "Education means the bringing out of the ideas of

universal validity which are learnt in the mind of

everyman." —Socrates Ýkscsy ds vuqlkj] ßf'k{kk og izfØ;k gS ftlds }kjk ckyd dh

tUetkr 'kfDr;k¡ ckgj izdV gksrh gSaAÞ isLVkWykWth ds vuqlkj] ßf'k{kk euq"; dh tUetkr 'kfDr;ksa dk

LokHkkfod] lejl vkSj izxfr'khy fodkl gSAÞ dksysfLud ds vuqlkj] ßf'k{kk ekuo dh 'kfDr;ksa rFkk fufgr

;ksX;rkvksa dk fodkl gSAÞ IysVksds vuqlkj] ß'kkjhfjd] ekufld rFkk ckSf¼d fodkl dh

izfØ;k gh f'k{kk gSAÞ ,MEl ds vuqlkj] ßf'k{kk ,d f}eq[kh izfØ;k gS ftlesa ,d

f'k{kd vkSj nwljk Nk= gksrk gSAÞ


nksuksa izdkj ls gksrs gSaA 'kkjhfjd ifjorZuksa ds lkFk-lkFk ekufld ifjorZu Hkh gksrs gSaA

2. vax ckyd ,oa o;Ld ds vax izR;;ksa esa vUrj gksrk gSA ckY;koLFkk esa

gkFk-iSjksa ls T;knk flj cM+k gksrk gS fdUrq fd'kksjkoLFkk esa vkus ij ;g vuqikr o;Ldksa ds leku gksrk gSA blh izdkj dk vUrj ekufld fodkl esa Hkh ns[kus dks feyrk gSA

3. dqNfpg~uksadkyksi fodkl ds lkFk gh Fkkbel xzfUFk] nw/k ds nk¡r vkfn dk yksi gks

tkrk gSA blds lkFk gh og cky fØ;kvksa ,oa ØhM+kvksa dks Hkh R;kx nsrk gSA

4. uohufpg~uksadkmn; vk;q esa o`f¼ ds lkFk-lkFk ckyd esa vusd uohu 'kkjhfjd ,oa ekufld

fpg~u izdV gksrs jgrs gSaA tSlsµLFkk;h nk¡rksa dk mxuk] ySafxd psruk dk fodkl gksuk ,oa lkFk gh lkFk eq¡g ,oa xqIrkaxksa ij cky mxus izkjEHk gksukA

fodkl ds flkUr (Principles of Development)

fodkldslaosxkRed]ekufldolkekftdi{kksadkfpUrudj;sfl¼kUrfu/kkZfjrfd;sgSatksblizdkjgSaµ

1. fodkldhfn'kkdkfl¼kUr(Principle of Development Direction)

blds vuqlkj f'k'kq ds 'kjhj dk fodkl flj ls iSj dh fn'kk esa gksrk gSA euksoSKkfudksa us bl fodkl dks eLrdk/kkseq[kh ;k f'kj iqPNh; fn'kk dgk gSA fodkl dh fuEu n'kk,¡ gksrh gSaµ

flj ls iSj dh vksj] jh<+ dh gìh ls ckgj dh vksj] Lo:i ds i'pkr~ fØ;k,¡A

2. fujUrj fodkldk fl¼kUr (Principle of Confinuity Development)

fodkl dh izfØ;k dHkh u #dus okyh izfØ;k gS vFkkZr~ ;g tUe ls e`R;q rd fujUrj pyrh jgrh gSA oSKkfud n`f"V ls rks fodkl dh izfØ;k ek¡ ds xHkZ esa gh izkjEHk gks tkrh gSA nks dks"kksa (cells) vFkkZr~ 'kqØk.kq (sperm) vkSj v.M (ovum) ds fu"kspu ds ifj.kkeLo:i cus fu"ksfpr v.M ls thou yhyk izkjEHk gksrh gSA bl fl¼kUr ds vuqlkj dksbZ Hkh ifjorZu vpkud ugha gksrk gSA

3. oS;fDrd fHkUurkvksa dk fl¼kUr (Principle of Individual Difference)

,d gh vk;q oxZ ;k ifjokj ds ckyd ;k ckfydkvksa ds 'kkjhfjd] ekufld] lkekftd] laosxkRed fodkl ij mudh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk izHkko iM+rk gS tks oS;fDrd fofHkUurkvksa esa ifjyf{kr gksrk gS ftuesa lHkh i{kksa dk fodkl izHkkfor gksrk gSA

4. fodklØedk fl¼kUr (Principle of Development Sequence)

ijh{k.k o iz;ksxksa }kjk fofnr gqvk gS fd fodkl dk ,d fuf'pr Øe gksrk gSA dqN oS;fDrd fofHkUurkvksa dks NksM+dj izk;% lHkh vk;q oxZ ds ckydksa esa fodkl dh xfr leku jgrh gSA

5. ijLijlEcU/kdkfl¼kUr(Principle of Relation)

ckyd ds 'kkjhfjd] ekufld] laosxkRed i{k ds fodkl esa ijLij lEcU/k gksrk gSA 'kkjhfjd fodkl] ckSf¼d fodkl dks izHkkfor djrk gSA

6. ,dhdj.kdkfl¼kUr(Principle of Integration)

bl fl¼kUr ds vuqlkj igys cPpk lEiw.kZ vax dks vkSj fQj fof'k"V Hkkxksa dks iz;ksx djuk ;k pykuk lh[krk gSA fQj mu Hkkxksa dk ,dhdj.k djuk lh[krk gSA

mnkgj.kµigys cPpk iwjs gkFk dks fgykrk gS fQj /khjs-/khjs gkFk vkSj mldh m¡xfy;ksa dks fgykus dk iz;kl djrk gSA

7. leku-izfreku dk fl¼kUr (Principle of Uniform Pattern)

gjykWd us ;g fl¼ fd;k gS fd izR;sd tkfr ds izk.kh viuh tkfr ds vuq:i fodkl ds izfreku iznf'kZr djrs gSaA mu izfrekuksa ij ns'kdky dk izHkko ugha iM+rk gSA

fodkl dks izHkkfor djus okys dkjd (Factors Affecting Development)

fodkldksizHkkfordjusokysdkjdfuEugSaµ 1. oa'kkuqØe 2. okrkoj.k 3. Hkkstu 4. f'k'kqdky esa vi;kZIr Hkkstu 5. ifjokj dh lkekftd o vkfFkZd n'kk 6. fyax Hksn 7. 'kkjhfjd o`f¼ 8. lkekftd fodkl 9. vfHkHkkodksa dk n`f"Vdks.k 10. O;kogkfjd leL;k,¡

o`f¼,oafodklesavUrj(Difference Between Growth And Development)

o`f¼(Growth) fodkl(Development)

o`f¼ 'kCn ifj.kkRed ifjorZuksa

(Quantitative Changes) ds

fy, iz;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gSA

fodkl 'kCn dk iz;ksx xq.kkRed

(Qualitative) ifjorZu ds fy,

iz;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gSA

o`f¼ fodkl dk ,d NksVk :i gSA

fodkl dh lrr~ izfØ;k esa ;g

,d NksVk-lk pj.k gSA

fodkl 'kCn ,d foLr`r 'kCn

gS rFkk o`f¼ fodkl dk gh ,d

Hkkx gSA

o`f¼ dh izfØ;k thou i;ZUr ugha

pyrh gSA ckyd ds iw.kZ ifjiDo

gksus dh fLFkfr esa ;g izfØ;k

lekIr gks tkrh gSA

fodkl thoui;ZUr pyus okyh

izfØ;k gSA o`f¼ dh rjg ckyd

ds ifjiDo gksus ij ;g lekIr

ugha gksrh gSaA

o`f¼ esa gksus okys tks ifjorZu

gSa mUgsa lkekU; :i ls thou esa

ns[kk tk ldrk gSA

fodkl dks lkekU;r% ns[kk ugha

tk ldrk gS D;ksafd O;fDr ds

thou esa ;g vizR;{k :i ls gksrk

gSA

o`f¼ dks ge eki ldrs gSaA fodkl dk ekiu dfBu gSA

30 | cky euksfoKku ,oa f'k{kk'kkL=

ij rc rd jksrk gS tc rd mldks nw/k ugha fey tkrkA 4 ;k 5 o"kZ dk f'k'kq bl izdkj dk O;ogkj ugha djrk vkSj f'k'kq ds laosxkRed fodkl esa ifjorZu gksrk pyk tkrk gSA f'k'kq dHkh-dHkh izlUurk esa eqLdjkrk gS vkSj dqN le; ckn og viuh izlUurk dks g¡ldj fofHkUu izdkj dh /ofu;k¡ mRiUu djds ;k cksydj O;Dr djrk gSA

xSlsyus vius ijh{k.kksa ds vk/kkj ij crk;k fd 5 lIrkg ds f'k'kq dh Hkw[k] Øks/k vkSj d"V dh fpYykgVksa esa vUrj gks tkrk gS vkSj mldh ek¡ mudk vFkZ le>us yxrh gSA

tksUlds vuqlkj] ß2 o"kZ dk f'k'kq lk¡i ls ugha Mjrk gS ij /khjs&/khjs mlesa Hk; dk fodkl gksrk pyk tkrk gSA 3 o"kZ dh vk;q esa og v¡/ksjs esa] i'kqvksa ls vkSj vdsys jgus esa Mjrk gSAÞ

,fylo Øksds erkuqlkj] ßf'k'kq vius lkfFk;ksa vkSj cM+s yksxksa ds laosxkRed O;ogkj dk vuqdj.k djrk gSA mls bUgha ckrksa ls Hk; yxrk gS ftuls mudks Hk; yxrk gSA og Øks/k dk Øks/k ls] izse dk izse ls mÙkj nsrk gSA og viuh ekrk vkSj vius fdlh fiz; lkFkh ds vfrfjDr vkSj fdlh ds izfr lgkuqHkwfr izdV ugha djrk gSAÞ

ckY;koLFkk esa laosxkRed fodkl (Emotional Development in

Childhood) laosxkRed fodkl dk thou esa viuk ,d fo'ks"k egRo gS vkSj

ckY;koLFkk esa laosx dqN voLFkkvksa dh vis{kk vf/kd ns[kus dks feyrs gSaA laosx ekuo ds lEiw.kZ thou dks izHkkfor djrk gSA ;fn laosxksa dk fodkl mfpr ugha gks ikrk gS rks budh mifLFkfr esa lEiw.kZ O;fDrRo dk fo?kVu gks tkrk gSA tc O;fDr vius laosxksa dk lgh izdk'ku djuk lh[k ysrk gS rks mls laosxkRed fodkl dgrs gSaA

ih-Vh-;axds vuqlkj] ßlaosx lEiw.kZ 'kfDr esa rhoz miæo mRiUu djus okyk gS ftldk mn~xe euksoSKkfud gksrk gS rFkk ftlds QyLo:i O;ogkj] psru vuqHkwfr rFkk mÙkjko;o lEcU/kh fØ;k,¡ gksrh gSaAÞ

“Emotion is an acute disturbance of the individual as

a whole Psychological in origin involving behaviour

conscious experience visceral functioning.”

—P. T. Young oqMoFkZ ds vuqlkj] ßlaosx fdlh izk.kh dh xfreku vkSj gypy

iw.kZ O;oLFkk gSA O;fDr dks Lo;a viuh Hkkoukvksa dh mÙkstukiw.kZ fLFkfr izrhr gksrh gSA nwljs O;fDr dk mÙksftr vFkok v'kkUr ek¡lisf'k;ksa vkSj xzfUFk;ksa dh ,d fØ;k ds :i esa fn[kkbZ nsrk gSAÞ

'kS'kokoLFkk esa fodflr laosxksa dh vfHkO;fDr gh ckY;koLFkk esa gksrh gSA ekrk-firk ftl dk;Z ds fy, mls euk djrs gSa og muds lkeus u rks dgrk gS vkSj u djrk gSA idM+s tkus ij og >wB cksyus yxrk gSA bl voLFkk esa ckyd lewg esa jgrk gS ftlls mlesa laosxksa dk fodkl gksus yxrk gSA

Øks o Øksus fy[kk gS] ßlEiw.kZ ckY;koLFkk esa laosxksa dh vfHkO;fDr esa fujUrj ifjorZu gksrs jgrs gSaAÞ ftu ifjorZuksa dk fooj.k ;gk¡ fd;k tk jgk gSµ

1. ckyd esa laosx vf/kd fuf'pr vkSj de 'kfDr'kkyh gks tkrs gSaA os ckyd dks 'kS'kokoLFkk ds leku mÙksftr ugha dj ikrs gSaA

2. ckyd esa tks laosx vkrs gSa os mu laosxksa dks vius ekrk-firk ds lkeus izdV ugha gksus nsrs ftuls ckydksa dks laosxksa dk neu djuk iM+rk gSA

3. ckyd ds laosxksa ij fo|ky; dk xgjk izHkko iM+rk gSA 4. ckyd ds laosxksa esa ckyd vkSj v/;kid dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA 5. ckY;koLFkk esa ckyd fofHkUu lewgksa dk lnL; gksrk gS ftlls laosx

lewg esa ls ckyd esa LFkkukUrfjr gks tkrs gSaA ,fylØks ds vuqlkj] ßckyd vius nks"kksa ds ifj.kkeksa dks lkspdj

fpfUrr gks tkrk gS vkSj vius ls vf/kd HkkX;'kkyh ckydksa ls bZ";kZ djrk gSA og vius izfr ifjokj ds lnL;ksa ds O;ogkj dks dBksj ekurk gS D;ksafd mlds fopkj ls os mlds dk;ks± dks le> ugha ikrs gSaAÞ

ckY;koLFkk esa laosxkRed fodkl dk 'kSf{kd egRo

(Education Implication of Emotional Development in Childhood)

fodkl dh fofHkUu voLFkkvksa esa ckY;dky Hkh ,d egRoiw.kZ voLFkk gSA vr% blds fodkl ij Hkh vf/kd ls vf/kd /;ku nsus dh vko';drk gksrh gSA bl voLFkk dk 'kS{kf.kd egRo fuEu izdkj gSµ

1. cPpksa ds laosxksa ds fy, v/;kid Nk=ksa ls vPNs lEcU/k LFkkfir djsaA

2. Ldwy rFkk ?kj dk okrkoj.k ckydksa ds laosxkRed fodkl ds vuqdwy gksuk vko';d gSA

3. ckyd ds laosxksa ds fy, lewg esa dk;Z djuk vfr vko';d gSA 4. ikB~;Øe Hkh yphyk rFkk #fpiw.kZ gksuk pkfg,A

fd'kksjkoLFkk esa laosxkRed fodkl (Emotional Development in

Adolescence) fd'kksjkoLFkk 11 ls 18 o"kZ dh vk;q rd ,slh voLFkk gS tc ckyd

esa lcls vf/kd vkSj egRoiw.kZ ifjorZu gkssrs gSaA bu ifjorZuksa esa laosxkRed ifjorZuksa dks lcls vf/kd egRoiw.kZ ekuk tkrk gSA bu ifjorZuksa ds dkj.k laosxksa dk lUrqyu Hkh fcxM+ ldrk gSA LVsuysgkWyus fd'kksjkoLFkk dks rwQku vkSj ncko dk dky dgk gSA bl fd'kksjkoLFkk esa laosx vfu;fU=r vkSj vfLFkj gks tkrs gSaA dbZ ckj rks rhozrk ds laosx O;fDr esa vkRenkg djus ij ck/; dj nsrs gSaA blvof/kesagksusokyslaosxkRedfodklfuEufyf[krgSaµ

vfLFkj laosx

izcy laosx

vfu;fU=r laosx

laosxksa dks ck¡Vuk

fnokLoIu ns[kuk

uk;d iwtk

vkykspuk esa #fp ugha


d{kkvksa esa igq¡prs tk;sa R;ksa-R;ksa gesa rdkZRed Øe dk iz;ksx djrs tkuk pkfg,AÞ

10. vuqHko ls ;qfDrlaxr dh vksj (From Empirical to Rational)

vuqHkwr Kku og gksrk gS ftls ckyd vius fujh{k.k o vuqHko }kjk izkIr djrk gSA blds bl viw.kZ o vfuf'pr Kku dks okLrfod o LFkk;h cukus ds fy, mls rdZ;qDr cukuk pkfg,A vYik;q ds ckydksa esa rdZ o fopkj ds iz;ksx dh {kerk cM+ksa dh vis{kk de gksrh gSA mudh tkudkfj;ksa dk vk/kkj mudk viuk voyksdu o LokuqHko gksrk gS ijUrq bu vuqHkoksa ds dkj.kksa dks [kkstus esa cky efLr"d lQy jgrk gSA vr% f'k{kd dks cPpksa ds vuqHko }kjk izkIr Kku dks fofo/k fof/k;ksa@lkefxz;ksa ds iz;ksx }kjk rdZlaxr o ;qfDrlaxr cukus dh dksf'k'k djuh pkfg,A

f'k{k.k fof/k (Teaching Method) f'k{k.k fof/k esa ikB~;-oLrq egRoiw.kZ gksrh gS tSlh ikB~;-oLrq dh

izÏfr gksrh gS mlh izdkj dh f'k{k.k fof/k dk p;u fd;k tkrk gSA f'k{kd dks viuh {kerkvksa] Nk=ksa dh ;ksX;rkvksa] fo"k; dh izÏfr rFkk miyC/k lk/kuksa dks /;ku esa j[kdj dksbZ Hkh mi;qDr i¼fr viuk ysuh pkfg,A

f'k{k.k fof/k dh vo/kkj.kk mruh gh iqjkuh gS ftruh fd ekuo lH;rkA lk/kkj.k fdUrq vR;Ur Li"V 'kCnksa esa dgk tk ldrk gS fd lkekftd i;kZoj.k v/;;u dh f'k{k.k fof/k ij gh bl ckr dk nkf;Ro gS fd f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa esa lgh vknrksa dk fodkl gks vkSj lekt ds vko';d vuqdwy os vius vkidks O;ofLFkr djrs gq, lkekftd nkf;Roksa dks iwjk djus dh {kerk fodflr dj ldsaA

izR;sd f'k{k.k izfof/k f'k{k.k dh fn'kk rFkk xfr dks fu/kkZfjr djrh gSA blds foijhr f'k{k.k izfof/k dk lEcU/k f'k{k.k ds mís'; ls lh/kk u gksdj dsoy f'k{k.k dh izfof/k ls gksrk gSA

f'k{k.k fof/k ikB~;-oLrq dh mfpr rFkk Øec¼ O;oLFkk ij cy nsrh gS tcfd f'k{k.k-izfof/k euksoSKkfud rFkk rkfdZd i{kksa ij cy nsrs gq, mu <axksa dh vksj ladsr djrh gS] ftuds }kjk f'k{k.k dks izHkkoiw.kZ cuk;k tk ldrk gSA

f'k{k.k fof/k dk vFkZ (Meaning of Teaching Method)

ikB~;-oLrq ds izLrqrhdj.k dh 'kSyh dks f'k{k.k fof/k dgk tkrk gSA ^fof/k* vaxzsth Hkk"kk ds ‘Method’ 'kCn dk i;kZ; gSA Method

'kCn ySfVu Hkk"kk ls fy;k x;k gS] ftldk vFkZ gksrk gS Mode ;k Way jkLrk ;k ^ek/;e*vFkkZr~ dgk tk ldrk gS fd ßf'k{k.k fof/k dk vFkZ og fof/k gS ftlds ek/;e ls Kku dks f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa rd igq¡pk;k tkrk gSA ;fn f'k{k.k fof/k mi;qDr vkSj mfpr izdkj dh gS rks f'k{kkFkhZ 'kh?kz vkSj ljyre <ax ls xzg.k dj ysrk gSAÞ f'kf{k.k fof/k dks fuEu :iksa esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSµ

tkWuMh-oh- ds vuqlkj] ßfof/k ,d fu"d"kZ ds fodkl djus ;k fudkyus esa lkexzh dks laxfBr djus dk ,d <ax gSAÞ

fizaxds vuqlkj] ßf'k{kd f'k{k.k izfof/k;ksa ds }kjk vius Nk=ksa dks dk;Z djus ds ;ksX; cukrk gS vkSj Lo;a ;g n'kkZus esa yxk jgrk gS fd bl dk;Z dks dSls fd;k tk;sxkA lkFk gh bl ckr ds fy, lrdZ jgrk gS fd os bls djsaAÞ

bZ-oh-csLysds 'kCnksa esa] ßf'k{kk esa f'k{k.k-fof/k uked 'kCn f'k{kd }kjk iFk iznf'kZr dh gqbZ mu fØ;kvksa dh ,d ekyk gS tks Nk=ksa }kjk lh[kus esa ifjf.kr gks tkrh gSA vr% fof/k ,d fØ;k u gksdj izfØ;k gS tks fdlh ,d pj.k ls vkc¼ u gksdj vusd pj.kksa }kjk fufeZr gksrh gS rFkk bu pj.kksa dk lefUor :i gh ^fof/k* dks tUe nsrk gSAÞ

,e-ih-ekWQsV ds vuqlkj] ßf'k{k.k izfof/k;ksa dk iz;ksx f'k{kd }kjk v/;;u djus ds fy, fn;s x;s funsZ'kkRed rjhdksa esa gksrk gSAÞ

f'k{k.k fof/k dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk,(Characteristics of Teaching Method)

mi;qDrf'k{k.kfof/kdhizeq[kfo'ks"krk,¡fuEugSaµ 1. Nk=ksa esa fozG;k'khyrkA 2. Nk=ksa dh jkspdrkA 3. fu/kkZfjr mís';ksa dh iwfrZ esa lgk;d gksukA 4. Nk=ksa osG fy, iz;kstu-;qDr dk;Z ifjfLFkr;k¡ mRiUu djukA 5. ikB dks nksgjkus osG volj iznku djukA 6. Nk=ksa esa xgu lksp-'kfDr dk fodkl djukA 7. Nk=ksa dks vf/kdkf/kd KkusfUnz;ksa osG iz;ksx osG volj mRiUu djukA 8. f'k{k.k lgk;d lkexzh osG ç;ksx ds volj iznku djukA 9. ikB;-oLrq osG fofHkUu i{kksa esa lg-lEcU/k LFkkfir djukA 10. f'k{k.k fof/k dk vFkZ gS fd ikB;-oLrq fdruh le> esa vk;h vkSj

fdrus vPNs rjhdksa ls le>k;h tk ldrh gSA bldk fu/kkZj.k f'k{k.k fof/k }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA

f'k{k.k fof/k;ksa dk egRo(Significance of Teaching Methods)

f'k{k.k fof/k;kssa osG egRo ij izdk'k Mkyrs gq, ek/;fed f'k{kk vk;ksx (1952-1953) us fy[kk gS fd loZJs"B ikB~;ozGe rFkk flysol cstkunkj jgrk gSA tc rd fd mi;qDr f'k{k.k fof/k;k¡ rFkk mi;qDr v/;kid mldks ltho ugha cukrsA ,sls v/;kid tks izHkkoh f'k{k.k fof/k;ksa dk iz;ksx djrs gSa rks Nk= Hkh #fp ysus yxrs gSa ftlls Nk=ksa esa l`tukRedrk dk fodkl gksrk agSA mÙke f'k{k.k fof/k;k¡ ikB osG fu/kkZfjr mís';ksa dks izkIr djus esa lgk;d gSaA f'k{k.k fof/k;ksadkla{ksiesaegRoblizdkjgSµ

1. Nk=ksa dks u, iz;ksx djus dh izsj.kk feyrh gSA 2. Nk= fozG;k'khy jgrs gSaA 3. fu/kkZfjr mís';ksa dh iwfrZ esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA 4. Nk= dh jkspdrk vf/kxe izfozG;k esa c<+rh gSA 5. Nk=ksa ds vf/kxe Lrj dk fodkl fd;k tk ldrk gSA 6. v/;kid Hkh v/;kiu izfozG;k esa lq/kkj dj ldrs gSaA 7. f'k{k.k fof/k;ksa ls Nk=ksa esa #fp dk fodkl fd;k tk ldrk gSA 8. Nk=ksa esa l`tukRedrk dk fodkl fd;k tk ldrk gSA 9. ikB~;-oLrq dks ljy cukdj izLrqr fd;k tk ldrk gSA 10. f'k{k.k fof/k;ksa ls ikB dks izkjEHk fd;k tk ldrk gSA f'k{kk'kkfL=;ksa us f'k{k.k dh fof/k;ksa dks nks Hkkxksa foHkkftr fd;k gSµ

1. f'k{kdosGfUærfof/k;k¡(Teacher Centered Method) ;g fof/k;k¡ lkekU;r% O;k[;kRed gksrh gSa ftlesa f'k{kd izk;% rhu

drZO;ksa dk fuoZgu djrk gSµ 1. fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks le>kuk] 2. Le`fr le>uk] 3. iqucZyu le>kukA


2. Nk=osGfUærfof/k;k¡(Studend Centered Method) blosG vUrxZr Nk=ksa dh vko';drkvksa] vis{kkvksa] ;ksX;rkvksa ,oa

#fp;ksa osG vuqlkj f'k{k.k iznku fd;k tkrk gSA mijksDr f'k{kd rFkk Nk=-osGfUær fof/k;ksa osG vUrxZr vusd fof/k;k¡

vkrh gSa] buesa ls izeq[k fooj.k fuEufyf[kr gSµ

1. iz'ukskj izfof/k(Narration Method)

;g fof/k lqdjkr ds le; ls pyh vkus okyh ,d izkphu i¼fr gS vr% bls lqdjkrhfof/k Hkh dgk tkrk gSA

ftKklk ekuo LoHkko dh igpku gSA lfn;ksa ls ekuo us viuh ftKklk dks 'kkUr djus ds fy, fur u;s iz;ksx fd, vkSj vkfo"dkjksa ls Kku txr dks le`¼ fd;kA ftKklk gh iz'u iwNus dk ewy :i gSA f'k{k.k dk;Z dh 'kq:vkr iz'u fof/k ls dh tk;s] rks f'k{kd viuh leLr f'k{k.k ;kstuk dks fu;ksftr Lo:i ns ldrk gSA

bl fof/k ds }kjk Nk=ksa esa fuf"Ø;rk mRiUu gksrh gSA bl fof/k esa iz'uksa ds ek/;e ls v/;;u vFkok v/;kiu dk;Z dks vkxs c<+k;k tk ldrk gSA bl fof/k dh lQyrk tkx:d v/;kid ij fuHkZj djrh gS tks iz'uksa dk fuekZ.k dj lds rFkk Nk=ksa ds vuqlkj izLrqr dj ldsA bl izfof/k esa v/;kid fo|kfFkZ;ksa ls iz'u iwNdj vius ikB dk fodkl djrk gSA og iwoZ Kku ls lEcfU/kr iz'u iwNrk gS rFkk f'k{k.k fcUnqvksa ds lkFk Hkh iz'u iwNrk gqvk vkxs c<+rk gSA bl izfof/k esaiz'uksa,oamÙkjksadhiz/kkurkgksusdsdkj.kghblsiz'uksÙkjizfof/kdgktkrkgSA

iz'uksÙkj izfof/k dh fo'ks"krk,¡ (Characteristics of Ques-tion-Answer Method)

1. iz'uksÙkj fof/k ds le; Nk= lfØ; gks tkrs gSaA 2. iz'uksa dh Hkk"kk ljy gksuh pkfg,A 3. iz'uksa dk Øe ljy ls dfBu dh vksj gksuk pkfg,A 4. iz'uksÙkj izfof/k ls fo|kFkhZ esa lkspus-le>us ,oa rdZ djus dh

{kerk dk fodkl gksrk gSA 5. Nk=ksa ds fopkj rFkk fpUru djus dh 'kfDr esa fodkl gksrk gSA 6. ;g euksfoKku ds fl¼kUrksa ij vk/kkfjr gSA 7. fo|kFkhZ esa #fp ,oa ftKklk cuh jgrh gSA 8. iz'uksÙkj izfof/k ls rdZ djus dh 'kfDr dk fodkl gksrk gSA

iz'udSlsgksuspkfg,\(Qualities of Questions) 1. iz'uksa dh Hkk"kk ljy gksuh pkfg,A 2. iz'uksa dk oxhZdj.k gksuk pkfg, rFkk os u rks cgqr dfBu gh gksa vkSj

u cgqr ljy gh gksaA 3. iz'u-Li"V] laf{kIr rFkk izlaxkuqdwy gksus pkfg,A 4. iz'u ftu fo|kfFkZ;ksa ls iwNs tk;sa] os mudh ;ksX;rk rFkk ckSf¼d

Lrj ds vuqlkj gksus pkfg,A 5. v/;kid dks pkfg, fd os iz'uksa dks fofHkUu :iksa esa iwNsaA 6. izR;sd iz'u ,slk gks fd fiNys fn;s x;s mÙkj esa ls vius vki cu

tk,A 7. nks iz'u bdës ugha iwNs tkus pkfg,A 8. iz'uksa dk Lo:i ;FkklEHko cgqr gh vkd"kZd gksuk pkfg,A

iz'uksadsizdkj (Types of Questions) iz'ufuEuizdkjdsgksrsgSaµ izLrkouk iz'u fopkjkRed iz'u cks/k iz'u fodklkRed iz'u leL;kRed iz'u rqyukRed iz'u iqujko`fÙk iz'u

iz'u-fof/kdkegRo(Importance of Question-Answer)

ftKklk #fp o ,dkxzrk fpUru ikB-foLrkj leL;k-lek/kku dh {kerk f'k{k.k ewY;kadu uohu Kku ls lEcU/khdj.k lfØ;rk d{kk-vuq'kklu

2. fooj.k izfof/k(Narration Method)

bl fof/k dks f'k{kd,oaLodFkufof/kHkh dgk tkrk gSA fooj.k nsus dk mís'; gksrk gSA Nk=ksa ds efLr"d esa mldk ,d ekufld fp= cukuk ftlls Nk= fo"k;q-oLrq dks iw.kZrk ds lkFk le> ldsaA ljy 'kCnksa esa] ßfooj.k nsuk ,d dyk gSA bl dyk esa fuiq.k gksus ds fy, f'k{kd viuh dYiuk 'kfDr dk lgkjk ysrs gq, fdlh oLrq ,oa ?kVuk dk fooj.k brus mRlkg o izHkko'khyrk ds lkFk djrk gS fd d{kk ds lHkh Nk=ksa dks mldk Kku vklkuhiwoZd gks tkrk gSA izLrkouk ds i'pkr~ ikB dks fodflr djrs le; ikB ls lEcfU/kr fofHkUu LFkyksa ij fo'ks"k izdkj Mkyus ds fy, fooj.k izfof/k dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSAÞ

bls fuEu mnkgj.k dh lgk;rk ls le>k tk ldrk gSµ mnkgj.kµfofHkUu ,sfrgkfld LFkyksa ds ckjs esa crkuk& dqrqcehukj]

cqyUn njoktk] rktegy vkfn ds ckjs esa crkuk fd os dgk¡ fLFkr gSa] fdlus cuok;k] fdlfy;s izfl¼ gSa\ vkfnA

fooj.kkRedizfof/kdsxq.k(Herits of Narration Method)

fooj.kkRedizfof/kdsxq.kfuEuor~gSaµ 1. fooj.k fo"k;-oLrq dks jkspdrk iznku djrh gSA 2. fooj.k izfof/k dk iz;ksx bfrgkl dh ?kVukvksa dk o.kZu djus o

dgkuh lqukus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA 3. fooj.kkRed 'kSyh }kjk 'kkfCnd fp=.k mifLFkr fd;k tkrk gSA 4. ;g fof/k ckyd esa ,dkxzrk cuk;s j[krh gSA

fooj.kfof/klsf'k{k.kdjrsle;lko/kkfu;k¡

fooj.kfof/klsf'k{k.kdjrsle;f'k{kddksfuEulko/kkfu;k¡cjruhpkfg,tksblizdkjgSaµ

1. fooj.k fo"k;-oLrq ls lEcfU/kr gksA 2. fooj.k ljy o Li"V gksA 3. fooj.k fp=] ekWMy] ';keiê ds }kjk izLrqr fd;k tk;sA 4. fooj.k vR;f/kd :i ls cM+k u gksA 5. fooj.k [k.Mksa esa izLrqr gksA 6. fooj.k Nk= Lrj ds vuqdwy gksA


lw{e-f'k{k.kdslksiku(Steps of Micro Teaching) lw{e-f'k{k.kesafuEufyf[krlksikugksrsgSaµ 1. Nk=k/;kid ,d f'k{k.k dkS'ky dh ;kstuk rS;kj djrs gSaA mnkgj.kµo.kZu djuk (Narration), iznf'kZr djuk (Exposition)

;k iz'u iwNuk (Question Asking) vkfn esa ls fdlh ,d] ftldk fd Nk=k/;kid dks fodkl djuk gSA

2. Nk=k/;kid NksVs ls ikB dks 5-10 Nk=ksa ;k vius lg;ksxh Nk=ksa dks yxHkx 5-10 feuV rd i<+krk gSA

3. f'k{k.k dh lekfIr ds i'pkr~ Nk=k/;kidksa ds lkFk i;Zos{kd ewY;kadu ;k fjdkWMZ dh lgk;rk ls ikB ij fopkj-foe'kZ djrk gSA bl izdkj i;Zos{kd }kjk Nk=k/;kid dks rqjUr i`"B-iks"k.k (Feed

back) iznku dj fn;k tkrk gSA 4. i`"B-iks"k.k ds rqjUr i'pkr~ Nk=k/;kid lq>k;s x;s fopkjksa ds vk/kkj

ij fQj ikB dks iqu;ksZftr djrk gSA lw{e-f'k{k.k dk ;g lksiku iqu;ksZtuk lksiku dgykrk gSA

lw{e-f'k{k.kdsxq.k(Advantage of Micro Teaching) lw{e-f'k{k.kdseq[;xq.kfuEufyf[krgSaµ 1. lw{e-f'k{k.k ls f'k{k.k izfØ;k ljy gks tkrh gSA 2. ;g d{kk f'k{k.k dh tfVyrkvksa dks de djrh gSA 3. Nk=k/;kidksa esa vkRefo'okl tkxzr djrh gSA 4. lw{e-f'k{k.k esa Nk=k/;kidksa dks lqO;ofLFkr] oLrqfu"B] fof'k"V ,oa

Rofjr i`"B iks"k.k izkIr gksrk gSA 5. ;g fof/k de le; esa Nk=k/;kidksa dks vf/kd fl[kkrh gSA 6. bl fof/k ls Nk=k/;kidksa ds O;ogkj esa ifjorZu gksrk gSA 7. bl fofèk ls O;kolkf;d ifjiDork fodflr gksrh gSA 8. bl fofèk ls Nk=k/;kidksa dks f'k{k.k izfØ;k iw.kZ :i ls Li"V gks

tkrh gS vkSj os vius f'k{k.k dk;Z dks Hkyh-Hkk¡fr le> ysrs gSaA 9. Nk=k/;kidksa dk lw{e-f'k{k.k fofèk }kjk oLrqfu"B ewY;kadu lEHko

gSA 10. bl fof/k ls Nk=ksa dh fgpfdpkgV nwj gks tkrh gSA

lw{e-f'k{k.kdsnks"k(Demrits of Micro Teaching) 1. ;g lhek ls vf/kd fu;fU=r rFkk ladqfpr f'k{k.k dh vksj ys tkrh

gSA 2. ;g f'k{k.k dks dFkkxr f'k{k.k ls nwj ys tkrh gSA 3. blesa le; vf/kd yxrk gSA 4. lw{e-f'k{k.k gsrq ,d lkFk dbZ d{kk-d{kksa dh vko';drk gksrh gSA

rduhdh lk/kuksa dk lkekU;r% vHkko gksus ds dkj.k lw{e-f'k{k.k esa ohfM;ks fQYe tks fd lokZf/kd izHkkoh gS] dk iz;ksx fd;k tkuk lEHko ugha gSA

5. ,d le; esa dsoy ,d f'k{k.k dkS'ky dk fodkl djrh gSA QyLo:i ckn esa mudk ,dhdj.k djuk dfBu gksus yxrk gSA

6. lw{e-f'k{k.k dk iz;ksx djus ds fy, fo'ks"k :i ls izf'kf{kr f'k{kdksa dh vko';drk gksrh gSA

f'k{k.k dkS'ky (Teaching Skill) fdlh Hkh dk;Z dks vPNh rjg ls djus ds fy, dqN fo'ks"k iz;Ru dh

t:jr gksrh gSA f'k{k.k ,d tfVy izfØ;k gS vr% bldks le>us ds

fy;s fujUrj vH;kl dk gksuk vko';d gS vkSj tc vH;kl Øe iwjk gks tkrk gS rc ml voLFkk dks dgk tkrk gS fd ml dk;Z ds izfr geus dq'kyrk izkIr dj yh gSA f'k{k.k esa tc ge dq'kyrk dh ckr djrs gSa rks mls f'k{k.k dkS'ky dk uke fn;k tkrk gSA

f'k{k.kdkS'kydkvFkZ,oaifjHkk"kk,¡(Meaning and Defini-tion of Teaching Skill)

f'k{k.k dkS'ky f'k{kd ds gkFk esa og 'kL= gS ftldk iz;ksx djds f'k{kd vius d{kk f'k{k.k dks izHkko'kkyh rFkk lfØ; cukrk gS rFkk d{kk dh vUr%fØ;k esa lq/kkj ykus dk iz;kl djrk gSA f'k{k.k dkS'ky dk vFkZ f'k{k.k dk;Z esa dq'kyrkA bldk vFkZ f'k{kd }kjk f'k{k.k nsrs le; viuk;s tkus okys gko-Hkko rkSj-rjhds ls yxk;k tkrk gSA

,u-,y-xstds 'kCnksa esa] Þf'k{k.k dkS'ky os fof'k"V vuqns'kkRed fØ;k,¡ o izfØ;k,¡ gSa] ftUgsa f'k{kd d{kk-d{k esa vius f'k{kd dks izHkko'kkyh cukus ds fy, mi;ksx djrk gSA ;s f'k{k.k dh fofHkUu voLFkkvksa ls lEcfU/kr gksrh gSa rFkk ;s f'k{kd ds fujUrj iz;ksx esa vkrh gSaAß

“Teaching skills are specific instructional activities and

procedures that a teacher may use in his classroom.

These are related to various stages of teaching or in

continuous flow of the teacher performance.”

—N. L. Gage

MkW-oh-ds-iklh ds vuqlkj] ßf'k{k.k dkS'ky Nk=ksa ds lh[kus ds fy, lqxerk iznku djus ds fopkj ls lEiUu dh x;h lEcfU/kr f'k{k.k fØ;kvksa ;k O;ogkjksa dk lewg gSAÞ

“Teaching skill are a set of related teaching acts or

behaviour performed with the intention to facilitate

pupils learning.” —Dr. V. K. Passi

eSdbUVk;j rFkk àkbV ds vuqlkj] ßf'k{k.k dkS'ky] f'k{k.k O;ogkjksa ls lEcfU/kr og Lo:i gS tks d{kk dh vUr%fØ;k }kjk mu fof'k"V ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks tUe nsrk gS tks 'kSf{kd mís';ksa dh izkfIr esa lgk;d gksrh gSa vkSj Nk=ksa dks lh[kus esa lqxerk iznku djrh gSaAÞ

“Teaching skill is a set of related teaching behaviour

which are specified types of classroom interaction

situational tends to facilitate the achievement of

specified educational objectives.”

—McIntyre and White

f'k{k.kdkS'kydhfo'ks"krk,¡(Characteristics of Teaching Skill)

mijksDr ifjHkk"kkvksa ds vk/kkj ij dgk tk ldrk gS fd f'k{k.k dkS'ky f'k{k.k }kjk lEiUu dh xbZ mu fØ;kvksa dk lewg gS ftuds ek/;e ls og vius f'k{k.k dks izHkko'kkyh cukrk gSA mijksDr ds vk/kkj ij f'k{k.kdkS'kydhfo'ks"krk,¡fuEufyf[krgSaµ

1. f'k{k.k dkS'ky] f'k{k.k izfØ;kvksa rFkk O;ogkjksa ls lEcfU/kr gksrs gSaA

2. f'k{k.k dkS'ky f'k{kk ds fof'k"V y{;ksa dh izkfIr esa lgk;d gksrs gSaA

3. f'k{k.k dkS'ky f'k{k.k izfØ;k dks izHkko'kkyh cukrs gSaA


4. 90-109 vkSlr@lkekU; (Average or Normal) vkSlr (Average) vkSlr (Average)

5. 80-89 eUn-lkekU;@fiNM+k gqvk (Dull-Normal or Backward)

vkSlr ls fuEu (Below Average) vkSlr ls de (Dull Normal)

6. 70-79 vR;Ur eUn (Very Dull) ckWMZj ykbu (Border Line) lhekUr (Border Line)

7. 0-69 nqcZy cqf¼ (Freeble-minded) ekufld :i ls nks"kh (Mentally

Defective)

ekufld :i ls nqcZy (Mentally

Retarded)

cgqvk;keh cqf(Multidimensional Intelligence)

dSyh ,oa FklZVu uked euksoSKkfudksa us crk;k fd cqf¼ dk fuekZ.k izkFkfed ekufld ;ksX;rkvksa ds }kjk gksrk gSA dSyh ds vuqlkj cqf¼ dk fuekZ.k fuEu ;ksX;rkvksa ls gksrk gS& okfpd ;ksX;rk] laxhrkRed ;ksX;rk] LFkkfud lEcU/kksa ds lkFk mfpr <ax ls O;ogkj djus dh ;ksX;rk] #fp vkSj 'kkjhfjd ;ksX;rkA

FklZVu dk er gS fd cqf¼ fuEu izkFkfed ekufld ;ksX;rkvksa dk lewg gksrk gS& izR;{khdj.k lEcU/kh ;ksX;rk] rkfdZd o okfpd ;ksX;rk] lkaf[;dh ;ksX;rk] LFkkfud ;k n'; ;ksX;rk] leL;k lek/kku dh ;ksX;rk] Lefr lEcU/kh ;ksX;rk] vkxeukRed ;ksX;rk vkSj fuxekukRed ;ksX;rkA oSls rks vf/kdrj euksoSKkfudksa us dSys o FklZVu ds cqf¼ fl¼kUrksa dh vkykspuk dh] fdUrq vf/kdrj euksoSKkfudksa us ;g Hkh ekuk fd cqf¼ dk cgqvk;keh cqf¼ gksus ds dkj.k gh dqN yksx dbZ izdkj ds dkS'kyksa esa fuiq.k gksrs gSaA

O;fDrRo (Personality) O;fDrRo dks lkekU;r% O;fDr ds 'kkjhfjd] lkS"Bo] O;ogkj-dq'kyrk

,oa in xkSjo ds :i esa ns[kk o le>k tkrk gS ijUrq okLro esa] O;fDrRo blls dqN vf/kd gksrk gSA O;fDrRo ds Lo:i dh O;k[;k eq[; :i ls nk'kZfudksa] ekuo'kkfL=;ksa ,oa euksoSKkfudksa us dh gSA izkphu Hkkjrh; xzUFk] osn vkSj osnksa ij vk/kkfjr mifu"knksa ,oa "kV~ n'kZuksa esa euq"; ds O;fDrRo dks mlds 'kjhj] eu vkSj vkRek ds fodkl ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA

f'k{kk euksfoKku ekuo O;ogkj dk v/;;u djrk gS rFkk O;ogkj O;fDrRo dh vfHkO;fDr gSA dksbZ O;fDr tSlk O;ogkj djsxk oSlk gh mldk O;fDrRo izdV gksxkA izR;sd lekt rFkk Ldwy cPpksa ds O;fDrRo ds fodkl esa #fp ysrk gSA Ldwy dk eq[; mís'; Hkh cPpksa ds O;fDrRo dk fodkl djuk gh gksrk gSA nSfud thou esa ^ge O;fDrRo* 'kCn dk dbZ ckj iz;ksx djrs gSa ysfdu ^O;fDrRo* 'kCn dk vFkZ ugha crk ikrsA oSls Hkh O;fDrRo ds fofHkUu i{kksa dk v/;;u djus ds fy, bl 'kCn dh O;k[;k djuk vfr vko';d gSA blfy, lcls igys O;fDrRo ds vFkZ dks le>uk pkfg,A

O;fDrRodkvFkZ(Meaning of Personality) O;fDrRodsvFkZdksfuEuizdkjle>ktkldrkgSµ

O;fDrRo(fgUnh)

Personality

(vaxzsth)Persona

(ySfVu)Mask

(eq[kkSVk)

bl lajpuk ds }kjk O;fDrRo ds vFkZ dks vklkuh ls le>k tk ldrk gSA

O;fDrRo 'kCn vaxzsth Hkk"kk ds Personality 'kCn dk fgUnh vuqokn gSA ‘Personality’ 'kCn ySfVu Hkk"kk ds Persona ls fodflr gqvk gS ftldk vFkZ gksrk gS ‘Mask’ eq[kkSVk blds vfrfjDr O;fDrRo dks vkSj vf/kd ljy Hkk"kk esa le>k tk ldrk gSA

P = E + B

;gk¡ P = Personality

E = Environment

B = Behaviour

vFkkZr~ okrkoj.k esa jgdj tks gekjs O;ogkj esa ifjorZu gksrk gS og ßO;fDrRoÞ gSA

izkphu dky esa rFkk ,d vke ;k vf'kf{kr O;fDr ds fy;s O;fDrRo ls vfHkizk; 'kkjhfjd jpuk] jax-:i] os'k-Hkw"kk bR;kfn ls FkkA ckgjh xq.kksa }kjk izHkkfor djus okyk O;fDr gh lcls vf/kd izHkko'kkyh ekuk tkrk Fkk ysfdu O;fDrRo dk vFkZ le>us ds fy, ;k O;fDrRo dk fu/kkZj.k djus ds fy, vusd dkjd ;k i{k viuk-viuk ;ksxnku nsrs gSaA

fxyQksMZ(Guilford) dsvuqlkj fuEufyf[kr pkj izfrdkjdksa ds dkj.k gh O;fDrRo dk fuekZ.k gksrk

gSµ 1. loZO;kih rRo 2. lEiw.kZ er 3. lkekftd vuqfØ;k 4. laxBu ij cy1. loZO;kihrRo (Omnimus)—blds vuqlkj O;fDrRo fofHkUu

'kkjhfjd rFkk ekufld fØ;kvksa dk ;ksx ekuk tkrk gS2. lEiw.kZ er (Whole Opinion)— blds vuqlkj O;ogkj gh

lEiw.kZ O;fDrRo gSA3. lkekftdvuqfØ;k(Social Response)—,d O;fDr ij nwljs

O;fDr dk tks izHkko iM+rk gS blfy, O;fDr dks lkekftd vuqfØ;k dk izHkko ekuk x;k gSA

4. laxBu ij cy (Emphasis on Integration)—blds erkuqlkj O;fDrRo fdlh ,d 'kfDr ;k ifj.kke dh mit ugha gSA ;g er vusd rRoksa ds laxBu ij cy nsrk gSA

O;fDrRodhifjHkk"kk,¡(Definition of Personality)

O;fDrRo dks vusd euksoSKkfudksa us vius-vius erkuqlkj ifjHkkf"kr djus dk iz;kl fd;k gS] tks bl izdkj gSaµ

oSysuVhuds vuqlkj] ßO;fDrRo tUetkr vkSj vftZr izo`fÙk;ksa dk ;ksx gSAÞ

“Personality is the sum total of Innate and acquired

dispositions. —"Valentine"


(C) O;fDrRo ijh{k.k (D) ;ksX;rk ijh{k.k

O;k[;k % (B) tyksVk us 1951 esa lkewfgd cqf¼ ijh{k.k fn;k FkkA

11. O;fDrRo O;fDr ds O;ogkj dh lEiw.kZxq.kkRedrkgSµ

(A) oSysUVkbu (B) oqMoFkZ (C) ,e- ,u- eu (D) vkj- ch- dSVy

mÙkj% (B) oqMoFkZ 12. O;fDrRodsfo'ys"k.kkRedfl¼kUrdk

izfriknufd;kµ (A) ,Myj (B) ckaMwjk (C) 'kk;n (D) ;qax

O;k[;k% (D) ;qax us vius fo'ys"k.kkRed euksfoKku fl¼kUr dks çLrqr djds izGk;M ds nfer dke Hkkouk lEcUèkh fyfcMks dk [k.Mu fd;kA

13. dkSu-lkizdkj'ksYMuO;fDrRofl¼kUresalfEefyrughagS&

(A) xksykdkj (,.MksekQhZ) (B) vk;rkdkj (ehlksekQhZ)

(C) pksMkdj (,LVksekQhZ) (D) yEckdkj (,DVksekQhZ)

O;k[;k % (C) 'ksYMu us 1990 es 'kkjhfjd xBu ds vkèkkj ij fl¼kUr fn;k ftls lksesZVksVkbi fl}kUr Hkh dgk tkrk gSA

14. ;kSu ewy izo`fÙk ds ÅtkZ cy dks dgktkrkgSµ

(A) FkSukVksl (B) bjksl (C) fyfcMks (D) (A) o (B) nksuksa

O;k[;k % (C) fyfcMks 'kCn dk vFkZ gS& lsDl dh bPNk esa deh vkuk fyfcMks dh deh ,d [kq'kgky fj'rs esa ruko iSnk dj ldrh gSA

15. iz{ksi.k'kCndkloZizFkeiz;ksxfd;kµ (A) Ýk;M (B) dSVy (C) tsEl (D) ;qax

O;k[;k % (A) flxe.M izGk;M ,sls euksoSKkfud Fks ftUgksaus loZçFke ç{ksi.k 'kCn dk ç;ksx ,d euksjpuk ds :i es fd;k FkkA

16. ÞO;fDrRods }kjk ge Hkfo";ok.khdjldrsgSaAß;gfopkjizLrqrfd;kµ

(A) dSVy (B) vkWyiksVZ (C) ;qax (D) ,Myj

mÙkj% (A) dSVy 17. O;fDr bfrgkl fof/k ds izorZd ekus

tkrsgSaµ (A) eqjsZ ,oa ekxZu (B) ikbu o VsMyj (C) xkYVu (D) buesa ls dksbZ ugha

O;k[;k% (C) bl fofèk esa lkeus okys O;fDr ds O;ogkj dk fHkUu-fHkUu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk vè;;u fd;k tkrk gSA

18. ekufldÅtkZdk jkxÝk;Mus fdlsdgkgS&

(A) ewy izo`fÙk (B) fyfcMks (C) xzafFk (D) ukflZflTe

mÙkj% (B) 19. ;fn Hk; ,d laosx gS rks ewy izo`fÙk

gksxhµ (A) vkØe.k (B) ryk'k (C) Hkkstu (D) iyk;u

O;k[;k% (D) ewy ço`fÙk dk fl¼kUr esSDMwxy us fn;k FkkA blesa 14 ewy ço`zfÙk;ksa dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA


v/;k;

5

Le`fr] foLe`fr ,oa vfHkizsj.kk(Memory, Forgetting and

Motivation)Le`fr (Memory)

ekuo thou ds lHkh igyqvksa esa vf/kxe ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA f'k{kk ds {ks= esa gekjs cgqewY; iz;Ruksa dk mís'; cPpksa dks fdlh u fdlh izdkj ls dqN fl[kkuk gh gksrk gSA lh[kuk gh f'k{kk dh bfrJh ugha gSA ekuk fdlh fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr esa gesa D;k dqN djuk gS bl ckr dks vki vPNh rjg le> tk;sa vkSj lh[kus ds le; ge ,slk Hkh dj ysa] ijUrq vxj fQj dqN le; ckn ,slh ifjfLFkfr vk, vkSj ge lh[ks gq, O;ogkj vFkok vuqfØ;k (Response) dh iqujko`fÙk u dj ldsa] rks gekjk lh[kuk fujFkZd fl¼ gksxkA bldk vFkZ gS fd vf/kxe (lh[kuk) rHkh lkFkZd gksrk gS tc lh[ks gq, Kku rFkk iwoZ vuqHkoksa dks bl izdkj lqjf{kr j[kk tk, fd tc gesa vko';drk gks rks mudk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldsA euksfoKkutxresa/kkj.kdjusvkSjnksgjkusdh;ksX;rk^Le`fr*(Memory) dsukelstkuhtkrhgSA

Le`fr ,d vR;Ur O;kid 'kCn gSA lHkh yksx nwljksa ds lkFk viuh okfpd vUr%fØ;kvksa esa Le`fr 'kCn dk mi;ksx cgqrk;r ls djrs gSaA ySdeu (1973) ds vuqlkj] O;fDr }kjk vftZr lwpukvksa dks vius thou dky esa cuk;s j[kus dh ekufld fØ;k gh Le`fr gSA fdlh lwpuk dh Le`fr esa cus jgus dh vof/k ,d lsd.M ls Hkh de gks ldrh gS ;k thoui;ZUr cuh jg ldrh gSA tc dksbZ O;fDr fdlh dks dqN dgrs gq, lqurk gS rks og mldh ckrksa dks okD;ksa ds :i esa lqudj mldk vFkZ le>rk gSA okD; esa ,d 'kCn nwljs 'kCn ds ckn lquk tkrk gSA tc rd okD; iwjk ugha gks tkrk] lqus gq, 'kCn Le`fr esa cus jgrs gSaA okD; iwjk gks tkus vkSj mldk vFkZ le> tkus ds ckn izk;% cksys x, 'kCnksa dk Øe vkSj mlds cgqr ls 'kCn Le`fr ls ckgj gks tkrs gSaA

Le`frdkvFkZ(Meaning of Memory) Le`fr ,d ekufld izfØ;k gS tks izR;sd izk.kh esas fdlh u fdlh

ek=k esa vo'; ik;h tkrh gSA oLrqr% tc O;fDr fdlh oLrq] inkFkZ vFkok LFkku dks ns[krk gS rks ml oLrq] inkFkZ vFkok LFkku dh izfrek vFkok fpg~u mlosG efLr"d esa cu tkrs gSaA bUgh lafpr fpg~uksa vFkok iwoZ le; esa lh[kh gqbZ ckrksa dks Le`fr dgrs gSaA

ßvf/kxe osG }kjk iwoZ vuqHko O;fDr osG O;ogkj esa ifjektZu ykrs gSaA vf/kxe }kjk LFkkfir iwoZ vuqHkoksa dks vpsru eu esa lafpr j[kus vkSj vko';drkuqlkj psru eu esa ykus dh 'kfDr Le`fr ,oa izfozG;k dks gh Lej.k djuk dgrs gSaAß

ßLe`fr fdlh u fdlh izk.kh esa vo'; ik;h tkrh gSAÞ oqMoFkZ us Lej.k dks gh Le`fr ekuk gS vkSj Le`fr ,d lkekU; 'kCn

gS ftlesa /kkj.kk (Retention), izR;kLej.k (Recall) rFkk igpku (Recoghition) vkfn fozG;k;sa lfEefyr gSaA

ßLe`fr dk vFkZ gS iwoZ vuqHkoksa dks ;kn djuk vkSj Le`fr ,d tfVy izfozG;k gS ftlosG }kjk O;fDr vius iwoZ vuqHkoksa dks vpsru eu esa lafpr djrk gSA vko';drk iM+us ij psru eu esa ykus dk iz;kl djrk gSAß

Le`frdhifjHkk"kk,¡(Definitions of Memory)

Le`fr osG vFkZ dks vf/kd Li"V djus osG fy, izeq[k fo}kuksa osG fopkjksa dks izLrqr djrs gSa tks Le`fr osG lHkh i{kksa dks Li"V djrs gSaA

oqMoFkZ osG vuqlkj] ßlh[kh x;h ckr dk lh/kk mi;ksx Lej.k djuk gSAÞ

“Direct use of what has been learned while thinking

is an indirect use.” µWoodworth

tsEl osG vuqlkj] ßLe`fr psruk ls foy; gksus osG i'pkr~ eu dh vrhr n'kk dk Kku gS ;k ,d ?kVuk ;k rki dk Kku gS ftlosG lUnHkZ esa ge e/;orhZ dky esa lksp Hkh ugha jgs FksAÞ

"Memory is the knowledge of a farever state of mind

after it has already one dropped from consciousness

or rather it is the knowledge of on event or which

mean time we have not thinking.'' µJames

jkWl osG vuqlkj] ßLe`fr ,d fefJr izfozG;k gS ftlesa eu%fLFkfr mudk izfr/kkj.k rFkk vius ihNs eu%fLFkfr;ksa dks NksM+ tkus okys vuqHkoksa dk vuqLej.k lfEefyr jgrk gSAÞ

“Memory then is a complex process involving the

establishment of dispositions their retention and

he recalling of the experience that have left the

disposition behind them.” —Ross

Lih;jeSu ds vuqlkj] ßvius iqu% mn~Hko dks lqxe cukus okyh LFkk;h eu%fLFkfr;ksa ls gksus okyh laKkukRed ?kVuk,¡ gh Le`fr gSaaAÞ

“Cognitive events by occurring establish dispositions

which facilitate their rearrence is memory.”

—Spearman

jk;cuZ ds 'kCnksa esa] ßvius vuqHkoksa dks lafpr j[kus vkSj mudks izkIr djus ds dqN le; ckn psruk ds {ks= esa iqu% okfil ykus dh 'kfDr ge esa gksrh gS] mlh dks Le`fr dgrs gSaAÞ

“The power that we have to store our experiences and

to bring them in the field of consciousness some time

after the experience have occured is termed memory.”

—Rybern


vfHkizsj.kk vkSj lh[kus esa lEcU/k(Relationship Between motivation

and Learning) vfHkizsj.kk gekjs mn~ns';ksa dh igpku djkus ds lkFk-lkFk mudh

izkfIr Hkh gksrh gSA vfHkizsj.kk }kjk gh Nk=@Nk=kvksa esa dk;Z ds izfr #fp mRiUu dh tk ldrh gSA

FkkWelu ds vuqlkjµvfHkizsj.kk ,d dyk gS o blds }kjk mu Nk=@Nk=kvksa esa i<+us ds izfr mRiUu dh tkrh gS ftuesa bl izdkj dh #fp dk vHkko gSA tgk¡ ij ckydksa esas i<+us dh #fp rks gS] ijUrq os mldk vuqHko ugha djrs] ogk¡ vfHkizsj.kk ds }kjk mUgsa ;g vuqHko djk;k tkrk gSA blds vfrfjDr vfHkizsj.kk }kjk fof'k"V ikB~;p;kZvksa ds izfr Hkh Nk=@Nk=kvksa dh #fp mRiUu dh tkrh gSA vf/kxe izfØ;k }kjk O;fDr thou ds lkekftd] izkÏfrd ,oa oS;fDrd {ks= esa vfHkizsj.kk }kjk gh lQyrk dh lh<+h rd igq¡p ikrk gSA

vfHkizsj.kkvkSjlh[kusdslEcU/kdksfuEufcUnqvksadsvk/kkjijLi"Vfd;ktkldrkgS&

1. ifjiDork(Maturation) d{kk f'k{k.k djkus okyk f'k{kd fo|kfFZk;ksa dh vk;q rFkk ekufld

ifjiDork ds vuqlkj mUgsa dk;Z ns] rks lh[kus dh izfØ;k izHkko'kkyh gksxhA ifjiDork vkSj vfHkizsj.kk esa rkyesy gksuk vko';d gS rHkh Nk= vf/kxe dj ldrk gSA

2. iz'kalkvkSjfuUnk(Praise and Criticism) f'k{kd dks iz'kalk vkSj fuUnk dk iz;ksx cgqr gh cqf¼ekuh ls

djuk pkfg,A f'k{kd dh iz'kalk vkSj fuUnk ds vk/kkj ij gh Nk= lh[kus ds fy, vfHkizsfjr gksrk gSA d{kk esa iz'kalk djus ij Nk=ksa esa vfHkizsj.kk vkrh gS rFkk ml dk;Z dks djus ds fy, izsfjr gksrk gS tcfd fuUnk }kjk Nk=@Nk=kvksa esa ghu Hkkouk vk tkrh gS ftlls og fdlh Hkh dk;Z dks djus esa #fp ugha ysrk gSA

3. ckyd ds O;fDrRo dks igpkuuk (To recognise the Personality of Child)

lh[kus esa ckyd ds O;fDrRo ds vuq:i dk;Z djuk muds fy, lh[kus esa vfr egRoiw.kZ gksrk gSA f'k{kd ds }kjk ckyd dk d{kk esa vuknj djus ij ckyd grksRlkfgr gks tkrk gS vkSj 'keZ ds dkj.k i<+us esa dksbZ #fp ugha ysrkA blfy, f'k{kd Nk=ksa ds O;fDrRo ds vuqlkj gh muds lkFk O;ogkj djs] rks Nk= vfHkizsfjr gksdj vklkuh ls lh[kus esa /;ku yxk;saxsA

4. lh[kusdhbPNk(Curiosity or will to Learn) lh[kus ds fy, ;k fdlh Hkh dk;Z dks djus ds fy, bPNk dk gksuk

vko';d gSA fcuk bPNk ds ge fdlh Hkh dk;Z ds fy, vfHkizsfjr ugha gks ldrsA bPNk ckyd ds Åij gh fuHkZj djrh gS D;ksafd fcuk bPNk ds dk;Z djus ij mlesa Accuracy ugha vk ldrh] blfy, lh[kus ls igys bPNk gks rHkh ckyd vPNh izdkj lh[k ldrk gSA

5. izfr;ksfxrk(Competition) lh[kus ds fy, izfr;ksfxrk ,d vPNk ek/;e gSA blds }kjk ckydksaa

dh ewyHkwr vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ dh tk ldrh gSA izfr;ksfxrk esa

,d-nwljs ds izfr }s"k Hkkouk ugha gksuh pkfg,A ,slk gksus ij Nk=@Nk=kvksa esa >xM+kyw izo`fÙk dk fodkl gksrk gSA fo|ky; esa le;-le; ij izfr;ksfxrk dk vk;kstu gksuk pkfg, ftlls ckyd lh[kus ds fy, izsfjr gksaxsA

6. v/;kiufof/k;k¡(Teaching Methods) f'k{k.k esa ifjfLFkfr ,oa Nk=ksa ds vuq:i vusd f'k{k.k fof/k;ksa

dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A f'k{kd }kjk f'k{k.k fof/k;ksa ds iz;ksx ls gh Nk=@Nk=k,¡ vfHkizsfjr gksrs gSaA f'k{k.k fof/k;ksa esa vfHkizsj.kk dk izeq[k LFkku gksrk gSA blds }kjk ikB dks ljy o dfBu cuk;k tk ldrk gSA ljy ikB dks Nk= vfr 'kh?kz lh[k ldrs gSaA

7. vfHkizsj.kkesan`f"Vdks.kksadkegRo(Role of a attitudes in Motivation)

n`f"Vdks.kksa] #fp;ksa vkSj /;ku eas Li"V :i ls lEcU/k gksrk gSA n`f"Vdks.k fdlh fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr esa fdlh O;fDr dh fØ;kvksa dk lewg gksrk gSA n`f"Vdks.k vfHkizsjdksas dks ekxZ nsrs gSaA n`f"Vdks.k u;s vuqHkoksa dh dsoy rS;kjh gh ugha gksrh] cfYd ;g vuqHko izkIr djus ds fy, ubZ lhek;sa Hkh fu/kkZfjr djrs gSaA

vfHkizsj.kk ds izfr f'k{kdksa ls vis{kk,(Eypectation for Teachers to

Motivation) ckydksa dks vfHkizsfjr djus esa f'k{kd dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksrh gSA

f'k{k.k izfØ;k dks ljy ,oa izHkkoh cukus dk mÙkjnkf;Ro f'k{kd dk gksrk gSA Nk=ksa dks vfHkizsfjr djuk Hkh f'k{kd dk mÙkjnkf;Ro gksrk gSA vfHkizsj.kk ds vHkko esa lh[kus dh izfØ;k dks vkxs ugha c<+k;k tk ldrkA blfy, f'k{kd dks pkfg, fd le;-le; ij Nk=ksa dks vfHkizsfjr djus ds lkFk-lkFk lgh ekxZn'kZu Hkh djsA vfHkizsj.kkdsizfr,df'k{kdlstksvis{kk,¡dhtkrhgSaogfuEuizdkjgSaµ

1. d{kkdkvPNkokrkoj.k (Effective Environment of the Class)

d{kk dk okrkoj.k lh[kus ds vuqdwy gksuk pkfg,A d{kk esa cSBus dk izcU/k mfpr rFkk vkjkensg gksuk pkfg,A izdk'k vkSj gok dh Bhd O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg,A vf/kd xehZ ;k BaM Hkh Nk= dh dk;Z {kerk dks de djrh gSA bu lcdk izcU/k ,oa ns[kHkky f'k{kd ds }kjk gh dh tk ldrh gSA f'k{kd ls vis{kk dh tkrh gS fd Nk=ksa dh mfpr ns[kHkky djs D;ksafd mfpr okrkoj.k u gksus ij Nk=ksa dk i<+kbZ esa eu ugha yxrk gSA

2. izHkko'kkyhrFkk#fpdjlk/kuksadkiz;ksxdjuk(To use effective and interesting aids)

f'k{k.k dks izHkko'kkyh cukuk Hkh vko';d gSA ckydksa dh fuf"Ø;rk dks nwj djus] fo"k;ksa dks Li"V djus rFkk mUgsa vkd"kZd vkSj #fpdj cukus ds fy, lQy v/;kid ';keiV~V] pkVZ vkSj ekWMy vkfn dk iz;ksx djrk gSA lgk;d lkexzh ds ek/;e ls Nk=ksa dk /;ku ikB~;-fo"k; ij ljyrk ls dsfUær fd;k tk ldrk gSA v/;kid }kjk budk mfpr mi;ksx ikB dks ltho o ljy cuk nsrk gSA


v/;k;

6l`tukRedrk ,oa oS;fDrd fHkUurk(Creativity and Individual Differences)

l`tukRedrk(Creativity)

euksfoKku ds {ks= esa l`tukRed lEcU/kh v/;;uksa dk bfrgkl cgqr iqjkuk ugha gSA dqN gh le; iwoZ bl {ks= esa oSKkfud v/;;uksa dk vkjEHk gqvk gSA

l`tukRedrkdkvFkZ(Meaning of Creativity) ^l`tukRedrk* 'kCn vaxzsth ds fØ,fVfoVh 'Creativity' 'kCn ls cuk gS ftldk vFkZ gSµl`tu djuk] mRiUu djuk] lftZr djuk cukuk vkfnA l`tukRedrk ;k l`tu'khyrk nks 'kCnksa ds esy ls cuk gS ftlesa

l`tu dk vFkZ gS& fuekZ.k djuk] cukuk rFkk 'khyrk dk vFkZ gS& ;ksX;rk] {kerk ;k dkS'kyA

#p ds vuqlkjµßl`tukRedrk ekSfydrk gS tks okLro esa fdlh Hkh izdkj dh fØ;k esa ?kfVr gksrh gSAÞ

“Creativity is originally which Actually can occur in any

kind of activity.” —Prof. Ruch fdUgha O;fDr;ksa esa l`tu'khyrk dk xq.k izkÏfrd :i ls ik;k tkrk

gSA ;g ,d cgq vewY; fuf/k gS ftl ij izxfr] mUufr rFkk mRFkku fuHkZj djrk gSA l`tu'khyrk dk xq.k euq"; esa vR;f/kd ik;k tkrk gSA

fo|ky; esa l`tu'khyrk ds v/;;u vkSj fodkl ds egRo ij izdk'k Mkyrs gq, ßVkjsUlÞus fuEufyf[kr rF; izLrqr fd;s gSaAÞ

l`tukRed fpUru ubZ-ubZ tkudkfj;ksa esa cgqr ;ksxnku nsrk gSA l`tukRed fpUru O;olkf;d mUufr ds fy, Kku ds iz;ksx esa

viuh Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA fdlh ns'k dk Hkfo"; ml ns'k ds l`tu'khy O;fDr;ksa ij gh fuHkZj

djrk gSA

l`tukRedrkdhifjHkk"kk,¡(Definition of Creativity)

^l`tukRedrk dh dksbZ loZekU; ifjHkk"kk fu/kkZfjr ugha dh tk ldrhA bl lEcU/k esa euksoSKkfudksa esa vusd erHksn gSaA*

l`tukRedrk ls lEcfU/kr dqN egRoiw.kZ fo}kuksa ,oaeuksoSKkfudksa}kjknhxbZifjHkk"kk,¡fuEufyf[krgSa&

eSfduuds vuqlkj-ßl`tu'khyrk ,d izfØ;k gS tks dky esa QSyh gqbZ gS vkSj ekSfydrk&vuqdwyrk ,oa lEiknu }kjk fo'kksf"kr gksrh gSAÞ

“Creativity is defined as a Process Extended in time and characterized by originality adoptiveness and realisation”. —Makinon

Vsyj ds vuqlkjµßl`tukRedrk mRiknu eki dh og lhek gS tgk¡ rd gekjh le> ds lalkj dk iquxZBu djus dh {kerk j[krk gSAÞ

“The measure of a creative product be the extent to which it restructures our universe of understanding”. —“Taylor’’

tsElvkSjMªsoj ds vuqlkjµßl`tukRedrk eq[;r% uohu la-jpuk ;k mRiknu esa gksrh gSAÞ

“Creativity is essentially found in new construction or production.” —James and Draver

Øks ,oa Øks ds vuqlkjµßl`tukRedrk ekSfyd ifj.kkeksa dks O;Dr djus dh ekufld izfØ;k gSAÞ

“Creativity is a mental process to express the original outcomes.” —Crow and Crown

l`tukRedckydksadhigpku(Identification of Creative Childrens)

l`tukRedckydksadh igpkudjusds fy,euksoSKkfudksa usvius-viuserizLrqrfd;stksfuEuizdkjgSaA

ekWLyksds vuqlkjµ (i) l`tu'khy ckydksa esa fojks/k dks lgus dh vf/kd {kerk gksrh gSA (ii) l`tu'khy ckyd ,d LoPN ,oa vkRefl¼ djus okyk gksrk gSA (iii) os vKku ,oa vLi"V oLrqvksa vkSj fopkjksa ls Hk; ugha [kkrsA (iv) l`tu'khy ckyd rR{k.k dk;Z djus esa l{ke gksrs gSaA (v) l`tu'khy ckyd Hkksys gksrs gSaA (vi) muds fopkjksa esa ,d izdkj dk izokg gksrk gSA —MasloweSfduuds vuqlkjµ (i) l`tu'khy ckyd cqf¼eku gksrs gSaA (ii) buds vkpkj fopkj LorU= gksrs gSaA (iii) buds fopkj ekSfyd gksrs gSaA (iv) l`tu'khy ckydksa esa vUrnZ`f"V 'kfDr vf/kd gksrh gSA (v) muesa mPp Lrj dh dk;Z 'kfDr vf/kd gksrh gSAVkWjsUl ds vuqlkjµ (i) l`tu'khy gkL;kLin fopkjksa okys ckyd gksrs gSaA (ii) muds }kjk fd;s x;s dk;Z ,oa mRiknu ekSfyd gksrs gSaA (iii) muds }kjk fd;s x;s dk;Z vuE;rk (Rigidity) ,oa vkjke

ryoh (Relaxation) ls eqDr gksrs gSaA (iv) ;s ftKklq gksrs gSaA —Torrance mijksDr ds }kjk crk;h igpku ds vfrfjDr vU; fo'ks"krk,¡ Hkh

ik;h tkrh gSa ftlds vk/kkj ij l`tu'khy ckyd dks igpkuk tk ldrk gSµ

(i) l`tukRed fpUru okys ckyd fouksn rFkk euksjatu fiz; yxrs gSaA

(ii) ,sls ckydksa esa ftKklk dk ckgqY; gksrk gSA (iii) ,sls ckyd laosnu'khy gksrs gSaA (iv) mudk O;ogkj y{; funsZf'kr gksrk gSA (v) ,sls ckyd vkRe-fo'oklh o lkglh izo`fÙk ds gksrs gSaA


oLrqfu"Biz'u

1. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu-lkl`tukRedlslEcfU/krgSµ

(A) vilkjh fpUru

(B) vfHklkjh fpUru

(C) lkaosfxd fpUru

(D) vgaoknh fpUru

O;k[;k % (A) bl fpUru ds vUnj O;fDr dks dqN rF; rks fn;s gksrs gSa] ijUrq muesa viuh vksj ls ,d rF; tksM+dj fu"d"kZ fudkyuk gksrk gSA

2. fuEufyf[kresalscPpksadhl`tukRedrkdsfodklesalgk;dughagSµ

(A) [ksy

(B) Hkk"k.k

(C) dgkuh ys[ku

(D) fuekZ.k lEcU/kh fØ;k,¡

O;k[;k % (B) Hkk"k.k ds }kjk l`tukRedrk dk fodkl ugha gksrk gS tcfd vU; rRo l`tukRedrk ds fodkl esa lgk;d gSaA

3. ;gvko';dughagSfdmPpcqf¼yfC/kokyscPps-----------------esaHkhmPpgksaxsA

(A) l`tu'khyrk

(B) v/;;u

(C) fo'ys"k.k djus

(D) vPNs vad izkIr dj

O;k[;k % (A) ;g vko';d ugha fd mPp cqf¼yfCèk okys cPps l`tu'khyrk esa Hkh mPp gksaxsA

4. l`tukRedrkdhigpkugksrhgS&

(A) iqjkus O;ogkj ls

(B) fp= dyk ls

(C) laxhr ls

(D) uohu ifj.kke ls

O;k[;k% (D) l`tukRedrk 'kCn l`tu 'kCn ls cuk gS ftldk vFkZ gS ubZ oLrq o fl¼kUrksa dh [kkstA

5. Þl`tukRedrk ekSfyd ifj.kkeksa dksvfHkO;DrdjusdhekufldizfØ;kgSAß;gdFkugSµ

(A) dksy ,oa czql dk

(B) Mªsogy dk

(C) Mhgku dk

(D) Øks ,oa Øks dk

mÙkj% (D) Øks ,oa Øks dkA

6. l`tu'khyrkdsiks"k.kgsrq,dv/;kiddksviusfo|kfFkZ;ksadksj[kukpkfg;sµ

(A) dk;Z dsfUær (B) y{; dsfUær (C) (A) o (B) nksuksa (D) iqjLdkj izsfjr

O;k[;k% (B) ,d v/;kid dks vius fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks y{; dsfUær j[kuk pkfg, rkfd og fu/kkZfjr y{;ksa dh izkfIr dj ldsaA

7. l`tuokngSA (A) cPps lh[kus dh izfØ;k esa fuf"Ø;

:i ls izfrHkkx djrs gSaA (B) ckyd dk Lora= :i ls fpUru (C) f'k{kk cky dsfUær gksrh gSA

(D) f'k{kk O;ogkjoknh gksrh gSA

O;k[;k % (B) bl izdkj dh f'k{kk esa ckyd ds LorU= fpUru ds fy, mi;qDr vf/kxe ifjfLFkfr dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gSA

8. l`tu'khy ckyd ds ckjs esa dkSu-lkdFkulR;ughagSµ

(A) l`tu'khy ckyd ftKklq gksrk gSA (B) cfgeqZ[kh gksrk gSA (C) lkglh ugha gksrk gSA (D) egRokdka{kh gksrk gSA

O;k[;k % (B) l`tu'khy ckyd esa fuEu xq.k gksrs gSaA ftKklq gksrs gSa] lkglh gksrs gSa] cfgeqZ[kh gksrs gSa] okpkjh gksrs gSaA

9. cqf¼,oal`tukRedrkesafdlizdkjdklg-lEcU/kik;kx;kgS&

(A) /kukRed (B) ½.kkRed (C) 'kwU; (D) ls lHkh

O;k[;k % (A) cqf¼ ,oa l`tukRedrk dks /kukRed lEcU/kksa ds }kjk tksM+k tkrk gSA

10. lkekU;cqf¼ckydizk;%fdlvoLFkkesacksyuklh[ktkrkgSµ

(A) 11 ekg (B) 16 ekg (C) 34 ekg (D) 51 ekg

O;k[;k% (C) lkekU; cqf¼ okys ckyd izk;% 34 ekg esa cksyuk lh[k tkrs gSaA


1. vo/kkukRed voLFkku (Attentional Phase) lkekftdvf/kxeesaizfrekudkegRoiw.kZLFkkugSAizfrekuds

O;ogkjdkghvuqdj.kfd;ktkrkgS]ijUrqfujh{k.kdrkZtcrdekWMydhvksj/;kuughansxk]ogmldsxq.kksadhvksjvkdf"kZrughagksxkAfujh{k.kdrkZdk/;kuviuhvksjvkdf"kZrdjusdsfy,ekWMyvkd"kZd]yksdfiz;jkspd]rFkklQygksuspkfg,A

2. /kkj.kkRed voLFkku (Retention Phase) tcckydksadk/;kuekWMydhvksjvkdf"kZrgkstk,]rks,sls

le; ekWMydks og O;ogkjdjuk pkfg,tks og pkgrk gS fdfujh{k.kdrkZ mldk vuqlj.k djsA mldks vH;kl dk voljnsuk pkfg,A /;ku vkdf"kZr gksus ij gh KkukRed izfØ;k }kjklh[kukvkjEHkgksrkgSvkSjKkukRedizfØ;kvkjEHkgksusijghfujh{k.kdrkZvuqdj.kh;O;ogkjdksefLr"desa/kkj.kdjrkgSA

3. iqu#Riknu voLFkku (Reproduction Phase) lkekftdvf/kxedkvfUrepj.kvuqizsj.kgSAckydmlO;ogkj

dkvuqdj.kdjuklh[krsgSaftldsiq"Vhdj.kdhmudksvf/kdvk'kkgksrhgSAiq"Vhdj.kgh,dizdkjdkvuqizsj.kgSAO;ogkjdkvuqdj.kdjdsoSlkghO;ogkjdjukiqu#RiknukRedvoLFkkudgykrkgSA

4. 'kSf{kd mi;ksx (Educational Implication) ckUMqjk ds fl¼kUr dk f'k{kk izfØ;k esa vf/kd mi;ksx gks ldrk

gSA tks fuEu gSaµ 1. O;fDrRo fuekZ.k esa lkekftdvf/kxevf/kd mi;ksxh fl¼ gks

ldrkgSANk=ksads O;fDrRofuekZ.kds fy,mudslkeusvkn'kZO;ogkj okys izfreku izLrqr djus pkfg,A izfreku ;k ekWMymifLFkr djus ds mi;ksxh ek/;e jsfM;ks] Vsyhfotu] iqLrd]dgkuh] ukVd vkfn gks ldrs gSaA blfy, v/;kid Lo;a Hkh,d izfreku gksrk gSA izkjEHk esa Nk= vius f'k{kd ds xq.kksa dkvuqdj.k djrs gSaA blfy, v/;kid dk O;fDrRo vPNk gksukpkfg,Avktdyf'k{kdblrF;dksHkwyrstkjgsgSaAfo|ky;dsizkjfEHkdo"kks±esaekSf[kd:iesaxq.kksadksmins'knsusdsLFkkuijizfrekudsxq.kksadks Lo;a /kkj.kdjusdkiz;kl f'k{kddksdjukpkfg,Ablfl¼kUrdsvuqlkjv/;kidksadkslQyrkiwoZdfujh{k.kdsfy,izsfjrdjukpkfg,A

2. iz/kkukpk;Z,oav/;kidksadksLo;adks,dekWMyds:iesaizLrqrdjuk pkfg, rkfdNk=mudkvuqdj.kdjvPNs O;ogkjdkslh[kldsaA

3. fof'k"V;kvlkekU;O;ogkjdjusokysckydksadksizfr:is.kdsek/;elslq/kkjktkldrkgSA

4. ckydksadsO;ogkjesaifjorZu;klq/kkjykusesa;gfof/kvf/kdmi;ksxhfl¼gksldrhgSA

5. ckydvPNs-cqjsesafoHksndjusesaviusdksvleFkZikrkgSA;ghdkj.kgSfd;fnizfrekucqjkO;ogkjdjrkgSrksckydvuqdj.k}kjkmlslh[kysrkgSAvr%fo|ky;;kd{kfLFkfr;ksaesaizfrekuvFkkZr~cqjsO;ogkjdksmifLFkrughadjukpkfg,A

6. ;gfl¼kUri;kZoj.kesamiyfC/kO;fDr]fØ;kvFkok?kVukvkfndk vuqdj.k dj lh[kus ij cy nsrk gSA vr% Ldwyksa esa ,slki;kZoj.kmRiUudjukpkfg,fdckydmUgsans[kdjlh[kldsaA

ekWMy dh fo'ks"krk,¡ (Characteristics of Model’s) ckUMqjkusv/;;udsifj.kkeksadsvk/kkjijekWMydhfo'ks"krkvksa

ds ckjs esa fopkj fd,AmudhekU;rk gS fdekWMydh fo'ks"krkfujh{k.kdrkZdsvuqdj.kh;O;ogkjdslh[kusdksizHkkfordjrhgSAfo|ky;ksaesackydksadsfy,f'k{kddkO;ogkjvuqdj.kh;gksrkgS]ysfdufo|ky;esavusdckydgksrsgSa fdUrqmlhf'k{kddsO;ogkjdkvuqdj.kdjukNk=lh[krsgSaftudksckydvkn'kZLo:iekursgSaAckUMqjkusla{ksiesaekWMydhfo'ks"krkvksadsckjsesafy[kkgSfdosekWMytksvkn'kZiw.kZgksrsgSaAiqjLÏrdjldrsgSa];ksX;gSarFkkftudkLrjmPpgksrkgS]dsO;ogkjdkvuqdj.k'kh?kzrklsdjfy;ktkrkgSA

okbxksRLdh dk lkekftd&lkaLfrd flkUr

(Social Cultural Theory of Vygotsky) lksfo;r:ldseuksoSKkfudySo okbxksRLdh usckydksalslEcfU/kr

,dfl¼kUrdkizfriknufd;kAokbxksRLdhuslh[kusdhO;k[;kfodkldslUnHkZ esadhvkSjcrk;k fdckydesa gjizdkjdsfodklesamldslektdkfo'ks"k;ksxnkugksrkgSAokbxksRLdhuscrk;kfdlektlsvr%fØ;kdsQyLo:ighmlesafofHkUuizdkjdkfodklgksrkgSAlektesaftlizdkjdhlqfo/kk,¡miyC/kgksaxh]mldkfodklHkhmlhizdkjdkgksxkA;fnmlslHkhizdkjdhlqfo/kk,¡miyC/kughagksaxh]rksbldkmldsfodklijizfrdwyizHkkoiMs+xkA

okbxksRLdh ds vuqlkjµlh[kuk ,dvko';dvkSj lkoZHkkSfedrF;gStkslkaLÏfrdlaxBuksadsfodkldsiz;klfo'ks"kr%ekuodseuksoSKkfuddk;ks±dsizfrmÙkjnk;hgksrkgSAvr%fodkldkiz;kllh[kusdsiz;kldksihNsdhvksjystkusdksizo`ÙkgksrkgSAtUedsle;f'k'kqdkO;ogkjlkekftdrklsdkQhnwjgksrkgSAogvR;f/kdLokFkhZgksrkgSAmlsdsoyviuh'kkjhfjdvko';drkvksadhiwfrZdjusdhyydgksrhgSrFkknwljksadsfgrfpUrudhogdqNHkhijokgughadjrkAogblvk;qesaxqM~Ms-xqfM+;ksa]f[kykSus-ewfrZvkfnfuthZoinkFkks±rFkki'kq-i{kh]euq";vkfnlthoizkf.k;ksaesadksbZvUrjughale>ikrkA f'k'kqvksadslkekftdlEidZdknk;jkcgqrghlhfergksrkgSSAvr%lkekftd fodkldsn`f"Vdks.klsmulscgqrvk'kkughadhtkldrhAckY;koLFkkesaizos'kdjusdslkFk-lkFkvf/kdka'kcPpsfo|ky;esatkukizkjEHkdjnsrsgSaAvkSjvcmudklkekftdnk;jkcgqrfoLr`rcurkpyktkrkgSAokbxksRLdhdsvuqlkjlh[kusdhizfØ;kijvk/kkfjrgksrhgSufdfodkllh[kusdhizfØ;kijAokbxksRLdhdsfl¼kUrdksle>usdsfy,izeq[kfcUnqvksaijfopkjfd;ktkukvko';dgSftuijmlusizeq[k:ilscyfn;kA;s fuEu izdkj gSa&

1. laKkukRed fodkl (Cognitive Development) okbxksRLdhdkfo'oklFkkfdckydksadkfpUrumudslkekftd

leqnk;dsKkulsizHkkforgksrkgS tks fd;krksrduhdh;k


rdZ rdZ ,d vO;Dr fØ;k gS ftldk izdVhdj.k leL;k lek/kku

O;ogkj ls gksrk gSA euds vuqlkjµßrdZ ,d leL;k dks gy djus ds fy, vrhr

ds vuqHkoksa dks lfEefyr :i ls feykuk gS ftldks dsoy fiNys lek/kkuksa ds iz;ksx ls gy ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSAß

rdZdsizdkj 1. vkxeu rdZ 2. fuxeu rdZ

rdZdslksiku 1. dfBukbZ dk vuqHko 2. dfBukbZ dh LFkkiuk rFkk ifjHkk"kk 3. lajpuk dk <w¡<+uk o ewY;kadu djuk 4. ifjdYiuk dk ewY;kadu 5. gy dks ykxw djukA

vo/kku (/;ku) /;ku fopkj dh oLrq dks eu ds lkeus Li"V crykus dh izfØ;k gSA MfEcy ds vuqlkjµvo/kku vU; oLrq dh vis{kk ,d oLrq ij

psruk dk dsUæh;dj.k gSA

vo/kkudhfo'ks"krk,¡ 1. papyrk 2. p;ukRed 3. foLrkj ladksp 4. ekufld lfØ;rk 5. rRijrk 6. lek;kstu

/;kudsizdkj 1. ,sfPNd /;ku 2. LokHkkfod /;ku 3. vuSfPNd /;ku 4. vftZr /;ku 5. fpUru ls lEcfU/kr /;ku 6. fo'ys"k.kkRed /;ku

vfHk#fp(#fp) Cyweds vuqlkjµvfHk#fp esa cqf¼] #fp;k¡] O;fDrRo vkSj ijh{k.k

rFkk vf/kxe }kjk izkIr okrkoj.k dk izHkko lfEefyr gksrk gSA

vfHk#fp;ksadsizdkj v/;kiu dk;Z ds fy, vfHk#fp DydZ ukSdjh ds fy, vfHk#fp MkWDVjh O;olk; ds fy, vfHk#fp dq'ky O;olk; ds fy, vfHk#fp

vfHk#fpdkfodkl 1. izsj.kkRed dkjd 2. lewg dkjd 3. O;fDrRo 4. vko';drkvksa dk iwjk gksuk 5. izR;{k lwpuk 6. lh[kuk 7. laosx 8. laLÏfr

#fp #fp 'kCn vaxzsth Hkk"kk ds Interest dk fgUnh :ikUrj.k 'kCn gS

ftldh mRifÙk ySfVu Hkk"kk ds 'kCn “Interesse” ls gqbZ gSA ch-,->kds vuqlkjµ#fp og fLFkj ekufld fof/k gS tks /;ku

fØ;k dks lrr~ cuk;s j[krh gSA

#fpdsizdkj 1. tUetkr #fp 2. vftZr #fp

#fp;ksadk'kSf{kdegRo 1. mfpr mn~ns';ksa dk fu/kkZj.k 2. lgk;d lkexzh dk iz;ksx 3. v/;kid dk O;fDrRo 4. fofHkUu izo`fÙk;ksa dk iz;ksx 5. fofo/krk vkSj uohurk 6. vf/kxe vuqHkoksa dk mfpr /;ku

#fpdkfodkl 1. vk;q 2. 'kkjhfjd fodkl 3. ;kSu lEcU/k 4. izfrHkk 5. lkekftd vkfFkZd izfr"Bk 6. vknr-f'k{kk 7. euksHkko 8. bPNk

#fpdsvk/kkj 1. vk;q 2. 'kkjhfjd fodkl 3. ;kSu lEcU/k 4. izfrHkk 5. i;kZoj.k 6. vknr 7. f'k{kk 8. lkekftd izfr"Bk

#fp;ksadksizHkkfordjusokysdkjd 1. cqf¼ 2. vk;q rFkk fyax 3. 'kkjhfjd fodkl 4. lkekftd vkfFkZd Lrj 5. bPNk;sa ,oa vkn'kZ 6. Ldwy ikB~;p;kZ

oLrqfu"Biz'u

1. fpUrulaKkukRedi{kesa,dekufldfØ;kgSA;gdFkufn;kx;kµ

(A) Mh- oh- }kjk (B) fxyQksMZ }kjk (C) Øwt }kjk (D) jkWl }kjk

mÙkj% (D) jkWl ds }kjkA

2. cPpkfdlizdkjlh[krkgSµ (A) iqLrdsa i<+dj (B) ifjp;kZ }kjk (C) iz'u iwNdj (D) dbZ izdkj ls

O;k[;k % (D) lh[kuk O;ogkj esa mÙkjksÙkj lkeatL; dh ,d izfØ;k gS ftlesa Nk= dbZ izdkj ls lh[k ldrs gSaµv[kckj i<+dj] iqLrdsa i<+dj] ifjp;kZ }kjkA

3. uohuKkudhizkfIrgksrhgSµ (A) Kku LFkkukUrj.k ds }kjk (B) jVus ds }kjk (C) vuqHko }kjk uohu vFkZ <w¡<+us ds }kjk (D) mijksDr esa ls dksbZ ugha

O;k[;k % (C) uohu Kku dh izkfIr vuqHko }kjk uohu vFkZ <w¡<+us ds }kjk gks ldrh gSA

4. izokg iw.kZrk] O;k[;k] ekSfydrk vkSjyphykiu------------dslkFklEcfU/krgSaA

(A) izfrHkk (B) xq.k (C) vilkjh fpUru (D) Roj.k


O;k[;k% (C) vilkjh fpUru esa O;fDr viuh izfrHkk iznf'kZr djus ds fy, LorU= gksrk gSA

6. ßvkmVvkWWQn ckWDlÞ fpUru fdllslEcfU/krgSµ

(A) vuqdwy fpUru

(B) Le`fr vk/kkfjr fpUru

(C) vilkjh fpUru

(D) vfHklkjh fpUru

O;k[;k % (C) vilkjh fpUru ls lEcfU/kr gSA bl izdkj ds fpUru esa O;fDr dks dqN rF; rks fn;s gksrs gSa] rc muesa ls ,d rF; tksM+dj fu"d"kZ fudkyUkk gksrk gSA

7. ckyddkfpUrufdlds}kjkiznf'kZrughagksrkgSµ

(A) vkRedsfUærk (B) lthorkokn (C) ;FkkFkZokn (D) oS;fDrdokn

O;k[;k % (D) oS;fDrdokn ls ckyd dk fpUru iznf'kZr ugha gksrk gSA oS;fDrdokn ,d uSfrd] jktuSfrd ,oa lkekftd n'kZu gS tks O;fDr dh LorU=rk ,oa vkRefuHkZjrk ij cy nsrk gSA

8. fpUrufdrusizdkjdkgksrkgSµ (A) nks (B) rhu (C) pkj (D) ik¡p

O;k[;k % (B) fpUru dks rhu Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk tk ldrk gS& izR;{kkRed fpUru] dYiukRed fpUru] izR;;kRed fpUruA

9. rdZdksfdrusHkkxksaesack¡Vkx;kgSµ (A) nks (B) rhu (C) pkj (D) ik¡p

O;k[;k% (A) rdZ dks nks Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gS&1. vkxeu rdZ] 2. fuxeu rdZ

10. ^^vo/kkuvU;oLrqdhvis{kk,doLrqij psruk dk dsUæh;dj.k gS** mDrifjHkk"kkfdlds}kjknhx;hFkhµ

(A) jkWl (B) MfEcy (C) Øks o Øks (D) Mh- oh-

O;k[;k% (B) mDr ifjHkk"kk dks MfEcy }kjk nh x;h FkhA


v/;k;fof'k"V vko';drk okys cPps

(lekos'kh f'k{kk)[Need of Exceptional Childrens]

(Inclusive Education)

9

ifjp; (Introduction)

O;fDr ,d nwljs ls dbZ i{kksa esa fofHkUurk j[krs gSaA dqN fo'ks"krk,¡ ,slh gksrh gSa tks fof'k"V ckydksa dks lkekU; cPpksa ls vyx igpku djkrh gSaAa buds fy, lkekU; cPpksa dks nh tkus okyh f'k{kk D;k i;kZIr gS ;k bUgsa fdlh fo'ks"k izdkj dh f'k{kk O;oLFkk dh vko';drk gksrh gSA ;g ,d lkoZHkkSfed rF; gS fd ge lHkh esa O;fDrxr fofHkUurk,¡ ns[kus dks feyrh gSa ftuds dkj.k lHkh O;fDr izk;% 'kkjhfjd] ekufld] 'kSf{kd o lkekftd :i esa fdlh u fdlh izdkj ls ,d nwljs ls fHkUu gksrs gSaA vkSj ;s fofHkUurk,¡ bruh vR;f/kd gks tkrh gSa fd ckydksa dks fof'k"V oxks± esa j[kdj f'k{kk nsuk vko';d gks tkrk gSA

fof'k"V oxks± esa jgdj f'k{kk izkIr djus okys ckydksa dks ghßfof'k"Vvko';drkokyscPpsÞdgktkrkgSA

'kSf{kd n`f"V ls ckyd ftuds fy, lkekU; fo|ky;ksa dh lqfo/kk,¡ i;kZIr gksa] lkekU; ckyd le>s tkrs gSaA ckydksa esa oS;fDrd Hksn ;k fofHkUurk,¡ gksrh gSa tc ;s oS;fDrd fHkUurk,¡ ;k Hksn brus xEHkhj gks tkrs gSa fd os fo|ky; ds lkekU; d{kkxr f'k{k.k ls ykHkkfUor ugha gks ikrs vkSj muds fy, fdlh fof'k"V f'k{kk O;oLFkk dh vko';drk izrhr gksrh gS] rks ,sls fo|kFkhZ vlk/kkj.k ;k vlkekU; ;k ßfof'k"V ckydÞ dgs tkrs gSaA

fof'k"V ckydksa dk vFkZ (Meaning of Exceptional Childrens)

ßfof'k"V ckydÞ 'kCn u dsoy ekufld :i ls laosxkRed] 'kkjhfjd ;k ekufld :i ls fodykax ckydksa ds fy, gh gksrk gS] vfirq mu ckydksaa ds fy, Hkh gksrk gS tks ckSf¼d n`f"V ls fof'k"V gksrs gSa] tSls izfrHkk'kkyh ckyd ;k fof'k"V ckydksa dks fo'ks"k f'k{kk dh vko';drk gksrh gSA fof'k"V ckydksa ds fofHkUu oxks± ds fy, fo'ks"k :i ls fu;ksftr gksrh gSA bl izdkj dh f'k{kk lkekU;r% vyx d{kkvksa ;k vyx fo|ky;ksa esa nh tkrh gSA

bu fo|ky;ksa ds v/;kid Hkh fof'k"V :i ls izf'kf{kr gksrs gSaA

fof'k"V ckydksa dh ifjHkk"kk (Definition of Exceptional Children)

fofHkUu euksoSKkfudksa o fo}kuksa us fof'k"V ckydksa dks bl izdkj ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gS&

lSeq;y-,-fddZ(1972)—ßfof'k"V ckyd og ckyd gS tks lkekU; ckydksa ls 'kkjhfjd] ckSf¼d] lkekftd rFkk laosxkRed fo'ks"krkvksa

ls fHkUu gksrk gS vkSj mlds xq.kksa dks vf/kdre lhek rd fodflr djus ds fy, fo'ks"k d{kk dk izcU/k djuk iM+rk gSAÞ

“An exceptional child is he who deviates from the normal or average child in Mental, Physical and Social characteristics to such an entant that he requires a modification of School Practices or Special Educational Services in order to develop his maximum capacity or supplementary Instruction." —Samual A. Kirk

Øks,.MØksµfof'k"V izdkj ;k fof'k"V 'kCn fdlh ,d ,sls y{k.k ;k ml y{k.k dks j[kus okys O;fDr ij ykxw fd;k tkrk gS tcfd y{k.k dks lkekU; :i eas izR;; dh lhek bruh vf/kd gksrh gS fd mlds dkj.k O;fDr vius lkfFk;ksa dk fof'k"V /;ku izkIr djrk gS vkSj blls mlds O;ogkj dh vuqfØ;k,¡ izHkkfor gksrh gSaA

“The term a typical or exceptional is applied to trait or to a person possessing the trait if the extent of dexiation from normal possession of the trait is so great that because of it the individual warrants or receives special attention from his fellows and his behaviour response and activities are thereby affected.” —Crow & Crow

VsyQMZ vkSj lkSjsµßfof'k"V ckyd 'kCnkoyh dk iz;ksx mu ckydksa ds fy, djrs gSa] tks lkekU; ckydkssa ls 'kkjhfjd] ekufld laosxkRed ;k lkekftd fo'ks"krkvksa esa brus vf/kd fHkUu gksrs gSa] fd mUgsa viuh {kerk ds vf/kdre fodkl gsrq fo'ks"k] lkekftd vkSj 'kSf{kd lsokvksa dh vko';drk iM+rh gSAÞ

“The term exceptional children refers to those children who deviate from the normal in physical mental, emotional or social characterstics of such a degree that they require special, social, educational services to develop their maximum capacity. ”

—Telfard and Sauerey lpokVZtµtc ge fdlh dks ^fof'k"V* dgdj of.kZr djrs gSa] ge

O;fDr dks ^vkSlr lkekU; yksxksa* ftUgsa ge ,d ;k vf/kd y{k.kksa ds lEcU/k esa tkurs gSa] ls vyx j[krs gSaA

“When we describe someone as 'exceptional' we see that person apart from the ‘average’ normal people we know with respect to one or more characterstics”.

—Sechwartz ch-,u-dkSf'kd us vius xzUFk ^fodykax f'k{kk fla/kq* esa fof'k"V

;k fo'ks"k f'k{kk dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, dgk gSµßfo'ks"k f'k{kk ls rkRi;Z ml f'k{k.k izfØ;k ls gS tks vkSlr ckyd ls laca/k ugha j[krhA fo'ks"k f'k{kk dh ifjlhek esa os ckyd vkrs gSaA tks ekufld :i ls izfrHkkoku ;k eUn cqf¼ ds gSaA blds lkFk gh 'kkjhfjd] lkekftd] O;kogkfjd ,oa vlk/; jksxksa ls ihfM+r ckyd Hkh fo'ks"k


f'k{kk dh Js.kh esa vkrs gSaA fo'ks"k f'k{kk dh laKk ls rkRi;Z gS f'k{k.k dh og i¼fr ftldk iz;ksx vlkekU; ckyd ds fy, djuk iM+rk gSA vlk/kkj.k :i ls fufeZr f'k{k.k midj.k] ikB~;iqLrdksa ;k fl[kkus ds iz;Ru vkfn fo'ks"k f'k{kk ds rgr~ O;oÎr gksaxsAß

fof'k"Vckydksadhfo'ks"krk,¡(Characteristics at special Children)

fof'k"Vckydksadhfo'ks"krk,¡fuEufyf[krgksrhgSa& 1. fof'k"V ckydksa dk iz;kl lkekU; ckydksa dh vis{kk rhoz xfr ls

gksrk gSA 2. fof'k"V ckydksa ds xq.k rFkk Lo:i lkekU; ckydksa ls vyx gksrs

gSaA 3. ,d fof'k"V ckyd dh vf/kdre lkeF;Z ds fodkl ds fy, mls

fo|ky; dh dk;Z iz.kkyh rFkk mlds lkFk fd;s tkus okys O;ogkj esa ifjorZu dh vko';drk gksrh gSSA

4. fof'k"V ckyd 'kkjhfjd] ekufld] lkekftd rFkk HkkokRed :i esa ,d nwljs ls iw.kZr% fHkUu gksrs gSaA

5. fof'k"V ckydksa dks le>us dh 'kfDr vU; ckydksa ls fHkUu gksrh gSA lkekU;ofof'k"VckydksaesavUrj

(Difference Between Normal and Exceptional Children)

lkekU;ckyd fof'k"Vckyd1. 'kkjhfjd :i ls lqMkSy o

LoLFk gksrs gSaA'kkjhfjd :i ls vf/kd irys] vf/kd eksVs o csMkSy gksrs gSa&

2. budh cqf¼ yfC/k 90–110 ds e/; esa gksrh gSA

budh cqf¼ yfC/k 0–140 rd rFkk blls vf/kd Hkh gks ldrh gSA

3. ,sls ckyd vius vkidks ?kj] fo|ky; vkSj lekt esa vklkuh ls lek;ksftr dj ysrs gSaA

,sls ckydksa esa vius vkidks lek;ksftr djus dh 'kfDr de gksrh gSA

4. ekufld chekfj;ksa ls nwj gksrs gSaA

ekufld chekfj;ksa ls xzLr jgrs gSaA

5. ;s vf/kd egRokdka{kh ugha gksrs rFkk e/;e lksp j[krs gSaA

;s ;k rks egRokdka{kh fcYdqy ugha ;k cgqr vf/kd gksrs gSaA

6. 'kSf{kd miyfC/k lkekU; gksrh gSA

'kSf{kd miyfC/k ;k rks cgqr de ;k cgqr vf/kd Hkh gks ldrh gSA

7. lkspus le>us dh 'kfDr mÙke gksrh gSA

lkspus le>us dh 'kfDr de ;k vf/kd gksrh gSA

8. ,sls ckyd lUrks"kh LoHkko ds gksrs gSaA

fof'k"V ckyd lUrks"kh LoHkko ds ugha gksrs gSaA

fof'k"Vf'k{kkiznkudjusdsmik; lkekU; f'k{kk ds lkFk dbZ izdkj ds fof'k"V ckydksa dks f'k{kk iznku

dh tk ldrh gS ysfdu blls fof'k"V ckydksa dks fo'ks"k ykHk ugha gksrk] D;ksafd budh vko';drk,¡ lkekU; ckydksa ls vyx gksrh gSaA

ge fof'k"VckydksadksfuEuizdkjlsf'k{kkiznkudjldrsgSa—

1. fo'ks"kfo|ky;(Special School) fof'k"V ckydksa dh vleFkZrk o mudh vko';drkvksa dks /;ku

esa j[kdj vuqHkoh o izf'k{k.k izkIr f'k{kdksa }kjk f'k{kk nh tkrh gSA ,sls Ldwyksa esa fo'ks"k d{kksa o Hkouksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gSA vko';drkuqlkj izf'kf{kr ,oa ;ksX; f'k{kd] fpfdRld vkSj funsZ'kd dh fu;qfDr dh tkrh gSA fo'ks"k lgk;d lkexzh ,oa vk/kqfud ;U=ksa ds mi;ksx ls fof'k"V ckydksa dks f'kf{kr djus ds lkFk-lkFk mudks mudh ;ksX;rk ,oa {kerk ds vuqlkj O;kolkf;d izf'k{k.k Hkh fn;k tkrk gSA

2. fo'ks"kd{kk;kstuk(Special Class Planning) fof'k"V ckydksa dks lkekU; ckydksa ds lkFk gh f'k{kk nsuk vPNk

jgrk gS rkfd fof'k"V ckydksa ds eu esa ghu Hkkouk u vk, fd gesa vyx D;ksa i<+k;k tk jgk gSA ckydksa dh vko';drkvksa ds vuqlkj muds xzqi cuk fy;s tkrs gSa fQj mudks f'k{kk iznku dh tkrh gSSA

mnkgj.kµ;fn vU/kk ckyd lkekU; ckydksa ds lkFk f'k{kk xzg.k dj jgk gS rFkk og fo'ks"k d{kk ds nkSjku cszy Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx rFkk nwljs Jo.k midj.kksa dk iz;ksx fo'ks"k izf'kf{kr v/;kidksa dh ns[kjs[k esa dj ldrk gSA blds vfrfjDr mls ;fn fdlh fo"k; fo'ks"k esa dksbZ leL;k gS rks og viuh leL;k dks izf'kf{kr v/;kid ls funsZ'ku ysdj gy dj ldrk gSA

3. fo'ks"kf'k{k.k(Special Teaching) vleFkZ ckyd viuh fnup;kZ dh leL;kvksa o vius vkidks

lek;ksftr djus ds fy, vk/kqfud lqfo/kkvksa dk iz;ksx dj ldrk gSA fo'ks"k f'k{k.k iznku dj bu ckydksa dks bl ;ksX; cuk;k tk ldrk gS fd os lHkh fofHkUu ijh{kkvksa esa fgLlk ys ldsaA

4. vkoklh;fo|ky;(Residential School) izR;sd ckyd dh vleFkZrk vyx-vyx gksrh gS rFkk mudks

izfrfnu fo|ky; vkuk-tkuk dkQh eqf'dy yxrk gS vr% ;g vko';d gks tkrk gS fd bl izdkj ds ckydksa dks vkoklh; fo|ky;ksa esa j[kdj f'k{kk iznku dh tk;sA blds lkFk-lkFk mudks fo'ks"k izdkj dk izf'k{k.k Hkh fn;k tk, rkfd os Hkh vkRefuHkZj cu ldsaA

5. vukSipkfjdlaLFkk,¡(Informal Agencies) fofHkUu izdkj dh vukSipkfjd laLFkk,¡ tSls iqLrdky;] ,sfrgkfld

n'kZuh; LFky] 'kSf{kd Hkze.k] fQYel] jsfM;ks rFkk Vh-oh- dk;ZØeksa ds }kjk Hkh fof'k"V f'k{kk iznku dh tk ldrh gSA lkekU; ckyd iqLrdky; dh lqfo/kkvksa dk vkuUn mBk ldrs gSaA de ns[kus okys ckyd jsfM;ks rFkk Vh-oh- }kjk Qk;nk mBk ldrs gSaA blds vfrfjDr mudks f'k{k.k d{k vkfn ls Hkh dkQh Qk;nk gks ldrk gS rkfd d{kk-d{k dh deh dks iwjk fd;k tk ldsA

fof'k"V f'k{kk ds mn~ns'; (Objectives of Special Education)

fof'k"Vf'k{kkdsizeq[kmn~ns';blizdkjgSaµ


3. funsZ'ku ,d tfVy izfØ;k gSA 4. funsZ'ku O;fDr ds oS;fDrd thou dks lq[kh vkSj lkekftd thou

dks mi;ksxh cukrk gSA 5. funsZ'ku fdlh O;fDRk dh leL;kvksa dk lek/kku djus esa lgk;rk

djrs gSaaA 6. funsZ'ku ,d fujUrj pyus okyh izfØ;k gSA 7. funsZ'ku ,d lsok gSA 8. funsZ'ku f'k{kk ds fy, egRoiw.kZ gSA 9. funsZ'ku dh izfØ;k O;fDr ij vk/kkfjr gksrh gSA 10. funsZ'ku ckyd ds fo|ky;] ifjokj] iM+ksl vkSj lekt ds lkFk

lek;kstu LFkkfir djus esa lgk;d gSA

funsZ'kuvkSjf'k{kkesalEcU/k(Relation Between Guidance and Education)

f'k{kk vkSj funsZ'ku dk vkil esa cgqr gh ?kfu"B lEcU/k gSA ;s nksuksa ,d flDds ds nks igyqvksa ds leku gSaA f'k{kk ds fdlh Hkh vFkZ dks ysdj ge f'k{kk vkSj funsZ'ku dks vyx-vyx ugha eku ldrs gSaA ;fn f'k{kk vkSj funsZ'ku ds mn~ns';ksa rFkk iz;kstuksa dks ns[kk tk, rks nksuksa yxHkx leku gh gSaA f'k{kk dk lcls egRoiw.kZ mn~ns'; gksrk gSµO;fDr esa fufgr {kerkvksa vkSj ;ksX;rkvksa dh lhek esa mldk lok±xh.k fodkl djukA funsZ'ku Hkh blh mn~ns'; dks ysdj pyrk gSA

fLdyds vuqlkjµfcuk vPNs funsZ'ku ds vPNh i<+kbZ lEHko ugha vkSj vPNh i<+kbZ ds fcuk funsZ'ku iw.kZ ugha fd;k tk ldrkA i+<+kuk vkSj funsZ'ku vyx-vyx ugha gks ldrsA

“Teaching without intelligence guidance cannot be good teaching and guidance without intelligent teaching is incomplete. Teaching and guidance are insparable.”

—Skil blfy, dgk tk ldrk gS fd y{;ksa dh iwfrZ ds fy, i<+kbZ rFkk

funsZ'ku lkFk-lkFk pyrs gSaA

funsZ'kurFkkf'k{kkesavUrj(Difference between Guidance and Education)

f'k{kkvkSjfunsZ'kudsvUrjdksfuEuizdkjHkhle>ktkldrkgS&

1. f'k{kk ds vUrxZr etcwjh dk dqN rRo fey ldrk gSA 2. funsZ'ku ds vUrxZr O;fDr dk lg;ksx izkIr djds mldks lgk;rk

iznku dh tkrh gSA 3. f'k{kk ,d foLr`r 'kCn gS tcfd funsZ'ku mldk ,d Hkkx ek= gh

gksrk gSA 4. lHkh izdkj dk funsZ'ku f'k{kk gS ijUrq lHkh izdkj dh f'k{kk funsZ'ku

ugha gks ldrhA 5. f'k{kk ds vUrxZr funssZ'kksa dks egRoiw.kZ ugha ekuk tkrk] ijUrq izR;sd

funsZ'k dks f'k{kk ugha dgk tk ldrkA 6. funsZ'ku fof'k"V izdkj dh lsok ugha tks dsoy fo|ky;ksa ds dk;ks±

ls lEcU/k gksA bldk iz;ksx fdlh Hkh f'k{k.k ifjfLFkfr esa fd;k tk ldrk gSA

funsZ'ku rFkk f'k{kk dks vkSj vf/kd le>us ds fy, f'k{kk ds vFkks± dks Hkyh-Hkk¡fr le>uk vko';d gSA

1. f'k{kkvuqns'kds:iesa(Education as Instruction) f'k{kk gekjs fy, y{; izkfIr ds ekxZ dks iz'kLr cukrh gSA tgk¡ ge

f'k{kk dks vuqns'k nsus dh ,d izfØ;k Lohdkj djrs gSa ogk¡ f'k{kd gh f'k{kk dk dsUæ cu ldrk gSA f'k{kd ;g Hkh tkurk gS fd mls y{;ksa dh izkfIr dSls djuh gSA f'k{kd lekt esa ,d izfrfuf/k (Agent) ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA f'k{kd funsZ'ku ds ek/;e ls vius Nk=ksaa ds fy, y{; izkfIr ds lk/ku tqVkus dk iw.kZ iz;kl djrk gSA f'k{kd dh eq[; Hkwfedk gS fd og fo|kFkhZ dh bl izdkj ls lgk;rk djs ;k mls bl :i esa vuqns'k ns ftlls fd f'k{kkFkhZ lgh mn~nhiuksa ds p;u o muds izfr izHkkoh vuqfØ;kvksa ds fuekZ.k esa lQy gks ldsA bl izdkj f'k{kd lh[kus dh izfØ;k esa f'k{kkFkhZ dks lh[kus esa lgk;rk djrk gSA

2. f'k{kk O;fDrxr fodkldh,dizfØ;k (Education as the process of Individual Development)

O;fDr esa f'k{kk ds }kjk vusd ifjorZu gksrs gSa tUe ds le; O;fDr i'kq ds leku vlgk; gksrk gS ysfdu tSls-tSls og f'k{kk xzg.k djrk tkrk gS mlds O;fDrxr ifjorZuksa esa fodkl gksrk tkrk tkrk gSA f'k{kk iw.kZr% ,d O;fDrxr izfØ;k gS ftlls ;g fo'okl fd;k tkrk gS fd O;fDr vius ml lalkj dk ftlesa mls jguk gS Lo;a fuekZ.k djrk gSA mldh Le`fr;k¡ fopkj] Hkkouk;sa mlds vius vuqHkoksa dk izfrQy gSaA tc ge f'k{kk dh foospuk bl n`f"Vdks.k ls djrs gSa rks funsZ'ku dh vko';drk O;fDr ds fy, izsfjr ugha gksrh gS D;ksafd funsZ'ku dk vfHkizk; fdlh nwljs O;fDr }kjk ,sls O;fDr dks nh x;h lgk;rk gS tks fd og Lo;a dks f'kf{kr dj jgk gSA O;fDr Lo;a viuk f'k{kd gksrk gS tks viuk O;fDrxr fodkl dj ldrk gSA

funsZ'kudkfo"k;{ks=(Scope of Guidance) funsZ'ku dk fo"k; {ks= vR;Ur O;kid gSA blds v/;;u {ks= esa

'kSf{kd] O;fDrxr] lkekftd] LokLF; rFkk O;kolkf;d funsZ'ku vkrk gSµ

1. lkekftdfunsZ'ku(Social Guidance) blds vUrxZr Nk=ksa dks lekt ls lEcfU/kr ckrksa dk funsZ'ku fn;k

tkrk gSA tSlsµlkekftd O;ogkj ds ckjs esa lwpuk] ukxfjdrk ds lEcU/k esa ijke'kZ nsuk rFkk lkekftd dk;ZØeksa dk vk;kstu djukA tc rd Nk=ksa dks lekt ls lEcfU/kr funsZ'ku ugha fn;k tk;sxk] rc rd Nk=ksa esa lekt ls lEcfU/kr mfpr O;kogkfjd ifjorZu lEHko ugha gks ldrkA Nk=ksa dks Hkkoh thou lEcfU/kr Kku nsdj lq;ksX; ukxfjd cukus esa lkekftd funsZ'ku dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksrh gSA

funsZ'kudkfo"k;{ks=lkekftd funsZ'ku

?kjsyw lEcU/kh funsZ'ku

'kSf{kd funsZ'ku

vk/;kfRed funsZ'ku

euksjatu lEcU/kh funsZ'ku

LokLF; lEcU/kh funsZ'ku

O;fDrxr funsZ'ku


3. lg;ksxh yksdrU=h; i;Zos{k.k 4. oSKkfud i;Zos{k.k 5. jpukRed i;Zos{k.k

6. leqnk; ,oa fo|ky; lg;ksxh lfefr;k¡ (Community and School Cooperative Communities)

jk"Vªh; fodkl ds fy;s funsZ'ku ,oa ijke'kZ dh izfØ;k esa leqnk; ,oa fo|ky; ds ijLij lg;ksx dh vko';drk gksrh gSA blesa v/;kid ^fo|ky;* lekt rFkk mldh lg;ksxh lfefr;ksa dk ijLij lEcU/k lektxr leL;kvksa dks ysdj gksrk gSA

tkWu Mh-oh- ds 'kCnksa esaµÞlekt dks vius Hkkoh ukxfjdksa dh mUufr ds fy;s lnSo rRij jguk pkfg, vkSj mudh HkykbZ ds fy;s lfØ; :i ls fo|ky; dks lg;ksx nsuk pkfg;sAß

leqnk;ds fodklesa fo|ky;dhlg;ksxhlfefr;ksadhHkwfedk(Role of School Commetties in the community Development)

ckyÏ".k tks'khµÞfdlh Hkh jk"Vª dh izxfr dk fuekZ.k fo/kku lHkkvksa] U;k;ky;ksa vkSj dkj[kkuksa esa ugha oju~ fo|ky;ksa esa gksrk gSAß leqnk; ;k lekt ds fodkl esa fo|ky; lfefr;ksa dks fuEufyf[kr dk;Z djus pkfg;s&

1. fo|ky; rFkk mldh lfefr;ksa dks lkeqnkf;d dsUæ ds :i esa fodflr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

2. fo|ky; lfefr dks viuk nkf;Ro fuHkkuk pkfg,A

3. fo|ky; lfefr }kjk jk"Vªh; ioZ fo'ks"k :i ls euk;s tkus pkfg;sA

4. fo|ky; dh lg;ksxh lfefr] leqnk; ;k lekt ds fodkl esa viuk ;ksxnku nsA

5. ckydksa dks uSfrd f'k{kk nsdj mÙke ukxfjd cuk;saA

egRoiw.kZ rF;

LFkkiuk& vkpk;Z ujsUæ nso lfefr dh laLrqfr ij o"kZ 1947 esa bykgkckn esa dh x;hA

;g jkT; 'kSf{kd vuqla/kku ,oa izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ mÙkj izns'k y[kuÅ dh C;wjks vkWQ lkbdksykWth uked bdkbZ ds :i esa fof'k"V laLFkk gSA

euksfoKku 'kkyk mÙkj-izns'k bykgkckn }kjk fd;s tk jgs dk;ks± dh e.Myh; Lrj ij lsok iznku djus ds fy, e.Myh; euksfoKku dsUæ vkxjk dh LFkkiuk dh x;hA

ftyk fpfdRlky;ksa esa eq[; fpfdRlkf/kdkjh ds usr`Ro esa ,d fo'ks"k MkWDVjksa dh lfefr fodykaxksa ds fy, lgk;d midj.k miyC/k djkrh gSA

ckydksa dks ijke'kZ ,oa funsZ'ku nsus ds fy, izR;sd ftys ds ftyk f'k{kk ,oa izf'k{k.k laLFkku esa euksfoKku foHkkx gksrs gSa tks Nk=ksa o f'k{kdksa dks euksoSKkfud ijke'kZ nsus dk dk;Z djrs gSaA

fo|ky; vkSj vfHkHkkod ds e/; lkekftd dk;ZdrkZ lsrq dk dk;Z djrk gSA

fpfdRld] euksfpfdRld ,oa vU; dq'ky yksx ckydksa] f'k{kdksa] vfHkHkkodksa vkSj fo|ky; laxBu dks funsZ'ku ,oa ijke'kZ iznku djrs gSaA

oLrqfu"Biz'u

1. euksfoKku'kkykmÙkjizns'kdhLFkkiukfdlo"kZdhx;hµ

(A) lu~ 1947 esa (B) lu~ 1948 esa (C) lu~ 1949 esa (D) lu~ 1950 esa

O;k[;k % (A) euksfoKku'kkyk mÙkj izns'k] bykgkckn dh LFkkiuk vkpk;Z ujsUæ nso lfefr dh lUrqfr ds vk/kkj ij lu~ 1947 esa dh xbZA

2. euksfoKku'kkykmÙkjizns'k]bykgkcknfdllaLFkkds,dbdkbZds:iesadk;ZdjrkgSµ

(A) NCERT (B) NCTE

(C) SCERT (D) MkbV

O;k[;k % (C) orZeku le; esa ;g jkT; 'kSf{kd vuqla/kku ,oa izf'k{k.k ifj"kn (SCERT) mÙkj izns'k y[kuÅ dh C;wjks vkWQ lkbdksykWth uked bdkbZ ds :i esa ,d fof'k"V laLFkk gSA

3. euksfoKku'kkykdsizeq[kdk;ZgSaµ

(A) funsZ'ku (B) izf'k{k.k (C) jk"Vªh; izfrHkk [kkst ijh{kk dk

vk;kstu (D) ;s lHkh

O;k[;k% (D) izeq[k dk;Z fuEu gSaµ 1. funsZ'ku 2. ijke'kZ 3. p;u dk;Z 4. 'kks/k dk;Z 5. izdk'ku dk;Z

4. ftyk fpfdRlky;ds izeq[kdk;Z gksrsgSaµ

(A) jksxksa dk funku djuk (B) mipkj djuk (C) ijke'kZ nsuk D) mijksDr lHkh

O;k[;k % (D) ftyk fpfdRlky; dk izeq[k dk;Z mipkj djuk o mfpr ijke'kZ nsuk gSA

5. dkSu-lh leqnk; ,oa fo|ky; dhlg;ksxhlfefr;ksaesalsughagSµ

(A) js[kk laxBu (B) ekr` laxBu (C) deZpkjh laxBu (D) fefJr

O;k[;k% (B) leqnk; ,oa fo|ky; dh lglaxBu lfefr;k¡ gSaµ 1. js[kk laxBu 2. deZpkjh laxBu ,oa 3. fefJr laxBu

6. mÙkjizns'kcsfldf'k{kkvf/kfu;edcvfLrRoesavk;kµ

(A) 1977 (B) 1972

(C) 1986 (D) 1964

O;k[;k% (B) mÙkj izns'k csfld f'k{kk vf/kfu;e o"kZ 1972 esa vfLrRo esa vk;kA

7. xzkef'k{kklfefrdkxBudkSudjrkgSµ

(A) xzke iapk;rsa (B) xzke iapk;r o fo|ky; iz'kklu (C) fo|ky; iz'kklu (D) csfld f'k{kk vf/kdkjh

mÙkj% (A) xzke iapk;rsa


v/;k;

12fÿ;kRed 'kks/k

(Action Research)

vuqla/kku (Research) vuqla/kku ekuo fØ;kvksaa dk egRoiw.kZ vax gSA fdlh Hkh fo'ks"k

vuqla/kku ls ge thou ds fdlh {ks= fo'ks"k esa izxfr dj ldrs gSaA vkx vkSj gfFk;kjksa dh [kkst ls euq"; us 'kfDr vftZr djus esa lQyrk gkfly dh gSA blh Øe esa gesa cksyh dk fodkl vkSj jgL;ksa dks le>us ds fy, f'k{kk dk fodkl feyrk gSA

vuqla/kku }kjk mu ekSfyd iz'uksa ds mÙkj nsus ds iz;kl fd;s tkrs gSaA ftuds mÙkj vHkh rd miyC/k ugha gks lds gSaA ;g mÙkj ekuoh; iz;klksa ij vk/kkfjr gksrs gSaA 'kks/k dk;ks± }kjk mu iz'uksa ds mÙkj [kkstus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gS ftuds mÙkj lkfgR; esa miyC/k ugha gSa vFkok euq"; dh tkudkjh esa ugha gSaA mu leL;kvksa dk lekèkku [kkstus dk iz;Ru fd;k tkrk gS ftudk lek/kku miyC/k ugha gS vkSj u gh euq"; dh tkudkjh esa gSA

vuqla/kku ,d izfØ;k gS ftlesa iznÙkksa ds fo'ys"k.k ds vk/kkj ij fdlh leL;k dk fo'oluh; lek/kku Kkr fd;k tkrk gSA vuqlaèkku ,d O;ofLFkr rFkk lqfu;ksftr izfØ;k gS ftlds }kjk ekuoh; Kku esa o`f¼ dh tkrh gS vkSj ekuo thou dks lqxe rFkk izHkkoh cuk;k tkrk gSA 'kks/k dk;ks± ls ekuoh; rukoksa dks Hkh de fd;k tkrk gSA ;g oSKkfud leL;kvksa ds lek/kku dh ,d izHkko'kkyh fof/k gSA

vuqla/kkudkvFkZ(Meaning of Research) vaxzsth esa vuqla/kku dks fjlpZ (Research) dgrs gSa tks nks 'kCnksa ls

feydj cuk gSµ Research = Re + Search

fj (Re) dk vaxzsth esa vFkZ gksrk gS ckj-ckj rFkk Search (lpZ) dk vFkZ gS [kkstukA

vaxzsth dk ;g 'kCn 'kks/k dh izfØ;k dks izLrqr djrk gS fd 'kks/kdrkZ rF;ksa dks ckj-ckj ns[krk gS ftlls mlds lEcU/k esa iznÙkksa dks ,df=r djrk gS rFkk muds vk/kkj ij mlds lEcU/k esa fu"d"kZ fudkyrk gSA

miyC/k leadksa dh rg esa igq¡pdj dqN fu"d"kZ fudkyuk rFkk u;s fl¼kUrksa dh [kkst djuk ,oa mlls izkIr leadksa dk fo'ys"k.k djuk gh 'kks/k dgykrk gSA

vuqla/kkudhifjHkk"kk,¡(Definitions of Research)

vuqla/kku dks ysdj le;-le; ij vusd fo}kuksa us bl fo"k; ij fuEufyf[kr er izdV fd;s tks bl izdkj gSaµ

ih-,e-dqdµßvuqla/kku ,d ,slk fujis{k] O;kid rFkk ckSf¼d vUos"k.k gS ftlesa ,d nh x;h leL;k ls lEcfU/kr rF;ksa rFkk muds vFkks± vFkok lEcU/kksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSAÞ

“Research is an honest exhaustive intelligent searching for facts and their meaning or implications with reference to a given problem.” —P. M. Kook

tkWuosLVds vuqlkjµß'kks/k ,slh O;ofLFkr izfØ;k gS tks ubZ [kkst djrh gS rFkk ladfyr ,oa lqlaxfr Kku dk fodkl djrh gSAÞ

“Research is systematic activity directed toward the discovery and the development of an organized body

of knowledge.” —John West lh-lh- ØksQksMZµßvuqla/kku fpUru dh ,slh Øec¼ rFkk

fo'kq¼ izfof/k gS] ftlesa fof'k"V ;a=ksa] midj.kksa rFkk izfØ;kvksa dk mi;ksx bl lUns'k ls fd;k tkrk gS rkfd ,d leL;k dk vf/kd leqfpr lek/kku miyC/k gks ldsAÞ

“Research is simply a systematic and refined technique of thinking employing specialized tools and procedures in order to obtain a more adequate solution of a problem.” —C.C. Crowford

jsMesu ,oa eksjhds vuqlkjµßuohu Kku izkfIr ds O;ofLFkr iz;Ru dks ge vuqla/kku dgrs gSaAÞ

“Systematized effort to gain new knowledge we call research.” —Redman and Mory

MkW-,e-oekZds vuqlkjµßvuqla/kku ,d ckSf¼d izfØ;k gS tks u, Kku dks izdk'k esa ykrh gS vFkok iqjkuh =qfV;ksa ,oa Hkzkafr /kkj.kkvksa dk ifjektZu djrh gS rFkk O;ofLFkr :i ls orZeku Kku dks"k esa o`f¼ djrh gSAÞ

MCY;w-,l-equjksds vuqlkjµß'kks/k mu leL;kvksa ds v/;;u dh ,d fof/k gS ftUgsa viw.kZ rFkk iw.kZ lek/kku rRoksa ds vk/kkj ij [kkstuk gSAÞ

“Research may be defined as a methods of studying problems whose solution are to be derived partly or wholly from facts.” —W. S. Munaro

vuqla/kkudhfo'ks"krk,¡(Characteristics of Research)

1. vuqla/kku ,d mn~ns';iw.kZ izfØ;k gSA 2. vuqla/kku }kjk oSKkfud vFkok O;kogkfjd leL;k ds lek/kku dk

iz;kl gksrk gSA 3. vuqla/kku ,d O;ofLFkr] fu;fU=r] fujis{k] oLrqfu"B rFkk

vuqHkkfod v/;;u gksrk gSA 4. blesa lEcfU/kr vk¡dM+ksa dk fo'ys"k.k dBksj] oSKkfud rFkk

lkaf[;dh i¼fr;ksa ds vk/kkj ij fd;k tkrk gSA 5. bldk mn~ns'; nh x;h lhfer leL;kvksa ls lEcfU/kr uohu rF;ksa

rFkk lkekU; fu;eksa dh [kkst djuk gSA

vuqla/kkudsdkjd(Factor of Research) vuqla/kkudsrhuegRoiw.kZdkjdgSaµ 1. vuqla/kku dks iwNrkN dh izo`fÙk dgk tk ldrk gSA blesa fdlh

fo"k; ds lHkh vk;keksa dks lS¼kfUrd :i ugha fn;k tkrk gS cfYd vko';d rF;ksa dks Kkr djus dh dksf'k'k dh tkrh gSA


nh?kZ fof/k ds fy;s fuEu lw= dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSµ

M =

SfxN

M = 129040

= 32 25.

2. e/;kad (Median) e/;kad ;k ekf/;dk dsUæh; izo`fÙk dh nwljh eki gSA dksbZ Hkh

vkafddÜk`a[kykekf/;dkds}kjknkscjkcjHkkxksaesacaVtkrhgSA e/;kad fdlh vkjksgh rFkk vojksgh :i ls O;ofLFkr vkafdd

Üka`[kykdkogLFkkuh;ewY;gS ftldsÅijrFkkuhpsvkafddÜka`[kykdsvk/ks-vk/ksvadjgrsgSaA

izks- ckmys dsvuqlkjµße/;kadJs.khesamlindkewY;gStksfooj.kdksnkscjkcjHkkxksaesack¡VrkgSAÞ

“The median is the point that devides a ranked distrubution of measurement in to two equal parts.”

ekf/;dk dh fo'ks"krk,¡ (Characteristics of Median) 1. ,dfn,gq,vadfooj.kdke/;kadogfcUnqgSftldsÅijvkSj

uhpsvadfooj.kdsvk/ks-vk/ksvadfLFkrgksrsgSaA 2. e/;kaddhekud=qfV (Standard Error) cgqykad (Mode) ls

deysfdue/;eku(Mean) lsvf/kdgksrhgSA 3. e/;kaddsekudksvadfooj.kdsdksjksaijfLFkrizkIrkadvf/kd

izHkkforughadjrsgSaA 4. e/;kad bl ckr ij fuHkZjdjrk gS fd mldsÅijvkSj uhps

izkIrkdksadhla[;kD;k-D;kgSA e/;kadnksizdkjdsvk¡dM+ksadkfudkyktkldrkgSµ I. voxhZÏrvk¡dM+sa(Ungrouped Data) II. oxhZÏrvk¡dM+sa(Grouped Data)I. voxhZÏr vk¡dM+s (Ungrouped Data) vO;fLFkrvk¡dM+ksa}kjke/;kaddhnksfLFkfr;k¡gksrhgSaµ 1. tcizkIrkadksadhla[;kfo"ke(Odd) gksµ

MdnN

=+12

ok¡in

2. tcizkIrkadksadhla[;kle(Even) gksµ

Mdn N N=

+

+

2

12

2

ok¡in ok¡in

mnkgj.k 1.fuEukafdrlewgdsizkIrkadksadke/;kadKkrdhft,µ 7, 10, 8, 12, 9, 11, 7 [vle(odd)la[;k] gyµlclsigysbuizkIrkadksadksØeesayxk;asxsµ

7, 7, 8,

9, 10, 11, 12

tcizkIrkadksadhla[;kodd gks]rksfuEulw=yxkusij

Mdn = N +

12

ok¡in

;gk¡] N = 7

⇒ Mdn = 7 +

=

12

4ok¡in

= – 9 e/;kad

mnkgj.k 2. 10 Nk=ksadsvaxzsthdsizkIrkadØe'k% 12, 14, 18, 16, 6, 8, 5, 13, 4, 5 gSaD;kKkrdjukgSA

gyµlclsigysbudksO;ofLFkrdjusij

4, 5, 5, 6,

8 12, , 13, 14, 16, 18 [lela[;kN= 10]

tcla[;klegksrksµ

Mdn N N=

+

+

2

12

2

ok¡in ok¡in

N = 10

Mdn 10 10=

+ +

2 2

1

2

ok¡in ok¡in

Mdn = 5 62

( ) + ( )ok¡in ok¡in

⇒ Mdn = 8 12

2+

= 10

II. oxhZÏr vk¡dM+s (Grouped Data) oxhZÏrvk¡dM+ksa;kizkIrkadksadke/;kadfudkyusdsfy,fuEulw=

dkiz;ksxfd;ktkrkgSµ

Mdn LN/2

C.I.= +

×

− c.f.f

;gk¡¡µ L =e/;kadokysoxkZUrjkydhfuEulhek N/2 = Ndkvk/kk C.f. = e/;kadoxks±lsigys;kuhpsdsoxks±dhvko`fÙk;ksadktksM+ f = e/;kadoxks±dhvko`fÙk C.I. = oxZvUrjky mnkgj.kµ

C.I. f60–69 4

50–59 4

40–49 5

30–39 10

20–29 5

10–19 8

0–9 5

N=41

gyµC.I. = 10

C.I. f cf60–69 4 41

50–59 4 37

40–49 5 33

L 30–39 10 f 2820–29 5 18 cf

10–19 8 13

0–9 5 5

N=41

cky euksfoKku ,oa f'k{kk'kkL= | 233232 | cky euksfoKku ,oa f'k{kk'kkL=

30. ,d vkSlr cqf¼ okyk cPpk ;fn Hkk"kk dks i<+us ,oa le>us esa dfBukbZ iznf'kZr djrk gS rks ;g ladsr nsrk gS fd cPpk --------- dk y{k.k iznf'kZr dj jgk gSA

(A) iBu-v{kerk (fMLySfDl;k) (B) ys[ku-v{kerk (fMLxzkfQ;k) (C) xf.krh;-v{kerk (fMLdSYdqfy;k) (D) xfrleUr;-v{kerk (fMLizSfDl;k)

mÙkjekyk 1. (B) 2. (A) 3. (A) 4. (B) 5. (C) 6. (B) 7. (A)

8. (C) 9. (B) 10. (B) 11. (C) 12. (C) 13. (A) 14. (A)

15. (D) 16. (B) 17. (A) 18. (A) 19. (A) 20. (B) 21. (D)

22. (C) 23. (C) 24. (B) 25. (C) 26. (A) 27. (C) 28. (A)

29. (C) 30. (A)

dsUæh; f'k{kd ik=rk ijh{kk-2015gy iz'u-i= (mPp izkFkfed Lrj) (ijh{kk frfFk 20/09/2015)

1. ÞikB~;p;kZ ,slh gks tks ikB~;-iqLrd dks Kku ds iqu% izLrqr djus ds LFkku ij cPpksa dks viuh vkoktsa ikus] dk;Z djus ds fy, viuh ftKklk dk iks"k.k djus] iz'u iwNus vkSj tk¡p-iM+rky djus rFkk vius vuqHkoksa dks ck¡Vus rFkk fo|ky; ds Kku ds lkFk tksM+us esa l{ke cuk,AÞ µjk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ dh :ijs[kk 2005, i`- 13 bl i`"BHkwfe esa] ,d f'k{kd dh izkFkfed Hkwfedk D;k gksuh pkfg, \

(A) cPpksa ds vuqHkoksa dks fujLr dj ikB~;-iqLrdksa ij /;ku dsfUær djuk (B) ikB~;-iqLrd ds v/;k;ksa dks Øeokj iwjk djkuk (C) ;g lqfuf'pr djuk fd f'k{kdk vPNs iz'u iwNs vkSj f'k{kkFkhZ

viuh mÙkj-iqfLrdk esa mÙkj fy[ksa (D) cPpksa dks mudh viuh le> vkSj vius Kku dk lk>k djus

ds i;kZIr volj nsuk 2. cPpksa dks vius v/;;u esa iz;kl djus gsrq izksRlkfgr djus ds fy,

f'k{kdksa dks --------------- dh vko';drk gksrh gSA (A) vU; cPpksa ds lkFk rqyuk djus (B) cPps dks izsfjr djus

(C) cPps dks Mk¡Vus

(D) cPps dks fu;a=.k esa j[kus

3. Hkkoukvksa] vf/kxe vkSj vfHkiszj.kk ds lanHkZ esa fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl dFku ls vki lger gSa \

(A) izsj.kk vkSj lh[kus ds lkFk Hkkouk,¡ ?kfu"B :i ls tqM+h gSa

(B) lh[kus ds fy, vfHkiszfjr djus esa Hkkoukvksa dh dksbZ Hkwfedk ugha gksrh

(C) dqN u;k lh[kuk bl ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd mlesa ge fdrus fuiq.k gSa

(D) lh[kus ds fy, Hkkoukvksa dks vyx j[k nsuk pkfg, 4. cgqfodYih; iz'u cPpksa dh --------------- dh ;ksX;rk dk vkdyu

djrs gSaA (A) lgh mÙkj dh O;k[;k djus (B) lgh mÙkj dh igpku djus (C) lgh mÙkj dk izR;kLej.k djus (D) lgh mÙkj dk fuekZ.k djus 5. lekthdj.k dh izfØ;k esa 'kkfey ugha gSµ (A) vkuqoaf'kd lapj.k (B) ,d laLÏfr dh jhfr;ksa vkSj ekunaMksa dks lh[kuk

(C) dkS'kyksa dk vtZu (D) ewY;ksa vkSj fo'oklksa dk vtZu 6. ^ekufld lajpuk,¡ tks fpUru ds fuekZ.k iz[kaM gS*µblds fy,

fi;kts us fdl 'kCn@in dk iz;ksx fd;k gS \ (A) ifjiDou iz[kaM (B) Ldhek (vo/kkj.kk,¡) (C) fodkl ds {ks= (D) thu 7. ok;xksRLdh ds vuqlkj cPps Lo;a ls D;ksa cksyrs gSa \ (A) cPps LoHkko ls cgqr ckrwuh gksrs gSa (B) cPps vgadsafær gksrs gSa (C) cPps vius dk;Z dks fn'kk nsus ds fy, cksyrs gSa (D) cPps vius izfr o;Ldksa dk /;ku vkdf"kZr djus ds fy, cksyrs

gSa 8. vf/kxe v'kDrrk okysµ (A) cPps n`';-'kCnksa (lkbV oM~Zl) dks vklkuh ls igpkurs vkSj

le>rs gSa (B) cPpksa dk ekufld fodkl ean gksrk gS (C) cPps fuEu cqf¼yfC/k okys gksrs gSa (D) cPpksa dks ,d leku fn[kkbZ nsus okys v{kjksa vkSj o.kks± esa Hkze

gksrk gS 9. l`tukRedrk D;k gS \ (A) cqf¼ dk ,d izdkj tks lalk/ku dh xfr dks 'kkfey djrs gq,

lwpuk-izØe.k dkS'kyksa ij vR;f/kd fuHkZj gksrk gS (B) leL;kvksa dss ekSfyd vkSj vilkjh lek/kkuksa dks igpkuus

vFkok rS;kj djus dh ;ksX;rk (C) l`tukRedrk 200 ls Åij dh cqf¼yfC/k ls lokZf/kd csgrj

<ax ls ifjHkkf"kr gksrh gS (D) cqf¼ dk ,d izdkj tks mu dkS'kyksa ls lEcfU/kr gS tks lafpr

fd, x, Kku vkSj vuqHko ij fuHkZj gksrs gSa 10. Hkkjr esa cgqr ls cPps] fo'ks"kdj yM+fd;k¡] fo|ky; esa vkus ls

igys vkSj fo|ky; ls okil tkus ds ckn ?kj dk dke djrs gSaA vkids fopkj ls bl lanHkZ esa ,d f'kf{kdk dks x`gdk;Z ds ckjs esa D;k djuk pkfg, \

(A) f'kf{kdk dks lqfuf'pr djuk pkfg, fd cPps viuk x`gdk;Z iwjk djus ds fy, lqcg tYnh mBsa vkSj nsj rd #dsa

(B) cPpksa ds ekrk-firk ls muds x`gdk;Z dks iwjk djkus ds fy, V~;w'ku yxokus ds fy, dfg,

(C) mls mu cPPkksa dks dBksj naM nsuk pkfg, tks viuk x`gdk;Z iwjk ugha djrs gSa

(D) f'kf{kdk dks ,slk x`gdk;Z nsuk pkfg, tks fo|ky; esa djk, x, vf/kxe dks cPpksa ds ?kjsyw thou ls tksM+rk gS

cky euksfoKku ,oa f'k{kk'kkL= | 235234 | cky euksfoKku ,oa f'k{kk'kkL=

11. ,d izHkkoh d{kk esaµ (A) cPps ges'kk mRlqd vkSj rS;kj jgrs gSa] D;ksafd f'k{kd mudh

izR;kLej.k ;ksX;rk dk vkdyu djus ds fy, fu;fer :i ls ijh{kk ysrk jgrk gS

(B) cPps f'k{kd ls Mjrs gSa] D;ksafd og ekSf[kd vkSj 'kkjhfjd naM dk iz;ksx djrk gS

(C) cPps f'k{kd dk lEeku ugha djrs gSa vkSj tSlk mUgsa vPNk yxrk gS oSlk gh djrs gSa

(D) cPps vius vf/kxe dks lqxe cukus ds fy, ekxZn'kZu ,oa lg;ksx gsrq f'k{kd ls lgk;rk ysrs gSa

12. Kku ds ,d cM+s vlEc¼ Hkkx dks izLrqr djukµ (A) f'kf{kdk ds dk;Z dks dfBu vkSj f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa ds dk;Z dks vklku

cuk,xk (B) f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa ds fy, vo/kkj.kkRed le> dks izkIr djus dks

dfBu cuk,xk (C) f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa ds fy, izR;kLej.k dks vklku cuk,xk (D) vius rjhds ls tkudkjh dks O;ofLFkr djus esa f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dh

lgk;rk djsxk 13. D;k cPps blfy, Hkk"kk vftZr djrs gSa] D;ksafd muesa vkuqoaf'kd

:i ls ,slk djus dh iwoZizo`fÙk gksrh gS ;k muds ekrk-firk izkjfEHkd voLFkk ls gh mUgsa xgu :i ls fl[kkrs gSa\ ;g iz'u vko';d :i ls n'kkZrk gSµ

(A) Hkk"kk ds fodkl ij laKku dk izHkko (B) izÏfr vkSj iks"k.k ij cgl (C) cgq-dkjd ;ksX;rk ds :i esa fodkl ij ppkZ (D) D;k fodkl ,d lrr izfØ;k gS ;k ,d vlrr izfØ;k 14. vewrZ oSKkfud fpUru ds fy, {kerk dk fodkl fuEufyf[kr

voLFkkvksa esa ls fdldh ,d fo'ks"krk gS \ (A) vkSipkfjd lafØ;kRed voLFkk (B) laosnh-xfrd voLFkk (C) iwoZ-lafØ;kRed voLFkk (D) ewrZ lafØ;kRed voLFkk 15. ,d cPpk rdZ izLrqr djrk gSµ^vki ;g esjs fy, djsa vkSj eSa og

vkids fy, d:¡xkA* ;g cPpk dksgycxZ dh uSfrd rdZ.kk dh fdl voLFkk ds varxZr vk,xk \

(A) lkekftd-vuqca/k vfHkeq[khdj.k (B) lgk;d mís'; vfHkeq[khdj.k (C) n.M vkSj vkKkikyu vfHkeq[khdj.k (D) vPNk yM+dk-vPNh yM+dh* vfHkeq[khdj.k 16. izxfroknh f'k{kkµ (A) ikB~;-iqLrdksa ij vk/kkfjr gS] D;ksafd os Kku ds ,dek= oS/k

lzksr gSa (B) bl er ij fo'okl djrh gS fd f'k{kd dks vius mikxe esa

n`<+ jguk gS vkSj orZeku le; esa fcuk naM dk iz;ksx fd, cPpksa dks i<+k;k ugha tk ldrk gS

(C) leL;k lek/kku vkSj vkykspukRed fparu ij vf/kd cy nsrh gS

(D) vuqca/ku vkSj iqucZyu ds fl¼kUrksa ij vk/kkfjr gS 17. fofHkUu eqíksa vkSj foe'kks± ij muds fy, dkj.k izLrqr djrs gq,

cPpksa dks viuh O;fDrxr jk; dks O;Dr djus ds fy, izksRlkfgr djus okys iz'u fdldks c<+kok nsrs gSa\

(A) fo'ys"k.kkRed vkSj vkykspukRed fparu (B) vfHklkjh fparu (C) tkudkjh dk iqu%Lej.k (D) cPpksa dk ekudhÏr vkdyu 18. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu-lk dFku fodkl vkSj vf/kxe ds chp

lEcU/k dks loZJs"B :i esa tksM+rk gS \ (A) vf/kxe fodkl ds ihNs jgrk gS (B) vf/kxe vkSj fodkl lekukFkZd@ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCn gSa (C) vf/kxe vkSj fodkl ,d tfVy rjhds ls var%lEcfU/kr gSa (D) fodkl vf/kxe ls LorU= gS 19. buesa ls dkSu-lk fodkl dk ,d fl¼kUr ugha gS \ (A) fodkl dsoy laLÏfr ls 'kkflr vkSj fu/kkZfjr gksrk gS (B) fodkl thoui;±r gksrk gS (C) fodkl oa'kkuqØe vkSj i;kZoj.k nksuksa ls izHkkfor gksrk gS (D) fodkl la'kks/ku ;ksX; gksrk gS 20. cky-dsfUær d{kk dh ,d izeq[k fo'ks"krk gS fd mlesaµ (A) f'k{kd ds ekxZn'kZu ls f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dks viuh Lo;a dh le> dk

fuekZ.k djus ds fy, mÙkjnk;h cuk;k tkrk gS (B) f'k{kd ds }kjk cy iz;ksx vkSj euksoSKkfud fu;a=.k gksrk gS]

tks vf/kxe iFk vkSj cPpksa ds O;ogkj dks fu/kkZfjr djrk gS (C) f'k{kd cPpksa ds fy, O;ogkj ds le:i rjhdksa dks fu/kkZfjr

djrk gS tc os mldk ikyu djrs gSa] rks mUgsa mi;qDr iqjLdkj nsrk gS

(D) f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk Kku dks lh[kus ds fy, mls izLrqr djuk gS f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dk ekud ekin.Mksa ij vkdyu djuk gS

21. cqf¼ ds ckjs esa fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu-lk dFku lokZf/kd mi;qDr gS \ (A) cqf¼ ewyHkwr :i ls Luk;q-ra=-lEcU/kh dk;Ziz.kkyh gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ izØe.k dh xfr] laosnh-foHksn vkfn (B) cqf¼ fo|ky; esa vPNk izn'kZu djus dh ;ksX;rk gS (C) cqf¼ cgq-vk;keh gS vkSj blesa dbZ igyw fufgr gSa (D) cqf¼ dks dsoy ekudhÏr cqf¼yfC/k ijh{k.kksa ds vk;kstu ds }kjk fo'oluh; :i ls fu/kkZfjr fd;k tk ldrk gS 22. ¥yx (tsaMj) i{kikr ------------------- dh vksj ladsr djrk gSA (A) fL=;ksfpr vkSj iq#"kksfpr fo'ks"krkvksa esa lkisf{kd :i ls Lo;a

dk cks/k (B) vius 'kjhj-foKku ds dkj.k yM+dksa vkSj yM+fd;ksa ds chp

fofHkUurkvksa dh LohÏfr (C) lkaLÏfrd vfHko`fÙk;ksa ds dkj.k vis{kkvksa ij vk/kkfjr yM+dksa

vkSj yM+fd;ksa ls fHkUu O;ogkj djuk (D) vkuqoaf'kd fofHkUurk,¡ tks yM+dksa vkSj yM+fd;ksa esa ekStwn gSa 23. ,d mPp izkFkfed fo|ky; ds f'k{kd ds :i esa vkids ikl d{kk esa

dqN ,sls cPps gSa tks izFke ih<+h ds :i esa fo|ky; vk jgs gSaA vkids }kjk fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdls fd, tkus dh laHkkouk lokZf/kd gS \

(A) mUgsa ;kn djus ds fy, vkSj mÙkj dks ik¡p ckj viuh mÙkj iqfLrdk esa fy[kus ds fy, xgdk;Z nsaxs

(B) cPpksa ls dgssaxs fd muesa vkxs i<+us dh {kerk ugha gS vkSj vc mUgsa vius ekrk-firk ds dke esa lgk;rk djuh pkfg,

(C) ekrk-firk dks cqyk,¡xs vkSj muls vius cPpksa dk V~;w'ku yxkus dks uezrkiwoZd dgsaxsA

(D) d{kk xfrfof/k ds le; vkSj x`gdk;Z ds fy, mUgsa cqfu;knh lg;ksx vkSj vU; lgk;rk miyC/k djk,¡xs


O;k[;kµ(A) ^vk;kstu] izcks/ku ,oa mn~Hkou* l`tukRed izfØ;k ls lEcaf/kr gaS] vfHkizsj.k dk lEca/k l`tukRedrk ls ugha gksrkA

20. fuEu esa ls dkSu-lk o`f¼ vkSj fodkl dk

izFke pj.k gS \

(A) 'kkjhfjd fodkl (B) lkekftd

fodkl

(C) uSfrd fodkl (D) ekufld fodkl

O;k[;kµ(A) cqf¼ ,oa fodkl ds fuEu pj.k gksrs gSaµ 'kkjhfjd fodkl ekufld fodkl laosxkRed fodkl uSfrd fodkl lkekftd fodkl

21. lh[kuk ,d rjg ds O;ogkj dkµ (A) cpko gS (B) foLrkj gS (C) la'kks/ku gS (D) izlkj gS

O;k[;kµ(C) lh[kuk ,d rjg ds O;ogkj dk la'kksèku gSA xsV~l o vU; ds vuqlkj] vuqHko ,oa izf'k{k.k }kjk O;ogkj esa ifjorZu gksuk gh vf/kxe gSA

22. fLduj ckWDl dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSµ (A) 'kkfCnd vf/kxe ds fy, (B) izlwr vuqca/ku ds fy, (C) pkyd vf/kxe ds fy, (D) vkdfLed vf/kxe ds fy,

O;k[;kµ(B) fLduj ckWDl dk iz;ksx izlwr vuqca/ku ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA fLduj us bldk iz;ksx lu~ 1938 esa fd;k Fkk rFkk fLduj us iz;ksx pwgs ,oa dcwrj ij fd;k Fkk ftls R.S. F;ksjh Hkh dgk tkrk gSA

23. cqf¼ekiu dh HkkfV;k cSVjh ijh{k.k esa gSaµ (A) 5 mi-ijh{k.k (B) 8 mi-ijh{k.k (C) 4 mi-ijh{k.k (D) 7 mi-ijh{k.k

O;k[;kµ(A) cqf¼ekiu dh HkkfV;k cSVjh

ijh{k.k esa 5 mi-ijh{k.k gksrs gSaµ

Koh's Black Design Test

Pass Along Test

Pattern Design Test

Immediate Memory Test Picture Construction Test

24. fdaMjxkVZu fof/k dk izfriknu fdlus fd;k \

(A) Ýkscsy (B) ekWUVsljh (C) dqd (D) MkYVu

O;k[;kµ(A) fdaMjxkVZu iz.kkyh ds iz-friknd ^ÝkWcsy* egksn; th gSaA fdaMjxkVZu dks ^ckyks|ku* vFkok ^cPpksa dk m|ku* Hkh dgk tkrk gSA

25. ladyukRed ijke'kZ ds tUenkrk gSaµ (A) FkkWuZ (B) jkstlZ (C) fofy;Elu (D) buesa ls dksbZ ugha

O;k[;kµ(A) ladyukRed ijke'kZ ds tUenkrk ,Q-lh- FkkWuZ gSaA bl ijke'kZ esa ijke'kZnkrk u rks vf/kd lfØ; gksrk gS vkSj u gh vf/kd fuf"Ø; gksrk gSA

26. Nk= ds vokafNr O;ogkj ds la'kks/ku gsrq

lcls izHkkoh fof/k gSµ

(A) Nk= dks nf.Mr djuk

(B) mls utjUnkt djuk

(C) mlds ekrk-firk dks lwfpr djuk

(D) vokafNr O;ogkj ds dkj.kksa dk irk yxkuk rFkk mipkjksa dk lq>ko nsuk

O;k[;kµ(D) Nk= ds vokafNr O;ogkj ds la'kks/ku gsrq lcls izHkkoh fof/k vokafNr O;ogkj ds dkj.kksa dk irk yxkuk rFkk mi-pkjksa dk lq>ko nsukA

27. fMLysfDl;k lacaf/kr gSµ (A) i<+us laca/kh leL;k ls (B) xf.krh; dkS'ky laca/kh leL;k ls (C) ys[ku laca/kh leL;k ls (D) okd~-{kerk laca/kh fodkj ls

O;k[;kµ(A)

xf.krh; dkS'ky lEca/kh

leL;kµfMLdSydqfy;k

ys[ku lEca/kh leL;kµfMLxzkfQ;k@

fMLizSfDl;k

i<+us lEca/kh leL;kµfMLysfDl;k

okd~ {kerk lEca/kh fodkjµvQsT;k@

fMLQST;k

28. czsy fyfi ,oa Vsi-fjdkWfM±x fdlds fy,

'kSf{kd izko/kku ds :i esa iz;qä fd;s tk

ldrs gSa \

(A) n`fÔckf/kr fo|kFkhZ

(B) vfLFkckf/kr fo|kFkhZ

(C) Jo.kckf/kr fo|kFkhZ

(D) 'kkjhfjd :i ls fodykax fo|kFkhZ

O;k[;kµ(A) czsy fyfi rFkk Vsi fjdkW²Mx n`f"Vckf/kr fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy, 'kSf{kd izkoèkku ds :i esa iz;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA

29. lh- MCY;w- ,l- ,u- dk vFkZ gSµ (A) etcwr vko';drk okys cPps (B) ,dkaxh vko';drk okys cPps (C) fof'kÔ vko';drk okys cPps (D) e`nq vko';drk okys cPps

O;k[;kµ(C) C. W. S. N. dk rkRi;Z Children with Special Needs vFkkZr~ fof'k"V vko';drk okys cPps gksrk gSA

30. fuEu esa ls dkSu-lk ijke'kZ dk ,d rRo ugha gS \

(A) lk{kkRdkj (B) fo'okl (C) o`fÙkd o`f¼ (D) lEizs"k.k

O;k[;kµ(C) ijke'kZ ds rRo esa o`fÙkd o`f¼ dks 'kkfey ugha fd;k tkrk gS fdUrq ijke'kZ ds rRo esa fo'okl] lk{kkRdkj ,oa lEizs"k.k dks 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA


1.LrEHk-A rFkk LrEHk-B dks lqesfyrdhft,µ

LrEHk-A LrEHk-B1. ,fueybaVsfytsUl I. xSLVkWYV2. iqucZyudhvuqlwph II. fi;kts3. lkjxfHkZrkdkfu;e III. FkkWuZMkbd4. vuqdwyu IV. fLduj

1 2 3 4 (A)II IV III I (B) I IV III II (C)III IV I II (D) II IV I III

O;k[;k % (C) lqesfyrdjdsµLrEHk-A LrEHk-B

1. ,fueybaVsfytsUl FkkWuZMkbd2. iqucZyudhvuqlwph fLduj3. lkjxfHkZrkdkfu;e xSLVkWYV4. vuqdwyu fi;kts

2.ßfodkldHkhulekIrgksusokyhizfØ;kgSAÞ ;gdFku fodklds fdl fl¼kUrls

lEcfU/krgSµ (A),dhdj.kdkfl¼kUr (B)vUr%fØ;kdkfl¼kUr (C)fujUrjrkdkfl¼kUr (D) vUr%lEcU/kdkfl¼kUr

O;k[;k % (C) ^fodkldHkhulekIrgksusokyhizfØ;kgSA*;gdFku fujUrjrk ds fl¼kUr ls lEcfU/kr gSA fodkl ,dfujUrjpyusokyhizfØ;kgSA

3.lafo/kkudsfdlla'kks/kulsf'k{kk,dekSfydvf/kdkjcux;hgSµ

(A)25osala'kks/ku(B)86osala'kks/ku (C)22osala'kks/ku(D)52osala'kks/ku

O;k[;k % (B) 86oka lafo/kku la'kksèkufo/ks;d]Hkkjrh;lafo/kkudk,dla'kks/kufo/ks;dgSA;gfo/ks;d12 fnlEcj]2002 dks ikfjr gqvkA bl fo/ks;d esa 6-14 o"kZdhvk;qoxZdslHkhcPpksadksjkT;}kjkekSfydvf/kdkjds:iesaizkFkfed f'k{kkeq¶r nsus dk izko/kku gSA 86osa lafo/kkula'kks/ku2002 dsvUrxZrewyvf/kdkjksaesa(vuqPNsn-21)'kkfeyfd;kx;kA

4.vfHkizsj.kk ds ewy izo`fÙk fl¼kUr dsizfrikndFksµ

(A)vczkgeeSLyks(B)eSd~Mwxy (C)fofy;etsEl(D)flEilu

O;k[;k % (B) vfHkizsj.kkdsewyizo`fÙkfl¼kUrdsizfrikndeSDMwxy gaSAeSDMwxyusewyizo`fÙk;ka,oaewylaosx14 crk,gSaµ

ewy izo`fÙk;k¡ laosxiyk;u(Escape) Hk;(Fear);q;qRlk(Combat) Øks/k(Anger)

fuo`fÙk(Repulsion) ?k`.kk(Disgust)ftKklk

(Curidsity)vk'p;Z

(Wonder)f'k'kqj{kk

(Parental)okRlY;(Love)

'kj.kkxfr(Apeal) fo"kkn(Distress)jpukRed

(Construction)lajpukRedHkkouk

(Feeling of Creativeness)

lap;izo`fÙk(Acquisition)

LokfeRodhHkkouk(Feeling of ownership)

lkewfgdrk(Gregariousness)

,dkdhiu(Loneliness)

dke(Sex) dkeqdrk(Lust)vkRexkSjo

(Self Assertion)Js"BrkdhHkkouk

nSU;(Submission) vkReghurk(Negative self

feeling)HkkstuvUos"k.k

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mÙkj izns'k f'k{kd ik=rk ijh{kk&2019gy iz'u-i= (izkFkfed Lrj) (ijh{kk frfFk 08/01/2020)

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