बाल साहित्यकार दीनदयाल शर्मा का...

Ckky lkfgR;dkj nhun;ky 'kekZ dk jpuk&deZ %

,d lekykspukRed v/;;u

Bal Sahityakar Deendayal Sharma ka Rachana-Karm :

Ek Samalochanatmak Adhyayan

dksVk fo'ofo|ky;] dksVk

dh

ih,p-Mh- ¼fgUnh½ mikf/k gsrq izLrqr

'kks/k&izcU/k

dyk ladk;

'kks/kkFkhZ

d`".kk dqekjh

'kks/k i;Zos{kd

MkW- vfurk oekZ

lg&vkpk;Z

fgUnh foHkkx

jktdh; dyk egkfo|ky;] dksVk ¼jkt-½

dksVk fo'ofo|ky;] dksVk ¼jkt-½

o"kZ 2019

izek.k&i=

eq>s ;g izekf.kr djrs gq, izlUurk gS fd 'kks/k&izca/k Þcky lkfgR;dkj

nhun;ky 'kekZ dk jpuk&deZ % ,d lekykspukRed v/;;uÞ 'kks/kkFkhZ d".kk

dqekjh us dksVk fo'ofo|ky;] dksVk dh ih,p-Mh- ds fu;eksa ds vuqlkj fuEufyf[kr

vko';drkvksa ds lkFk iw.kZ fd;k gS&

1- 'kks/kkFkhZ us fo'ofo|ky; ds fu;ekuqlkj dkslZ odZ fd;k gSA

2- 'kks/kkFkhZ us fo'ofo|ky; ds 200 fnu ds vkoklh; vko';drk fu;e dks iw.kZ

fd;k gSA

3- 'kks/kkFkhZ us fu;fer :i ls viuk dk;Z izxfr izfrosnu fn;k gSA

4- 'kks/kkFkhZ us foHkkx ,oa laLFkk iz/kku ds le{k viuk 'kks/k dk;Z izLrqr fd;k gSA

5- 'kks/kkFkhZ dks crkbZ xbZ 'kks/k if=dk esa 'kks/k&i= dk izdk'ku gqvk gSA

eSa bl 'kks/k izca/k dks dksVk fo'ofo|ky; dksVk dh ih,p-Mh- ¼fgUnh½ dh mikf/k

gsrq ewY;kadukFkZ izLrqr djus dh vuqefr nsrh gw¡A

fnukad % gLrk{kj “kks/k i;Zos{kd

MkW- vfurk oekZ

lg&vkpk;Z

fgUnh foHkkx

jktdh; dyk egkfo|ky;] dksVk ¼jkt-½

ANTI-PLAGIARISM CERTIFICATE

It is certified that Ph.D Thesis Þcky lkfgR;dkj nhun;ky 'kekZ dk

jpuk&deZ % ,d lekykspukRed v/;;uÞ by Krishna Kumari has been examined

by us with the following anti-plagiarism tools. We undertake the follows:

a. Thesis has significant new work/knowledge as compared already published or are

under consideration to be published elsewhere. No sentence, equation, diagram,

table, paragraph or section has been copied verbatim from previous work unless it

is placed under quotation marks and duly referenced.

b. The work presented is original and own work of the author (i.e. there is no

plagiarism). No ideas, processes, results or words of others have been presented as

author’s own work.

c. There is no fabrication of data or results which have been compiled and analyzed.

d. There is no falsification by manipulating research materials, equipment of

processes, or changing or omitting data or results such that the research is not

accurately represented in the research record.

e. The thesis has been checked using Plagiarism checker plagiarismchecker.com, and

found within limits as per HEC plagiarism Policy and instructions issued from

time to time.

(Name & Signature of Research Scholar) (Name & Signature of Supervisor)

Krishna Kumari Dr. Anita Verma

Research Supervisor

Place : Place :

Date : Date :

I

'kks/k lkj

lkfgR; lekt dk niZ.k gksrk gS vkSj cky lkfgR; ckydksa ds vUreZu dk çfrfcEcA

cky lkfgR; cPps ds lgt] ljy eu dk niZ.k gksrk gS] ogha cky&xksiky dh vB[ksfy;k¡]

cky lqyHk ps"Vk;sa] uV[kViu] dYiuk”khyrk] ØhM+k;sa vkfn cky lkfgR; dh tku gksrh gSaA

cky jpuk;sa i<+dj ckydksa dk rnuq:i HkkoukRed] euksoSKkfud] ekufld] vkfRed]

laosnukRed mRd"kZ gksrk gSA lkj Lo:i dgk tk ldrk gS fd Js"B cky lkfgR; dh uhao ij

gh mÙke] leqUur] lE;d LoLFk] lekt :ih Hkou [kM+k fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;”kLoh cky

jpukdkj nhun;ky 'kekZ dk cky lkfgR; lqUnj ,oa LoLFk jk"Vª ds fuekZ.k esa egrh Hkwfedk

dk fuoZgu djus esa iw.kZ:is.k l{ke gSaSA ckydksa ds fç; nhun;ky 'kekZ ds jpukdeZ ij ;g

çFke 'kks/k dk;Z gS] ;gh bldh çklafxdrk gSA ^cky lkfgR;dkj nhun;ky 'kekZ dk jpuk deZ

% ,d lekykspukRed v/;;u* 'kks/k çcU/k dks eSaus lkr v/;k;ksa esa foHkkftr fd;k gSA

çFke v/;k; & ^cky lkfgR; dk mn~Hko vkSj fodkl* ds vUrxZr cky lkfgR; dk vFkZ ,oa

ifjHkk"kk] cky lkfgR; dk mnHkOk cky lkfgR; dk Lo:i] cky lkfgR; dh vko”;drk]

mi;ksfxrk ,oa fof”k"Vrk rFkk fgUnh cky lkfgR; dh ijEijk ,oa fodkl ij çdk”k Mkyk x;k

gSA cky lkfgR; dh ijEijk dks n”kkZrs gq;s cky lkfgR; esa pVey dh ^xkSjk ckny dh dFkk*

ls ysdj v|ru cky fodkl dk dky Øekuqlkj C;kSjk çLrqr fd;k x;k gSA var esa lanHkZ

lwph çLrqr dh xbZ gSA

f}rh; v/;k; & ^nhun;ky 'kekZ dk O;fDrRo vkSj ÑfrRo* ds vUnj buds tUe] ikfjokfjd

i`"BHkwfe] f”k{kk] O;olk;] ifjos”k] dfo deZ dk ÁkjEHk] vfHk:fp;k¡] ys[ku dh Ásj.kk] mÌs”;]

lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd xfrfof/k;k¡] Ásj.kk L=ksr vkfn ds vk/kkj ij O;fDrRo ds fHkUu&fHkUu

iUuksa dks ijr nj ijr [kksyus dk Á;kl fd;k gSA blds fy, dbZ fpardksa] lEikndksa] cky

lkfgR;dkjksa] fe=ksa vkfn ds }kjk buds O;fDrRo dks ysdj fy[kh xbZ fVIif.k;ksa dks Hkh lanfHkZr

fd;k gSA ÑfrRo esa jpukdkj dh vusd fo/kkvksa & cky dkO;] cky dgkuh] cky miU;kl]

cky igsfy;k¡] cky ukVd] ,adkdh laxzgksa dk laf{kIr ifjp; fn;k x;k gSA lkFk gh budh

lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd xfrfof/k;ksa ,oa ;ksxnku dks js[kkafdr fd;k gSA var esa lanHkZ lwph nh

xbZ gSA

r`rh; v/;k; & ^nhun;ky 'kekZ dk i|* v/;k; esa cky lkfgR; dh Áeq[k Áofr;ksa] euksjatu]

cky euksfoKku] i;kZoj.k psruk] Ásj.kkrRo] ikjEifjdrk vkSj vk/kqfudrk] cky lkfgR; vkSj

jk"Vª Áse] lelkef;d lanHkZ dks vfHkO;Dr fd;k x;k gSA nhun;ky 'kekZ ds cky dkO; esa bu

II

lHkh rRoksa ds lekos”k dks ysdj fo”ys"k.k fd;k x;k gSA fu"d"kZr% buds cky dkO; esa lHkh

ckylqyHk miknkuksa dk foLrkj ls fu:i.k n`"VO; gSA lkFk gh nhun;ky 'kekZ dh cky

igsfy;ksa dk fo/kkxr ifjp;] fo"k; oLrq] ifjos”k] Á”uksÙkjh ,oa ekufld fodkl ds vk/kkj ij

foospu ÁLrqr fd;k x;k gSA

prqFkZ v/;k; & ^nhun;ky 'kekZ dk x|* ds vUrxZr nhun;ky 'kekZ dh cky dgkfu;ksa dk

cky dgkuh ds Áfrekuksa] cky lqyHk ftKklk] jkspdrk] vk/kqfudrk vkSj iqjkrurk dk leUo;]

cky dgkuh vkSj ewY;] lelkef;d lanHkZ ,oa f”k{kk dh dlkSVh ij iM+rky dh xbZ gSA

ukVdksa ,oa ,dkafd;ksa dh ikjEifjd ukVdh; rRoksa] dFkkoLrq] ik= ,oa pfj= fp=.k] laokn]

ns”kdky] Hkk"kk 'kSyh] mís”;] vfHku; ds vk/kkj ij ehekalk dh xbZ gS] lkFk gh jkspdrk]

euksjatu] vkuan] jl] f”k{kk dks ysdj ukVddkj 'kekZ ds ukV~; dkO; dh lekykspuk dh xbZ

gSA buds ukVd lHkh miknkuksa ij [kjs mrjrs gSaA

iape v/;k; & ^nhun;ky 'kekZ ds cky lkfgR; dh fo”ks"krk,sa* gSa] çR;sd jpukdkj dh Hkkafr

nhun;ky 'kekZ ds cky lkfgR; dh viuh fof”k"Vrk;sa gSa] tks budh ubZ igpku rFkk

ekSfydrk dks js[kkafdr djrh gSaA cky laosnuk] oLrq fp=.k] dYiuk”khyrk] ubZ rduhd]

i”kq&i{kh ,oa oU; tho] lkekftd psruk ds vk/kkj ij jpukdkj 'kekZ ds cky lkfgR; dh

ij[k dh xbZ gS] bUgksaus vius cky lkfgR; esa cky laosnuk dk cgqr lw{e fp=.k fd;k gS]

ftu ij ;s [kjs mrjrs gSaA

"k"B v/;k; & ^f”kYi lkS’Bo* esa nhun;ky 'kekZ dh Hkk"kk ,oa f”kYi fo/kku dks fHkUu&fHkUu

ifjHkk"kkvksa] dks”kxr vFkZ ,oa mnkgj.k lfgr O;k[;kf;r fd;k x;k gSA cky lkfgR; dh Hkk"kk

vkSj f”kYi ds çeq[k dkjdksa ds vk/kkj ij rkfRod leh{kk dh xbZ gSA jpukdkj 'kekZ ds cky

lkfgR; esa Hkk"kk ,oa f”kYi ds lHkh rRoksa dk leqfpr la;kstu o fo”ys"k.k bl v/;k; esa fd;k

x;k gSA

lIre v/;k; & ^milagkj* fu’d’kZ vkSj miyfC/k;k¡ ds vUrxZr nhun;ky 'kekZ ds cky

lkfgR; dh orZeku ifjisz{; esa çklafxdrk] ;ksxnku] fu"d"kZ çLrqr fd;s x;s gSaA ^'kks/k lkjka”k*

esa 'kks/k çcU/k dk laf{kIr lkj çLrqr fd;k x;k gSA ifjf”k"V esa jpukdkj dk lk{kkRdkj] lanHkZ

xzUFk lwph ds vUrxZr vk/kkj xzUFk] lanHkZ xzUFk] 'kCn dks”k] i=&if=dkvksa dh lwph çLrqr dh

xbZ gSA

CANDIDATE DECLARATION

I hereby certify that the work, which is being presented in this thesis, entitled

Þcky lkfgR;dkj nhun;ky 'kekZ dk jpuk&deZ % ,d lekykspukRed v/;;uÞ

in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the Degree of Doctor of

philosophy, carried under the supervision of Dr. Anita Verma and submitted to the

research center University of Kota, University of Kota, Kota represents my ideas in my

own words and whenever other ideas or words have been included I have adequately

cited and referenced the original sources. The work presented in this thesis has not been

submitted else where for the award any other degree or diploma from any institution. I

also declare that I have adhered to all principles of academics honesty and integrity and

have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/date/fact/source in my

submission. I understand that violation of the above will be a cause for disciplinary

action by the university and can also evoke penal action from the sources which have

thus not been properly cited from whom proper permission has not been taken when

needed.

Date : Krishna Kumari

This is to certify that the above statement made by (Smt.) Krishna Kumari (Registration

No. RS/1433/16) is correct to the best of my knowledge.

Dr. Anita Verma

Associate Professor

Supervisor

III

izkDdFku

cky lkfgR; ekuo&eu dh lqUnjre o Js"B vfHkO;fDr gSA ekuo&eu dh laosnuk;sa

tc eeZ dks Li'kZ djrh gSa rks mldk çHkko xgjkbZ fy, gq, gksrk gSA lkfgR; vkSj lekt dk

çkjEHk ls gh vVwV lEcU/k jgk gSA ekuo&eu tc meafxr gqvk gksxk] bl [kq”kh ds {k.kksa esa

tc mldk eu e;wj u`R; djus dks vkrqj gqvk gksxk rc mls vklikl ds ifjos”k esa Jksrkvksa]

n`"Vkvksa] lgpjksa dh vko”;drk eglwl gqbZ gksxhA QqlZr ds {k.kksa esa tc mldk eu fdlh ls

laokn djus dks O;kdqy gqvk gksxk] rks mlus pkSiky yxkbZ gksxhA ;gha ls dgkuh dk tUe

gqvk tks fd yksd dFkkvksa] ukuk&ukuh o nknk&nknh dh dgkfu;ksa ls xqtjrs gq,] iapra=]

fgrksins”k] dFkk lfjRlkxj] 'ks[kfpYyh dh dgkfu;k¡] vyhckck pkyhl pksj dh dFkk;sa vkfn esa

mYysf[kr gSA bu dFkkvksaa esa ekufld Lrj dks ns[krs gq, laokn dk;e fd;s gksaxs] xhr lquk;s

x;s gksaxs] dkO; ltu gqvk gksxkA bl leLr ltu esa loksZre cky lkfgR; jgk gS D;ksafd

blesa f”k{kk ds lkFk&lkFk fu”Ny] fuLi`g Hkko Hkh lekfgr jgrk gSA cPpksa dh viuh nqfu;k

gksrh gS] ftuesa y;] rky] lqj ds lkFk vkSRlqD; dk Hkko] ç”ukdqyrk] foLe;] jgL;] jksekap

vkfn Hkko lekfgr jgrs gSa vkSj bu lcds lkFk&lkFk f”k{kk] euksajtu] dYiuk] ftKklk]

lelkef;d ifjos”k] cky leL;k;sa] muds cky lqyHk mrj çLrqr Hkh gksrs gSaA ,slk cky

lkfgR; gh loZJs"B vkSj çHkko”kkyh gksrk gSA cky lkfgR; l`tu dh bl ;k=k esa cky lkfgR;

esa vusd iM+ko vkrs jgs vkSj rRdkyhu ifjfLFkfr vkSj ifjoss”k ds vuqlkj cky lkfgR; jpk

tkrk jgk gSA rc ls vkt rd vusd cky lkfgR;dkj l`tujr gSa] blh Ük`a[kyk dh ,d

egRoiw.kZ dM+h nhun;ky 'kekZ gSA eSaus nhun;ky 'kekZ ds cky lkfgR; dk v/;;u djrs gq;s

muds lkfgR; ds egRoiw.kZ i{k dks çLrqr djus dh dksf”k”k dh gSA viuh n`f"V ls esa ftruk

le> ldh og 'kks/k esa çLrqr gSA

çFke v/;k;& ^cky lkfgR; dk mn~Hko vkSj fodkl* ds vUrxZr cky lkfgR; dk vFkZ

,oa ifjHkk"kk] cky lkfgR; dk mn~Hko] cky lkfgR; dk Lo:i] cky lkfgR; dh vko”;drk]

mi;ksfxrk ,oa fof”k"Vrk rFkk fgUnh cky lkfgR; dh ijEijk ,oa fodkl ij çdk”k Mkyk x;k

gSA f}rh; v/;k;&^nhun;ky 'kekZ dk O;fDrRo vkSj ÑfrRo* ds vUnj buds tUe] ikfjokfjd

i`"BHkwfe] f”k{kk] O;olk;] ifjos”k] dfo deZ dk ÁkjEHk] vfHk:fp;k¡] ys[ku dh Ásj.kk] mÌs”;]

lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd xfrfof/k;k¡] Ásj.kk L=ksr vkfn ds vk/kkj ij O;fDrRo ds fHkUu&fHkUu

iUuksa dks ijr nj ijr [kksyus dk Á;kl fd;k gSA rrh; v/;k;&^nhun;ky 'kekZ dk i|*]

v/;k; esa cky lkfgR; dh Áeq[k Áofr;ksa] euksjatu] cky euksfoKku] i;kZoj.k psruk]

Ásj.kk&rRo] ikjEifjdrk vkSj vk/kqfudrk] cky lkfgR; vkSj jk"Vª Áse] lelkef;d lanHkZ dks

IV

vfHkO;Dr fd;k x;k gSA prqFkZ v/;k;&^nhun;ky 'kekZ dk x|* ds vUrxZr nhun;ky 'kekZ

ds x| dk vkdyu fd;k x;k gSA cky dgkfu;ksa dk cky dgkuh ds Áfrekuksa & cky lqyHk

ftKklk] jkspdrk] vk/kqfudrk vkSj iqjkrurk dk leUo;] cky dgkuh vkSj ewY;] lelkef;d

lanHkZ ,oa f”k{kk dh dlkSVh ij iM+rky dh xbZgSAiape v/;k;&^nhun;ky 'kekZ ds cky

lkfgR; dh fo”ks"krk,sa* ds vUrxZr cky laosnuk] oLrq fp=.k] dYiuk”khyrk] ubZ rduhd]

i”kq&i{kh ,oa oU; tho] lkekftd psruk ds vk/kkj ij jpukdkj 'kekZ ds cky lkfgR; dh

ij[k dh xbZ] bUgksaus vius cky lkfgR; esa cky laosnuk dk cgqr lw{e fp=.k fd;kgSA"k"B

v/;k;&^f”kYi lkS’Bo*esa nhun;ky 'kekZ dh Hkk"kk ,oa f”kYi lkS’Bo ds vUrxZr buds cky

lkfgR; dh Hkk"kk vkSj f”kYi ds çeq[k dkjdksa&Hkk"kkxr Hkafxek;sa] Nan&vyadkj] 'kCn fo/kku]

eqgkojs] yksdksfDr;k¡] y;kRedrk] xhrkRedrk] 'kSyh ds vk/kkj ij rkfRod leh{kk dh xbZ gSA

lIre v/;k;&milagkj ds vUrxZr nhun;ky 'kekZ ds :i esa gS ftlds cky lkfgR; dh

orZeku ifjis{; esa çklafxdrk] ;ksxnku] fu"d"kZ çLrqr fd;s x;s gSaA

fuf[ky czãk.M ds Lokeh ije firk ijes”oj ds pj.k deyksa esa oanu] vpZu djrs gq,

Kku vkSj fo|k dh çnkrk] vf/k"Bk=h nsoh ek¡ 'kkjns ds Jh pj.kksa esa ureLrd gksdj ç.kke

djrh gw¡A esjs 'kks/k çcU/k dks vFk ls bfr rd vFkkZr~~ 'kks/k dh :ijs[kk ls 'kks/k ds lQyrk

iwoZd lEiUu gksus rd çLrqr 'kks/k çcU/k dks Lo:i nsus ds fy, eSa viuh çFke ije oanuh;k

xq:Jh] fonq"kh] fofo/k vk;keh O;fDrRo ds lqlEiUu] okRlY;e;h] Lusfgyk] 'kks/k funsZf”kdk MkW-

vfurk oekZ] lg vkpk;Z] fgUnh foHkkx] jktdh; dyk egkfo|ky;] dksVk ds çfr ureLrd

gksdj vUrLFky ls vuar vkHkkj O;Dr djrh gw¡A ftuds mRlkgo)Zu us eq>s vrqfyr vkRecy

çnku fd;k vkSj fur uohu mtkZ ls mtZfLor Hkh fd;kA esjs 'kks/k dk;Z dks vk|ksikar i<+dj]

esjh 'kadkvksa dk lek/kku gh ugha fd;k vfirq vewY; lq>ko nsrs gq, ifjekftZr djds]

lqfu;ksftr vkdkj çnku fd;kA viuh vfrO;Lrrk esa Hkh le; fudky dj esjs dk;Z dks

çkFkfedrk çnku dhA muds mfpr funsZ”ku ls gh ;g 'kks/k dk;Z fu;r le;kof/k esa lEiUu

gks ldk gSA ;gk¡ rd fd foijhr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh esjk gkSlyk c<+krs jgs] eq>s vkRefo”okl

fnykrs jgsA eSa ,slh ljy ân;k] fouez xq:Jh dks ikdj xkSjokfUor eglwl dj jgh gw¡A lp

rks ;s gS fd mudh lân;rk vkSj lnk”k;rk ds çfr dksbZ mn~xkj çdV djuk esjs 'kCn

lkeF;Z ls ijs gSA

eSa vius 'kks/k dk;Z dks lqO;ofLFkr] lqfu;ksftr Lo:i nsus ds fy, mn~HkV fo)ku

çkpk;Z] jktdh; dyk egkfo|ky;] dksVk ds çfr muds lQy funsZ”ku] vewY; lq>koksa]

vrqyuh; lg;ksx] vk”khZopu] Lusfgy O;ogkj ikdj fou;”khyrk ds lkFk ÑrÑR; gw¡A lkFk

gh egkfo|ky; ds lHkh lqf/ktu çk/;kidksa ds çfr eSa ÑrK gw¡] ftUgksaus gj volj ij esjk

V

mRlkg] eukscy c<+k;k] çsfjr fd;k] esjs dk;Z dks ljkgkA lalkj ds lHkh fj”rksa esa fe=rk gh

,d ,slk fj”rk gS] ftls dksbZ uke ugha fn;k tk ldus ds mijkUr Hkh ;g lcls [kwclwjr]

le/kqj] vkReh;] çxk<+ lEcU/k gSA blesa vkHkkj ds fy, dksbZ LFkku ugha gksrk] fQj Hkh esjs bl

'kks/k çca/k dks lqpk: :i ls] fu;r le; esa ifjiw.kZ djus ds fy, vius 'kks/kkFkhZ fe=ksa lqJh

çhfr nqcs] Jherh _pk HkkxZo] Jherh e/kq ehuk] Jh v”kksd xqIrk] Jh vo/ks”k tkSgjh lfgr

vU; 'kks/kkfFkZ;ksa ds vkReh; lg;ksx] Lusg vkSj ln~Hkkoukvksa dh ftruh ljkguk dh tk;s de

gksxhA _pk HkkxZo] e/kq ehuk vkSj çhfr nqcs ls vfojke laokn cus jgs] ge lsfeukjksa] laxksf"B;ksa

esa Hkh feyrs jgs vkSj 'kks/k ds lanHkZ esa fpUru&euu ,oa ppkZ djrs jgus ls ubZ&ubZ

tkudkfj;ksa ds okrk;u [kqyrs jgs] Kkuo)Zu gksrk jgk] 'kks/k lEcU/kh gksus okys uohu ç;ksxksa

vkSj fu;eksa ls voxr gksrs jgsA bu lHkh fe=ksa ds lkFk çR;{k&vçR;{k :i ls eq>s 'kks/k dk;Z

esa lg;ksx djus okys lHkh fe=ksa dk eSa /kU;okn nsrh gw¡ d`rKrk] Kkfir djrh g¡wA

çLrqr 'kksèk çcaèk dks fujarj lfØ; cukus ds fy, eSa vius thou lgpj Jheku d`’.k

çdk'k th ds vFkd lg;ksx dks 'kCèkc} rks ugÈ dj ldrh] cl bruk gh fd eSa lnSo f_.kh

jgwaxhA 'kksèk dk;Z esa çkjaHk ls v|ru dne ls dne feydj esjs lkFk pyrs jgs] gj le; esjs

lkFk [kM+s jgs] eq>s lrr vkxs c<+us dks çsfjr djus ds lkFk&lkFk vkRe lacy Hkh çnku djrs

jgs ,oa 'kksèk dk;Z dh ifj.kfr dh lkjh O;oLFkkvks esa esjk iw.kZ leiZ.k Hkko ls lg;ksx çnku

fd;k] ftlls ;g 'kksèk çcaèk iw.kZ gks ldkA

çLrqr 'kks/k dk;Z dk lkjk Js; tkrk gS esjs iq=or foosd dksBkjh] eSustj vkjdZsfM;k

,dsMeh dks] ftUgksaus gh eq>s ih,p-Mh- dh ços”k ijh{kk dh tkudkjh nsdj QkeZ Hkjokus ls

ysdj Vad.k dh O;oLFkk djus rd vFkkZr~ lEiw.kZ dk;Z esa esjs lkFk jgs] gj le; esjk gkSlyk

c<+k;k] gj eqf”dy vklku dhA buds fy, lnSo esjs vUrl~ ls vuar vk”khokZnksa dh vfojy

/kkjk çokfgr gksrh gSA eSa vius cPpksa MkW- uouhr dqekj] bathfu;j ,oa oksbZl vkfVZLV] fcfV;k

LofIuy dqekjh ,oa bathfu;j euh"k ukenso ¼nkekn½ges”kk ls gh esjh miyfC/k;ksa ij [kq”k gksrs

gSa] esjk eukscy c<+krs jgs gSa] gj lEHko lg;ksx nsrs gSaA budh ckY;koLFkk dh papy 'kjkjrksa]

fdydkfj;ksa] eueksgd ØhM+kvksa] eklwe lokyksa] cky lqyHk ps"Vkvksa] rqrykrh cksyh us gh cPpksa

ds çfr esjs eu esa vifjfer] lgt okRlY; Hkko mRiUu fd;k] ftldh ifjf.kfr ;g 'kks/k

çcU/k gSA vk/kqfud rduhd lEcU/kh dbZ dk;Z bUgksaus gh lEiUu djok;sA buds fy,

ges”kk&ges”kk ds fy, vk”khZopu] vfuoZpuh; okRlY; Hkko esjs vUrLFky esa lnSo jgsxkA

vius 'kks/k çcU/k lEcU/kh lkexzh ,d= djus] v/;;u djus ,oa LoLFk okrkoj.k nsus

ds fy, leLr iqLrdky;ksa ds v/;{kksa lfgr fo”ks"k :i ls jktdh; lkoZtfud e.My

nhun;ky mik/;k; iqLrdky; ds v/;{k Jh nhid JhokLro] lg iqLrdky; v/;{kk Jherh

VI

'kf”k lDlsuk ,oa leLr deZpkfj;ksa ds çfr fou; Hkko ls /kU;okn Kkfir djrh gw¡ D;ksafd

lanHkZ xzaFkksa ds fcuk 'kks/k dk;Z dh ifjdYiuk fujk/kkj gSA blds mu lHkh fo}ku ys[kdksa ds

izfr Hkh ureLrd gksdj vkHkkjh gw¡] ftuds xzaFkksa ds v/;;u us esjs 'kks/k dk;Z dks çekf.kdrk

çnku dhA

çLrqr 'kks/k çcU/k dh lqx<+ ifj.kfr ds fy, çdk.M fo}ku] cky lkfgR; ds egr

gLrk{kj MkW- ij”kqjke 'kqDy ds çfr eSa ckjEckj vkHkkj Kkfir djrh gw¡] ftUgksaus eq>s Qksu ds

ek/;e ls 'kks/k lEcU/kh vueksy lq>ko fn, ,oa viuh cky lkfgR; dh Ñfr;k¡ vkSj

leh{kkRed fdrkcsa fHktok dj esjs 'kks/k çcU/k dks xR;kRedrk çnku dhA ,sls egku fopkjd

dk Lusg vkSj vkReHkko ikdj eSa ÑrkFkZ gw¡A blh Øe esa lqçfl) cky lkfgR;dkj Jheku~

ukxs”k ik.Ms; ^lat;* dh Hkh eSa cgqr vkHkkjh gw¡] ftUgksaus 'kks/k dk;Z esa esjk mRlkg c<+k;k]

viuh iqLrdsa çsf’kr dhA lkFk gh vius lkfgR; xq:] vfHkUu fe= ns”k ds tkus&ekus xtydkj

MkW- iq:"kksÙke ^;dhu* us eq>s 'kks/k dk;Z dh ckjhfd;k¡ vkSj çfØ;k ls voxr djok;k] 'kks/k dks

le; ij iw.kZ djus dks çsfjr fd;kA eSa budk fouezrk ds lkFk vkHkkj O;Dr djrh gw¡A eSa mu

lHkh çdk”kdksa ds çfr Hkh ÑrKrk Kkfir djuk viuk dÙkZO; le>rh gw¡ ftUgksaus 'kks/k

lEcU/kh iqLrdsa] lanHkZ xzUFk miyC/k djok;sA y[kuÅ ds çdk”kd Jheku~ 'kSysUæ nhf{kr]

^cqfu;knh çdk”ku* us rks fu”kqYd lanHkZ xzUFk Hkstdj eq>s pfdr dj fn;k] muds bl vkReh;

vkSj fpj Lej.kh; ;ksxnku ,oa 'kks/k dk;Z dk bruk lEeku j[kus ds fy, D;k dgw¡] mudh

lnSo _.kh jgw¡xhA

'kks/k çcU/k dks mÙke xq.kork çnku djus ds fy, Vad.k dk;Z dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gksrk

gSA bl dk;Z dks iw.kZ dq”kyrk ds lkFk vatke nsus ds fy, Jh jkepUnz 'kekZ]Jh jkds”k nk/khp]

“kcue [kku vkSj Jh Ñ".k fcgkjh lDlsuk ds çfr vkHkkjh gw¡] ftUgksaus vius fof”k"V vuqHko]

ln~O;ogkj] vFkd ifjJe }kjk çLrqr 'kks/k dks fo”ks"k :i ls lt&/kt ds lkFk lqUnj :i

çnku fd;k tks 'kks/k çcU/k dh lQyrk dk vuqie 'yk?kuh; igyw gksrk gSA var esa mu lHkh

xq.khtuksa dk Hkh /kU;okn ftudk ijks{k vkSj vijks{k :i ls fdlh Hkh çdkj ls esjk lg;ksx

fd;kA

'kks/kkFkhZ

Ñ".kk dqekjh

vuqØef.kdk

Ø-la fo"k;oLrq i`"B la-

“kks?k lkj I-II

izkDdFku III-VI

izFke v/;k;&cky lkfgR; dk mn~Hko vkSj fodkl 1&57

1-1 cky lkfgR; dk vFkZ ,oa ifjHkk"kk

1-2 cky lkfgR; dk mn~Hko

1-3 cky lkfgR; dk Lo:i

1-3-1 f'k'kq lkfgR;

1-3-2 cky lkfgR;

1-3-3 fd'kksj lkfgR;

1-3-4 cky dkO;

1-3-5 cky dgkuh

1-3-6 cky ukVd o cky ,dkadh

1-3-7 cky miU;kl

1-3-8 cky fuca/k

1-4 cky lkfgR; dh vko';drk] mi;ksfxrk ,o afof'k"Vrk

1-4-1 cky lkfgR; dh vko';drk

1-4-2 cky lkfgR; dh mi;ksfxrk

1-4-3 cky lkfgR; dh fof'k"Vrk

1-5 fgUnh cky lkfgR; % ijEijk ,oa fodkl dze

1-5-1 vkfn ;qx ¼izkjEHk ls 1850 rd½

1-5-2 HkkjrsUnq ;qx ¼1851&1900 rd½

1-5-3 iwoZ Lok/khurk ;qx ¼1901&1947½

1-5-4 Lokra«;ksrj ;qx ¼1948 ls vuojr½

f}rh; v/;k; &nhun;ky 'kekZ dk O;fDrRo vkSj d`frRo 58&94

2-1 O;fDrRo&tUe ,oa ikfjokfjd i`"B Hkwfe] ikfjokfjd thou] f'k{kk]

O;olk;

2-1-2 dfo deZ

2-1-3 vfHk:fp;k¡

2-1-4 nhun;ky 'kekZ ds O;fDrRo dh fo'ks"krk,a


2-1-5 lEeku vkSj iqjLdkj

2-1-6 Lektlsoh

2-1-7 izlkj.k

2-1-8 fo'ks"k miyfC/k;k¡

2-2 d`frRo ¼lexz ys[ku] cgqvk;keh ys[ku½

2-2-1 cky dfork laxzg

2-2-2 cky dgkuh laxzg

2-2-3 cky ukVd ,oa ,dkadh laxzg

2-2-4 laiknu vkSj i=dkfjrk

r`rh; v/;k; % 95&138

cky lkfgR;dkj nhun;ky 'kekZ dk i|

3-1

3-1-1

cky dkO;

lkSn;Z psruk vkSj ckydkO;

3-1-2 Ekuksjatu

3-1-3 euksfoKku

3-1-4 i;kZoj.k psruk

3-1-5 izsj.kk rÙo

3-1-6 ikjLifjdrk vkSj vk/kqfudrk

ikjEifjdrk

vk/kqfudrk

3-1-7 ewY;

3-1-8 jk"Vª&izse

3-1-9 lelkef;drk

3-2 cky igsfy;ka

3-2-1 fo"k; oLrq

3-2-2 ifjos'k

3-2-3 iz'uksÙkjh

3-2-4 ekufld fodkl

prqFkZ v/;k; &nhun;ky 'kekZ dk x| 139&178

¼d½ cky dgkuh laxzg

4-1 cky lqyHk ftKklk


4-2 Ekuksjatu

4-3 vk/kqfudrk vkSj ijEijk dk leUo;

4-4 cky dgkuh vkSj ewY;

4-5 lelkef;d lanHkZ

4-6 f'k{kk

¼[k½ ukVd vkSj ,dkadh

4-7 ukVd ds ikjEifjd rRo% dFkk oLrq] ik=] laokn] ns'kdky] Hkk"kk 'kSyh]

vfHku;]

4-8 Ekuksjatu

4-9 jlkuqHkwfr

4-10 f'k{kk

iape v/;k; % nhun;ky 'kekZ ds cky lkfgR; dh fo'ks"krk,sa 179&212

5-1 cky laosnuk

5-2 oLrq fp=.k

5-3 dYiuk'khyrk

5-4 uohu rduhd ds iz;ksx

5-5 i'kq&i{kh vkSj oU; tho

5-6 Lkekftdrk

"k"B v/;k; % f'kYi lkS"Bo 213&258

6-1 f'kYi&ifjHkk"kk o Lo:i

6-2 Hkk"kk dh fofo/k Hkafxek,sa% lgtrk vkSj ljyrk] /oU;kRedrk] y;kRedrk]

6-3 eqgkojsa vkSj yksdksfDr;ka

6-3-1 Ekqgkojs

6-3-2 yksdksfDr;ka

6-4 vyadkj vkSj Nan

6-5 xhrkRedrk

6-6 'kCn la;kstu

rRle 'kCn] rn~Hko 'kCn] ns'kt] fons'kh ¼vaxzsth] mnwZ] Qkjlh fefJr½


6-7 'kSyh

dkO;kRed 'kSyh] o.kZukRed 'kSyh] laoknkRed 'kSyh

lIre v/;k;% milagkj&fu’d’kZ vkSj miyfC/k;ka 259&266

'kks/k&lkjka'k 267&285

lanHkZ xzUFk lwph 286&293

izdkf'kr 'kks/k&i=

ifjf'k"V&lk{kkRdkj 294&303

��

��

��

�

�

�

1

izFke v/;k;

cky lkfgR; dk mn~Hko vkSj fodkl

ekuo bZ”oj dh lqUnjre l`f"V gSA ekuo eu ds Hkhrj laosnukvksa dk vtc lzksr

lnSo çokfgr gksrk jgk gSA ;s vuqHkwr laosnuk,a fofo/k :iksa esa lH;rk o laLÑfr ds fodkl

Øe esa vfHkO;Dr gksrh jgh gaSA lkfgR; ekuo laLÑfr dh thou ;k=k dk vn~Hkqr nLrkost

jgk gS] ogha ekuo laLÑfr dh ;qxhu ;k=k dk lgpj Hkh jgk gSA lkekftd ljksdkj ls iwfjr

lkfgR; lnSo gh ekuo ds fy, çsj.kkizn jgk gSA lkfgR; l`tu Hkh ekuo ds ekufld Lrj ds

vuq:i l`ftr gksrk gS] rHkh og vius mís”; dks iw.kZ djus esa lQy gks ikrk gSA vkt lHkh

oxksZa ds fy, lkfgR; jpk tk jgk gSA fu”pyrk] eklwfe;r] dkseyrk o fu%Lig Hkko dh ckr

dh tk;s rks cPps bZ”oj dh vR;ar vykSfdd ,oa vn~Hkqqr jpuk dgs tkrs gSa ftuesa papyrk]

ljyrk] ljlrk] dh fu>Zfj.kh çokfgr jgrh gSA ckyd ml dPph feV~Vh ds leku gksrs gSa]

ftUgsa ftl :i esa <kyk tk;s os ml lkaps esa <y tkrs gSaA bl n`f"V ls cky lkfgR; vR;Ur

egRoiw.kZ dgk tk ldrk gS] ftlesa ckyeu vkSj mlls tqM+s leLr Hkko ;k uojl thoar gks

mBrs gSaA cky lkfgR; l`tu dh ijEijk vR;Ur çkphu jgh gSA cky lkfgR; esa iapra= dh

dgkfu;k¡] fgrksins”k] dFkk lkfjrukxj] vdcj&chjcy ds fdLls] csrky iPphlh vkfn çeq[k

gSaA iapra= dh dFkkvksa esa i”kq&if{k;ksa] oU; tkuojksa dks çeq[k ik= cukdj muds ek/;e ls

cPpksa dks f”k{kkçn çsj.kk nh xbZ gSA cky lkfgR; vFkkZr~ og lkfgR; tks ckydksa ds ekufld

Lrj dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, fy[kk x;k gksA paid] uanu] pankekek tSlh if=dkvksa us cky

lkfgR; dh nf"V ls ckydksa dks euksjatu ds lkFk lkFkZd çsj.kk o lh[k Hkh çnku dh gSA ;s

if=dk,¡ cPpksa ds chp yksdfç; jgh gSaA vkt oSf”od ifjn`”; ij vusd ifjorZu gq, gSaA

çfrLi)kZ c<+h gSA cpiu fodkl dh va/kh gksM+ esa lekIr gks jgk gSA cky xhr] cky dFkk dk

LFkku bysDVªksfud ek/;eksa us ys fy;k gSA ckydksa ij cLrksa dk cks> c<+ jgk gSA V~;w”ku dk

ncko cuk gqvk gSA ,sls le; esa tgk¡ foijhr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa cky Jfedksa }kjk cPpksa dk

cpiu yqIr gks jgk gS] ge lcdk nkf;Ro curk gS fd ckY;koLFkk :ih dfy;ksa dks f[kyus nsa]

ifjiDo gksus nsaA cky lkfgR; esa jkspd] f”k{kkçn cky dgkfu;k¡] cky xhr] cky igsfy;k¡] cky

dfork;sa çeq[k gSaA fgUnh lkfgR; esa cky lkfgR; dh ijEijk vR;Ur le) jgh gSaA HkfDr

dky esa egkdfo lwj ds okRlY; o.kZu esa cky euksfoKku ds fofo/k fp= fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA rHkh

rks vkpk;Z 'kqDy us dgk gS fd ^lwj okRlY; dk dksuk&dksuk >kad vk;s gSaA* vkt Hkh iapra=

2

ds vk/kkj ij muds çeq[k ik= i”kq&i{kh dks ysdj jph xbZ cky jpuk,¡ cPpksa dk LokLFk

euksjatu djrs gq, mUgsa vkdf"kZr Hkh djrh gSaA ,d ls ,d mÙke cky if=dk,a çdkf”kr dh

tk jgh gSaA vusd çeq[k cky lkfgR;dkj cky euksfoKku dh nf"V ls cky lkfgR; jp

jgs gSaA

euq"; dh lHkh voLFkkvksa esa ckY;koLFkk Js"Bre ekuh xbZ gS] ftls çR;sd çk.kh th

Hkj dj th ysuk pkgrk gSA ckyd dh uV[kV vB[ksfy;k¡ cky eukso`fÙk;k¡] rjafxuh dh yksy

ygjksa tSlh papy 'kjkjrsa] euksgkjh ØhM+k;sa] l|% f[kys gq, lqeuksa lh dksey eqLdku] çkr%

dkyhu lehj dh ekfuan vkuUnnk;d ps"Vk;sa] dqEgM+cfr;k¡ ls Hkh vf/kd laosnu”khy Hkko]

fu>Zj lh f[kyf[kykgV] frryh tSlh papyrk] ty lh ljyrk o fueZyrk] cjcl gh lân;

dk eu eksg ysrh gSaA ;s vfuoZpuh; vfHkjke] vrqyuh;] vf}rh;] vykSfdd] vn~Hkqr

cky&ØhM+k;sa] laosnuk,¡ fdlh dfo ân; ds vUrLFky dk Li”kZ djrs gq, vfHkO;Dr gksdj

cky lkfgR; esa :ikarfjr gks tkrh gSaA vkt dk ckyd gh Hkkoh d.kZ/kkj gksxk] blds fy,

t:jh gS fd ckY;koLFkk :ih dPph fdUrq moZj feV~Vh esa gh lqlaLdkj ds cht Mkys tk;sa]

rHkh os vadqfjr] iYyfor] iqf"ir gksdj dy ds lqlH;] vuq”kkflr] laosnu”khy vkSj

lqlaLdkfjr ukxfjd ds Lo:i esa Qfyr gksaxs] ftlls lekt :ih okfVdk lqokflr gks

ldsxhA ;g lewph çfØ;k cky lkfgR; ds }kjk gh lEHko gks ldrh gS D;ksafd cky lkfgR;

cky&xksiky ds fy, fe=or gksrk gS] tks mUgsa galkrk gSa] xqnxqnkrk gS] nqyjkrk gS] yksjh dh

Fkidh ls lqykrk gSA çHkkrh ls iqpdkj dj txkrk gS vkSj dkYifud vUrfj{k esa mM+rk gS rks

;FkkFkZ dh tehu ds lSj Hkh djokrk gS] le; vkus ij vaxqyh Fkkedj pyrk gS] rFkk Hkkoh

thou ds fy, lkopsr Hkh djrk gSA orZeku esa cktkjoknh laLÑfr HkkSfrd pdkpkSa/k]

vFkksZiktZu dh mRÑ"V fiiklk] çfrLi)kZ ekrk&firk] ifjos”k vkSj lekt dh varghu

egRokdka{kkvksa vkSj vis{kkvksa ds pyrs cPpksa dh LofIuy nqfu;k f[kyus ls iwoZ gh eqj>k tkrh

gSaA orZeku esa cky&”kks"k.k pje ij gS] cPpksa dh eklwfe;r [kks lh xbZ gS] dsoy gkseodZ

djuk] Ldwy o V~;w”ku tkuk gh ckyd dh nSufUnuh cu pqdh gSA cky lkfgR; cktkj esa

miyC/k gksus ij Hkh ckyd dks eqgS;k ugha djok;k tkrkA xzkeh.k {ks=ksa o <kf.k;ksa esa rks iwjh

rjg f”k{kk rd ugha igq¡p ikbZ gS] ogk¡ cky lkfgR; dk rks ç”u gh ugha mBrkA cky lkfgR;

ds lkFk çk;% ;g HkzkfUr ;k foMEcuk jgh gS fd bls lnSo ls gh nwljs ntsZ dk lkfgR; eku

dj ut+j vUnkt+ fd;k tkrk jgk gS tks dnkfpr mfpr ugha gS] tc fd ledkyhu nkSj esa

lc ls vf/kd vko”;drk gh ckydksa ij /;ku dsfUær djus dh gSA vk, fnu ckydksa ds lkFk

tks Øwj O;ogkj fd;k tkrk gS] mudh [+kjhn&Q+jks[+r dh tkrh gS] mUgsa ekufld çrkM+uk ls

ysdj 'kkjhfjd :i ls Hkh mRihfM+r fd;k tkrk gS] ;g ân; fonkjd ?kVuk,¡ fdlh ls fNih

3

gqbZ ugha gSA ,sls rel ls f?kjs ifjos”k esa cky lkfgR; ,d mEehn dh jf”e gS] ftlds çdk”k

ls cpiu vkyksfdr gks ldrk gS] D;ksafd ckyd vuqxkeh gksrk gSA mls tSlk fn[kk;k] lquk;k

;k i<+k;k tkrk gS] og oSls gh lkaps esa <y tkrk gSA dSyk”k lR;kFkhZ vkSj eykyk ;wlqQtbZ

dks ukscy iqjLdkj ^cpiu cpkvks* vkSj ^dU;k f”k{kk* ds fy, çnku fd;k tk pqdk gS a] bu

egku foHkwfr;ksa ds thou dk /;s; gh ^cpiu cpkvks* gS] tks bl ckr dk çek.k gS fd vkt

ckydksa dh lqj{kk djuk] mudk cpiu cpkuk fdruk okaNuh; gS D;ksafd lewph ekuork dks

lqjf{kr j[kus ds fy, cPpksa dh dq”kyrk loksZifj gSA blhfy, ,d ckyd dks [kq”k dj nsuk

bZ”oj dh bcknr ds cjkcj ekuk x;k gSA funk Qktyh us dg Hkh fn;k&

ß?kj ls efLtn cgqr nwj pyks ;w¡ dj ysa

fdlh jksrs gq, cPps dks g¡lk;k tk;sAÞ

vU; fo/kkvksa dh Hkkafr cky lkfgR; dk viuk xkSjo”kkyh bfrgkl jgk gS] ftlesa

lSadM+ksa çfrf"Br cky lkfgR;dkjksa dk vfoLej.kh; ;ksxnku jgk gSA çeq[k :i ls&fo".kq

çHkkdj] Jh/kj ikBd] MkW- Jh çlkn gfjvkS/k xq.kkdj] losZÜoj n;ky lDlsuk] MkW- gfjÑ".k

nsoljs] jkts”k tks”kh] çdk”k euq] jk"Vªca/kq lhrkjke xqIr vkfn gSaA blh ijEijk :ih ekyk ds

,d euds ds :i esa cky jpukdkj nhun;ky 'kekZ dk uke çklafxd gSA ledkyhu cky

lkfgR; esa 'kh"kZ LFkku j[kus okys cky jpukdkj nhun;ky 'kekZ dh lkfgR; lk/kuk vkSj

ckydksa ds fy, fd;k x;k mYys[kuh; ltu vkSj vHkwriwoZ ;ksxnku fgUnh lkfgR; txr esa

egRoiw.kZ LFkku j[krk gSA jk"Vªh; Lrj ij tc cky lkfgR; l`tu ds lUnHkZ esa n`f"Vikr djrs

gSa] rks jktLFkku ds ew/kZU; cky lkfgR;dkj nhun;ky 'kekZ dk uke viuh fof”k"V ,oa

egRoiw.kZ igpku ds lkFk lkeus vkrk gSA cpiu dks lqjf{kr j[kus ds fy, budh jpuk,¡

ehy ds iRFkj dk dke djrh gSaA nhun;ky 'kekZ lkfgR; f{kfrt ls mfnr ,sls nSnhI;eku

u{k= gSa] ftlds ç[kj çHkkeaMy ds vkyksd ls cky lkfgR; leqTToy gks mBrk gSA ys[kd

'kekZ vkSj cky lkfgR; lfjrk ,oa rjaxksa dh Hkkafr ,desd gSaA jpukdkj 'kekZ foxr pkyhl

o"kks± ls lEiw.kZ fu"Bk Hkko ds lkFk dsoy vkSj dsoy cPpksa ds fy, gh l`tujr gSaA bUgksaus

viuh jpukvksa ds ek/;e ls ckydksa vkSj fd”kkjksa dh orZeku lanHkks± ls tqM+h vusd leL;kvksa

dks mtkxj fd;k gS] ;Fkk & cky eu dk vUr}ZU}] Ldwy esa f”k{kdksa }kjk ckydksa dh fiVkbZ

djuk o ltk nsuk] ghurk dh Hkkouk] vkRecy dh deh] ekrk&firk ds ikl le;kHkko]

fnu&çfrfnu c<+rh çfrLi)kZ] xjhch] pksjh dh vknr] ,dy ifjokj] va/kh nkSM+] cLrs dk cks>

o x`gdk;Z dk ekufld ncko] [ksyus&dwnus ij ikcanh] 'kkyk esa lgxkeh fØ;kvksa dk lapkyu

vR;Yi gksuk] ekrk&firk dh egRokdka{kkvksa dks <ksuk] lgh ekxZn”kZu dh deh] tSls vusd ;{k

ç”u ys[kd 'kekZ us vius jpukdeZ ds ek/;e ls mBk;s gSa vkSj lekt dks lkopsr Hkh fd;k gS

4

vkSj dnkfpr lek/kku Hkh çLrqr fd, gSaA fgUnh vkSj jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk esa jfpr cky lkfgR;

dh fofHkUu fo/kkvksa esa ;Fkk& cky&xhr] cky&dfork] cky&dgkuh] cky&ukVd]

cky&igsfy;k¡] cky&,dkadh] cky&laLej.k] cky gkL;&O;aX; dh ukuk Ñfr;ksa dk ç.k;u dj

pqds gSa vkSj vkt Hkh vfojke l`tujr gSaA buds cky lkfgR; esa mu lexz ço`fr;ksa] rRoksa]

fo”ks"krkvksa] i)fr;ksa dk lekgkj gS] tks ckydks a ds lok±xh.k mRd"kZ esa visf{kr gSA ;s dguk

vR;qfDr ugha gksxh fd l`tudehZ 'kekZ ,d O;fDr ugha vfirq ,d laLFkk ds :i esa dk;Zjr

gSaA cgqeq[kh O;fDrRo vkSj ÑfrRo ds /kuh nhun;ky 'kekZ cky lkfgR; fy[krs Hkj ugha gS]

vfirq mls thrs gSa] vks<+rs&fcNkrs gSaA viuk dherh le; ckydksa ds lkFk O;rhr djrs gSaA

çfr jfookj ^VkWQh Ms* ds :i esa vuojr ekurs vk jgs gSa] ml fnu cPpksa dks VkWfQ;k¡ f[kykrs

gSa] muls cfr;krs gSa] muds lkFk ekSt&eLrh djrs gSa] çsj.kknk;d jpuk,¡ lqukrs gSaA ;gh ugha]

NksVs ckydksa ls ysdj cM+ksa rd dks migkj Lo:i lnSo iqLrdsa gh HksaV djrs vk jgs gSaA

xk¡o&xk¡o tkdj cky lkfgR; forfjr djuk buds thou dk çeq[k vk;ke gSaA jpukdkj 'kekZ

vius l`tu ds çfr iw.kZ:is.k çfrc) gS] ftlesa cky&eu ds çR;sd dksus dk Li”kZ fd;k gS]

ftlesa mudh vB[ksfy;k¡] cky ço`fÙk;ksa] lksp] fparu] ftKklk] euksjatu ,oa cPpksa dh vn~Hkqqr

vkSj dYiuk ls ifjiw.kZ nqfu;k dk euksoSKkfud fp=.k fd;k gSA

1-1 cky lkfgR; dk vFkZ ,oa ifjHkk"kk

cky lkfgR; dk ljy lk vFkZ gS] ckydksa ds fy,] ckydksa ds utfj;s ls] mUgh dh

Hkk"kk esa] fy[kk x;k lkfgR;] tks dHkh&dHkh ckydksa }kjk Hkh fy[kk gks ldrk gSA ^cky

lkfgR;* ,d 'kCn lkekfld in gS tks ^cky* vkSj ^lkfgR;* 'kCn ls feydj cuk gSA cky

vFkkZr~ cPpk] Vkcj] uUgk&eqUuk ckydA 'kCn dks”k ds vuqlkj&

f”k{kkFkhZ fgUnh 'kCn dks”k] cky & la- ¼iq-½ cPpk] ckyd] tSls cky&xksiky] 16 o"kZ ds de

vk;q okys ckyd] us= okyk] uoksfnr cky banq] cky jfo] lqxa/k okykA1

laLd`r fgUnh 'kCn dks”k] ckyd ¼fo-½ cPps tSlk] vutku] cPpk] cky dad.k2

v'kksd ekud fgUnh 'kCn dks'k] ckyd&iqa- ¼la-½ Hkko] ckydrk] euq";] de mez dk cPpk]

yM+dk3

fgUnh&mnwZ 'kCndks'k] frYQ ¼v½ cPpk] f'k'kq] yM+dk] ckyd4

Kamal”s Oxford Dictionary, vaxzsth esa ckyd ds fy, “Child” 'kCn dk ç;ksx fd;k

tkrk gS] ftldk dks'kxr vk”k;&Child – n. a new born human being, childhood. ckyd]

larfr] ckY;koLFkk] 'kS”kokoLFkkA5

5

Child- pkbYM ¼la-½ f'k'kq] cPpkA6

^lkfgR;* dk dks"kxr vFkZ&

jk/kkd`".k vaxzsth&fgUnh O;kogkfjd dks'k] lkfgR;& la- ¼iq-½ fyfic) jpuk] xzUFkksa dk lewg]

ok³~e;] dkO;”kkL=] x|kRed & i|kRed jpukA7

f”k{kkFkhZ fgUnh 'kCn dks”k] lkfgR; ¼laKk iqa- la-½&lfgr ;k lkFk gksus dk Hkko ,d lkFk jguk]

okX³e;] fyVjspj8

vaxzsth esa lkfgR; dk :ikarfjr 'kCn Literature gSA

Kamal”s Oxford Dictionary, Literature– n. learning, literary, production wirting of a

country. Kku] lkfgR;] 'kkL= lewg9

mijksDr dks”k lEer rkRi;Z ds vuqlkj] ^cky* vFkkZr~ cPpk] cky&xksiky] ckyd]

uUgk&eqUuk] uoksfnrA lkfgR; ds vk”k; ds x|&i| esa jpuk] fyfic) l`tu] xzaFkksa ds lewgA

oLrqr% lkfgR; vius&vki esa cgqr O;kid vFkZ fy, gq, gSA fo}kuksa] bfrgkldkjksa rFkk

leh{kdksa us lkfgR; ds fHkUu&fHkUu vFkZ çLrqr fd;s gSaA fdlh us lkfgR; dks lekt ds niZ.k]

rks fdlh us çfrfcEc dgk gSA ik”pkR; fopkjd lkfgR; dks thou dh O;k[;k ekurs gSa] ogha

dqN fo}ku lkfgR; dks thou dh vkykspuk Hkh dgrs gSaA lar rqylhnkl th us dY;k.kdkjh

jpuk dks lkfgR; dgk gS] dfooj iUr ds vuqlkj& ^ekuo dks vkn”kZ pkfg;s] laLÑfr dks

vkReksRd"kZ pkfg,*A ik”pkR; fo}ku esF;w vkuksZYM us fy[kk gS fd oLrqr% lkfgR; lR;] lqUnj

vkSj 'kqHk dk vn~Hkqr leUo; gSA ^lkfgR;* 'kCn esa ^lfgr* vkSj ^fgr* dk Hkko varfuZfgr gSA

vr% yksd dk dY;k.k djus okyk l`tu gh lkfgR; dgykrk gSA lkfgR; dk lcls çkphu

ç;ksx Hk`rZgfj us ¼lkroha 'krkCnh esa½ uhfr 'krd esa fd;k gS vkSj lkfgR;] laxhr] dyk foghu

O;fDr dks fcuk lhax&iwaN dk i”kq crk;k gS ßlkfgR; laxhr dyk foghu % lk{kkRi”kq%

iqPNfo"kk.kk ghuAÞ fo}kuksa us ^lkfgR;* dks fofo/k çdkj ls ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gSA

MkW- ';ke lqUnj nkl ekurs gSa&^lkfgR; og gS tks ân; esa vykSfdd vkuUn ;k peRdkj dh

l`f"V djsA*10

MkW- euksgj ljkZQ& ^O;qRifÙk dh n`f"V ls ^lkfgR;* 'kCn dk vFkZ ^lkfgR;L; Hkko% lkfgR;e*A

fo}kuksa us bl mfDr esa ç;qDr ^lfgr* 'kCn ds nks vFkZ ekus gSaA ¼1½ ^lkFk gksuk* ¼2½ ^fgrsu

lg lkfgR;e* vFkkZr~ fgr esa lkFk gksukA ^lkFk gksuk* ls ;g Hkko fudyrk gS fd tgk¡ 'kCn

vkSj vFkZ] Hkko vkSj fopkj dk lgHkko gks] leUo; gksA lkfgR; rHkh lkFkZd gS tc mlds 'kCn

fdlh vFkZ dk cks/k djrs gksaA lkfgR; 'kCn ds nwljs vFkZ esa& ^fgr ds lkFk gksuk* dk Hkko gS&

6

ftlls fgr lEiknu gksA lkfgR; dh lkFkZdrk dsoy 'kCn vkSj vFkZ ds mfpr leUo; esa ugha

gS] mlds }kjk O;fDr vkSj lekt dk fgr gksuk pkfg,A ;gh lkfgR; dk f”ko i{k gSA*11

MkW- uxsUæ& ^vkRekfHkO;fDr gh og ewy rRo gS ftlds dkj.k dksbZ O;fDr lkfgR;dkj vkSj

mldh Ñfr lkfgR; cu ikrh gSA*12

vkpk;Z dqard& ^ftlesa 'kCn vkSj vFkZ nksuksa dh vU;wukufrfjDr] ijLij Li)kZiwoZd euksgkfj.kh]

“yk?kuh;] fLFkfr gks og lkfgR; gSA*13

gsujh gMlu ds 'kCnksa esa& ‘Literature is fundamentally an expression of life through the

medium of language.’14

mijkafdr ifjHkk"kkvksa ds lkj Lo:i Li"V gS fd lkfgR; 'kCn esa ekuo fgr&lk/kuk

dk Hkko Lor% gh vUrfgZr gS] lkFk gh og lksís”; gksrh gSA ekuo bl l`f"V dk loksZRÑ"V

çk.kh gSA ekuo us lrr~ ç;kl vkSj viuh lk/kuk ls tks dqN Hkh çkIr fd;k gS] mu lc esa

dyk vkSj lkfgR; dks vR;qÙke miyfC/k ekuk x;k gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd lkfgR; dk ewy mRl

;k lzksr thou vkSj ekuo lekt dks gh Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gSA bl çdkj dgk tk ldrk gS

fd lkfgR; dk ewy mís”; dqjhfr;ksa] lHkh çdkj dh cqjkb;ksa ls gVkdj LoLFk] lqUnj vkSj

vkuUne; thou dh vksj vxzlj djuk gSA lkfgR; dks euksosxksa dh l`f"V ekuk tk ldrk gSA

mlesa lkfgR; dk lekos”k gSA vkpk;Z jkepUæ 'kqDy us lkfgR; dks turk dh lafpr fpÙko`fÙk

dk çfrfcEc ekuk gSA turk ds euksosx pkgs os fdlh Hkh :i esa D;ksa u gksa] lkfgR;dkjksa dks

çHkkfor djrs gSaA ifj.kker% lkfgR; dk :i Lor% gh ifjofrZr gksrk pyk tkrk gSA egkdfo

johUæ ukFk VSxksj us dgk gS fd Hkko dk Hkk"kk ls] iq#"k dk çÑfr ls] vrhr dk orZeku ls]

nwj dk fudV ls vkSj efLr"d dk ân; ls tks vUrjax feyu gS] ogh lkfgR; gSA

ewyr% lkfgR; vkSj lekt vU;ksU;kfJr gSA lkFk gh lkfgR; dkyt;h] 'kkÜor] gksus

ds vfrfjDr thou esa vrhfUær jl dk mæsd Hkh djrk gSA lkfgR; ekuo thou dh

dykRed] jkxkRed] vykSfdd] fnO; vfHkO;fDr gSA lkfgR; ijtufgrk; gksrk gS]

yksd&dY;k.k djuk lkfgR; dk /;s; gSA lHkh çdkj dh cqjkb;ksa] folafr;ksa] va/k fo”oklksa ls

ekuo lekt dk j{k.k djds LoLFk] lqUnj] lqlH;] lqlaLÑr thou 'kSyh dh lajpuk djrs

gq,] mnkÙk thou dh LFkkiuk djuk lkfgR; dk çeq[k /;s; gSA 'kCn czã Lo:i gksrs gSa vkSj

bUgha 'kCnksa ls yksdeaxy dh jpuk djuk gh lkfgR; gSA dfri; fo}kuksa us yksd dY;k.k ds

lkFk yksdjatu dks Hkh lkfgR; dk vge~ i{k ekuk gSA ogha Hkkjrh; euhf"k;ksa us vkuUn dks

thou dk loksZifj /;s; ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;k gS vkSj ;s Hkh dgk gS fd thou ds pkj

iq#"kkFkZ & /keZ] vFkZ] dke] eks{k dh laçkfIr Hkh lkfgR; ds }kjk gh lEHko gSA varr%] viuh

7

lqfjHk] dkseyrk] lqjE;rk] vk/;kfRedrk ds ek/;e ls leLr fo”o dks Liafnr] iqyfdr]

çeqfnr] çLQqfVr djuk gh ln~lkfgR; ;k 'kk”or lkfgR; dk ;qx /keZ gSA

lkjka”kr% lkfgR; lekt dk çfr:i gSA ftl ns”k dk lkfgR; mUur gksrk gS og ns”k

Lor% fodflr gksrk gS vkSj ftl ns”k dk lkfgR; ifrr gks tkrk gS ml ns”k dk iru

lqfuf”pr gSA blhfy, vkpk;Z jkepUæ 'kqDy us lkfgR; dks turk dh lafpr fpÙko`fÙk dk

çfrfcEc ekuk gSA tSls&tSls turk dh fpÙkofÙk esa vUrj mRiUu gksrk tkrk gS] oSls gh

lkfgR; esa Hkh vUrj mRiUu gksrk tkrk gS vkSj ;s rdZlaxr Hkh gS D;ksafd lekt ds euksHkkoksa

l s lkfgR;dkj vçHkkfor ugha jg ldrkA lkfgR; og çdk”kiqat gS tks lekt dks vkyksd dh

vksj vxzlj djrk gSA ^jlks oS czã* vFkkZr~ jl gh czã Lo:i gS] ;g fufoZokn lR; gSA ekuo

thou dk çeq[k /;s; vfuoZpuh;] vn~Hkqr] vykSfdd jl ds ijekuUn esa voxkgu djuk gh

ekuk x;k gSA lkfgR; ds jlkLoknu ds }kjk gh lk/kd esa jlksæsd gksrk gS vkSj og czãkuUn

lgksnj vFkkZr~ vykSfdd vkuUn dks vkRelkr djrs gq, ^e/kqerh Hkwfedk* esa yhu gks tkrk gSA

;g lkfgR; dk loksZifj y{; gSA

laLÑr ds vkpk;ks± us dgk gS fd ^fgrsu lg lkfgR;e lkfgR;L; Hkko lkfgR;e] ;k

^/kh;rs bfr fgre&fgrsu lg orZekue*A bl çdkj fgrdkjd jpuk gh lkfgR; gSA lkfgR;

og /kqjh gS] ftl ij lEiw.kZ thou] lekt] n”kZu] vkuUn] lEçfIr;k¡] lkFkZdrk] lR;] f”ko]

lqUnj :ih xzg ifjHkze.k djrs gSaA çkS<+ lkfgR; vkSj cky lkfgR; esa fdafpr fHkUurk gksrh gSA

,d okD; esa dgsa rks lEiw.kZ ok³~e; dk vk/kkj cky lkfgR; gh ekuk x;k gSA ^cky lkfgR;*

vFkkZr~ cPpksa dk lkfgR;] tks ckyd ds fy, jpk tkrk gS] ckyd dks vkuUn pkfg,] euksjatu

pkfg,] bl çdkj cky lkfgR;&^x|&i|* esa fy[kh xbZ ,slh jpuk,¡] ftUgsa i<+dj ckyd

vkuafnr gks mBs] mYyflr gks tk;s] meafxr gksdj uR; djus yxs] mudh LofIuy dYiukvksa

dks ia[k yx tk;saA blh ds lkFk ckyd ds lE;d mUu;u] mRd"kZ] vH;qn; vkSj lok±xh.k

fodkl esa lgk;d gks] mls lqlH;] lqlaLÑr] pfj=oku] bZekunkj] ;ksX; ukxfjd cukus esa

egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk;s] ml esa fo”oca/kqRo] ekuoh; laosnuk dk Hkko tkxzr djs rFkk ml ds

Hkkoh thou ds fy, ikFks; fl) gksA cky lkfgR; cPpksa dh ftKklkvksa vkSj dYiukvksa dks

'kkar djds muds Lrj ds vuqlkj] muds euksfoKku dks le> dj mudh Hkk"kk esa fy[kk x;k

gksA fofHkUu fo}kuksa us cky lkfgR; dks vius&vius rjhds ls ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gSA

MkW- ukxs”k ik.Ms; ^lat;*& ^,slk cky lkfgR; ftls i<+dj cPps vkuafnr gksa] mudk lE;d

fodkl gks vkSj os vkRe lq/kkj rFkk thou ds la?k"kks± ls tw>us dh fn”kk esa fØ;k”khy gks ldsa]

lgh ek;us esa ;gh cky lkfgR; gSA Hkys gh mldh jpuk cky lkfgR; ds :i esa ugha gqbZ gksA

oLrqr% cky lkfgR; dk ç.k;u vR;ar dfBu dk;Z gSA cPpksa }kjk Lo;a vius fy, fy[kk tkuk

8

dfBu gS vkSj cM+s dHkh cky ekufldrk ls Åij mB pqds gksrs gSaA cky lkfgR; ys[ku dks

blfy, ^ijdk;k ços”k* dh laKk nh xbZ gSA cky vuqHkwfr;ksa dks vkRelkr dj mls mUgha dh

Hkk"kk esa çLrqr djus okyk gh okLrfod cky lkfgR;dkj gSA15

MkW- jk"Vª cU/kq& ^cky lkfgR; jkspd vkSj çsjd nksuksa gksuk pkfg, D;ksafd cky lkfgR; jkspd

ugha gksxk rks ckydksa dks viuh vksj vkdf"kZr ugha djsxkA mls çsjd Hkh gksuk pkfg,] vU;Fkk

og fu#ís”; gksus ls xq.kdkjh ugha gks ldrkA*16

egku dfof;=h egknsoh oekZ& ^ckyd rks Lo;a ,d dkO; gS] Lo;a gh lkfgR; gSA*17

MkW- y{eh ukjk;.k nqcs& ^cPpksa dh nqfu;k loZFkk i`Fkd gksrh gSA mudk viuk Lora= O;fDrRo

gksrk gSaA os laLÑfr] lkfgR; rFkk lekt ds fy, u, gksrs gSaA Ldwyh lkfgR; cky lkfgR;

ugha gSA vfirq cPpksa ds thou rFkk euksHkkoksa dks thou ds lR; ,oa ewY;ksa ds igpkuus dh

fLFkfr ls tksM+dj tks lkfgR; mudks ljy ,oa mudh viuh Hkk"kk esa fy[kk tkrk gS vkSj tks

cPpksa ds eu dks Hkkrk gS ogh cky lkfgR; gSA*18

ckydksa dh fç; if=dk ds pankekek ds lEiknd Jh cky 'kkSfj jsM~Mh&^cky lkfgR; og gS tks

cPpksa ds i<+us ;ksX; gks] jkspd gks] mudh ftKklk dh iwfrZ djus okyk gksA ml esa cqfu;knh

rRoksa dk fp=.k gksA cPpksa ds lkfgR; esa vuko”;d o.kZu u gksA dFkkoLrq esa vuko”;d

isphnxh u gksA og ljy] lgt vkSj le> esa vkus okyk gksA lkekftd nf"V ls LohÑr

rF;ksa dks çfrikfnr djus okyk gksA19

^cky l[kk* ds lEiknd yYyh çlkn ik.Ms; ds vuqlkj& ßcky lkfgR; dk mís”; gS ckyd]

ckfydkvksa esa :fp ykuk] muesa mPp Hkkoukvksa dks Hkjuk vkSj nqxqZ.kksa dks fudky dj ckgj

djuk] mudk thou lq[ke; cukuk vkSj muesa gj rjg dk lq/kkj djukAÞ20

fujadkj nso lsod&^cky lkfgR; cPpksa ds euksHkkoksa] ftKklkvksa vkSj dYiukvksa ds vuq:i gks]

tks cPpksa dk euksjatu dj lds vkSj euksjatu Hkh og tks LoLFk vkSj LokHkkfod gks] tks cPpksa

dks cM+ksa tSlk cukus ds fy, ugha] vius vuqlkj cukus esa lgk;d gksus ds fy, jpk x;k

gksA*21

gkosZ MkVZu ¼ik”pkR; leh{kd½&^cky lkfgR; ls esjk vfHkçk; bu çdk”kuksa ls gS] ftu dk

mís”; cPpksa dks lgt jhfr ls vkuUn nsuk gS] u fd mUgsa eq[; :i ls f”k{kk nsuk vFkok mUgsa

lq/kkjuk vFkok mUgsa mi;ksxh jhfr ls 'kkar djukA*22

mDr dFkuksa dks i<+dj dgk tk ldrk gS fd cky lkfgR; ckydksa dks /;ku esa

j[kdj fy[kk x;k gks] tks mUgsa vkuUnkfrjsd ls Hkj ns] blds fy, jpukdkj dks pkfg, dh

9

ckydksa ds utfj;s ls] mudh vuqHkwfr;ksa] meaxksa] ftKklkvksa dks mUgha dh ok.kh esa dkxt ij

mrkjsA lksguyky f}osnh dk ekuuk gS fd ftl jpuk dks ckyd ljyrk ls le> lds] oks

cky lkfgR; gS] blh Øe esa cky 'kkSfj jsM~Mh dgrs gSa fd cky lkfgR; iBuh;] jkspd]

lkjxfHkZr vkSj laf{kIr gksuk pkfg, cky lkfgR; ckydksa dks /;ku esa j[kdj jpk x;k lkfgR;

gS] tks ckydksa dk euksjatu Hkh djs] mUgsa çsfjr djs] vkdf"kZr djs vkSj muds lexz O;fDrRo

ds vH;qnÓ esa lgk;d cu ldsA gkosZ MkVZu dgrs gSa fd cky lkfgR; ds }kjk cPpksa dks lgt

vkuUn feyuk pkfg,] jkeohj ds n`f"V ls cky lkfgR; ,slk gks] ftls ckyd g¡lrs] [ksyrs]

lg"kZ Lohdkj dj ysaA ckyd vius vki esa Lo;a lqUnj jpuk gS] vr% ckydksa dks muds tSlk

cukus esa enn djsaA ;FkkFkZ esa tks lkfgR; ckydksa ds eu dks Hkk tk;s ogh cky lkfgR; gSA

cky lkfgR; fy[kuk vR;Ur nq"dj dk;Z gSA okLro esa ckydksa ds fy, fy[kuk cPpksa dk [ksy

ugha gS& ^dfork fy[kuk [ksy ugha gS] cPpksa dk] fdUrq] fy[kh rks tk ldrh gS] bd eklwe]

#igyh dfork] Q+d+r] [ksyrs gq, ns[k dj] cPpksa dksA cky lkfgR; fy[kuk cgqr cM+h

ftEesnkjh gS] D;ksafd bldk lh/kk lEcU/k ckydks ds lkFk&lkFk Js"B lekt dh lajpuk ls

tqM+k gqvk gS vFkkZr~ cky lkfgR; euq"; ds vUnj ls ml ds i”kq Hkko dks fudky dj mls

euq"; cukus dh lEiw.kZ çfØ;k dk uke gSA cky lkfgR; dk ikBd ,d uUgk&eqUuk cPpk

gksrk gS] tks LoHkko ls gh cgqr papy] 'kjkjrh] eklwe] dkSrqgyfç;] uV[kV gksrk gS vkSj

mldh nqfu;k cM+ksa ls ,dne fHkUu gksrh gS] vn~Hkqqr gksrh gS] fofp= gksrh gS] tgk¡ og dHkh

lkjh lhekvksa ls ijs tkdj] dYiukvksa ds ia[k yxkdj vkdk”k fopj.k es djus yxrk gS

ftlesa lEiw.kZ çÑfr ds lkjs jax lekfgr gks tkrs gSa] rks dHkh ;FkkFkZ ds /kjkry ij vkdj

mu liuksa dks lkdkj djus ds lius cquus yxrk gSA vr% ,slh dkseydkUr] e`nqy ckY;koLFkk

ds fy, cky lkfgR; dks Hkh bruk gh eklwe] ljy] lgt] papy] uV[kV] lq#fpiw.kZ] fu”py]

vfHkjke] ikjn”khZ gksuk pkfg, tks ckyd dks fe=or g¡lk,] xqnxqnk;s] cfr;k;s] f[kyf[kyk;s]

fdydkfj;k¡ Hkjs] mlds lkFk [ksys&dwns vkSj mldh cky lqyHk ps"Vkvksa dks ewrZ :i nsA

tgk¡ rd ikB~; iqLrdksa dk ç”u gS] mUgsa cky lkfgR; dnkfi ugha dgk tk ldrk

D;ksafd ;s fl)kUrksa ij vk/kkfjr gksrh gSA ckydksa esa ftKklk cgqr çcy gksrh gS tks dsoy

ikB~;&iqLrdksa ds i<+us ls ifj'kfer ugha gks ikrh vkSj u gh dsoy muds }kjk cky&xksiky

dk lEiw.kZ fodkl lEHko gSA ikB~; iqLrdsa dsoy ekxZ gSaA nksuksa iwjd gksrs gq, Hkh Lo:i dh

n`f"V ls fHkUu gSA blds fy;s mUgsa brj fdrkcksa dh t:jr Hkh gksrh gSaA ftuls mudh

ekufld {kq/kk 'kkar gks ldsA blds fy, Vkcjksa dks ,slk lkfgR; pkfg, tks mudh vfHk#fp ds

loZFkk vuqdwy gks vkSj oks ,d ek= lkfgR;] cky lkfgR; gh gSA

10

1-2 cky lkfgR; dk mn~Hko

^mn~Hko* 'kCn ls vk”k; tUe] vkfoHkkZo] mRiUu gksuk] vHkh&vHkh vfLrRo esa vkuk]

çknqHkkZo] igyh ckj çdV gksuk] iSnk gksuk ds vFkZ esa fy;k tkrk gSA ^f”k{kkFkhZ 'kCn dks"k* ds

vuq:i&

mn~Hko & la- ¼iq-½ 1- tUe] 2- m)e23

bafXy”k esa mn~Hko dk lekukFkZd 'kCn Born gSA

Born – (p.p. of bear) brought, forth-tUek gqvk] iSnk gqvkA24

fgUnh lkfgR; dh Hkkafr cky lkfgR; ds mn~Hko dks ysdj fopkjd] leh{kd ,d er

ugha gSA cPpksa dh fç; if=dk ^uaUnu* ds iwoZ lEiknd t; çdk”k Hkkjrh dk ekuuk gS fd

1623 esa pVey }kjk jfpr ^xkSjk ckny dh dFkk* fgUnh cky lkfgR; dh çFke Ñfr gSA vU;

fo}ku Hkh feJ ca/kqvksa ds lUnHkZ ls bl iqLrd dks cky lkfgR; dh çFke Ñfr ekurs gSaA bl

iqLrd ls cky lkfgR; dk 'kqHkkjEHk Lohdkj djrs gSaA bl ckr ds fojks/kh jpukdkjksa us bl

ckr dks [kkfjt dj fn;k gS] mudk dguk gS fd lwjnkl us Jh Ñ".k dh cky yhykvksa dk

ykfyR;iw.kZ o.kZu fd;k gS ysfdu bls cky lkfgR; dh Js.kh esa ugha j[kk tk ldrkA

cky lkfgR; dk bfrgkl cgqr çkphu vkSj le`) jgk gS Hkkjr esa gh lcls igys cky

lkfgR; miyC/k gqvk gSA lqfuf”pr] cky lkfgR; dk mn~Hko bl i`Foh ij ckyd ds vorj.k

ds lkFk gqvk gSA ekrk vius ckyd dks nqykjrs le;] lqykrs le;] >wykrs le;] txkrs oDr

ekrk us dqN xquxquk;k gksxk] rc Lor% gh dqN /ofu;k¡ rqdcUnh ds :i esa fu%lr gksdj

yksjh] çHkkrh :i esa fodflr gqbZ gksaxhA cPpksa dks [kq”k djus vkSj mudh ftKklk dks 'kkar

djus ds fy, ?kj ds] lekt ds cM+s yksxksa us dqN fdLls] dgkfu;k¡ x<+uk 'kq: fd;k gksxkA

blh ds lkFk&lkFk ifj;ksa dh ifjdYiuk,¡ djds dgkfu;k¡ cuus yxh gksaxhA fdlh us

jktk&jkuh] jktdqekj&jktdqekfj;ksa ds fdLls lqus gksaxs vkSj bl ij gtkjksa fdLls dgkfu;k¡

curh xbZ tks vkt Hkh fdlh u fdlh :i esa fo|eku gSaA bl çdkj Jqfr ,oa okfpd ijEijk

ds }kjk cky lkfgR; dh fodkl ;k=k dk 'kqHkkjEHk gksrk x;kA ,d O;fDr ls nwljs O;fDr]

,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ,oa ,d dky[kaM ls nwljs dky[kaM rd dh ;k=k djrk jgkA blh

ds lekukarj yksd dFkk,sa] yksd fo”okl] yksd ijEijk,sa] nUr dFkk;sa] yksd&xhr] yksd vuqHko

vkfn cky lkfgR; dh ltZuk esa lgk;d curs x, vkSj ih<+h&nj ih<+h cky lkfgR; jgk vkSj

gLrkarfjr gksrk x;kA

11

ûkuk&ukuh] nknk&nknh dh dgkfu;ksa ek/;e ls cky lkfgR; vkfn dky ls gh

ekSf[kd :i ls çpyu esa jgk gSA ;s dgkfu;k¡ ,d ih<+h ls nwljh ih<+h dks ekSf[kd :i ls

gLrkarfjr gksrh jgh gSaA ns”kdky vkSj ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqlkj bu dgkfu;ksa esa le;≤ ij

dqN u dqN tqM+rk jgk gksxkA bu dgkfu;ksa dk mÌs”; ckydksa dk LoLF; euksjatu ,oa mUgsa

uSfrdrk vkSj ekuork dk ikB i<+k;k tkuk jgkA*25

JhukFk lgk; dh ekU;rk gS& ^çkphu Hkkjr ds lkfgR;dkjksa dk cky lkfgR; dh vksj

fo”ks"k /;ku FkkA ml le; ;g lkfgR; le`) jgk gS] ftlesa dqN çeq[k gSa] ^dFkk lfjRlkxj*]

^tkrd dFkk,¡*] îapra=*] îkSjkf.kd dFkk,¡* rFkk ^fgrksins”k* vkfnA egkdfo lwjnkl dk ^dkUg

dgk pyr lks Mksyr*] êS;k eksjh eSa ugha ek[ku [kk;ks*] êS;k dcgq¡ c<+sxh pksVh* uked

jpukvksa esa cky pfj= dk euksje o.kZu fd;k x;k gSaA Hkkjrsanq dh ^va/ksj uxjh* çfl) gSA

^paædkark larfr* rFkk ^HkwrukFk* #fpdj jpuk,¡ gSaA dfooj jfoUæukFk VSxksj ckydksa gsrq jpuk

esa Lo;a ckyd cu tkrs FksA vr% bu dh jpuk,¡ Ñfrerk ls nwj] dkSrqgy vkSj papyrk ls

Hkjiwj gksrh FkhA ês?k dh rjax*] ^pEik ds Qwy* rFkk ^dkxt dh uko* vkfn bu dh çfl)

jpuk,¡ gSaA26

dqN leh{kd vehj [kqljks dh dg&eqdjfu;ksa vkSj igsfy;ksa dks cky lkfgR; dh

çkjfEHkd jpuk,¡ ekurs gSa] tks mfpr çrhr gksrk gSA bu lc ds ckn vk/kqfud jpukdkj fgUnh

lkfgR; dh Hkkafr cky lkfgR; dk fof/kor~ 'kqHkkjEHk HkkjrsUnq gfj”pUæ ls gh ekurs gSaA blh

;qx ls cky lkfgR; ds Lo:i dk vyx ls fu/kkZj.k gqvk vkSj çdk”ku esa vk;kA fo}kuks us

^va/ksj uxjh pkSiV jktk* vkSj ^lR;oknh gfj”pUæ* dks çFke ekSfyd ukVd dh Js.kh esa j[kk

gSA 1 tuojh 1874 esa çdkf”kr ^cky çcksf/kuh* if=dk ls cky lkfgR; dk lw=ikr gqvkA

tcfd dqN fopkjdksa us bls ;g dgdj udkj Hkh fn;k fd bls cPpksa dh if=dk ugha ekuh

tk ldrhA vk/kqfud fopkjd çkphu cky lkfgR; dks cky lkfgR; ekurs gh ughaA

MkW- ukxs”k ik.Ms; us ekuk gS fd&^fgUnh cky lkfgR;* ds vkjEHk dks ysdj leh{kd

,d er ugha gSaA dqN fo}ku cky lkfgR; dh 'kq:vkr jktk f”koçlkn flrkjs flag ds le;

ikB~; iqLrdksa dh vko”;drk ds çfrQy ds :i esa ekurs gSaA dqN fo}ku HkkjrsUnq gfj”pUæ

dks fgUnh cky lkfgR; dk tUenkrk ekurs gSaA dqN fo}ku cgqr vkxs tkdj f}osnh ;qx esa

gfjvkS/k vkSj Jh/kj ikBd esa igyk cky lkfgR;dkj [kkstus dk miØe djrs gSaA bl

[kkstchu esa ukFkwjke 'kekZ 'kadj dk uke Hkh mHkjrk gSA ;gk¡ ij bu lc ls vyx vkfndky

ds dfo vehj [kqljks dh jpukvksa dks ;kn djuk gksxkA

12

,d Fkky eksrh Hkjk] lc ds lj ij vkSa/kk /kjk

pkjksa vksj og Fkkyh fQjs] eksrh ml ds ,d u fxjs ¼vkdk”k½

gjk Fkk eu Hkjk Fkk] gtkj eksrh tM+k FkkA

jktkth ds ckx esa] nq”kkyk vks<+s [kM+k FkkA ¼HkqV~Vk½

D;k mijksDr jpuk,sa vk/kqfud ;qx dh cky lkfgR; dh ladYiuk ls dgha Hkh vyx

gSa\ rks fQj igys cky lkfgR;dkj vehj [kqljks D;ksa ugha\ vk/kqfud dky ds jktk f”ko çlkn

flrkjs flag ds le; ikB~; iqLrdksa dh vko”;drk dks ns[krs gq, dqN jpuk,sa cky lkfgR; ds

:i esa lkeus vkb±A bu esa çeq[k Fkh ^flagklu cÙkhlh* ¼yYyw yky½] ^vkyfl;ksa dks dksM+k*]

^jktk Hkkst dk liuk*] ^ckycks/k*] ^cPpksa dk buke*] ^yM+dksa dh dgkuh*] ¼jktk f”ko çlkn

flrkjs fgUn½] fgrksins”k ¼cæhyky½] f”k”kqyksjh ¼cuokjh yky½] lsaMQksMZ vkSj ekfVZu dh dgkuh

¼ca”kh/kj½A ßfgUnh x| ds çorZd dgs tkus okys HkkjrsUnq gfj”pUæ ds inkiZ.k ls rks fgUnh cky

lkfgR; dh vk/kkj Hkwfe vkSj vf/kd ifjiq"V vkSj moZjd gqbZAÞ27

MkW- gfjÑ".k nsoljs us HkkjrsUnq th dks tUenkrk ds :i esa pkgs Lohdkj ugha fd;k gks

ysfdu çsjd vo”; ekuk gSA tks lp çrhr gksrk gS D;ksafd HkkjrsUnq th us Lo;a rks ckydksa ds

fy, fy[kk gS] lkFk esa vius le; ds jpukdkjksa esa] Jh/kj ikBd] çrki ukjk;.k feJ]

Jh fuokl nkl cPpksa ds fy, fy[kus gsrq çsfjr Hkh fd;k gSA bl ;qx esa vU; dbZ jpukdkjksa

us cky lkfgR; ds fodkl esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;k gSA ftu esa dqN mYys[kuh; uke vkSj

mu dh Ñfr;k¡&ykyk Jh fuokl nkl&çgykn pfjr] vfEcdknkl O;kl dh dFkk dqlqe]

dfydkA jk/kkÑ".k nkl dk egkjk.kk çrki] nsohçlkn eqaflQ dk fo|kFkhZ fouksn] y{ehukjk;.k

'kekZ dk f”k”kq euksjatu vkfnA

fu%lansg cky lkfgR; dk vkfoHkkZo ekuo tUe ds lkFk gh gqvk gSA ekrk dh yksjh ds

:i esa cky lkfgR; dk lgt Lo:i lkeus vk;kA 'kuS% 'kuS% cky lkfgR; esa jktk&jkuh dh

dgkfu;k¡] ijh dFkk,sa] jktdqekj&jktdqekfj;ksa dh dFkk,sa tqM+rh xbZA çkjEHk esa cky lkfgR;

Jqfr o okpd ijEijk ds :i esa fodflr gksrk jgkA yksd dFkkvksa] tkrd dFkkvksa] nUr

dFkkvksa] yksd fo”oklksa] ijEijkvksa ls lqn`<+ vkSj ifjiq"V gksrk gqvk nknk&nknh] ukuk&ukuh dh

dgkfu;ksa ds lkFk vxzlj gksrk jgkA bl lexz lkfgR; dk ,d ek= mÌs”; ckydksa dk

euksjatu djuk FkkA çkphu cky lkfgR; dks lokZf/kd iksf"kr fd;k&dFkk lfjRlkxj] tkrd

dFkkvksa] nsoh&nsorkvksa dh dgkfu;k¡] iapra=] ikSjkf.kd dFkkvksa] tknw&Vksuk] peRdkj] Hkwr&çsr]

/keZ o vorkj dh dFkkvksa ,oa fgrksins”k dh jpukvksa usA bUgha ds lekukUrj 'ks[k fpYyh dh

dgkfu;k¡] eqYyk ul#Ìhu dh dgkfu;k¡] rsukyhjke ds fdLls] flagklu cÙkhlh] csrky iPphlh

13

vkfn jpukvksa us Hkh ckydksa dk th Hkj dj eu cgyk;kA tgk¡ rd çFke cky lkfgR;dkj dk

ç”u gS dqN fo}kuksa us pVey dh ^xkSjkckny dh dFkk* dks Lohdkj fd;k gS] ogha dqN

fopkjdksa us lwjnkl dks çFke cky jpukdkj ekuk g]S rks dqN us HkkjrsUnq gfj”pUæ ls cky

lkfgR; dh fof/kor 'kq:vkr ekuh gSA HkkjrsUnq dh çsj.kk ls Jh/kj ikBd] gfjvkS/k] ukFkwyky

'kekZ Hkh cky lkfgR; dh vksj mUeq[k gq,A rRi”pkr~ f”koçlkn flrkjs flag cæhyky ca”kh/kj]

çrkiukjk;.k feJ] Jhfuokl vkfn cM+s lkfgR;dkjksa us cky lkfgR; dks ifjiq"V djds blds

mRd"kZ esa egrh Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA

1-3 cky lkfgR; dk Lo:i

lEiw.kZ pjkpj txr ds leLr tho/kkfj;ksa dk Lo:i ijes”oj us Hkkafr&Hkkafr cuk;k

gSA ;gk¡ rd fd ,d tkfr fo”ks"k ds çkf.k;ksa dk jax&:i] cukoV] vkdkj] LoHkko] gko&Hkko]

eq[kkÑfr 'kkjhfjd lajpuk fHkUu&fHkUu feyasxh] tSls euq"; dks gh ysa rks lalkj dk çR;sd

ekuo vU; yksxksa ls tqnk feysxkA blh oSfo/;xr fojks/kkHkkl ls nqfu;k dh [kwclwjrh dk;e

gSA Lo:i dk lk/kkj.k Hkk"kk esa ljy vFkZ& :i] vkdkj] cukoV] lajpuk vkfn gSA Lo:i

'kCn ^Lo* vkSj ^:i* 'kCnksa ls feydj fufeZr gqvk gSA ^Lo* dk vFkZ ^viuk* vkSj :i dk vFkZ&

vkÑfr] vkdkj] lqUnjrk] cukoV vkfnA

'kCn dks”k ds vuqlkj ^Lo:i* dk vFkZ gS& viuh vkÑfr] viuh fo”ks"krk] LoHkko]

viuh fo”ks"krkvksa ls ;qDr] lEeku] rqyuk] lqUnj] euk sgj] vuq:irk ds vk/kkj ij LFkkfir

lEcU/k Lo:i gksus dk HkkuA28

voLFkk dh n`f"V ls ekuo thou dks pkj oxks± esa foHkDr fd;k x;k gS& ¼1½

ckY;koLFkk] ¼2½ ;qokoLFkk] ¼3½ çkS< voLFkk] ¼4½ o`)koLFkk] bu esa çFke voLFkk vFkkZr~

ckY;koLFkk lc ls [kwclwjr] ljy] vn~Hkqr dksey fu”py] Hkksyh&Hkkyh gksrh gSA mYys[kuh; gS

fd tc ls nqfu;k cuh rc ls vkt rd ckY;koLFkk esa dksbZ vUrj ugha vk;kA vkt Hkh

vkarfjd :i ls ckyd vkfn dky dh gh Hkkafr Hkksyk&Hkkyk] eklwe] ljy] fu”py ls f[kys

gq, Qwy lh rktxh vkSj dkseyrk fy, gq,] jax&fcjaxk] pgdrk&egdrk gqvk gksrk gSA bZ”oj

dh l`f"V esa dksbZ Hksn ugha vk;kA ysfdu cky lkfgR; dk Lo:i dbZ dkj.kksa ls ifjofrZr

gksrk jgkA cká :i ls cpiu dks ge cky lkfgR; dk vkdkj] vkÑfr] LoHkko ds rkSj ij

xzg.k dj ldrs gSaA ;|fi cky lkfgR; ds Lo:i dks ifjHkkf"kr djuk] ml dk fu/kkZj.k

djuk vR;Ur nq"deZ dk;Z gS] D;ksafd fdlh Hkh oLrq dk Lo:i lnSo ,d leku ugha jg

ldrkA ;g ns”k&dky] ifjfLFkfr lkekftd ifjorZu ds vuq:i ifjofrZr gksrk jgrk gSA

ckY;koLFkk ,d rjy voLFkk gS tSls ikuh dks ftl ik= esa j[k fn;k tkrk gS] og oSlk gh

14

vkdkj xzg.k dj ysrk gSa blh çdkj ckyd dk Hkh vius ifjos”k] ifjokj] voLFkk] lekt]

ifjfLFkfr ds vuqlkj Lo:i fu/kkZfjr gksrk gSAfQj Hkh bruk rks lqfuf”pr gS fd cky lkfgR;

,slk gks ftlesa ckyksi;ksxh lkjs lkFkZd rRoksa dk mu dh o;% vkSj cky lkfgR; dh

fHkUu&fo/kkvksa ds vuq:i lkFkZd lekos”k gks] tSls cky lkfgR; ftl Hkh fo/kk dk gks] mlls

ckydksa dk euksjatu gks] mUgsa vkuUn dh çkfr gks] f”k{kk ,oa lqlaLdkj feys] Hkkoh thou ds

fy, lqO;ofLFkr fn”kk cks/k çkIr gks] os Js"B balku cu ldsA cky lkfgR; ds Lo:i ds

fu/kkZj.k dks ysdj fo}kuksa us vius&vius er çdV fd;s gSa ;Fkk&

jes”k rSyax&^cky lkfgR;dkj dk dke dsoy cky lkfgR; jpuk gh ugha gS cfYd mls cPpksa

ds iwjs lalkj ds çfr laosnu”khy vkSj ftEesnkj gksus ds fy, Hkh rS;kj jguk pkfg,A*29

çfl) cky lkfgR;dkj ;ksxsUæ dqekj yYyk& ^cky lkfgR; cPpksa dh #fp tkxzr djus okyk

gksA tc ckyd dks vkuUn vk,xk rHkh og mls i<+sxkA vxj ml esa f”k{kk j[ksaxs rks cPpk

mls udkj nsxkA euksjatu ds lkFk&lkFk mls f”k{kk fey tkrh gS rks vPNh ckr gS] fdUrq

dksf”k”k ugha gksus pkfg;s mins”k nsus dhA*30

cky lkfgR;dkj vf[kys”k JhokLro peu& ^oLrqr% cky lkfgR; ds Lo:i dk eqn~nk bruk

tfVy ,oa laosnu”khy gS fd bl ds ckjs esa ,d >Vds esa fu.kZ; ugha fy;k tk ldrkA pwafd

cpiu xhyh feV~Vh ,d yksank gksrk gS] ftls vHkh vkdkj nsuk 'ks"k gSA vr% mlds fy;s ,sls

lkfgR; dh vko”;drk gksrh gS tks mlds O;fDrRo ds lok±xh.k fodkl dk ekxZ ç”kLr dj

ldsA*31

ç[;kr cky jpukdkj JhukFk lgk;&^cky jpuk ,sls gks ftl esa ftKklk dh iwfrZ rks gks ij

lkFk&lkFk ckyd dh dkYifud] dksey Hkkoukvksa dks dksbZ Bsl u igq¡ps] Hkkouk dqafBr u gks

tk;s] bldk jkxkRed yxko vckf/kr cuk jgs] tfVy Hkk"kk cPpksa ds fy, vuqdwy ugha

gksrhA*32

cky lkfgR;dkj MkW- ukxs”k ik aMs;& ^cky lkfgR; dSlk gks ;fn bl ç”u dk mÙkj eq>s ,d

okD; esa nsuk gks rks eSa dgw¡xk fd mls cPps dh rjg gksuk pkfg,A cPps cM+s lgt] ljy]

dkSrqgy ls iw.kZ vkSj meaxksa ls jps&ixs gksrs gSa] ;s lc ,d cPps dh ewyHkwr fo”ks"krk,sa gSa vkSj

;s gh fo”ks"krk,sa cky lkfgR; esa Hkh gksuh pkfg,A ,slh fLFkfr esa cPps ml cky lkfgR; dks

rqjUr Lohdkj djsaxsA cky lkfgR; dks cPps ds vfHkUu fe= dh Hkkafr gksuk pkfg,] ,slk fe=

ftlesa cPps vius thou] viuh #fp;ksa] viuh vuqHkwfr;ksa vkSj dk;Z O;ogkjksa dh >yd çkIr

dj ldsaA ,slk fe= tks cPpksa ls muds eu dh ckr dgrk gksA muds eu dh ckr le>rk

gks] mls fn”kk nsrk gksA ,d lPpk fe= dHkh Hkh dksbZ ckr nwljs ij tcjnLrh Fkksirk ugha]

15

cky lkfgR; dks Hkh ,slk gksuk pkfg,A cky lkfgR; esa tks dqN Hkh dgk&crk;k tk;s] og

LokHkkfod gks] okLrfod gksA ,d rjg ls dgsa fd tcjnLr gks] tcjnLrh drbZ ughaA*33

cky jpukdkj ;ksxsUæ dqekj yYyk us vius lk{kkRdkj esa dgk gS& ^euksjatu] euksjatu gh

cky lkfgR; dh igyh vkSj vkf[kjh dlkSVh gSA f”k{kk nwljs uEcj ij gSA f”k{kk u Hkh ns rks

pysxkA tgk¡ f”k{kk çeq[k gks tkrh gSa ogk¡ cky lkfgR; cky lkfgR; ugha jgrkA*34

mijkafdr ifjHkk"kkvksa ls tkfgj gS fd cky lkfgR; dks fdlh ,d fuf”pr vkdkj esa

ugha cka/kk tk ldrk D;ksafd cpiu Lo;a cgqr papy gksrk gS] jax&fcjaxk gksrk gS vkSj ns”k]

dky] fLFkfr] laLÑfr ds vuq:i bl esa yxkrkj cnyko vkrs jgrs gSa] fQj Hkh bruk dgk tk

ldrk gS cky lkfgR; ljy Hkk"kk esa jfpr ,slk lkfgR; gS tks] cPpksa dks çQqfYyr dj ns]

mu #fp;ksa esa] dYiukvksa esa vkSj eksjia[kh jax Hkj ns] muls ckrsa djs] mUgsa ftEesnkj ukxfjd

cuk;s vkSj vijks{k :i ls dqN fl[kk Hkh lds rks ^lksus esa lqgkxk* D;ksafd cky lkfgR; dk

çFke dk;Z ckydksa dk euksjatu djuk gh gSA lexzr% cky lkfgR; ,slk gks tks ckydksa dh

'kjkjrksa dks] meaxksa dks vfHkO;Dr djs] rkfd mudk LokHkkfod ,oa loZ=ksUeq[kh fodkl gks ldsA

ckyd dk lcls igys çÑfr ls lk{kkRdkj gksrk gSA vr% Qwy&iÙkh] isM+] ufn;k¡] i{kh] i”kq]

frryh] vkdk”k] pk¡n&flrkjs] xqCckjk] xqfM+;k] iqLrd] f[kykSus vkfn dks fo"k; cukdj l`tu

fd;k tk;s ftlls ckyd lgtrk ls vkdf"kZr gks ldsA lkFk gh nsoh&nsork] ifj;k¡]

peRdkfjd vykSfdd miknku] jk{kl] jktk&jkuh] jktdqekj&jktdqekjh vkfn Hkh ckyd dks

fç; yxrs gSa] muls og vklkuh ls rkjrE; fcBk ysrk gSA ;s lc cPpksa dh jpukvksa ds vax

gksrs gSaA

iqjkru dky ls cky lkfgR; ij nf"Vikr djus ls Li"V gksrk gS fd cky lkfgR; dk

Lo:i bUgha ls fufeZr gqvk gSA vkfn dky esa ek¡ dh yksfj;k¡] çHkkfr;k¡] rqdcafn;ksa ls gh cky

lkfgR; us Lo:i xzg.k djuk çkjEHk fd;k gSA rRi”pkr~ cky lkfgR; ifj;ksa] vIljkvksa]

jk{klksa] nsoh&nsorkvksa ds fdLlksa&dgkfu;ksa ds :i esa cPpksa ds le{k vk;kA /khjs&/khjs

lH;rkvksa ds fodkl ds lkFk&lkFk jktk&jkuh] jktdqekj&jktdqekfj;ksa ds vfLrRo esa vkus ls

budk mYys[k Hkh lkfgR; esa cgqrk;r ls gksus yxkA blh Üka[kyk esa vkxs pydj iaprU= dh

dgkfu;ksa] fgrksins”k dFkklfjRlkxj] flagklu cÙkhlh] tkrd dFkk ls vehj [kqljks dh

igsfy;k¡ ,oa dg eqdjfu;k¡ vkfn ds :i esa cky lkfgR; gekjs le{k vk;kA bl le; çÑfr

ds miknkuksa dk Hkjiwj ç;ksx fd;k x;kA taxyh tkuojksa] i”kq&if{k;ksa dks dgkfu;ksa dk ik=

cukdj lSadM+ksa fdLls&dgkfu;k¡ jph xbZA fo".kq 'kekZ ds iapra= esa cksyrs taxyh tkuojksa dks

ysdj dgkfu;ksa dh jpuk dh ftlesa ;s tkuoj euq"; dh rjg laokn djrs gSa vkSj lq[kn ckr

;s gS fd f”k”kqvksa vkSj ckydksa dks LoHkko ls gh cksyus okys i”kq&i{kh cgqr ilan vkrs gSaA

16

bUgksaus tfVy ls tfVy fo"k;ksa dks Hkh cky eukso`fÙk;ksa ds vuq:i cM+h lgtrk vkSj

vkd"kZd&:i ls çLrqr fd;k gS] ftlls ckyd dk Hkjiwj euksjatu gks ldsA vkt bu ij dbZ

/kkjkokfgd Hkh cu pqds gSaA ;gk¡ ,Mxj jkbl dh Ñfr ^Vkjtu* dk lanHkZ Hkh çklafxd gSA bl

dk ik= Hkh taxyh tkuojksa ds lkFk [ksyrs&[ksyrs cM+k gksrk gS vkSj dbZ ckj nq”euksa ls taxy

dh j{kk djrk gSA Hkkjr esa bldks ysdj dkWfeDl Hkh çdkf”kr gks pqds gSa] ftUgsa ckydksa us

cgqr ilan fd;k gSA eksxyh dks dkSu ugha tkurk--- cPpksa dk cgqr ilanhnk ik= jgk gSA

vaxzsth ys[kd #M;kMZ fdiÇyx dh çfl) cky Ñfr ^taxy cqDl* dk ik= eksxyh uUgk

ckyd taxyh tkuojksa dk nksLr cu tkrk gSA Hkkjr esa bl fo"k; ij /kkjkokfgd cuk;k tk

pqdk gSA ftls ckydksa ls Hkjiwj I;kj feyk gSA cM+ksa us Hkh bls th Hkj dj ljkgk gSA vkj.ds. ukjk;.k ‟r ^ekyxqMh Mst* us Hkh ckydks ds chp cgqr yksdfç;rk gkfly dh gSA lcls cM+k ç”u ;s jgk fd ml le; rd cky lkfgR; dk vyx ls dksbZ Lo:i ugha

FkkA lc cM+ksa ds lkfgR; dk gh vax FkkA cPpksa dks buesa tks ialn vkrk Fkk cPps mls viuk

ysrs FksA blhfy, cky lkfgR;dkj MkW- gfjÑ".k nsoljs us fy[kk gS& ^;fn ge fdlh Hkh ns”k

dk lkfgR; vkyksM+u&foyksM+u djds ns[ksa rks ik;saxs fd lkfgR; esa ,slk dqN Hkh ugha gS tks

dsoy cPpksa ds fy, fy[kk x;k gksA gekjs ;gk¡ jkeyhyk] ;wjksi ds fFk;sVj cky] ;qok vkSj o)

lHkh dk euksjatu djrs FksA35

bUgha ds lekukarj nknk&nknh] ukuk&ukuh dh gtkjksa dkYifud dgkfu;k¡ cky

lkfgR; dks le`) djrh jghaA dqN xhr rks brus çHkko”kkyh vkSj çpfyr gq, fd vk[;ku cu

x,] dkyt;h gks x,] ftl dk çeq[k dkj.k mudk fo”kq) euksjatd ,oa gkL; ç/kku gksrk

jgk gS] tks vkt Hkh cPps&cPps dh tqcku ij p<+s gq, gSa] ftuds jpf;rkvksa ds uke ls cky

ikBd iwjh rjg ifjfpr rd ugha gSa&

eNyh ty dh jkuh gS-----!

gjk leUnj] xksih pUnj---- cksy esjh eNyh fdruk ikuh----pUMnRRk bUnw

vDdM+&cDdM+ cEcs cks] vLlh uCcs iwjs lkS---- lkS esa ykxk /kkxk] pksj fudydj Hkkxk---

yYyk&yYyk yksjh---- nw/k dh dVksjh] nw/k esa crk”kk--- eqUuh djs rek”kk---

,d fpfM+;k ds cPps pkj] ?kj fudys ia[k ilkj---

gkFkh ?kksM+k ikydh] t; dUgS;k yky dh---

17

,sls gh vaxzsth ds ,d&nks xhr tks vkt Hkh cPps&cPps ds eq[k ls lqus tk ldrs gSa&

„Humpty Dumpy set on a wall

Humpty dumpty had a great fall”.

„Johny Johny yes papa, eating sugar no papa

Telling a lie no papa, open your moth ha, ha, ha”.

;s gS cky lkfgR; dh 'kfDr vkSj yksdfç;rkA ysfdu ;s Hkh lp gS fd cPpksa dk

lkfgR; dSlk gks\ ;g ç”u v|ru vuqÙkfjr gSA fo”o ds lHkh ns”kk sa ds cky lkfgR; dk :i

vyx&vyx gS] D;ksafd lHkh ns”kksa dk ifjos”k ,d leku ugha gksrk vkSj u gh fparuA :l esa

ckyd ds çkÑfrd vkSj LokHkkfod fodkl ij cy ugha nsdj mUgsa lkE;oknh fopkj/kkjk ls

iksf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA teZuh esa thou ewY;ksa ij vf/kd cy fn;k tkrk gSA ogk¡ ds cky

lkfgR; ckydksa esa thou ewY;ksa vkSj mUgsa çkIr djus ij tksj fn;k tkrk gSA vesfjdk esa cky

lkfgR; euksjatd vkSj O;kogkfjd gksrk gSaA baXyS.M esa euksjatu ds lkFk tknwxjh tSls

peRÑr fo"k;ksa dks egRoiw.kZ ekuk tkrk gSA ÞgSjh iksVjß bl dk çek.k gSA ysfdu Hkkjr esa

yEcs le; rd cky lkfgR; ij /;ku ugha fn;k x;kA vkt Hkh ;gk¡ ds cky lkfgR; ds

Lo:i dks ysdj dksbZ fuf”pr fopkj/kkjk fodflr ugha gks ldh gSA ?kqek&fQjkdj ogh

tknwxjh] ikSjkf.kd dgkfu;k¡ lqukrs gSaA ,d ckj pkpk usg: us dgk Fkk fd ^nqHkkZX; gS fd tks

yksx iqLrdsa fy[krs gSa] muesa ls cgqr de ,sls gSa tks ;s lksprs gSa fd cPpksa dh okLrfod ekax

D;k gS\*

blh lanHkZ esa eSaus dqN ckydksa ls tks cky lkfgR; i<+us ds 'kkSd+hu Fks] iwNk fd

vkidks cky lkfgR; dh dkSu lh fdrkcsa vPNh yxrh gSa] fdl çdkj dh fdrkcsa ilan djrs

gks] ,slh fdrkcksa ;k if=dkvksa esa D;k i<+uk pkgrs gks] mudk leosr Loj esa tokc feyk fd

,slh fdrkcsa] if=dk,¡ tks [kwc jax&fcjaxh gks] ftuesa fp= dFkk,¡ gks] dkVwZu gks] NksVh&NksVh

jkspd dgkfu;k¡ gksa] cky igsfy;k¡ gks] ekufld O;k;ke ds fy, ^mÙkj crkvks*] ^jkLrk crkvks*]

^jax Hkjks* vkfn çfr;ksfxrk,¡ gksa] I;kjs&I;kjs pqVdys gksa] vFkkZr~ tks Hkh gks mls i<+dj gekjk

eu [kq”k gks tk,] ge g¡lh jksd ugha ik;sa vkSj ÅckÅ fcYdqy ugha gksA

vkt ,sls gh cky lkfgR; dh t:jr gS] tks u;s ifjos”k esa jgdj Hkh viuh ewyHkwr

fo”ks"krkvksa vkSj ço`fÙk;ksa dks de u gksus nsA okLro esa cky lkfgR; ;qxksa dh ijEijk ds :i esa

fufeZr gksrk gSA rFkkfi gekjs ns”k esa cky lkfgR; esa fur uwru ç;ksx gks jgs gSa] O;kid Lrj

esa bldk l`tu vfojke gS vkSj cM+ksa ds lkfgR; ds leku gh cky lkfgR; Hkh HkkoukRed rFkk

18

dykRed :i ls lqn<+ gSA lSdM+ksa cky jpukdkj cky lkfgR; ys[ku esa fujarj jr gSa] çfr

o"kZ vufxur cky Ñfr;ksa dk çdk”ku tkjh gSaA ,d ls ,d cky if=dk,¡ cktkj esa miyC/k

gSaA buds lekukUrj dbZ dkVwZu fQYesa] dkVwZu /kkjkokfgd] ,sfuesVsM dgkfu;k¡ fujarj fufeZr gks

jgh gSa vkSj Vhoh ij çlkfjr gks jgh gSa] ftUgsa ckyd cgqr ialn dj jgs gSaA blh ds lkFk

cky lkfgR; dks jsfM;ks] fjdkMZ Iys;j] dSlsV~l ds ek/;e ls ?kj&?kj rd igq¡pkus esa Hkkjrh;

fQYeksa dk vHkwriwoZ ;ksxnku js[kkafdr djus dkfcy gSA fgUnh fQYeksa ds cky&xhrksa vkSj

yksfj;ksa ds cky lqyHk feJh tSls cksy] lqe/kqj vkokt] dksey&dksey Hkko] laxhr dh

ehBh&ehBh Lojygfj;k¡ fQYe fuekZ.k ds le; ls vkt rd cPpksa o cM+ksa ds dkuksa esa jl

?kksy jgh gSa] eu dks lEeksfgr dj jgh gSa] ftUgsa ckj&ckj lquus ij Hkh th ugha HkjrkA ;g

cgqr cM+h vk”ofLr gSA cky lkfgR; dk Hkfo"; cgqr mTToy gSA dqN fQYeh cky xhr Hkh

dkQh yksdfç; jgsa&

^pankekek nwj ds] iq, idk, cwj ds] vki [kk, Fkkyh esa] eqUus dks ns I;kyh esa-----*

^ydM+h dh dkBh] dkBh is ?kksM+k] ?kksM+s dh nqe esa tks ekjk gFkkSM+k---*

^nknh vEek] nknh vEek eku tkvks] NksM+ks th ;s xqLlk tjk g¡l ds crkvks----*

^lkr leUnj ikj ls] xqfM+;ksa ds cktkj l]s vPNh lh xqfM+;k ykuk] iIik tYnh vk tkuk-----*

fu"d"kZ Lo:i dgk tk ldrk gS fd cky lkfgR; dks fof/kor :i chloha lnh esa gh

çkIr gqvkA fo”ks"kdj Hkkjrsanq ds le; ls D;ksafd ;g le; lEiw.kZ nqfu;k esa gj {ks= esa

fo”oO;kih ifjorZu dk dky jgk gS vkSj rc cky lkfgR; dbZ Lo:iksa esa lkeus vkus yxkA

xhr] dgkfu;ksa vkSj igsfy;ksa ls brj dbZ fo/kkvksa esa cky jpukdkj ltZuk djus yxsA cky

lkfgR; ds Lo:i esa fujarj ifjektZu gksrk x;k] ftldk lc ls vkd"kZd] fodflr] oSKkfud]

rduhfd] ckyksi;ksxh Lo:i vkt gekjs le{k gSA cky leh{kdksa us cky lkfgR; ds Lo:i dks

voLFkk] fo/kk vkSj v/;;u ds vuq:i mtkxj djus dk ç;kl fd;k gSA loZçFke cky lkfgR;

dks rhu :iksa esa foHkDr fd;k x;k gS&

1- f”k”kq lkfgR;

2- cky lkfgR;

3- fd”kksj lkfgR;

19

1-3-1 f”k”kq lkfgR;

N% lky rd ds ckyd ds fy, fy[kk x;k lkfgR; f”k”kq lkfgR; dh Js.kh ds varxZr

ekuk x;k gSA f”k”kq dk vuqHko txr cgqr lhfer gksrk gS vkSj dYiuk {ks= cgqr foLr`rA vr%

buds fy, vfr lgt] lqxzká Hkk"kk esa y?kq vkdkj dh jpuk,¡ fy[kh tkrh gSa ;Fkk ykSjh]

çHkkrh] [ksy xhr] vfHku; xhr] fujFkZd xhr] dYiuk ç/kku NksVh&NksVh dgkfu;k¡] igsfy;k¡]

pqVdqys bR;kfnA dBiqryh ds ukVd] fofHkUu eqævksa okyh u`R; ukfVdk,¡ Hkh f”k”kqvksa ds fç;

jgs gSaA buds fo"k; i”kq&i{kh] Qwy&ifÙk;k¡] çkÑfrd miknku jgsA f”k”kq lqudj vkSj ns[kdj

lkfgR; dk vkLoknu djrk gSA yksfj;k¡] çHkkfr;k¡] dgkfu;k¡ vkfn lqudj og çeqfnr gksrk gSA

ukVd] uR; vkfn dks ns[kdj og mYyflr gksdj ukpus rd yx tkrk gSA f”k”kq lkfgR; dh

Hkk"kk cgqr ljy] lgt gksrh gSA blesa ,d Hkh 'kCn ,slk ugha gksuk pkfg, ftls f”k”kq

vkRelkr ugha dj ldsA

MkW- ukxs”k ik.Ms; ds vuqlkj& ^6 o"kZ rd ds ckydksa ds fy, jfpr lkfgR; f”k”kq lkfgR;

dgykrk gSA f”k”kqvksa ds vuqHko ,oa 'kCndks”k vR;ar lhfer vkSj dYiuk{ks= vR;Ur fofp=

gksrk gSA vLrq] muds fy, vfr ljy] lgt ,oa lqxzká fo"k;oLrq dh vko”;drk gSA*36

1-3-2 cky lkfgR;

N% o"kZ ds ckn ckyd dh nqfu;k /khjs&/khjs cnyus yxrh gSA og ?kj] ifjokj]

fo|ky;] lekt] ns”k ds ckjs esa tkuus&le>kus dh dksf”k”k djus yxrk gSA mldh ftKklk]

o`fr cnyus yxrh gSA eS=h&Hkko tkxzr gksus yxrk gSA ikB~;&iqLrdsa vkSj cká ifjos”k ls

?kqy&fey tkus ls mlds 'kCn Kku esa o`f) Hkh gks tkrh gS vkSj og dYiuk ds lkFk&lkFk

;FkkFkZoknh gksus yxrk gSA D;k] dSls] D;ksa] dc vkfn vusd loky ml ds eu esa djoVsa

cnyus yxrs gSaA vius ifjos”k dh gj oLrq dks ns[kdj og dkSrqgy ls Hkj tkrk gSA muds

lanHkZ esa dbZ&dbZ çdkj ls lkspus yxrk gSA mldh rdZ&{kerk] mRlqdrk] laidZ&{ks= esa

foLrkj gksus yxrk gSA mldh dYiuk”kfDr dk foLrkj gksus yxrk gSA vr% cky jpukdkj dks

Hkh mlh ds vuq:i ltZuk djuh gksrh gSA mldks ckyd dh mi;qZDr çofr;ksa dh dlkSVh ij

[kjk mrjus ds fy, ,slk lkfgR; jpuk pkfg, ftls ckyd [kq”kh ls viuk ldsA ml mez ds

cPps ds fy, ldkjkRed] oSKkfud] ;FkkFkZoknh] vkLFkkoknh çjsd] jk"Vª çse tkxzr djus okyh

jpuk,¡ ilan djrs gSa tks ljy] lgt] ljl vkSj lqcks/k Hkh gks vkSj ckyd esa l`tukRed

'kfDr Hkh tkxzr dj lds ,oa thou ewY;ksa ls tqM+ ldsA buds }kjk vuk;kl f”k{kk Hkh xzg.k

djs rks vR;qÙke gksxhA ckyd vusd fo/kkvksa esa jpuk,¡ i<+uk pkgrs gSa ;Fkk& xhr] dfork]

20

dgkfu;k¡] ukVd] ,dkadh] cky&xty] igsfy;k¡] pqVqdys] laLej.k] cky miU;kl vkfnA cky

lkfgR;dkj dk nkf;Ro gS fd og bu lHkh fo/kkvksa esa jkspd lkfgR; dk ltu djsA

1-3-3 fd”kksj lkfgR;

rsjg ls vBBkjg o"kZ dh mez fd”kksjkoLFkk dgykrh gSA ;g voLFkk ,d rjg ls

laØe.k dh gksrh gSA bl le; jlk;uksa ds ifjorZu ds dkj.k fd”kksj esa 'kkjhfjd ,oa

ekufld cnyko ;k dgsa fd mlds O;fDrRo dk fodkl cM+h rhozrk ds lkFk gksus yxrk gSA

bl otg ls fd”kksj fdlh çdkj dk fu;a=.k ilan ugha djrk] ;g mez varjeq[kh gksrh gS ,oa

mudh #fp;ksa esa foLrkj gks tkrk gSA fd”kksj viuh vyx dYiukyksdh; nqfu;k esa fopj.k

djrk gSA mldk LokfHkeku cgqr c<+ tkrk gS vkSj le>nkjh HkhA gj ckr dk fo”ys{k.k rdZ

ls djrk gSA Hkkoh thou dks ysdj] dsfj;j dks ysdj og fpark Hkh djus yxrk gSA lekt]

laLÑfr] ifjos”k] jktuhfr] jk"Vªh;&varjkZ"Vªh;] ifjfLFkfr;ksa] /keZ vkfn fd”kksj dks fparu djus

ds fy, foo”k djrs gSa ,oa dbZ çdkj dh lkekftd :f<+;ksa ls mldk lk{kkRdkj gk srk gS]

Hkz"Vkpkj] vuSfrdrk] çfrLi)kZ] va/kfo”oklksa ls mls nks pkj gksuk iM+rk gSA bl o; esa i<+kbZ

dk cks> lcls vf/kd gksus ds dkj.k fd”kksj vdlj fpM+fpM+s gks tkrs gSaA foijhr fyax ds

çfr mRlqdrk vkSj vkd"kZ.k pje ij gksrk gSA ;g mez vR;f/kd uktqd eksM+ ls xqtjrh gS]

lgh jkLrs ls HkVdrs nsj ugha yxrhA37

fd”kksj lkfgR; fd”kksjksa dh ekufld lUrqf"V çnku djus ds lkFk mudk laekXn”kZu

Hkh djsa] f”kf{kr djs] mudh leL;kvksa dk lek/kku çLrqr djsaA fd”kksj ckSf)d :i ls cgqr

fodflr gksrs gSa] vr% mudk lkfgR; cgqvk;keh gksuk pkfg, vkSj lHkh fo/kkvksa esa Hkh] D;ksafd

fd”kkjksa dks xhr] xty] dgkfu;k¡] fucU/k] ukVd] ,dkadh] miU;kl] thouh] vkRedFkk vkfn

lHkh fo/kkvksa dks i<+uk vPNk yxrk gSA v/;;u dh nf"V ls cky lkfgR; ds Lo:i dks

fuEufyf[kr :iksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gS&

,sfrgkfld cky lkfgR;] ikSjkf.kd cky lkfgR;] jk"Vªh; cky lkfgR;] lkekftd cky

lkfgR;] oSKkfud cky lkfgR;] lkaLÑfrd cky lkfgR;] dkYifud cky lkfgR;] euksoSKkfud

cky lkfgR;A blh çdkj fo/kkxr :i ls cky lkfgR; ds fuEukafdr Lo:i fo}kuksa us

fu:fir fd;s gSaA cky dkO;] cky dgkfu;k¡] cky ukVd vkSj ,dkadh] cky miU;kl] cky

laLej.k] cky fucU/k] vU;&cky igsfy;k¡] pqVqdys] fp=&dFkk;sa] cky thouh vkfnA

21

1-3-4 cky dkO;

cky dkO; ckydksa dh vR;ar fç; fo/kk gS D;ksafd ckyd dforkvksa dks xkrs gSa]

xquxqukrs gSa] >wers gSa] ukprs gSa] jkxkRed lEcU/k LFkkfir dj ysrs gSa] 'kkjhfjd gko&Hkko ds

lkFk vFkkZr~ vax lapkyu ds lkFk çLrqr Hkh djrs gSaA y;kRedrk dkO; dh lc ls cM+h

fof”k"Vrk ekuh xbZ gSA ckyd dh gj ØhM+k y; ls ifjiw.kZ gksrh gSA ckyd jksrk Hkh y; esa

gS] g¡lrk Hkh y; esa gS] vax lapkyu Hkh y; esa djrk gS] :Buk] pgpgkuk] f[kyf[kykuk vkfn

Hkh y;c) rjhds ls djrk gSA vr% cky dfork cPpksa dh Hkkafr Lora=] Hkksyh&Hkkyh] fu"diV]

eklwe] dksey] galrh&f[kyf[kykrh] xqnxqnkus okyh gksrh gSA cky dkO; ckydksa ds fy,]

ckydksa dh ljy] ljl Hkk"kk esa jfpr ,slh i|kRed jpuk gS] tks ckydksa dh vuqHkwfr;ksa dks]

dYiukvksa dks lkdkj djrh gS] muesa dkSrqgy o ftKklk tkxzr djrh gS] mUgsa vkuUn çnku

djus lkFk f”kf{kr Hkh djrh gSA MkW ukxs”k ik.Ms; ds vuqlkj&

^cky dfork vFkkZr~ ckydksa ds fy, dkO;A ftl dkO; esa ckydksa dh Hkk"kk esa] mudh

viuh n`f"V] viuk fparu vkSj viuh dYiuk,¡] vfHkO;Dr gksrh gksa lgh vFkZ esa ogh cky dkO;

gSA lPph cky dfork og gS ftlesa cPpksa ds gksBksa ls nksLrh djus dh rkdr gksA dHkh gjk

leUnj xksih pUnj----- vDdM+&cDdM+ cEcs cks-----A vLlh uCcs iwjs lkS----- ds :i esa dfork cPps

ls tUe tUekUrjksa dk ukrk cuk;s gq, gSaA cky dkO; dk çR;{k mÌs”; rks euksjatu gksrk gS

fdUrq ijks{kr og ckydksa ds eu esa laosnuk ds vadqj.k mitkdj mUgsa jk"Vª ds lq;ksX; ukxfjd

ds :i esa rS;kj Hkh djrk gSA ckydksa esa vFkZxzg.k vkSj lkSUn;Zcks/k dh {kerk çnku djus dh

n`f"V ls Hkh cky dkO; dh viuh fof”k"V Hkwfedk gSA*38

cky dkO; esa çeq[k :i ls cky xhr] cky dfork] cky xty] gkbdw] eqDrd] cky

igsfy;k¡] cky dqaMfy;k¡ vkfn fxuh tkrh gSaA fo"k; dh nf"V ls cky dkO; dk O;kid ifjos”k

gSA cPpksa dks fç; yxus okys lHkh miknku cky dkO; ds fo"k; gksrs gSa ;Fkk isM+&ikS/ks&

frrfy;k¡] Qwy&iÙks] rkjs] pankekek] gok] lkxj] ufn;k¡] ioZr] i”kq&i{kh] [ksy&f[kykSus] cLrk]

fdrkcsa] enkjh] xqfM+;k] Qy&Qwy] eksj] ckx&cxhps vkfnA

vkpk;Z Hkjr eqfu us jl dks dkO; dh vkRek ds :i esa çfrikfnr fd;k gSA cky

dkO; esa Hkh jl dh egrh Hkwfedk ls bUdkj ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl esa eq[;r% okRlY;]

gkL;] ohj] 'kkar] v)qr jl dk çk/kkU; gksrk gSA jl dk vFkZ vkuUn gksrk gS vkSj cky dkO;

dk ç/kku jl vkuUn jl gh gSA vk;q ds vuqlkj fo}kuksa us cky dkO; rhu Lo:iksa esa

foHkkftr fd;k gS& f”k”kq dkO;] cky dkO;] fd”kksj dkO;A cky dkO; dh Hkk"kk ckydksa ds

rjg ljy] ljl] LokHkkfod] çokgiw.kZ fp=kRed] xs;] laxhrkRed /oU;kRed gksuh pkfg,A

22

'kSyh vR;ar lgt gksA dfBu] fDy"V 'kCnkoyh ds fy, ;gk¡ dksbZ LFkku ugha gksrkA eqgkojksa]

yksdksfDr;ksa dk vf/kd ç;ksx cky dkO; dks nq:g cuk ldrk gSA cM+ksa ds dkO; dh rjg

dVk{k] O;aX;] nq:grk] dkfBU;] ckSf)drk] oSpkfjdrk] xEHkhjrk dk ç;ksx ,d rjg ls cky

dkO; esa oftZr ekuk x;k gSA

1-3-5 cky dgkuh

dgkuh ckydksa dh lokZf/kd fç;] çkphu fo/kk gSA dgkuh lquus esa cPpksa dks ije

vkuUn çkIr gksrk gSA os dgkuh lquus ds cM+ksa dh gj ckr eku ldrs gSa] ;gk¡ rd dh

[kkuk&ihuk Hkh Hkwy tkrs gSaA cPps LoHkko ls gh ftKklq] dkSrwgy fç; gksrs gSaA bl mez esa

dYiuk “kfDr] pje ij gksrh gSA dgkuh dh lcls cM+h fo”ks"krk gh ;s gh gS fd blesa dkSrwgy

fujarj cuk jgrk gSA cPpksa ds lkFk&lkFk cM+s yksxksa dks Hkh dgkuh lquuk vkSj lqukuk cgqr

fç; yxrk gSA tgk¡ rd dgkuh ds tUe dk loky gS] lqfuf”pr Hkk"kk ds tUe ds lkFk gh

bl dk çknqHkkZo gqvk gksxkA tSls gh euq"; us cksyuk lh[kk gksxk] rHkh ls mlus dgkuh dguk

'kq: dj fn;k gksxkA fdlh vkneh ds lkFk dksbZ jkspd ;k fdlh Hkh çdkj dh dksbZ ?kVuk

?kfVr gqbZ gksxh] rc mlus vius ifjos”k ds yksxksa dk s c<+k&p<+k dj crk;k gksxk] vkSj bl

çdkj /khjs&/khjs dgkuh dk viuk :i fodflr gksus yxk gksxkA ,d ls nwljs O;fDr] nwljs ls

vxys vkneh rd igq¡prs&igq¡prs dgkuh us viuh ;k=k 'kq: dh gksxhA bl lanHkZ esa çfl)

if=dk ûanu* ds lEiknd t; çdk”k Hkkjrh us fy[kk gS&

êkuo us tc ls Hkk"kk }kjk vius Hkko O;Dr djus dh {kerk fodflr dh] rHkh ls og

dgkuh dgus vkSj lquus yxkA euq"; taxy esa pyk tk jgk gksxkA vpkud fdlh taxyh

tkuoj us ml ij vkØe.k dj fn;kA vkfne ;qx ds ml ekuo us vkRe j{kk ds fy, la?k"kZ

fd;kA ml taxyh i”kq dk o/k dj lk¡> dks fuokl ij ykSVdj ml us bl ?kVuk dks

c<+k&p<+k dj o.kZu fd;kA Hk;] dkSrwgy] vfrjatuk] euksjatu tSls rRoksa ds dkj.k ;g NksVh

lh ?kVuk dgkuh cu xbZA ,d us nwljs ls vkSj mlus rhljs dks] pkSFks dks og lqukbZ] blh

rjg ekSf[kd :i ls dgkuh dh 'kq:vkr gqbZA*39

MkW- gfjÑ".k nsoljs ds vuqlkj& îqjkus tekus esa fdUgha jkspd vkSj jksekapd ?kVukvksa ls çsfjr

gksdj ekuo ds egRoiw.kZ vuqHkoksa dks yksx dgkfu;ksa ds :i esa lquk;k djrs FksA ;s dgkfu;k¡

cPps fo”ks"k #fp ls lqurs FksA mUgha dh Lej.k&”kfDr d s ifj.kkeLo:i ;s dgkfu;k¡ gtkjksa

ehy dh ;k=k;sa djds lalkj ds ,d dksus ls nwljs dksus rd igq¡ph vkSj ,d ih<+h ls nwljh

ih<+h rd lqjf{kr jghA*

23

mi;qZDr lanHkks± ls Li"V gS fd dgkuh dk çknqHkkZo ekuo dh ok.kh ds fodkl ds

lekukUrj gqvkA dgkfu;ksa ds ik= taxyh tkuoj] ifj;ksa] peRdkfjd ?kVuk;sa] jk{kl]

nsoh&nsork] ikSjkf.kd ?kVuk,¡] jktk&jkuh] jktdqekj&jktdqekfj;k¡ vkfn jgsA rnqijkar

le;kuqlkj ifjorZu ds lkFk u, ik= tqM+rs x,] ubZ&ubZ ?kVuk;sa ?kfVr gksrh jgha vkSj

dgkuh viuk Lo:i cnyrh jghA bl çdkj yEch ;k=k ds ckn vk/kqfud dgkuh ds :i esa

gekjs le{k gSA dgkuh tgk¡ ckydksa dk euksjatu djrh gSa ogha muesa lqlaLdkjksa dk chtkjksi.k

Hkh djrh gSa] ckydksa dks thouksi;ksxh f”k{kk Hkh ns nsrh gSaA mudh ftKklk] dkSrwgy dks 'kkar

djds mudh dYiuk”kfDr esa o`f) djrh gS] fØ;k”khyrk ls tksM+rh gS] fn”kk funsZ”k djrh gSA

nknk&nknh] ukuk&ukuh ls cpiu esa lquh xbZ dgkfu;k¡ ckydksa dk n`f"Vdks.k gh cny nsrh

gSaA ekrk thtkckbZ ls dgkfu;k¡ lqudj f”kokth us ohjrk dh ubZ xkFkk çLrqr dhA ;g bl

ckr dk Toyar çek.k gSA bl lanHkZ esa MkW- ukxs”k ik.Ms; us fy[kk Hkh gS ^dgkfu;k¡ ,slk

ek/;e gS fd og cPpksa dh dYiuk”kfDr ds fodkl esa lokZf/kd ;ksxnku djrh gS aA cky

lkfgR; esa dFkk lkfgR; ckydksa ds fy, vR;ar mi;ksxh gS] blls ckyd viuh dYiuk }kjk

ln~ik=ksa ls rknkRE; LFkkfir djrk gS vkSj muls ln~xq.kksa dh çsj.kk ysrk gSA*40

MkW- ukxs”k

ik.Ms; ds vuq:i dgkfu;k¡ ckydksa ds O;fDro ds lexz fodkl ds fy, vR;ar mi;ksxh gSA

;s dgkfu;k¡ dkYifud Hkh gks ldrh gSa vkSj ;FkkFkZoknh HkhA fo"k; dh nf"V ls cky dgkfu;k¡

dbZ :iksa esa fodflr gqbZ gSa ;Fkk&dkYifud dgkfu;k¡] ;FkkFkZoknh dgkfu;k¡] ,sfrgkfld

dgkfu;k¡] peRdkfjd dgkfu;k¡] euksoSKkfud dgkfu;k¡] lkaLÑfrd dgkfu;k¡A taxyh tkuokjksa

ls lEcfU/kr dgkfu;k¡&ikSjkf.kd dgkfu;k¡ yksd dFkk,¡ dgkfu;k¡] tklwlh dgkfu;k¡]

jktk&jkuh dh dgkfu;k¡] i”kq&if{k;ksa dh dgkfu;k¡] ifj;ksa dh dgkfu;k¡] nsoh&nsork dh

dgkfu;k¡] oSKkfud dgkfu;k¡A

mijksDr foospu ds vk/kkj ij Li"V gS fd ckydksa ds loZ=ksUeq[kh fodkl ds fy,

dgkfu;ksa dh Hkwfedk] mi;ksfxrk fufoZokn gSA cky dFkk,¡ ljy vkSj lgt gksuh pkfg, ftUgsa

ckyd vklkuh ls vkRelkr dj ldsA budh Hkk"kk ljy gksA buds fo"k; ckyd dh ilan

vkSj ifjos”k ls lEcfU/kr miknku gksa vFkkZr~ ckyksi;ksxh gksA ckyd dh lcls cM+h fo”ks"krk

mldk dkSrwgy vkSj ftKklk gksrh gSA cky dFkk,¡ budh ftKklk 'keu djus esa l{ke gksA

cky dgkfu;k¡ vkdkj dh n`f"V ls y?kq gSa] buds laokn pViVs] pqycqys] okD; NksVs&NksVs gksrs

gSaA buesa cPpksa dks f”kf{kr djus dh {kerk Hkh gksrh gSA cM+ksa dh dgkfu;ksa tSlh fDy"Vrk]

tfVyrk] v/kwjkiu] çrhdkRedrk fcYdqy ugha gksuh pkfg,A

24

1-3-6 cky ukVd o cky ,dkadh

;g lalkj ,d ukV~;”kkyk gS] tgk¡ gj O;fDr viuh&viuh Hkwfedk dk vfHku; djrk

gSA ns[kk tk;s rks vfHku; ml ds thou dk fo”ks"k vax gS vkSj vfHku; cgqr cM+h dyk Hkh gSA

ckyd vfHku; djus esa fu".kkr gksrs gSaA lp rks ;g gS fd ukVd ds ç.ksrk Lo;e~ ckyd gh

gSaA viuh ckr euokuh gks ;k fQj viuh xyfr;k¡ fNikuh gks ;k dqN vkSj ckr gks] ckyd

bruk lgt vfHku; djrs gSa fd ns[krs gh curk gSA JhÑ".k dh ek[ku yhyk ,oa vU;

yhyk,¡ bl ckr ds çek.k gSaA ckyd dh eklwe] papy Hkko Hkafxek,¡] cky&fØM+k;sa] Hkksyh

ps"Vk;sa lc dqN ukVd ds ifj"Ñr vkSj 'kq) Lo:i gSA MkW- ukxs”k ik.Ms; ds erkuqlkj&

^cky lkfgR; ds {ks= esa ukVdksa dh vkSj Hkh vf/kd xfjek gSA ukVdksa dk ewy rRo

vuqdj.k ckydksa ds thou esa lgt gh jpk&clk gksrk gS] mUgsa lgt vfHkusrk dguk

vfr”;ksfDr ugha gksxhA ckydksa dks nwljksa dh udy djus esa fo”ks"k vkuUn dh vuqHkwfr gksrh

gSA cPpksa }kjk ukVd djuk 'kk”or dyk gSA cM+ksa us rks mls ckn esa viuk;kA*41

ckyd LoHkko ls vuqdj.k”khy gksrs gSaA os cM+ksa ds gj fØ;kdyki dk vuqlj.k djds

vkReh; vkuUn dh vuqHkwfr çkIr djrs gSaA 'kkyk ls vkus ds ckn dkYifud d{kk cukdj]

nhokj dks ';keiV~V ekudj i<+kus dk vfHku; ns[krs gh curk gSA ckyd vuqlj.k ds }kjk

gh lh[krs gSaAukVd lkfgR; dh vU;re fo|k gS] D;ksafd ukVd vfHku;] n`”;] jax eaph; fo|k

gSA ^voLFkkuqÑfrukZVd* vFkkZr~ voLFkk dh vuqÑfr gh ukVd gSA ukVd fØ;k dsfUær fo|k

gSA vfHku; ukVd dk ewyHkwr rRo gSA cky ukVdksa dk Hkh çk.k rRo gSA cky ukVd cM+ksa ds

ukVd dk gh vax gS] buesa Hkh oks gh lkjs rRo gksrs gSa] fQj Hkh bu esa ewyHkwr vUrj gS] D;ksafd

cky euksfoKku cM+ksa ls cgqr fHkUu gksrk gSAcky ukVdksa dk vkdkj NksVk gksrk gSA budk

dFkkud cPpksa ds euksuqdwy fo"k; gksrs gSa] dFkkud dk p;u cky vfHk#fp;ksa] euksfoKku]

LoHkko ds vuq:i gksrk gSA cky ukVdksa ds laokn laf{kIr] lgt vkSj cksypky dh Hkk"kk esa

gksus pkfg,A Hkk"kk vR;Ur ljy gks] ns”k&dky] os”kHkw"kk] okrkoj.k vkfn dk fuekZ.k bl çdkj

fd;k tk;s] ftl ls ckydksa dks vfHku; djus esa fdlh çdkj dh ijs”kkuh ugha gksA eaph;

O;oLFkk ,dne lgt gksA cky ukVdksa esa ik=ksa dh la[;k Hkh de gksuh pkfg,A ukVdksa ds

Js"B eapu ds fy, xhr&laxhr vkSj ik”oZ/ofu;ksa dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gksrk gSA cky ukVdksa

ds xhr cM+ksa ds ukVdksa dh rqyuk esa NksVs] ljl] lgt] rqdkar vkSj lqe/kqj gksus pkfg, rkfd

ckyd rUe;rk ds lkFk ukVd dk Hkjiwj vkuUn ys ldsaA cPpksa ds ukVdksa ds 'kh"kZd Hkh

vkd"kZd] jkspd vkSj ljy gksaxs rks ckyd 'kh?kzrk ls le> ldsaxs vkSj ukVd ls vPNh rjg

tqM+ ldsaxsA cky ukVdksa ds fo"k; esa MkW- gfjÑ".k nsoljs ds erkuqlkj& ^cPpksa ds ukVdksa dh

25

dqN vfuok;Z 'krs± gSaA igyh ;g fd mlds dFkkud cPpksa dh #fp vkSj muds euksfoKku ds

vuq:i gksa nwljh 'krZ ;g fd mlesa ik= ,sls gks&ftudk vfHku; cPps Lo;a dj ldsaA*42

,dkadh ukVd dk gh y?kq Lo:i gSA blesa ,d gh vad gksrk gS] blhfy, ,dkadh uke

ls vfHkfgr fd;k x;k gSaA cky ,dkadh ds dFkkud vR;ar NksVs gksrs gSaA ik= lhfer] laokn

vfr laf{kIr gksrs gSaA buesa ladyu&=; dk gksuk cgqr t:jh ekuk x;k gS] vFkkZr~ ?kVuk]

le;] LFkku dh ,drkA ,dkadh ds eapu dh xfr rhoz gksrh gSA

1-3-7 cky miU;kl

cky miU;kl vFkkZRk cPpksa dh vfHk#fp] euksfoKku] ekufldrk ds vuq:i l`ftr

miU;klA miU;kl ,d euksjatd vkSj yksdfç; fo|k gSA cPpksa esa Hkh miU;kl i<+us dh

ftKklk gksrh gSA vU; fo/kkvksa dh Hkkafr miU;kl Hkh cPpksa ds fy, çsjd vkSj lgh

fn”kkfunsZ”kd fl) gksrs gSaA mez c<+us ds lkFk&lkFk ckyd ubZ&ubZ phtksa ls] u,&u, ifjos”k

ls tqM+us ds fy, ykykf;r jgrk gSA og dgkfu;ksa ls dqN vkxs c<+dj miU;kl dh vksj ço`r

gksus yxrk gS] vr% cky miU;kldkj dk nkf;Ro gS fd og ckydksa ds vuq:i ,sls miU;kl

dh jpuk djs] ftlls ckydksa dk LoLFk euksjatu Hkh gks vkSj Kku esa Hkh o)Zu gksA

MkW- gfjÑ".k nsoljs ds vuqlkj& ^cky miU;kl ,d ,slh yEch dFkk gS ftlesa ?kVuk;sa dSlh

Hkh gksa yksd dh] ijyksd dh] vkdk”k dh] ikrky dh] ?kj dh ;k lekt dh] os cPpksa ds eu

dh vusd xqfRFk;ksa dks lqy>kus esa lgk;d gksrh gSaA cPpksa dks miU;kl i<+us esa blfy, Hkh

vkuUn vkrk gS fd mlesa ?kVukpØ c<+h rsth ls pyrk gS] ^vkxs D;k gqvk* tkuus dh

mRlqdrk cuh jgrh gS vkSj dkQh nsj rd ,d jkspd dFkklalkj] esa fopj.k djus dk volj

feyrk gSA*43

Li"V gS] cky miU;kl esa xfr”khyrk] dkSrqgy] ftKklk dk cus jguk vfrvko”;d

gSA vkxs D;k gksxk\ fQj blds ckn dkSulh ?kVuk gksxh \ ;s ftKklk miU;kl esa fujarj cuh

jguh pkfg,] rHkh ckyd mlls tqM+ ldsxk D;ksafd ckyd dk papy eu vf/kd nsj rd /kS;Z

ugha n[k ldrkA rRoksa dh n`f"V ls cky miU;kl dk dFkkud u vfr laf{kIr gks vkSj u gh

vf/kd foLr`rA cky LoHkko ls uV[kV] papy] 'kjkjrh] gkL;&ilan] lkgfld gksrs gSaA vr%

cky miU;klksa ds dFkkud dk p;u djrs le; bu ckrksa dk /;ku j[kuk vfuok;Z gSA buds

dFkkud ,sfrgkfld] HkkSxksfyd] ikSjkf.kd] tklwlh] lkgfld] oSKkfud] gkL; ç/kku vkSj cky

euksfoKku ij vk/kkfjr gksus pkfg,A ftlls ckyd dk euksjatu gks vkSj mudk pkfjf=d

fodkl Hkh gks ldsA cky miU;klksa esa ik=ksa dh la[;k lhfer gksrh gSA ;s ik= dkYifud vkSj

;FkkZFkoknh gksrs gSaA i”kq&i{kh Hkh çrhdkRedrk ds :i esa ik= dh Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA cky

26

miU;klksa ds laokn pqVhys] jkspd] lgt] laf{kIr vkSj dkSrqgy mRiUu djus okys gksrs gSaA blh

çdkj Hkk"kk ljl] ljy] çokge;] lqxzká] çHkkoksRiknd] fp=kRed] lEçs"k.kh;] ik=kuqdwy gksrh

gSA dgkorksa] eqgkojksa] lwfDr;ksa dk çlaxkuq:i ç;ksx cky miU;klksa dks vf/kd jkspd cukus ds

fy, fd;k tkrk jgk gSA cM+ksa ds miU;klksa dh Hkkafr Hkk"kkxr nq#grk] cksf>yrk] yEcs&yEcs

dFku] fDy"Vrk cky miU;klksa ds fy, vekU; gSaA ns”kdky] okrkoj.k dk fp=.k bruk ltho

gks fd ckyeu esa mldk fp= vafdr gks tk;sA 'kCn la;kstu] okD; foU;kl lqxfBr gksuk

pkfg, rkfd ifjos”k ltho gks mBsA ,d 'kCn esa dgsa rks cky miU;kl ckydksa ds euksuqdwy

gksus pkfg,A

1-3-8 cky fucU/k

fucU/k x| lkfgR; dh l”kDr] yksdfç;] vk/kqfud vkSj egRoiw.kZ fo/kk gSA fucU/k dk

vFkZ Li"V djrs gq, MkW- ukxs”k ik.Ms; us fy[kk gS& ^fucU/k dk O;qRifÙkd vFkZ gS& ^fopkjksa

dk ca/ku vFkkZr~ fucU/k og x| jpuk gS ftlesa fopkjksa dks Øec) :i ls çLrqr fd;k

x;k gksA*44

ckyd T;ksa&T;ksa cM+k gksrk gS] dfork] dgkuh] ukVd ls brj x| dh vU; fo/kkvksa

dh vksj vkdf"kZr gksus yxrk gS ;Fkk& fucU/k] thouh] i= lkfgR;] vkfnA cky fucU/k dk

vk”k; gS] ckydksa ds fucU/kA cky fucU/k vkSj cM+ksa ds fucU/k ds Lo:i esa Hkh vU; fo/kkvksa dh

rjg dqN foHksn gSaA cky fucU/k cPpksa ds fy, gksrs gSa] vr% buds 'kh"kZd laf{kIr] pqVhys]

fo"k;kuq:i] vkd"kZd gksr s gSa] ftlls cPps bUgsa i<+us ds fy;s çsfjr gksrs gSaA rRi”pkr fucU/k

dh jpuk mi”kh"kZdksa esa foHkkftr djds vfr lgtrk ls fo"k; dsfUær gksdj dh tkrh gSA

milagkj esa fucU/k dk lkjka”k vkSj mís”; bl çdkj çLrqr fd;k tkrk gS] ftlls ckyd

fucU/k ds dsUæh; Hkko dks vkRelkr dj ldsA vko”;drkuqlkj chp&chp esa NksVs&eksVs

mnkgj.k Hkh çLrqr fd;s tkrs gSaA eqgkojksa dk ç;ksx Hkh fo"k;kuq:i lEHko gSA laf{kIr okD;]

ljy 'kCnkoyh] ljl] lgt Hkk"kk ç;qDr dh tkrh gSA fucU/kksa ds lekU;r;k fuEu fo"k; ekus

gSa& ,sfrgkfld] lkaLÑfrd] ioks± lEcU/kh] lkgfld] oSKkfud] euksoSKkfud] lkfgfR;d]

lkekftd] gkL; ç/kku] O;fDr lEcU/kh] yfyr fucU/k] /kkfeZd] dkYifud] O;aX;kRed

vkfn&vkfnA

vU; fo/kk;sa

dfork] dgkuh] ukVd] miU;kl ls brj cky lkfgR; dh vU; fo/kkvksa ;Fkk& cky

thouh] cky vkRedFkk] cky igsfy;k¡] laLej.k] ;k=k&lkfgR;] i=&lkfgR;] Mk;jh] lk{kkRdkj

vkfn dks Hkh cPps ilan djus yxs gSaA cky jpukdkj Hkh bu fo/kkvksa esa Js"B l`tu dj jgs gSa

27

vkSj ;g iqLrdkdkj esa çdkf”kr Hkh gks jgk gSA bu fo/kkvksa dk Lo:i Hkh dfork] dgkuh vkfn

dh rjg cky euksuqdwy gksrk gSA

mi;qZDr fo”ys’k.k ds vk/kkj ij dgk tk ldrk gS fd cky lkfgR; dk Lo:i vkfn

;qxhu yksd thou ls çkjEHk gksdj vk/kqfud dky rd vfojke ifjofrZr gksrk vk;k gSA

oSKkfud çxfr vkSj rduhfd ;qx ds vkus ls chloha 'krkCnh esa cky lkfgR; esa mYys[kuh;

cnyko vk;kA cnyrh nqfu;k lkFk dbZ iqjkuh ijEijkvksa dks u, ifjos”k esa <kydj çLrqr

fd;k x;kA vc cPps dYiuk yksd esa fopj.k djus ds ctk; ;FkkFkZ ds /kjkry ij phtksa dks

ij[kus yxs gSaA vr% cky lkfgR;dkjksa us Hkh iqjkus <jsZ dks R;kx dj ubZ 'kSyh] u;k f”kYi]

u;k eqgkojk] ubZ ftKklk] ubZ ladYiuk] ubZ rduhd dks viukdj ltu dk;Z djrs jgs gSaA

çxfr”khy vkSj lelkef;d psruk ds lkFk foKku] dEI;wVj] b.VjusV tSls fo"k;ksa dks jkspd

vkSj euksjatd cukdj çLrqr fd;k tkus yxkA orZeku ;qx esa çÑfr fp=.k ds lkFk&lkFk

ckyd dks dsUæ esa j[kdj mldh ftKklk] :fp;ksa] ço`fr;ksa] euksn”kkvksa ds vuqdwy lHkh

fo/kkvksa esa cky jpuk;sa fy[kh tk jgh gSaA vkt dk fgUnh cky lkfgR; Lo:i gj n`f"V ls

vR;f/kd le`) gS] O;kid gS ftls lhekvksa esa vkc) ugha fd;k tk ldrkA lkfgR; lekt]

dky] ifjfLFkfr lkis{k gksrk gSA fQj Hkh fo)r tuksa] vkykspdksa ds }kjk r; fd, x;s

ekin.Mksa ds vuq:i cky lkfgR; dh jpuk lqfuf”pr gksuh gh pkfg,A

1-4 cky lkfgR; dh vko”;drk] mi;ksfxrk ,oa fof”k"Vrk

fdlh Hkh jpuk ds l`tu es avusd fopkj HkkoHkwfe] lkekftd ljksdkj] mi;ksfxrk lHkh

egRoiw.kZ gksrs gSA bl n`f"V ls cky lkfgR; vfr fof'k"V gSA

1-4-1 vko”;drk

dfo jfoUæukFk VSxksj us dgk gS fd ekuo dh isV dh {kq/kk ds vfrfjDr ,d Hkw[k vkSj

gksrh gS] tks lkfgR;] laxhr vkSj fp=dyk ls r`Ir gksrh gSA lkfgR; lekt dk vfHkUu vax gSA

vkneh dks bUlku cukus dh çfØ;k esa lkfgR; dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA blds }kjk ekuo ds

fodkjksa dk ifj"dkj gksrk gS vkSj og mPprj thou thus dh vksj vxzlj gksus yxrk gSA

lkfgR; euq"; dk euksjatu Hkh djrk gS] ogha lqlaLÑr cukrs gq, lH;rk ls Hkh tksM+s j[krk gSa

fda drZO;foew<+ gksus dh fLFkfr esa lfgR; lekt dks lRiFk dh vksj vxzlj djrk gS] blh ds

lkFk&lkFk lkfgR; ds jlkLoknu ls euq"; fnO; vkuUn dks Hkh vuqHkwr djrk gSA cky

lkfgR;] lkfgR; dk gh egRoiw.kZ vax gS vksj ckyd ds lE;d mUu;u dh vk/kkjf”kyk rS;kj

djrk gSA mls çÑfr ls tksM+rk gS] ckrksa gh ckrksa esa çse] lg;ksx] d#.kk] lkSgkæ] lR;]

28

ln~Hkkouk] laosnuk] lkgl vkfn ekuoh; xq.kksa ls ckyd dk lk{kkRdkj djokrk gSa ewyr%] cky

lkfgR; cPpksa dks thus dh dyk fl[kkrk gS] phtksa dks ns[kus&ij[kus dh ubZ n`f"V nsrk gSA

cky lkfgR; dh vko”;drk dks MkW- ukxs”k ik.Ms; us O;Dr djrs gq, fy[kk gS&

^cPpksa dks lH; vkSj lqlaLÑr cukus dh fn”kk esa cky lkfgR; dh vo.kZuh; Hkwfedk gSA vkt

tc fo”o ds lexz jk"Vªksa esa ,d çfr;ksfxrk dk okrkoj.k gS vkSj fodkl dh vkik/kkih esa

uSfrd ewY;ksa dk gzkl gks jgk gS] ,sls esa ckyd dks ,d lQy ukxfjd ds :i esa rS;kj djus

gsrq cky lkfgR; dh vko”;drk fo”ks"k :i ls c<+ xbZ gSA*45

ç[;kr cky lkfgR;dkj gfjÑ".k nsoljs dk ekuuk gS& ^cky lkfgR; dh rqyuk ek¡ ds nw/k ls

dh tk ldrh gSA tSls cPpk viuk igyk vkgkj ek¡ ds nw/k ds :i esa ysrk gS oSls gh ml dk

igyk ckSf)d vkgkj ek¡ ds eqg¡ ls lquh yksjh ds :i esa cky lkfgR; gksrk gSA tSls cPps ds

LoLFk 'kkjhfjd fodkl ds fy, ek¡ dk nw/k vko”;d gksrk gS oSls gh ml ds LoLFk ekufld

fodkl ds fy, cky lkfgR;A*46

ew/kZU; vkykspd MkW- uxsUæ us ekuk gS] igys lekt esa ckyd dk vfLrRo f[kykSus ds :i esa

FkkA mudks I;kj&nqykj rks feyrk Fkk ysfdu mls lekt dk ,d vfHkUu vax ugha le>k

tkrk FkkA ysfdu vkt ds ckyd dh vko”;drkvksa esa ,d vko”;drk cky lkfgR; dh Hkh

gSA*47

vFkkZr~ cky lkfgR; ek¡ ds nqykj ftruk vko”;d gS D;ksafd bldk ikBd ,d cPpk

gksrk gS vkSj cPps dks loZçFke ek¡ dk I;kj] nqykj gh pkfg,A

JhukFk lgk; us cky lkfgR; dh vko”;drk dks crkrs gq, fy[kk gS& ^ckyd ns”k dh

vk/kkjf”kyk gSA bldh leqfpr f”k{kk] laosxdo ckSf)d fodkl ij gh ns”k dk fodkl lEHko

gSA çkjEHk ls gh bUgsa jk"Vªh;] turkfU=d ewY; vk/kkfjr f”k{kk nsus dh vko”;drk iM+rh gS]

ftlls ,d tkx:d ukxfjd ds :i esa budk mÙkjksÙkj fodkl gksA bl fn”kk esa

cky&lkfgR; dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gS] ftlds }kjk ckydksa esa LoLFk laLdkj çfLrLFkkfir gks

ldsaA vuq”kklu] e;kZnk] O;oLFkk dh uhao cpiu esa gh mfpr cky lkfgR; }kjk fufeZr dh tk

ldrh gSA*48

MkW- nsoljs ds vuqlkj cky lkfgR; cPpksa ds fy, ek¡ ds nw/k ftruk mi;ksxh gSA mi;qZDr

lanHkks± ,oa fo}kuksa ds erkuqlkj cky lkfgR; cPpksa ds eu cgyko ds fy, vR;ko”;d gSA ;g

,d iFk çn”kZd dh Hkkafr dke djrk gS] tks ckydksa ds fy, vR;Ur mi;ksxh gSA MkW- ukxs”k

ik.Ms; us bls cPpksa dks lqukxfjd cukus ds fy, t:jh ekuk gS] ogha JhukFk lgk; cPpksa ds

leqfpr fodkl vkSj uSfrd ewY;ksa ls tqM+us ds fy, cky lkfgR; dh vge~ Hkwfedk dks

Lohdkjrs gSaA MkW- uxsUnz bls cPpksa ds fy, çeq[k vko”;drk ekurs gSaA

29

cky lkfgR; cPpksa dk euksjatu djus ds lkFk&lkFk mUgsa vkuUn vkg~ykn] mRl]

çsj.kk] çnku djrk gS mudk Kkuo)Zu djrk gS] mudh dYiukvksa] ftKklkvksa dk 'keu djrk

gS] Lej.k 'kfDr esa ,oa rdZ {kerk esa o`f) djrk gSA ckSf)drk dk fodkl djds çÑfr vkSj

i;kZoj.k çse Hkh tkxzr djrk gSA cky jpukvksa ds }kjk ckyd vius ifjos”k dks] phtksa dks]

lkekftd xfrfof/k;ksa dks] fj”rksa dks ckjhfd ls tkuus yxrk gSA cky lkfgR; cPpksa dks

vçR;{k :i ls f”kf{kr djrk gS] muds lkekU; Kku esa c<+ksrjh djrk gS] çKk dks rhoz djrk

gSA ogh ubZ oSKkfud rduhdksa ls tksM+s j[krk gSA ikB~;&iqLrdksa esa dsoy Kku&foKku dh

ckrsa gksrh gSaA vr% ckyd bl ls brj Hkh ,slh iqLrdsa i<+uk pkgrk gS ftlesa mlds eu dh

ckr gks vkSj ;g mldks cky lkfgR; ls gh fey ldrh gSA cPpk tSls&tSls cM+k gksrk gS og

vius ifjos”k dh phtksa dks vius vuqlkj tkuus dh dksf”k”k djrk gS] ;g muesa cgqr dqN

[kkst ysuk pkgrk gS vkSj bl lanHkZ esa tc Hkh ckyd fdlh pht ds ckjs esa cM+ksa ls loky

djrk gS] rks vDlj mls pqi djok fn;k tkrk gSA ,sls esa ckyd dh lgk;rk dsoy cky

iqLrdsa gh dj ldrh gSa vkSj ;s lkfgR; Ldwyh f”k{kk esa Hkh lgk;d dk dke djrk gSA

lcls egRoiw.kZ ckr ;g gS fd ckydksa dk lkfgR; nknk&nknh] ukuk&ukuh dh deh

dks iwjh djrs gq,] cPpksa ds ,dkdhiu dks nwj djrk gSA cky lkfgR; ls] cPpksa esa uSfrd

ewY;ksa ds fodkl ls O;ogkjxr ifjorZu Hkh ifjyf{kr gksus yxrk gSA ,d okD; esa] cky

lkfgR;] ckydksa dks thou thus dh dyk fl[kkrk gSA cky lkfgR; cPpksa ds lkFk&lkFk çks<+]

uolk{kjksa vkSj buls tqM+s vU; O;fDr;ksa ds fy, Hkh vko”;d ekuk x;k gS] tSls nknk&nknh]

ukuk&ukuh] ekrk&firk] f”k{kd vkfn rHkh rks os vius ckydksa dks dfork;sa] dgkfu;k¡ lquk

ldsaxs vkSj mu ls tqM+ dj mudk I;kj ik ldsaxsA ;s Hkh fu/kkZfjr dj ldsaxs fd ckyd ds

fy, dc] dkSu lk lkfgR; mi;ksxh jgsxkA MkW- ukxs”k ik.Ms; us bl ifjizs{; esa fy[kk Hkh gS&

^cky lkfgR; dsoy cPpksa ds fy, gh ugha] çks<+ksa] uolk{kjksa ds fy, Hkh leku :i ls viuh

egÙkk fl) djrk gSA okLrfodrk rks ;s gS] fd cPps ls tqM+s gj O;fDr ds fy, cky lkfgR;

dk v/;;u visf{kr gSA*49 lexzr% cky lkfgR; dsoy ckydksa ds fy, gh t:jh ugha gS vfirq

çkS<+ksa] uolk{kjksa ,oa ckyd ls tqM+s çR;sd O;fDr ds Hkh mruk gh vko”;d gS] D;ksafd tc cM+s

cky lkfgR; i<+sxs rHkh rks ckydksa dks lquk;saxs] i<+us dks çsfjr djsaxsA lukru dky ls cky

lkfgR; dh vko”;drk jgh gS vkSj tc rd lalkj gS] rc rd jgsxhA

1-4-2 cky lkfgR; dh mi;ksfxrk

cky lkfgR; ckydksa ds fy, ftruk vko”;d gS mruk gh mi;ksxh HkhA bl lanHkZ esa

MkW- jk"Vªca/kq dk ekuuk gS& ^gesa pkfg;s fd ge cky lkfgR; dh mi;ksfxrk ls lekt dks

ifjfpr djk;saA vkaxuckM+h esa cPpksa dks igsfy;k¡] yksfj;k¡ vkSj dgkfu;ksa dk ços”k Øec)rk ls

30

ugha gSA f”k{kk esa ts-Vh-lh-] ch-Vh-lh-] ch-,M-] ,e-,M- vkSj iqLrdky;ksa ds fy, cky lkfgR;

dk Kku] f”k{kk dks lkekftdrk ls tksM+ ldrk gSA vr% cky lkfgR; esa tks euksfoKku gS

mlls euksfpfdRlk dh lQyrk ljyrk ls gks ldrh gSA LokLF; vkSj fpfdRlk esa Hkh cky

lkfgR; dk mi;ksx peRdkjh çHkko fn[kk ldrk gSA*50

cky lkfgR; dh mi;ksfxrk fuEukafdr

fcUnqvksa ls Li"V gS&

cky lkfgR; cPpksa dks [kqf”k;ksa ls Hkj nsrk gSA

blls ckydksa dh dYiuk 'kfDr dk foLrkj gksrk gSA

cky lkfgR; i<+us] ns[kus vkSj lquus ls cPps dbZ çdkj dh dbZ dykvksa ls lgt :i

ls tqM+ tkrs gSaA lkFk gh cky lkfgR; fy[kuk Hkh lh[k tkrs gSaA

cky lkfgR; ls ckydksa dh fØ;kRed {kerk vkSj ltu”khyrk esa o`f) gksrh gSA

cky lkfgR; ls cPpksa ds vfrfjDr le; dk cgqr vPNk lnqi;ksx gksrk gSA

blds i<+us ls ckydksa esa LokoyEcu] vkRefuHkZjrk] vuq”kklu] n<+rk] lkgl]

eS=h&Hkko] lg;ksx dh Hkkouk] çse vkfn Hkko Lor% gh tkxzr gks tkrs gSaA

dgkfu;ksa] dforkvksa] igsfy;ksa vkfn ds iBu&ikBu ls ckydksa dh Lej.k 'kfDr c<+rh

gS] vkSj mUgsa daBLFk dj ysus ls thou Hkj ds fy, eu&efLr"d esa lafpr gks

tkrh gSA

dgkuh lqu dj fe=ksa dks ;k fdlh vkSj dks lqukus ls mudh okd dyk] okd pkrq;Z esa

lao)Zu gksrk gSA

ukVdksa ds iBu vkSj eapu ls vfHku; dyk dk fodkl Hkh gksrk gSA

cky lkfgR; dh iqLrdksa esa cus fp=ksa dks ckj&ckj ns[kus ls ckyd esa cukus dk

dkSrwgy tkxzr gksrk gS vkSj blls muesa js[kkadu ,oa jax Hkjus dh dyk Lor% gh

fodflr gks tkrh gSA

cky lkfgR; dks vkRelkr djus ls cPps O;kogkfjd Kku Hkh çkIr djrs gSaA

cky igsfy;k¡ lquus ls dkSrwgy tkxzr gksrk gS vkSj gy djus ls cPpksa dk ekufld

fodkl gksrk gS] larqf"V feyrh gS] fparu&euu ls }kj [kqyrs gSaA

pqVdqys cPpksa dks galk&galk dj yksViksV dj nsrs gSaA

31

tc cPps cM+ksa dks dfork;sa lqurs gSa] rc mu ls ç”kalk ikdj cPps Qwys ugha lekrsA

bl çdkj cky lkfgR; u dsoy Vkcjksa ds fy, t:jh gS vfirq lEiw.kZ lekt ds fy, gh

cgqi;ksxh gSaA

1-4-3 cky lkfgR; dh fof”k"Vrk

cky lkfgR; dh çFke fof”k"Vrk ;s gh gS fd og ckydksa ds fy, gksrk gS] D;ksafd cky

lkfgR; lEiw.kZ ok³~e; dk vfr egRoiw.kZ vax gSA ckyd vius vki esa gh bl lalkj dh çFke

vkSj fof”k"V bdkbZ gSA cky lkfgR; cM+ksa ds lkfgR; ls vusd çdkj ls vyx gSa] tks bldh

fo”ks"krkvksa ds QyLo:i gh gSA bl lanHkZ esa MkW- ukxs”k ik.Ms; ^lat;* dk dFku&^cky

lkfgR; lkekU; lkfgR; dk vax gksrk gq, Hkh mlls loZFkk i`Fkd gSA Hkk"kk&”kSyh] f”kYi]

mís”;] laosnuk] euksfoKku vkSj egRo bR;kfn vusdkusd nf"V;ksa ls nksuksa esa ewyHkwr

varj gSA*51

MkW- Jhçlkn ds vuqlkj& ^cM+s vkSj cPpksa dh dfork esa ewy varj laosnuk dk gSA*52

MkW- ukeoj flag dh ekU;rk gS& cky lkfgR; fy[kuk ,d nq"dj dk;Z gSA cM+ksa dk lkfgR;

fy[kuk vklku gS ysfdu NksVksa ds fy, NksVksa dh Hkk"kk esa] cgqr dfBu dk;Z gSA*53

Jhçlkn ds vuqlkj& ^cky lkfgR; orZeku esa ckydksa dk euksjatu djrk gS vkSj Hkfo"; esa

u;k lqlaLÑr lektksi;ksxh thou nsrk gSA*54

cky lkfgR; dh Hkko&i{k vkSj dyk&i{k ds vk/kkj ij viuh vyx fo”ks"krk;sa gS

D;ksafd ckyd vkSj cM+ksa dh nqfu;k gj n`f"V ls vyx gksrh gSA tgk¡ cPpk dYiukvksa ds

vkdk”k esa fopj.k djrs ugha Fkdrk] ogha cM+ksa dks ;FkkFkZ ds dBksj /kjkry ij pyuk iM+rk

gSA cky lkfgR; jl ls ifjiw.kZ] lgt] cPpksa dh rjg eklwe gksrk gS vkSj blds fy, cky

jpukdkj dks mudh Hkko Hkwfe ij mrj dj ltZuk djuh iM+rh gSA cky lkfgR; ftruk ljy

gksrk gS] mldk l`tu mruk gh dfBuA blh ds lkFk cky lkfgR; dh vU; fo”ks"krkvksa esa

mldk vkdkj esa y?kq gksuk Hkh gS] pkgs xhr gks] dgkuh gks] ukVd gks ;k nwljh fo/kkA ;s

blfy, fd ckydksa dks 'kh?kz ;kn gks lds vkSj ges”kk Le`fr esa jgsA cky lkfgR; dk

ldkjkRed gksuk bldh fo”ks"krk gS] blesa udkjkRed ckrksa d s fy, dksbZ LFkku ugha gksrk

D;ksafd Ny&diV] >wB] ?k.kk] }s"k] nqHkkZouk] uQjr vkfn Hkko ckY;koLFkk ls dkslksa nwj gksrs

gSaA ckyd lnSo orZeku esa thrk gS ;k fQj liuksa ,oa dYiukvksa esaA vr% cky lkfgR;

orZeku ds lkFk Hkfo"; dh ladYiuk dks ysdj fy[kk tkrk gSA cky lkfgR; dsoy cPps gh

32

pko ls i<+rs gks ,slk ugha gSA cky lkfgR; çkS<+] ;qok] efgyk;sa Hkh cM+h #fp ls i<+rs gSa vkSj

Hkjiwj vkuUn ysrs gSa vFkkZr~ cky jpuk,¡ gj oxZ dks cgqr ilan vkrh gSaA

1-5 fgUnh cky lkfgR; % ijEijk ,oa fodkl Øe

lkfgR; ys[ku dh ijEijk vR;ar çkphu gSA fo”o dh vusd Hkk"kkvksa ds fodkl dk

bfrgkl fy[kk tk pqdk gS] ftuesa vaxzsth] Ýsap] Lisfu”k lfgr dbZ vU; Hkk"kk,sa lfEefyr gSaA

fgUnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl vR;ar le`) vkSj xkSjok”kkyh jgkA ftlds dbZ fo}kuksa] fopkjdksa

vkSj leh{kdksa us vius&vius erkuqlkj fHkUu&fHkUu rjhds ls fy[kk gS ,oa ukedj.k Hkh mlh

ds vuq:i fd;k gS] ftuesa vkpk;Z jkepUæ 'kqDy Ñr ^fgUnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl* lcls

çkekf.kd vkSj çklafxd ekuk tkrk gSA ckn esa fo}kuksa us blh esa vkaf”kd ijforZu djds u;k

Lo:i çnku fd;k gSaA fgUnh cky lkfgR; Hkh fgUnh lkfgR; dk gh ,d vax gSA

fgUnh lkfgR; ds bfrgkl ds leku cky lkfgR; dk viuk oSHko”kkyh bfrgkl jgk

gSA fdUrq vHkh rd ,slk ekuk tkrk jgk gS fd fdlh Hkh fo}ku ds }kjk cky lkfgR; dk

O;ofLFkr] larqfyr bfrgkl ugha fy[kk x;k gSa] ;w¡ dbZ fo}kuksa us bls vius&vius vUnkt esa

fy[kk gS] ftuesa ls çeq[k :i ls ç[;kr cky lkfgR;dkj MkW- gfjÑ".k nsoljs] MkW- ij”kqjke

'kqDy] jksfgrk”o vLFkkuk] fujadkj nso lsod vkSj çdk”k euq çeq[k gSaA ije g"kZ dh ckr gS fd

yEcs vUrjky ds i”pkr~ 2018 esa çdk”k euq Ñr 544 i`"Bh; ^cky lkfgR; dk bfrgkl*

çdk”ku esa vk;k gSA ftls eq[; :i ls fo/kkxr Lo#i nsdj O;k[;kf;r fd;k gS] tks dkQh

pfpZr gks jgk gSA

çLrqr gS dfri; fo}kuksa ds }kjk fd;k x;k cky lkfgR; dk foHkktuA MkW- nsoljs us

fgUnh cky lkfgR; dks N% dky [k.Mksa esa foHkkftr fd;k gS&

1- iwoZ HkkjrsUnq ;qx ¼lu~ 1845&1873 rd½

2- HkkjrsUnq ;qx ¼lu~ 1874&1900 rd½

3- f}osnh ;qx ¼lu~ 1901&1930 rd½

4- vk/kqfud ;qx ¼lu~ 1931&1946 rd½

5- Lokra«;ksÙkj ;qx ¼lu~ 1947&1957 rd½

6- orZeku ;qx ¼lu~ 1958&1967 rd½

33

jksfgrk”o vLFkkuk us cky lkfgR; ds bfrgkl dks pkj dky [k.Mksa esa çLrqr fd;k&

1- vkfndky ¼lu~ 1900&1921 rd½

2- e/;dky ¼lu~ 1922&1942 rd½

3- vk/kqfud dky ¼lu~ 1943&1962 rd½

4- lkBksÙkjh dky ¼lu~ 1963&v|ru½

blh Øe esa MkW- ij”kqjke 'kqDy us cky lkfgR; dks ikap dky [k.Mksa esa foHkkftr

fd;kA mUgha ds 'kCnksa esa&

^cky lkfgR; dh mijksDr vko”;drkvksa vkSj xq.kksa ds vk/kkj ij ,d yEcs le; ls

fgUnh cky lkfgR;dkj vuqHko dj jgs gSaA eSaus fgUnh cky lkfgR; dk bfrgkl rks ugha fy[kkA

fdUrq bldh :ijs[kk vo”; cukbZ gS eSaus fgUnh cky lkfgR; ds bfrgkl dks ikap ;qxksa esa

foHkkftr fd;k gS&

1- vkfn ;qx ¼çkjEHk ls 1950 rd½

2- HkkjrsUnq ;qx ¼1851 ls 1900 rd½

3- iwoZ&Lok/khurk ;qx ¼1901 ls 1947 rd½

4- mÙkj&Lok/khurk ;qx ¼1948 ls 1990 rd½

5- ç;ksxoknh ;qx ¼1991 ls fujarj½55

çdk”k euq us vius cky lkfgR; ds bfrgkl dk fof/kor 'kqHkkjEHk mUuhloha lnh ls

fd;k gS ftls rhu pj.kksa esa ckaVk gSA mUgha ds vuq:i ns”k dh lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd

n”kk&fn”kk vkSj fgUnh cky lkfgR; ds cnyrs fetkt ij ,d lkFk utj Mkysa rks eksVs rkSj

ls fgUnh cky lkfgR; dh fodkl ;k=k dks rhu pj.kksa esa ckaVk tk ldrk gS&

1- çkjfEHkd ;qx ¼lu~ 1901 ls 1947½

2- xkSjo ;qx ¼lu~ 1948 ls 1970½

3- fodkl ;qx ¼lu~ 1971 ls vc rd½

mi;qZDr fo}kuksa }kjk fd;s x;s fgUnh cky lkfgR; ds oxhZdj.k dks ns[krs gq;s dgk

tk ldrk] lHkh jpukvksa us bls vius&vius utfj;s ls ns[kk vkSj ckaVk gSA vyx&vyx

ukedj.k t:j gS] fdUrq lHkh fo}kuksa dk lkj lEHkor% leku gh gSA mDr foHkktu dks /;ku

34

esa j[krs gq, cky lkfgR; dh ijEijk vkSj fodkl dk v/;;u fuEu fcUnqvksa ds vk/kkj ij

djus dk ç;kl fd;k gS&

1- vkfn ;qx ¼çkjEHk ls 1850 rd½

2- HkkjrsUnq ;qx ¼1851 ls 1900 rd½

3- iwoZ Lok/khurk ;qx ¼1901 ls 1947 rd½

4- Lokra«;ksÙkj ;qx ¼1948 ls vc rd½

1-5-1 vkfn ;qx ¼çkjEHk ls 1850 rd½

cky lkfgR; dk bfrgkl cgqr çkphu vkSj lqlEiUu jgk gSA Hkkjr esa gh lcls igys

cky lkfgR; miyC/k gqvk gSA laHko gS cky lkfgR; dk mn~Hko bl iFoh ij ckyd ds

vorj.k ds lkFk gqvk gksxkA tc ckyd f”k”kq ds :i esa ek¡ dh xksn esa vk;k gksxk rc ekrk

ds okRlY; jl dh Hkko/kkjk Lor% çokfgr gksus yxhA vius ckyd dk ykM yM+krs le;]

lqykrs le;] >qykrs le;] ekrk ds }kjk vuk;kl gh dqN /ofu;k¡ rqdcUnh ds :i esa ful`r

gksdj yksjh] çHkkrh :i esa fodflr gqbZ gksxhA blh çdkj firk ds nqykj us Hkh dqN u dqN

jpk gksxkA cPpksa dks [kq”k djus vkSj mudh ftKklk dks 'kkar djus ds fy,] ?kj ds lekt ds

cM+s yksxksa us dqN fdLls] dgkfu;k¡ lqukuk 'kq: fd;k gksxkA ;g lc çkÑfrd :i ls gksrk

jgk gksxkA blh ds lkFk&lkFk ifj;ksa dh ifjdYiuk;sa dh tkus yxh gksaxh vkSj dgkfu;k¡ cuus

yxh gksaxh vkSj fdlh us jktk&jkuh] jktdqekj&jktdqekfj;ksa ds fdLls dqN lqus gksaxs vkSj

muesa dYiuk ds jax Hkj dj dbZ jkspd dgkfu;k¡ xM+h gksaxhA jktk&jkuh ls ,d ,slh i`"BHkwfe

rS;kj gqbZ fd bl ij gtkjksa fdLls dgkfu;k¡ curh xbZ vkSj vkt Hkh fdlh u fdlh :i esa

fo|eku gSA ^,d Fkk jktk] ,d Fkh jkuh* ;s iafDr rks dgkuh ds Jhx.ks”k ds fy, feFkd gh

cu pqdh gSA lEHko gS] [ksyrs&dwnrs le; ckydksa ds eq¡g ls Hkh dqN ,sls gh Loj fudy x,

gksaxs vkSj oks Hkh rqdcfUn;k¡ cu xbZ gksaxhA

bl rjg Jqfr ,oa okfpd ijEijk ds }kjk cky lkfgR; dh fodkl ;k=k dk 'kqHkkjEHk

gqvkA ,d O;fDr ls nwljs O;fDr] ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ,oa ,d dky[k.M ls nwljs

dky[k.M rd dh ;k=k djrk jgkA blh ds lekukUrj yksd dFkk;sa] yksd fo”okl] yksd

ijEijk;sa] nUr dFkk;sa] yksd&xhr] yksd vuqHko vkfn cky lkfgR; dh ltZuk esa lgk;d curs

x, vkSj ih<+h&nj ih<+h cky lkfgR; lqjf{kr jgk vkSj gLrkarfjr gksrk x;kA fgUnh cky

lkfgR; esa cgqr ls ,sls lkfgR; dks Hkh lfEefyr fd;k x;k gS] ftlds jfp;rk Kkr gSa] tSls&

tfxud] vehj [kqljks] lwjnkl] yky cq>ôM+ vkfnA tfxud ds ^vkYgk[k.M* ds dqN Hkkx

35

cPpksa esa cgqr yksdfç; gq, gSaA vehj [kqljks ¼1253 ls 1325½ dh igsfy;ksa ds fy, cgqr çfl)

jgs gSaA vehj [kqljks dh igsfy;k¡] dg eqdjfu;k¡] <dkslys vkfn esa uhfr] f”k{kk vkSj euksjatu

ds os lHkh rRo feyrs gSa] tks cky lkfgR; fy, vko”;d gksrs gSaA ;s vuqie igsfy;k¡ vkSj dg

eqdjfu;k¡ cM+ksa ds lkFk&lkFk cPpksa dk Hkh LoLFk euksjatu djrs jgs gSaA ,d dg eqdjh&

og vkos rc 'kknh gks;A ml fcu nwtk vkSj u dks;AA

ehBs ykxsa okds cksyA ,s fl[k lktu\ uk fl[k <ksyA

egkdfo lwjnkl us Ñ".k dh cky lqyHk yhykvksa dk bruk LokHkkfod] lgt]

ykfyR;iw.kZ fp=.k fd;k gS] tks fgUnh lkfgR; esa cstksM+ gSA blhfy, os okRlY; jl ds lezkV

dgykrs gSaA ;|fi ;s in ckydksa ds fy, ugha fy[ks x;s Fks vfirq JhÑ".k dh cky yhykvksa

dk o.kZu fd;k x;k Fkk rFkkfi cPpksa dks mUgsa lquus o i<+us esa vkuUn vkrk Fkk&

eS;k] eSa ugha ek[ku [kk;ksA

tku ijs lc lax l[kk fey eq[k nf/k yiVk;ksA-----

eS;k] dfcg¡ c<+sxh pksVhA

fdrh csj eksfg nw/k fi;r ebZ] gS vtgw¡ ;g NksVhA-----

eS;k eksfga nkÅ cgqr f[ktkvksA

eks lksa dgr eksy dks yhUgksa rksfg tlqefr dc tk;ksA-----

dgk djksa bfg fjl ds ekjs [ksyu gkSa ugha tkrA

jhfrdky ds dqN dfo;ksa] o`Un] jghe] fxj/kj dfojk; vkfn ds lkfgR; esa Hkh cky

lkfgR; dh dqN fo”ks"krk,sa n`f"Vxr gksrh gSaA lHkh fo/kkvksa dh rjg cky lkfgR; dk mn~Hko

Hkh loZçFke foÑr dh lcls çkphu Hkk"kk laLÑr esa gh gqvk] tSlk fd MkW- ij”kqjke 'kqDy

ekurs gSa fd ^fgUnh cky lkfgR; dh bekjr laLÑr vkSj yksd dFkkvksa dh uhao ij [kM+h gSA

yksd dFkkvksa dh çeq[k fo”ks"krk ;g gS fd budk jpukdkj vkSj budk jpukdky nksuks a gh

vKkr gksrs gSa] vr% bl dky dh vkjfEHkd lhek dk fu/kkZj.k ugha fd;k tk ldrk] fdUrq bl

dky dh fof”k"Vrkvksa ds vk/kkj ij bldh vfUre lhek 1850 fu/kkZfjr dh tk ldrh gSA*

MkW- nsoljs dk ekuuk gS fd ^fgUnh cky lkfgR; dh i`"BHkwfe rS;kj djus esa laLÑr ds cky

lkfgR; dh tks ijEijk çkjEHk pyh vk jgh Fkh] ogh vkxs pydj fgUnh lkfgR; esa x`ghr

gqbZA*56

fo".kq 'kekZ us ^iapra=* dh jpuk dh] tks cgqr yksdfç; gqbZA yxHkx 2500 o"kZ iwoZ efgyk

jksI; uxj ds jktk vejdhfrZ ds pkj iq= Fks ftudk eu i<+kbZ&fy[kkbZ esa ugha yxrk FkkA

jktk us vius jktdqekjksa dks pfj=oku cukus ,oa uSfrdrk dk ikB i<+kus ds fy, iafMr

36

fo".kq 'kekZ dks fu;qDr fd;kA mUgksaus i”kq&if{k;ksa rFkk tho&tarqvksa dks ik= cukdj

dgkfu;ksa ds ek/;e ls jktdqekjksa dks f”kf{kr fd;kA ogh dFkk,¡ ^iapra= dh dgkfu;k¡* ds

:i esa laLÑr Hkk"kk esa ^fgrksins”k* ds uke ls lkfgR; esa fyf[kr :i ls vkbZA blh ds lkFk

^bZli dh dgkfu;k¡* Hkh cky lkfgR; ds :i ls dkQh çfl) gqbZA rRi”pkr~ Øekuqlkj

çkÑr] ikyh] viHkaz”k esa cky lkfgR; fodflr gqvkA ftuls fgUnh cky lkfgR; ys[ku dks

çsj.kk feyhA bl çdkj laLÑr ls çkjEHk gqqbZ cky lkfgR; dh ijEijk fgUnh us xzg.k dhA

bUgha Hkk"kkvksa esa jfpr fgrksins”k] csrky iPphlh] dFkk lfjRlkxj] iapra= esa cky lkfgR;

vkSj çekf.kdrk ds lkFk çpqjrk ds lkFk miyC/k gSA iapra= dh dgkfu;k¡ lc ls yksdfç;

gqbZA D;k cPps vkSj D;k cM+s lcdks ;s dgkfu;k¡ vkt Hkh cgqr fç; gSaA bu ij dbZ dkVwZu

fQYesa vkSj /kkjkokfgd Hkh cu pqds gSa] tks cgqr ialn fd;s x;s gSa] fd;s tk jgs gSaA bUgha ds

lkFk&lkFk yky cq>ôM+] xksiky HkkaM] rsukyhjke ds fdLls] 'ks[kfpYyh dh dgkfu;ksa vkSj

vdcj chjcy ds fdLls vkfn us Hkh cgqr yksdfç;rk gkfly dhA

/;krO; gS fd vHkh rd dk lkjk lkfgR; lkekU; tu ds fy, jpk x;k Fkk] cPpksa ds

fy, vyx ls buesa dqN ugha fy[kk x;k FkkA buesa ls tks cPpksa tks Hkkrk Fkk] cPps mls viuk

ysrs FksA iapra= dh dgkfu;k¡ vo”;eso cPpksa ds fy, fy[kh FkhaA cky lkfgR; dk ukedj.k

cgqr ckn esa gqvk gSA bl çlax esa MkW- ukxs”k ik.Ms;] ^lat;* ds vuqlkj& ^çkjfEHkd cky

lkfgR; cM+ksa ds lkfgR; dk ckyksi;ksxh va”k ys”k ek= FkkA cky lkfgR; dh fo/kk;sa Hkh dgkuh]

igsyh] pqVqdyksa rd gh lhfer FkhA jkek;.k] egkHkkjr bR;kfn iqjkuksa ds cky çlax gh ckydksa

dks ukV~; vkuUn çnku djrs FksA laLÑr] çkÑr] ikyh] viHkaz”k ds vfrfjDr fgUnh dh

çkjfEHkd foHkk"kkvksa ¼vo/kh] dUukSth] czt] cqansyh] NÙkhlx<+h] fuHkkM+h] Hkkstiqjh vkSj jktLFkkuh½

vkSj Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa vlfe;k] mfM+;k] dUuM+] d”ehjh] xqtjkrh] rfey] rsyxq] iatkch] caxyk]

ejkBh vkSj ey;kye esa cky lkfgR; dh ltZuk gksrh jghA*57

bl lanHkZ esa vkse çdk”k d”;i us viuh vk[kjekyk esa fy[kk gS& ^vaxzsth f”k{kk ds

çHkko vkSj ifjorZu”khy le; dh vko”;drkvksa dks ns[krs gq;s cPpksa ds fy, mi;qZDr lkfgR;

dh iqLrdksa dh vko”;drk vuqHko dh xbZ rks Js"B vkSj ekSfyd cky lkfgR; ds fodYi ds

vHkko esa csrky iPphlh] dFkk lfjRlkxj] tkrd dFkk] vfyQ ySyk dh jpukvksa dks Hkh

ckyksi;ksxh lkfgR; esa 'kqekj dj fy;k vkSj mudh dgkfu;ksa dk laf{kIr :i fyf[kr vkSj

okfpd ijEijk ds ek/;e ls cPpksa dks i<+k;k&lquk;k tkrk jgkA ;g fLFkfr fgUnh esa ekSfyd

cky lkfgR; dh nLrd rd pyrh jghA dkykUrj esa fgUnh esa ekSfyd ys[ku dk 'kqHkkjEHk

gqvkA mldk Js; tkrk gS& eqa”kh yYywyky ¼1763&1835½ rFkk lny feJ ¼1767@

68&1647@48½ vkfn dksA os QksVZ fofy;e dkWyst esa fgUnh dh iqLrdksa dks c<+kok nsus ds

37

fy, fu;qDr fd, x, FksA nksuksa esa fo”ks"k lkfgfR;d çfrHkk rks u Fkh] ysfdu laLÑr] czt Hkk"kk

dk vPNk Kku FkkA miyC/k lkfgR; ds [kM+h cksyh esa :ikarj.k ds lkFk u, Hkk"kkbZ {ks= esa

vkRefo”okl ds lkFk dne c<+kus dk mUgksaus tks lkgl fn[kk;k og mudh ,sfrgkfld Hkwfedk

dks js[kkafdr djus ds fy, i;kZIr gSA ml le; ds lkfgR;dkjksa dh leL;k Fkh fd Hkk"kk dk

:i rRle gks ;k vke cksypky okyk mnwZ vkSj fgUnh esa lkfgR; dh Hkk"kk D;k gks] og Hkh

elyk FkkA bl chp cPpksa dh f”k{kk ds fy, iqLrdksa dh vko”;drk vku iM+hA blds fy,

fgUnh ys[kdksa dh vko”;drk Fkh] tks cPpkssa dh ;qxhu vko”;drk dks igpku dj iqLrdsa

fy[k ldsaA fofy;e dkWyst ds çksQslj fxzyØkbLV ml ;kstuk ds çHkkjh FksA mUgksausa

yYywyky vkSj lny feJ dks ;g ftEesnkjh lkSaihA yYyw yky us cztHkk"kk esa fy[kh dgkfu;ksa

dks mnwZ&fgUnh x| esa fy[kk] mUgksaus ^flagklu cÙkhlh*] ^csrky iphlh*] ^”kadqryk ukVd*]

êk/kksuy* vkfn iqLrdsa fy[khA blds vfrfjDr mUgksus lu~ 1812 esa ^jktuhfr* uke ls

fgrksins”k dh dgkfu;ksa dks Hkh x| esa fy[kkA bu iqLrdksa ds fy[kokus ds nks mís”; Fks& ,d

;g fd ^Hkk[kk* dh leL;k lqy>kbZ tk lds vkSj nwljk ;g fd os iqLrdsa Ldwyksa esa Hkh i<+kbZ

tk;sa] ftuls ^Hkk[kk* dk Hkfo"; fufeZr gks lds vkSj og vf/kd yksdfç; gks ldsA bu iqLrdksa

dh Hkk"kk vklkuh ls le> esa vkus okyh gksrh FkhA ftu LFkkuksa ij vaxzsth i<+kus ds fy,

dkWyst [kqy pqds Fks] ogk¡ Hkh vaxzsth ds lkFk&lkFk fgUnh i<+kbZ tkus yxhA58

^vkfn ;qx* ds cky lkfgR; dks nks Hkkxksa esa ckaVk tk ldrk gS] ,d yksd lkfgR; vkSj

nwljs Hkkx esa [kM+h cksyh ds çkjEHk esa fy[kh xbZ cky lkfgR; dh jpuk,¡A çFke Hkkx esa

nknk&nknh] ukuk&ukuh] iaprU=] fgrksins”k vkfn dh dgkfu;k¡A nwljs Hkkx esa [kM+h cksyh esa

jfpr vuqfnr vkSj ekSfyd lkfgR;] ftlesa lny feJ] yYywyky vkSj f”koçlkn flag flrkjs

dk uke çeq[k gSA lny feJ us ûkfldsrksik[;ku* dk fgUnh esa vuqokn fd;k] ftlesa

ckyksi;ksxh rRo feyrs gSaA f”koçlkn flrkjs flag us ljdkjh ukSdjh djrs gq, ^jktkHkkst dk

liuk*] ^cPpksa dk bZuke*] ^cky cks/k*] ôhj flag dk o`rkar* vkfn jpuk,¡ fy[kdj cky lkfgR;

ds fodkl esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;kA dbZ jpukdkjksa us vU; Hkk"kkvksa ds cky lkfgR; dk

fgUnh esa vuqokn fd;kA bl çdkj ;g ;qx cky lkfgR; ds fy, vkjfEHkd mRd"kZ dk jgkA

bl le; ds cky lkfgR; esa ys[kdksa dk mÌs”; ckydksa dk uSfrd pkfjf=d ,oa ln~xq.kksa dh

f”k{kk nsuk FkkA tkfgj gSA fd fujarj la?k"kZ ds lkFk cky lkfgR; dh ;k=k fujarj xfr”khy

jghA

38

1-5-2 HkkjrsUnq ;qx ¼1851&1900 rd½

HkkjrsUnq gfj”pUæ vk/kqfud fgUnh lkfgR; ds tUenkrk ekus tkrs gSaA ;s ,d ;qx

çorZd jpukdkj FksA bUgksaus fgUnh lkfgR; dh lHkh fo/kkvksa esa l`tu fd;k vkSj ubZ fn”kk

çnku dh] blhfy, bl dky dks uotkxj.k dky ;k iqu%tkxj.k dky ds uke ls vfHkfgr

fd;k x;k gSA ;g dky jktuSfrd] lkekftd] lkfgfR;d nf"V;ksa ls laØe.k dk FkkA ns”k ij

vaxzsth lÙkk dk vkf/kiR; FkkA budh neudkjh uhfr;ksa] 'kks"k.k vkSj xqykeh ls =Lr ns”koknh

ijk/khurk ds tathjksa dks rksM+ dj vktkn gksus ds fy, NViVk jgs FksA ijra=rk ds fo#) ns”k

esa dbZ vkUnksyu tkjh FksA jktuSfrd n`f"V ls ns”k ?kksj ladV ls xqtj jgk FkkA

jktuSfrd ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk çR;{k çHkko lekt ij fn[kkbZ ns jgk FkkA ns”koklh lfn;ksa

dh xqykeh ds dkj.k HkkX;oknh cu pqds Fks rFkk mudk eukscy VwVrk tk jgk FkkA lekt dbZ

çdkj ds vU/kfo”oklksa] dqjhfr;ksa] folaxfr;ksa tdM+ pqdk FkkA bl dky esa vaxzsth ,oa mnwZ

Hkk"kk dk opZLo FkkA ,sls laØe.k dky esa HkkjrsUnq gfj”pUæ dk inkiZ.k u, lw;ksZn; dh Hkkafr

ubZ tkxzfr dk mft;kjk ysdj mfnr gqvkA bUgksaus viuh jpukvksa ds ek/;e ls vaxzsth uhfr;ksa

dk [kqydj fojks/k djuk çkjEHk fd;k vkSj ns”kçse dk 'k a[kukn fd;kA lkFk gh vius

ledkyhu lkfgR;dkjksa dks Hkh çsfjr fd;kA blds QyLo:i x| vkSj i| dh vusd fo/kkvksa

esa lkfgR; l`tu çkjEHk gqvk vkSj viuh jpukvksa ds }kjk fons”kh laLÑfr] lH;rk vkSj Hkk"kk

dk fojks/k djrs gq, ns”k&çse] jk"Vªh; psruk] R;kx] cfynku] LokfHkeku dh Hkkouk dks txkus

dk ç;kl vkjEHk gqvkA HkkjrsUnq vaxsztksa ds 'kks"k.k ls =Lr turk dks ns[kdj Lo;a cgqr nq[kh

Fks ftldk thoar çek.k 1875 bZLoh esa ^Hkkjr nqn Z”kk* ukVd esa ns[kk tk ldrk gS& ^jksvgw lc

fefyds vkogq Hkkjr HkkbZA gk gk! Hkkjr nqnZ”kk u nsf[k tkbZA*

HkkjrsUnq gfj”pUæ us dqy 238 xzUFkksa dh jpuk dh] ftuesa ls 69 miyC/k gSaA bUgksaus

çkS<+ksa] fd”kksjksa ,oa ckydksa ubZ fn”kk cks/k nsus okys çsj.kkRed lkfgR; ltZk dhA bl ;qx ls

fgUnh cky lkfgR; dks ,d vyx fo/kk ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;k tkus yxkA bl fo"k; esa MkW-

nsoljs dk dFku& ^HkkjrsUnq gfj”pUæ fgUnh cky lkfgR; ds tUenkrk ds :i esa Hkys gh

Lohdkj u fd;s tk;sa fdUrq bUgsa bldk çFke çsjd ekuuk lehphu gksxkA mudh çsj.kk ls

rRdkyhu vU; yksxksa us Hkh cky lkfgR; dh jpuk dhA*59

HkkjrsUnq dh ^va/ksj uxjh pkSiV jktk*] ^Hkkjr nqnZ”kk*] ^lR;oknh gfj”pUæ*] ^uhy nsoh*]

^ckn”kkg niZ.k* ^d”ehj dqlqe* vkfn Js"B ckyksi;ksxh ukV~; Ñfr;k¡ gSaA ^lR;oknh gfj”pUæ*

ukVd esa lR; fu"Bk ,oa drZO; ikyu dh Hkkouk dks fu:fir fd;k gS] ;g ukVd rc ls

vkt rd çklafxd gSA ^Hkkjr nqnZ”kk* ukV~; Ñfr bu dh dkyt;h jpuk ekuh tk ldrh gSA

39

;g Ñfr jk"Vª&çse dh mRÑ"V Hkkouk ls vksrçksr gSA tks rRdkyhu lekt dks fn”kk funsZ”k

nsus ds fy, egRoiw.kZ lkfcr gqqbZA blds fo"k; esa MkW- 'ks"kiky flag ^”ks"k* us fy[kk gS&

^lR;oknh gfj”pUæ ukVd cPpksa esa vR;f/kd yksdfç; gqvk vkSj vkt rd Ldwy&dkWystksa esa

eafpr gksdj lR; ij vfMx jgus dh çsj.kk tuekul dks ns jgk gSA*60

^uhynsoh* ,d xhrkRed :id gS] blesa Hkh Lok/khurk laxzke dk vkg~oku fd;k x;k

gSA HkkjrsUnq dh ;s lHkh ukV~; Ñfr;k¡ ckydksa ds O;fDrRo fuekZ.k dh n`f"V ls egRoiw.kZ gS ,oa

cky lkfgR; ds fy, ,d /kjksgj gSA HkkjrsUnq th dks ys[ku dyk fojklr esa feyh FkhA blds

firk xksikypUæ Js"B lkfgR;dkj FksA bUgksaus ^fxj/kj dfojk;* miuke ls vusd yksdksi;ksxh]

mins”kkRed] uhfrijd thou ewY;ksa ls vksrçksr dq.Mfy;k¡ fy[kh gSa tks vkt Hkh çklafxd gS]

yksd fo[;kr gS] vkSj ckydksa dks ikB~;iqLrdksa esa i<+kbZ tk jgh gSaA HkkjrsUnq jktk f”koçlkn

flrkjs flag dks viuk xq# ekurs FksA HkkjrsUnq gfj”pUæ us 1882 esa ^cky niZ.k* uked cky

if=dk dk çdk”ku djds cky if=dkfjrk dk 'kqHkkjEHk fd;k] tks bl ;qx dh egRoiw.kZ nsu

dgh tk ldrh gSA bl çdkj HkkjrsUnq gfj”pUæ gh vk/kqfud fgUnh lkfgR; ds fuekZrk ekus

tkrs gSaA ;g ckr Hkh çekf.kd gS fd fgUnh esa cky lkfgR; dk bfrgkl Bhd mruk gh iqjkuk

gS ftruk fd Lo;a fgUnh lkfgR; dkA61 HkkjrsUnq ;qx fgUnh lkfgR; ds fy, fodkl ;qx ds

lkFk&lkFk gj n`f"V ls vR;ar egRoiw.kZ jgk gSA bl lanHkZ esa jpukdkj fnfod jes”k ds

mn~xkj& ^-----ekSfyd dgkfu;k¡ HkkjrsUnq ;qx ls gh miyC/k gksuh 'kq: gks xbZ FkhA f”ko çlkn

flrkjs fgUn dks dqN fo}kuksa us cky dgkuh ds lw=ikr dk Js; fn;k gSA budh dgkfu;k¡ gSa&

^jktk Hkkst dk liuk*] ^cPpksa dk buke*] ^yM+dksa dh dgkuh* vkfnA ckn esa lqHkæk dqekjh

pkSgku] çsepUn] jke ujs”k f=ikBh dh dgkfu;ksa esa fgUnh cky lkfgR; dh ijEijk dk le`)

:i feyrk gSA*62

HkkjrsUnq th dh çsj.kk ls rRdkyhu vU; ys[kdksa us Hkh cky lkfgR; dh jpuk gsrq

viuh ys[kuh mBkbZA bl ;qx ds vU; çeq[k lkfgR;dksa esa jk/kkÑ".k nkl ¼egkjk.kk çrki½]

nsohçlkn eqaflQ ¼fo|kFkhZ fouksn½] vfEcdknÙk O;kl ¼dFkk dqlqe] dfydk½] y{ehukjk;.k 'kekZ

¼f”k”kq euksjatu½] ykyk Jhfuokl ¼çgykn pfjr½] cæhukjk;.k pkS/kjh] dk”khukFk [k=h]

ckyÑ".k HkV~V vkfnA jk/kkÑ".k nkl us dbZ ukVd] miU;kl ,oa dforkvksa dk l`tu fd;kA

bu lc ls çeq[k ,frgkfld ukVd ^egkjk.kk çrki* gSA dk”khukFk [k=h Hkh eq[;r% ukVddkj

Fks] budh jpukvksa esa ns”k çse vkSj uSfrd f”k{kk çeq[k :i ls mYys[k gqvk gSA bUgksaus vaxzsth

ukVdksa dk vuqokn Hkh fd;kA cæh ukjk;.k pkS/kjh ^çse/ku* us dbZ dkO;e; jpukvksa dk l`tu

fd;kA ;s ewyr% dfo FksA bUgksaus loS;k Nan dks viuk;kA HkkjrsUnq ls çHkkfor gksdj bUgksaus

lkfgR; dh jpuk dhA buds fç; fo"k; çÑfr] tho&tarq] f”k{kk] ekSle vkfn jgsA çrki

40

ukjk;.k feJ ,d çfrHkk lEiUu jpukdkj FksA bUgksaus yxHkx ipkl iqLrdksa dh jpuk dhA ;s

çeq[k :i ls fucU/k vkSj ukVddkj FksA budh Hkk"kk ljy] lgt vkSj fouksniw.kZ gksus ds

dkj.k budh jpuk,¡ cPpksa ds fy, mi;ksxh cu xbZA budh fy[kh çkFkZuk rks bruh çfl) gqbZ

dh vkt Hkh ckydksa dh fç; jpuk gS vkSj buds fy, dbZ çdkj ds mi;ksxh HkhA

ia- ckyÑ".k HkV~V HkkjrsUnq ;qx ds çeq[k lkfgR;dkj FksA bUgksaus cM+h ek=k esa fucU/k

fy[ks vksj dqN ukVdksa dh Hkh jpuk dhA eqgkojksa ij vk/kkfjr vusd NksVs&NksVs fuca/kksa dh

jpuk dh tks vR;ar euksjatd vkSj Kkuo)Zd Hkh FksA ^f”k”kqiky o/k*] ^uy≠arh*] ^f”k{kknku

ukVd* vR;ar yksdfç; gq,A ;s ukVd ckydksa ds fy, mi;ksxh FkhA bl ;qx esa ekSfyd ltu

ds lkFk&lkFk vuqokn dk dk;Z Hkh gqvkA bu lHkh ys[kdksa ekSfyd us l`tu ds lkFk&lkFk

lkfgR; esa vk;s nks"kksa ds ifjektZu dk dk;Z Hkh fd;kA uotkx`fr lkekftd psruk] ckydksa ds

pkfjf=d fodkl ds fy, ^cky cksf/kuh* if=dk dk çdk”ku Hkh fd;kA

cky lkfgR;dkj gfjÑ".k nsoljs ds vuqlkj& ^HkkjrsUnq gfj”pUæ fgUnh&lkfgR; dh leLr

/kkjkvksa esa psruk Qwadus okys jpukdkj ekus tkrs gSaA fgUnh cky&lkfgR; dh fn”kk esa Hkh

HkkjrsUnq th dk viuk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgk gSA* ^lR; gfj”pUæ*] ^va/ksj uxjh pkSiV jktk*

tSls ukVdksa dh jpuk dh tks cPpksa ds fy, Hkh cM+s gh f”k{kkçn vkSj mi;ksxh fl) gq,A*63

ij'kqjke 'kqDy& ^Hkkjrsanq ;qx ds vkjEHk esa cky lkfgR; vfèkdka'k mUgh Ldwyh iqLrdksa ds :i

esa Fkk ftUgsa Çgnh i<us ds fy, fy[kk x;k FkkA*64

mDr dFkuksa ds mijkUr fu"d"kZ Lo:i dgk

tk ldrk gS lHkh fo}ku vkSj fopkjd fgUnh lkfgR; dh HkkfUr gh cky lkfgR; dk fof/kor

mn~Hko vkSj fodkl HkkjrsUnq dky ls gh Lohdkjrs gSaA blh ;qx esa fgUnh lkfgR; us viuk

ifjekftZr :i xzg.k djuk çkjEHk fd;kA 1 tuojh 1874 ^cky çcksf/kuh if=dk* dk çdk”ku

'kq: gqvk vkSj blh ls cky lkfgR; dk lw=ikr gqvkA ysfdu dqN bfrgkldkj] ys[kd bls

cky if=dk ugha ekursA çkjfEHkd ekSfyd jpuk ekurs gSaA budh dqN cky dgkfu;k¡ Hkh blh

Js.kh esa j[kh tk ldrh gSaAa

1-5-3 iwoZ Lok/khurk ;qx ¼1901&1947½

cky lkfgR; dks HkkjrsUnq ;qx esa vyx fo|k ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;k x;kA bldh

fof/kor fodkl ;k=k ;gk¡ ls çkjEHk gksdj f}osnh ;qx esa ijoku p<+us yxhA jktuSfrd n`f"V

ls ;g ;qx Hkh HkkjrsUnq ;qx dh Hkkafr vfLFkjrk dk ;qx FkkA Lok/khurk laxzke tkjh FkkA vaxzsth

'kklu ds neupØ ls Hkkjrh; turk cqjh rjg ls vkgr FkhA ysfdu Lora=rk lSukfu;ksa dks

ns”kokfl;ksa dk lEiw.kZ leFkZu çkIr FkkA egkRek xk¡/kh dk vfgalkRed vkUnksyu iwjh f”kÌr ls

tkjh Fkk blh ds lekukUrj Økafrdkfj;ksa dh xfrfof/k;k¡ Hkh vaxzsth ds fy, flj nnZ cuh gqbZ

41

FkhA lkekftd] jktuSfrd] lkaLÑfrd] fopyu ls ns”k xqtj jgk FkkA jktuSfrd tkxj.k dk

chtkjksi.k gks pqdk FkkA bu lHkh xfrfof/k;ksa dk çR;{k çHkko lkfgR; ij ifjyf{kr gks jgk

Fkk D;ksafd lkfgR; lekt dk çfrfcEc gksrk gSA blfy;s bl ;qx dk lkfgR; ns”k&çse] jk"Vªh;

psruk] uSfrdrk R;kx] cfynku] LokfHkeku vkfn ewY;ksa ls vfHkçsfjr jgkA

fgUnh cky lkfgR; dh nf"V ls ;g ;qx vR;ar lEiUu vkSj egRoiw.kZ jgkA igyh ckj

ekSfyd cky lkfgR; dk l`tu çkjEHk gqvkA bl fo"k; esa vf[kys”k JhokLro peu dk dF;&

^fgUnh cky lkfgR; esa ekSfyd*] lkekftd rFkk mÌs”;iw.kZ ys[ku dh fof/kor 'kq:vkr chloha

'krkCnh ds nwljs n”kd ls ns[kus dks feyrh gSA tc ^fo|kFkhZ*] ^f”k”kq* rFkk ^cky l[kk* tSlh

if=dkvksa dk çdk”ku çkjEHk gqvkA65

bl ;qx dh lcls nsu gS vkpk;Z egkohj çlkn f}osnh dk inkiZ.kA buds vkxeu ls

fgUnh lkfgR; ds bfrgkl esa ;qxkardkjh ifjorZu ifjyf{kr gqvkA 1903 esa f}osnh ds rRoko/kku

esa ^ljLorh* if=dk ds lEiknu ls u, ;qx dk lw=ikr gqvkA egkohj çlkn f}osnh us fgUnh

lkfgR; ds jpukRed lq/kkj ds fy, Lo;a dks iwjh rjg lefiZr dj fn;kA bl ;qx esa cky

lkfgR; ds fy, Hkh mYys[kuh; dk;Z fd;kA ^ljLorh* if=dk esa ckyksi;ksxh jpukvksa dks

LFkku fn;k tkus yxkA orZeku cky lkfgR; dh vk/kkjf”kyk blh ;qx dh nsu gSA vkpk;Z

f}osnh fgUnh Hkk"kk ds jpukRed] rkfRod ifjektZu ds fy, lEiw.kZrk ls lefiZr gks x,A bl

;qx esa igyh ckj ckydksa ds euksjatu ds fy, ikB~;srj iqLrdksa dh jpuk dh tkus yxhA

vko”;drkuqlkj dbZ iqLrdsa vyx ls Hkh fy[kokbZ xbZA bl dky ds vusd lkfgR;dkjksa us

Lor% LQwrZ gksdj ekSfyd cky lkfgR; dks vius jpukdeZ esa egRoiw.kZ LFkku fn;kA vkpk;Z

egkohj çlkn f}osnh us dbZ ckyksi;ksxh laLej.kksa dh jpuk dh] ftUgksaus ckydksa dks Hkkjrh;

laLÑfr ls ifjfpr djokus esa çeq[k Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA

MkW- gfjÑ".k nsoljs fy[krs gSa fd ^f}osnh&;qx esa igq¡p ij cky lkfgR; dh /kkjk dks

dkQh foLrkj feykA ;g ,slk le; Fkk tcfd [kM+h cksyh dk lkQ&lqFkjk :i lkeus vkus

yxk FkkA lEikndkpk;Z egkohj çlkn f}osnh dh çsj.kk ls vysd ys[kdksa dks tUe feykA

f}osnh th us O;kdj.k dh 'kq)rk vkSj Hkk"kk dh lQkbZ ij fo”ks"k cy fn;kA bUgksaus cPpksa ds

Kkuo)Zu rFkk euksjatu ds fy, ljy] lqcks/k 'kSyh esa cPpksa ds fy, Lo;a ys[k fy[ks vkSj

vU; ys[kdksa ls Hkh fy[kok,A blh le; f”k”kq ¼1915½ vkSj ^ckyl[kk* ¼1917½ ds çdk”ku us

ckylkfgR; dh le`f) esa cM+k ;ksxnku fn;kA ia- l qn”kZukpk;Z dh çsj.kk ls ^f”k”kq* vkSj f}osnh

th dh çsj.kk ls ^cky l[kk* esa vusd ys[kdksa us ckydksa ds fy, ljy vkSj iBuh; lkexzh

çLrqr dhA bafM;u çsl ls NksVh&NksVh dgkfu;ksa dh iqLrdsa Hkh lhjht esa çdkf”kr dh xbZA

ia- cæhukFk HkV~V] lqn”kZukpk;Z] fxfjtknÙk 'kqDy ^fxjh”k* vkfn ys[kdksa us ckylkfgR; dks

42

çxfr”khy cukus esa viuk iwjk ;ksx fn;kA budh iqLrdsa Nk=fgrdkjh iqLrdekyk] bafM;u çsl

vkSj vksadkj çsl ls çdkf”kr Hkh gqb±A gk¡] bl ;qx dh iqLrdksa dh ,d fo”ks"krk ;g Fkh fd os

Ldwyh iqLrdksa ls vyx FkhA muds fo"k; çfriknu dk <ax vkSj n`f"Vdks.k lHkh fHkUu FksA

rkRi;Z ;g gS fd 'kq) vkSj ekSfyd ckylkfgR; dh jpuk f}osnh ;qx ls gh vkjEHk gqbZA*66

f}osnh ;qx dks cky lkfgR; dh nf"V ls Lof.kZe ;qx dgk tk ldrk gSA bl le;

vusd fo/kkvksa& dgkuh] dfork] ukVd] xhr vkfn esa fofHkUu fo"k;ksa ij jpukdeZ fd;k x;k

tks ckydksa ds fy, euksjatu] /keZ vkSj uhfr ls Hkjiwj Fkk] lkFk gh Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ds ewy

rRoksa dk Kku nsus okyk FkkA v;ks/;k flag mik/;k; ^gfjvks/k* Hkh cgqr igys ls ckydksa ds

fy, jpuk,¡ fy[k jgs Fks] lR;ukjk;.k ^dfojRUk* ckyeqdqUn xqIr us Hkh dbZ ckyksi;ksxh

lkfgR; dk l`tu fd;kA ckcw eSfFkyh”kj.k xqIr] jkeujs”k f=ikBh] lusgh us ckydksa ds fy,

cgqr ljl xhr fy[ksA j/kquanu çlkn f=ikBh ^j?kq* us lqUnj f”kq”k xhrksa dh ltZuk djds cky

lkfgR; esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fd;kA buds xhr rRdkyhu if=dkvksa esa çdkf”kr gq;sA bl

dky rd ,dy ifjokj gqvk djrs Fks vkSj ekuoh; fj”rs l?ku Fks] çkÑfrd oSHko Hkjk&iwjk

FkkA vr% cky jpukvksa esa budh Li"V >yd ns[kus dks feyrh gSA ,d vkSj ckr egRoiw.kZ

jgh fd ia- Jh/kj ikBd] cky eqdaqn xqIr vkSj v;ks/;kflag mik/;k; ^gfjvkS/k* dh frdM+h us

,d ls ,d Js"B cky jpukvksa dh jpuk djds cky lkfgR; vrqfyr lEcy çnku fd;kA

Jh/kj ^ikBd* dh lqfo[;kr cky dfork ftls cky lqyHk Hkk"kk esa jpdj cky dfork dks ubZ

fn”kk çnku dh vkSj Hkk"kkbZ ç;ksx ls pVdkj mRiUu dj fn[kk;k&

ckck vkt nsy Ns vk,]

fpTth&fiTth dqN uk yk,]

ckck D;ksa ugha fpTth yk,]

bruh nsyh ls D;wWa vk,

dka gS esyk cyk f[kykSuk]

dykdan yM~Mw dk nksuk]

pka&pka xkus okyh fpfy;k]

pas&psa djus okyh xqfy;k]

ckck rqe vkSj dk ls vk,]

vka&vka fpTth D;ksa u yk,A*

blh le; ia- lqn”kZukpk;Z us 1916 esa ^f”k”kq* uked cky if=dk fudky dj cky

lkfgR;dkjksa ds fy, u;k ekxZ ç”kLr fd;k vkSj Lo;a us Hkh Js"B cky dfork;sa fy[khaA lu~

43

1880 ds ckn cky lkfgR; vkSj le`) gksus yxkA e™ku f}osnh] çsepan] ek[kuyky prqosZnh

vkfn ew?kZU; lkfgR;dkjksa us cky lkfgR; dks ubZ Å¡pkbZ;k¡ nhA fgUnh cky lkfgR; ds çeq[k

ckyxhrdkj dfo;ksa esa ia- Jh/kj ikBd] ckyeqdqUn xqIr] lq[kjke pkScs ^xq.kkdj* yxHkx

ledkyhu FksA buesa ls Jh/kj ikBd vkSj ckyeqdqUn xqIr us lcls igys ,d gh le; esa cPpksa

ds fy, Hkh dfork;sa fy[kuk çkjEHk dj fn;k Fkk ij ckyeqdqUn xqIr ,d i=dkj ds :i esa

vf/kd fo[;kr FksA

i| ds lkFk x| Hkh f}osnh ;qx esa çpqjrk ls l`ftr fd;k x;kA miU;kl lezkV eqa”kh

çsepan] lqn”kZu] tgwjc['k tSls ç[;kr ys[kdksa us ckydksa ds fy, Hkh cgqr lqanj dFkk lkfgR;

fy[kkA çsepUn dh ckyksi;ksxh dgkfu;k¡ esa ^bZnxkg*] ^fxYyh&MaMk*] ^vkRekjke*] ^cw<h dkdh*]

^cM+s HkkbZ lkgc* vkfn dgkfu;k¡ cky lkfgR; ds fy, dkyt;h jpuk,¡ cu xbZA bZnxkg rks

vkt Hkh ikB~; iqLrdksa esa i<kbZ tk jgh gSA bu dbZ dgkfu;ksa ds ik= ckyd vkSj fd”kksj gSaA

;s dgkfu;k¡ rRdkyhu ekfld i=ksa esa çdkf”kr gksrh jghaA blh Øe esa Jhjke 'kekZ dh

^f”kdkj*] HkkxhjFk çlkn nhf{kr dh ^fl;kj* ik aMs mYys[kuh; iqLrdsa gSa tks js[kkafdr djus

;ksX; gSaA çfl) fucU/kdkj ckcw xqykcjk; us cPpksa ds fy, NksVh&NksVh ljl dgkfu;ksa dh

jpuk dhA jkeujs”k f=ikBh dh cky dgkfu;k¡ Hkh bl ;qx dh mYys[kuh; jpuk,¡ gSaA

txUukFk çlkn fefyan dk ^çrki çfrKk*] dSyklukFk HkVukxj dk ^Hkhe çfrKk*] prqjlsu

'kkL=h dk ^vejflag jkBkSj* ukVd cPpksa dh ilan cus vkSj muds }kjk lQy vfHkuhr Hkh

fd;sA jk"Vªdfo jke/kkjh flag ^fnudj* tSls ew/kZU; jpukdkj us ljl ckyxhrksa dh bl jpuk

djds ckylkfgR; dks le`) fd;kA bl ;qx ds cky lkfgR; esa uSfrd f”k{kk ds lkFk ckydksa

dk Hkjiwj euksjatu djus dk Hkh iwjk ç;kl bu jpukdkjksa dk jgkA

cky i=dkfjrk dh nf"V ls f}osnh ;qx vR;ar le) jgk] cky lkfgR; dh Lora=

fo/kk ds çkjEHk dk Js; f}osnh ;qx dks gh feykA ^ljLorh* ds çdk”ku ds lkFk gh çdk”ku

dk Øe fujarj gksrk x;k vkSj cky if=dkvksa ds çdk”ku dk Øe fujarj tkjh jgkA lu~

1917 esa çFke if=dk ^ckyl[kk* dk çdk”ku gqvkA bl le; tc cM+s&cM+s lkfgR;dkj cM+h

la[;k esa ckyksi;ksxh jpukvksa dk l`tu dj jgs Fks ogha ckyksi;ksxh i=dkfjrk Hkh gks jgh FkhA

y[kuÅ ls ^cky fgrdj* çdkf”kr gks jgk FkkA ;g ekfld cky if=dk FkhA 1906 esa vyhx<+

esa ^Nk= fgrS"kh* if=dk dk çdk”ku gqvkA blesa ckydksa vkSj Nk=ksa us Kku lao/kZu ds lkFk

uSfrd fodkl lEcU/kh fo"k;oLrq Hkh gksrh FkhA cukjl ls ^cky çHkkdj*] ujflagiqj ls

^ekWuhVj*] ekyok ls ^cky euksjatu* if=dk,¡ çkjEHk bu cky if=dkvksa us cky euksjatu ,oa

ckydksa ds O;fDro fuekZ.k dh fn”kk esa vPNk dk;Z fd;k] fdUrq ;s if=dk,¡ nh?kkZof/k rd

lapkfyr ugha jg ldhaA

44

cky if=dkvksa ds çdk”ku esa lu~ 1910 esa bykgkckn ls çdkf”kr ^fo|kFkhZ* us cky

i=dkfjrk dks vkSj Å¡pkb;k¡ çnku dhA bl esa ckydksa vkSj fd”kksjksa ds fy, euksjatd vkSj

Kku c<+kus okyh lkexzh dk çdk”ku gksrk FkkA blh Øe esa lqn”kZukpk;Z ds laiknu ds 1915

esa ^f”k”kq* if=dk çdkf”kr gqbZA blesa ekSfydrk gksus ls cky lkfgR; dks ubZ nf"V feyhA bl

iafDr dks vkxs c<+rs gq, 1920 esa ^lgksnj*] ekrknhu ds lEiknu esa vkbZ] 1924 esa ôhj ckyd*]

1926 esa ^ckyd* ftl dk lEiknu jkethyky 'kekZ us fd;kA 1927 esa ^f[kykSuk* çdkf”kr

gqbZA bl dky dh ^dqekj*] ^pepe*] ôkuj*] ^frryh* vkfn vusd if=dk,¡ Hkh çdk”k esa vkbZA

bu lHkh if=dkvksa us cky lkfgR; dks le`) vkSj iq"V fd;kA

mi;qZDr lHkh if=dkvksa esa ^cky l[kk* dks lokZf/kd çfr"Bk feyh vkSj lc ls yEch

;k=k Hkh blh us r; dh] ;g ckyksi;ksxh if=dk 53 o"kks± rd yxkrkj çdkf”kr gqbZA bl

if=dk us u, dhfrZeku LFkkfir fd;s] u,&u, cky lkfgR;dkjksa dh ubZ drkj dks tUe

fn;kA bu lHkh cky if=dkvksa us cky lkfgR; dks yksdfç; cukus ,oa yksd rd cky lkfgR;

dks igq¡pkus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk dk fuoZgu fd;kA blds ifj.kke Lo:i cM+s&cM+s lkfgR;dkjksa

dk /;ku bl vksj tkus yxkA jk"Vªdfo jke/kkjh flag ^fnudj* dh çFke dfork 1924 esa ^Nk=

lgksnj* esa çdkf”kr gqbZA cky i=dkfjrk dh n`f"V ls f}osnh ;qx lnk Lej.kh; jgsxkA

mUuhloha 'krkCnh esa oSKkfud vfo"dkj çkjEHk gks pqds FksA Kku&foKku] ;kaf=dh] lapkj]

m|ksx] rduhfd vkfn {ks=ksa esa lapsruk dk lw=ikr gqvkA cky lkfgR; ij budk çHkko iM+us

yxk vkSj foKku] rduhd] ;kaf=dh vkfn fo"k;ksa ij cky jpuk,¡ fy[kh tkus yxhaA oSKkfudksa

dh thofu;k¡ Hkh fy[kh xbZA ckyeuksfoKku ds Kkrk vkpk;Z jkeykspu 'kj.k us xf.kr] foKku]

bfrgkl tSls fo"k;ksa ij ljy ,oa ljl Hkk"kk esa cky lkfgR; dh jpuk dhA vfEcdknÙk O;kl

us foKku vk/kkfjr ^vk”p;Z o`rkar* miU;kl fy[kkA

bl ;qx esa cky lkfgR;dkjksa dh la[;k esa mYys[kuh; o`f) gqbZA fgUnh lkfgR; ds

bfrgkl esa Lo.kkZ{kjksa esa vafdr gksus okys yxHkx lHkh ew/kZU; lkfgR;dkj blh ;qx dh nsu gSA

bl ;qx ds çeq[k jpukdkjksa esa egkohj çlkn f}osnh ds vfrfjDr Jh/kj ikBd] ckyeqdqUn

xqIr] v;ks/;kflag mik/;k; ^gfjvks/k*] eSfFkyh”kj.k xqIr] dkerk çlkn xq#] jkethyky 'kekZ]

eUuu f}osnh ^xtiqjh*] lqn”kZukpk;Z] jkeujs”k f=ikBh] fo|kHkw"k.k foHkq] eqjkjh yky 'kekZ] ^cky

ca/kq*] Lo.kZ lgksn; JhukFk flag] tgwj c['k] jkeo{k csuhiqjh] lksguyky f}osnh] jekifr 'kqDy]

ek[kuyky prqosZnh] Hkxorh çlkn oktis;h] çsepUn] lqHkæk dqekjh pkSgku] dUgS;k yky eÙk]

jkes”oj n;ky nqcs] jke/kkjh flag ^fnudj*] ';keukjk;.k diwj] lq[kjke pkScs ^xq.kkdj*]

fxfjtknÙk 'kqDy ^fxjh”k*] Bkdqj JhukFk flag] xksiky”kj.k flag] nsohnÙk 'kqDy] jkepUæ

j?kqukFk] ds”ko çlkn ikBd] MkW- lq/khUæ] jke flagklu lgk; ê/kqj*] jkeykspu 'kj.k]

45

xkSjh'kadj ygjh] dqatfcgkjh yky pkScs] lqfe=kuanu iar] nsoh n;ky prqosZnh] iwjupan JhokLro]

jkedqekj oekZ] j?kquanu çlkn f=ikBh] ^j?kq*] 'kEHkwn;ky lDlsuk] pUæekSfy 'kqDy] yYyh çlkn

ik.Ms; ewypUæ] jkts”oj çlkn xq:] jkes”oj çlkn xq:] nkSyr flag yks<k ^vjfoUn*] jkuh

y{ehdqekjh pwM+kor] ukuwjke laldrkZ] MkW- dUgS;k yky lgy] ukjk;.knÙk Jhekyh]

nkÅn;ky] txnh”k ekFkqj] dY;k.kflag jktkor] 'kfDrflag dfo;k] fxfj/kkjhyky ifjgkj]

eksgu eaMsyk] czteksgu liwr] y{e.kflag jlor] fd”kksj dYiukdkar] x.kifrpUæ Hk.Mkjh]

ca”khyky csdkjh] eqjyh/kj O;kl] çrkiukjk;.k iqjksfgr vkfnA ;gk¡ dqN dkyt;h jpukdkjksa

dh fdafpr Ñfr;ksa dk mYys[k çklafxd gSA

Jh/kj ikBd tksa/kjh vkxjk % ^cky Hkwxksy*] ^Hkkjrxhr*] êuksfouksn*] ia- egkohj çlkn

f}osnh] ^ckyfouksn*] v;ks/;kflag mik/;k; ^gfjvkS/k*] ^cky foHko] cky foykl] Qwy iÙks] pUæ

f[kykSuk] ^[ksy&rek”kk*] mins”k & dqlqe* cky xhrkoyh] pk¡n flrkjs] i|&çlwu] cky eqdqan

xqIr % ^[ksy rek”kk*] f[kykSuk] dkerk çlkn xq#] ^lqn”kZu*] ine iq"ikoyh] nkeksnj lgk;

dfofdadj% ^jlky*] ^vaxwj*] ^lq/kk ljksoj*] ^ljy flrkjh*] ^cky flrkjh* mYys[kuh; gSA

çsepUn % ^dqÙks dh dgkuh*] ûed dk nkjksxk*] ^bZnxkg*] eSfFkyh”kj.k xqIr% ^;”kks/kjk*]

^LQqV cky dfork;sa*] fo|k Hkw"k.k ^foHkq* ^pkj lkFkh*] ^ccqvk*] îa[k&”ka[k*] nsohçlkn xqIr

^dqlqekdj*] eqjkjh yky 'kekZ ^ca/kq*] ^cPps*] ^gksugkj fcjos*] ^xksnh Hkjs yky*] ^Kku xaxk*]

^dksfdyk*] jkeujs”k ^f=ikBh*] ^galw dh fgEer*] êksgu ekyk*] êksgu Hkksx*] ôkuj laxhr*]

dfork fouksn] êksrhpwj ds yM~Mw*] xksiky”kj.k flag] Hkwiukjk;.k nhf{kr % ^[k.M&[k.M nso*]

^x/ks dh dgkuh*] ûV[kV ik.Ms*] û;k vkYgk*] ^cky jkT;*] ^lkglh dkSvk*A

'kEHkwn;ky lDlsuk % îkyuk*] ^yksjh vkSj çHkkrh*] ê/kq yksjh*] ^Qwyksa ds xhr*] ^pUæ

yksjh*] ^f”“kq yksjh*] ^js”ke >wyk*] ^vkjh fuafn;k*] ûkpks xkvks*] ^cky dforkoyh* Bkdqj( JhukFk

flag % ^xqCckjk*] ^cky Hkkjrh*] ^nksuksa HkkbZ*] ^fiigjh*] êhBh rkusa*] ^yEck&pkSM+k*] ^[ksy ?kj*] ^Lo.kZ

lgksn;*] ^pxu&exu*] ^yydkj*] ^yky Qkx*] ^cky f[kykSuk] ûV[kV ge*] ^cky ohj ckyd*]

^ckny*] ^”kreU;q*] ôhj gdhdr jk;*] ^cPps ds xhr& Hkkx&4*] lqHkæk dqekjh pkSgku % ^dks;y*]

^lHkk dk [ksy*] lksgu yky f}osnh( ^nw/k crk”kk*] f”k”kq Hkkjrh*] ^fcxqy*] ^cky Hkkjrh*] ^ckalqjh*]

^galks&g¡lkvks*] ^f”k”kq xhr*] ^cPpksa ds ckiw*] ^xkSjo xhr*] ^ge cyohj*] ^cky flikgh]

^mBks&mBks*] ^xhr Hkkjrh*] jekifr 'kqDy] ^vaxwjksa dk xqPNk*] ^gqvk losjk*] ^”kS”ko*] ^cPpks a ds

Hkkoxhr*] jkes”oj n;ky ^pyks&pyks*] ^Mky&Mky ds iaNh*] ^dw>M+ dwa*] ^Qwy vkSj dkaVs*] ^/kjrh

ds yky*] jke/kkjh flag fnudj ^/kwi Nk¡g*] ^fepZ dk etk*] ^lwjt dk C;kg*A

46

dUgS;k yky eÙk % ^yksfj;k¡ vkSj cky xhr*] ^vc gS esjh ckjh*] ^cksy esjh eNyh fdruk

ikuh*] ^jtr ikyuk*] ^[ksy rek”ks*] ^vkVs ckVs&lSj likVs*] vkjlh çlkn flag % ^pank ekek*]

^fp=ksa esa yksfj;k¡*] ^vksukeklh*] ^tknw dh calh*] ^dkxt dh uko*] ^cky xksiky*] ^ghjk&eksrh*]

^jke dFkk*] Hkokuh çlkn feJ % ^rqdks± ds [ksy*] 'kdqaryk fljksfB;k % ^pVdhys Qwy*] ûUgh

fpfM+;k*] ^lksu fpjS;k*] ^vk jh fuafn;k*] ^dkys es?kk ikuh ns*] ^cky xhr*] ve`ryky ukxj%

¼miU;kl½ ^ctjaxh igyoku*] ^ctjaxh ukSjaxh*] ^ctjaxh Lexyjksa ds Qans esa*] ^vDy cM+h ;k

HkSal*] ¼ukVd½ & îkuh ns”k dh lSj*] ^cky fnol dh jsy*] ¼vU;½ ^cky egkHkkjr*] ¼dgkfu;k¡½

^lkr iw¡Nks okyk phdw*] ^fyfVy jsM bftfI”k;k*] ^ve`ryky ukxj % cSad fyfeVsM] }kfjdk

çlkn ekgs”ojh % ^dkVks vkSj xkvks*] ^c<+s pyks*] êk[ku feJh*] ^gkFkh ?kksM+k ikydh*] fujadkj

nso lsod % êqUuk ds xhr*] ^/kwi Nk;k*] ^pkpk usg: ds xhr*] ^nw/k tysch*] ek[ku feljh]

^fjef>e*] ^Qwyksa ds xhr*] êVj ds nkus*] êgkiq:"kksa ds xhr*] ^”ks[kj ds cky xhr*] iIiw ds

ckyxhr*] ^fcYyh ds xhr*] ^vkt+knh ds xhr*] ^Vslw ds xhr* vkfnA

mijkafdr voyksdu ds QyLo:i dgk tk ldrk gS fd Lok/khurk iwoZ dk cky

lkfgR; ds v/;srkvksa dk gj n`f"V ls cky lkfgR; ds mRd"kZ esa vfoLej.kh;] vrqfyr vonku

js[kkafdr djus ;ksX; gSA cky if=dkvksa us bl lanHkZ esa lksus esa lqxa/k dk dk;Z fd;kA ,d ls

c<+dj ,d cky if=dk,¡ bl ;qx dh cgqr cM+h nsu gSA

1-5-4 Lokra«;ksÙkj ;qx ¼lu~ 1948 ls vuojr½

Lora=rk çkfIr ds lkFk Hkkjr esa u, HkkLdj dk mn; gqvk vkSj ubZ LQwfrZ] ubZ

lapsruk] ubZ xfr dh jf”e;ksa us ns”k ds d.k&d.k dks vkyksfdr dj fn;kA lfn;ksa dh

ijk/khurk ds i”pkr~ ns”kokfl;ksa us [kqyh gok esa lk¡l yhA jktuSfrd vktknh ds lkFk&lkFk

lkekftd] vkfFkZd] lkaLÑfrd] lkfgfR;d {ks=ksa esa u,&u, vk;keksa dh LFkkiuk gqbZA foKku

vkSj rduhdh /kjkry ij uohu Økafr dk lw=ikr gqvkA bl dky esa lkfgR; ds {ks= esa

vHkwriwoZ çxfr gqbZA uohu vo/kkj.kk;sa] u, fopkj] u;k fparu] u, Loj lkfgR; ltu esa

eq[kfjr gksus yxsA bu lcds QyLo:i cky lkfgR; ds Lo:i esa rhozrk ds lkFk ifjorZu

ifjyf{kr gksus yxkA vHkh&vHkh ns”k Lora= gqvk Fkk] vr% Lok/khurk lSukfu;ksa] jk"Vªuk;dksa]

egkiq#"kksa ds R;kx&cfynku dk çHkko cky lkfgR; ij Hkh iM+k vkSj jk"Vªh; psruk ds Loj

xwatus yxsA vktknh ds ikapos] NBs n”kd esa cky lkfgR; esa mYys[kuh; çxfr gqbZA ckydksa ds

#fp;ksa ds vuq:i jkspd] euksjatd] ljl lkfgR; esa jpk tkus yxkA

Ckkyd dYiukyksd ls brj cnyrs ifjos”k] thou ewY;ksa] lkekftd] vkfFkZd]

ikfjokfjd fLFkfr;ksa ds ;FkkFkZ /kjkry ls ifjfpr gqvkA blh le; fujadkj nso ^lsod* us cky

47

lkfgR; esa vkykspuk dh ijEijk dks vkjEHk fd;kA bl vof/k esa cky lkfgR; dks fujadkj nso

^lsod*] Lo.kZ lgksn;] MkW- fo|kHkw"k.k ^foHkw*] lksgu yky ^xqIr* tSls lqLFkkfir cky lkfgR;dkjksa

us euksjatu] cky euksfoKku] cky lqyHkrk] ljlrk ij cy nsrs gq, cky lkfgR; dks ubZ

Å¡pkbZ;k¡ iznku dhaA

Lokra«;ksÙkj dky ds lanHkZ esa MkW- ukxs”k ikaMs; ds fopkj ;gk¡ çklafxd gS& ^LorU=rk

ds i”pkr~ cky lkfgR; ds {ks= esa vHkwriwoZ çxfr gqbZA blds dbZ dkj.k Fks& ,d&çFke

ç/kkuea=h tokgjyky usg: dks cPpksa ls fo”ks"k çse FkkA ekfld if=dk ^cky Hkkjrh* vkSj

laLFkk ^fpYMªu cqd VªLV* mUgha dh lnekufldrk dk çfrQy gSA ^fpYMªu cqd VªLV* dh

LFkkiuk gsrq ia- usg: us 50 yk[k :i;s dk _.k LohÑr fd;k FkkA nwljk&LokrU«;&iwoZ

dkyhu if=dkvksa] fo”ks"kr% ^cky l[kk* us cky lkfgR; ys[kdksa dk ,d vyx gh oxZ rS;kj

dj fn;k FkkA ^cky Hkkjrh*] ^ijkx*] ^uanu* tSlh if=dkvksa us bl oxZ dks ,d eap çnku dj

lkFkZd l`tu gsrq fo”ks"k çksRlkfgr fd;kA rhljk&ckydksa ds lanHkZ esa euksoSKkfud fparu ds

QyLo:i cky lkfgR; dh iqLrdksa dh vko”;drk vuqHko fd;s tkus ls çdk”kdksa dh la[;k

esa Hkh [kklh o`f) gqbZA pkj&cky lkfgR; dh vko”;drk rFkk 'kkL=h; i{k ij ppkZ çkjEHk

gksus ls fo”ofo|ky;ksa us Hkh bls 'kks/k fo"k; ds :i esa ekU;rk çnku dhA blh çdkj cky

lkfgR;] cky lkfgR;dkjksa ds egRo dks vuqHko djrs gq, vusdkusd laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk rFkk

iqjLdkjksa dk çorZu Hkh blh ;qx dh nsu gSA Lokra«;ksrj cky lkfgR; ys[kdksa dh fofo/k

fo/kkvksa dh yk[kksa jpuk,sa i=&if=dkvksa esa fc[kjh iM+h gSA vkd"kZd lkt&lTtk ds lkFk

gtkjksa iqLrdsa çdkf”kr gks pqdh gSaA67

cky lkfgR; ds fodkl ds fy, Lokra«;ksÙkj dky cgqr egRoiw.kZ fl) gqvk A ;g Hkh

ekuk tkus yxk fd cPpk viuk vyx vfLrRo j[krk gS vkSj mlds fy, vyx fdLe ds

lkfgR; dh t:jr gSA bl le; uohu fopkj/kkjkvksa dk tUe gksus ls lkfgR; dk Loj

/khjs&/khjs cnyus yxkA cky lkfgR; dh /kwe ep tkus ls yxHkx lHkh fo/kkvksa dh iqLrdsa

çdkf”kr djuk çkjEHk fd;kA ml le; fo"k;xr :i ls cky lkfgR; vR;ar le`) gqvkA

ikSjkf.kd vkSj yksdFkkvksa] jktk&jkuh ,oa ijh&dFkkvksa ls brj u,&u, fo"k;ksa dk lekos”k

gqvkA cky jpukvksa esa jk"Vª HkfDr] ns”k&çse] çÑfr] ifjos”k] nSfud thou] uohu Hkkocks/k]

ekuoh; ewY;ksa ds Loj eq[kfjr gq,A çLrqr lanHkZ esa MkW- ij”kqjke 'kqDy us fy[kk gS& ^Hkkjr dh

vktknh ds ckn ;gk¡ dh lkekftd] vkfFkZd] jktuSfrd lHkh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa rsth ls ifjorZu

vkjEHk gqvkA ftlls lekt ds lHkh oxks± esa psruk vkSj tkx:drk cM+hA ubZ f”k{kk&uhfr cuh]

f”k{k.k laLFkk,a [kqyh] ftlls f”kf{krksa dk çfr”kr c<+kA bu lcdk çHkko lkfgR; ij Hkh iM+kA

Hkkjr dh Lora=rk ds ckn cky lkfgR; dh lhek;sa VwVh rFkk blesa vusd fo"k;ksa vkSj

48

fopkj/kkjkvksa dk lekos”k gqvkA blls Hkk"kk esa Hkh dqN lq/kkj vk;kA bl ;qx ds iwokZ)Z esa

usg:] xk¡/kh] lqHkk"k] Hkxrflag vkfn usrkvksa vkSj Økafrdkfj;ksa ij çpqj ek=k esa lkfgR; fy[kk

x;kA blds lkFk gh Lora=rk dk egRo] dÙkZO;ijk;.krk] ekuork dk egRo] ioks± R;kSgkjksa dk

egRo rFkk i”kq&if{k;ksa dk egRo n”kkZus okyk cky lkfgR; Hkh fy[kk x;kA blds ckn cky

euksjatu vkSj foKku dh jpuk,¡ çdk”k esa vkbZ rFkk cky miU;klksa dk l`tu vkjEHk gqvk]

buesa dqN oSKkfud miU;kl Hkh FksA68

Lora=rk çkfIr ds ckn fgUnh cky lkfgR; esa fur ubZ Å¡pkbZ;k¡ Nwus yxkA ftu

ys[kdksa] dfo;ksa vkSj çdk”kdksa us cPpksa dh eukso`fÙk ds vuqdwy ljl vkSj lh/kh&lk/kh Hkk"kk esa

jkspd <ax ls fo"k;&oLrq dks çLrqr dj iqLrdksa dh jpuk dh gS] mudk dk;Z ç”kaluh; gSA

Lora=rk ds ckn fy[kk x;kA vf/kdka”k cky lkfgR; cPpk sa dh ckSf)d {kq/kk ds fy, ikSf"Vd

fl) gqvk gSA

^Lokra«;ksÙkj dky esa cky lkfgR; jpuk dk fodkl larks"kçn jgkA bl vof/k esa

x|&fo/kkvksa ds :i esa cky lkfgR; dk i;kZIr fodkl gqvkA dgkuh] miU;kl] ukVd] fucU/k

rFkk thouh vkfn fo/kkvksa esa Lrjh; cky lkfgR; fy[kk x;kA bl nkSj ds cky lkfgR; esa

mins”kkRedrk dk Hkko ik;k tkrk gS D;ksafd ckydksa vkSj ;qokvksa dks pkfjf=d ,oa ekuoh;

ewY;ksa dh çsj.kk nsus ds fy, fy[kh xbZ jpukvksa esa mins”kkRedrk dk Hkko vk tkuk LokHkkfod

gSA ^bl le; ds cky lkfgR; dh çeq[k fo”ks"krk euksjatu dh ço`fÙk gSA69

mijkafdr lanHkks± ls Li"V gS fd Lokra«;ksÙkj dky esa cky lkfgR;dkjksa us cPpksa]

fd”kksjksa ds pkfjf=d] uSfrd ,oa muds lexz O;fDrRo fodkl dks /;ku esa j[kdj l`tu dk;Z

fd;kA cky lkfgR; esa dbZ&ubZ fo/kkvksa dks viuk;k x;k tSls ckyksi;ksxh xhr] dfork]

fucU/k] thouh vkfnA cky jpukdkjksa us euksjatu dk iwjk /;ku j[krs gq, ljy] ljl] cky

eukso`fÙk ds vuqdwy Hkk"kk vkSj f”kYi dks viuk;k x;kA Lokra«;ksÙkj dky ds mrjk)Z esa cky

xhrdkjksa us vR;ar ljl] vfHkjke] lqe/kqj xhrksa dh jpuk dhA bl vof/k ds xhr vkSj dfork

esa lkSUn;Z cks/k] mieku] çfreku] Hkkocks/k] vFkZcks/k] f”kYi ds {ks= esa uohu Loj eq[kfjr gq,A ;s

xhr ckydksa ds euksHkkoksa ds vuqdwy çLrqr fd;s x;s] ftUgsa i<+dj cPps vkg~ykfnr gksrs gSaA

bl vof/k esa f”k”kq&xhrksa dk ç.k;u fof”k"Vrk ds lkFk gqvkA Jh/kj ikBd] Lo.kZ lgksn;]

gfjvkS/k] JhukFk flag xq.kkdj vkfn xhrdkjksa us jlflDr] jkspd] lqe/kqj cks/kxE; xhr fy[ksA

MkW- pØ/kj ufyu ds vuq:i Js"B f”k”kq xhr& ^vPNk f”k”kq xhfr&dkO;* çokgiw.kZ] y;kRed]

jkxkRed vkSj cks/kxE; gksrk gS] laokn] vfHku;] o.kZukRed] dFkk rFkk i|] yksd vkSj

vuqjatu] f”k”kq dkO; dh fo”ks"krk;sa gSaA70

49

lw;Z dqekj ikaMs; dk ,d lqUnj f”k”kq xhr] ftlesa ckydksa dk fØdsV ds çfr fo”ks"k

vuqjkx O;Dr gqvk gS&

êk¡] eSa Hkh vc lfpu cuw¡xk

eq>s xsan&cYyk fnyok nks

isaV&”kVZ lqUnj flyok nks

gsyesV esjs fy, eaxk nks

twrs vkSj iSM lax yk nks

eSa fnuHkj tedj [ksyw¡xkA71

bl ;qx ds çeq[k cky lkfgR;dkj] xhrdkj] 'kEHkwn;ky JhokLro] ukjk;.kyky

ijekj] Lo.kZ lgksn;] gfjÑ".k nsoljs] nkeksnj vx zoky] t; çdk”k Hkkjrh] Jhçlkn]

pUæiky flag ê;ad*] fouksnpUæ ik.Ms;] fujadkj nso lsod] fo".kqdkar ik.Ms;] lksguyky

f}osnh] ;ksxsUæ dqekj ^yYyk*] eksgu yky xqIr] Bkdqj nÙk 'kekZ] JhÑ".k pUæ frokjh

^jk"Vªca/kq*] f”kopUæ lkxj] lhrkjke xqIr gS aA ubZ ih<+h dk mRlkgo)Zu djus rFkk çsj.kk nsus

ds fy, mÙkj&Lora=rk ;qx esa fo".kq çHkkdj] jke/kkjh flag ^fnudj*] gfjo”kajk; ^cPpu*]

eSfFkyh”kj.k xqIr] deys”oj ,sls vusd cM+s lkfgR;dkjksa us lkekU; lkfgR; ds lkFk gh cky

lkfgR; dh jpuk djds cky lkfgR; ds Hk.Mkj esa Jho`f) dhA blh çdkj fujadkj nso

^lsod*] pUæiky flag ê;ad*] jk"Vªca/kq] ;ksxs”k dqekj yYyk] Jhçlkn] jkeopu flag ^vkuUn*]

'kksHkukFk ykyk ds vrqyuh; ;ksxnku ds fy, fgUnh cky lkfgR; bu cky lkfgR;dkjksa dk

fpj_.kh jgsxkA cky xhrksa dh Hkkafr Lora=rk ds mÙkj ;qx esa dgkuh vf/kd ekSfyd]

çxfr”khy] laosnukRed vkSj ;FkkFkZoknh gks xbZA u, çfreku LFkkfir gq,A MkW-gfjÑ".k nsoljs

us bl ;qx dh dgkuh dks ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gS& ^lkarosa vkSj vkBosa n”kd esa ckydFkk&lkfgR;

esa dbZ ç;ksx Hkh gq,A ubZ ijhdFkk,¡ fy[kh xbZ] eqgkojksa ij vk/kkfjr dgkfu;k¡ baVjO;w 'kSyh esa

fy[kh xbZ dgkfu;k¡] iapra=&“kSyh esa ubZ dgkfu;k¡ fy[kh xbZA bl vof/k esa ftu ys[kdksa us

ckydFkk&lkfgR; dks vkxs c<+k;k muds vius jpuk&fl)kar vkSj oSpkfjd i{k Hkh FksA fo".kq

çHkkdj us cPpksa ds fy, vk/kqfud lanHkZ esa ikSjkf.kd&uhfrijd vkSj f”k{kkçn dFkk,¡ fy[kha]

lkFk gh u, Hkkocks/k dh dgkfu;k¡ Hkh fy[khaA Jh O;fFkr ân; us viuh dgkfu;ksa esa jk"Vªh;rk]

bZekunkjh] lkgl vkSj Hkkjrh; vkn”kks± ds çfr vkxzg çLrqr fd;k fdUrq jpukvksa esa fi"Viks"k.k

cgqr gqvkA gfjÑ".k nsoljs us viuh dgkfu;ksa esa cPpksa dks mudh leL;kvksa vkSj ifjos”k ls

tksM+kA bl çdkj ls vkt dk ckydFkk&lkfgR; vius u, Lo:i esa cPpksa ds fy, vf/kd

çHkko”kkyh vkSj iBuh; cu x;k gSA72

50

cky ukVdksa vkSj miU;klksa esa Hkh u;k eksM+ vk;kA bl ds iwoZ ckyksi;ksxh ukVdksa dh

deh dks nwj djus ds fy, bl vof/k esa jaxeap funsZ”k] ckyksi;ksxh Hkk"kk&f”kYi] laokn] lgt

vfHkuhr gksus okys ukVdksa dh jpuk dhA cPpksa dh vius leL;kvksa] lkekftd ifjfLFkfr;ksa

vkSj cnyrs lekt dh fLFkfr;ksa ij vk/kkfjr fo"k;ksa ij fy[ks x, ,dkafd;ksa dk laxzg

^çfrf"Br cky&,dkadh* lEiknu JhÑ".k vkSj ;ksxsUæ dqekj yYyk us ckbZl ,dkadh çLrqr

fd;sA ;g mYys[kuh; çdk”ku FkkA cPpksa ds miU;klksa dk viuk fof”k"V egRo blfy, gS fd

cPps lkgfld] jksekapd] ,sfrgkfld] oSKkfud fo"k;ksa ij fy[kh dgkfu;k¡ i<+us esa vf/kd #fp

ysrs gSaA cky miU;kl mUgsa iwjk euksjatu vkSj larks"k nsrs gSaA ckydksa dh dYiuk] ftKklk vkSj

euksjatu ls Hkjiwj] lgt ljy Hkk"kk&'kSyh esa lkekftd] ,sfrgkfld euksoSKkfud] oSKkfud

vkSj lkgfld ofr tkxzr djus okys miU;klksa dh jpuk gqbZA Lokra«;ksÙkj cky lkfgR; esa lu~

1990 esa vHkwriwoZ] Økafrdkjh cnyko vk;kA bl ;qx esa cky lkfgR; ds Hkko&i{k vkSj f”kYi esa

u,&u, ç;ksx gq,A MkW- ij”kqjke 'kqDy us bl ;qx dks ^ç;ksxoknh ;qx* ls ukekafdr fd;k gSA

^ç;ksxoknh cky lkfgR; dh viuh fo”ks"krk;sa gSa tks fdlh vU; ;qx esa ns[kus dks ugha feyrhA

blesa oSKkfud cky lkfgR; vFkok lwpukRed cky lkfgR; çeq[k gSaA73

;g ;qx çkS|ksfxdh] lwpuk ,oa lapkj Økafr] rduhd] i;kZoj.k] eksckby] b.VjusV dk

gSA blhfy, cky jpukdkjksa us cPpksa dh vlhe dYiukvksa] uohurk ds çfr vkxzg dks ns[krs

gq, mUgsa thouksi;ksxh Kku nsus vkSj ;FkkFkZ ls ifjfpr djokus ds fy, foKku tSls tfVy

fo"k; ij cgqr çoh.krk ds lkFk jkspd] euksjatd] ljl] lgt ckyksi;ksxh dfork] dgkuh]

fuca/k] miU;kl] ukVd] fy[ksA bl dky [k.M esa Hkkjr ljdkj us ^us”kuy fpYMªu cqd VªLV

vkWQ bafM;k* ubZ fnYyh laLFkk dh LFkkiuk dhA ;g laLFkk cky lkfgR; ds çdk”ku ds

lkFk&lkFk Js"B cky lkfgR;dkjksa dks çksRlkfgr djus ds fy, lEekfur ,oa iqjLÑr Hkh djrh

gSA blh le; cky lkfgR; ij 'kks/k ds u, }kj [kqysA dbZ fo”ofo|ky;ksa us cky lkfgR; ij

fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks 'kks/k djus dh vuqefr çnku dh vkSj mUgsa ih,p-Mh- dh fMxzh ls vyaÑr

fd;kA cky lkfgR; esa vHkh rd lkS ls vf/kd 'kks/k lEiUu gks pqds gSaA lu 1968 esa cky

lkfgR; ij çFke 'kks/k djus dk xkSjo MkW- gfjÑ".k nsoljs dks feykA lqjsu vxzoky] txnh”k

pUæ vxzoky] txnh”k yky }kjk 1972 esa jfpr fgUnh esa cky lkfgR; dh iqLrd nks [k.Mksa esa

çdkf”kr gqbZ] ftlesa yxHkx pkj gtkj cky lkfgR; dh iqLrdksa dk fooj.k gSA ;g iqLrd

us”kuy fpYMªu cqd VªLV ds }kjk cky lkfgR; xazFk fooj.k iqfLrdk ds vHkko dh ckr dks

ysdj gh fy[kh xbZ gSA

Hkkjr ljdkj us 1948 esa ^cky&Hkkjrh* uked çFke cky if=dk dk çdk”ku çkjEHk

fd;kA rRi”pkr~ ,d ds ckn mÙke cky if=dkvksa ds çdk”ku dk flyflyk py iM+kA bu

51

if=dkvksa us cky lkfgR; dks tu&tu rd igq¡pkus esa mYys[kuh; Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA ûanu*]

ckyg¡l*] ^yksViksV*] ^pUnk ekek*] ^paid*] îjkx*] ^nsoiq=*] ûUgs lezkV*] cky lkfgR; leh{kk]

ckyok.kh] vo>M co>M] cPpksa dk ns”k] esyk] lqeu lkSjHk] fuMj] e/kq eqLdku] ^pded*] ^cky

fcxqy*] bUæ /kuq"k] cky esyk] ukSfugky] cky çgjh] ckyokfVdk] cky çfrHkk vkfn if=dkvksa

ds ek/;e ls ckydksa dks viuh ilan dh dfork] xhr] fucU/k] cky igsyh] dgkuh] fp= dFkk;sa

vkfn miyC/k gqbZA vkt Hkh ;s if=dk;sa mRÑ"V cky lkfgR; dks ckydksa rd igq¡pk dj mUgsa

vkufUnr dj jgh gSaA ns”k ds 'kh"kZLFk lekpkj&i= Hkh cky lkfgR; dks ?kj&?kj rd ys tkus

esa vxz.kh jgs gSaA lkIrkfgd fgUnqLrku] uoHkkjr VkbEl] iatkc dsljh] jktLFkku if=dk] nSfud

uoT;ksfr] jk"Vªnwr] nSfud fVªC;wu] ubZ nqfu;k] nSfud HkkLdj] tulÙkk] vej mtkyk] jk"Vªh;

lgkjk] brokjh if=dk] yksder] lgkjk le;] vej mtkyk vkfn esa ckydksa ds fy, fo”ks"k

LrEHk çdkf”kr gksrs jgs] lkIrkfgd ifjf”k"Vksa esa cky lkfgR; dh lHkh fo/kkvksa dks LFkku fn;k

tkrk gS] dqN i= rks ,d&nks i`"B cky lkfgR; nsrs jgs gSaA nSfud uoT;ksfr esa vkt Hkh

jfookjh; ifjf”k"V esa nks ist ckydksa ds fy, fu/kkZfjr gSA jk"Vªnwr dh jfookjh; ^jk"Vªnwr*

eSxthu cjlksa ls cky lkfgR; dks çdkf”kr djds vfr vfHkuanuh; dk;Z dj jgh gSA ns”k dk

çFke ikf{kd cky v[kckj ^Vkcj Vksyh*] uoEcj 2003 ls lEiw.kZ :i ls ckydksa dks lefiZr gSA

ckydksa ds ilan dh gj çdkj dh lkexzh dks blesa çdkf'kr LFkku fn;k tkrk gSA blds

ekun lEiknd cky lkfgR;dkj nhu n;ky 'kekZ gSaA vkèkqfud dky Vhoh] lapkj] b.VjusV]

eksckby] pyfp=ksa ,oa dkVwZu fQYeksa dk gSA cky lkfgR; dks Å¡pkbZ;k¡ çnku djus rFkk

?kj&?kj rd igq¡pkus esa dkVwZu fQYeksa dh mYys[kuh; Hkwfedk loZekU; gS ,oa vkt dk lcls

l”kDr ek/;e gSA buds ek/;e ls jkspdrk vkSj euksjatu ds lkFk cM+h lgtrk ls viuh

laLÑfr] ikSjkf.kd&dFkkvksa] ikSjkf.kd ik=ksa ls ckydksa dks ifjfpr djokus esa budk egr

;ksxnku ljkguh; gSA bu dkVwZu fQYeksa esa ^Md VsYl*] ^vyknhu*] ^gh&esu*] ^fedh ekml*]

^VkWe ,.M tSjh*] ^fuUT;k grkSM+h*] ^MksukYM Md*] ^cky x.ks”k*] êk; ÝsUM x.ks”k*] ^guqeku*]

^cky guqeku*] ^pkpk pkSèkjh*] ^guqeku fjVuZ* vkfn çeq[k gSaA blh ds lkFk orZeku esa çlkfjr

gks jgs ^NksVk Hkhe*] ^flaxe fjVuZ* dkVwZu /kkjkokfgd fgalk vkSj ekj/kkM+ okys gSa] ^Mksjseksu* tks

ckydksa dk vR;ar ilanhnk /kkjkokfgd gS] mlesa Hkh ldkjkRed lUns”k ugha gS] tks ckydksa ds

fy, visf{kr gSA fuekZrkvksa dks pkfg, dh dksey dkUr cky&xksiky ds fy, ,sls lhfj;y gh

cuk,a tks cPpksa dk LoLFk euksjatu djs ,oa uSfrdrk dk lcd Hkh ns nsA

Lokra«;ksÙkj ;qx ds cky lkfgR; esa jktLFkku ds cky lkfgR;dkjksa dk vo/kku

js[kkafdr djus ;ksX; gSA buesa ç[;kr cky lkfgR;dkj 'kEHkwn;ky 'kekZ lDlsuk dks jktLFkku

dk çFke çeq[k cky lkfgR;dkj gksus dk xkSjo çkIr gSA budh cky lfkgR; dh vusd Ñfr;k¡

52

çdkf”kr gSaA ftuesa ukpks&xkvks] ohj larku] Qwyksa ds xhr] Hkkyw dh gkj] cky dforkoyh

vkfn eq[; gSaA jktLFkku lkfgR; vdkneh buds uke ls çfr o"kZ iqjLdkj Hkh çnku djrh gSaA

buds vfrfjDr ew/kZU; cky lkfgR;dkj txnh”k pUæ 'kekZ ¼fxyw.M½ tkuk&ekuk uke gSA

budh Hkh cky lkfgR; dh dbZ iqLrdsa Ni pqdh gSaA i=&if=dkvksa esa gtkjksa jpuk,¡ çdkf”kr

gks pqdh gSa vkSj ;g flyflyk vkt Hkh tkjh gSA vU; ukeksa esa cæhçlkn iapkSyh] ;knosUæ

'kekZ pUæ] ';ke euksgj O;kl] nhun;ky 'kekZ] MkW- Hkxorh yky O;kl] gfjoYyHk cksgjk ^gfj*]

MkW- HkS:yky xxZ] xksfoUn 'kekZ] vuqie ijns”kh] f”kopj.k lsu ^f”kok fnus”k fot;oxh Z;] vjuh

jkscV~lZ çeq[k gSaA ';kelqUnj tks”kh] lR;ukjk;.k ^lR;*] lkfo=h ijekj] çeksn tks”kh] Ñik

'kadj 'kekZ] ^vpwd*] iwju ljek gjn”kZu ^lgxy*] f”ko e`nqy] rkjknÙk fufoZjks/k] jke lsod

'kekZ vkfn uke vxz.kh gSaA bl ;qx esa jktLFkku ds vfrfjDr lEiw.kZ ns”k ds cky jpukdkjksa

dh la[;k esa vHkwriwoZ o`f) gqbZA cky fp= dFkkvksa ds jpukdkjksa esa vuar dq”kokgk pk¡n

eksgEen ?kkslh] Vhdkjke flIih vkfnA dfri; jpukdkjksa ds uke vkSj mudh çeq[k Ñfr;k¡

bl çdkj gSa&

fnfod jes”k % ^dcwrjksa dh jsy*] ^rLohj vkSj eqUuk*] ^canj ekek*] ^,d lkS ,d cky

dfork;sa*] çdk”k euq % ^ngh cM+s*] ^pyks f”kekyk*] ^vkt losjs*] ^fpfM+;k jkuh*] ^fdruh nsj gqbZ

gS*] îkik] rax djrk gS HkS;k*] fgUnh cky lkfgR; dk bfrgkl ^tkudhiqj dh jkeyhyk*] js.kq

pkSgku % ^jax fcjaxs ckny*] lw;Z dqekj ik.Ms; % ^f[kys Qwy*] ^pwgs jktk*] ^xhr rqEgkjs*] êsjh

fç; cky dfork;sa*] ^vDdM+&cDdM+*] ^ge gSa fdlls de*] jkefuokl ekuo % ^fey dj lkFk

pysa*] ^dcwrj*] MkW- ukxs”k ik.Ms; ^lat;* % ^tks cw>s og prqj lqtku*] ^py esjs ?kksM+s*]

^viye&piye*] êksrh >js ViVi*] ^vk/kqfud cky dgkfu;k¡* ^;fn ,slk gks tk,*] ^NksVs

ekLVjth*] îhB ij cLrk*] jksfgrk”o vLFkkuk % ûUgha xtysa*] êksuw ds xhr*] ^Hkwr ls VDdj*]

tghj dqjs”kh % ^mxrs lwjt*] ^rqEgsa lyke*] ?ke.Mh yky vxzoky % ^cky dforkoyh*] ^cky

xhrkoyh*] Hkxorh çlkn f}osnh % ûUgs xhr*] êsjh fç; cky dfork;sa*] ^Bksyk xq:*] ^le; dk

eksy*] ^vuks[kk xqM+lokj*] xksfoUn 'kekZ % ^pha ph us fd;k deky*] êsgur dk eU=*] ^nksLrh dk

jax*] ^lPps nksLr* ^ghjk fey x;k*] û;k cky fnol*] m"kk ;kno % ^rLohj ds jax*] vf[kys”k

peu JhokLro % ^[khj dk isM+*] ^cgknwj Vhiw*] ^xqYyd*] Jhfuokl feJ % ^vuks[kk Qy*] ^cfx;k

ds Qwy*] ^yky Qwy*] vuqie çsjd dFkk;sa] txnh”k pUæ 'kekZ] i| çlax] ûsg: ds lax*]

n”kZu flag vkgV % îfo= dk;Z*] lkfcj gqlSu % ûqiwj u{k=*] ^tkequ dk isM+*] euksgj iqjh %

lkr cky dgkfu;k¡ ^taxy ds nksLr*] xhfrdk xks;y % ^pquequ dh dgkfu;k¡*] Hkkyw dk cPpk*]

ûko pyh* foeyk Hk.Mkjh % çsj.kkLin cky dgkfu;k¡] vydk ikBd % ûV[kV ckcw*] uhye

jkds”k % ^vuks[kh NqfÍ;k¡*] euksgj ';ke tks”kh % ^vkvks djsa pk¡n dh lSj*] lR; çdk”k vxzoky

53

% ^,d Mj*] îkap fuMj*] eLrjke diwj % ^HkwrukFk*] vkuUn çdk”k tSu % ^lkaojh lykSuh*] çrki

lgxy% ^nks cky ukVd*] ^nl cky ukVd*] jes”k pUæ iUr % ^,d lkS ,d cky dfork;sa*]

'ks"kiky flag % ^xqYyd*] ^ltk*] jktukjk;.k pkS/kjh % îjkx*] ^vxM+e&cxM+e*] ûk&uk*] nsosUæ

dqekj % ^bDdoku cky xhr*] ^,d lkS ,d cky xhr*] ^galus dk Ldwy*] ^fcLrj NksM+*] êhBk

cksy*] ;ksxsUæ flag HkkVh % ^cPpksa dh nqfu;k*] ^taxy esa eaxy*] vf[kys”k JhokLro peu % ^,d

irs dh ckr*] m"kk ;kno % ^bDdoku cky dfork;sa*] êEeh dh lkM+h*] 'kdqUryk dkyjk %

^Qqyokjh*] êqfu;k djs rek”kk*] MkW- jfo 'kekZ ê/kqi* % êSa ,slk gh gw¡*] MkW- lwjt e`nqy % ^cpiu

dh ij[k*] MkW- jktsUæ iaft;kj % ^lwjt dk xqLlk*] f”kojkt Hkkjrh; % êk¡*] lq”khyk 'kekZ % ^jax

fcjaxh cPpksa dh nqfu;k*] dqlqe vxzoky % ^var Hkys dk Hkyk*] vydk vxzoky % ^tc f[kykSus

:B x;s*] lqdhfrZ HkVukxj % îkgs okyh nknh*] Ñ".kk dqekjh % ^taxy esa Qkx*] vkse 'kj.k vk;Z

^papy* % ^vPNs cPps*] t;flag vk”kkor % ^xkSj;k us ?kj cuk;k*] egs”k pUæ f=ikBh % ^taxy esa

eaxy*] ^ge pkSdUus*] pk¡n eksgEen ?kkslh % ^vkvks cuk,s vad fp=*] ^cqf) dh ij[k*] lqjs”k pUæ

loZgkjk % ^Qwyksa lk egds cpiu*] f'kojkt JhokLro% ^Qwy fpfM+;k vkSj esjk ns'k* vkfnA

bl ;qx ds jk"Vªh; Lrj ds tkus&ekus cky lkfgR;dkjksa us fujadkjnso ^lsod*]

MkW- Jhçlkn] MkW- jk"Vªca/kq] 'kadqryk fljksfB;k] MkW- gfjÑ".k ^nsoljs*] cky eqdqan xqIr] gfjoa”k

jk; cPpu] jekifr 'kqDyk] Hkxorh çlkn f}osnh] MkW- 'kksHkukFk yky] ia- lksgu yky f}osnh]

;ksxs”k dqekj ^yYyk*] MkW- 'ksjtax xxZ] pØ/kj ûfyu*] MkW- nsosUæ nÙk frokjh] lqn”kZukpk;Z]

ujs”kpUæ lDlsuk] lw;Zdqekj ik.Ms;] MkW- m"kk ;kno] ve`ryky ukxj] fo".kq çHkkdj] ç;kx

'kqDy] Hkokuh çlkn feJ] cky Lo:i ^jkgh*] MkW- fxfjjkt 'kj.k vxzoky] fouksnpUæ ik.Ms;]

HkkypUæ lsfB;k] vkseçdk”k d”;i] lqjsUæ foØe] egs”k pUnz f=ikBh] Ñ".k 'kyHk] ve`rk

'kqDyk] vt; tuest;] ;”k ekyoh;] fot; dqekj ekuo] vejukFk JhokLro] v”kksd jatu

lDlsuk] vkjlh çlkn flag] j?kqohj 'kj.k feJ] 'kEHkqn;ky lDlsuk] jksfgrk”o vLFkkuk]

ljksftuh dqyJs"B] 'kksHkukFk yky] fou;dqekj ekuoh;] çdk”k euq] vukfedk fjNkfj;k] vfuy

f}osnh ^riu*] MkW- fnfod jes”k] lw;ZdkUr f=ikBh ^fujkyk*] ;knjke jlsUæ] ;ksxsUæ nÙk 'kekZ]

ljkstuh vxzoky] jkeopu flag vkuUn] MkW- osn çdk”k] t; çdk”k Hkkjrh] losZ”oj n;ky

lDlsuk] ukxktqZu] nkeksnj vxzoky] jktsUæ] voLFkh] ujsUæ dksgyh] lhrkjke xqIr] uohu tSu]

'khyk xqtjky] jkekuqt f=ikBh] jke fujatu 'kekZ ^fBekÅ*] euksgj oekZ] vkpk;Z vKkr]

txnh”k pUæ 'kekZ] vuUr dq”kokgk] ;knosUæ 'kekZ pUæ] MkW- ij”kqjke 'kqDy] jes”k rSyax] nsosUæ

dqekj] MkW- 'kdqaryk dkyjk] MkW- tkfdj gqlSu] Hkkjr Hkw"k.k vxzoky] y{eh”kadj cktisbZ] dUgS;k

yky uanu] çdk”k euq] Hkxorh çlkn f}osnh] jke lkxj lnu] 'kEHkw çlkn JhokLro] MkW-

lqjsUæ foØe] deys”k lDl suk] e/kq Hkkjrh;] mek lwn] MkW- ukxs”k ik.Ms;] ?ke.Mh yky

54

vxzoky] ckyÑ".k xxZ] Ñ".k fouk;d QMds] tkfdj vyh ^jtuh”k*] vkseçdk”k d”;i] fnus”k

ikBd ^”kf”k*] xksih pUæ Jhukxj] gjn”kZu lgxy] lkfo=h ijekj] nhun;ky 'kekZ] ljkstuh

çhre] bafnjk ijekj] Lusgyrk çlkn] vjuh jkcV~lZ] lq/khj lDlsuk ^lqf/k*] fo".kqdkar ik.Ms]

jRu çdk”k ^”khy*] nqxkZçlkn 'kqDy vktkn] tkfdj vyh] jke ujs”k f=ikBh] vkuUn çdk”k

tSu] jkelsod 'kekZ] lR;nso lforsUæ] xksfoUn 'kekZ] xksdqypan i<+gkj] Vhdkjke flIih] çHkkr

xqIr] vkuUn fo”okl] fouksn cCcj] eksgEen vj”kn [kku] deyk peksyk] Hkxorh yky O;kl]

vkuUn çdk”k f=ikBh jRus”k] f”ko e`nqy] v”o?kks"k] ekyrh 'kekZ] mn; fdjkSyk] lR;ukjk;.k

^lR;*] eatqjkuh tSu] çgykn Jhekyh] 'kknkc vkye] Ñ".k dqekj ;kno] Hkxorh çlkn xkSre]

'kSys”k efV;kuh] ftrsUæ 'kadj ctkM+] vfuy pkS/kjh] euksgj flag jkBkSj] eueksgu vfHkyk"kh]

iou dqekj 'kekZ] ujsUæ eLrkuk] jktsUæ ijnslh] f”kopj.k lsu f”kok] jkds”k uS;k] ”kf”k xks;y]

bUæk jkuh] MkW- çR;q"k xqysjh] iq#"kksre ^;dhu*] nsonÙk 'kekZ] laxhrk lsBh] lquhrk jkor] in~ek

iapkSyh vkfn çeq[k gSaA

lkj Lo:i dgk tk ldrk gS fd Lora=rk ds i”pkr~ cky lkfgR; ds fodkl esa

vHkwriwoZ mUufr gqbZA uohu psruk] ubZ LQwfrZ] mRlkg ds fur u;s vk;ke LFkkfir gksus yxsA

jktuSfrd Lora=rk ds lkFk foKku ,oa rduhdh ds {ks= esa uwru Økafr dk lw=ikr gksus ls

cky lkfgR; esa u, fopkj] ubZ vo/kkj.kk;sa] u;k fparu] u, Loj] eq[kfjr gq,A bl le;

ckydksa dh #fp ds vuq:i jkspd] euksjatd ljy] lgt] lkfgR; dh ltZuk gqbZA ckyd

dYiuk yksd ls fudy dj ;FkkFkZ ds /kjkry ls ifjfpr gq,A cky dforkvksa o dgkfu;ksa ls

brj vU;kU; fo/kkvksa esa ;Fkk cky ukVd] cky miU;kl] cky fucU/k] cky ;k=k o`Ùkkar dh Hkh

jpuk çkjEHk gqbZ] tks mYys[kuh; dgh tk ldrh gSA

blh ds lkFk&lkFk cky lkfgR; dh iqLrdksa dk çdk”ku Hkh çkjEHk gqvk ftlesa

ljdkjh vkSj xSj ljdkjh laLFkkvksa dk cgqr ;ksxnku jgkA Lokra«;ksÙkj dky esa cPpksa vkSj

fd”kksjksa ds pkfjf=d] uSfrd o lexz O;fDro fuekZ.k dh nf"V ls Hkh cky lkfgR; l`tu gqvk

tks mYys[kuh; jgkA cky xhrksa esa ljlrk] ek/kq;Z dk lapkj gksus yxk] cky miU;klksa ,oa

ukVdksa esa fur uohu jax Hkjs tkus yxsA bl çdkj cky lkfgR; vf/kd çHkko”kkyh] jkspd]

thouksi;ksxh vkSj iBuh; cu x;kA bl nkSj esa cky lkfgR; ds mUu;u esa cky if=dkvksa dh

Hkwfedk vo.kZuh; jghA lHkh i=&if=dkvksa es a cky lkfgR; dk çdk”ku gksus yxk] ftlls ;g

lkfgR; ?kj&?kj rd igq¡pus ls cPpksa ds fy, lqyHk gks ldkA bl ;K esa cM+s&cM+s

lkfgR;dkjksa us vkgqfr nsdj cky lkfgR; esa mYys[kuh; ;ksxnku fn;k] ftldh ftruh ç”kalk

dh tk;s vYi gksxhA

55

lUnHkZ lwph

1- f”k{kkFkhZ fgUnh 'kCn dks”k] MkW- gjnso ckgjh] i`"B 581

2- laLdr fgUnh 'kCn dks”k] i`- 714

3- v'kksd ekud fgUnh 'kCn dks'k] MkW- f'koizlkn Hkkj}kt ^'kkL=h* i`- 84

4- fgUnh&mnwZ 'kCndks'k] osnizdk'k lksuh] i`- 146

5- Kamal”s Oxford Dictionary, Dr. R.K. Kapoor, 129

6- vaxzth&Çgnh O;kogkfjd dks”k] M�- }kjdk çlkn i- 84

7- jk/kkd".k vaxzsth&fgUnh O;kogkfjd dks'k] MkW- }kjdk izlkn] larks"k izlkn] i`"B 336



10- uo vk/kqfud fgUnh fucU/k] jkts”k 'kekZ] dfiy 'kekZ] i`"B 9

11- [kM+h cksyh esa jkek;.kksa esa fpf=r lekt vkSj laLÑfr] MkW- euksgj ljkZQ] i`"B 32

12- Hkkjrh; dkO; 'kkL= ds fl)kUr] M� jkt fd'kksj Çlg] i`"B 14

13- Hkkjrh; dkO; 'kkL= ds fl)kUr] M� jkt fd'kksj Çlg] i`"B 14

14- lkfgR; ds eku vksj ewY;] eksrhyky eusfj;k] i`"B 111

15- cky lkfgR; ds çfreku] MkW- ukxs”k ik.Ms; ^lat;*] i`"B 10


17- vktdy uoEcj 2014] la- Qjgr ijohu] i"B 15

18- cky lkfgR; ds çfreku] MkW- ukxs”k ik.Ms;] ^lat;*] i"B 12

19- fgUnh cky i=dkfjrk] mn~Hko vkSj fodkl] MkW- lqjsUæ foØe] i`"B 16

20- vktdy] uoEcj 2014] la- Qjgr ijohu] i"B 12





25- e/kqerh twu 2015] la- jksfgr xqIrk] i"B 25



28- f”k{kkFkhZ fgUnh 'kCndks”k] MkW- gjnso ckgjh] i`"B 862

29- vktdy uoEcj 2012] la- Qjgr ijohu] i"B 46


56



33- cky lkfgR; l`tu vkSj leh{kk] MkW- ukxs”k ik.Ms; ^lat;*] i"B 28


35- cky lkfgR; % esjk fparu] MkW- gfjÑ".k nsoljs] i`"B 21

36- cky lkfgR; ds Áfreku] MkW- ukxs”k ik.Ms; ^lat;*] i`"B 17


38- cky lkfgR; ds Áfreku] MkW- ukxs”k ik.Ms; ^lat;*] i`"B 82&83

39- fgUnh cky i=dkfjrk] mn~Hko vkSj fodkl] MkW- lqjsUæ foØe] i`"B 21

40- cky lfgR; ds Áfreku] MkW- ukxs”k ik.Ms; ^lat;*] i`"B 148







47- fgUnh cky i=dkfjrk % mn~Hko vkSj fodkl] MkW- lqjsUæ foØe] i`"B 11



50- cky okfVdk fnlEcj 2014] la- Qjgr ijohu] i"B 8





55- fgUnh cky dfork esa u, ç;ksx] MkW- lq/kk feJk] i`"B 18

56- cky lkfgR; esjk fparu] MkW- gfjÑ".k nsoljs] i`"B 62


58- vkse çdk'k d';i] ^vk[kj ekyk*] le; ls laokn „ 25/07/2014 i`"B 40


60- lkBksÙkjh fgUnh cky lkfgR;] MkW- 'ks"kiky ^”ks"k*] i`"B 64

61- fgUnh cky lkfgR; dk bfrgkl] vf[kys”k JhokLro peu] i`"B 8

62- fgUnh cky lkfgR; dk bfrgkl] vf[kys”k JhokLro] i`"B 20

57


64- fgUnh cky lkfgR; esa u, Á;ksx] MkW- lq/kk feJk] i`"B 24

65- fgUnh cky lkfgR; dk bfrgkl] vf[kys”k JhokLro peu] i`"B 8

66- cky lkfgR; esjk fparu] MkW- gfjÑ".k ^nsoljs*] i`"B 63&64


68- fgUnh cky dfork esa u, Á;ksx] MkW- lq/kk feJk] i`"B 28

69- ledkyhu fgUnh cky lkfgR;] 'kqfprk lsB] i`"B 12

70- pØokd] vDVwcj 2012 ls ekpZ 2013] la- fu”kkar dsrq] i`"B 77

71- pØokd] vDVwcj 2012 ls ekpZ 2013 la- fu”kkar dsrq] i`"B 83

72- cky lkfgR; % esjk fparu % MkW- gfjÑ".k nsoljs] i`"B 78

73- ledkyhu fgUnh cky lkfgR;] 'kqfprk lsB] i`"B 14

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58

f}rh; v/;k;

nhun;ky 'kekZ dk O;fDrRo vkSj dfrRo

lkfgR; vkSj lekt ijLij iwjd gksrs gSaA lkfgR; lekt ds :i dks izfrfcafcr djrk

gS vkSj lekt esa gksus okys fofHkUu ifjorZu] ?kfVr ?kVukvksa] dk;Z O;kikj vkfn dh vkgV dks

lkfgR; vfr laosnu'khyrk ds dkj.k eglwl dj ysrk gSA ekuo lekt esa euksHkkoksa dh

vfHkO;fDr ds rjhds vyx&vyx vo'; gks ldrs gSa] tSls&fp=dkj viuh rwfydk ls fp=

mdsj dj viuh vuqHkwfr;ksa dks n'kkZrk gSa] laxhrdkj Lojygfj;ksa ds ek/;e ls viuh Hkkoukvksa

dks lkdkj djrk gS] ogha lkfgR;dkj 'kCnksa ds }kjk viuh laosnukvksa dks latksrk gSA bu lHkh

dykvksa ds Lo:i dks fcfEcr djus esa mlds ifjos'k dh vge~ Hkwfedk gksrh gS] ogha mldh

vuqHkwfr;ksa dks vkdkj iznku djrh gSA e:/kjk jkts&jtokM+ks dh /kjrh gSA pkanuh jkr dh

vkHkk esa jtr d.kksa ls nedrs jsr ds Vhys Hkyk fdldk eu ugha eksg ysrsA ohj izlwrk ekVh

ds d.k&d.k esa ohjrk] 'kkS;Z] ohjkaxukvksa dh xkFkk,a vkt Hkh ns'k ds dksus&dksus esa xaqtk;eku

gSaA izkphu dky ls gh jktLFkku dh /kjk dyk] lkfgR;] laxhr] laLd`fr dk dsanz jgh gSA ;gk¡

dh /kjrh dks vusd fnXxt dykdkjksa] laxhrdkjksa] fp=dkjkas] jpukdkjksa us bls xkSjokfUor

fd;k gs ,oa djrs vk jgs gSaA ;gk¡ ds lkfgR;dkjs fganh lkfgR; dks lnSo ls le`) djrs jgs

gSaA jktLFkkuh vkSj fganh cky lkfgR; ds {ks= esa Hkh jktLFkku vxz.kh jgk gSA ;gk¡ ds cky

lkfgR;dkj xksfoUn 'kekZ] Hkxorh yky O;kl] txnh'kpUnz 'kekZ] lR;ukjk;.k ^lR;*] lq/khj

lDlsuk ^lq/kh*] ftrsUnz flag ctkt] foeyk HkaMkjh] Hkxorh izlkn xkSre] pk¡n eksgEen ?kkslh

vkfn dh J`a[kyk esa cky lkfgR;dkj nhun;ky 'kekZ dk uke izeq[k vkSj izklafxd gSA budk

cky lkfgR; ds {ks= esa fd;k x;k vHkwriwoZ ;ksxnku js[kkafdr djus ;ksX; gSA foxr pkyhl

o"kksZa esa bruh gh iqLrdksa ds ys[kd 'kekZ ds cky lkfgR; ds vkdyu djus ds iwoZ buds

O;fDrRo] dfrRo ij n`f"Vikr djuk vfuok;Z izrhr gksrk gSA

2-1 O;fDrRo

O;fDr vius ifjos'k ls vizHkkfor ugha jg ldrkA O;fDrRo dk lkekU; rkRi;Z O;fDr

fo'ks"k dh cká lajpuk vkSj mlds xq.kksa] O;ogkj] jax&<ax] :i] vknrksa] thou 'kSyh ds fofo/k

i{kksa dk laxBu dgk tk ldrk gSA fdlh Hkh O;fDr ds O;fDrRo fuekZ.k esa mlds ekrk&firk]

ifjtu] LoHkko] ?kj&ifjokj] lkekftd&vkfFkZd ifjfLFkfr;k¡] vkl&iMkSl] ifjos'k] ikB'kkyk

dk okrkoj.k] fe=&e.Myh] lksp&fopkj] jgu&lgu] jax&<ax] ftUl ¼lkr ihf<+;ksa ls izkIr½

vkfn dk lefUor çHkko ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA blhfy, izR;sd O;fDr dk O;fDrRo nwljs ls

59

vyx gksrk gSA bZ'oj us izR;sd O;fDr dks fo'ks"k cuk;k gSA lHkh dks dksbZ u dksbZ xq.k vFkok

[kwfc;k¡ vo'; nh gSaA O;fDrRo ,d xR;kRed miknku gSA

O;fDrRo dk vaxzsth i;kZ; 'kCn 'Personality' gSA ilZusYVh 'kCn dk mRifÙk ;wukuh

Hkk"kk ds ¼îlksZuk*½ 'Persona' 'kCn ls gqbZ gS] ftldk vFkZ êq[kksVk*] ekLd gksrk gSA ml le;

lkekU;r% O;fDrRo dk vFkZ ckgjh xq.kksa ls yxk;k tkrk FkkA O;fDrRo dks dbZ fo}kuksa us

ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gS&

eu ds vuqlkj& Ô;fDrRo ,oa O;fDr ds xBu] O;ogkj ds rjhdksa] :fp;ksa] n`f"Vdks.kksa]

{kerkvksa vkSj lc ls fof'k"V laxBu gSA*1

fxyQksMZ& O;fDrRo xq.kksa dk lefUor :i gSA*2

bl izdkj O;fDrRo O;fDr fo'ks"k ds xq.kksa] :fp;ksa] Hkkoukvkas] rjhdksa] fopkj/kkjkvksa]

{kerkvksa dk leqPp; gSA nhun;ky 'kekZ dk O;fDrRo vkSj d`frRo dk foospu fuEu fcUnqvksa

ds vk/kkj ij fd;k tk jgk gSA

tUe vkSj ikfjokfjd i`"BHkwfe&

ekuo thou ijekRek dk fn;k gqvk vn~Hkqr migkj gSA blhfy, xksLokeh rqylhnkl

th us jkepfjr ekul esa m)r fd;k gS fd ^cM+s Hkkx ekuq"k ru ikok] lqj nqyZHk tsfg xazFkfga

xkokA* gj O;fDr ij mlds tUe LFkku] ifjokj dh i`"BHkwfe dk izHkko yf{kr gksrk gSA

le;≤ ij egku foHkwfr;k¡ tUe ysdj ohjksa dh /kjrh e:/kjk dks /kU; djrh vkbZ gSA

,d ,sls gh xqnM+h ds yky us bl /kjrh ij tUe ysdj bls xkSjokfUor fd;k] ftldk uke gS

nhun;ky 'kekZ] ftldh dh [;kfr vkt ns'k ds dksus&dksus esa QSyh gqbZ gSA bl foHkwfr dk

ykyu&ikyu ek¡ Jherh egknsoh vkSj firk Jh iz;kxpan dh okRlY;e;h xksn esa gqvkA budk

tUe jktLFkku ds ftys guqekux<+ dh uksgj rglhy ds xk¡o tlkuk esa ,d lk/kkj.k ifjokj

esa pS= lqnh rht ¼x.kxkSj½ foØe laor 2013 dh izkr% gqvkA ljdkjh dkxtksa esa budh

tUefrfFk 15 tqykbZ 1956 ntZ gSA ukS HkkbZ&cfguksa esa vius ekrk&firk dh ;s ikapoh larku

gSaA tlkuk xk¡o ds yxHkx 200 yksx jktdh; lsok esa fofHkUu inksa ij lsokjr gSaA xkao

tlkuk d`f"k iz/kku gSA xkao tlkuk f'k{kk ds {ks= esa dkQh vxz.kh ,oa tkx:d gSA ;gka ,d

cM+k jktdh; lhfu;j Ldwy] yM+fd;ksa ds fy, vyx ls jktdh; lSds.Mjh Ldwy rFkk rhu

jktdh; izkFkfed Ldwy gSaA pkj&ikap izkbosV Ldwy Hkh gSaA xkao esa ikuh&fctyh dh lqfo/kk

miyC/k gSA cSad] [ksy LVsfM;e] ljdkjh vLirky gSaA orZeku esa xk¡o esa lkfgfR;d okrkoj.k

Hkh gSA ;qok dfo lrh'k xksY;ku] dFkkdkj dhfrZ O;kl ,oa ;qok dof;=h d`".kk tkafxM+ ^dhfrZ*

60

gS]a tks le;≤ ij lkfgfR;d xfrfof/k;ka vk;ksftr djrs jgrs gSaA xkao esa ,d x<+ gS tks

vc th.kZ&'kh.kZ voLFkk esa gSA xkao esa Nrfj;ka gSA tlkuk xkao esa yksdnsork xqalkbZ th dk

eafnj gSa] tgka nwj nwj ls yksx <ksd yxkus vkrs gSaA buds ikfjokfjd laLdkj nhun;ky 'kekZ

dh l`tu èkÆerk esa çfrÇcfcr gq, gsA

nhun;ky 'kekZ ds nknkth dk uke Jh ohjHkku tks'kh vkSj nknh dk uke vklh FkkA

ukukth dk uke lq[knsojke ,oa ukuhth dk uke Hkh[kh FkkA nhun;ky 'kekZ th dks bu pkjksa

ds lanHkZ dksbZ tkudkjh ugha gS vkSj u gh bUgksaus dHkh budh rLohjsa ns[kh gSaA nhun;ky 'kekZ

dh eka egknsoh /kkfeZd :fp dh efgyk Fkh] tks rhu&R;kSgkj dks cgqr eu ls eukrh FkhA ?kj

vkSj vkl&ikl dh lQkbZ dk iwjk /;ku j[krh FkhA lHkh HkkbZ cfguksa dks ugkus /kksus vkSj lkQ

lqFkjk jgus ij iwjk tksj nsrh FkhA pkSds esa fdlh dks Hkh gkFk /kks, fcuk Hkkstu ugha ijkslrh

FkhA ihus ds ikuh ds ?kM+ks esa twBk crZu ugha Mqcksus nsrh FkhA [kkus ihus dh dksbZ Hkh pht gks

mls /kksdj [kkus ij cy nsrh FkhA nw/k gks ;k ikuh ges'kk Nku dj gh dke esa ysrh FkhA

ifjokj ds vykok iM+kSfl;ksa dks f[kykdj mudh iz'kalk gkfly djrh FkhA if{k;ksa vkSj

dhM+s&edksM+ksa dks vkVk&nky Mkyuk rFkk i'kqvksa dks jksVh] nky] xqM+ vkSj gjk pkjk f[kykdj

iq.; dekus esa fo'okl djrh FkhA egknsoh th dHkh Ldwy ugha xbZ] fQj Hkh /kkfeZd fdrkcksa

dk vPNh rjg i<+ ysrh FkhA vusd yksdxhr vkSj yksdFkk,a mudks daBLFk FksA ?kj ij iwtk

dk LFkku vyx ls cuk FkkA ;gka nksuksa le; ?kh dk nhid tykdj eka /kwi /;ku djrh FkhA

egknsoh th ges'kk lth laojh jgrh FkhA budks lksus ds xguksa ls cgqr yxko FkkA yxHkx

vk/kk fdyksa lksus ds tsojksa ls [kqn dks ltk, laokjs j[krh FkhA ftlesa tM+kÅ dk cksjyk]

VM~Mk] fQ.kh] >wedh] yawx] vaxwBh] pwfM;ka] xGljh] xqyhcan] rkxM+h vkSj iSjksa esa ?kqa?k:vkas okyh

ik;tsc igurh FkhA egknsoh th us thou ds 84 clar ns[ksA

nhun;ky dh firkJh iz;kxpan th cgqr ifjJeh Fks] vkyL; budks Nw rd ugha x;k

FkkA mudk lEiw.kZ thou la?k"kZ'khy jgkA O;kolkf;d nf"V ls dbZ mrkj&p<+ko ns[ksA muds

nknk ohjHkku th jktdh; lsok ds f[kykQ Fks] os vius iq= dks lsBth cukuk pkgrs FksA

mudk ekuuk Fkk fd ^py iM+s nqdkunkjh rks D;k djs rglhynkjhA* blds fy, mUgksaus

iz;kxpan th dks lsB th dk dke lh[kus ds fy, vklke HkstkA ogka mUgksaus dke ds

lkFk&lkFk usikyh] HkwVkuh] HkksfV;k] eksM+h vkfn Hkk"kkvksa dk Kku izkIr fd;kA iz;kaxpan th dks

jktdh; lsok djus ds dbZ lqvolj Hkh feys ysfdu mUgksaus Lo;a Hkh ukSdjh ugha djuk pkgkA

ekrk&firk ds pys tkus ds ckn mudks la;qDr ifjokj ls vyx dj fn;k x;k vkSj caVokjs esa

ek= ,d va/kh ÅaVuh vkSj xkao ls rhu dksl nwj jsrhys Vhys okyk [ksr feykA va/kh ÅaVuh us

[ksr dh fctkbZ djus esa cgqr lg;ksx fn;kA iz;kxpan th us [ksrh djus esa th&tku yxk

61

nhA izfrfnu lqcg ls 'kke rd [ksr ij dke fd;k djrs FksA ysfdu ;gk¡ tc iwjh rjg ckr

ugha cuh rks tlkuk ds nwljs cke esa nqdkunkjh dk O;olk; 'kq: fd;kA dqN gh fnuksa esa

nqdku [kwc pyus yxh] exj dtZ bruk T;knk Fkk fd lkjh fcØh ys MwchA m/kj [ksr vdky

dh pisV esa vk x;kA dgrs gSa fd eqlhcr vdsyh ugha vkrhA mUgha fnuksa iz;kxpan th ds iko

dks jhax.k cko ds nnZ us ?ksj fy;k] ;g ihM+k xbZ lkyksa rd lkyrh jghA bl nkSjku nqdku

iwjh rjg can gks xbZA jkstxkj ,dne BIi gks tkus ls [kkus&ihus ds Hkh ykys iM+ x,A

rRi'pkr NBs n'kd esa iz;kxpan th tlkuk ls jkorlj vk x, vkSj ;gk¡ nqdkunkjh dk dke

iqu% izkjEHk fd;k] ysfdu ckr ugha cuh] ifjokj dh xqtj&clj ftruh Hkh vkenuh ugha gksus

ls vkBosa n'kd esa iz;kxpan th chdkusj vkdj cl x,A ;gka mUgksaus iku dh nqdku [kksyhA

exj xqtkjk ugha gks ik;kA dqN vof/k ds ckn guqekux<+ vk;s vkSj ogka ls jkorlj tkdj

ges'kk ds fy, cl x,A bl izdkj nhun;ky th ds firkth dk thou la?k"kksZa ls Hkjk gqvk

jgkA iz;kaxpan th NksVh mez esa gh egknsoh th ds lkFk nkEiR; lw= esa ca/k x,A budh f'k{kk

lkroha d{kk rd gqbZA vfHku; dyk ls budk xgjk yxko FkkA i<kbZ ds lkFk&lkFk ;s ukVdksa

dk eapu Hkh fd;k djrs FksA

lkroha d{kk esa iz;kxpan us Ldwy esa ^lR;oku lkfo=h* esa lkfo=h dk vfHku; fd;k]

tks bruk lQy jgk fd yksx bUgsa lkfo=h ds uke ls iqdkjus yxsA ;gh ls nhun;ky 'kekZ ds

Hkhrj lkfgR; vkSj dyk fodflr gksus yxhA vius firk dh rjg nhun;ky 'kekZ Hkh cgqr

ifjJeh vkSj iq:"kkFkhZ jgsA iz;kxpan th dks ?kqM+lokjh esa cgqr :fp Fkh] blesa os ikjaxr FksA

nqdku ds fy, lkeku ysus ds fy;s tc Hkh uksgj tkuk gksrk Fkk] ?kksM+h ij lokj gksdj tk;k

djrs FksA budh ?kksM+h Hkh cM+h cqf)eku FkhA tc dHkh ykSVrs esa budk jsy ls vkuk gksrk Fkk]

rc yxke ?kksM+h dh ihB ij j[kdj mls jokuk dj nsrs Fks vkSj oks lh/ks ?kj vk tk;k djrh

FkhA nkSM+us esa Hkh ?kksM+h vOoy FkhA ,d ckj ckrksa gh ckrksa esa iz;kxpan th ,d thi pkyd ls

'krZ yxk cSBsA ?kksM+h vkSj thi esa izfrLi)kZ gqbZA bl nkSM+ esa ?kksM+h fot; gqbZA ?kksM+h ;k ?kksM+k

dHkh cSBrk ugha vkSj lksrk Hkh [kM+s+s&[kM+s gh gSA lqcg tYnh mBuk ,oa jkr dk tYnh lksukA

iz;kxpan th dh fnup;kZ fu;fer Fkh] izfrfnu lqcg Luku ds mijkar bZ'oj dh ekyk Qsjuk

nSufUnuh esa 'kkfey gqvk djrk FkkA bl izdkj jpukdkj 'kekZ ds ?kj dk okrkoj.k èkkfeZd

vkSj v/;kfRed Fkk] ftldk xgjk izHkko buds O;fDrRo ij Li"V ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA lPpkbZ]

bZekunkjh] n;k ijksidkj] drZO;fu"Bk] ifjJe vkfn ekuoh; ewY;ksa dh f'k{kk bUgas ekrk&firk

ls izkIr gqbZA

62

ikfjokfjd thou

nhun;ky 'kekZ dk fookg 12 uoEcj 1986 esa lkSHkkX;dkaf{k.kh Jherh deys'k 'kekZ ls

lEiUu gqvkA ekrk Jherh larks"k 'kekZ vkSj firk Jh jked`".k dh pkj larkuksa esa lcls cM+h gSaA

;s ch-,- rd f'kf{kr gSaA deys'k 'kekZ /kkfeZd izofÙk dh efgyk gS] /kkfeZd i=&if=dkvksa dks

[kwc eu yxkdj i<+rh gSA izfrfnu v[kckj es oxZ igsyh Hkjrh gSaA LoHkko ls ljy] lgtA

?kj lHkh dk;ksZa esa n{k gksus lkFk ikd dyk esa fuiq.k gSaA ?kj vk;s esgeku dh fny [kksy dj

vkoHkxr djrh gSA budh yksdxhrksa esa xgjh :fp gSA nhun;ky 'kekZ us ftruk ;'k vftZr

fd;k gS] mlesa budh iRuh dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgk gSA nhun;ky 'kekZ dks nks iqf=;ksa ,oa

,d iq= ds firk cuus dk lkSHkkX; izkIr gSA lcls cM+h fcfV;k _rqfiz;k dk tUe 19 vLr

1990 dks] csVs nq";ar dk 12 Qjojh 1994 dks] ekulh fcfV;k dk 12 vxLr] 1999 dks gqvk

gSA _rqfiz;k ds thoulkFkh Jheku gjh'k dqekj 'kekZ gSaA iq= nq";ar tks'kh dk fookg gf"kZrk ls

gks pqdk gSA NksVh iq=h ekulh ch-,- Qkbuy esa gSA ;g vR;Ur izfrHkk'kkyh] dykdkj o

dgkuhdkj Hkh gSA lHkhs cPpksa dks lkfgR; ys[ku vius firk ls fojklr esa feyk gSA _rqfiz;k

dk jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk esa ^liuk latksorh ghjk* dfork laxzg izdkf'kr gSA ftls 2015 esa lkfgR;

vdkneh] ubZ fnYyh ls ;qok iqjLdkj fey pqdk gSA csVs nq";ar Hkh 2012 esa izFke jktLFkkuh

dkO;d`fr ^vsdj vkT;k jS pk¡n* uked fdrkc izdkf'kr gks pqdh gSA vHkh gky gh esa ekulh

'kekZ dh ^P;qbax xe* 'kh"kZd ls jktLFkkuh cky dgkuh dh iqLrd izdkf'kr gqbZ gSA ftls i<+us

dk lkSHkkX; eq>s Hkh feyk gSA bl fdrkc dh Hkwfedk esa MkW- enu lSuh us fy[kk gS&ßP;qbax xe

esa Q+xr vkB dgk.;ka gS vsd lq vsd HknusA bUnj /ku[k esa lkr jax gqoS vkSj lkrka jS esG lwa

?kks<ks jax c.k tkoSA b.k Hkkar vkB jaxkHkka; ekaM~;kSM+h dgk.;ka jh ysf[kdk uS ?k.kk&?k.kk jaxA

lkfgR; bZ va/kkjyksd eka; vtGh fdj.kka jkS vklkokn txkoSAÞ3

f'k{kk

lq[kh] le)] lH;] lqlaLdr vkSj foosd'khy thou 'kSyh ds fy, f'k{kk vfuok;Z gSA

^gksugkj fcjoku ds gksr phdus ikrA* dgkor nhun;ky 'kekZ ij iwjh rjg [kjh mrjrh gs]

nhun;ky 'kekZ izkjEHk ls gh izfrHkk'kkyh] gksugkj ,oa dq'kkxz cqf) ds Nk= jgs gSaA nhun;ky

'kekZ dh izkjfEHkd f'k{kk xkao tlkuk esa ljdkjh Ldwy esa gqbZA xf.kr ds igkM+s gks ;k vaxszsth

ds 'kCnkFkZ mUgsa ;kn djds lqukus esa ;s vOoy jgk djrs FksA fo|ky; esa lHkh xq:tuksa ds fiz;

,oa fo'okl ik= jgsA i<+kbZ vkSj xq:tuksa dh lsok esa ges'kk vxz.kh jgsA lu~ 1973&74 esa

jkt- mPp- ek/;- fo|ky; Jhxaxkuxj ls foKku vkSj d`f"k esa nloha vkSj X;kjgoha d{kk mÙkh.kZ

dhA c-t-fl-jkeiqfj;k dkWyst ls ch-dkWe- dh ijh{kk ikl dhA Jh tSu ¼ihth½ dkWyst ls ,e-

63

dkWe mÙkh.kZ fd;kA jktLFkku fo'ofo|ky;] t;iqj ls lh-fyc- lkbal esa fd;kA blh dkWyst

ls i=dkfjrk esa LukrdksÙkj fMIyksek fd;kA bUgksaus LdkmV ekLVj dk csfld dkslZ Hkh fd;k

gS] ;g nkSj buds fy, xgjs la?k"kZ dk jgkA Lo;a us iSls dekdj viuh i<+kbZ iwjh dhA nloha

d{kk eas i<+rs le; laoknnkrk ds :i esa ikVZ Vkbe dk;Z fd;kA dkWyst f'k{kk ds le; fy,

lqcg pkj cts mBdj v[kckj ckaVus dk dke fd;k] jkf= dks v[kckjksa esa ikVZ VkbZe dk;Z

fd;kA fnu esa V~;w'ku Hkh dhA blds vfrfjDr v[kckjksa ds n¶rj esa ukSdjh Hkh dh vkSj

i=dkfjrk HkhA budh izkjfEHkd f'k{kk xkao tlkuk ds ljdkjh Ldwy esa gh gqbZA cpiu ds xbZ

xq:th bUgsa vkt Hkh ;kn vkrs gSa] ftuesa iwuepan th HkfM+;k] txnh'k th 'kekZ vkSj gsrjke

th fo”uksbZA nhun;ky 'kekZ us vius lk{kkRdkj vius thou vuqHko lka>k djrs gq, viuh

çkjafHkd f'k{kk ls tqM+h NksVh NksVh ckrkas dk mYys[k fd;kA ifjorZu ds nkSj esa vkt os LoIu

lh çrhr gksrh gSA iwue pan th cPpksa ls cgqr gh I;kj djrs FksA txnh'k th uxjkuk xkao

ds Fks vkSj gsrjke th gesa vaxzsth i<+krs FksA eq>s vaxzsth fo"k; lcls dfBu yxrk FkkA xq:th

,d rjQ rks , ch lh Mh fl[kkrs vkSj nwljh rjQ vaxzsth dh fdrkcA i<kÃ ds lkFk ge lc

xq:th ds x`gdk;ksZ o Ldwy esa lg;ksx Hkh djrs FksA Ldwy esa xzqi ds fglkc ls lcdh

D;kfj;k¡ cuh gksrh FkhA ftuesa lCth yxkrs vkSj ckn esa ;s lCth xq:th ds dejs esa igqapkrsA

D;kjh dk dke ge NBs lkrosa ?kaVs esa djrs Fks vkSj vkBoka ?kaVk yxrs gh igkM+s cksyus 'kq:A

tc rd pkyhl rd igkM+s ugha cksy ysrs] Ldwy dh Nqêh ugha gksrhA igkM+s cksyus esa eSa vkSj

esjk ,d lgikBh jkeewfrZ lcls vkxs gksrsA Nqêh dh ?kaVh gks ;k Ldwy yxus dh ?kaVh] ?kaVh

ctkus dk lc cPpksa dks cgqr gh pko FkkA xq:th ?kM+h dh vksj ns[k dj dgrs fd igyh

?kaVh yxk nksA rc ?kaVh dh rjQ vusd cPps nkSM+rs vkSj tks lcls igys ?kaVk ysdj ?kaVh

ctkrk rks ;wa yxrk ekuks mlus cgqr cM+k ;q) thr fy;k gSA

O;olk;

ekuo ds leLr dk;Z O;kikj vFkZ iz/kku gSaA vFkZ dk thou esa egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA

ikfjokfjd thou dk lEcy vFkZ gh gSA ifjokj dk ykyu&ikyu] Hkj.k&iks"k.k djus mlds

eqf[k;k dk ftEesnkjh gksrh gS] iwjs ifjokj dk lq[kn Hkfo";] cPpksa dh i<++kbZ&fy[kkbZ] dfj;j]

'kknh&C;kg] vkfn vkenuh ij fuHkZj djrs gSaA blhfy, ekuo thou ds fHkUu&fHkUu iM+koksa esa

O;olk; dk izeq[k LFkku gSA ljdkjh ukSdjh yxus ds ckn nhun;ky 'kekZ dk thou

O;kolkf;d nf"V ls lEiUu jgk gSA blds iwoZ vFkksZiktZu gsrq dkQh la?k"kZ djuk iM+kA thou

dh 'kq:vkr laoknnkrk ds in ls gqbZA 1972&74 rd xaxkuxj if=dk dk jkorlj {ks= ls

laoknnkrk ds :i esa dk;Zjr jgsA blds ckn nSfud rst] nSfud izrki dsljh] nSfud rst

dsljh ds fy, LrEHk fy[ksA 18 Qjojh 1983 dks budh izFke fu;qfDr iqLrdky; v/;{k ds

64

in ij eDdklj xkao ds lSdsaMjh Ldwy esa gqbZA 25 tqykbZ 1986 esa jk-ek-fo- guqekux<+ taD'ku

esa iqLrdky; v/;{k ds in ij rcknyk gqvkA tqykbZ ekg lu~ 1994 esa jk-ek-fo-] taMkokyh]

guqekux<+ esa budk LFkkukUrj.k gqvkA ;gh ls 31 tqykbZ] 2016 dks lsokfuo`fÙk gqbZA izfrfnu

iqLrdky; ds cksMZ ij ^vkt dk fopkj* fy[krs Fks] ftls i<+us ds fy, Nk= iqLrdky; esa

vk;k djrs FksA bl ijEijk dks bUgksaus fu;qfDr ls ysdj lsokfuo`fr rd iwjh fu"Bk ls fuHkk;kA

budh iwjh ukSdjh dk le; cgqr vPNk chrkA bUgksaus iqLrdky; v/;{k ds lkFk v/;kiu

dk;Z Hkh fd;kA d{kk v/;kid Hkh jgsA iwjs lsok dky esa fo|ky;ksa esa lkfgfR;d ,oa lkaLd`frd

dk;ZØeksa dks lapkfyr Hkh fd;kA cPpksa ds fy, ukVd o xhr fy[kdj mUgsa eafpr Hkh

djok;kA

2-1-2 dfo deZ

nhun;ky 'kekZ ds eu esa l`tu dk chtkjksi.k cpiu ls gh gks x;k FkkA cpiu ls gh

budh i<+us esa budh xgjh :fp FkhA buds firkJh bUgsa NksVh mez eas gh cky lkfgR; dh

fdrkcsa] i=&if=dk,a ykdj nsrs FksA ftUgsa i<+rs&i<+rs nhun;ky 'kekZ Lo;a dfork;sa fy[kus

yx x,A Ldwy esa xq:th dksbZ ?kVuk lquk dj lHkh cPpksa ls ml ij dgkuh fy[k dj ykus

dks dgrs Fks] dgkuhdkj 'kekZ dgkuh fy[k dj ys tkrsA bl izdkj fo|kFkhZ thou ls gh

bUgksaus jpuk,a fy[kuk 'kq: dj fn;k Fkk fdUrq lkfgR; l`tu dh fof/kor izfØ;k 1975 ls

izkjEHk gqbZ] tks vkt Hkh vck/k xfr ls izokfgr gks jgh gSA ,d ckj jpuk deZ izkjEHk djus ds

ckn bUgksaus dHkh ihNs eqM+dj ugha ns[kkA

2-1-3 vfHk:fp;k¡

izR;sd euq"; dh viuh&viuh :fp;ka gksrh gaS] ilan gksrh gS] lksp gksrh gSA ftls og

th Hkj dj th ysuk pkgrk gS] mUgas iwjk djus eas izk.k&iz.k ls tqVk jgrk gSA nhun;ky 'kekZ

dks QksVksxzkQh esa dkQh :fp gSA Hkze.k] eap lapkyu] eapksa ij dkO; ikB djus esa bUgsa cgqr

vkuan vkrk gSA nhun;ky 'kekZ fQ+Yesa ns[kus ds cgqr 'kkSdhu gSaA lkekftd leL;kvksa ij

vkèkkfjr fQYekas us bUgsa lnSo çHkkfor fd;k gSA

2-1-4 nhun;ky 'kekZ ds O;fDrRo dh fo'ks"krk,as

nhun;ky 'kekZ ij ^;Fkk uke rFkk xq.k* dgkor iwjh rjg ls ykxw gksrh gSA D;ksafd ;s

vR;Ur n;kyq] enqy] lg;ksxh] ljy] lgt] nzo.k'khy vkSj feyulkj gaSA nhun;ky 'kekZ

cpiu ls gh 'kkar LoHkko ds vkSj eLrekSyk jgs gaSA Nk= thou esa Hkh lkekU; ckydksa dh Hkkafr

'kjkjrh ugha vfirq lathnk FksA i<+us esa vOoy] xq:tuksa dh lsok vkSj lEeku djus esa lcls

65

vkxs jgk djrs FkSA Ldwy dh ?kaVh ctkus dk bruk 'kkSd Fkk fd tSls gh xq: th dk vkns'k

gksrk lcls igys nkSM+dj ?kaVh ctk nsrs Fks] rc ,slk izrhr gksrk ekuks eSnku thr fy;k gksA

'kkjhfjd lajpuk dh n`f"V ls dfo 'kekZ vR;Ur izHkko'kkyh vkSj vkd"kZd O;fDrRo ds /kuh gSaA

^fcx ch* dV lQ+sn Ýsap nkM+h vkSj dkys cky buds O;fDrRo esa vuks[kk vkd"kZ.k mRiUu djrs

gSaA ea>ksyh dn&dkBh] xsgwoka jax] pkSMk psgjk] iuhyh vk¡[kksa ds Lokeh jpukdkj 'kekZ LoHkko

ls vR;Ur ljy] Hkksys] lh/ks&lkns] O;ogkjdq'ky] e`nqHkk"kh] galeq[k] feyulkj] lkekftd

laosnu'khy] lkSE; vkSj feyulkj gSaA buds O;fDrRo ls izHkkfor gksdj lkfgR;dkj MkW-

?keaMhyky vxzoky fy[krs gSa&

;Fkk uke xq.k rFkk fy, gSa

eu ds Hkksys&Hkkys

lp dgrk gw¡ bUlkuksa esa

vn~Hkqr vkSj fujkysA

ik ,slk O;fDrRo gks x;k

jktLFkku fugkyA4

jpukdkj 'kekZ cPpksa ds lkFk cPps cu tkrs gSa vkSj cM+ks a ds lkFk cM+sA ;s lcls

VwVdj feyrs gSa vkSj ftlls ,d ckj fey ysrs gSa] og budk gksdj jg tkrk gSA cPpksa ds

chp jguk] mudh lquuk] viuh dguk] mudh leL;kvksa dks lqy>kuk] galh&fBBksyh djuk

vkt Hkh budh nSufUnuh dk fgLlk gS] blfy, ^ipiu esa cpiu* dks th jgs gS aA budk gj

jfookj ^VkWQh Ms* gksrk gSA bl fnu ;s dbZ cPpksa dks ,d lkFk bdêk djds mUgsa VksfQ;k¡

f[kykrsa gSa] muds lkFk ekSt&eLrh djrs gSa] [ksyrs gSa] mUgsa xksn esa mBkrs gSa] nqykjrs gSa]

dgkfu;ka lqukrs gSaA lsYQh Hkh t:j ysrs gSa] ftls Qsl&cqd ij 'ksj djuk Hkh ugha HkwyrsA ;s

cPpksa ds chp ^VkWQh okys vady* ds uke ls igpkus tkrs gSaA budk cky&izse ns[k dj cjcl

gh pkpk usg: ;kn vk tkrs gSaA vDlj brokj dks [kqn cPps gh bdës gksdj buds ikl vk

tkrs gSaA jpukdkj 'kekZ dks iqLrdksa ls vuU; izse gSA dksbZ Hkh vfrfFk buds ?kj i/kkjrs gSa ;k

ftuls ;s feyrs gSa] mu lHkh dks viuh iqLrdsa HksaV djrs gSaA vius cPpksa dks Hkh ;gh laLdkj

fn, gSaA budh nzo.k'khyrk dks ns[kdj MkW- enueksgu y<+k fy[krs gSa& ^mudk eu uouhr dh

rjg dksey gSA lEcU/kksa ds fuokZg esa mudk dksbZ tksM+ ughaA muls nwjHkk"k okrkZ Hkh

vkuan&mRlkg ls Hkj nsrh gaSA5

66

cPps vius ekrk&firk dh izfrNk;k gksrs gSa] mUgha ls lc dqN lh[krs gSaA nhun;ky

'kekZ ij vius ek¡&firk dh vfer Nki fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA mUgha ds fn, laLdkjksa vkSj lh[k us

muds thou dks bruk mPprj] laqnj] lqlaLdr] vkd"kZd vkSj vuqdj.kh; cuk;k gSA

nhun;ky 'kekZ us ?kksM+k [kM+k&[kM+k lksrk gS ;g izlax vius firk ls lquk Fkk ftls viuh

dgkuh ^lk/kq dk 'kki* dh Fkhe cuk;k gSA ,sls dbZ vkSj izlax Hkh gSaA nhun;ky 'kekZ ds

O;fDrRo ij izdk'k Mkyrs gq, çfl) ys[kd] fp=dkj euksgj flag jkBkSM fy[krs gSa& ^pkSMs+

pgjs] xsagqosa jax] eqLdjkrh vk¡[ks] is.V&'kVZ&tkdsV esa fQV jgus okys dHkh Ýsap nk<+h] dHkh

Dyhu 'ksOM nhun;ky th ftlls feyrs gSa mls vius lkFk tksM+ ysrs gSaA nhun;ky th Bgkds

yxkdj g¡l ldrs gSA fu'Ny] csf>>d] csyxke g¡lh buds ikl gSA6

dye ds flikgh 'kekZ us vius l`tu esa dbZ uokpkj Hkh fd;s gSaA vius dkeksa dks

NksM+dj lnSo uoksfnr] ;qokvksa dks vkxs c<+kus] ekxZn'kZu nsus esa vkSj izsfjr djus esa vkxs jgrs

FksA fdrus gh ;qokvksa ds thou dks lgh fn'kk dh vksj izsfjr dj pqds gSaA lkfgR; lsoh 'kekZ

ges'kk le; ds ikcan jgs gSA pkgs Ldwy gks] ukSdjh gks ;k vU; dksbZ lanHkZA le; ij enn

djuk buds O;fäRo dk çeq[k xq.k gSA nhun;ky 'kekZ ds iz[kj O;fDrRo ds lanHkZ esa MkW-

ukxs'k ikaMs; ^lat;* fy[krs gSa& ^os ,d vPNs ys[kd rks gSa gh ,d vPNs bUlku Hkh gSa]

lgtrk mudk lgt xq.k gSA mudh fouezrk Hkh fdlh iqLrd ls de ughaA ftlds ikBdksa

dh la[;k gtkjksa esa gksrh gSA Lusg ds oVo{k ljhds 'kekZ th dk ;gh LoHkko dnkfpr muds

l`tu dks vizfre cukuk gSA muesa xtc dh n<+rk vkSj izfrdwyrkvksa esa fLFkj jgus dh dyk

esa os ikjaxr gSaA*7

2-1-5 lEeku vkSj iqjLdkj

cky lkfgR; ds izdk'k iqat nhun;ky 'kekZ cky jpukdkj ds :i esa iwjs ns'k eas tkus

tkrs gSaA fdlh Hkh dykdkj] jpukdkj ;k O;fDr fo'ks"k dks tc dksbZ lEeku vFkok iqjLdkj

feyrk gS] rks mls vkuan dh vuqHkwfr rks gksrh gh gS] lkFk gh xkSjo Hkh eglwl gksrk gS vkSj

cgqr dqN vkSj Js"B djus dk gkSlyk Hkh feyrk gS] ;gh lEeku ,oa iqjLdkj dk egRo gSA

nhun;ky 'kekZ bl lanHkZ esa Hkh [kq'kfdLer jgs gSaA buds HkO; O;fDrRo vkSj d`frRo dks ukuk

izdkj dh laLFkkvksa] vdknfe;ksa] ljdkjh laLFkkuksa us vusd lEekuksa vkSj iqjLdkjksa ls uoktk gS]

;g /kkjk vkt Hkh vck/k] vfojy xfr ls cg jgh gSA nhun;ky 'kekZ dks izkIr iqjLdkjksa vkSj

lEekuksa dh yEch lwph gS] ftuesa ls izeq[k gSa &

jktLFkku lkfgR; vdkneh] mn;iqj ls fganh cky dFkk laxzg ^fpaVw&fiaVw dh lw>* ij

MkW- 'kEHkwn;ky lDlsuk cky lkfgR; iqjLdkj ¼1988&89½] uxj ifj"kn~ guqekux<+ ls

67

lkoZtfud lEeku&¼1989½] ftyk iz'kklu] guqekux<+ ls lkoZtfud lEeku] ¼1998½] cky

lkfgR; dh mYys[kuh; lsokvksa ds fy, Hkkjrh; cky dY;k.k laLFkku] dkuiqj dh vksj ls cky

lkfgR; lEeku&¼1998½] iafMr Hkwiukjk;.k nhf{kr ^cky lkfgR; iqjLdkj] gjnksbZ]

mÙkjizns'k&¼1998&99½] ukxjh cky lkfgR; laLFkku] cfy;k] mÙkjizns'k ls cky lkfgR; lEeku]

&¼1998&99½] :fpj lkfgR; lfefr lkstr'kgj] ikyh] jkt- ls lkoZtfud lEeku&¼1998&99½]

fganh cky dFkk ij vf[ky Hkkjrh; 'kdqUryk fljksfB;k cky dgkuh iqjLdkj] bykgkckn]

¼2000½] fganh cky dFkk ij deyk pkSgku Le`fr VªLV nsgjknwu dh vksj ls mRd`"V cky

lkfgR;dkj iqjLdkj&¼2001½] cky lkfgR; esa mYys[kuh; lsokvksa ds fy, HkVslj egf"kZ lsok

lfefr guqekux<+ dh vksj ls lEekfur&¼2003½] yk;al Dyc guqekux<+ ls cky lkfgR; dh

mYys[kuh; lsokvksa ds fy, lkoZtfud lEeku&¼2004½] jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk] lkfgR;] laLd`fr

vdkneh chdkusj ls jktLFkkuh cky ukVd ^'ka[kslj jk lhax* ij ia- tokgj yky usg: cky

lkfgR; iqjLdkj ¼1998&99½] jktLFkkuh cky lkfgfR;d lsokvksa ds fy, iz;kl laLFkku] pq:

dh vksj ls lkoZtfud lEeku] ¼2009½] jktLFkkuh cky ,dkadh ^Egkjk xq:th* ij jk"Vªh; cky

lkfgR; lekjksg] fpÙkkSM+x<+ ls pUnzflag fcjdkyh jktLFkkuh cky lkfgR; dk izFke iqjLdkj]

¼2001½ dsUnzh; lkfgR; vdkneh] ubZ fnYyh ls jktLFkkuh cky fucU/k laxzg ^ckyi.ksa jh ckrka*

ij jktLFkkuh cky lkfgR; ds jk"Vªh; iqjLdkj ls iqjLdr ¼2012½] vHkh gky gh esa 12

fnlEcj] 2018 esa jk"Vªh; lkfgR; iqLrd esyk lfefr] dVuh ¼e-iz-½ }kjk MkW- jk"Vªca/kq Le`fr

cky lkfgR; lEeku* rFkk vU;A bl izdkj iqjLdkj o lEeku ls budh l`tu/kfeZrk dk

lEekfur fd;k x;kA dgrs gSa fd ys[kd dks jpukdeZ ls vkfFkZd :i ls dqN izkfIr ugha

gksrh ysfdu nhun;ky 'kekZ us vius izFke iqjLdkj ls vius fy, ?kj [kjhnk vkSj Hkkjr ds

izeq[k LFkyksa dk Hkze.k fd;kA bUgksaus crk;k fd eq>s lkfgR; us cgqr dqN fn;k gSA

2-1-6 lektlsoh

ekuo ,d lkekftd izk.kh gSA izR;sd euq"; fdlh u fdlh :i esa lekt ls tqM+k

gksrk gSA nhun;ky 'kekZ dqN vf/kd gh lkekftd izk.kh gSA bl {ks= esa Hkh bUgksaus foiqy

[;kfr vftZr dh gS ,oa dbZ lkfgfR;d ,oa lkekftd laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk dh gS] ;Fkk&

laLFkkid] v/;{k & jktLFkku lkfgR; ifj"kn~] guqekux<+] jkt-] 1984

laLFkkid] v/;{k&jktLFkku cky dY;k.k ifj"kn~] guqekux<+] jkt-] 1986

laLFkkid & Lo;alsoh laLFkku jk"Vª mUufr fo|ky; dh guqekux<+ esa LFkkiuk 1988

68

dfo 'kekZ csgn feyulkj gSa] lcdh [kqf'k;ksa esa 'kkfey gksrs gSa] Qksu djrs gSa] i= Hkh

fy[krs gSa] fQj pkgs tUe fnu gks] 'kknh gks] dksbZ lekjksg] iqLrd dk yksdkiZ.k gks] ;k dksbZ

vU; miyfC/kA ;s ;qok ih<+h dk Hkjiwj ekxZn'kZu djrs vk;s gSaA ftl egfQy esa budh

mifLFkfr gksrh gS ogka g¡lh ds QOokjs QwV iM+rs gSaA ijs'kkuh esa lcdh enn djuk budh [kwch

gaSA lektlsoh 'kekZ lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa] va/kfo'oklksa] va/k /kkj.kkvksa ds fcYdqy f[kykQ jgs gSA

budk viuh jpukvksa ds ek/;e ls dêj fojks/k Hkh trk;k gS] ftldk Toyar izek.k budh

d`fr ^tax tkjh gS* esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ;s lc fy[kk gh ugha vfirq bls vius thou esa

mrkjk HkhA buds dFkuh djuh esa lekurk fn[kkÃ nsrh gSA izkjEHk ls gh xkao&xkao] ?kj&?kj

tkdj viuh iqLrdksa dk fu'kqYd forj.k djrs vk;s gSaAA ;s tgk¡ tkrs gSa] buds da/ks ij ,d

>ksyk yVdk gksrk gS ftlesa fdrkcsa gksrh gSa] ftUgsa os ck¡V ldsA lu~ 2005 esa 51000 :i;s dh

lkfgfR;d iqLrdsa guqekux<+ ftys ds lk{kjrk dsUnzksa ij nku dj pqds gSa ftlds QyLo:i

bUgsa t;iqj ds fcjyk lHkkxkj esa vk;ksftr varj jk"Vªh; lk{kjrk fe'ku jkT; Lrjh; lEeku

lekjksg] 2006 esa lokZf/kd iqLrd nkunkrk ds :i esa lEekfur fd;k tk pqdk gSA cky jksx

fo'ks"kK] izfl) jpukdkj MkW- vt; tuest; dh n`f"V esa&

ßlsok vks* ln~Hkko dks viuk;k gS /keZ]

thou esa ys[ku cuk] vc rks ftudk deZ]

vc rks ftudk deZ] vHkh ys[ku gS] tkjh]

jpas u, vk;ke] [ksydj nwth ikjhÞ8

^vkius lekt fpardks] l`tu/kehZ] fopkjdks izcq) tu ds lkFk feydj ,d csgrj

lekt cukus ds fy, laHko iz;kl fd;k gSaA9

2-1-7 izlkj.k

lu~ 1989 esa t;iqj nwjn'kZu ls izFke lk{kkRdkj izlkfjr gqvkA lu~ 1979 ls

vkdk'kok.kh chdkusj vkSj t;iqj ls cky dgkfu;ksa] dforkvksa] okrkZ ,oa vU; lkfgR; dk

yxkrkj izlkj.kA jkT; Lrj ij 15 jsfM;ksa ukVd izlkfjr] 3 >yfd;k¡ ,oa vU; fganh

jktLFkkuh ds cky ukVd izlkfjrA flU/kq dh ledkyhu lH;rk % dkyhcaxk ij jsfM;ks :id

izlkfjr gks pqds gaSA

69

2-1-8 fo'ks"k miyfC/k;k¡

nhun;ky 'kekZ us vius lk{kkRdkj esa crk;k fd esjh lcls cM+h miyfC/k rks esjs rhuksa

iq=&iqf=;k¡ vkSj esjh thou lafxuh gSA ;s NksVk lk lalkj esjs fy, lcls lqanj gSA blds ckn

rhu rhu jk"Vªifr;ksa ls feyuk] MkW- ,-ih-ts- vCnqy dyke ds dj deyksa ls esjs cky ,dkadh

^lius* dk yksdkiZ.k gksuk thou dh cgqr cM+h miyfC/k ekurs gSaA lkFk gh ^dqN vudgh ckrsa*

xzUFk budh cgqr cM+h laizkfIr gS] tks vHkh 2018 fodkl izdk'ku] chdkusj ls Ni dj vk;k

gSA blds varxZr ns'kHkj ds jpukdkjksa] cky lkfgR;dkjksa] fe=ksa] iz'kklfud vf/kdkfj;ksa]

ifjtuksa lkekU; ukxfjdksa] ikBdksa ,oa vius cPpksa }kjk jfpr 101 ys[k] laLej.k] buls tqM+h

izsj.kkLin ?kVuk,¡] lexz thou o`Ùk] Nk;k&fp=] fo'ks"k miyfC/k;k¡&?kVuk,¡ ¼lu~ lfgr½

izdkf'kr gSaA dqN egRoiw.kZ miyfC/k;k¡&

1. egkefge jk"Vªifr MkW- vCnqy dyke }kjk }kjk vaxzsth esa vuqfnr cky ukV~; d`fr ^n

Mªhe* 17 uoEcj 2005 dks yksdkiZ.k

2. cky fnol dh iwoZ la/;k ij egkefge jk"Vªifr iz.ko eq[kthZ ls jk"Vªifr Hkou] ubZ fnYyh

esa cky lkfgR; ij ppkZ vkSj viuh lkfgfR;d iqLrdsa HksV&2012A

3. MkW- Hkhejko vEcsMdj jktdh; LukrdksÙkj egkfo|ky;] Jhxaxkuxj dh ,e~-fQy- ¼fganh

fo"k;½ dh Nk= iznhi dkSj us fganh lfkgR; dh O;k[;krk MkW uoT;ksfr Hkuksr ds funsZ'ku

esa egkjkt xaxk Çlg foÜofoèkky;] chdkusj l= 2009&10 essa y?kq 'kks/k izca/k ^nhun;ky

'kekZ dk cky lkfgR;% ,d v/;;u* ,e-fQy~ ¼fgUnh lkfgR;½ ds prqFkZ iz'u&i= gsrq

izLrqrA

4. dfo 'kekZ ls dfo lEesyuksa vkSj dkO; xksf"B;ksa ds Hkkxhnkj cu jgs gSaA buds eap ij vkrs

gh rkfy;ksa dh xwat ls budk Lokxr gksrk gSA dfo 'kekZ dh gkL; iz/kku dfork;sa gksa ;k

vU; jl dh] Jksrk cM+s eukss;ksx ls lqurs gSaA fdrus gh Jksrkvksa dks rks budh dfork;sa

cjlksa ls ;kn Hkh gSA eap lapkyu esa dfo izoh.k gSa ghA Jksrkvksa dks ea=eqX/k djus dk

tknw buds ikl gSA

5. nhun;ky 'kekZ dks guqekux<+ ftys dk izFke Cyksxj gksus dk xkSjo Hkh izkIr gSA Qsl cqd]

;w&V~;wc ij Hkh buds gtkjksa fe=] leFkZd ,oa iz'kald gSaA

6. ek/;fed f'k{kk cksMZ] jktLFkku dh vksj ls vk;ksftr {ks= ds izfl) lkfgR;dkj ds izkstsDV

fuekZ.k ;kstuk ds varxZr ^cky lkfgR;dkj nhun;ky 'kekZ dk O;fDrRo ,oa d`frRo fo"k;

ij l= 2010&11 esa lhfu;j lSds.Mjh dh Nk=k dqekjh js.kq ckyk }kjk izkstsDV fuekZ.kA

7. fganh izpkj lfefr JhMawxjx<+] chdkusj] dsanzh; lkfgR; vdkneh] ubZ fnYyh }kjk

vk;ksftr dbZ dk;Z 'kkykvksa esa Hkkxhnkjh ,oa cky lkfgR; fo"k; ij i= okpu] ys[kd ls

70

fefy,* esa jktLFkkuh cky lkfgR;dkj ds :i esa lfØ; HkkxhnkjhA fganh jktLFkkuh

lkfgR; ds izdk.M fo}ku vtqZu nso pkj.k us bl ckr dh iqf"V Hkh dh gSA ^rhu&rhu

jk"Vªifr;ksa ls eqykdkr djuk vkSj rRdkyhu jk"Vªifr MkW- ,-ih-ts- vCnqy dyke }kjk

2005 esa vkidh fdrkc ^n Mªhe* dk yksdkiZ.k djuk------ ;g lkSHkkX; fdlh fojys ys[kd

dks gh feyrk gSA lkfgR; l`tu ds lkFk&lkFk ikfjokfjd ,oa lkekftd ftEesnkfj;ka Hkh

vki c[kwch fuHkk jgk gSA*10 vius fy, rks lHkh thrs gSa fdUrq tks vkSjksa ds dke vk;s oks gh

vPNs balku dh lPph igpku gSA Hkkjrh; laLd`fr esa ijksidkj ,oa ekuo lsok dks lcls

cM+k /keZ ekuk gSA mÙke thou dh lkFkZdrk gh izk.kh ek= dh lsok djuk gSA lektlsoh

'kekZ bl Hkwfedk esa [kjs mrjrs gSaA

2-2 d`frRo

nhun;ky 'kekZ vR;Ur izfrHkk'kkyh jpukdkj gSaA ;s Nk= thou ls NqV&iqV jpuk,¡

fy[kus yx x;s FksA ?kj vkSj Ldwy ds okrkoj.k us mUgsa vuojr fy[kus dks izsfjr fd;kA fganh

vkSj jktLFkkuh nksuksa Hkk"kkvksa ij budk iwjk&iwjk vf/kdkj gsA mez ds lkFk&lkFk budk

jpukdeZ ijoku p<+us yxkA nSfud rst] nSfud rst dsljh] ;qxi{k] Jhxaxkuxj if=dk tSls

v[kckjksa esa fujarj fy[kus yxsA ukSdjh ds iwoZ bUgksaus i=dkfjrk djuk 'kq: dj fn;k FkkA rc

ls ;s fujUrj vxzlj gksrs jgsA vkt lkfgR;dkj 'kekZ fofHkUu fo/kkvksa esa pkyhl ds Åij

iqLrdksa dh jpuk dj pqds gSaA budh lcls foy{k.k ckr ;g gS fd fdlh Hkh cky jpuk dks

vafre :i nsus ls iwoZ bls dbZ cPpksa dks lqukrs gSa] mudh jk; tkurs gSaA vusd i=&if=dkvksa

esa budh gtkj ls vf/kd jpuk,¡ Ni pqdh gSaA f'k{kd fnol ij jkT;Lrjh; iqLrdksa esa lkS ls

vf/kd jpuk,¡ vk pqdh gSA ikB~; Øe esa Hkh budh dfork] dgkuh] cky igsfy;k¡] laLej.k

vkfn i<+k;s tk jgs gSaA dbZ fdrkcksa dk vaxzsth] iatkch vkSj ejkBh esa vuqokn gks pqdk gSA

budh cky dfr;ksa ls izHkkfor gksdj lquhy dqekj MhMokuk us dgk gS& ^dye ds /kuh

jpukdkj 'kekZ us cky lkfgR; esa dqN vyx djus] ns'k HkfDr dh vfojy /kkjk,¡ cgkrs gq,]

vius dk;Z dh fu"Bk dks ftl :i esa vkxs fc[ksjk gS fd gj lnu] ekul&iVy] lkfgR;dkjksa]

jpukdkjksa ds e/; viuh vfeV Nki NksM+us esa lQy jgs gSaA lkfgR; ,slk gks tks gesa fopkj

djus dks ck/; djs] cPpksa esa ftKklk ,oa vkRefo'okl dh of) djsA Jh 'kekZ dh ys[kuh ,slh

gh ve`r o"kkZ djus dks vkrqj jgrh gSA*11

cky lkfgR;dkj nhun;ky 'kekZ dk jpuk lalkj

vR;ar le) gS] esjk leLr 'kksèk bu ij vkèkkfjr gS] ftls eSaus fofoèk æf"Vdks.k ls çLrqr

djus dk ç;kl fd;k gSA

71

cky dkO; % 1. dj nks cLrk gYdk] f'k'kq xhr&¼1998½]

2. lwjt ,d flrkjk gS] f'k'kq xhr&¼2000½]

3. pwa&pwa ¼f'k'kq dfork;sa&2010½

4. ukuh rw gS dSlh ukuh] cky xhr&¼2010½]

5. fxyhfxyh xIik] cky xhr&¼2014½]

6. vxM+e&cxM+e] f'k'kq xhr&¼2014½]

7. jlxqYyk] f'k'kq xhr&¼2016½

8. fpfM+;k pgds xhr lquk;s] cky&xhr&¼2016½]

cky igsfy;k¡ % 1. bDdkou cky igsfy;k¡& ¼2009½

cky dgkuh laxzg % 1. fpaVw&fiaVw dh lw>&¼1987½]

2. cM+kas ds cpiu dh dgkfu;ka&¼1987½]

3. ikik >wB ugha cksyrs&¼1997½]

4. peRdkjh pw.kZ&¼2003½]

5. fe= dh enn&¼2016½

cky ukVd % 1. QSlyk&¼1988½

cky ,dkadh % 1. QSlyk cny x;k&¼1999½]

2. lius&¼2007½

3. ¼tax tkjh gS½ fd'kksj ukVd laxzg ¼2007½

vuqokn

^n Mªhe* ¼cky ukVd lius dk fganh vaxzsth es½ vuqoknd ih-vkj- xqIrk] O;k[;krkA

^lqi.kS* ¼cky ukVd] Çgnh ls iatkch esa M‚ n'kZuÇlg vk”kV }kjk vuqfnrA

jktLFkkuh cky dgkfu;ksa dh vkB fdrkckas dk jktLFkkuh ls ejkBh esa] ejkBh lkfgR;dkj

çks lkÃukFk ikpkjk.k }kjk vuqfnrA

72

ikB; iqLrdksa esa

^dc feysxh vktknh*] ¼cky laLej.kkRed fucaèk½ *ckrksa dh Qqyokjh*] lgk;d iqLrdekyk

esaA

*tksdj* ¼cky dfork½ *v{kj nhfidk* Çgnh iqLrdekyk&4] egkjk"Vª ds ikBîØe esa A

^igsfy;ka*] ^uafnuh Çgnh ikBî iqLrd&3* ¼guqekux<+ ds çkbosV foèkky; d{kk&3½A

nhiksa dk R;kSgkj ¼cky dfork½ ^ladYi Çgnh ikBîekyk&2* esaA

egkjk"V]ª mÙkjçns'k] fnYyh o vU; dÃ jkT;ksa esa budh dÃ jpuk, i<kÃ tk jgh gSA

eafpr jktLFkkuh cky ukVd% QSlyk] QSlyk cny x;k] ckrka jk nke] tSjhyh ukx.k] Egkjk

xq:th] fcXkMX;ks ccyw] ekLVj Qdhjpan] lSalw cM+h i<kÃ] rwa dkÃ c.klh] ckM+yh cLrh]

mM+kuA

MkWD;qesaVªh% nhun;ky 'kekZ us guqeku ftys ds Js’Bre fo|ky; dh MkWD;qesaVªh mM+ku dk

fuekZ.k fd;k] 1912

cky lkfgR;dkj nhun;ky 'kekZ ds cky lkfgR; dks cky dfork] cky dgkuh] cky

ukVd vkSj ,dkadh] i=dkfjrk vkSj laiknu fcUnqvksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA bu ‟fr;ksa dk

lekykspukRed ifjp; fuEukuqlkj fn;k tk jgk gSA

2-2-1 cky dfork laxzg

1- dj nks cLrk gYdk ¼1998½& ;g ,d f'k'kq xhr laxzg gSA ftl esa vBBkjg xhr lekfgr

gSa & cLrk] I;kjk dqÙkk] vktknh] nknkth] ekSlh] es<+d] dqÙkk] iku] ukuh] uko] fujkyk dqÙkk]

[kjxks'k] eSMe&ljth] cksy dcwrj] jsyxkM+h] canj] fpfM+;k] fipdkjhA lHkh jpuk,¡ ek=

pkj&pkj iafDr;ksa dh gSaA izLrqr dfr esa lHkh izdkj ds fo"k; fy, x;s gS] dqN ijEijkxr gSa

rks dqN ifjos'kxrA nknkth] ekSlh] ukuh vkfn ifjtuksa ds cgqr fudV gksrk gSaA bu lHkh

fj'rksa esa tSls ckyd dh tku clrh gSA ^nknhth] ekSlh] ukuh xhrksa esa nknkth dks fpM+kuk]

muds p'es dks Lo;a ds yxkuk] ekSlh dks fcYyh dg nsuk] ukuh ls fur ubZ dgkfu;ka lquus

dh ftn djuk] bu lHkh ckrksa ls ckyd dks ije vkuan feyrk gS] fdUrq ukuh dks ysdj ;gk¡

fLFkfr foijhr gSA cPps dks f'kdk;r gS fd lcdh ukuh izfrfnu jkr dks dgkuh lqukrh gS] ij

esjh ukuh ,slk ugha djrh vfirq fcuk dgkuh lquk, gh lks tkrh gSA bu xhrksa esa dHkh ckyd

xqjkZrs dqÙks ls Mj tkrk gSa rks dHkh ikik ls ftn djuk fd xqydan okyk iku [kkus pyks] rks

dHkh fipdkjh ykus dks gB djrk gSA dHkh dHkh [kjxks'k dks gjh ?kkl [kkrs gq, ns[k dj [kq'k

73

gksrk gSA dfo 'kekZ us ^canj* xhr esa [kks&[kks djrk canj] ukprk&dwnrk canj dk f'k'kq lqyHk

vadu fd;k gSA ^dcwrj*] fpfM+;k* vkfn jpukvksa esa mudh vkoktksa dks 'kCn c) djus dk

lkFkZd iz;kl gqvk gSA ;s xhr ckydksa ds euHkkou dgs tk ldrs gSaA ,d f'k'kq xhr &

ikik eq>s] jax fnyk nks

eksVh lh] fipdkjh yk nks12

^dj nks cLrk gYdk* ds lHkh xhr vR;ar ljy] lgt] lq:fpiw.kZ] lkFkZd] e/kqj]

ckyd ls vfHkjke gSaA buds ek/;e ls ckydksa dks vius ifjos'k dh NksVh&NksVh phtksa dh

tkudkjh Hkh feysxh] muls ifjfpr Hkh gksxasA

2- lwjt ,d flrkjk gS ¼2000½&izLrqr dfr esa dqy lksyg xhr gSa] lHkh xhr pkj&pkj

iafDr;ksa ds gSaA bu ds 'kh"kZd ugha fn, x, gSa] ;s xhr f'k'kq xhr gSaA dqN xhrksa esa i'kq&if{k;ksa

dh cksfy;ksa dks fpfUg~r fd;k x;k gS] tSls cNM+s jaHkkrs gSa] x/ks ^<spw&<spw* djrs gSa] eD[kh

fHkufHkukrh gS] dqÙks HkkSdrs gSa] ?kksM+s fgufgukrs gSa vkfnA iqLrd esa izd`fr izse lEcfU/kr dbZ

xhr gSaA ckyd fpM+h&dcwrj dks viuk lkFkh ekurk gS] mUgsa nkuk f[kykrk gSA ikuh fiykrk

gSA lnhZ esa /kwi cgqr lqgkrh gSA dfo us bldk Hkh lqanj fp=.k fd;k gSA frryh] Hk¡ojs] Qwy

vkfn ij Hkh lqanj xhr gSaA dHkh lc ckyd feydj jsy cukrs gSa] tSls fd yM+diu esa lc

cPps ;s [ksy vo'; [ksyrs gaSA cpiu esa gj ckyd jkeyhyk djrk gS vkSj jke dh rjg vPNs

vPNs dke djuk pkgrk gS] ;gh Hkko çdV djrk ,d f'k'kq Hkh&

jke yhyk dk eSa gWaWw jke] jko.k ekj fxjkÅaxk]

vPNs vPNs dke d:¡xk] tx esa uke dekÅaxk 13

,d loky lc cPpksa ds eu esa vo'; mBrk gS] tc os xkM+h esa cSBrs gS rks xkM+h ds

lkFk isM+&ikS/kksa] pk¡n&flrkjksa dks pyrs ns[krs gS] rc vius firk ls iwNrs fd ikik] tc xkM+h

pyrh gS rks isM+ Hkh gekjs lkFk&lkFk pyrs gSa D;k\ blh loky dks cgqr lgtrk ls

jpukdkj us izLrqr djds cpiu ;kn fnyk fn;k gSA ,d vkSj cM+k eklwe lk iz'u fd tc

gesa Ldwy tkus esa nsj gks tkrh gS rks ljth fiVkbZ djrs gSa] fdUrq tc ljth nsj ls vkrs gSa

rks mudh dkSu f[kapkbZ djrk gSA dgus dk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd ckyd Hkh bu ckrksa dks ns[krk

vkSj eglwl djrk gSA f'k{kdksa dh dÙkZO; fu"Bk ij mBk;k x;k ckydksa }kjk ;g loky gekjh

f'k{k.k&O;oLFkk ij iz'u fpUg gSA dqN xhrksa esa] ckyd dks fnu Hkj i<+uk vPNk ugha yxrk]

og [ksyuk pkgrk gS] fdUrq [ksy ugha ikrk] blfy, mls Ldwy tsy yxrk gSA 'kh"kZd xhr

^lwjt ,d flrkjk* foKku ij vk/kkfjr xhr gS] foKku ds vuqlkj lw;Z ,d flrkjk gS] bl

74

xhr ds ek/;e ls dfo us f'k'kqvksa dks cM+h tkudkjh ns nh gSA d`fr ds lHkh xhrksa dh Hkk"kk

vR;ar lgt vkSj lh/kh gS] f'k'kq mi;ksxh gSA xhrksa dk y?kq vkdkj f'k'kq o; ds vuq:i gSA

lHkh xhr euksjatd gksus ds lkFk izsj.kkLin Hkh gSA

3- ukuh rw gS dSlh ukuh ¼2010½ & bl iqLrd esa 21 cky jpuk;sa laxzfgr gSa & tksdj] ckiwwth

ds canj] HkykbZ] fnokyh] gksyh] xehZ] lnhZ fpfM+;k] mYVk&iqYVk] pwa&pwa pwgk] vdM+] fdlls iw¡Nwa

ikik] eqfu;k isM+] thounkrk isM+] t; toku t; fdlku] eksckby] le;] jko.k] mYyw] ukuhA

fo"k; ijEijkxr gksrs gq, Hkh lHkh dfork;sa euksjatu ls Hkjiwj gSa] jkspd gSa] vk/kqfud Hkkocks/k

dks n'kkZrh ^canj* esa cqjkbZ ls cpus dh ckr dgh xbZ gS] cqjk er ns[kks] cqjk er lquks] cqjk er

dgksA blesa Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dh >yd fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA ^HkykbZ* dfork esa lkekftd

ln~Hkkouk] esytksy] tkfr&ikfr ds lkjs Hksn&Hkkoksa ls nwj jgus dh izsj.kk gSaA cPps rks gksrs gh

ljy gSa] tks lHkh cqjkbZ;ksa ls dkslksa nwj jgrs gSaA ^gksyh*] ^nhokyh* esa iokssZ dh egÙkk izfrikfnr

gS vkSj [kqf'k;k¡ ck¡Vus dh iqjtksj odkyr dh xbZ gSA ^fpfM+;k* dfork cgqr Hkkoiw.kZ vkSj

vk/kqfud leL;k ^gkseodZ* ds cks> ls ijs'kku ckyd ds nnZ dks cM+s gh ekfeZd rjhds ls izdV

djrh gSA ckyd dgrk gS fd fdruk vPNk gks eSa ,d fpfM+;k gksrk] rkfd eq>s jkst&jkst

gkseodZ ugha djuk iM+rkA vk/kqfud f'k{k.k i)fr ij djkjk izgkj djrh ;g dfork vR;ar

'yk?kuh; gSA ^pwa&pwa pwgk* esa pwgk vc fcYyh ls ugha Mjrk D;ksafd mlus dk¡Vks okyh Mªsl tks

igu yh gS blh rjg ^vdM* esa pwgk dgrk gS fd eSaus fcYyh ls C;kg jpk fy;k gS] vc eq>s

fcYyh ls Mjus dh t:jr gh ugha gSA ^isM* esa isM+ksa dk egÙo cgqr Hkyh izdkj ls izLrqr

fd;k gSA bl jpuk ls ckyd izd`fr ls izse djus dh lh[k ysaxsA ^eksckby* esa ckyd eksckby

fnykus ds fy, ek¡ dks ckrksa ls Qqlykus dh cM+h eklwe lh dksf'k'k djrk gSa] tks ojs.; gSA

lanfHkZr fdrkc dh lHkh dkO; jpuk,¡ lqanjrk] ckylqyHkrk] ftKklk ls Hkjh gqbZ gSaA dYiuk

dk euHkkou iz;ksx ckydksa dks vkdf"kZr djrk gSA

4- pwa&pwa ¼2010½ & ;g iqLrd f'k'kq xhr dh gSA blesa 14 xhr 'kkfey gaS] tks v'khf"kZr gSaA

lHkh xhr euksjatd] jkspd f'k{kkizn izd`fr ds fudV gSaA canj dh mNy&dwn gS] pwgs dh

pwa&pwa gS] ?kksM+s dk vuq'kklu gSA ^fidksd* xhr esa 'kksj ls nwj jgus o /ofu iznw"k.k ugha djus

dh izsj.kk gS] fcYyh ds rks D;k dgus] nwèk&eykbZ fey tk;s rks MV ds [kkÅ¡A ^VjZ&VjZ* essa

ifjJe djus vkSj vkyL; NksM+us dh iqjtksj dksf'k'k dfo us dh gSA ^x/kk* esa dpjk dwM+snku

esa Mkyus dh ckr jkspd rjhds ls izLrqr dh xbZ gSA ^'ksj* esa rks dfo us cgqr gh deky fd;k

gS] 'ksj dh ngkM+ dks eafnj ds ?kaVs ls mifer djds vuqie cuk fn;kA ^fpfM+;k* dh pha&pha ls

rks tSls iqLrd pgd mBh gSA ,d xhr çLrqr gS&

75

Vu Vu Vuu ?kaVh cksyh

ge lc djus yxs fBBksyh 14

5- fxyh&fxyh xIik ¼2014½& ;g f'k'kq xhr laxzg gS] tks vR;ar jkspd] eèkqj o ljl gSA

cky lkfgR; dk izeq[k /;s; ckydksa dks vkuan iznku] lqlaLdr] lqlH; vkSj Js"B ukxfjd

cukuk rFkk lqlaLdkfjr djuk ekuk x;k gS] rkfd LoLFk vkSj Js"B lekt dh lajpuk gks lds]

;g rHkh laHko gS tc cky lkfgR; esa thou ewY;] uSfrd ewY;] jkspdrk] vkuUn] ftKklk]

izd`fr&fpru] i;kZoj.k&izse] cky euksfoKku] izsj.kk] mRlkg] euksjatu] ns'kizse] ljyrk]

ljlrk vkfn rÙo fufgr gksA bl ifjis{; esa ge cky lkfgR;dkj nhun;ky 'kekZ dh cky

dkO; d`fr ^fxyh&fxyh xIik* ds lUnHkZ esa ckr djsa rks ;g iqLrd mijksDr rRoksa ij [kjh

mrjrh gSA dfo us ekuksa ^xkxj esa lkxj* Hkj fn;k gSA blesa oks lkjh fof'k"Vrk,a n`f"Vxkspj

gksrh gS ftu dh cky dforkvksa esa vis{kk dh tkrh gSA dfo us cM+h ljyrk ls cPpksa ds eu

rd igq¡pus dh dksf'k'k dh gSA lc tkurs gS] ekurs gSa fd fdrkch Kku fdlh dks Hkh vPNk

ugha yxrk] tc rd jkspd ugh gks] Hkyk cPpksa ls fQj ,slh mEehn dSls dh tk;asA vkt dh

fdrkcksa esa cPpksa dh :fp ds vuqlkj de gh lkexzh feyrh gSA ;s gh rks pkgrk gS vkt dk

cPpk-------A vkt gh ^f'kfojk if=dk* esa lqizfl) cky lkfgR;dkj] dfo] vkykspd Jh Hkxorh

izlkn xkSre dh jpuk ^fo'o dk foy{k.k fo|ky;&lejfgy esa ;s gh ckr mn~/kr gS^A

cPpksa dh Lora=rk Ldwy ds vuq'kklu esa ck/kd ugha gS] c'krsZ gS] Ldwyh i<+kbZ dks

cPpksa dh :fp dk vuq:i cuk;k tkos vkSj O;FkZ dh uSfrdrk mu ij u Fkksih tk;s ¼lgkjk

le;] 18-12-2004A15½

çLrqr dfr esa uSfrdrk] thou ewY;ksa] izse] d:.kk] {kek] lg;ksx] ijksidkj] ekuork

vkfn rRoksa dk vizfre :i ls mYys[k gqvk gSA ckrksa gh ckrksa esa cM+h lgtrk ls dfo us

cPpksa dks vPNk balku cuus dh vksj izsfjr fd;k gSA izd`fr&fparu vkSj i;kZoj.k&lapsruk dk

Hkh izLrqr iqLrd esa cgqr ljyrk ls] ckyksi;ksxh lanHkZ vfHkO;Dr djus dk lEiw.kZ iz;kl

nhun;ky 'kekZ us fd;k gS vkt dh lcls cM+h vko';drk gSA fulansg izd`fr vkSj okrkoj.k

'kq) jgsxk rHkh leLr tho txr [kq'kgky jg ldsxkA ijEijk vkSj vk/kqfudrk dk lqUnj

leUo; ^fxyh&fxyh xIik* esa cM+h f'kír ls ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ijEijk dk fuoZgu ds izlax

esa fnokyh] xk¡/kh ckck] e/kqeD[kh] eqxsZ dh lh[k] vDdM+&cDdM+ fo"k;d jpukvksa dk lkSUn;Z

ns[krs gh curk gSA 'kCn czã Lo:i gS] bu dh efgek U;kjh gSA lEiw.kZ ekuo tkfr ds

mUu;u esa 'kCnksa dh vge~ Hkwfedk jgh gSA lp esa lkjk [ksy gh 'kCnksa dk gh gSA 'kCnksa ls gh

ge rqe gSaA

76

'kCnksa dk ;gk¡ [ksy gS lkjk] 'kCnksa dh rkdr igpkus]

'kCn 'kCn fey cukrh ckrsa] 'kCnksa dh rkdr igpkusA16

cky lkfgR; dk lcls egRooiw.kZ fcanw gS euksjatu] lq:fp] vkuankuqHkwfrA bl ifjizs{;

esa vkyksP; d`fr iw.kZ:is.k [kjh mrjrh gSA tgk¡ rd f'k{kk dk iz'u gSA izLrqr iqLrd esa cM+h

lknxh ls [ksy gh [ksy esa cM+h&cM+h f'k{kk,a ckydksa ds vareZu esa mrkj nh xbZ gSaA le; ij

lksuk] le; ij tkxuk] 'kkafr ls thuk o thus nsuk] fey tqydj jguk] cqjk ugha lquuk] cqjk

ugha cksyuk] cqjk ugha ns[kuk vkfnA Hkko&i{k ds lkFk&lkFk dyk i{k esa Hkh ;g d`fr le)

gSA Hkk"kk ljy] lgt] ckyksi;ksxh gSA 'kCn dk p;u rks xtc <k jgk gSA cPpksa ds fiz; yxus

okys 'kCnksa ds iz;ksx us iqLrd esa pkj pk¡n yxk fn, gSa] /oU;kRedrk cstksM+ gS] y;kRedrk]

xs;rk cky xhrksa dh tku gksrh gS] tks bl iqLrd esa èkM+drh gSa] tSls dapksa dh [kud xwat

jgh gksA nhun;ky 'kekZ dh viuh fof'k"V 'kSyh gS] viuk vyx eqgkojk gS] ljy 'kCnksa esa

viuh dg nsuk budh fof'k"Vrk gSA eqgkojksa] izrhdksa] fcEcksa] miekuksa vkfn dk ;Fkksfpr iz;ksx

gqvk gSA lkjka'kr dfr ckydksa dks vkuan foHkksj djus esa] vPNk balku cukus esa lEiw.kZr

lkFkZd gSA

6- vxM+e&cxM+e ¼2014½& izLrqr dkO; d`fr esa 28 jpuk,¡ 'kkfey gaS] pwgk] fcYyh] dqÙkk]

gkFkh] cdjh] eksj] canj] ÅaV] rksrk] eNyh] mYyw] cksfy;k¡] 'ksj] pkSdhnkjh] vks&fpfM+;k] ckny]

bUnz/kuq"k] vxM+e&cxM+e] xqCckjs] Vhoh] viuh nqfu;k] dkSvk vkSj dks;y] dEI;wVj] tksdj] pank

ekek] vkvks cPpksa] b/kj&m/kj] lcls I;kjk lpA ;g f'k'kq xhr ,oa cky xhrksa dk laxzg gSA

dqN fo"k;ksa dks NksM+ dj vf/kdrj fo"k; ijEijkxr gSaA ikyrw i'kq&i{kh] ?kjsyw oLrq,¡]

i'kq&if{k;ksa dh cksfy;k¡ vkfn eq[;r of.kZr gSaA pwgk] gkFkhZ] canj] fcYyh] cdjh] ÅaV vkfn esa

buds djrcksa] budh vkoktksa dks ek/;e cukdj lqanj jpuk,¡ fy[kh xbZ gSaA jVu fo|k esa

ikjaxr] rksrks dh fo'ks"krk dks dfo us ^rksrk* xhr esa izdV fd;k gSA rksrk dks ^'kqd* Hkh dgrs

gS] ;g tkudkjh Hkh yxs gkFkksa ns nh xbZ tks 'yk/; gSaA dqÙks ls vPNk dksbZ pkSdhnkj laHko

ugha gS] blh lanHkZ dks ^pkSdhnkj* xhr esa mtkxj fd;k x;k gSaA ^ckny* ^bUnzèkuq"k* esa izd`fr

dk lq"kek dk vadu gS] nksuksa xhr cgqr I;kjs gSaA ^xqCckjk* tks ckydksa dk vR;ar fiz; fe= gS]

ftls Qqykus ls vf/kd vkuan mls mM+kus o QksM+us esa vkrk gSA ,slk gh I;kjk lk xhr gS ^

xqCckjs*A

ek¡ eS Hkh xqCckjs yw¡xk] vk;k gS xqCckjs okyk]

jax&fcjxs U;kjs&U;kjs] yxrs gSa eq>s lcls I;kjsA 17

77

vkèkqfud le; esa Vh-oh- cPpksa ds fy, ,d f[kykSuk lk cu x;k gSA dkVwZu fQYeksa dh Hkjekj

gksus dh otg ls ckyd Vh-oh- ds lkeus ls gVus dk uke ugha ysrkA ^Vh-oh-* jpuk esa ;gh

Hkko iwfjr gSA ^dkSvk&dks;y* dfork esa nksuksa ds LoHkko ,oa djrwrksa ds Hksn fn[kkus esa

jpukdkj 'kekZ lQy jgs gSaA ^pankekek* dh rks ckr gh fujkyh gSA tks cky lqyHk lkSUn;Z]

dYiuk'khyrk dh vuqie jpuk gSA ckyd lp dh izfrewfrZ gksrs gSaA >wB ls rks tkurs rd

ughaA ^lcls I;kjk lp* jpuk ^lR;eso t;rs* dk lUns'k nsrh] uSfrd ewy;ksa dh iSjoh djrh

mÙke jpuk gSA lanfHkZr d`fr dh vU; dfork;sa vkSj xhr jkspd] euksjatd] ljy] lgt]

ckylqyHk gSaA ijEijkxr fo"k;ksa ij vk/kkfjr gksus ds ckn Hkh ;g iqLrd cgq mi;ksxh gSA

ckydksa dh ialan dh gSA

7- jlxqYyk ¼2016½& nhun;ky 'kekZ dk ^jlxqYyk* f'k'kqxhr dkO; laxzg flrEcj 2016 esa

^cksf/k izdk'ku* ls izdkf'kr gqvkA ;g dfr cky&lqyHk] jkspd] euksjatd ,oa ckyksi;ksxh xhrksa

ls vyad`r gSA blesa fofo/k fo"k;ksa ij vk/kkfjr dqy 44 f'k'kqxhr laxzghr gSaa & ?kj] cksfyax

;k=k] ÅaV] i<+kbZ] 'ksj dh ngkM+] dqjZ] eNyh] irax] ckjkr] ehr] eksckbZy] Vh-oh- dkSvk] tksdj]

ykyk&ykyh] dEI;wVj] pank ekek] ?kksM+k] jlxqYyk] 'ksj] fpfM+;k vkSj cPps] frryh] eVj] jksVh]

Vhoh ukuh] dV&eV] pjd pwa] rcM+d&rcM+d] fctyh] vkjke] esjk cLrk] ?kaVh] xqYyh&MaMk]

tsy&[ksy] esjk rksrk] fdrkc] pVksjh] edVwjke] Vksdjh] xqyxqyk] pha&iha] fejph vkVk&ikVkA

laxzg ds dqN xhr ijEijkxr fo"k;ksa ls lEcfU/kr gSa] dqN uohu Hkko cks/k dks

vfHkO;Dr djus okys gSaA lHkh xhr f'k'kqvksa dk fo'kq) euksjatu djus okys gSaA nks xhrksa dks

NksM+dj lHkh xhr ek= pkj iafDr;ksa ds gSaA dqN xhr rks dsoy vkB 'kCnksa ds gh gSaA bUgsa

f'k'kq vklkuh ls cksy ldrs gSa] nqgjk ldrs gSa] daBLFk dj ldrs gSA nhun;ky 'kekZ us

f'k'kqvksa dh voLFkk dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, gh bl dfr dh jpuk dh gSA lHkh xhr lqe/kqj]

ljy] lgt] jkspd vkSj vkd"kZd gSA 'kCnksa dk p;u vR;ar ljy] lgt gSA f'k'kq bUgsa

ljyrk ls xk ldrs gSaA buds fo"k; ckydksa ds bnZ&fxnZ ds ifjos'k ls fy;s x, gSaA dqN

xhr ek= rqdcafn;k gSa] ,sls xhrksa dks fujFkZd xhr dgk tkrk gS] ;s xq.k Hkh budk lkSUn;Z

ekuk tkrk gSA

de xhyk vkVk] jksVh xksy xksy ]

fdruh vPNh cukrh gwWa] cksy eEeh cksyA 18

budh jpuk f'k'kqvksa dks ek= vkuan nsus dh fy, dh tkrh gSa] lexzr f'k'kq xhrksa esa cky

lkSUn;Z ds vfrfjDr f'k{kk] ubZ&rduhd] ftKklk] mRl] thou&n'kZu] euksjatu]

izd`fr&ek/kq;Z] /oU;kRedrk] fp=kRedrk] 'kkfCnd lkSUn;Z vkSj izokg vuqie gSA

78

8- fpfM+;k pgds xhr lquk, ¼2016½& ;g cky jpukvksa dk lqjE; ladyu gSA blesa dqy 29

cky dfork;sa vkSj cky xhr gSaa & fpfM+;k pgds xhr lquk,] eksj] vad esa >wyk] xk;] fdrkc]

esjh ukuh] rk&rk&FkS;k] vad xf.kr] vkyl NksM+ks] cky&fnol] py&py&py] f'k{kk dh

rkdr] lQkbZ dh lkSxa/k] viuk ?kj] i<+kbZ] Hkkyw th] deZ] ljnh vkbZ] xehZ] vPNs dke]

dksf'k'k vkB iSj dh gksrh edM+h] cUnth] pwgk] ePNjksa dh 'kker] isM+ dh izkFkZuk] eEeh rw esjh

I;kjh eEeh] QksVksxzkQj canj th] D;ksa\

izLrqr dforkvksa esa fo"k; dk oSfo/; vkd"kZd gS ftUgsa fofHkUu dks.kksa ls n'kkZ;k x;k

gSA eksj] fpfM+;k vkfn i{k;ksa dh euHkkouk ØhM+kvksa dks fpf=r fd;k x;k gS tks ckydksa dks

yqHkkus esa l{ke gSA ekr`Ro&cks/k dh nksuksa dfork;sa okRlY; Hkko ls vksrizksr gSA xk; gekjs

lekt dk vge fgLlk gSA bldh gj pht ekuo ds fy, cgqmi;ksxh gSA iqjk.kksa esa dgk x;k

gS fd xk; esa djksM+ks nsorkvksa dk okl gksrk gSA bldk nqX/k ver rqY; ekuk tkrk gSA ^xk;*

dfork esa bu lHkh Hkkoksa dks dfo us izdV fd;k gSA blh Hkkafr thou pyus dk uke gS] blh

ckr dks n'kkZrh ^py&py* dfork Hkh cgqr I;kjh cu xbZ gSA lanfHkZr iqLrd eas dfo us tgk¡

^lQkbZ dh lkSxa/k* esa LoPN Hkkjr ds lius dks iwjk djus dk iqjtksj lUns'k fn;k gSA ,d xhr

esa cLrs ds cks> dks gYdk djus dk Hkh iz;kl jpukdkj djrk fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA Hkkyw] canj]

edM+h] ePNj vkfn ckydksa ds fiz; thoksa ij Hkh jpukdkj us mÙke l`tu fd;k gS ftuesa

ckydksa dks vkuafnr djus esa dksbZ deh ugha NksM+h gSA ^dksf'k'k djus okyksa dh dHkh gkj ugha

gksrh* ewY; ij Hkh I;kjh lh jpuk gSA isM+ gekjs thou nkrk] HkkX; fo/kkrk gksrs gSa] bUgha ls

/kjrh ij leLr tho/kkfj;ksa dk vfLrRo gSA ^isM+sa dh izkFkZuk* jpuk blh izlax dks ysdj fy[kh

xbZ g]S tks vR;ar ekfeZd gSA ^fpfM+;k pgds xhr lquk,* laxzg dh lexz jpuk,¡ cky

euksfoKku] uSfrd ewY;ksa] izd`fr&izse] cky lqyHk lkSUn;Z] ek/kq;Z] izsj.kk] mRlkg] euksjatu ls

vfHkflDr gSaA ijEijk vkSj vk/kqfud Hkko cks/k dk Hkh dfo us iwjk /;ku j[kk gSA ;s lHkh

jpuk,¡ cPpksa vkSj f'k'kqvksa dks vkuan iznku djus esa lQy dgh tk ldrh gSA ty ds egRo

dks n'kkZrh ,d jpuk&

ihus dk ty djsa D;ksa xUnk] thou gksrk gS ty]

bldk u dksÃ fodYi gksrk] ty ihuk gS dsoy tyA 19

bDdkou cky igsfy;k¡ ¼2009½& bl iqLrd esa bDdkou cky igsfy;kWa 'kkfey gSA lHkh

igsfy;ksa ds fo"k; ckydks dks fç; yxus okyh phtksa] egkiq#"kksa] çk‟frd miknkuksa] ?kjsyw

oLrqvksa ls lEcafèkr gSaA lkFk esa lHkh igsfy;ksa ds mÙkj okyh phtksa ds fp= Hkh fn;s x;s gS]

ftlls ckyd vklkuh ls le> ld]s budh Hkk"kk vR;ar ljy lgt gSA lHkh igsfy;kWa vR;ar

79

jkspd] Kkuo/kZd] euksjatd] ftKklk tkxzr djus okyh gaSA ;s ckydks ds ekufld fodkl esa

Hkh lgk;d gaSA ,d igsyh&

Å¡pk Å¡pk tks mM+s]

uk ckny uk phy]

dHkh Mksj mldh f[kpas]

dHkh isp esa <hyA 20

mi;qZDr of.kZr lHkh iqLrdksa esa f'k'kq xhr] cky dfork;sa vkSj fd'kksj dkO; lfEefyr

gSa rFkk buesa cky dkO; ds lexz rÙo ,oa xq.k fo|eku gSaA nhun;ky 'kekZ dk cky dkO;

vR;ar ljy] ljl] ek/kq;Z iw.kZ] euksjatd] izsjd] jkspd gksus ds lkFk lkFk izd`fr izse] i;kZoj.k

psruk rFkk uSfrd ewY;ksa ls vksrizksr gSA bu dh cky dfork;sa] ckydksa dk Hkjiwj euksjatu

djrh gSa vkSj mUgsa pfj=oku ukxfjd cukus esa Hkh l{ke gSaA jpukdkj 'kekZ Lo;a ckydksa dh

rjg laosnu'khy] Hkkoqd ,oa dksey ân; gSaA bu xq.kksa dks /kkj.k djus okyk jpukdkj gh ckr

eu dh dksey Hkkoukvksa vkSj cky laosnuk dks vkRelkr dj ldrk gS vkSj ckydksa ls tqM+

dj cky lqyHk lkfgR; jp ldrk gSA jpuk Øe esa nhun;ky 'kekZ cksys eu dh xgjkbZ dks

le>us dh vn~Hkqr idM+ fn[kkÃ nsrh gSA

2-2-2 cky dgkuh laxzg

peRdkjh pw.kZ ¼2003½& çLrqr dgkuh laxzg esa N% dgkfu;ka laxzfgr gSaA çFke dFkk ^peRdkjh

pw.kZ* gSaA Ldwy esa ,d lkèkq ckck nl :i;s esa pw.kZ cspus vkrk gS] vkSj dgrk gS fd bl dks

[kkus ls cPpksa ds ia[k vk tk;saxs vkSj os gok esa mM+us yxsaxsA ,d Nk= nq";Ur Hkh pw.kZ ysrk gS]

?kj vkdj viuh nhnh _rw dks crkrk gSA og dgrh gS fd ckck >wBk gS] <ksaxh gS] ysfdu

nq";Ur ds ckj&ckj dgus ij og eku ysrh gSA lkèkq ckck us nl lky ls cM+s vkneh dks

crkus ls badkj fd;k Fkk] blfy, cPps ekrk&firk dks dqN ugÈ crkrs vkSj pw.kZ [kk ysrs gSa

vkSj lkÃfdy ls xyh esa pôj yxkrs gSaA ckj&ckj ihB ij gkFk Qsjdj ns[krs gSa fd ia[k

vk;s ;k ugÈA dqN nsj ckn muds ia[k vk tkrs gSa] nksuksa vkleku esa mM+us yxrs gSaA ogk¡ ls

,d pksj dks pksjh djrs gq, ns[krs gSa vkSj iqfyl dks idMok nsrs gSaA tSls gh uÈn [kqyrh gS

rks ns[krs gSa fd ia[k rks vk;s gh ugÈ] ;s rks liuk FkkA fdUrq lius esa mM+dj Hkh ckyd cgqr

çlUu FksA blls <ksaxh lkèkq ckckvksa ls lrdZ jgus dh çsj.kk nh xÃ gS] tks Hkksys&Hkkys ckydksa

dks cgyk&Qqlyk dj csodwQ cukrs gSaAdgkuh esa ftKklk var rd cuh jgrh gSA tks cky

dgkfu;ks dk çeq[k mís'; gsA bl laxzg dh çFke dgkuh& çgsfydk dh izgsfy;k&bl dh ik=

,d igsfydk nl o"kZ fd ckfydk gS] tks NBh d{kk esa i<+rh gS] cgqr prqj o~ gksf'k;kj gS]

80

ckrwuh Hkh gS] lcdh pgsrh gSA igsfy;ksa esa mldh fo'ks"k :fp gSA ,d fnu mlds ikik ds fe=

muds ?kj vkrs gSa] ikik ?kj ij ugÈ gksrs vr,o çgsfydk mu ls çrh{kk djus gsrq dgrh gS]

bl chp og ml ls igsfy;k¡ iwNrh gSa] tks lquus esa vklku yxrh gS fdUrq vady muds lgh

mÙkj ugÈ ns ikrs] var esa çgsfydk gh lgh mÙkj crkrh gSA dgkuh var rd jkspd cuh jgrh

gS] ftKklk cjdjkj cuh jgrh gS] cky lqyHk papyrk yqHkkrh gS] Hkk"kk ljy ckyksi;ksxh gS]

vkt ds cPps cgqr gksf'k;kj] cqf)eku gSa] bldk fp=.k dgkuhdkj us vPNs ls fd;k gSA

^cjlkr* foKku ij vkèkkfjr dFkk gS] bl esa cjlkr dSls gksrh gS] ;g crk;k x;k gSA dgkuh

dk ik= nhiw gSA og ,d fnu mldh nhnh ds Ldwy tkrk gS tgk¡ Vh- oh- ls i<+krs gSa] ogka

og ns[krk gS fd ckfj'k dSlh gksrh gS vkSj ?kj vkdj vius ikik dks pk; dh dsryh esa xeZ

ikuh Hkjdj iwjh fofèk ls cjlkr ds lanHkZ esa crkrk gSA dgkuh m|ss'; iw.kZ gS] Hkk"kk fp=kRed

gSA ^lcls cM+h ltk* dFkk esa Ldwy dh çkFkZuk lHkk dk „'; gSA jk"Vª&xku ds le; ogka

>kM+w yxkrs gq, pijklh >kM+w NksM+dj lkoèkku dh eqæk esa [kM+k gks tkrk gS] ;g ckr

çèkkukè;kid th uksfVl djrs gSa vkSj lHkh cPpksa dks crkrs gSa] ogh¡ ,d f'k{kd ,slk ugÈ djds

fdUrq viuh xyrh Lohdkj djds gSa] {kek ekax ysrs gSaA dgkuh esa uSfrd] lkekftd vkSj

jk"Vªh; ewY;ksa dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gS tks vuqdj.kh; gSA thou esa tks ge lh[krs gSa mls

vkpj.k esa mrkjus ls gh og lkFkZd gks ikrk gSA

^Bksdj* dgkuh dk ik= NBh d{kk dk lquhy uked Nk= gS tks cgqr 'kjkjrh gS] gj

pht dks Bksdj ekjrk jgrk gS] ;gk¡ rd fd cPpksa ds Hkh ,d fnu ÃV ls mlds iSj esa gh

Bksdj yx tkrh gS] [kwu cgus yxrk gS] cgqr nnZ gksrk gS] rc mls viuh xyrh dk vglkl

gksrk gS vkSj dHkh fdlh dks Bksdj ugÈ ekjus dk ladYi ysrk gSA dgkuh ljy ,oa lgt gSA

^vkt+knh dk vFkZ*&t;iqj 'kgj esa ,d vkèkqfud lkt&lTtk ls ;qä dksBh dk „';] ftlesa

lqlaiUu Hkjk&iwjk ifjokj jgrk gS]lkFk gh ,d dqÙkk] rksrk] ekyh] pkSdhnkj Hkh jgrs gSaA vt;

,d NksVk cPpk gS tks d{kk rhu esa i<rk gSA 15 vxLr dks Ldwy esa f'k{k.k }jk fy[k dj

fn;k Hkk"k.k i<+us ls vkt+knh dk vFkZ le> esa vkrk gS vkSj ?kj vkrs gh Çitjs esa can rksrs dks

vkt+kn dj nsrk gSA dFkk ikjEifjd <+jsZ ls fy[kh xÃ gS fdUrq m|s'; vR;ar f'k{kk çn gSA

jk"Vªh;] uSfrd] lkaL‟frd psruk dk fp=kRed o.kZu gqvk gSA bl çdkj dgk tk ldrk gS

fd peRdkjh pw.kZ dh lHkh dgkfu;ka ckyksi;ksxh] mís'; iw.kZ] euksjatd] jkspd] ljy]

ljl gSaA

ÇpVw&ÇiVw dh lw> ¼1987½ & çLrqr ‟fr esa lkr cky dFkk,a gSa] çFke 'khÆ"kr dgkuh

^ÇpVw&ÇiVw dh lw>* gSA bl ds ik= >cjh fcYyh rFkk ÇpVw&ÇiVw uked nks cPps gSaA ;g dFkk

ogh nks fcfYy;ksa ds >xM+s okyh gSA ftlesa os jksVh ds fy, >xMrh gSa] vkSj canj mudks eq[kZ

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cukdj iwjh jksVh [kk tkrk gSA bls dgkuhdkj us u;k :i fn;k gSA ÇpVw&ÇiVw Hkh jksVh ds

VqdM+ksa dks ysdj yM+rs gSa] xqFkexqRFkk gksrs gSa] tSls gh ikl ds isM+ ij cSBk canj jksVh dk U;k;

djus dks dgrk gSA cPpksa dks viuh ek¡ }kjk lqukÃ xÃ canj okyh dgkuh ;kn vk tkrh gS

vkSj oks nksuksa feydj viuh&viuh vkèkh jksVh [kk dj [kq'k gks tkrs gSaA cUnj ls dgrs gSa fd

vc ge vkt ds gksf'k;kj cPps gSaA rqEgkjh ckrksa esa ugÈ vkus okysA cgqr Bx pqds rqe

fcfYy;ksa dksA bl rjg çLrqr dgkuh lksè;s'; gSA cM+s lqanj rjhds ls dFkk dks u;k Lo#i

nsdj ijLij lg;ksx o~ çse ls jgus dh f'k{kk Hkh ns nh xÃ gSA Hkk"kk 'kSyh lgt] ljl gSA

ÇpVw ÇiVw dh lw> ds lanHkZ esa ç[;kr lkfgR;dkj çHkkdj ekpos dk dFku çklafxd gS&^ÇpVw

ÇiVw dh lw> cM+h ljy Hkk"kk esa] yksd dFkk dh 'ksyh esa ykseM+h] eksj] dks;y] dkSok dks vkèkkj

cukdj lkr dgkfu;ksa dk laxzg gS] tks lqfofp= gS] NksVh vk;q ds cPpks dks ;s [kwc #psaxhA

blesa peRdkj ¼lLisal½ Hkh gS vkSj cky euksfoKku dk Hkh mfpr è;ku j[kk x;k gSA*21 ^ykseM+h

dh lw>* dgkuh taxyh ,oa ikyrw i'kq&if{k;ksa ij vkèkkfjr gSA lanÆHkr dgkuh ds ik=] jktk

'ksj] ea=h fpidw canj] >qejh ykseM+h] xqIrpj foHkkx dk eqf[k;k tEcw gkFkh] phuw eqxÊ] lsukifr

xcnw Hkkyw gSaA dgkuh dk çkjEHk taxy ds ,d „'; ls gksrk gSA ftlesa cgqr lkjs tkuoj

vkjke ls jgrs gSa] mudk jktk 'ksj gksrk gSA 'ksj jktk ,d fnu phuw eqxÊ dh Qfj;kn ij

ihiy ds isM+ rys ,d lHkk cqykrk gS] ftlesa phuw eqxÊ viuh ihM+k crkrs gq, dgrh gS fd]

esjs nMcs esa vkdj dksÃ jkst jkr dks esjs v.Mksa dks dksÃ rksM+ tkrk gSA 'ksj ea=h canj dks rhu

fnu esa vijkèkh dk irk yxkus dk vkns'k nsrk gSA lkFk gh ykseM+h ls Hkh nM+cs ds vkl&ikl

dh tk¡p djus djus dks dgrk gSA ykseM+h phuw ls dgrh gS fd vius vaMs ikl okyh 'kkyw

eqxÊ ds nMcs esa j[k vkvks] ftlesa eèkqefD[k;ksa dk NÙkk yxk FkkA phuw us ,slk gh fd;kA rhu

fnu ckn 'ksj us lHkk cqykÃA ea=h canj dks ugÈ ns[k dj tEcw gkFkh ls mls mBkdj ykus dks

dgkA canj dks yk;k x;k] ftldk lkjk 'kjhj eèkqefD[k;ksa ds geys ls lwtk gqvk FkkA vijkèkh

idM+k x;k] jktk us canj dks ea=h in ls gVk fn;k vkSj Hkkyw ls dksM+s yxok,A lHkh tkuojksa

us ^>qejh ykseM+h Çtnkckn*] ^'ksj jktk Çtnkckn* ds ukjs yxk;sA bl çdkj dgkuh esa ykseM+h

dh lw>&cw>] vkSj 'ksj jktk ds U;k; dks n'kkZ;k x;k gS] ftls ,d vkn'kZ jktk ds :i esa

fpf=r fd;k x;k gS vkSj ykseM+h dh prqjkÃ dks HkhA dgkuh çsj.kkin gSA cky eu ds vuq:i

gSA ik= i'kq&i{kh gksus ds dkj.k dFkk jkspd ,oa vfèkd euksjatd gks xÃ gSA

^eksj fd ftn* jkspd dFkk gS] bl esa eksj ds iSj cnjax dSls gq,] bl dk vadu fd;k

x;k gSA ,d taxy esa cgqr lkjs i'kq&i{kh gksrs gSa] vkSj ,d rkykc Hkh gksrk gS tgk¡ lHkh

tkuoj ikuh ihrs gSaA ,d lkèkq mèkj ls xqtjrk gS] I;kl cq>kus ds fy, rkykc ls ikuh ihus

yxrk gS ysfdu eudw eksj badkj dj nsrk gS fd ;s ikuh gekjs fy, gSA lHkh tkuojksa ds

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le>kus ij Hkh og ftn ij vM+k jgrk gSA lkèkq Jki nsrk gS fd vc tks Hkh bl ikuh esa

tk;sxk] og cnjax gks tk;sxk] vkSj og I;klk gh pyk tkrk gSA eksj dgrk gS fd eSa ugÈ

ekurk fdlh Jki dks vkSj ikuh mrjus yxrk gS] rHkh lHkh i'kq&i{kh vkSj Lo;a eksj Hkh ns[krs

gSa fd mlds iSj cnjax gks x, gSa] og rqjar ckgj vkrk gS] vius ikao ns[k dj nq[kh gks tkrk

gSA dkyw dcwrj ml lkèkq dks [kkst dj ykrk gSA eksj lkèkq ls {kek ekaxrk gS ysfdu lkèkq

dgrk gS fd rqEgs viuh xyrh dh ltk fey xÃA lHkh thoksa dh çkFkZuk ij lkèkq rkykc ds

ikuh dks ckny cuk nsrk gS vkSj dgrk gS fd ckny ls ikuh rHkh cjlsxk tc eksj ukpsxkA

ckny f?kj vkrs gSa] eksj ukprk gS vkSj fjef>e&fjef>e ty cjlrk gS] rky Hkj tkrk gS]

lkjs tho [k+q'kh ls pgpgkus yxrs gSa] ysfdu vius cnjax ikaoksa dks ns[kdj eksj jksrk Hkh gSA

bl dgkuh esa ftn ugÈ djus dh lh[k gS] tks cgqr jkspd <ax ls nh xÃ gSA ckfj'k esa cknyksa

dks ns[k dj eksj D;ksa ukprk gS] dgkuhdkj us ;s Hkh crkus dk ç;kl fd;k gSA ckydksa dks

;g dgkuh #fpdj yxsxhA ftKklk var rd cuh jgrh gSA

^dks;y dh pkykdh* dgkuh Hkh taxy ij vkèkkfjr gSA ,d vke ds isM+ ij dkyh

uke dh dks;y jgrh gSA tks cgqr ehBk cksyrh gS] vPNk O;ogkj djrh gS fdUrq vkylh gksrh

gSA mlh ds lkeus okys ihiy ds isM+ ij ^Nchyh* uked dkSoh jgrh gSA nksuksa esa xgjh fe=rk

gksrh gSA dkSoh cgqr esgurh gksrh gS vkSj dkyh ls dgrh gS fd dqN dke djuk lh[k yks]

vkxs dke vk,xkA de ls de ?kkslyk cukuk rks lh[k yks rkfd tc vaMs nsus dk le; dke

vk lds] ojuk rc D;k djksxhA ysfdu dkyh mldh ckr ugÈ ekurh] dgrh gS dke djds

D;k djuk gSA Hkkstu rks fey gh tkrk gSA dqN le; i'pkr~ dkyh ds vaMs nsus dk le;

vkrk gS] vkSj mls tehu ij gh vaMs nsus iM+rs gSaA og cgqr lksprh gS fd vc D;k gksxkA mls

,d fopkj vkrk gS fd Nchyh ds ?kkslys esa vaMs j[k vkrh gw¡A og ,slk djrh gS vkSj Nchyh

ds vaMs QksM+ dj vius j[k nsrh gS vkSj viuh pkykdh ij cgqr çlUu gksrh gSA Nchyh dks

lc irk py tkrk gSA Nchyh dks cgqr Øksèk vkrk gS og dkyh ds ikl tkrh gS vkSj dgrh

gS fd rqeus esjs lkFk nxk fd;k gS] rqe cgqr èkwrZ gksA ij dkyh ij dksÃ vlj ugÈ gksrk] og

QqjZ ls mM+ tkrh gSA Nchyh mldk ihNk djrs gq, mMrh gSA rc ls vkt rd dks;y

?kkslyk cukuk ugÈ lh[kh gSA nksuksa dh nq'euh vkt rd py jgh gSA dgkuh jkspd vkSj yksd

ekU;rk ij vkèkkfjr gSA vHkh Hkh ,slk gh ekuk tkrk gS fd dks;y vius vaMs dkSoh ds ?kkslys

esa j[krh gSA

*dkSok dkyk D;ksa* dFkk esa tSlk fd 'kh"kZd ls Kkr gks jgk gS fd vkf[kj dkSok dkyk

dSls gqvkA gtkjksa lky igys lHkh i{kh lQ+sn jax ds gqvk djrs FksA ,d fnu czãk th eu esa

fopkj vk;k fd lcdk ,d jax gksus dkj.k budks igpku djus esa ijs'kkuh gksrh gksxh] lks

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D;ksa u bUgsa vyx&vyx jax ns fn, tk,¡A czãk th taxy esa tkrs gSa] cjxn ds isM+ ds uhps

vklku ij fojkteku gksdj lHkh if{k;ksa dks ,d= djrs gSa vkSj lc dks eu ilan dk jax

pquus dks dgrs gSaA ckjh&ckjh ls lHkh dks viuh ilan dk jax ns nsrs gSaA dkSos dh ckjh vkrh

gS rks og dgrk gS fd eq>s ihyk jax ns nksA ysfdu ihys jax ilan ugÈ vkrk] fQj dgrk gS

fd uhyk jax ns nksA czãkth th us uhyk jax ns fn;k Atks feydj gjk cu x;k] mls gjk Hkh

vPNk ugÈ yxk] fQj yky jax ekaxrk gS tks uhys ij p<+rs gh cSaxuh cu tkrk gS] og Hkh

dkSos dks ugÈ lqgkrkA czãkth dks xqLlk vkrk gS vkSj dgrs gSa fd rq>s dksÃ jax vPNk ugÈ

yxk] vc rw dkyk gks tkA dkys jax ls dkSok cgqr nq[kh gksrk gS vkSj okil ihyk jax ekaxrk

gS ysfdu czãkth dgrs gSa fd rq>s viuh gh ilan ls larks"k ugÈ gqvk] vc dqN ugÈ gks

ldrkA bl rjg dkSok ges'kk ds fy, dkyk gks x;kAdgkuh ckydksa dks t#j ilan vk,xhA

Hkk"kk vR;ar ljy gSA var rd ftKklk cuh jgrh gSA larks"k djuk Hkh t#jh gS] ;g bl

dFkk ls f'k{kk feyrh gS A

^ÇpVw&ÇiVw dh lw>* ‟fr fd lHkh dFkk,a ç‟fr ds fudV gSaA taxykjkfèkr gksus ds

dkj.k okrkoj.k dh euksgjrk] lqjE;rk eu dks eksg ysrh gSA lHkh ds ik= i'kq&i{kh gSa]

blfy, lq#fpiw.kZ ,oa euksjatd gSaA

ikik >wB ugÈ cksyrs ¼1997½ % çLrqr ‟fr esa N% dgkfu;ka laxzfgr gSaA igyh dgkuh

^buke vkSj ltk* gSaA ;g ,d Ldwy dh dFkk gSA Ldwy esa u;s çèkkukè;kid th vkrs gSa tks

bZekunkj] deZB] vuq'kkflr vkSj fu"Bkoku gSaA Nk= vkdk'k vksj ujs'k i<kÃ ds le; Ldwy ls

ckgj pys tkrs gSaA lMd ij Vªd dh Vôj ls vkdk'k ujs'k dks cpkrk gSA ftldh [kcj

gsMekLVj th feyrh gS] nksuksa cPpksa ls lkjh ckr dh tkudkjh ysrs gSa] lp ls voxr gksrs gSa]

vkdk'k dks cky lHkk esa cgknqjh ds fy, iqjLdkj Lo#i iq"ixqPN HksaV djrs gSa lkFk gh fcuk

iwNs Ldwy ckgj tkus ij ltk Lo#i nksuksa dks rhu fnu ds fy, Ldwy ls fudky Hkh nsrs gSaA

dgkuh jkspd gS] ftKklk var rd cuh jgrh gSA *i'pkrki ds vk¡lw* esa dkyw vkSj iIiw nks

Nk= gksrs gSaA iIiw dks dgkuh i<+us esa :fp gksrh gSA og çfrfnu dgkuh dh fdrkc ysus ds

fy, xq:th ds ?kj tkrk gSA mldk fe= dkyw Hkh mlds lkFk tkrk gSA xq:th pk; cukus

tkrs gSa] iIiw dgkuh dh fdrkc i<us yxrk gS fdUrq dkyw bèkj&mèkj phtksa dks NsM+us yxrk

gSA est ij ,d #i;k ns[k dj mlds eu esa ykyp vk tkrk gS vkSj og #iFkk tsc esa j[k

ysrk gSA xq:th pk; ysdj vkrs gSa] dkyw dks [kM+k ns[k dj iwNrs gSa rqEgsa dgkuh i<uk vPNk

ugÈ yxrk] og badkj dj nsrk gS] rHkh xq:th dh utj est ij tkrh gS] ,d #i;k ogka ugÈ

ns[k dj mUgsa dkyw ij lansg gksrk gS] pk; ihdj] dkyw tYnh ls tkus yxrk gS] xq:th mls

ckjckj jksdrs gSa] mldh tsc dh rjQ ns[krs gSa] dkyw Mj lk tkrk gSA xq:th mls I;kj ls

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ikl cqykrs gSa vkSj mldh tsc ls ,d #i;k fudky ysrs gSaA dkyw xq:th ds iSjksa esa fxj dj

QwV&QwV dj jksus yxrk gSA xq:th mls iqpdkj dj mBkrs gSa] dgrs gSa] dksÃ ckr ugÈ] rqEgsa

viuh xyrh dk vglkl gS] ;s cM+h ckr gSA dkyw jksrs&jksrs dgrk gS ^vc dHkh pksjh ugÈ

d:¡xkA dgkuh esa xyrh djds mls Lohdkj dj ysuk vkSj xyrh djus okys dks {kek dj

nsuk] bu nksuksa ewY;ksa dks mtkxj fd;k x;k gSA dgkuh lQy dgh tk ldrh gSA

*vkf[kjh gfFk;kj* dFkk ';ke vkSj eksgu lgikfB;ksa dh gS] nksuksa d{kk vkBoÈ esa i<+rs

gSa] eksgu i<us esa cgqr gksf'k;kj gS] ';ke detksj gSA eksgu dks gj fo"k; esa ^xqM* feyrs gSa]

;g ns[kdj ';ke dks Ã";kZ gksrh gS vkSj og ckj&ckj vH;kl djds ekLVjth tSls ^xqM* viuh

dksih esa ns nsrk gS] vkSj eksgu dks crkrk gS fd rq> ls vfèkd ^xqM* esjh dksih esa gS] eksgu dks

foÜokl ugÈ gksrkA ;s lkjk okrkZyki ekLVjth lqu ysrs gSa] iwNus ij ';ke dgrk gS fd vki

us gh rks ^xqM* fn, FksA ekLVjth dqN ugÈ dgrs vkSj tkus yxrs gSa] rHkh ';ke mudks jksdrk

gS vkSj QwV&QwV dj jksrs gq, dgrk gS fd ;s ^xqM* eSaus gh fn, gSa] eSaus vki ls >wB cksyk gS]

vkxs ls ,slk dHkh ugÈ d:¡xk] vki esjh fiVkÃ dhft;s] fiVkÃ dhft;sA ekLVjth mls Nkrh

ls yxkrs gq, dgrs gSa fd ^fdlh dks lqèkkjus ds fy, dsoy fiVkÃ gh rks vkf[kjh gfFk;kj ugÈ

gSA viuh xyrh ij i'pkrki dj ysuk gh lqèkjus dk mÙke ekxZ gSA dgkuh lksè;s'; gSA ;g

dgkuh mèks';iw.kZ o~ çHkkoh gSA*22

f'kox.ks'k dh prqjkÃ] f'kox.ks'k vkSj Hkksyk'kadj uked nks fe=ksa dh dgkuh gS]

f'kox.ks'k i<+k&fy[kk vkSj prqj gS tcfd Hkksyk'kadj lhèkk&lkèkk gSA nksuksa jktk ck.kHkê ds

ikl ukSdjh ds fy, tkrs gSa] jktk mudh ijh{kk ysrk gSA ftlesa f'kox.ks'k dks viuh prqjkÃ

ds dkj.k ea=h dh ukSdjh fey tkrh gS vkSj Hkksyk'kadj dks njcku dhA dgkuh n'kkZrh gS fd

ftldh tSlh ;ksX;rk oSlk gh dk;Z mls feyrk gSA *vatw dh lh[k* ,d yM+dh fd dFkk gS

tks d{kk N esa i<+rh gS] cqf)eku] prqj vkSj cgqr gkftj tokc gSA gj ckr dk ,slk mÙkj

nsrh gS fd cM+s&cM+s fu#Ùkj gks tkrs gSaA bl dgkuh esa nks dgkfu;ka gS ftuds ekè;e ls vatw

dh gkftj tokch vkSj lh[k lkeus vkrh gSA igys lHkh dks mldh ckrsa vViVh yxrh gSa

fdUrq dqN nsj ckn esa eeZ le> esa vkrk gSA dgkuh esa var rd ftKklk cuh jgrh gSA ;g

u, t+ekus dh dFkk gS] vkt ds cPps cgqr LekVZ vkSj gkftj tokc gks x;s gSaA *ikik >wB ugÈ

cksyrs* lqjfHk uke dh ,d ckfydk ftldh mez X;kjg o"kZ gS] ij vkèkkfjr gSA og ikik dh

cgqr ykMyh csVh gSA lqjfHk ikik ls Ldwy dh gj ckr ckaVrh gSA Ldwy dh ,d ?kVuk ls mls

ekywe gksrk gS fd yM+ds ds tUe ij Fkkyh ctkrs gSa] fdUrq yM+dh ds tUe ij ugÈ vkSj og

;g ckr ikik ls iwNrh gS rks dgrs gSa fd yM+dh ds tUe ij Hkh ctkrs gSaA lqjfHk eku Hkh

ysrh gS fd ikik >wB ugÈ cksyrs] tcfd ikik mldk eu j[kus ds fy, ,slk dgrs gSaA ckn esa

85

ikik dgrs gSa fd eSaus >wB dgk gS] eq>s {kek dj ns] fQj Hkh og ;s gh dgrh gS fd ikik >wB

ugÈ cksyrsAdgkuh esa csVs rFkk csVh esa lfn;ksa ls pys vk jgs Hksn&Hkko tSlh #f<okfnrk dk

fojksèk n'kkZ;k x;k gSA csfV;ksa dks Hkh csVksa ds cjkcj ekuus dh iSjoh dh xÃ gSA pfj=&fp=.k

vkSj mís'; dh n`f"V ls dgkuh l'kä vkSj orZeku lanHkZ esa çklafxd gSA

^fe= dh enn* ¼2016½& ;g ‟fr 2018 esa ^cksfèk çdk'ku ls vkÃ gS bles N%

dgkfu;kW+ gSA laxzg dh çFke dFkk fxYyw fxygjh vkSj fVYyw rksrs dh gSA os nksuksa ikl&ikl

yxs isM+ksa ij jgrs gSa] iMkSlh gksus ds lkFk&lkFk nksuksa vPNs fe= Hkh gSaA ,d fnu fxYyw dks

lnÊ yxdj cq[kkj vk tkrk gS] og fVYyw dks vkokt nsrh gS] ysfdu fVYyw ugÈ vkrkA fxYyw

[kqn mBdj fludksuk isM+ ds nks iÙks pck ysrh gS D;ksafd mldh ek¡ ls mlus ;g lqu j[kk

FkkA tc fxYyw dh rfc;r Bhd gks tkrh gS og fQj ckgj vkdj fVYyw dks iqdkjrh gS] mls

ugÈ vkrs ns[k dj fxYyw dks lansg gksrk gSA og mlds ?kkslys esa ns[krh gS] ogka fVYyw ugÈ

gksrkA vkneh ds iSjksa ds fu'kku ns[k dj] muds ihNs&ihNs tkrh gS] mls fVYyw dh vkokt

lqukÃ nsrh gS] og vkSj vkxs cM+rh gSA ,d uhe ds isM+ ij yVds Çitjs esa fVYyw dks ns[k

dj] ncs ikao isM+ ij p<+ dj fVYyw dks vktkn dj nsrh gS] fVYyw mM+ tkrk gS] fxYyw dh

vk¡[ks ue gks tkrh gSaA *fe= dh enn* 'kh"kZd lkFkZd gSA bl dFkk esa eS=h&Hkko dk lqanj

fp=.k gqvk gSA ç‟fr&çse] i{kh çse ds lkFk fdlh tho dks dSn ugÈ djuk pkfg,] dh Hkh

lh[k feyrh gSA

^fccks cdjh dh fgEer* esa fccks ds lksuw] eksuw uke ds nks cPps gksrs gSaA ,d fnu og

cPpksa dks ckgj ugÈ fudyus dh fgnk;r nsdj fdlh dke ls ckgj tkrh gS D;ksafd taxy esa

,d 'ksj ikxy'ksj ?kwe jgk gksrk gSA cPps ek¡ dh ckr ugÈ ekudj ckgj vkdj [ksyus yxrs

gSa] rHkh 'ksj vk tkrk gS vkSj eksuw dks viuk f'kdkj cuk ysrk gSA pedw fgj.k lksuw dks

cpkdj ys tkrk gSA fccks ?kj vkdj ;g lc ns[k dj fcy[k iM+rh gS vkSj vius cPps dk

cnyk ysus dh Bku ysrh gSA ,d fnu volj ns[k dj 'ksj dk lkeuk djds mls vius rh[ks

lÈxksa ls ekj Mkyrh gSA lc tkuoj mldh fgEer dh nkn nsrs gSaA dgkuh okRlY;] eerk]

laosnuk] Hkko ls vksrçksr gSA fgEer ls rkdroj dks Hkh ijkLr fd;k tk ldrk gS] ;g lh[k

feyrh gSA laokn pqVhys] jkspd] ik=kuqdwy gSa] Hkk"kk ljy] lgt gSA eqgkojksa dk lqanj ç;ksx

fd;k x;k gSA ^ykyp dk Qy* dgkuh dkyh dqfr;k vkSj Hkwjh lqvjh ij vkèkkfjr gS\ nksuksa

ds ?kj ikl&ikl gSa] nksuksa vPNh lgsfy;ka gSaA ,d fnu nksuksa lM+d ij iM+s Hkkstu dks [kk jgh

FkÈ] rHkh ,d Vªd nwj ls vkrk gqvk fn[kkÃ nsrk gS] dkyh dgrh gSa fd cfgu nwj gV tkvks]

ysfdu Hkwjh [kkus esa gh yxh jgrh gS] ns[krs gh ns[krs vkSj Vªd ls Vdjk dj ?kk;y gks tkrh

gSA dkyh mls vLirky ys tkrh gS] tgk¡ mldk yEck bykt pyrk gSA Hkwjh ds cPpksa dks

86

dkyh vius cPpksa dh rjg gh I;kj ls ikyrh gS] viuk nwèk fiykrh gSA ykyp ugÈ djuk

pkfg,] ;gh bl dFkk dk m|s'; gSA eeÙo] çse] eS=h] ln~Hkko] viukiu] laosnu'khyrk vkfn

ewY;ksa dk mYys[k çsj.kkizn gSA ^vxyh dgkuh *eksj jktk dk QSlyk* gS] tks fu"i{k U;k; dks

mtkxj djrh gSA ,d ckj taxy ds i{kh vius eksj jktk ds ikl f'kdk;r ysdj vkrs gSa fd

gekjs ?kkslyksa dks u tkus dkSu rksM+ tkrk gSA eksj Çpfrr gksrk gS vkSj ea=h eUuw mYyw dks

vijkèkh dk irk yxkus ds vkns'k nsrk gSA ea=h dks jkLrs esa dkSok feyrk gS] nksuksa fd bl

fo"k; esa ckr gksrh gS] dkSok dgrk gh fd ;g fpdh desMh dh djrwr gSA ea=h ds dgus ij

eksj fpdh dks naM nsus dk QSlyk djrk gSA fpdh ckj ckj Qfj;kn djrh gS fd ;g eSaus ugÈ

fd;k] ij jktk mldh ,d ugÈ ekurkA ml dks ltk gksus gh okyh gksrh fd Çpdh dk ifr

phdw desM+k vlyh xqugxkj dk irk yxk dj vkrk gS fd egkjkt] vlyh eqtfje rks mYyw

dkSok gSA eksj lsukifr tEcks ckt dks dkSos dks ykdj is'k djus dks dgrk gSA dkSos dks yk;k

tkrk gS] phdw dh ckr lp fudyrh gSA eksj mls naM nsus ds vkns'k nsrk gS fdUrq phdw desM+s

ds dgus ij mls {kek ns dj nsrk gS ysfdu ns'k fudkyk ns nsrk gSA eUuw mYyw dks ea=h in

ls gVk dj phdw dks u;k ea=h euksuhr dj nsrk gSA rc ls desM+h o dkSos dh nq'euh pyh

vk jgh gSA fu"i{k U;k; gqvk vkSj vijkèkh dks {kek fd;k x;kA bl dFkk esa ^{kek cMu dks

pkfg, *ewY; dk ewY; fn[kk;k x;k gSA dgkuh dh çokg'khyrk 'yk?; gSA

^„< ladYi dk peRdkj* esa efnjkiku dh Toyar leL;k dks mBk;k x;k gSA taxy

esa 'ksjÇlg jktk ds vkns'k ij lHkh tkuojksa ds fojksèk djus ij Hkh 'kjkc dh nqdku [kksyh

tkrh tkrh gSA rhu fnu rd eq¶r esa 'kjkc fiykÃ tkrh gSA lc tkuojksa dh ihus dh vknr

iM+ tkrh gS] dqN fnuksa ckn dÃ tkuoj 'kjkc ihus ls chekj iM+ tkrs gSA rhu vaèks gks tkrs

gSaA ?kj cckZn gksus yxrs gSaA [kkus ds ykys iM+us yxrs gSaA tkuojksa dh ifRu;ksa vkSj cPpksa ds

le>kus ij lkjs tkuoj fey dj 'kjkc ugÈ ihus dk „< ladYi ysrs gSaA taxy esa mRlo

euk;k tkrk gSA lHkh tkuojksa dk ekuohdj.k ç'kaluh; gSA dgkuh vkèkqfud leL;k ij

dsfUær gS] 'kjkc dks „< ladYi ls gh NksM+k tk ldrk gSA lkekftd folaxfr;ksa] ds lkFk

lkekftd psruk ij Hkh tksj fn;k x;k gSA xyr dk fojksèk ntZ gqvk gSA dFkk lHkh rÙoksa ij

[kjh mrjrh gSA *lh[k u ekuus dh ftn* cPpksa ds fy, mi;ksxh dgkuh gSA cPps vDlj cM+ksa

dh ckr dks udkj nsrs gSa] ftldk ifj.kke mudks Hkqxruk iM+ tkrk gSA taxy ds ,d Ldwy

gksrk gS ftl esa cPps cl ds }kjk vkrs&tkrs gSaA fpidw canj daMDVj Hkkyw ds ckj&ckj euk

djus ds ckn Hkh] ekLVj th ud+y djrs gq, gj ckj pyrh cl ls mrjrk gSA vkf[kj ,d

fnu pyrh cl ls fxj tkrk gSA mldk iSj VwV tkrk gS vkSj ges'kk ds fy, yaxM+k gks tkrk

87

gSA dgkuh NksVh gS fdUrq mís'; cM+k gSA cM+ksa dks Hkh lMd fu;eksa dh vuqikyuk djuh

pkfg,A vkèkqfud thou 'kSyh dks n”kkZrh ;g dFkk f'k{kkçn o çHkkoh gSA

^cM+ksa ds cpiu dh dgkfu;ka* ¼1987½& bl ‟fr ukS egku iq#"kksa ds cpiu ds çsj.kk

nk;d çlaxksa ij vkèkkfjr gS] ;s egkiq#"k&U;k;ewÆr] usrk vkSj xq# egknso xksfoUn jkukMs]

bczkghe Çydu] yky cgknqj 'kkL=h] lqçflí xkf;dk dslj ckÃ] fo|klkxj] lkglh jsokjke

]fldUnj] egkjkuh foDVksfj;k] ØfUrdkjh usrk lqHkk"kpUæ ckslA *lgh U;k;* esa ,d ckyd

futÊo [kEHks ds lkFk ,d [ksy [ksyrk gS vkSj mlds lkFk Hkh U;k; djrk gS] [ksy esa Lo;a

mlls gkj tkrk gSA ;s ckyd vkxs pydj U;k;ewÆr xksfoUn jkukMs ds uke ls ç[;kr gksrk

gSAbl çdkj lHkh çlax thou ewY;ksa ls vuqçkf.kr gSa] ;Fkk&ifjJe] „< fu'p;] lPph yxu]

U;k;] xjhcksa dh enn] ekuoh;rk ]lkgl] vkRefoÜokl] ekuoh; laosnuk] okLrfod iwtk vkfnA

bUgsa jpukdkj nhun;ky 'kekZ us vfr'k; jkspdrk] lgtrk] cky&euksuqdwyrk] lq#fpiw.kZrk ds

lkFk jpk gSA Hkk"kk&'kSyh ckydksa ds vuq:i ljy gS] dgkfu;ksa dk çokg rjyrk ls cgrk gSA

cky eu ds mRd"kZ] O;fäÙo ds fodkl esa cgqi;ksxh gSA ckyd bUgsa i<+dj Js"B ukxfjd cu

ldsaxsA

2-2-3 cky ukVd vkSj ,dkadh laxzg

lius ¼2007½& ^lius* ,dkadh dk dFkkud iwoZ jk"Vªifr ,-ih-ts- vCnqy dyke ds

lius dks è;ku esa j[k dj jpk x;k gSA ^'kkar vkSj lkSE; psgjs ij gYdh lh eqLdku fy;s

dyke lkgc cksys ^okV fnl vckmV* eSus mUgsa crk;k fd bl fdrkc esa ,d ,slk ukVd gS

tks cPpksa dks vuq'kklu esa jguk fl[kkrk gS] tks fd vkidh gh f'k{kk gSA dyke lkgc us

çlUurk O;ä djrs gq, fdrkc dk yksdkiZ.k fd;k] mlesa 'kqHkdkeuk, fy[kdj vius gLrk{kj

dj fn,A*23

bl ds ik= d{kk ds Nk= vkSj ,d f'k{kd gS] ftuds uke Øe'k fodkl] fouksn]

guhQ] vk'kk] tkxrh] MsfoM] eLrku vkSj f'k{kd çdk'kA ,dadh dk çkjEHk d{kk&d{k ls gksrk]

ftlesa dsoy cPps gSa] tks rjg&rjg dh 'kjkjrsa dj jgs gSa] rHkh vè;kid çdk'k dk d{kk esa

igyh ckj ços'k gksrk gSA çdk'k lcdk vfHkoknu Lohdkj djds lc ls igys viuk ifjp;

nsrs gSa] fQj ,d&,d djds fo|kÆFk;ksa ls mudk uke vkSj os vkxs pykdj D;k cuuk pkgrs

gSa] vki ds Hkkoh lius D;k&D;k gSa] ;s lc Hkh iwNrs gSaA lc cPps ,d&,d djds vius&vius

lius ds fo"k; esa crkrs gSa&fodkl M‚DVj] guhQ vQlj] MsfoM usrk] tkx`fr eu vkSj deZ ls

bUlku cuuk pkgrh gS] vk'kk pkgrh gS fd lc feytqy dj jgsa] dksÃ vkil esa >xM+k ugÈ

djs] lc ds chp veu 'kkafr] ln~Hkkouk cuh jgs] bl çdkj lc ds vius vius lius gSaA

88

chp&chp esa çdk'k gj ckyd ds lius dh ç'kalk djrs gSa] 'kkcklh nsrs gSa] mRçsfjr djrs gq,

dgrs gSa fd vki lc ds lius cgqr Å¡ps ,oa mÙke gSaA Hkkoh lq[kn rFkk vkn'kZ thou&;kiu

ds fy, lHkh ckydksa dks lius vo'; ns[kus pkfg, vkSj mudks iwjk djus ds fy, dM+h esgur

djuh pkfg,] D;ksafd lius ns[ksaxs rHkh rks iwjs gksaxsA bl okrkZyki ds eè; ç‟fr&çse ds lanHkZ

esa çdk'k dgrs gSa fd bUlku us ç‟fr ds lkFk tks NsM+NkM+ dh gS] mldk ifj.kke vkt Hkksx

jgk gSA vuq'kklu ds çlax esa] ftl dk dk vaxzsth mPpkj.k ‘Discipline’-gS] ds ,d&,d

çFke o.kZ dks ysdj çdk'k cgqr vPNs o~ lqanj rjhds ls O;k[;k çLrqr djrs gSA ftlesa ys[kd

dh ekSfydrk mYys[kuh; gSA lkjka'k gS fd vuq'kklu esa jg dj gh lc dqN çkIr fd;k tk

ldrk gSA dFkkud NksVk fdUrq egÙoiw.kZ ,oa lkjxÆHkr gSA ik=ksa dh la[;k ,dkadh dh ekax

ds vuq:i larqfyr gSA ns'kdky dk Hkh iwjk Hkh è;ku j[kk x;k gSAorZeku le; dh

f'k{k.k&O;oLFkk] vkèkqfud fo|kÆFk;ksa dh lksp o 'kjkjrksa] muds ekuÇld Lrj dk lqO;ofLFkr

<ax ls fp=.k gqvk gSA ;Fkk LFkku vaxzsth 'kCnksa vkSj okD;ksa dk ç;ksx ukVd dks çHkkoh cukrk

gSA laokn ljy] laf{kIr] yEcs] pqVhys] jkspd o ik=kuqdwy gSaA Hkk"kk&'kSyh ckydksa ds Lrj ds

vuqlkj ljy] lgt ,oa ik=ksa ds ekufld Lrj ds vuq:i gSA mís'; Li"V gS fd ckY;koLFkk

ls gh bUlku dks Å¡ps lius ns[kus pkfg, vkSj mUgsa „<+rk ds lkFk iwjk djds Js"B thou

thuk pkfg,] lkFk gh ekrk&firk dks Hkh pkfg, fd cPpksa ds lius dks iwjk djus esa mudh

lgk;rk djsA rHkh lekt ,oa jk"Vª mUur cu ldrk gSA lkj ;g gS fd ^lius* ckyksi;ksxh

rFkk fd'kksjksa ds fy, Hkh cgqr çsj.kkLin gS] euksjatd Hkh gS] f'k{kkçn Hkh] ,d okD; esa dgsa rks

^xkxj esa lkxj* gSA cky euksfoKku dks Hkyh&Hkkfr le>us okys ukVddkj nhun;ky 'kekZ

bl ds fy, lkèkqokn ds ik= gSa A

QSlyk ¼1988½ & ;g iqLrd ^ykseM+h dh lw>* dgkuh dk yxHkx ukVî :ikarj.k gS

ftlesa 'kh"kZd ,oa dqN ik=ksa ds uke cny fn, x;s gSaA ukVd laoknkRed 'kSyh esa gksus ds

dkj.k vfr'k; jkspd gks x;k gSA bl esa jktk }kjk mfpr QSlyk ysdj nks"kh dks leqfpr naM

fn;k tkrk gS tks mYys[kuh; gSA dFkkud y?kq vkdkj dk gS] lHkh ik= viuh&viuh Hkwfedk

esa [kjs mrjrs gSaA laokn cgqr gh pqVhys] O;aX; çèkku] ljy] ik=kuqdwy gSaA mís'; fu"i{k

U;k; gS A bl ukVd ij cky Hkkjrh ubZ fnYyh ds vuqlkj fy[kk gS&*QSlyk ukVd esa ys[kd

us taxy ds lekt esa rksM+&QksM+ dk okrkoj.k mifLFkr dj oÙkZeku lekt dh n'kk dks

dqjsnus dk vPNk ç;kl fd;k gS] tgka j{kd gh Hk{kd cu tk,a] ogk O;oLFkk esa vkewYkpwy

ifjorZu gh dkjxj lkfcr gks ldrk gS] ckydks ds eu esa xgjs cSB dj vPNk lUns'k iagqpkusa

esa ys[kd dk ç;kl lqanj gSA24

89

QSlyk cny x;k ¼1999½&;g ukVî ‟fr ,d lkekftd dqjhfr] ^lqcg&lqcg ftl vkneh

dk eqag ns[kks fnu oSlk gh chrrk gS* ij vkèkkfjr gSA ;fn vPNs O;fä dk eqag fn[k tk;s rks

fnu vPNk cu tkrk gS] ogh¡] fdlh eugwl dk psgjk ns[k ysus ls iwjk fnu [k+jkc gks tkrk gS]

,slh gekjs lekt dh ekU;rk cu pqdh gSA bl ukVd ds ik= egkjkt] ea=h] gjdw èkksch]

jktxq# gSaA egkjkt ,d fnu lqcg& lqcg èkksch dk eqag ns[krk gS] mlh fnu jktdqekjh dks

yM+ds okys ns[kus vkrs gSa] vkSj fj'rs dks Bqdjk nsrs gSaA ;g ckr egkjkt vius ea=h dks crkrs

gaS] ea=h iwNrk gaS fd vkt vkius lqcg&losjs fdl dk eqag ns[kk Fkk\ egkjkt dgrs gaS fd

gjdw èkksch dkA ea=h mÙkj nsrk gaS fd] egkjkt] og rks eugwl gaS] mldk jkT; esa jguk mfpr

ugÈ gSaA egkjkt bldk mik; Hkh ea=h ls gh iwNrs gS] ftlds mÙkj esa og dgrk gS] egkjkt

mls e`R;q naM ns nhft;sA egkjkt ,slk gh djrs gaS] èkksch cgqr fxM+fxMkrk fd egkjkt eSa

eugwl dSls gqvkA eSa rks esgur vkSj Ãekunkjh ls dekrk vkSj [kkrk gw¡] fdlh dk cqjk ugÈ

djrk] vius jLrs vkrk tkrk gw¡A eSa fujijkèkh gw¡A eq>s naM er nhft;sA egkjkt mldh ,d

ugÈ lqursA mls naM fn;k tkus yxrk gS rHkh jktxq# dk ços'k gksrk gSA os bl lanHkZ dh

lkjh lPpkÃ dh tkudkjh egkjkt ls ysrs gSaA èkksch dk naM #dokrs gSa vkSj dgrs gSa fd rqe

ea=h ds cgdkos esa vkdj funksZ"k dks ltk nsus tk jgs gksA naM nsuk gS rks ,sls vaèkfoÜoklksa]

dqjhfr;ksa] Hkzked èkkj.kkvksa dks nhft;s] fdlh Hkksys Hkkys bUlku dks ugÈA jktxq# dh ckr

lqudj egkjkt dh vk¡[ksa [kqy tkrh gS vkSj viuk QSlyk cny ysrs gaSA egkjkt jktxq# ds

pj.kksa esa fxjdj ekQ+h ekaxrs gaS A

tax tkjh gS ¼jsfM;ks ukVd laxzg] 2017½& çLrqr ukVd laxzg esa ukS ukVd gSa tks

fd'kksjksi;ksxh gSa&?kj dh jks'kuh] fj'rksa dk eksy] esjk dlwj D;k gS] ixyh] vius&vius lq[k]

tax tkjh gS] v¡èksjs dh rLohj] eq>s ekQ+ dj nks] fj'rk foÜokl dkA ^?kj dh jks'kuh* esa

csVs&csVh dk Hksn mHkj dj vk;k gS] ckn esa csVh dh egÙkk le> esa vkrh gSA var lq[kn gSA

csVk ?kj dk nhid gS rks csVh ?kj dh jks'kuh] ;gh bl jpuk dk eeZ gSA *fj'rksa dk eksy*

vkt ds VwVrs&fc[kjrs fj'rksa dh ihM+k dks O;ä djrk gS vkSj cq<+kis esa ekrk&firk ds lkFk

csVs&cgw ds frjLdkj iw.kZ O;ogkj dh fueZe rLohj lkeus vkrh gSA ekrk firk csVksa ds mij

cks> cu tkrs gSa] ;s orZeku dh dMqoh lPpkÃ gS] ftls ukVddkj us cgqr Hkyh çdkj ls

çLrqr fd;k gSA ^esjk D;k dlwj Fkk* VwVrs fc[kjrs ifjokjksa] u'ks dh yr ,oa ukjh mRihMu dh

dFkk gS] ftls ukVdh; Lo#i esa jpukdj us vafdr fd;k gSA ^ixyh* ukVd esa ukjh thou

dh =klnh dk nhun;ky 'kekZ us cgqr [kqydj fp=.k fd;k gS ftlesa vkSjr ds ck¡>iu ds

nnZ dks cM+s ekÆed <ax ls oÆ.kr fd;k gSA ukjh vxj ek¡ ugÈ cu ikrh gS rks lekt }kjk

mls fdruh çrkM+uk lguh iM+rh gS] blh ihM+k dks n'kkZrk gS ;g ukVdA gekjs lekt dh ;g

90

Øwj :<+h cu pqdh gS fd ck¡> vkSjr dk lqcg&lqcg eqag ns[kuk Hkh vi'kdqu ekuk tkrk gSA

gj ekaxfyd dk;Z esa mls nwj j[kk tkrk gS] thou Hkj ifjokj vkSj lekt ds rkuksa ls mldk

dystk Nyuh gks tkrk gSA fdruk cM+k ik[kaM gS fd cPps iSnk ugÈ gks rks ukjh gh nks"kh gS]

iq#"k ugÈ] ysfdu lekt bl lp dks vkt rd Lohdkj ugÈ dj ik;k gSA bl çlax esa ukjh

gh ukjh dh nq'eu curh gSA bl dh ukf;dk 'kkafr bl ihM+k dks lgrs lgrs var esa VwV dj

fc[kj tkrh gSA mldh fLFkfr ikxy tSlh gks tkrh gSA ^vius&vius lq[k* ukVd esa Hkh iq=

eksg dh ykylk mHkj dj vkÃ gSA vkSj fQj pkj&pkj csfV;ksa ds ckn iq= dk tUe gks rks

ekrk&firk [k+q'kh esa Qwys ugÈ lekrsA csfV;ksa ds eqag dk fuokyk Nhu dj csVks dks iq"V fd;k

tkrk gS] D;ksafd iq= dqy&nhid gSA iq= jRu dh dkeuk ds fy, D;k dqN ugÈ djrs

ek¡&ckiA ukVd dk rkuk&ckuk nhun;ky 'kekZ us cM+h lq?kM+rk ls cquk gSA ogh csVk tc cM+k

gksrk gS rks ekrk&firk dks misf{kr djrk gS] Hkyk&cqjk lqukrk gS] tqcku yM+krk gS] rc mUgsa

viuh csfV;ka ;kn vkrh gSaA viuh xyfr;ksa ij iNrkrs gSaA ukVd ds var esa csfV;ksa dks

cpkuk] mudk dk lEeku djuk] mUgsa eu ls viukuk] ;s gh lUns'k bl ukVd }kjk çsf"kr

fd;k x;k gSA dU;k Hkw.kZ gR;k can djus] ukjh ukjh dh 'k=q u cus] blds fy, lekt esa

tkx:drk iSnk dh tk;s] ;g bl jpuk dk ewy è;s; gSA 'khÆ"kr jpuk ^tax tkjh gS* esa

iq=&tUe ij Fkkyh ctkdj [k+q'kh çdV dh tkrh gS] ysfdu csVh ds tUe ij ekrk&firk dk

eWaqg yVd tkrk gSA ;gh ugÈ tgk¡ rd budk o'k pyrk gS] mls nqfu;k esa vkus gh ugÈ nsrsA

bl ukVd esa ukVddkj lkjs mrkj&p<ko ds i'pkr~ var esa csVh ds tUe ij Fkkyh ctok gh

nsrs gSaA ;s gh bl jpuk dh lkFkZdrk gSA blds lanHkZ esa enu eksgu y<+k us fy[kk gS&tax

tkjh gS iqLrd esa ladfyr ukVd lkekftd ç’BHkwfe ij jfpr gS] ftues lekt esa O;kir

cqjkb;ksa vkSj folaxfr;ksa ds f[kykQ vkokt+ eq[kfjr gSA elyu ^csVh cpkvks csVh i<kvks* dk

vkàku lekt dh Toyar leL;k ds lekèkku dh ldkjkRed igy gSA*25

^tax tkjh gS* ds vU; ukVd Hkh lekt dh :f<+;ksa] vaèkfoÜoklksa] :<+ ijEijkvksa]

ngst&çFkk] ukjh 'kks"k.k] dqçFkkvksa] iq= eksg vkfn ds fo#) cqus x;s gSaA lHkh ukVd ukjh

'kks"k.k] mRihM+u] çrkM+uk ds f[kykQ vkokt mBkrs gSaA lexz ‟fr vkèkqfud thou 'kSyh dk

thrk&tkxrk fp= n'kkZrh gS vkSj dqaBk] ruko] mgkiksg] ihM+k] vUr}ZU}] ekufld fof{kIrrk]

ikxyiu] fujk'kk] volkn] la=kl dk ;FkkFkZoknh o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA ;g lEiw.kZ ‟fr lekt

ds udkjkRed i{k dh rLohj fn[kkrh vkSj dVq ;FkkFkZ dks çLrqr djrh gSA

91

2-2-4 laiknu vkSj i=dkfjrk

dye ds flikgh nhun;ky 'kekZ us i=dkfjrk ds {ks= esa dkQh [;kfr vftZr dh gSA

viuh ljdkjh ukSdjh ds iwoZ vusd i=&if=dkvksa esa nSfud rst] nSfud rst dsljh] xaxkuxj

if=dk] ;qxi{k vkfn esa i=dkj ds :i esa dk;Z dj pqds gSaA buesa fu;fer LrEHk Hkh fy[krs

gSa] Mqd Hkh fy[krs gSaA laiknd 'kekZ igys vyx&vyx ukeksa ls fy[kk djrs Fks tSls&yads'oj]

fnus'pj] iz;kxjkt] nhun;ky 'kekZ vkfnA bu lekpkj i=ksa esa vius xkao dh [kcjsa] fjiksVlZ

vkSj ikuh&fctyh] lM+d&LokLF; vkfn leL;kvksa ds ckjs esa Hkh [kwc fy[kk gSA dbZ i=

if=dkvksa] Lekfjdkvksa ,oa iqLrdksa dk laiknu bUgksaus fd;k gSA nhun;ky 'kekZ ,d lqy>s gq,

laiknd gSaA buds }kjk laikfnr lkfgR;&

lkfgR; laiknd ¼ekun½ ^Vkcj Vksyh* ¼ikf{kd cPpksa dk fganh v[kckj½ 2003 ls

izdkf'kr

laiknd ¼ekun½ ^dkfu;k ekfu;k dqjZ* ¼cPpksa dk jktLFkkuh v[kckj] 2005½

laiknd ¼ekun½ ^ikjl ef.k* ¼cPpksa dk jktLFkkuh frekgh if=dk½ dk tqykbZ] 3013 ls

izdk'ku

laiknd] ^vk[kj HkVslj* ¼lk{kjrk dh ekfld if=dk½ ^HkVusfjdk ¼Lekfjdk½

^?kX?kj* ¼Lekfjdk] ßcky lkfgR; leh{kk o"kZ%30 Qjojh&2017] cky dFkk laxzg iqjLdkj

dk n.M] ?kqa?k:vksa dh vkokt½

dksbZ Hkh v[kckj futh O;; ij izdkf'kr djuk cPpksa dk [ksy ugha gS] ysfdu bl

Jelk/; vkSj O;;lk/; dk;Z dks Hkh cky eu ds fprsjs nhun;ky 'kekZ us cM+h dq'kyrk]

fu"Bk] leiZ.k Hkko ,oa yXku ds lkFk lkdkj dj fn[kk;k gSA ^Vkcj Vksyh* ¼ikf{kd½ ns'k dk

izFke cky v[kckj gS] ftldk Jh x.ks'k 14 uoEcj] 2003 ls gqvkA rc ls blds ekun vkSj

lkfgR; lEiknd nhun;ky 'kekZ gSaA ns'k Hkj esa izlkfjr gksus okys bl i= dh izfr i{k N%

gtkj izfr;k¡ izdkf'kr gksrh jgh gSaA rc ls vc rd laiknd 'kekZ bl dk;Z dks riL;k dh

rjg iwjh rUe;rk] ftEesnkjh vkSj fu;fer :i ls fuHkk jgs gSaA fo"k;oLrq dh n`f"V ls ;g

cky&i= dkQh le`) gSA blesa lkjh lkexzh ckyksi;ksxh gksrh gS] tSls&cky xhr] cky

dgkfu;ka] cky igsfy;k¡] cky lkfgR;dkjksa ds izsjd izlax] muds lk{kkRdkj] ckydksa ds lkekU;

Kku dks c<+kus okyh ckrsa] mi;ksxh lekpkj] Mqd] Vkcj Vwu] vc galus dh ckjh gS] ¼pqVdys

tks cPps gh Hkstrs gSa½ egkiq#"kksa ds vueksy fopkj] [kkuk [ktkuk ,oa dbZ ckyksi;ksxh NksVs

ys[k tSls&;ksx vklu vkids cPps dks j[ksaxs pqLr&nq:Lr] /kqzeiku ls cPpksa esa eksVkis dk

[krjk lfgr gksrs gSaA vkt ;g i= ckydksa ds gkFkksa esa igq¡p jgk gSA D;k NksVs D;k cM+s lHkh

92

bls cM+s pko ls i<+rs gSaA vkt bl v[kckj us ns'kHkj esa viuh vyx igpku cukbZ gSaA

ikBdksa fo}kuksa dh utj esa Vkcj&Vksyh&

ds-ds- cksgjk ¼lgk;d funs'kd] nwjn'kZu dsUnz] t;iqj½ ^cPpksa ds v[kckj ^Vkcj Vksyh* dh

dYiuk rks esjh lksp ls ijs gSaA bl iwathoknh ;qx esa lcdh t:jr /ku&y{eh gS ogha

nhun;ky 'kekZ tSls dyedkj viuh lksp ls ns'k vkSj lekt ds fy, lqanj&lqanj] lykSuh

ikS/k rS;kj djus esa yxs gSaA Hkfo"; ds d.kZ/kkjksa ds fy, ys[ku fdlh fe'ku ls de ugha gksrkA

Vkcj Vksyh ds vad u dsoy Lo;a pVdkjs ysdj i<+rk jgk gw¡ oju~ nwjn'kZu ds esjs lg;ksxh

lkfFk;ksa ds lkFk Hkh ckaV jgk gw¡ vkSj xoZ ls dgrk gw¡ fd cky txr dk ;s v[kckj esjs fe=

vius lhfer lalk/kuksa ls cM+s iSekus ij izdkf'kr dj forfjr djrs gSaA*26

lkfgR;dkj xksfoUn 'kekZ& ^i=dkfjrk ds {ks= esa Vkcj Vksyh mudk vfHkuo iz;ksx gSA lkfgR;

vkSj cky lkfgR; ls tqM+s bl ikf{kd dks muds /kS;Z dk izrhd dgk tk ldrk gSA o"kZ 2003

ls fujarj fu;fer izdk'ku] laiknu og Hkh lk/ku foghurk dh fLFkfr esa vk'p;Z pfdr rks

djrk gh gSA*27

izfl) jpukdkj fp=dkj euksgj flag jkBkSM& ^vkt Vkcj Vksyh cky v[kckj 15osa o"kZ esa

izos'k dj x;k gSA ;g cky v[kckj budh vaxqyh idM+s nkSM jgk gSA bl v[kckj us buds

eku&lEeku esa Jho`f) dh gSA*28

lkfgR;dkj MkW- fouksn lksekuh ^gal ^Vkcj Vksyh* ds ek/;e ls u;k dhfrZeku jpk gSA viuh

lEikndh; lw>&cw> ls mUgksaus vusdkusd ys[kdksa&dfo;ksa dks tksM+k gSA ,d cky i= dks

fu;ferrk nsdj jkT; esa cky lkfgR; ds jpukdkjksa dks eap iznku fd;k gSA*29

jpukdkj 'kekZ Js"B ys[kd ds lkFk&lkFk lqy>s gq, i=dkj ,oa dq'ky laiknd Hkh

gSaA mi;qZDr d`fro ds v/;;u ls Kkr gksrk gS fd nhun;ky 'kekZ dk jpukdeZ csgn foLr`r]

jkspd] euksjatd] dYiuk'khy] Kkuo)Zd] lektksi;ksxh] ljy] lgt vkSj ckydksa ds fy,

leqfpr gSA jpukdkj us jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk esa Hkh cgqr cM+h ek=k esa cky lkfgR; ,oa cM+ksa dk

lkfgR; jpk gSA jktLFkku Hkk"kk esa cky lkfgR; dk bfrgkl jpdj u;k bfrgkl cuk;k gSA

uolk{kjksa ds fy, Hkh lkfgR; l`tu dj pqds gSaA ;g lexz lkfgR; ikBdksa] leh{kksa]

lkfgR;dkjksa ,oa ckydksa ds chp vR;Ur pfpZr jgk gSA cky lkfgR; dh laLej.kkRed fucU/k

“kSyh esa fyf[kr iqLrd ^ckyi.kS jh ckrka* dks dsUnzh; lkfgR; vdkneh ls 2009 essa iqjLdr

fd;k tk pqdk gS] ftls lHkh fo}kuksa] ys[kdksa] ikBdksa] cky ikBdksa us th Hkj dj ljkgk gSA

izLrqr dfr vkt ds lanHkZ esa cgqr izklafxd gS ,oa nhun;ky 'kekZ dh gLrk{kfjr iqLrd gSA

blds vUrxZr cpiu ds izlaxksa dks jkspd 'kSyh esa izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA ;s iqLrd f'k{kkizn]

93

euksjatd] gkL; iz/kku] lgt] ljy vkSj lq:fpiw.kZ gSA bl rjg dfrdkj 'kekZ us lkfgR; ds

lalkj esa viuk vyx dhfrZeku LFkkfir fd;k gSA 'kks/k dh viuh lhek,a gksrh gS] blfy,

'kks/kkFkhZ vius 'kks/k izca/k ds fy, dsoy fganh cky lkfgR; dks vk/kkj cukdj 'kks/k dk;Z dj

jgh gSA nhun;ky 'kekZ fojkV O;fDrRo ds Lokeh gSa] ^lknk thou mPp fopkj* dgkor bu ij

iwjh rjg pfjrkFkZ gksrh gSA bUgsa vusd ekuoh; [kwfc;ksa dk leqPp; dgk tk ldrk gSA cpiu

ls gh budh i<+kbZ fy[kkbZ esa cgqr xgjh :fp Fkh] blhfy, dfo 'kekZ f'k{kk ds {ks= esa vR;Ur

izfrHkkoku vkSj rh{.k cqf) ds jgs gSA gk¡] bUgsa O;kolkf;d&thou ds vkjEHk esa cgqr la?k"kZ

djuk iM+kA ljdkjh ukSdjh ds ckn dk dk;Z dky mÙke jgkA ikfjokfjd {ks= esa jpukdkj us

iq=] ifr] firk HkkbZ vkfn ds :i esa vius mÙkjnkf;Roksa ,oa ftEesnkfj;ksa dk fuokZg iwjh

bZekunkjh ,oa leiZ.k Hkko ls fd;k gSA lQy i=dkj] laiknd] lektlsoh ds :i esa bUgksaus

lekt esa viuh izHkko'kkyh Nfo cukbZ gSA dbZ lEekuksa vkSj iqjLdkjksa ls foHkwf"kr ys[kd 'kekZ

eats gq, jpukdkj] vkReh; fe=] yksdfiz; ys[kd] Js"B bUlku gSaA f'k'kqvksa] ckydksa ,oa fd'kksjksa

ds fy, vusd fo/kkvksa esa] vusd :i&jaxksa esa] fd, x, lqanj vkSj ckyksi;ksxh l`tu dk;Z dks

cky lkfgR; txr esa ehy dk iRFkj dgk tk ldrk gSA vusd fo}kuksa] lkfgR;dkjksa] fe=ksa us

buds O;fDrRo vkSj d`fro ls izHkkfor gksdj vius mn~xkj izLrqr fd, gSa] tks dfo 'kekZ dh

yksdfiz;rk] ekuoh; laosnuk] lân;rk] lsokHkko dks izekf.kr djrs gSaA

94

lUnHkZ lwph

1. teacherdarapan.blogspot.com

2. vikasaurmanovigyan.blogspot.com

3. P;qbax xe] ekulh 'kekZ] Hkwfedk ls

4. dqN vudgh ckrsa] la- nq";Ur tks'kh] MkW- es?kuk 'kekZ] i`- 181





9. Vkcj Vksyh&1 ebZ] 2010] laiknd] i- 2



12. dj nks cLrk gYdk] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`- 24

13. lwjt ,d flrkjk] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`- 16

14. pwa&pwa] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`- 12

15. f'kfojk flrEcj&2015] laiknd] i- 11

16. fxyh&fxyh xIik] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`- 26

17. vxM+e&cxM+e] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`- 23

18. jlxqYyk] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`- 29

19. fpfM+;k pgds xhr lquk,] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`- 36

20. bDdkou cky igsfy;k¡] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`- 10

21. fpaVw&fiaVw dh lw>] f}rh; laLdj.k&1989] MkW- izHkkdj ekpos dh dye ls

22. dqN vudgh ckrsa----] la- nq";Ur tks'kh] MkW- es?kuk 'kekZ] i`- 28

23. dqN vudgh ckrsa-----] laiknd% nq";Ur tks'kh] MkW- es?kuk 'kekZ] i`- 27

24. deendayalsharma.blogspot.com ckyHkkjrh ubZ fnYyh] leh{kk vad] 1988

25. epaperpatrika.com 1 vizSy&2018

26. dqN vudgh ckrsa-----] la- nq";Ur tks'kh] MkW- es?kuk 'kekZ] i`- 54




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95

r`rh; v/;k;

nhun;ky 'kekZ dk i|

dkO; dk Lo:i vR;Ur O;kid ,oa foLrr gS] lkFk gh lkFk vfrlw{e Hkh gSA ;gh

dkj.k gS fd dkO; dks fdlh fuf'pr ifjf/k esa vkc) ugha fd;k tk ldrkA dkO; dh

O;kidrk blh ckr ls izekf.kr gS fd dkO; dh lÙkk lkoZHkkSfed ,oa lkoZdkfyd gSA ekuo ds

Hkkoksa dk lk/kkj.khdj.k ,oa :ik;u dkO; ds ek/;e ls gh laHko gSA dkO;kRedrk ân; ls

fulr gksdj lân; HkkoqdikBd ds vUrl~ rd igq¡pdj jl] vkuan ls Hkj nsrh gSA dkO; dk

i;kZ; dfork :ih dkfeuh dk lkSUn;Z izfr{k.k ifjofrZr gksrk gS] vr,o vkt rd mls fdlh

Hkh Lo:i ;k ifjHkk"kk esa izdV djuk lEHko ugha gks ik;k gSA oLrqr% dfork mruh gh iqjkru

gS ftruk fd ekuoA cky lkfgR; dk ewy rÙo Li`.kh; lqUnj Hkko gSA ftldh vfHkO;fDr dk

vfuok;Z ?kVd Hkk"kk 'kSyh gSA dkO; dk izk.k rÙo Hkko gS] rks Hkk"kk 'kSyh mldk 'kjhj

fu%lUnsg Hkko gh dfork dk ewyHkwr rÙo gSA mÙke dkO; dh jpuk esa fy, mnkÙkrk] xgurk]

izxk<+ vuqHkwfr;ka ,oa O;kidrk vfuok;Z gSA dfork euq"; dh HkkolÙkk ds loksZÙke :i ls

lk{kkRdkj djokrh gSA dfork dk iz;kstu ekuo dk vkuan iznku djuk] lkFk gh fdlh

ekfeZd rF; dks izdV djuk gSA dfork] dkO; vFkok i| Nan esa vkc) ,slh dkO;kRed jpuk

gS] ftlesa y;kRedrk] izokg'khyrk gks] tks iwjs fof/k&fo/kku] vuq'kklu ds lkFk NUne; gks]

ftls i<+dj fpÙk fdlh jl ;k euksosx ls ifjiw.kZ gks tk,A vkpk;Z jkepUnz 'kqDy ds vuqlkj

dfork dh izsj.kk ls euksosxksa ds izokg tksj ls cgus yxrs gSaA bl izdkj dfork euksosxksa dh

mÙksftr djus dk ,d mÙke lk/ku gSA Hkkjr esa dfork dk bfrgklvkSj n'kZu vR;ar izkphu

gSA bldk 'kqHkkjEHk vkpk;Z Hkjreqfu ls ekuk tk ldrk gSA x| dk izknqHkkZo cgqr ckn esa gqvk

gS] ftldk izkjEHk HkkjrsUnq ;qx ls ekuk x;k gS] blds iwoZ dk lewpk lkfgR; dkO; ds :i esa

izkIr gSA blds lkFk&lkFk dbZ fo}kuksa ,oa bfrgkldkjksa us fganh lkfgR; dks x|] i| ,oa

pEiw] rhu fo/kkvksa esa foHkkftr fd;k gS] ftuesa lcls ljl] lqe/kqj] thou ds fudV i| jpuk

dks Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA dfork Hkkjrh; fganh ,oa laLdr lkfgR; dh lokZf/kd izkphu fo/kk

gSA dfork vkSj thou dk vUrjax lEcU/k gSA dfork gS rks thou gS] vkSj thou gS rks dfork

gSA dfork D;k gS] ds izlax esa egku vkpk;ksZa ds lw= okD; cgq izpfyr gSa] ;Fkk&fo'oukFk dk

^okD; jlkRed dkO;e*] vkpk;Z Hkkeg dk ^'kCnkFkksZa lfgrksa dkO;e~* vkSj Nk;kokn ds iz[;kr

dfo vkSj jpukdkj t;'kadj izlkn dk ^lR; dh vuqHkwfr] iafMr txUukFk us ^jlxaxk/kj* esa

96

^je.kh;* vFkZ dks dkO; ds vFkZ ds :i esa izfrikfnr fd;k gSA budk fupksM+ gS] dkO; thou

dh jl flä vuqHkwfr gS ftls fdlh Hkk"kk }kjk dykRed :i nsdj izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA

vfXuiqjk.k ds vuqlkj dkO; es b"V vFkZ dks izdV djus okyh ,slh inkoyh ls ;qDr okD; gSa]

tks nks"kjfgr] xq.klfgr vkSj vyad`r gks vFkkZr~ dkO; b"VkFkZ] laf{kIr okD;] vyadkj] xq.k vkSj

nks"k jfgrrk vfuok;Z gSA b"V dkO; dk ewy rRo gS] tks lHkh dkO; jpukvksa esa O;Dr gksrk

gSA nks"kjfgr gksuk mÙke dkO; dk xq.k gSA xq.k dh mifLFkfr dkO; xq.kksa dk izfrfuf/kRo gS

vkSj vyadkj dkO; lkSUn;Z ds fy, vHkh"V ekuk x;k gsA xksLokeh rqylhnkl th us dkO; dk

fufgrkFkZ yksdeaxy dks Lohdkjk gSa &

^dhjfr Hkfufr Hkwfr Hkfy lksbZA

lqjljh le lc dg fgr gksbZ*

vFkkZr~ dhfrZ dfork vkSj lEifÙk ogh mÙke gSa] tks xaxkth dh Hkkafr lcdk fgr djrh

gSA ^dkO;* 'kCn dk fganh 'kCndks'k lEer rkRi;Z gS &

la- ¼iq-½ 1- dfork] 2- dfo dh jlkRed ¼tSls&ljy ,oa vkstLoh dkO;A xr ¼fo-½

dkO;kRed%¼iq-½] xhr ,oa dfork dh iqLrdA1

iz[;kr vkykspd] fuca/kdkj bfrgkldkj vkpk;Z jkepUnz 'kqDy& ^ftl izdkj vkRek dh

eqDrkoLFkk Kkun'kk dgykrh gSA ân; dh blh eqfDr dh lk/kuk ds fy, euq"; dh ok.kh tks

'kCn fo/kku djrh vkbZ gS] mls dfork dgrs gSA bl lk/kuk dks ge Hkko;ksx dgrs gSa vkSj]

deZ;ksx vkSj Kku;ksx ds led{k ekurs gSaA2

MkW- jekdkar 'kekZ& ßdfork bruh iz;kstuh; oLrq gS fd lalkj dh lH; vkSj vlH; lHkh

tkfr;ksa esa ikbZ tkrh gSA pkgs foKku u gks] n'kZu u gks] ij dfork vo'; gksxhA bldk D;k

dkj.k gS\ ckr ;g gS fd euq"; vius gh O;kikjksa dk ,slk ?kuk e.My cka/krk pyk vk jgk gS

fd ftlds Hkhrj Qaldj og 'ks"k l`f"V ds lkFk vius ân; dk lEcU/k dHkh&dHkh ugha j[k

ldrkA bl ckr ls euq"; dh euq";rk tkrh jgus dk Mj jgrk gSA vr,o euq"kh izdfr dks

tkxzr j[kus ds fy, dfork euq"; tkfr ds lkFk yx xbZ gSA dfork ;s gh iz;Ru djrh gS

fd 'ks"k izd`fr ls euq"; dh n`f"V dVus u ik,A tkuojksa dh bldh t:jr ughaAÞ3

vkpk;Z uUnnqykus oktis;h& ßdkO; rks izd`r&ekuo&vuqHkwfr;ksa dk uSlfxZd dYiuk ds lgkjs

,slk lkSUn;Ze; fp=.k gS tks euq"; ek= esa LoHkkor% vuq:i HkkoksPNokl vkSj lkSUn;Z laosnuk

mRiUu djrk gSAÞ4

97

vaxzsth dfo gM+lu& “Poetry is interpretation of life thought, imgagination and

emotion.”5

mi;qZDr ifjHkk"kkvksa ,oa 'kCndks'kxr vFkkZuqlkj dgk tk ldrk gS fd dfork ,d ,slh

Nanc) jpuk gS] tks jl ls ifjiw.kZ gks] ftl esa y; izokg] xs;rk] dYiuk] izsj.kk] b"VkFkZ]

dkO; xq.k] nks"k jfgrrk] lkSUn;Z] in ykfyR;] vyadkj izsj.kk vkfn rÙoksa dk lek;kstu gksA

dfork fo'o dh lHkh tkfr;ksa esa ikbZ tkrh gSaA dfork ls euq"; Hkko dh j{kk gksrh gS] tc

rd dfork gS] euq";rk cph jgsxh D;ksafd dfork dk jkxkRed lEcU/k ân; ls gS] dfork

lR; dh vuqHkwfr Hkh gSA oLrqr laLd`r esa dkO; 'kCn lkfgR; dk gh i;kZ; ekuk x;k gS] ckn

esa bls dsoy dfork ;k i| ds :i esa gh Lohdkj fd;k tkus yxkA vusd fo}kuksa ds }kjk

dfork vFkok dkO; dk vFkZ Li"V gqvk gS vkSj gks jgk gSA fQj Hkh bl lEcU/k esa ;gh dguk

lehphu gksxk fd dfork dkfeuh dk vFkZ iw.kZ fo'kq)] loZlEer :i ls vkt rd ugha fy[kk

tk ldk vkSj u gh ,slh dksbZ laHkkouk gS] D;ksafd ^Hkko Hksn] jl Hksn vikjk* dk xk;d dkO;

dks ,d laf{kIr ifjHkk"kk eas vkc) ugha fd;k tk ldrk] ,slk lEHko Hkh ugha gS D;ksafd

vkRekuqHkwfr dk O;Dr :i gSA ^u 'kD;rs o.kZf;rq fxjk Lo;a rnUr dj.ksu xárs*] dguk gh

mi;qDr gksxkA

lk/kkj.kr% dkO; ds nks Hksn lokZf/kd izpfyr gS] egkdkO; vkSj [kaM dkO;A egkdkO;

lxZc) gksrk gS] ftudh la[;k de ls de vkB gksA ftldk uk;d dksbZ nsork] jktk]

egkiq:"k ;k /khjksnkÙk xq.kksa ls lEiUu gksuk pkfg,A blesa ohj] Ük`axkj ;k 'kkar jlksa esa ls dksbZ

,d bl iz/kku gksuk pkfg,A buds lkFk&lkFk d:.k gkL; vkfn jl ,oa vU; ik=ksa ds izlax

Hkh vko';d :i ls vkus pkfg,A izd`fr&fp=.k Hkh gksuk pkfg,A [kaMdkO; esa thou ds fdlh

,d va'k ;k [kaM fo'ks"k dks dsUnz esa j[kdj jpk tkrk gS] ftlesa ladyu =; dk gksuk

vko';d gSA

vkfndky ls HkfDrdky rd lHkh dfr;k¡ dfork iz/kku jgh gSaA lkfgR; dh mRifÙk gh

i| ls gqbZ gSA ;g Hkh laHko gS fd cky lkfgR; ls gh fganh lkfgR; dk mn~?kkVu gqvk gksA

vkfn dky ls ysdj orZeku rd lkfgR;dkjksa dh yEch ijEijk jgh gS] ftlesa pancjnk;h]

ujifr ukYg] txfud] Jh/kj] Lo;aHkw] vehj [kqljks] uUnnkl] fgr gfjoa'k] ehjk] lwjnkl]

ds'konkl] ^nso*] fcgkjh] jghe] vn~ekdj] ek[kuyky prqosZnh] jke/kkjh flag fnudj] fo".kq

izHkkdj] eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr] gfjoa'k jk; cPpu] efrjke] izlkn] iUr] ^fujkyk*] lwjnkl] HkkjrsUnq]

egkohj izlkn f}osnh] Jh/kj ikBd] MkW- Jh izlkn] xq.kkdj] lqHknzk dqekjh pkSgku] dsnkjukFk

vxzoky] eqfDrcks/k] ukxktqZu] txnh'k xqIr] bafnjk vxzoky] MkW- fo|k Hkw"k.k] JhukFk] lksgu

yky f}osnh vkfn izeq[k gSaA cky lkfgR; dh ikS/k dks Jh/kj ikBd] cky eqdaqn xqIr] v;ks/;k

98

flag mik/;k; ^gfjvkS/k* us jksik] tks vkt Qy Qwy dj fo'kky oVo`{k dk vkdkj ys pqdh gSA

buds ledkyhu vusd cky lkfgR;dkjksa esa eerk izlkn ^xq:* dk uke vxz.kh gSA Hkkjr esa

yEcs le; ds ckn cky lkfgR; dks Lora= fo/kk ds :i esa ekU;rk feyh] orZeku le; esa

gtkjksa cky jpukdkj cky jpukdeZ esa jr gSaA Lora=rk izkfIr ds ckn nsosUnz dqekj]

jRuizdk'k] fujadkj nso lsod] ukjk;.k ijekj] fu'kkar dsrq] izsefd'kksj] MkW- ohjsUnz 'kekZ] losZ'oj

n;ky lDlsuk] jkts'k tks'kh] txnh'k pUnz 'kekZ] lhrkjke xqIr] jke fujatu] dYiuk tSu]

JhukFk flag] Lo.kZ lgksn;] MkW- ukxs'k ikaMs; ^lat;*] fnfod jes'k] izdk'k euq] 'ksjtax]

gfjd".k nsoljs] jk"VªcU/kq] ;ksxs'k dqekj yYyk] Jhizlkn] t;izdk'k ^Hkkjrh* fouksn pUnz] vCnqy

len jkgh] 'kdqUryk fljksfB;k] HkS:yky xxZ] foeyk HkaMkjh] fujadkj nso lsod] xksfoUn 'kekZ]

bafnjk xkSM+ ,oa ?keaMh yky vxzoky vkfn dk ;ksxnku mYys[kuh; gSA cky lkfgR; dh blh

ijEijk esa guqekux<+ taD'ku] jktLFkku ds tkus&ekus cky lkfgR;dkj nhun;ky 'kekZ dk

uke cM+s lEeku ds lkFk fy;k tkrk gSaA fofHkUu fo/kkvksa] cky xhr] cky dfork] cky dgkuh]

cky ukVd] cky ,dkadh] cky laLej.k] cky gkL;&O;aX;] cky igsfy;ka] pqVdys] {kf.kdk,a esa

l`ftr cky lkfgR; ckY;dky ls gh euq"; ds larqfyr fodkl esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk dk fuokZg

djus esa l{ke gSA LokHkkfod cky ftKklk ,oa :fp;ksa ds vuqlkj lkfgR; l`tu nhun;ky

'kekZ dh fo'ks"krk gSA buds cky lkfgR; esa yxHkx os lHkh rRo n`f"Vxkspj gSa] tks cky

lkfgR; ds fy, visf{kr gSaA ;s dguk vfr'k;ksfDr ugah gksxh fd jpukdkj 'kekZ O;fDr ugha

vfirq ,d laLFkk ds :i esa dk;Zjr gSAcky lkfgR;dkj nhun;ky 'kekZ dh vHkh rd cky

dkO; dh vkB d`fr;k¡ izdkf'kr gks pqdh gS&

dj nks cLrk gYdk ¼1998½] lwjt ,d flrkjk ¼2000½]

ukuh rw gS dSlh ukuh ¼2010½] pwa&pwa ¼2010½]

fxyh fxyh xIik ¼2014½] vxM+e&cxM+e ¼2014½]

jlxqYyk ¼2016½] fpfM+;k pgds xhr lquk;s ¼2016½A

3-1 cky dkO;

3-1-1 lkSUn;Z psruk vkSj cky dkO;

lR;e~] f'koe~] lqUnje~ Hkkjrh; laLd`fr ds izeq[k dkjd gSaA tks lR; gS] ogha f'ko gS

vkSj tks f'ko gS ogh lqUnj gSA lkSUn;Z lkoZHkkSfed lR; gS] tks fuf[ky l`f"V ds d.k&d.k esa

ifjO;kIr gSA leLr pjkpj txr ifjorZu'khy gS] ;gk¡ {k.k&{k.k ifjorZu ?kfVr gksrs gSa] blh

ifjorZu dks lkSUn;Z dh laKk ls fpfUgr djrs gq, laLd`r ds egkdfo ek?k us ^f'k'kqikyoèk* esa

99

fy[kk gS ^{k.ks&{k.ks ;Uuorkeqaiksfr rnSo :ia je.kh;rk;*6 vkSj jhfrdky ds izdk.M iafMr]

egkdfo fcgkjhyky jRukdj us ukf;dk ds {k.k&{k.k ifjofrZr gksrs vfuoZpuh; :i ds izlax

esa lkSUn;Z dks vizfrerk ds lkFk of.kZr fd;k gS&^fy[ku cSfB tkdh lch] xfg&xfg xjc

xq:jA Hk;s u dsrs txr ds] prqjA*

lEiw.kZ izd`fr ,oa txr~ ds d.k&d.k essaa fojkV lkSUn;Z lek;k gqvk gS] lkjk txr gh

lqUnjrk dk lkdkj Lo:i gS] bls vkRelkr djus ds fy, vko';drk gS rks lqUnj n`f"V dhA

,slh dgkor gS fd ^tSlh n`f"V] oSlh l`f"VA* lkSUn;Z oLrq esa ugha vfirq vk¡[kksa esa gksrk gS vkSj

;g oLrqfu"B gksus ds lkFk&lkFk vuqHkwfrtU; Hkh gSA lqUnjrk dk Lo:i vR;ar O;kid gSA

ljy 'kCnksa esa dgsa rks lkSUn;Z ckyd dh rjg ljy] fu'Ny] lgt] ljl ,oa lq:fpiw.kZ ekuk

tk ldrk gSA ,d okD; esa dgas rks lgtrk gh lkSUn;Z gSA blhfy, ckyd lc dks fiz;

yxrk gSA ^lkSUn;Z* 'kCn dk vFkZ 'kCndks'k ds vuq:i&

lkSUn;Z % la- ¼iq-½ lqUnjrk] [kwclwjrh] psruk] lkSUn;Z Hkkouk okyk] fnO;rk ¼L=h-½

lkSan;Zokn % cks/k ¼iq-½ dyk ds lw{e lkSUn;Z dk Kku] okn ¼iq-½ dyk ds lkSUn;Z dks izk/kkU; nsus

dk er ;k fl)kUr 7

vaxzsth esa lkSUn;Z dk lekukFkZd 'kCn 'Beauty' gS] ftldk vaxzsth 'kCndks'k esa xr rkRi;Z gS&

Beauty - n. (p.l. Beauties) grace or excellance in the features of a person or thing :i]

'kksHkk] euksgjrk] je.kh;rk] lqUnjr n.a. beautiful person (esp. a woman)lqUnj euq";]

fo'ks"kdj lqUnj L=hA8

'kCn fuekZ.k dh n`f"V ls&^lq* milxZ ^mUn* /kkrq rFkk ^vju*~ izR;; ds lqfu;kstu ls ;g 'kCn

cuk gSA ^mUn* dk vFkZ vknzZ djuk ¼fi?kyuk½ rFkk ^vju* drZ`okP; izR;; gSA ^lq* dk vFkZ

lq"Bq ;k Hkyh&Hkkafr] bl izdkj lqUnj 'kCn dk vFkZ Hkyh Hkkafr vknzZ djus okykA9

lkSUn;Z dks fofHkUu fo}kuksa us fuEukafdr :i ls ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gS&

MkW- /keZiky ns'koky&^lq"Bqr;k uUn;frfMfr lqUnje~ rL; Hkko% lkSUn;ZA* vr% lqUnj 'kCn dh

Hkkookpd laKk gh lkSUn;Z gSA*10

Hkxorhpj.k oekZ& ^lqUnj ogh gks ldrk gS tks dY;k.kdkjh gksA* ,oa xks;Fks&^,d 'k[l gj

fnu laxhr lqus] FkksM+h lh dfork i<+s vkSj vius thou dh lqUnj rLohj jkst fn[ks] mls

lqUnjrk dh ifjHkk"kk ryk'kus dh t:jr ugha D;ksafd Hkxoku us lkjs lalkj dk lkSUn;Z mldh

>ksyh esa Mky j[kk gSA*11

100

lkSUn;Z 'kkL= ds Kkrk gj}kjh yky 'kekZ dk ßlkSUn;Z ge ml 'kfDr dks dg ldrs gSa

tks tuekul dks vr`Ir ladYiksa vkSj laLdkjksa ds edM+tky ls NqM+k dj orZeku esa vkRelkr

vkuUn iznku djus esa l{ke gSAÞ12

MkW- vuqjk/kk 'kqDy dk ekuuk gS&

^vkuUnks HkklekuLrq lRoksa ikf?k"k lkd`frA

vkRefoJkUR; Hksosu lkSUn;Z O;ifo';rsAA13

vFkkZr~ lRo dh mikf/k;ksa ls vyad`r foJkafr :i vkuan gh lkSUn;Z dgykrk gSA

xsVs ds vuqlkj& ^lkSUn;Z og vkfne fo"k; gS tks Lo;a dHkh izdV ugha gksrkA oLrq ftldk

izfrfcEc ltu'khy eu dh lgL=ksa fofo/k mfDr;ksa ls mn~Hkkflr gksrk jgrk gS vkSj mruk gh

oSfo/;iw.kZ gS ftruh Lo;a izd`frA*

14

fofHkUu 'kCndks'kksa esa vafdr lkSUn;Z ds vFkksZa ,oa xgu v/;;u ds vk/kkj ij dgk tk

ldrk gS fd lkSUn;Z lEiw.kZ ok³e; dk vk/kkj gSA lkSUn;Z izfr{k.k ifjofrZr gksus okyh

vfrlw{k] xaxk dh rjg ifo=] 'kk'or] fnO;] jle;] lR; ls vkIykfor] dY;k.kdkjh ,oa

fojkV vuqHkwfr gS] tks yksd dY;k.k ls vkiwfjr gksrh gSA lkSUn;Z vkSj dkO; ,d flDds ds nks

igyw gSa D;ksafd lkSUn;Z dkO; dk izeq[k rÙo ekuk x;k gSA lkSUn;Z dk dkO; ls fuxwM+ lEcU/k

gSA laHkor;k% izR;sd dfo us vius i| esa lkSUn;Z dk mn~?kkVu fd;k gSA fo|kifr] tk;lh]

lwjnkl] rqylh] ?kukuan] jl[kku] fcgkjh] dchj] iar] fujkyk] egknsoh oekZ] izlkn vkfn

jpukdkjksa us lkSUn;Z dk fofo/k Hkkafr fu:i.k fd;k gSA rqylh us Jhjke ds vuqie vf}rh;]

vfuoZp] fcjkV lkSUn;Z dks ^fxjk vu;u u;u fcuq ckuh* vkSj lwj us blh lqUnjrk dks ^T;ksa

xawxsgh ehBs Qy dks jl* vUreZu gh HkkoS* dgdj fganh lkfgR; es lksan;Z dh çfr"Bk Hkh gSA

cky lkfgR; esa lkSUn;Z uhj&{khj dh rjg /kqyk&feyk gksrk gSA cky dkO; vFkkZr~ ckydksa ds

fy, dkO;] tks cPpksa ds fy,] cPpksa dks /;ku esa j[k dj fy[kk x;k gkSA cky dkO; dk uke

lqurs gh eu esa ljlrk dh vuqHkwfr gksus yxrh gSA ckyd vkSj dfork dk tUe ls gh izxk<+

lEcU/k gksrk] D;ksafd cky yksfj;k¡ lqu dj gh cM+k gksrk gSA yksjh ds lanHkZ esa izfl) dof;=h

jtuh flag viuh d`fr ^yksjh lq[k* esa fy[krh gSA yksjh og laxhr gS tks ek¡ }kjk viuh larku

dh fuUnzk dks lqO;ofLFkr] lq#fpdj vkSj lksan;Zdj cukus ds fy, eèkqfje Lojksa] eèkqfje èkquksa

vkSj pqEcdh; 'kCnksa esa xk;k tkus okyk xku gSA15 cky dkO; dks dbZ jpukdkjksa us ifjHkkf"kr

fd;k gS&

101

egku dof;=h egknsoh oekZ ds vuq:i&^ckyd rks Lo;a ,d dkO; gS] Lo;a gh lkfgR; gSA*

cky dkO; vFkkZr ckydksa ds fy, dkO; gSA ftl dkO; esa ckyd dh Hkk"kk esa mldh viuh

n`f"V] viuk fpUru vkSj viuh dYiuk,¡ vfHkO;Dr gksrh gksa] lgh vFkZ esa ogh cky dkO; gSA

vLrq] ge dg ldrs gSa fd f'k'kq] ckyd vkSj fd'kksjks dks ekufld vkYgkn iznku djus dh

n`f"V ls fyf[kr vFkok ladfyr dkO; gh lgh vFkksZ esa cky dkO; gSA16

MkW- ij'kqjke 'kqDy us ekuk gS&^cky lkfgR; esa dfork lokZf/kd izHkko'kkyh gksrh gSA dfork esa

jl gksrk gS vkSj jl esa LoknA cPpksa dks Lokfn"V dfork;sa nsdj muds O;fDrRo dks ljyrk

ls laokjk tk ldrk gSA17

ckyd vkSj dkO; dks ijLij i;kZ; dgk tk ldrk gS ;k dgsa fd ckyd Lo;a dfork

gSA cky dfork dk izeq[k xq.k mldh y;kRedrk] lgtrk vkSj euksjatu gSA ckyd dh gj

ØhMk] gj xfrfof/k y; ls ifjiw.kZ gksrh gSA cky dkO; dh xs;rk mls cPps dh fiz; cukrh

gSA cky dfork] ckyd dh Hkkafr ljy] ljl] lgt] :fpdj] lkSUn;Zoku gksrh gS] blfy,

ckyd ,sls xhrksa dks xquxqukrk gS] xkrk gS] mu ij >werk gS] ukprk gSA ftl izdkj dfo;ksa

ds fy, x| fy[kuk ,d dlkSVh gS] mlh izdkj cky jpukdkjksa ds fy, cky dfork fy[kuk

vR;Ur dfBu vkSj Jelk/; dk;Z gS] D;ksafd bl ds fy, dfo dks Lo;a ckyd cuuk gksrk gS]

tks bruk vklku ugha gSA gk¡] [ksyrs gq, ckydksa dks ns[kdj :igyh dfork fy[kuk t:j

vklku gSA cky dfork fy[kuk cPpksa dk [ksy ugha gSaA cky dkO; dks f'k'kq dkO;] cky dkO;

,oa fd'kksj dkO; ds :i esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS] cky dkO; ds varxZr f'k'kqxhr] yksjh]

izHkkrh ikyus xhr ,oa [ksyxhr vkSj ckyd rFkk fd'kksjksa ds fy, cky dfork] xt+y] nksgk]

xhr] igsyh Lohdkjs x, gSaA cky dkO;dkjksa dh ,d yEch ijEijk gS ftuesa izeq[k gSa&

jkeujs'k f=ikBh] eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr] jke/kkjh flag ^fnudj*] Lo.kZ lgksnj] gfjoa'kjk; ^cPpu*

MkW- lq/khUnz] fujadkjnso ^lsod*] jk"VªcU/kq] ;ksxsUnzdqekj yYyk] 'kdqUryk fljksfB;k] lqjsUnz

foØe] gjh'k fuxe] m"kk ;kno] iznhi 'kqDy] lw;ZdkUr ikaMs;] MkW- ukxs'k ikaMs;] ^lat;*]

ckyd`".k xxZ] txnh'kpanz 'kekZ] Hkxorh izlkn xkSre bR;kfnA

vkfndky ls gh cky&lkfgR; esa lkSUn;Z dk izk/kkU; jgk gSA ckyd Lo;a lkSUn;Z dh

izfrewfrZ gksrk gS] vr% cky dkO; esa lqUnjrk dk okl LokHkkfod gSA vehj [kqljks] lwjnkl ds

cky dkO; esa lkSUn;Z psruk dk viwoZ la;kstu feyrk gSA lwjnkl ds }kjk fd;k x;k d`".k ds

lkSUn;Z dk u;kukfHkjke fp=.k cky lkfgR; esa cstksM+ gSA yC/k izfrf"Br cky lkfgR;dkj

nhun;ky 'kekZ dk cky dkO; lkSUn;Z psruk ls le`) gS ,oa muds lEiw.kZ dkO; esa ftKklk]

mRlqdrk] pSrU;rk] ljyrk] ljlrk] jkspdrk] dkSrqgy vkfn rRo n`f"Vxkspj gksrss gSa] tks cky

dkO; dk oSf'k"V~; gS] blfy, buls cPpk ljyrk ls tqM+ tkrk gSA ckyd LoHkko ls gh

102

dkSrqgy fiz; ,oa vR;Ur ftKklq gksrk gS] LofIuy lalkj esa fopj.k djrk gS] ml dh dYiuk

dh mMku lkrosa vkleku rd gks ldrh gSA f'k'kq ds fy, rks ,d rksrk [khj cuk ldrk gS

rks isM+&ikS/ks ukp Hkh ldrs gSaA nhun;ky 'kekZ ds cky dkO; dk lkSUn;Z f'k'kq xhr] cky

dfork ,oa fd'kksj dkO; ds :i esa fc[kjk iM+k gS ftl esa lqUnj dYiuk,¡ gSa] rky gS] y; gS]

xs;rk gS] eeRo gS] e/kqjrk gS] jksekap] ykfyR; gS tks cPpksa dk lgt euksjatu djus ds

lkFk&lkFk f'k{kk Hkh nsark gSA cky dkO; ds fy, ;s lHkh dkjd vR;ar egRoiw.kZ vkSj izklafxd

gSA lgtrk] jkspdrk ds Øe'k% dqN mnkgj.k n"VO; gSa&

iy Hkj esa yM+rs gSa ge lc] iy Hkj esa feyrs gSa ge lcA

viuh nqfu;k lcls U;kjh] yxrh ge dks lc ls I;kjhAA18

ikik eq>s crkvks ckr] dSls curs gSa fnu&jkrA

pank&rkjs fnu jkr dks] lqcg pys tkrs pqipkiAA19

pV iV pV iV pus pck,] cdjh es dj fefe;k,A

Vj Vj Vj Vj es<+d djrk] pwgk fcYyh ls gS MjrkAA20

mi;qZDr dforka'kksa ds lkj Lo:i dgk tk ldrk gS fd ckyd fueZy] fu'py gksrs

gSaA ,d iy esa yM+rs gSa rks vxys gh {k.k xys yx tkrs gSaA budh nqfu;k cM+ks ds lalkj ls

cgqr fujkyh gksrh gSA ckyd esa ftKklk pje ij gksrh gS] fnu&jkr dSls curs gSa] pk¡n&rkjs

esa gh D;ksa vkrs gSaA ,sls vusd iz'u muds eu esa mBrs gSa vkSj os ikik ls buds mÙkj iwNrs gSaA

blh izdkj cdjh dk fefe;kuk] es<+d dk VjkZuk] pwgs dk fcYyh ls Mjuk cPpksa dks cgqr

:fpdj yxrk gSA izLrqr jpukvksa dk lgt lkSUn;Z vizfre] vuqie gSA ckyd tc cgqr

izlUu gksrs gSa rks gk&gk&gw¡&gw¡ djrs gq, ukpus yxrs gSa budh fdydkfj;ksa ls lkjk okrkoj.k

xaqtk;eku gks mBrk gSA ,slk gh ,d n`';&

^gk&gk&gw&gw&gh&gh djrs] cPpksa us ekjh fdydkjhA

nwj nwj rd egdh tSls] Hkkar&Hkarhyh [kq'kcw I;kjhA21

^eNyh jkuh] eNyh jkuh] ?kj rsjk] gksrk gS ikuhA22

dfo us ek= ukS 'kCnksa esa eNyh ls ty dk lEcU/k vafdr dj ds f'k'kqvksa dks

tkudkjh ns nh gSA mi;qZDr cky xhrksa esa cky lqyHk lkSUn;Z] ftKklk] ljyrk ,oa pkapY; dh

lq"kek ns[krs gh curh gSA gj iafDr esa lqUnjrk dks vkRelkr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ckyd

[kq'kh esa mNy iM+rs gSa] gk] gk] gh] gh] djus yxrs gSaa lkFk gh mudk fdydkfj;ka Hkjuk

lkSUn;Z dh izrhfr djokrk gSA Hkyk blls c<+dj lqUnjrk dgk¡ gks ldrh gSA bu esa lkSUn;Z

dh vuqjfr ftruh eghu gS] mruk gh ;g fojkV Hkh gS] dfo 'kekZ ds cky dkO; esa lkSUn;Z

loZ= ifjO;kIr gSA

103

3-1-2 euksjatu

ftl izdkj thou ds fy, gok] ikuh vkSj Hkkstu dh vko';drk gksrh gS mlh Hkkafr

eu dh {kq/kk dks ifjr`Ir djus ds fy, euksjatu vfuok;Z gSA euq"; LoHkko ls gh mRlo/kehZ

gSA Hkkjrh; laLd`fr esa izk;% izfrfnu mRlo euk;s tkrs gSaA LoLFk thou ds fy, eu dk jatu

gksuk ijeko';d ekuk x;k gSA izkphu dky ls gh euksjatu ds fy, ekuo us rjg&rjg ds

[ksy&rek'kksa] ekufld [ksyksa] dBiqryh u`R;] Lokax] u`R;&laxhr] ukVd] pyfp= bR;kfn

vusdkusd ØhM+vksa dk vkfo"dkj fd;k gSA ckr tc ckydksa dh gks rks D;k dgus] ckyd vkSj

euksjatu ijLij fe= ekus tk ldrs gSaA cPpksa ds eu cgyko ds vusd lalk/kuksa esa cky

lkfgR; vf/kdre lk/ku gSA euksjatu dk vFkZ&eu dk vkuan] eu dh izlUurk] eu dk

vkYgkn] [kq'kh] fny cnyko ds :i esa fy;k tkrk gSA euksjatu 'kCn dk f'k{kkFkhZ 'kCn~dks'k

lEer rkRi;Z gS&

la-¼iq-½& fny cgyko] baVjVsuesaV23

vaxzsth esa euksjatu dk led{k 'kCn Entertain gS&

Entertain - ,u & v.t. to maintain, to amuse, to cherish, to recive guests,iks"k.k djuk] eu

cgykuk] ân; esa j[kuk Entertainer ( n. one who entretains) Entertaining - ad. amusing,

Pleasing24

vf/kdrj fo}kuksa ,oa leh{kdksa us euksjatu dk cky lkfgR; dk vfuok;Z ?kVd ekuk

gSA MkW- gfjd`".k nsoljs us Hkh euksjatu dks cky lkfgR; ds fy, vfuok;Z rÙo ekurs gq,

fy[kk gS&^cPpksa dk euksjatu djuk vkSj mudh ckrksa dks vfHkO;fDr iznku djuk cky lkfgR;

dh fdlh Hkh jpuk dh igyh igpku gSA25

euksjatu vkSj lkfgR; dk vVwV fj'rk jgk gSA bfrgkldkjksa ,oa jpukdkjksa us

yksdeaxy ds i'pkr~ yksdjatu dks lkfgR; dk iz;kstu ekuk gS D;ksafd lkfgR; dk iz;kstu

LokUr% lq[kk; ds lkFk ijtufgrk; gksuk gSA gj ;qx ds lkfgR; esa euksjatd rÙoksa dk

lekgkj feyrk gS] gkL; iz/kku dfork;sa vuojr fy[kha tkrh jgha gSa tSls&igsfy;k¡] dg

eqdjfu;k¡ bR;kfnA [kqljksa dh igsfy;k¡ bl ckr dk izek.k gSA lkfgR; dh fo/kkvksa esa

gkL;&O;aX; ,d eq[; fo/kk gSA cky lkfgR; dk rks eq[; mís'; euksjtu gh jgk gS] blhfy,

euksjatu dks cky lkfgR; dk izk.k rÙo ekuk x;k gSA yksjh gks ;k cky dFkk,¡ ;k fd'kksj

dkO;] lc dqN cPps dks izlUu djus ds fy, gh jph xbZ gSaA ckyd Hkh ogh jpuk i<+uk]

lquuk ilan djrk gS] ftls i<+dj] lqudj mldk eu >we mBs] og vkuUn ls Hkj tk;s]

104

izQqfYyr gks tk;sA cky lkfgR; dk vkfoHkkZo cPpks ds eu dks cgykus ds fy, gqvk FkkA lHkh

cky jpukdkjksa ds l`tu esa euksjatu rRo dk izk/kkU; jgk gSA cky eu esa mrj dj mudh

vuqHkwfr;ksa dks eglwl djus okys cky jpukdkj nhun;ky 'kekZ dk cky dkO; euksjatu ls

vuqizkf.kr gSa] pkgs fQj f'k'kqxhr gks ;k cky ,oa fd'kksj dfork;sa] lHkh ckyd dks mYykl ls

Hkj nsus esa l{ke gSA

^ccu fo/kkrk* xhr ckydksa dks g¡lk g¡lk dj yksV&iksV dj nsus esa l{ke gS] ,d rks

ckfj'k dk ekSle] ml ij jkr dk le;] ccu fo/kkrk jkr dks Nkrk fudyuk] iSj dk fQlyk

tkuk] diM+ksa dk dhpM+ esa lu tkuk] bu lanHkksZa ls tks fcEc mHkj dj vkrk gSa] oks 'yk?kuh;

cu iM+k gS&

^ccu fo/kkrk] ysds Nkrk] fudy iM+s cjlkr esaA

fQlys ,sls] fxjs tksj ls] dSls pyrs jkr esaA

dhpM+ esa Hkj x, Fks diM+s] ns[ks ccu fo/kkrkA

blh chp esa mM+ x;k mudk] jax&fcjaxk NkrkA*26

ldZl dk uke lqurs gh cPps vkuan&foHkksj gks mBrs gSA ldZl esa tkuojksa ds

vtc&xtc djrc ns[kdj ckyd fdydkfj;k¡ Hkjus dks foo'k gks tkrs gSaA ^tksdj* ftldk

vk'k; gh ^galkus okyk* gksrk gS] ,sls esa ml dk Bksdj [kk dj fxj tkuk] bl lewps n`'; dks

i<+ dj ckyd >weasxs gh ugha vfirq g¡lh ls yksViksV gks tk;sxsA

ldZl dk tksdj] [kkrk Bksdj

[kqn g¡lrk vkSj gesa g¡lk,A

bl ds fcuk gS ldZl lwuk

[kqf'k;ksa dks dj nsrk nwukA27

cUnj dks ns[krs gh ckyd [kq'kh ds ekjs mNy iM+rs gSa] mudk eu ukpus yxrk gS]

mls fp<+kus ds fy, os Lo;a rjg&rjg ds djrc djus yxrs gSaA nhun;ky 'kekZ us bl

volj dks gkFk ls ugha tkus fn;k vkSj canj dh ØhMk ds lkFk thou n'kZu ^tks thrk ogh

fldUnj* dks tksM+dj fy[krs gS&

[kksa&[kksa djds mNyk canj

tks thrs dgyk;s fldUnjA28

ckjkr esa tkus] [kkus&ihus vkSj ukpus&xkus ds vkuan ds rks dgus dh D;kA ckyd ;g

lc vius ifjos'k ds }kjk /khjs&/khjs tkuus o le>us yxrk gSA og Hkh ckjkr esa tkuk pkgrk

105

gS vkSj lkjh&lkjh jkr ekSt&eLrh djuk pkgrk gSA vius ikik dks ckjkr esa tkus ds iwoZ

dksV] is.V] VkbZ ns[k dj mldk Hkh eu gksrk gS fd&

dksV] isUV vkSj VkbZ igu dj]eSa tkÅ¡ ckjkrA

Mkal d:¡ vkSj phtsa [kkÅ¡]ogk¡ eSa lkjh jkrA29

mi;qZDr foospu ds fu"d"kZ Lo:i dgk tk ldrk gS nhun;ky 'kekZ ds i| esa ckydksa

ds fy, euksjatu rRo dwV&dwV dj Hkjk gqvk gSA blh izlax esa izfl) i=dkj eukst xks;y

fy[krs gSa&^'kekZ dh d`fr;k¡ cPpksa ds fy, izsj.kkRed gksus ds lkFk&lkFk euksjatu dh n`f"V ls

Hkh mPp dksfV dh gSA30

3-1-3 euksfoKku

euksfoKku dk ljy vFkZ gS] eu dk foKkuA lEHkor% blds varxZr ekuo eu eas vkus

okys fopkjksa] Hkkoksa] fparu izfØ;k] mrkj&p<+ko vkfn dks Øec)] djds oSKkfud i)fr ls

v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA ekuo eu dks le>uk vR;Ur tfVy dk;Z gSA blh tfVy dke dk

oSKkfud lfn;ksa ls v/;;u djus dk iz;kl dj jgs gSaA ftl 'kkL= eas eu dk v/;;u fd;k

tkrk gS mls euksfoKku dgk tkrk gSA euksfoKku 'kCn eu vkSj foKku ds esy ls cuk gSA

euksfoKku 'kCn dk vaxzsth lekukFkZd 'kCn Psychology gS tks fd ;wukuh Hkk"kk nks 'kCnksa

'Psyche'¼lkbdks½ vkSj Logas ¼yksxkl½ ds feyus ls cuk gSA 'kCn dk Psyche vFkZ ßvkRekÞ

vkSj Logas 'kCn dk vFkZ ^v/;;u* gksrk gSA vr Psychology dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ& ßvkRek dk

vè;;uA euksfoKku dk dks'kxr vFkZ gS&

la- ¼iqa-½ og foKku ;k 'kkL= ftlesa ekuo eu dh fofHkUu voLFkkvksa vkSj fØ;kvksa rFkk mlds

izHkkoksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA31

vusd nk'kZfudksa us euksfoKku dks vusd izdkj ls ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gSA

okVlu&êuksfoKku O;ogkj dk fuf'pr ;k 'kq) foKku gSA*

Øks ,.M Øks&êuksfoKku ekuo&O;ogkj vkSj lEcU/kksa dk v/;;u gSA*

oqMoFkZ&êuksfoKku okrkoj.k ds lEidZ esa gksus okys ekuo O;ogkjksa dk foKku gSA*32

mi;qZDr ifjHkk"kkvksa vkSj dks'kxr vFkZ ds vk/kkj ij dgk tk ldrk gS fd euksfoKku

og foKku gS ftlesa ekuo eu dh fofHkUu voLFkkvksa] izfØ;kvksa] izHkkoksa dk v/;;u fd;k

tkrk gSA ewy :i ls euksfoKku vkRek dk foKku gSA viuh nh?kZ ;k=k ds i'pkr~ lHkh

fo}kuksa ,oa nk'kZfudksa us bls ekuo O;ogkj dks tkuus] ij[kus] le>us vkSj mldk v/;;u

106

djus ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;k gSA vkjfEHkd ;qx ls gh euksfoKku vkSj lkfgR; dk vUrjax

lEcU/k jgk gSA lalkj dk gj ltu eu vkSj ân; ls mitrk gS] lkfgR; rks fo'ks"k :i ls

eu ls vkc) gksrk gSA bl ds fcuk lkfgR; dh ifjdYiuk Hkh ugha dh tk ldrhA i`Fohjkt

jklks] [kqeku jklks] fcgkjh lrlbZ] dchj xzaFkkoyh gks ehjk inkoyh ;k izlkn&fujkyk dh

jpuk,¡] lc esa fdlh u fdlh :i esa euksoSKkfud rÙoksa dk lekgkj gqvk gSA

^cky euksfoKku* ls rkRi;Z gS] ckydksa ds eu dk foKku vFkkZr~ cPpksa ds eu dks

le>kukA cky eu frryh dh Hkkafr papy rFkk fof=r gksrk gSA ,d iy esa /kjrh vkSj vxys

gh iy gok esa ckrsa djus yxrk gSA ckyd ds eu dks le>uk vfr nqyHkZ dk;Z gSA fdlh

oLrq vFkok n`'; dks ns[k dj ckyd ds eu esa fofp= dYiuk,¡] ftKklk,¡] izfrfØ;k,¡ tUe

ysrh gSa ftldh ge ifjdYiuk Hkh ugha dj ldrsA ckyd esa dkSrqgy pje ij gksrk gSA og

nqfu;k dh gj oLrq dh rg esa tkuk pkgrk gS] ijr&nj&ijr gj jgL; dks iwjs euks;ksx ,oa

rYyhurk ds lkFk tkuuk pkgrk gSA mlesa [kks tkuk pkgrk gSa] csfQØ vkSj vYgM+rk esa thuk

pkgrk gSA ckyd ds bl euksfoKku dks le>us ds fy, jpukdkj dks Lo;a ckyd cu dj]

mlds Hkhrj mrjuk iM+rk gS] rHkh ckyksi;kxh l`tu laHko gSA ;g gwuj cky lkfgR;dkj

nhun;ky 'kekZ esa dwV&dwV dj Hkjk gqvk gS] bu dks cky eu dh xgjh ij[k gSA buds cky

dkO; esa cky euksfoKku dk lw{e vkSj ltho fp=.k feyrk gSA

nhun;ky 'kekZ is'ks ls iqLrdky;k/;{k jgus ds lkFk&lkFk fujarj f'k{k.k dk;Z Hkh

djrs jgus ls] lnSo ckydksa ds chp jgs gSaA ;gh dkj.k gS fd ;s cky eu ds vuq:i [kwclwjr

cky dkO; fy[k ldsA orZeku esa cLrs ds Hkkjh Hkjde cks> ,oa gkseodZ ds ckgqY; ls gj

cPpk =Lr gSA blds cks> dks mBkrs&mBkrs mlds NksVs&NksVs da/ks >qd ls x, gSa vkSj dej

VsM+h gks pqdh gS] exj mldh ihMk lquus ds fy, fdlh ds ikl Qqjlr ugha gSA gekjh f'k{k.k

O;oLFkk vkSj vfHkHkkodksa dh vfr egRokdka{kkvksa us ckyd ij i<+kbZ dk bruk Hkkj ykn fn;k

gS fd og Fkd dj pwj gks jgk gSA mldk eu [ksyus&dwnus] ukpus&xkus dks epyrk gSa]

ysfdu lkjk le; gkseodZ djus esa O;rhr gks tkrk gSA ,sls esa og fpfM+;k dks ns[k dj

lksprk gS fd dk'kA og fpfM+;k gksrk rks mldks u gh cLrs dks mBkuk iM+rk vkSj gkseodZ ls

Hkh NqV~Vh fey tkrhA nhun;ky 'kekZ us bu Hkkoksa dks cM+h dq'kyrk ds mdsjk gS&

ikik xj esa fpfM+;k gksrk] fcu isM+h Nr ij p<+ tkrkA

Hkkjh cLrs ds cks>s ls] esjk ihNk Hkh NqM+ tkrkA

gkseodZ uk djuk iM+rk] ftlls eSa fdruk Fkd tkrkA*33

^fnu Hkj i<+uk] yxrk tsyAMkal d:¡ ;k [ksywa] [ksyA*34

107

cLrk Hkkjh] eu gS Hkkjh] dj nks cLrk gYdk

eu gks tk, QqYdk] dj nks cLrk gYdkA35

pwgk] fcYyh] gkFkh] 'ksj dqÙkk vkfn tkuoj cPpksa dks cgqr fiz; gksrs gSaA cky

lkfgR;dkjksa us Hkh bu ij iwjs euks;ksx ls jpuk&deZ fd;k gSA fcYyh ds lkFk fnYyh dk

dkfQ;k cgq izpfyr gSA gokbZ tgkt dks ns[k dj ,d ckyd dSlh&dSlh dYiuk,¡ dj

ldrk gS] bldk euksje vadu izLrqr gS&

^gokbZ tgkt ls d:¡ ;k=k] >V eSa igqqapwa fnYyhA

pkanuh pkSd ls [kjhn dj ykÅ¡] lqUnj lh bd fcYyhA*36

pk¡n&flrkjs] lwjt] vkleku] gok] ikuh] /kjrh] ;s lkjs lanHkZ ckydksa dks cgqr yqHkkrs

vk;s gSaA muds fy, pk¡n vkSj rkjs fdlh jgL; ls de ugha gSa] budks ns[k dj cPpksa ds eu

esa vusd dYiuk,¡] ftKklk,a tkxzr gksrha gSa] dbZ iz'u eu esa mBrs gSaa] ;Fkk & vkf[kj pkWn

jkr dks gh D;ksa vkrk gS] fnu esa D;ksa ughaA pkWn ?kVrk&c<+rk D;ksa gS] lwjt dh rjg fLFkj

D;ksa ugha jgrkA ,slh vusd cky lqyHk mRlqdrkvksa dks ekuks nhun;ky 'kekZ us ckyd ds eu

ls tqM+dj ns[kk gS&

^vkleku esa fn[krs gks rqe] jkr dks pank ekekA

?kVrs&c<+rs jgrs gks] D;w¡ djrs gks MªkekA

lwjt dHkh u ?kVrk&c<+rk] lnk ,d lk jgrkA

rqe Hkh lwjt cu tkvks uk] esjs I;kjs ekekA*37

lexz fo'ys"k.k ls tkfgj gS fd jpukdkj us ckydksa ds eu dks vPNh rjg i<+dj

cky euksuqdqwy cky dkO; dh lkFkZd jpuk dh gSA

3-1-4 i;kZoj.k psruk

i;kZoj.k dk lkekU; vFkZ vius vkl&ikl ds okrkoj.k ls fy;k tkrk gSA ;g 'kCn

^vkoj.k* esa ^ifj* milxZ ds ;ksx ls cuk gSA ^ifj* dk vFkZ&^pkjksa vkSj* vksj] ^voj.k* dk vFkZ]

?ksjk] pkjksa vksj ls vko`rA bl izdkj i;kZoj.k ls rkRi;Z] pkjksa rjQ ls f?kjk gqvk ifjos'kA

gekjs bZn&fxnZ tks dqN Hkh gesa fn[kkbZ nsrk gSa] eglwl gksrk gS] lqukbZ nsrk gS] ;g lc

i;kZoj.k ds vUrxZr vkrk gS] tSls&tho&txr] HkkSfrd txr] ouLifr&txr] O;kogkfjd&

lkekftd&ekufld ifjos'k] HkkSxksfyd ifjfLFkfr;k¡ bR;kfnA ,d okD; esa dgsa rks i;kZoj.k

izd`fr dk ,d ?kVd gSA orZeku esa c<+rs HkkSfrdokn] de gksrs vj.;] vf'k{kk] ekuo dh LokFkZ

fyIlk ds lkFk vU; dbZ dkj.kksa ls i;kZoj.k dk vfLrRo [krjs esa iM+ pqdk gSA blhfy,

108

orZeku esa lkjh nqfu;k ds le{k i;kZoj.k&iznw"k.k dh leL;k eqag ck;s [kM+h gSA ,sls esa izd`fr

izse ds lekukUrj i;kZoj.kh; psruk tkxzr djus dh egrh vko';drk gSA lEiw.kZ czãk.M dk

fu:i.k izd`fr vkSj iq:"k ds la;ksx ls gqvk gSA vukfn dky ls izd`fr ,oa ekuo dk vkReh;]

vUrjax vkSj izxk<+ lEcU/k jgk gSA vxj ;g dgk tk, fd euq"; dk vfLrRo gh izd`fr ls gSa

rks dksbZ vfr'k;ksfDr ugha gksxhA vukfn dky ls ekuo thou bldh xksn esa gh Qyrk&Qwyrk

jgk gS] dqnjr gekjh ikfydk] iksf"kdk] lgpfj rFkk tUenk=h gSA

LFkwy :i ls izd`fr ls vk'k; isM+&ikS/ks] Qy&Qwy] frryh] pk¡n&flrkjs] /kwi] lwjt]

gok] ty] ckny] ckfj'k] ioZr] unh] i'kq&i{kh] tho tarq] ou&izkUrj] taxy] >hy&>jus vkfn

ls gSA izkphu dky ls gh izd`fr cky lkfgR; dk egRoiw.kZ vax jgh gS D;ksafd bu ls cPpksa

dk lgt vuqjkx gksrk gSA tUe ds ckn ckyd dk lcls igys izd`fr ls lk{kkRdkj gksrk gSA

cky lkfgR; esa ckydksa dh ftKklk gks ;k euksjatu ;k f'k{kk] lHkh fo/kkvksa esa bUgsa vfèkdka'kr%

izkd`frd izrhdksa] fcEcksa] miknkuksa }kjk gh mn~/ofjr] of.kZr ;k fpf=r fd;k tkrk gSA i;kZoj.k

dk 'kCndks'kxr vFkZ&

la- ¼iq-½ 1- okrkoj.k 2- ifjfLFkfr38

î;kZoj.k* 'kCn dks Environment dgk tkrk gS ftl dk 'kCndks'k lEer rkRi;Z&n.

surrounding, a sorrounding object iM+kSl] vklikl dh oLrqA39

îzd`fr* dk 'kCndks'kh; vfHkizk;&

1- LoHkko] fetkt] 2- og ewyHkko ftldk ifj.kke txr gS 3- ek;k] 4- ijekRek] 5-

lnk cuk jgus okyk] 6- ewy xq.k] /keZ] 7- L=h] 8- pjkpj lalkj dr & oh- & izd`fr }kjk

cuk gqvk40

rkjlIrd ds iz.ksrk] iz;ksx/kehZ dfo vKs; us izd`fr dks fuEu izdkj ls ifjHkkf"kr

fd;k gS& êkuosrj gh izdfr gS&og lEiw.kZ ifjos'k ftlesa ekuo jgrk gS] thrk gS] Hkksxrk gS]

laLdkj xzg.k djrk gS] tks fd bfUnz;ksa ls ijs gS & ftls ge ns[k lqu o Nw ldrs gSa] ftldh

xa/k ik ldrs gSa vkSj ftldk vkLoknu dj ldrs gSaA*41 nso] firj ,oa ekuo ds p{kq dgs tkus

okys Hkkjr ds izkphure xzUFk osnksa esa i;kZoj.k psruk dk Hkko dwV&dwV dj Hkjk gqvk gSA bu

dh mi;ksfxrk] lkoZHkkSfedrk vkSj lkoZdkfyd gSA blds vf/kdka'kr% vaxksa esa izd`fr ds ukuk

miknkuksa i`Foh] ok;q] ty] vfXu] vkdk'k] isM+&ikS/kks dh vkjk/kuk] mikluk] Lrqfr;k¡ dh xbZ

gSaA i`Foh dks ekrk vkSj es?kksa dks firk ds laKk ls lekn`r fd;k x;k gS&

109

^;L;keUu nzhfg;okS ;L;k bek% iT;d`"V;%A

HkwE;itZU;iY;s ueks Lrq o"kesnlsAA42

vFkkZr~ Hkkstu vkSj LokLF; nsus okyh lHkh ouLifr;k¡ bl Hkwfe ij gh mRiUu gksrh gSaA

i`Foh lHkh ouLifr;ksa dh ekrk rFkk es?k firk gSaa] D;ksafd o"kkZ ds :i esa ikuh cgkdj ;g i`Foh

esa xHkkZnku djrk gSA bUgsa ge ekrk rFkk firk leku vknj nsaA

MkW- chuk 'kekZ ds vuqlkj & ^izd`fr ds lalxZ ls gh ekuoh; psruk vkSj Hkkoksa esa LiUnu gksrk

gS ftuls lEizsf"kr gksdj dkO; l`f"V laHko gks ikrh gSA bl vk/kkj ij dgk tk ldrk gS fd

izd`fr dkO; dh ewyk/kkj gS] mldh izsjd 'kfDr gSA*43

vr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd izd`fr ls rkRi;Z] LokHkkfod ,oa uSlfxZd rÙoksa ls gSa

tSls&LoHkko] vkfn 'kfDr] xq.k] /keZ] fpjUrurk] Hkwe.My] uSlfxZd okrkoj.k ,oa bfUnz;krhr

vuqHkwfrA tgk¡ rd i;kZoj.k dk iz'u gS] bldk {ks= vR;Ur O;kid gS] fdUrq vk/kqfud ifjos'k

esa bldk ladqfpr vFkZ ty] ok;q] /ofu] enk iznw"k.k ds :i esa xzg.k fd;k tk jgk gSA

i;kZoj.k ,oa izd`fr ls lkfgR; dk lEcU/k vVwV gSA izkjfEHkd ;qx ls gh lkfgR; esa izd`fr dk

o.kZu izR;{k :i ds lkFk&lkFk gh lgpjh] izs;lh] ek;k] ukf;dk] vkyEcu] izrhd] fcEc]

vyadkj ds :i esa gksrk jgk gSA vf/kdrj dfo;ksa us vius dkO; esa izd`fr dks izeq[k LFkku

fn;k gS tSls&fo|kifr] tk;lh] rqylhnkl] fcgkjh] lwjnkl] egknsoh oekZ] iar bR;kfnA dfo;ksa

dk izd`fr fp=.k vf}rh; cu iM+k gSA lnSo ls gh cky lkfgR; dk vk/kkj izd`fr jgh gS]

^iapra=* bl ckr dk lcls cM+k mnkgj.k gSA ckyd vkSj izd`fr leku/kehZ dgs tk ldrs gSa]

D;ksafd cPps ty dh Hkkafr fu'Ny] eklwe] fueZy] izkr%dkyhu lehj dh ekfuan vkuUnnk;d]

Qwyksa tSls dksey] dqEcM+cfr;k ls Hkh vf/kd laosnu'khy ckydksa dk Li"V] ikjn'khZ] izkd`frd

miknkuksa ds izfr lgt vuqjkx LokHkkfod gS] fQj pkgs os >hysa gksa] ioZr gksa] ufn;k¡ gksa] pUnzek

gks] rkjs gksa] i'kq&i{kh vFkok isM+&ikS/ks gksa] cPps bUgsa ewrZ :i ls gh ugha vfirq fp=ksa ;k

lkfgR; esa Hkh ns[k dj] i<+dj [kq'kh ls mNy iM+rs gSa ;k dgsa fd cPpksa dks fu"diV lanHkZ gh

yqHkkrs gSA

izk;% lHkh cky jpukdkjksa us izdfr vkSj i;kZoj.k dks ysdj vR;Ur lqUnj ltu fd;k

gS] blh iafDr esa ckydksa ds fiz; jpukdkj nhun;ky 'kekZ us izd`fr dks mRlo dh rjg ft;k

gS ,oa vius xhrksa vkSj dforkvksa esa izd`fr ds miknkuksa ;Fkk&isM+&iks/ks] ouLifr] lwjt]

pk¡n&flrkjs] ckny] _rq,a] Qwy] frryh] pankekek] o"kkZ] bUnz/kuq"k tSls fo"k;ksa ij cgqr lqUnj]

Hkkoiw.kZ] ljl] lqe/kqj jpukvksa dk l`tu fd;k gSA pankekek dks ysdj dfo 'kekZ us ,d

110

vuqie xhr dh jpuk dh gS ftlesa ^pankekek* ds fy, uohu Hkkocks/k mdsjk gS] dqN bl

rjg&

êsjs ekek ek¡ ds ekek] ikik ds Hkh yxrs ekek

;g dSlk fj'rk gS ekek] rqe gks lkjs tx ds ekekA44

nhun;ky 'kekZ tkurs gS fd ckydksa dks bUnz/kuq"k cgqr yqHkkrk gSA bldks ysdj muds

eu esa dbZ izdkj dh ftKklk,¡ tkxzr gksrh gSa tSls& vpkud vkdk'k ds jax dgk¡ ls vk

tkrs gSa] dqN nsj esa dgk¡ vks>y gks tkrs gSa] bUæèkuq"k lwjt ds foijhr fn'kk esa gh D;ksa

f[kyrk gSA bUgh lanHkksZ dks ysdj ,d xhr&

^cj[kk tSls gks xbZ can] QSyh /kjk is lqxa/k

lwjt dh foijhr fn'kk] [kM+k Fkk lrjaxh ikcUnA45

isM+ gekjs thounkrk gSa] HkkX;&fo/kkrk gSa] bu ls gh /kjrh ij leLr izk.kh txr dk

vfLrRo gSA isM+ cpsaxs rc gh thou cp ik;sxkA blds fy, t:jh gS fd ckydksa dks izkjEHk

ls gh o`{k yxkus] bu dk laj{k.k djus dh izsj.kk nh tk;sA izd`fr&izse fl[kk;k tk;sA dfo

'kekZ i;kZoj.k ds izfr lkopsr gS] isM+ks ls I;kj djrs gSa] blhfy, Lo;a isM+ks ds }kjk ekuo ls

izkFkZuk djokbZ gS&

ge dks rqe er dkVks I;kjs] ge gSa rqe lcds j[kokjsA

ge uHk esa cnjk ykrs gSa] cj[kk fQj ge djokrs gSaA

/kjrh ij QSys gfj;kyh] [kqf'k;k¡ QSys }kjs&}kjsA46

jktLFkku ljdkj }kjk fu/kkZfjr ljdkjh fo|ky;ksa ds ikB~;Øe esa d{kk pkj dh fganh

fo"k; iqLrd esa mi;qZDr Hkkoksa dks O;Dr djrh ,d dfork ds va'k izLrqr gSa] tks nhun;ky

'kekZ dh jpuk ls Hkko lkE; j[krh gS&

/kjrh ds Jàxkj isM+ gSa]

thou ds vk/kkj isM+ gSaA

tgk¡ isM+ gSa] 'khryrk gS] 'khryrk ls es?k cjlrs]

lw[kh /kjrh gfj;krh gS] rky&ryS;k lkjs Hkjrs]

/kjrh ds migkj isM+ gSa] [kq'kgkyh ds }kj isM+ gSaA47

îgyk lq[k fujksxh dk;k*] mfDr cgqizpfyr gSA LoLFk lekt ds fy, LoPNrk ,oa

ifo=rk vfuok;Z ?kVd gSA dgk Hkh gS fd LoPNrk esa bZ'oj dk okl gksrk gSA lQkbZ ls ekuo

,oa lHkh thoksa dk izR;{k lEcU/k gSA ftl ns'k esa ftruh vf/kd LoPNrk gksrh gS] ogka ds

111

ukxfjd mlh vuqikr esa vf/kd LoLFk jgrs gSa vkSj og jk"Vª mruk gh mUur gksrk gSA bu

lHkh lanHkksZa ls nhun;ky 'kekZ Hkyh Hkkafr ifjfpr gSa] lQkbZ dh egÙkk dks Lohdkjrs gq,

fy[krs gSa&

vkvks ge lc djsa lQkbZ] jfyel lkjs cguk HkkbZA

ru dh eu dh vkl&ikl dh] b/kj&m/kj dh vke [kkl dh

txg&txg tks yx x, tkys] mudh gS vc 'kker vkbZA48

^cky izgjh* eas ruwtk fc"V] d{kk vkB jk-d-m-izk-fo- fuaxukn uSuhrky dh Nk=k dh

jpuk i<+us dk volj feyk rks ije g"kZ gqvk fd ckyd lQkbZ dks ysdj fdrus tkx:d gSaA

cky if=dk esa cPpksa dh jpukvksa dks lrr~ izdkf'kr djus okys lEiknd Jheku~ mn; fdjkSyk

lk/kqokn ds ik= gSaA ;g gS cky lkfgR; dh mi;ksfxrk] 'kfDr] vrqY; ;ksxnkuA

xanxh esa gksrs gSa jksx] blfy, lc djks lQkbZA

viuk xkao lkQ j[ksa] feydj cguk HkkbZA

fcLdqV] VkWQh] dqjdqjs] Hkys gh jkst [kkvksA

dwMk dwM+snku esa Mkyks] bl ij u 'kjekvksA49

lkjka'kr% dg ldrs gaS fd nhun;ky 'kekZ ds cky dkO; es izd`fr&izse ,oa i;kZoj.k

psruk ds lekn`r] lkFkZd Loj eq[kfjr gq, gSaA jpukdkj us izd`fr ds lexz miknkuksa dks ysdj

cM+h lgtrk] rUe;rk o lgtrk ds lkFk O;Dr fd;k gSA Lo;a jpukdkj dks dqnjr ls

vuU; izse gS rHkh bruh [kwclwjrh ds lkFk o.kZu djus esa l{ke gks lds gSaA

3-1-5 izsj.kk rÙo

izsj.kk ,d ,slk Hkko] dkjd] cy] rRo gS tks euq"; dks fujarj vkxs c<+us vkSj y{;

dh vksj iwjh rUe;rk ds lkFk vxzlj gksus dk lEcy iznku djrh gSA izsj.kk vlhe 'kfDr]

ÅtkZ ls vkIykfor gksus dh fØ;k ekuh tk ldrh gSA ;g lk/kkj.k vkneh dks Hkh egkurk dh

vksj iz;k.k'khy djus ds fy, rRij dj nsrh gSA fdlh ds }kjk dgk x;k ,d izsjd 'kCn

ekuo ds thou dh fn'kk gh cny nsrk gSA izsj.kk dk dks'klEer rkRi;Z gS& izsj.kk& la- ¼iq-½

1- mRlkfgr djuk] 2- dke esa izo`r djuk la- ¼L=h-½ 1- dke esa yxkuk] 2- eu esa mRiUu Hkko]

fopkj] 3- ladsr ¼tSls& v/;kid dh izsj.kk ls tkuk½ nkrk ¼iq-½ izsj.kk nsus okyk O;fDr50

vaxzsth esa izsj.kk dk lekukFkZd 'kCn Inspire gS] ftldk 'kCndks'k lEer vk'k;& Inspire

bu&Lik;j p.i. - to inhale, to infuse supernatural elementinto'okl ysuk] mÙksftr djuk]

nSoh Hkkouk mRiUu djukA

112

Inspiring bu Lik;fjax&adj. infusing, sprit, animating mÙkstd] izsjd LQqfrZo)Zd51

oLrqr% gj jpuk esa izsjd rÙoksa dk lekos'k gksrk gSA ysfdu cky lkfgR; ls izsj.kk dk

çxk< xgjk lEcU/k gSA ckyd LoHkko ls Hkksyk gksrk gS] tjk lh 'yka?kk ;k ,d I;kj Hkjh

Fkidh ls cky&eu esa mRlkg dk lapkj gks tkrk gS vkSj ckyd mNy&mNy dj dk;Z djus

yxrk gSA ;fn ckyd dks lgh izsj.kkLin fey tk;s rks mldh vkarfjd 'kfDr;ka mfpr fn'kk

dh vksj vxzlj gks ldrh gS rFkk og dq'ky ukxfjd ,oa Js"B ekuo cu ldrk gSA ;'kLoh

cky lkfgR;dkj nhun;ky 'kekZ bl ;FkkFkZ ls ifjfpr gSa blhfy, vius dkO; l`tu esa izsjd

rRoksa dk dq'ky la;kstu djrs gq, izsjd xhrksa ds }kjk cPpksa dks vkxs i<+us dh izsj.kk nsrs gSa&

^py py py HkbZ py py py] :d uk dHkh rw pyrk pyA

Bgjk ty xank gks tkrk] mlls Hkh rw f'k{kk ysysA

pyuk gh dgykrk thou] deZ fd, tk pyrk pyA

py py py HkbZ py py py] bd fnu rq>dks feysxk QyA*52

,slh fdrkc fnyk nks eq>dks] i<+dj [kq'k gks tkÅ¡A

vPNh&vPNh ckrsa mldh] lcdks eSa crykÅ¡A 53

3-1-6 ikjEifjdrk vkSj vk/kqfudrk

ikjEifjdrk

LoLFk] lqlaLd`r] larqfyr vkSj fodflr lekt dh lajpuk ds fy, gekjs iwoZtksa us

dqN fu;e] laLdkj] fof/k;k¡] e;kZnk,a] fo'okl] ikcafn;k¡] jhfr;k¡] vo/kkj.kk,a vkfn dk fuèkkZj.k

fd;k gS] tks ,d ih<+h ls nwljh ih<+h dks gLrkafjr gksrh jgh gSa] ftUgsa vkt ge ijEijk] izFkk]

jhfr] iz.kkyh ds uke ls tkurs gSa] tSls&rht&R;kSgkj] /kkfeZd vuq"Bku] mRlo] 'kknh&fookg]

jk"Vªh; lekjksg vkSj Hkh dbZA ;s ijEijk,¡ lfn;ksa ls ekuo&thou dks lapkfyr djrh jgh gSa

vkSj thou esa jl ?kksyrh vk jghA ijEijk 'kCn dk 'kCndks'kxr rkRi;Z gS&

ijEijk & la- ¼L=h-½

1- pyk vkrk gqvk Øe] vVwV flyflyk] 2- izFkk] iz.kkyh] 3- jhfr&fjokt] okn& ¼iq-½ ijEijk

ls pys vk jgs fl)kUr ,oa er gh Bhd gS ,slk fopkj ,oa deZ54

vaxzsth Hkk"kk esa ijEijk dk lekukFkhZ 'kCn Tradition gS ftldk dks'klEer vk'k;&

Tridition VªsfM'ku&n. an oral account bended down from ancestors to posterityijEijk]

113

dFkk] bfrgkl] iqjk.k Tradition ¼vy½& adj. communicated from father to son. ijEijk izkIr]

lkEiznkf;d55

fganh lkfgR; esa ijEijkvksa dk fuoZgu izkjEHk ls gksrk vk;k gS D;ksafd lkfgR; lekt

dk vfoHkkT; vax gSA yxHkx lHkh lkfgR;dkjksa us izpfyr jhfr;ksa dk ikyu fd;k gSA izkphu

xzUFkksa es tSls&egkHkkjr] jkepfjr ekul] in~ekor] dkek;uh ls ysdj v|ruA blh Øe esa

cky lkfgR;dkj Hkh ijEijkvksa dk j{k.k iwjh fu"Bk ls djrs vk jgs gS tks vR;ko';d Hkh gSa]

D;ksafd ckyd vius vius lkfgR; ds }kjk viuh laLd`fr] iz.kkfy;ksa] jhfr;ksa ls ifjfpr gks

ldsA orZeku ds izk;% lHkh cky jpukdkj fdlh u fdlh :i eas iz.kkfy;ksa ls vkc) gSaA cky

lkfgR;dkj nhun;ky 'kekZ us Hkh vius jpuk deZ esa ijEijkxr lanHkksZa dk iwjh rUe;rk ls

la;kstu fd;k gSA cky lkfgR; ds izkjEHk ls pys vk jgs fo"k;ksa ij ckyksi;ksxh jpuk,¡ fy[kh

gSaA izkd`frd minkuksa] i'kq&if{k;ksa] tho&tarqvks] pk¡n&flrkjksa] ifjtuksa] _rqvksa] rht&R;kSgjksa]

xqM~Mk&xqfM;k vkfn gj cky lqyHk dkO; dk eueksgd l`tu djds cky lkfgR; dks le`)

fd;k gSA eqfu;k vkSj mldh xqfM;k dks ysdj ,d Hkkoiw.kZ fp=&

eqfu;k jksrh Å¡ Å¡ Å¡] uk tkus jksrh gS D;w¡A

fdl us bldks ekjk gS] ;k bldks QVdkjk gSaA

jksuk vPNh ckr ugha gS] fQj eqfu;k jksrh gS D;w¡A

xqfM+;k bldh nwj xbZ] ;k xqfM+;k fQj VwV xbZAA*56

xqfM+;k vkSj eqfu;k dk ukrk 'kk'or gSA cpiu esa eqUuh dk xqM~Ms&xqfM+;k cukuk] mu

ls [ksyuk] mudk C;kg jpkuk] ;s gekjh izkphu&dky ls pyh vk jgh ijEijk jgh gSA

ckY;koLFkk esa gj cPph xqfM+;kvksa ls [ksyrh gSa] vkSj bUgsa tjk lh Hkh pksV vkus ij ;s jks&jks

dj ?kj dks lj ij mBk ysrh gSaA vkt xqM~Ms&xqfM+;kvksa us vk/kqfud O;kolkf;d Lo:i /kkj.k

dj fy;k gSA bu ls cktkj lqlfTtr gS] ,d ls ,d lqUnj lth&/kth xqfM+;k;sa jk"Vªh; vkSj

varjk"Vªh; cktkjksa esa miyC/k gSa] ftu ds uke rd j[ks gq, gSa ;Fkk& ckchZA jktLFkku esa rks

nso'k;uh ,dkn'kh ds fnu dks ^ykM+h cqgkuh* ioZ ds :i esa euk;k tkrk gS] bl fnu yM+fd;k¡

vius }kjk cuk;s x, xqM~Ms vkSj xqfM+;k dks xqM+&/kkuh ds lkFk ufn;ksa esa izokfgr djrh gSaA

i'kq&if{k;ksa ls cky lkfgR; dk tUe&tUekUrjksa dk vVwV lEcU/k gSA lkfgR;dkj 'kekZ

us i'kqvksa dks ysdj vR;Ur eklwe xhr ,oa dfork;sa x<+h gaSA ,d I;kjk lk f'k'kq xhr&

^esjk dqÙkk] I;kjk dqÙkkA

xjeh&ljnh] igus twrkA57

114

jsyxkM+h ckydksa vkSj cky lkfgR;dkjksa dk fiz; fo"k; jgh gSA lEHkor% gj jpukdkj

us jsy ij Hkh t:j jpuk dh gSA cPps feydj jsy cukrs gSa] vkxs dk cPpk batu] ihNs dk

cPpk xkMZ dh Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA ;g cjlksa ls ckydksa dk ilanhnk [ksy jgk gSA nhun;ky

'kekZ us Hkh bl fo"k; dks xhr esa fijks;k gSa&

^tqM+ dj jsy cuk;saxs] xhr [kq'kh ds xk;saxsA

^[ksysxsa ge lkjs cPps] bd nwts ds vkxs&ihNsA58

cUnj&Hkkyw ds [ksy rks xyh&xyh] eksgYys&eksgYys gksrs vk;s gSaA cPpksa ds Hkh ;s

ilanhnk tkuoj gSA çLrqr mijksDr mnkgj.kksa ls Li"V gS fd 'kekZ ijEijkvksa dks thus okys

vkSj ckydksa dks muls tksM+us esa dq'ky gSA

vk/kqfudrk

ifjorZu txr dk v[k.M lR; gS] blhfy, bruk euksgkjh gS] blh ls thou esa

LiUnu gSA ifjorZu dks le; ds Lo:i esa n'kkZus ds fy, gh ijEijk] vk/kqfudrk tSls 'kCnksa

dh O;qRifÙk gqbZ gSA vk/kqfudrk dks ge orZeku dk i;kZ; eku ldrs gSaA vk/kqfud 'kCn dk

'kCndks'k ds vuq:i vFkZ gS &

vk/kqfudrk& la- ¼fo-½ vktdy dk] orZeku dky dk] u;s tekus dk] mijksDr vFkZ ds

vfrfjDr vk/kqfud 'kCn ds vU; vk'k; Hkh gaS & dj.k ¼iq-½ vk/kqfud :i nsukA vaxzsth esa

vk/kqfud 'kCn dk lekukFkhZ 'kCn Modern gS ftldk rkRi;Z &

Modern – ekWMuZ & edj. Of the present times, not ancient vk/kqfudrk ¼vokZphu½] uohu

¼u;k½59

n.pl. people of modern times vktdy ds yksx] uohurk60

lkekU; fganh lkfgR; dh Hkkafr cky lkfgR; esa Hkh vk/kqfud Hkkocks/k dk lqUnj

fp=kadu gqvk gSA lHkh cky lkfgR;dkjksa us vius&vius ;qxkuq:i lnHkksZ dks] ?kVukvksa dks]

cnyko dks Lo;a ft;k vkSj mls viuh l`tukRedrk esa mdsjk gS] pkgs vehj [kqljks gks]

HkkjrsUnq gks] izsepan gks ;k MkW nsoljs gksA loZfofnr gS fd lkfgR; vkSj lekt lEiwjd gSA

ckydksa ds fiz; jpukdkj nhun;ky 'kekZ vkt ds ;qx ds lkfgR;dkj gSaA buds cky dkO; esa

ijEijk vkSj vk/kqfudrk dk lE;d lfEeJ.k feyrk gSA dfo 'kekZ dk cky lkfgR; ;FkkFkZ ds

/kjkry ij [kM+k gqvk gSa] ftls dYiuk ds jaxksa ls lfTtr djds] ckydksa dh :fp ds vuqlkj

euksjatd cuk dj O;Dr fd;k gSA Lo;a nhun;ky 'kekZ us jktLFkku if=dk dks fn, x,

vius lk{kkRdkj esa crk;k gS&

115

^vkt ds cPps cgqr izcq) gSaA os vius fy, jps tk jgs cky lkfgR; esa viuh

ftKklkvksa dk mÙkj pkgrs gSaA ijEijkxr ys[ku dj mUgsa cky lkfgR; ls tksM+ dj ugha j[kk

tk ldrk gSA cky lkfgR; dk ltu ekStwnk ifjos'k vkSj cky bPNkvksa ds eqrkfcd djuk

gksxkA61

orZeku le; rduhd vkSj lapkj Økafr dk gSA vkt dk ckyd eksckby Qksu] Vh-oh-]

usV vkfn midj.kksa dks f[kykSuksa dh Hkkafr mi;ksx djrk gSA bl izlax esa og cM+ks ls nl

dne vkxs gSaA vkt ds nkSj esa gky ;g gS fd nknk ds vius ikSrs ls eksckby Qksu dk

lapkyu lh[kuk iM+rk gSA lkfgR;dkj 'kekZ us bu fo"k;ksa ij cgqr euksjatd vkSj vkYgkn ls

Hkjh cky dkO; dh jpuk dh gSA eksckbZy dks ysdj cky gB izLrqr gS&

^ek¡ eq> dks eksckbZy fnyk nks]

eSa Hkh xse pykÅaxkA

ugha fnyk;k eksckby] rks

[kkuk eSa ugha [kkÅaxkA62

vkt dy ekrk&firk ckyd ds gkFk esa eksckby blfy, Fkek nsrs gSa fd rkfd og

mlesa xse [ksyrk jgs vkSj mudks rax ugha djsA tc ckyd nwljs cPps dks eksckbZy ij xse

pykrs gq, ns[krk gS rks] og Hkh ek¡ ls ftn djus yxrk gSA ;g vk/kqfud le; dk ;FkkFkZ gSA

dEI;wVj orZeku ;qx dh lc ls cM+h vko';drk cu xbZ gSA lkjh nqfu;k dk Kku blls izkIr

fd;k tk ldrk gSA tks Hkh tkudkjh gesa pkfg, dEI;wVj esa fey tkrh gSA bl NksVs ls cDls

esa lkjs lalkj dk Kku] foKku lekfgr gSA bldh otg ls cgqr lh eqf'dysa vklku Hkh gks

xbZ gSA nhun;ky 'kekZ us dEI;wVj blh 'kfDr dk viuh cky jpuk esa mYys[k fd;k&

^dEI;wVj gS ge lc ij Hkkjh] ^ekml* bldh djs lokjhA

nqfu;k dk bl esa gS Kku] bldh rkdr dks igpkuA63

iz[;kr cky lkfgR;dkj MkW- ij'kqjke 'kqDy us Hkh blh lanHkZ esa cgqr lqUnj ckyxhr

fy[kk gS&

^dEI;wVj th vk tkvks] gkseodZ fuiVk tkvksA

rqe rks ekml okys gks] lpeqp cM+s fujkys gksAA*64

cky lkfgR;dkj 'kekZ u, ;qx ds dfo gSA le; lkis{k jpuk deZ djus esa ikjaxr gSaA

phtksa dks ubZ n`f"V ls ns[krs gSa] ml ij euu djrs gS] fo'ys"k.k djrs gSa vkSj cky dkO; esa

mldks fdl izdkj iz;ksx esa yk;k tk;s] ftlls ckyd dk euksjatu Hkh gks ,oa og ckrksa gh

116

ckrksa esa ubZ rduhd ls Hkh ifjfpr gks tk;sA pwgs&fcYyh dh lSadM+ks dgkfu;k¡ izkphu dky ls

vkt rd cky lkfgR; esa izpfyr gSa] ftu dks i<+ dj cPps Åc eglwl djus yxs gSaA mudks

vc dqN u;k pkfg,A vkt ds cky jpukdkj iqjkus fo"k;ksa esa ubZ dYiukvksa ds jax Hkjdj u,

Lo:i ls vfHkO;Dr djus yxs gSaA nhun;ky 'kekZ us Hkh ,sls dbZ lQy iz;ksx fd, gSa] ubZ

rduhd ds lkFk&

ewaN fgykdj fcYyh cksyh]eq> ls er ?kcjkvksA

NksM+ Vksdjk vke dk]esjs ikl rks vkvksA

pwgs us eksckby pyk;k] ml esa dqÙkk HkkSadkA

nqe nckdj fcYyh nkSM+h]yx x;k tSls pkSdkA65

;g gS ubZ rduhd dk dekyA dfo 'kekZ us fl) dj fn;k fd vc pwgs dks fcYyh ls

Mjus dh t:jr ugha gSa] vkt dk pwgk LekVZ gks pqdk gSA gj leL;k dk lekèkku mlds ikl

gSA izrhd ds }kjk dfo nhun;ky 'kekZ us ,sls dbZ uokpkj fd;s gSa] ftuds }kjk cgqr cM+h

ckr ;gk¡ dg nh gSa fd vc rkuk'kkgh ugha pyus okyh] ;g lc cgqr gks pqdkA vkt dk

ckyd gj pht dks] gj ?kVuk dks viuh nf"V ls ns[krk gS] ml ij euu Hkh djrk gS vkSj

tgk¡ mls ihM+k gksrh gS] og cM+ks ls eklwe ls loky Hkh djrk gSA izLrqr gS ,d d:.kk ls

vksrizksr fcEc&

^gesa nsj gks tkrh ftl fnu]

lj th djrs [kwc fiVkbZA

lj th nsj ls vkrs ikik]

mu dh djrk dkSu f[kapkbZA66

;g vk/kqfud dky dh xEHkhj leL;k gSa] ftl dh vksj jpukdkj us lc dk /;ku

vkdf"kZr djus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA ckyd 'kkyk esa gksus okyh mldh fiVkbZ ls cgqr vkgr gS]

ihfM+r gSA ftl xyrh ds fy, mls ltk nh tkrh gS] mlh xyrh dks f'k{kd }kjk djus ij

dkSu ltk nsrk gSA ckyd ds eu esa ,sls loky [kM+s gksus yxs gSaA ;g nhun;ky 'kekZ dk

Hkksxk gqvk ;FkkFkZ gSA ;|fi vc Ldwy esa ckydksa dks ltk nsus ij dkuwuu jksd yxk nh xbZ

gSa fQj Hkh f'k{kd ;nk&dnk ckydksa ij gkFk mBk ysrs gSaA fiVkbZ ds Mj ls u tkus fdrus

cPps i<+us ls oafpr gks pqds gSaA nhun;ky 'kekZ us viuh dforkvksa esa ijEijkvksa ds euksgkjh

fcEc jps gSa ogha vk/kqfud lanHkksZa dks cM+h rUe;rk ls m)?kkfVr fd;k gSaA

117

3-1-7 ewY;

Hkkjrh; laLd`fr ewY;k/kkfjr gS] ftl esa ^ftvks vkSj thus nks*] ^olqnso dqVqEcde~*]

^vfgalk ijeks/keZ*] ^vkRefu izfrdwykfu] ^vfrfFk nsoks Hko%*] ijs'kk u lekpjsr] lR;a] f'koea]

lqUnje~ tSls lw= okD;ksa dk izk/kkU; jgk gSA ewY; dk lkekU; vFkZ oLrq dh dher] Hkko ds

lanHkZ esa fy;k tkrk gSA ysfdu thou ds izlax esa ewY; xq.k ;k rRo ds :i esa xzg.k fd,

tkrs gSaA ewY;ksa ds dbZ Hksn izpfyr gSa ;Fkk&thou ewY;] uSfrd ewY;] ekuo ewY;] bu lHkh dk

HkkokFkZ leku gSaA ewY; og dkjd gS] ftudks O;ogkj esa ykus ij fdlh Hkh lekt] ns'k ;k

nqfu;k ds pfj= dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS rFkk thou&iFk ij pyus ds fy, ;s ewyHkwr fl)kar gSaA

budk lEcU/k vkRek ls gksrk gSA budks viukus ls euq"; dks vkfRed cy feyrk gS] vkRe

'kfDr] vkRefo'okl esa Jho`f) gksrh gSA budks viukus ls eu dks ifo=rk o lgtrk dh

vuqHkwfr gksrh gSA ewY; dk 'kCndks'k ds vuq:i vk'k; gS &

ewY; & la- ¼iq-½ 1- nke] dher ¼tSls diMs+ dk ewY;] fdrkc dk ewY;] 2- Hkko ¼tSls & lksus]

pkanh dk ewY;] 3- rRo ¼tSls pfj= dk ewY;] ekuor dk ewY;½67

vaxzsth esa ewY; 'kCn dk lekukFkZd 'kCn Value gSA bldk 'kCndks"k lEer vFkZ&

Value - n. worth, price, importance, precise significationewY;] nke] egkRE;] lkjrk68

ewY;ksa ds fo"k; esa lq/kk tk;loky us fy[kk gS&^fdlh Hkh O;fDr esa uSfrd ewY;ksa dk gksuk gh

/keZ gS] uSfrd ewY;ksa ds vuq:i vkpj.k gh mls pfj=oku cukrk gSA uSfrd ewY;ksa dk ikyu

gh lnkpkj gS] lnkpkj O;fDr dks nsoRo dh vksj ys tkrk gSA*69

euqLe`fr esa euq us /keZ nl ds y{k.k crk, gSa] tks gekjs izeq[k ewY; gSa&

/k`fr {kek neks Lrs;a 'kkSpfefUnz;fuxzg%A

/khfoZ/;k lR;eØks/kks n'kda /keZy{k.ke~AA70

miU;kl lezzkV eqa'kh izsepUn ewY;ksa ds lanHkZ esa fy[krs gSa& ^lkfgR; dk iz;kstu

euksjatu t:j gS] ij ;g euksjatu og gS] ftl esa gekjh dksey vkSj ifo= Hkkoukvksa dks

izksRlkgu feys] ge esa lR;] fuLokFkZ lsok] U;k; vkfn nsoRo ds tks va'k gSa os tkxzg gksaA*71

mijksDr ifjHkk"kkvksa ,oa 'kCndks'k ds vFkkZuqlkj uSfrd ewY; O;fDr dks lE;d]

lnkpkjh cukrs gSa] ekuo dks nsoRo dh vksj vxzlj djrs gSaA vius ns'k rFkk vius lekt ds

;qxkuqdwy thou ;FkkFkZ vkSj mlls fuo`r fl)kar gh ewY; ds :i esa izfrf"Br gksrs gSaA ewY;

118

'kCn ewy&;r~ ls fu"iUu gqvk gSA ,d okD; esa dgsa rks ewY; oks dkjd gS tks thou dks

ewY;oku cukrs gSaA

fganh lkfgR; esa ewY;ksa dks vR;Ur mPp LFkku fn;k x;k gSA iwoZorhZ jpukdkjksa esa

;Fkk&dfo fcgkjh] jghe] dchj nkl] ukenso bR;kfn larksa ,oa dfo;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk fo}kuksa]

jpukdkjksa us viuh jpuk/kfeZrk esa ewY;ksa dks fo'ks"k egRo fn;k gSA cky lkfgR; esa Hkh vkfn

dky ls uSfrd ewY;ksa ij cgqr vf/kd cy fn;k x;k gSA nknk& nknh dh dgkfu;ka gksa] iapra=

dh gksa ;k Hkkjrsanq dk cky lkfgR;] lHkh esa uSfrd ewY;ksa dk mYys[k feyrk gSA orZeku cky

lkfgR; esa Hkh] ijEijkoknh ,oa vk/kqfud lkfgR;dkj uSfrd ewY;ksa dks cky lkfgR; dk izk.k

rÙo ekurs gSa ,oa cky lkfgR; esa ewY;ksa dks loksZifj ekuk gSA orZeku ;qx esa tgk¡ ewY;ksa dk

âkl cM+h rhozrk ds lkFk gks jgk gS] ,sls esa ewY;ksa dh lkFkZdrk vkSj izklafxd gks tkrh gSA

nhun;ky 'kekZ lektpsrk dfo gSaaA bUgksaus us vius cky dkO; esa lR;] vfgalk] lg;ksx] izse]

{kek] 'kkafr] lgkuqHkwfr] izdfr&izse bR;kfn ewY;ksa dks i;kZIr efgek ef.Mr fd;k gS] ,oa blds

fy, ckydksa ds }kjk xka/kh ckck dk vkOgku djokrs gSa fd nqfu;k okys I;kj] 'kkafr] lR;]

vfgalk lc dqN Hkwy x, gSa] bUgsa fQj ekxZn'kZd dh vko';drk gS&

^vk tkvks rqe xk¡/kh ckck] lqu yks esjh iqdkjA

Hkwy x, gSa ;gk¡ yksx lc] izse] eksgCcr I;kjA

'kkafr] veu vkSj lR;&vfgalk] ikB dkSu fl[kyk,

le; ugha gS ikl fdlh ds] dkSu fdls cfr;k,A72

vkxs jpukdkj cPpksa ds }kjk izse ds lkFk feydj jgus dh] lHkh izdkj ds Hksn&Hkko

Hkqykdj] [kqf'k;k¡ ckaVus dh ckr djrs gSa&

^vkil esa ge lc gSa HkkbZ] ugha djsa ge dHkh yM+kbZA

izse e/kqjrk dk jl ?kksys] bd nwts ls ehBk cksysaA

vkvks feydj ckr djsa ge] vkil esa ckaVs [kqf'k;k¡ xeA

ge lc ckyd tkr u tkus] lc tu dks ge viuk ekusA

HksnHkko dh esVsa [kkbZ] blesa ge lc dh HkykbZA73

isM+ gekjs thou nkrk gSAnku dh egÙkk ds fy, buls vPNk dkSu f'k{kd gks ldrk gS

Hkyk&

isM+ gekjs thounkrk]

bu ls tUe&tUe dk ukrkA

119

HksnHkko ugha lax fdlh ds]

'khry Nk¡o yqVkrs gSaA74

ewY; Hkkjrh; thou i)fr ;k dgas laLd`fr ds vkyksd LrEHk gSa] nhun;ky 'kekZ

ewY;&f'k{kk ds izfr izfrc) gksus ds dkj.k viuh cky dforkvksa esa ewY;ksa ij fo'ks"k cy

nsrs gSa&

^vxM+e&cxM+e djsa u frdM+e] lPpkbZ ij jgsaxs gjneA

^lk¡p dks vk¡p* dHkh ugha vkrk] tks lPpk og ugha ?kcjkrkA75

^lR;eso t;rs* lw= okD; loZizpfyr gSA ;gk¡ ^lk¡p dks vk¡p* eqgkojsa dk Hkh lqUnj

iz;ksx gqvk gSA lPpkbZ esa vijEikj 'kfDr gksrh gSA jpukdkj 'kekZ us lp dh efgek dh

lkFkZd vfHkO;fDr djds ckydksa dks lPpkbZ ds ekxZ ij pyus dks mnr fd;k gS] ftl dh

vkt lokZf/kd t:jr gSA bl Hkkafr dfo us dHkh vizR;{k :i ls rks dHkh izrhdksa ds ek/;e

ls vius cky dkO; esa ewY;ksa dh izfr"Bk c<+ds mPp LFkku nsdj] ckydksa dks Js"B ekxZ ij

pyus dh izsj.kk nsrs gq,] ckrksa&ckrksa esa ckydksa dks thouki;ksxh vkn'kksZ ls ifjfpr djok

fn;k gS ^lqxj dksVsMa* nok dh rjgA

3-1-8 jk"Vª&izse

gekjs ;gk¡ jk"Vªh;rk dh Hkkouk ds lzksr oSfnd lkfgR; ls gh fo|eku jgs gSaa& ^xrs

xfg LojkT;s* ¼_Xosn&5] 5] 6½ ^vk jk"Vªs jktU;%* ¼;tqosZn 28@22½] ^jk"Vªs.k o)kZrke*

¼vFkoZosn&5] 1] 7½76

jk"Vª&izse ;qXe 'kCn gS tks ^jk"Vª* ,oa ^izse* 'kCn ds la;ksx ls cuk g]S ftl dk vk'k;

ns'k ls izse djuk gSA jk"Vª dk ,d i;kZ; 'kCn ns'k gS ftl dk vFkZ gS] fu/kkZfjr lhekvksa esa

vkc) ,d ,slk Hkw Hkkx ftlds varxZr mlesa fuokl djus okys ukxfjd] i'kq&i{kh] tho&tarq]

ioZr] ufn;k¡] >hy&>jus] taxy] lkxj bR;kfn lfEefyr gksrs gSaA ,d ns'k ds varxZr fofHkUu

jktuSfrd] HkkSxksfyd] lkekftd] lkaLd`frd /kkj.kkvksa] ekU;rkvksa dks ekuus okys yksx jgrs gSa]

ftuds jhfr&fjokt] Hkk"kk&cksfy;k¡] jgu&lgu] [kku&iku] igukok] Hkkstu] dyk laLd`fr]

tkfr /keZ fHkUu fHkUu gksrs gSaA bu lHkh fofo/krkvkas ds e/; Hkh HkkoukRed n`f"V ls lHkh

ukxfjdksa ds ân; esa ijLij izse] lnHkkouk,¡] d:.kk] lgkuqHkwfr ds Hkko yckyc Hkjs gksrs gSaA

Hkkjr ns'k fofHkUurkvksa ds bUnz/kuq"kh jaxksa ls ixk gqvk gSA bl izdkj vusdkusd oSfo/; ds ckn

Hkh ukxfjdksa ds vUrl~ esa fufgr HkkoukRed ,drk dk lkSUn;Z vizfre gSA jk"Vª 'kCn dk

'kCndks"k ds vuq:i vk'k;&

120

jk"Vª& la- ¼iq-½ ns'k tSls& ¼Hkkjr ,d fo'kky jk"Vª gSA½

ns'k dks vfrfjDr fuEukafdr vFkZ Hkh ;gk¡ izLrqr gSa&

2- jkT; ¼tSls& tSls lc dks jk"Vª Hkk"kk dk lEeku djuk pkfg,½

3- tkfr ¼tSls& ge ,d ns'k vkSj jk"Vª ds fuoklh gSa½

_.k& ¼iq-½& jkt _.k] dehZ ¼iq-½ jktuhfrK] dqy&¼iq-½ jk"Vªe.My] xku] xhr ¼iq-½ ns'kxku]

fpUg ¼iq-½ jktfpUg] ra= ¼iq-½ jkT;ra=77

izse lalkj dk vk/kkj gSA leLr pjkpj txr izse ds pqEcdh; vkd"kZ.k dh 'kfDr ls

pyk;eku gSA izse ,d lq[kn] foy{k.k] vfuoZpuh;] vo.kZuh;] 'kCnkrhr] vn~Hkqr] vykSfdd]

vlk/kkj.k] fnO;] vkuanewyd vfrlw{e yksdksÙkj vkLokne; vuqHkwfr gSA izse dk 'kCndks'kh;

vFkZ&

izse& la- ¼iq-½ izhfr] I;kj] 2- ek;k] yksHk] 3- yxko ¼tSls & lkfgR; ds izfr izse½

dFkk ¼L=h-½ izse&dgkuh] dyg ¼iq-½ izse gksus okyk >xMk&xforkZ ¼L=h-½ izse ij xoZ

djus okyh ukf;dk] xkFkk & ¼L=h-½ & izse dgkuh] fuosnu ¼iq-½ izse dh ;kpuk ;k izkFkZuk i=&

¼iq-½ izse esa fy[kk x;k i=] Hkko ¼iq-½ izse dk Hkko] HkfDr ¼L=h-½ izse Hkko ls dh xbZ HkfDrA78

vaxzsth esa izse ds fy, 'Love' 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

Love 1. To be in love with, to regard with affection, to delight in to edmire, izseklDr

gksuk] izse djuk] izlUu gksuk] iz'kalk djukA79

MkW- cgknqj feJ us jk"Vª dks cM+h lq?kM+rk ls ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gS&

^jk"Vª* 'kCn ds izcq) psru] fdUrq LosPN;k ,drkc) ekuo&lewg vkSj ml dk ifjos'k

nksuksa dk cksèk gksrk gS] nwljs 'kCnksa esa ^jk"Vª* og yksd&leqnk; gS] tks ,d gh ns'k esa clrk gks

;k ,d gh 'kklu esa jgrk gqvk ,drk ds lw= esa vkc) gksA QyLo:i] blds varxZr Hkw[kaM]

ioZr] ouksiou] unh] isM+&ikS/kks ds vykok ogk¡ ds fuokfl;ksa dh Hkk"kk] igukok&vks<+kok]

laLd`fr bR;kfn ds izfr fuO;kZT; izse] vfHkeku bR;kfn ds Hkko Lo;eso lekfgr gks tkrs gSaA*80

mi;qZDr 'kCndks'kxr ,oa ifjHkk"kkvksa ls Li"V gS fd jk"Vªizse dk ljy HkkokFkZ ns'k ls

izse djuk gSA izR;sd ukxfjd dks Lons'k ls vuqjkx gksrk gS D;ksafd og ml dh tUe Hkwfe

gksrh gS] tgk¡ [ksy&dwn dj og cM+k gksrk gSA fganh lkfgR; esa jk"Vªizse dh Hkkouk dk fp=.k

gj ;qx esa gksrk vk;k gSA Lok/khurk laxzke esa ns'k&izse ls vksrizksr jpukvksa dk l`tu

ijkdk"Bk ij FkkA rRdkyhu jpukdkjksa esa Hkkjrsanq gfj'pUnz] jke/kkjh flag fnudj] eSfFkyh'kj.k

121

xqIr] ek[ku yky prqosZnh] lqHknzk dqekjh pkSgku] izsepUn bR;kfn dfo;ksa us ns'kizse dk 'ka[kukn

fd;kA ek[kuyky prqosZnh dh ^iq"i dh vfHkyk"kk* dfork jk"Vª izse dh vf}rh; felky cu

pqdh gS& pkg ugha eSa lqjckyk ds xguksa eas xwaFkk tkÅ¡---------- eq>s rksM+ ysuk cuekyh] ml iFk

ij nsuk Qasd----A izLrqr jpukdkjksa us cky lkfgR; dks Hkh ns'kizse dh jpukvksa ls lqle`)

fd;k gSA gj ;qx ds cky lkfgR; esa jk"Vª&izse ls lefUor xhrksa] dforkvksa dk vkOgku feyrk

gSA Lok/khurk ds iwoZ vkSj i'pkr~ ds dfo;ksa ;Fkk&lqHknzk dqekjh pkSgku] txnh'k pUnz 'kekZ]

jk"Vªca/kq] MkW- nsoljs] MkW- ukxs'k ikaMs; ^lat;*] fujadkj nso lsod] d`".k 'kyHk] e/kqlwnu lkgk]

fnfod jes'k] ?keaMh yky vxzoky tSls cky lkfgR;dkjksa us jk"Vª izse dh jpukvksa ls cky

lkfgR; dks lEiksf"kr fd;k gSA cky jpukdkj nhun;ky 'kekZ dk cky dkO; ns'k izse ls

vuqizkf.kr gS] bUgksaus jk"Vª izse ds dbZ Js"B xhrksa dk l`tu djds ckydksa dks vius jk"Vª ls

vuqjkx j[kus dh izsj.kk iznku dh gS ,oa jk"Vªuk;dksa] tokuksa] fdlkuksa] etnwjksa ij Hkh

izsj.kkLin dfork;sa fy[kha gSaA tokgj yky usg: ij fy[kh i| jpuk esa muds tUe]

ekrk&firk] jk"Vªh; Lora=rk laxzke ns'k ds vktkn gksus] cPpksa }kjk ^pkpk* dk lEcks/ku ikus

ls ysdj muds tUe fnol dks ^cky fnol* ds :i esa eukus rd ds lHkh izlax NksVh lh

jpuk esa mdsj fn, gSaA vFkkZr~ ^xkxj esa lkxj*A

^ek¡ Lo:ijkuh Fkh ftu dh] firk Fks eksrhykyA

bykgkckn es tUes Fks tks] uke tokgj ykyA

vaxzstksa ds vR;kpkj ls] O;fFkr HkkjroklhA

jktnzksgh vkjksi esa tokgj] cus tsy izoklhA

iUnzg vxLr lSarkyhl ds fnu] gqvk ns'k vktknA

rksM+ xqykeh dh tathjs] fQj ls gqvk vkcknA

cPpksa ds I;kjs pkpk rqe] ;kn lHkh dks vkrsA

pkSng uoEcj ds fnu mRlo] jfyey lHkh tkursA81

,d vkSj ns'k HkfDr ls ixh gqbZ jpuk Hkh js[kkafdr djus ;ksX; gS] ftlesa tokuksa

fdlkuksa ln~Hkkoukvksa] /kkfeZd leUo; ds lkFk&lkFk jk"Vª uk;dksa dh jk"Vª HkfDr dks cgqr

izsjd Lo:i esa izLrqr fd;k gSA

t; toku cksy] t; fdlku cksy]

;s gS I;kjk ns'k gekjk] ge bldh larku gSaA

lc /keksZa ds yksx ;gk¡ gSa] ge bl ij dqckZu gSAA

t; toku ----------------------

122

jktxq:] lq[knso] Hkxrflag] lPph budh 'kku gSA

[krjksa ls uk Mjs dHkh ;s] fuMjrk igpku gSAA

t; toku cksy -----------

vUu mitk,¡] [kqf'k;k¡ yk,¡] ge Hkkjr dh vku gSaA

esgur ls u Mjus okys] ge etnwj fdlku gSaA

t; toku cksy -------------82

jpukdkj nhun;ky 'kekZ dk ns'k ds izfr vuqjfDr] izse ns[krs gh curk gSA oLrqr%

jk"Vª ds varxZr mldh fu/kkZfjr lhek es avkus okyk tho&txr] ouLifr&txr ,oa lHkh izk.kh

lekfo"V gksrs gSaA nhun;ky 'kekZ us bu miknkuksa] fo"k;ksa ij vusd ckyksi;ksxh jpuk,¡ izLrqr

dh gSa ;Fkk & i'kq&i{kh] izd`fr] tho&tarq] ekuoA ;s lHkh jk"Vªh;rk ds Hkkoksa ls lefUor

jpuk,¡ gSaA

3-1-9 lelkef;drk

lkfe;d 'kCn dks le; ds vuq:i] orZeku le;] orZeku ls lEc)] le;c) dk;Z]

ledkyhu] orZeku ls tqM+h dksbZ ?kVuk ;k dk;Z ds vFkZ esa fy;k tkrk jgk gSA ^lelkfe;d*

esa ewy 'kCn ^le;* gS] ftlesa ^le* milxZ] ^bd* ,oa ^rk* izR;; tqM+k gqvk gSA Li"V gS fd

;g 'kCn le; dk lwpd gSA 'kCndks'k j¶rkj ds vuqlkj lelkef;drk ls rkRi;Z gS &

1-le; vFkkZr~ ifjikVh ds vuqlkj gksus okyk] 2- vuqca/k ds vuq:i gksus okyk

3- Bhd le; ij gksus okyk 4- izLrqr ;k orZeku le; dk83

lkfe;d&la- ¼fo-½ 1- le;kuqlkj gksus okyk ¼tSls lkef;d dk;ZØe½ 2- orZeku le;

dk ¼tSls&lkef;d i=½84

mi;qZDr 'kCndks'kksa ds vFkkZuqlkj lelkef;d 'kCn orZeku le;] rRdkyhu]

le;kuqlkj dk lwpd gSA lkfgR; lelkef;drk ls fof'k"V :i ls lEc) gS D;kafd lkfgR;

rRdkyhu gksus okyh ?kVukvksa dk nLrkost gksrk gS] blhfy;s lkfgR; lekt dk niZ.k

dgykrk gSA izR;sd jpukdkj vius le; dks thrk gS] Hkksxrk gS] vuqHkwr djrk gS vkSj mldh

;gh laosnuk,a mlds jpuk deZ esa izfrfcfEcr gksrh gSaA ^jkepfjrekul* bldk Toyar

mnkgj.k gSA lar rqylhnkl us vius le; dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks] laLd`fr dks ekul esaa n'kkZ;k

gSA cky lkfgR; esa Hkh lelkef;d ?kVd lnSo ls mtkxj gksrs jgs gSa] pkgs dFkklfjRlkxj gks

;k jktk&jkuh dh dgkfu;k¡ ;k ikSjkf.kd dFkk,¡] blh ds lkFk leLr yksfj;k¡] ckyxhr Hkh

vius&vius le; ds lk{kh gSaA lelkef;drk dh izklafxdrk ij MkW- 'ks"kiky flag fy[krs gSa&

123

^lelkef;drk lkfgR; dk xq.k gSA lkfgR; lekt dk niZ.k gksrk gS] lkfgR;dkj

viuh n`f"V ls mls ns[krk gS vkSj vius <a+x ls mls vius l`tu esa fijksrk gSA lekt dh

rRdkyhu leL;kvksa dh vksj ikBdksa dk /;ku vkdf"kZr djuk vkSj mudk leqfpr lek/kku

lq>kuk lkfgR;dkj dk /keZ ,oa drZO; gSA85

nhun;ky 'kekZ vius le; ds izfr iw.kZ:is.k ltx ,oa izfrc) dfo gSa tks le; dh

uCt dks igpkurs gq,] vius ifjos'k dk lw{e nf"V ls fujh{k.k djds viuh dforkvksa dk

fo/kku djrs gSa] lkFk gh vkt dk cky D;k i<+uk pkgrk gS] fdl izdkj dh dfork;sa mldk

euksjatu dj ldrh gSa] orZeku le; dh vis{kkvksa ds lkis{k lkfgR; jprs gSA orZeku le;

lapkj Økafr dk ;qx gSA ,dy ifjokj dk pyu gksus ls cPps nknh] ukuh dh dgkfu;ksa ls

oafpr gks x, gSaA budk LFkku ^Vh-oh- ukuh* us ys fy;k gSA jpukdkj 'kekZ us Vh-oh- dks

vk/kqfud ukuh dk mieku nsdj ekSfydrk dks js[kkafdr fd;k gS] tks vU;= nqyZHk gSA izLrqr

gS lqanj f'k'kq xhr&

ukuh esjh I;kjh ukuh

ugha lqukrh dksbZ dgkuh

fQj eSa djrk gw¡ euekuh

Vhoh curh esjh ukuh86

^dk;Z* dks gekjh laLd`fr esa iwtk ds led{k ekuk x;k gSA bafXy'k esa Hkh dgk x;k gS

work is workship. ,d lkFk feydj dke djus ls mRd`"V ifj.kke vkrs gSaA ,drk esa cgqr

cM+h 'kfDr fufgr gksrh gSA ,d&,d feydj X;kjg gksrs gSa] ;g eqgkojk lekt esa izpfyr gSA

nhun;ky 'kekZ Hkh pkgrs gSa fd cPps I;kj ls] lg;ksx ls feydj dke djsa] ;s gh le; dh

ekax gS&

b/kj&m/kj D;k ns[k jgs gks]

vkvks feydj dke djsa geA

>xM+k cf<+;k ckr ugha gSa]


dke ls dHkh u drjk,¡ ge]


dke gksxk] uke Hkh gksxk]

vkvks feydj dke djsa geA87

124

bu fnuksa if{k;ksa ds fy, ifjaM+s cka/kus vkSj vius ifjos'k dks lkQ&lqFkjk j[kus ds fy,

ukxfjdksa dks vuqizsfjr] izksRlkfgr fd;k tk jgk gS] rkfd bl Hkh"k.k vkri esa i{kh viuh {kq/kk

'kkar dj ldsa vkSj bUgsa [kqys vkleku esa eqDr mMku Hkjus nsaA blh ds lkekukarj lkQ&lQkbZ

ds Hkh fy, vfHk;ku pyk;s tk jgs gSa] ehfM;k esa foKkiu Hkh fn[kk, tk jgSa] ^LoPN Hkkj*

vkUnksyu dk Lo:i xzg.k dj pqdk gSA bUgha lanHkksZa ij dfo 'kekZ fy[krs gSa&

fpM+h&dcwrj esjs lkFkh] nkus jkst f[kykrh gw¡A

tc ;s [kk ysrs gSa nkus] ikuh bUgsa fiykrh gw¡A88

xyh&xyh vkSj xk¡o&'kgj esa]j[ksaxs ge jkst lQkbZ

dwMsnku esa Mkysa dpjk] ePNjksa dh fQj 'kker vkbZA89

fu"d"kZr% nhun;ky 'kekZ vius le; ds dyedkj gSa] le; ds vuq:i] le; dh ekax

dks ns[krs gq, Js;"dj cky dkO; dk fo/kku djrs gSa vkSj lelkef;drk ds dlkSVh ij [kjs

mrjus okys dfo gSaA vius ;qx ds vuqlkj jpuk dk;Z djus okyk lkfgR;dkj gh lgh :i esa

l`tudehZ dgykrk gSaA nhun;ky 'kekZ ds cky dkO; ds vk|ksikUr rkfRod fo'ys"k.k ds

QyLo:i dgk tk ldrk gS fd buds cky dkO; esa f'k'kq xhr] cky dfork ,oa fd'kksj dkO;

dk lqUnj #i n`f"Vxkspj gksrk gS rFkk ckydkO; dh yxHkx lHkh izo`fr;ksa dk f'kír ds lkFk

fu:i.k gqvk gSa] ftuesa euksjatu ds lqeu f[kys gSa] rks thouksi;ksxh lh[k dh ikS/k Hkh

ygygkrh gS] ijEijk ds chtkjksi.k gq, gS] rks vk/kqfudrk ds vadqj Hkh QwVus yxs gSa] ewY;ksa dh

lqlaxfr ds lkFk ljyrk] ljlrk] lgtrk] jkspdrk ,oa ftKklk dk lkSUn;Z n';eku gS

jk"Vªizse] lkelkfe;drk] izsj.kk] cky euksfoKku dh mn~Hkkouk Hkh ;gk¡ iz[kjrkk ds lkFk foLrkj

ikrh gSA blhfy, lqizfl) jpukdkj tudjkt ikjhd dks dguk iM+k&

ßJh 'kekZ dh dforkvksa dh fLFkfr;ka cgqr 'kh?kzrk ls cnyrh gSA os dHkh lrjaxh gks

tkrh gSa] rks dHkh cgqjaxhA dHkh dHkh mudh dfork ,d [kwclwjr fp= gksrh gS&f[kyrs gq,

Qwy dk] pgpgkrh gqbZ fpfM+;k dk] cPps ds v/kjks ij QSyh ifo= eqLdku dk ;k mudh

vk¡[kksa esa vuk;kl meM+ vk;s fueZy&fueZy vk¡lqvksa dkA nhun;ky 'kekZ bu fp=ksa dks bruh

dq'kyrk ls mdsjr gSa fd ,d ckj tc buds pVd jax muds 'kCnksa ls rknkRE; LFkkfir dj

ysrs gSa ns[kus okys dh n`f"V ml vkd"kZ.k ds tknw ls lgt eqDr ugha gks ikrhA*90

dfo 'kekZ ds dkO; esa lkSUn;Z dh Nfo loZ= n"VO; gSA dHkh Qwy f[kyrs gSa rks dHkh

eksj ukprs gSa] es?k >wedj cjlrs gSaA jkspdrk gj jpuk esa ns[kh tk ldrh gSA ckydksa esa

ftKklk tkxzr djus ,oa mudh ftKklkvksa dks iwjh djus esa dksbZ deh ugha NksM+h gSA lHkh

125

jpuk,¡ lgtrk ds lkFk dgh xbZa gSA euksjatu dh rks ckr gh fujkyh gSA ckydksa dks [kwc

galkrs gSa] ^ukpus dks foo'k dj nsrs gSaA ckyd fdydkfj;ka Hkjus yxrs gSaA

nhun;ky 'kekZ dks ckyeuksfoKku ds Kkrk dgk tk ldrk gSA ckyeu D;k pkgrk gS]

D;k ugha] mlh ds vuq:i bUgksaus dkO; dk l`tu fd;k x;kA nhun;ky 'kekZ izd`fr izse esa Hkh

fdlh ls ihNs ugha jgsA i;kZoj.k ds izfr cPpksa dks [kwc lpsr fd;k gSA izd`fr ds leLr

miknkuksa dks lesVrs gq, l`tu deZ fd;k gS] tks ckydksa ds eu esa iqyd Hkj nsrk gSA cPpksa

dks izsfjr djus esa jpukdkj 'kekZ vxz.kh dgs tk ldrs gSa] mUgsa fujarj pyus dh izsj.kk nsrk

gSaA blh izdkj ijEijkvksa dks [kqys eu Lohdkjrs gq, vk/kqfudrk dh vuqikyuk djrs fn[kkbZ

nsrs gSaA rkfd ckyd vius jhfr&fjoktksa vkSj orZeku lanHkksZa ls Hkyh Hkkafr ifjfpr gks ldsA

ckrksa&gh&ckrksa esa thou ewY;ksa vkSj jk"Vª&izse ls Hkh fujarj cPpksa dks ifjfpr djokrs pyrs

gSaA lelkef;d ifjos'k dks Hkh cM+h f'kír ds lkFk izlaxkuqdwy mtkxj fd;k gSA jpukdkj

nhun;ky 'kekZ us vius cky dkO; esa bUnz/kuq"kh jaxksa dk lekgkj djds cky lkfgR; dks vkSj

Hkh fpÙkkdf"kZr] Js;l] izs;l cuk fn;k gSA

3-2 cky igsfy;ka

igsfy;k¡ vU;kU; fo/kkvksa dh rjg gh vR;ar izkphu fo/kk gS tks jkspdrk] Kku]

ftKklk vkSj LoLFk euksjatu ls Hkjiwj gksus ds dkj.k yksdfiz; jgh gSA vkfndky ls gh

igsfy;k¡ yksd thou dk vfHkUu vax jgh gSaA igsfy;k¡ yksd O;ogkj esa euksjatu ds lanHkZ esa

vge~ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSa] pkgs 'kknh&C;kg gks] rht&R;kSgkj gks ;k blh izdkj dk vU;

lekjksgA fcfV;k dks taokbZ jktk vkSj llqjky okys fyokus vkrs gSa rc jkr dks efgyk,a igys

mu esa ehBh&ehBh xfy;ka xkrh gS rRi'pkr~ muls igsfy;k¡ iwNrh gSa vkSj lgh mÙkj ugha nsus

ij ehBh lh /kedh Hkh nh tkrh gSaA ;g nkSj vk/kh&vk/kh jkr rd pyrk jgrk gSA ;g gekjh

ijEijk jgh gSA blh cgkus taokbZ lk dh cqf) dk ijh{k.k Hkh tk;k djrk gSA igsfy;k¡ thou

esa jl gh ugha ?kksyrh gSa vfirq fparu&euu ds vuar }kjk Hkh [kksyrh gSA ;s gkL;&fouksn

vkSj ftKklk ls Hkjiwj gksrh gSa blhfy, ckydksa dh lcls fiz; foèkk gS igsfy;k¡ tgk¡ ftKklk

tkxzr djrh gSa ogha cq>k nsus ij ije larqf"V dh vuqHkwfr Hkh djokrh gSa] ,d ckj ;s

flyflyk izkjEHk gksus ds ckn fujarj pyrk jgrk gS D;ksafd igsfy;ksa dk viuk vyx gh

egRo gSA igsfy;k¡ cPpksa vkSj cM+ksa dks ije vkuan iznku djrh gSa] ckydksa dks mYykl ls Hkj

nsrh gSaA ckyd LokHkko ls gh ljy] Hkksys ,oa ftKklq gksrs gSa] vius ifjos'k vkSj izd`fr dh gj

NksVh ls NksVh pht dks ns[k dj jksekap ls Hkj mBrs gSa vkSj mls iwjh xgjkbZ ls tku ysuk

pkgrs gSaA D;ksa] D;k dSls vfn loky muds eu esa yxkrkj pyrs jgrs gS ftUgsa os cM+ksa ls

126

iwNrs Hkh gS vkSj fdruh ckj rks cM+s&cM+s mudk tokc rd ugha ns ikrs vkSj cxysa >kadus

yxrs gSaA ckydksa dh nqfu;k dYiuk yksd esa fopjrh gS] tgk¡ jksekap] jgL;] jkspdrk]

euksjatdrk uR; djrs gSaA 'kk;n blhfy, mUgsa lcls ft;knk vkuan igsfy;k¡ cq>kus esa

vkrk gSA

igsyh gksrh gh ,slh gS] tc rd u cq>s ckyd mls ugha NksM+ ikrsA pkgs ftruh Hkh

ekFkkiPph djuh iM+s vkSj mÙkj feyrs gh] [kq'kh ls ukp mBrs gSa] fdydkfj;ka Hkjus yxrs gSaA

gekjh f'k{kk cky dsfUnzr gSa] uUgsa eqUgsa [ksy [ksy esa] ckrksa ckrksa esa ftruh tYnh lh[krs gSa

mruk fdrkcksa ls ughaA igsfy;k¡ tgk¡ vkuUn iznku djrh gSa ogha Kku esa vn~Hkqr :i ls o`f)

djrh gS blfy, cPpk [ksy [ksy esa cgqr dqN lh[k ysrk gSA igsyh dk fo"k; dqN Hkh gks

ldrk gS ;Fkk&izd`fr] ?kjsyw phtsa] [kkus&ihus dh phtsa] f'k{kk] Kku] 'kjhj ds vax bR;kfnA

dgkuh vkSj dfork ds ckn igsfy;k¡ cPpksa dh fiz; fo/kk gS] dqN igsfy;k¡ rks tSls thou dk

fgLlk gh cu xbZ gSaa tSls&^mYVk lh/kk ,d leku rhu v{kj dk esjk uke*] bl igsyh ds

dbZ&dbZ mÙkj gSaA bl izdkj &fQYeh xhr ij vk/kkfjr ,d igsyh&^rhrj ds vkxs nks vkxs

rhrj] rhrj ds nks ihNs rhrj] vkxs rhrj] ihNs rhrj] cksyks fdrus rhrjA ¼rhu½ blhfy, ia-

jkeujs'k ^igsyh* 'kCn dk ^f'k{kkFkhZ* fganh 'kCndks'k lEer vFkZ&

1- iz'ukRed mfDr ftlesa ckr dk y{k.k crykrs gq, ;g dgk tkrk gS fd crkvks og dkSu

lh ckr gSA

2- dksbZ xw< ckr ftldk fujkdj.k lgtiw.kZ gksA91

igsyh ds lkFk ^cq>kuk* 'kCn tqM+k gqvk gksrk gSA mijksDr 'kCn dks'k esa bldk vFkZ

?kqeko&fQjko dh ckr ftlesa yksx pDdj esa vk tk,¡] fu:fir gSA vr% mi;qZDr lanHkZ ds

vuqlkj igsyh ,d ,slh mfDr gS ftlesa iz'ukRed Hkko fufgr gksrk gS ,oa ckr ds y{k.k

crkrs gq, bl izdkj ?kqek&fQjk dj izLrqr fd;k tkrk gS fd yksx vklkuh ls mÙkj ugha ns

ldsA blds fy, mUgsa ekufld Je djuk iM+rk gS] vkSj dbZ ckj ckr dks bruh xw<+rk ls

j[kk tkrk gS fd lkeus okyk fu:Ùkj gks tkrk gS vkSj og iz'u drkZ ls mÙkj crkus ds fy,

[kq'kken djrk gS D;ksafd mÙkj tkuus dh mldh ftKklk cgqr cyorh gks mBrh gSA ftKklk

mRiUu djuk igyh dh vfr fof'k"Vrk ekuh xbZ gSA igsfy;ksa dks ysdj dbZ eqgkojs Hkh yksd

thou esa izpfyr gSa& ^igsfy;k¡ er cq>kvksa] ^thou ,d igsyh gSa*A igsfy;k¡ x|kRed vkSj

i|kRed nksuksa izdkj dh gksrh gSa] ;s y{k.kk 'kCn 'kfDr ls vksrizksr gksrh gSA igsfy;k¡

vkdkj&izdkj] jax&:i] LoHkko] xq.k&/keZ] xf.kr] leku /keZ okys 'kCnksa ds vk/kkj ij dbZ

izdkj dh gks ldrh gSaA igsyh x<+uk cPpksa dk [ksy ugha gS blds fy, cgqr Je djuk gksrk

127

gS D;ksafd bls x<+us esa mfpr Hkk"kk vkSj l'kDr izLrqrhdj.k t:jh gSA bldk mÙkj fuf'pr

gksrk gSA blh izlax esa eqds'k uknku fu:iek dk dFku gS&îgsfy;k¡ Kku dks c<+kus dk ,d

ljy lk/ku gSA igsfy;k¡ gekjs Kku dks ugha c<+krh vfirq euksjatu Hkh djrh gSA Ldwy esa]

nksLrksa esa] fidfud ij vFkok NksVh&NksVh ikfVZ;ksa esa ;s igsfy;k¡ Kku dks c<+kus vFkok le;

dkVus dk lcls vPNk lk/ku gksrh gSaA buls ,d izdkj dh fnekxh dljr Hkh gksrh gSA92

igsfy;ksa dks tUe ekuo lH;rk ds izknqHkkZo ds lkFk lkFk gh gqvk gksxkA [ksy gh [ksy

esa budk l`tu gqvk gksxkA fdlh ,d us nwljs O;fDr ds Kku dk ijh{k.k djus ds Hkko ls

ckr dks ?kqek&fQjk dj ;k xw<+ cuk dj iwNk gksxk] mÙkj ugha feyus ij Hkh vkSj ugha feyus

ij Hkh tkfgj gS nksuksa vU; yksxksa ls vkuan ysus ds fy, iwNrs x, gksaxs vkSj ;g flyflyk

curk x;k gksxk] ftl dk vk/kqfud Lo:i vkt gekjs le{k gSA

MkW- ukxs'k ikaMs; ^lat;* ds vuqlkj&ôrZeku esa Hkh i=&if=dkvksa esa cky igsfy;k¡ ns[kus dks

fey tkrh gSaA dqN nSfud lekpkj i=ksa ds ^'kCn Kku igsyh* 'kh"kZd ls izfrfnu igsyh dk

izdk'ku fd;k tk jgk gS ftls ikBd&x.k iwjs euks;ksx ls gy djrs ns[ks tk ldrs gSaA

dgkuh vkSj dfork ds ckn cPpksa dk :>ku igsfy;k¡ dh vksj gh vxzlj gksrk gSA ;g Hkh

laHko gS fd os lc dqN NksM+dj loZizFke igsfy;ksa ij gh viuk /;ku dsfUnzr djsa vkSj viuh

/;ku fLFkfr dk ijh{k.k djds vkYgkfnr gksA93

oxhZdj.k dh nf"V ls jk/ks';ke izxYHk us igsfy;ksa dks ikap izdkj ls foHkDr fd;k gSa&

1- ftu dk mÙkj igsfy;ksa esa gh fNik gksA

2- ftu dk mÙkj ljyrk ls idM+ esa vk tk;sA

3- xf.krh; f'k{kk esa lgk;dA

4- 'kCn ds vkfn] e/; vkSj var ds yksi ij vk/kkfjr igsfy;k¡

5- nks iz'uksa ds ,d mÙkj okyh igsfy;k¡A94

vU; fo/kkvksa dh Hkkafr igsfy;ksa dk tUe Hkh laLdr Hkk"kk ls gqvk gSA laLd`r esa bUgsa

îzgsfydk* dgk tkrk gSA vkfn xzUFk _Xosn] czkã.k xzUFk] mifu"knksa rFkk vU; xzaFkksa esa Hkh

budk mYys[k feyrk gSA fons'kksa esa Hkh ;g dyk ikbZ xbZ gSA feJ] vjc] Ýkal vkfn ns'kksa esa

izkphu dky ls igsfy;ksa dk cgqr izpyu jgk gSA igsfy;ksa dh ijEijk ds fo"k; esa in~e Jh

y{ehdqekjh pawMkor us nhun;ky 'kekZ dh dfr ^bDdkou cky igsfy;k¡ dh Hkwfedk esa

fy[kk gSa&

^Hkkjrh; laLd`fr esa igsfy;k¡ cw>us dh ijEijk cgqr izkphu gSaA fookg&'kknh]

rht&R;kSgkj ,oa taokbZ jktk ds izFke ckj llqjky vkxeu ij fL=;k¡ igsfy;k¡ cq>rh gSA

128

jktLFkku esa rks ;g ijEijk vkSj Hkh lqn<+ gSA taokbZ jktk ds llqjky esa izos'k djrs le;

}kj NqM+okus] Hkkstu djrs le; Fkky NqM+okus] lksrs le; [kkV NqM+okus ds fy, lkfy;k¡

^vkfM;ka igsfy;k¡ cw>rh gSa vkSj lgh mÙkj feyus ij gh }kj yka?kus] Hkkstu djus o lksus dh

vuqefr nsrh gSaA95

tgk¡ rd fganh Hkk"kk dk iz'u gS] yxHkx lHkh fo}kuksa vkSj fopkjdksa us vehj [kqljksa

dks fganh esa igsfy;ksa dk tUenkrk ekuk gSA cky lkfgR; ds vkfn leh{kd fujadkj nso lsod

us vehj [kqljksa dks fganh esa cPpksa dk igyk dfo ekuk gSA vkt Hkh vehj [kqljks dh igsfy;k¡

lekt esa lokZf/kd izpfyr vkSj yksd fiz; gSaA lkekU;r;k fdlh Hkh O;fDr ls [kqljksa dh

igsfy;ksa dks lquh vkSj iwNh tk ldrh gSA vehj [kqljksa dh igsfy;ksa dk egRo lkfgfR;d

n`f"V ls Hkh gS] Hkko] Hkk"kk vkSj izLrqfrdj.k mÙke gSA yksd esa budh lcls vf/kd izpfyr

igsfy;ksa esa ls dqN n"VO; gSa&

^,d Fkky eksrh ls Hkjk] lcds lj ij vkS/kk fxjk] pkjksa vksj og Fkkyh fQj]s

eksrh mlls ,d u fxjs& ¼vkdk'k½

mudh gh vR;ar yksdfiz; ^dg eqdjuh* Hkh izLrqr gSa&

oks vk;s rks 'kknh gks;] mu fcu nwtk vkSj u dks;A

ehBs ykxsa muds cksy] D;ksa lf[k lktu] uk lf[k <ksyA

jkspdrk] euksjatu] ftKklk vkSj vkuan ls Hkjiwj ;s igsfy;k¡ cky lkfgR; dh vueksy

Fkkrh gSA bl izdkj vehj [kqljksa ls izkjaHk gksdj igsfy;ksa dh ;k=k vusd jax&:iksa esa vkt

vuojr tkjh gSaA [kqljks ds ckn HkkjrsUnq gfj'pUnz us igsfy;ksa dh ijEijk dk vkxs c<+k;kA

bUgksaus dg eqdjfu;ka ¼igsfy;ksa dk gh ,d :i½ fy[kh ftUgsa ckydksa us [kwc ilan fd;kA blh

Ja`[kyk esa ?kklhjke] [kkxhfu;ka] iafMr ?kk?k] yky cq>DdM+ us Hkh igsfy;ksa dh fo/kk dks [kwc

le`) fd;kA izLrqr gS ?kklhjke dh dqrwgy tkxzr djus okyh vR;ar yksdfiz; ,d igsyh&

^dkjks gS ij dkSvk ukfga] :[k p<+s ij canj ukfga

eqga dks eksVks fcMok ukfga] dej dks iryks phrk ukfgaA96¼phaVk½

rRdkyhu if=dkvksa us&tSls&^f'k'kq* ¼1915½] ^ckyl[kk* ¼1917½] ^okuj* ¼1931½ ^ckyd*

¼1926½] fd'kksj ¼1938½] cky cks/k ¼1947½ vkfn us Hkh igsfy;ksa dks LFkku nsdj bl fo/kk dks

cgqr le) fd;kA

Lora=rk izkfIr ds i'pkr cky igsfy;ksa ds fodkl us vkSj xfr idM+h vkSj vU;

fo/kkvksa dh rkg igsfy;ksa esa Hkkafr&Hkkafr ds u,&u, fo"k;ksa dk lekos'k gqvkA Kku&foKku]

129

Hkwxksy] lkekftd lanHkZ] xf.krh;] o.kZukRed] i;kZoj.k] rduhd] baVjusV] dEI;wVj ls lEcaf/kr

igsfy;k¡ fy[kha tkus yxhA ew/kZU; cky lkfgR;dkjksa us u,&u, fo"k;ksa ij igsfy;ka fy[k dj

cky lkfgR; dks ifjiq"V fd;kA MkW- Jh izlkn] t;izdk'k Hkkjrh] jkes'oj n;ky nqcs] xksihpan

Jhukxj] ?keaMhyky vxzoky] dqyHkw"k.k ek[khtk] txnh'k rksej] egs'k lDlsuk] vt; 'kekZ]

jkecpu flag ^vkuan*] MkW- vt; tuest;] 'kSysUnz dqekj prqosZnh] ckcwyky 'kekZ îzse*] eerk]

ladsr] ekS Qghu] MkW- x.ks'k nÙk lkjLor] pk¡n eksgEen ?kkslh ¼oxZ igsfy;k¡] 'kCn Kku

igsfy;k¡½ vkfn us cky igsfy;ksa ds lanHkZ esa mYys[kuh; ;ksxnku fd;k] tks yxkrkj xfr'khy

gSA orZeku esa dFkk igsfy;ka vkSj dfork igsfy;k¡ Hkh fy[kh tk jgh gSaA MkW- ?keaMh yky

vxzoky dh dEI;wVj ds ekml ij fy[kh ,d igsyh izLrqr gSa&

^dEI;wVj Hkh eq> ls pyrk] pkgs eq>s x.ks'k

eSa gw¡ uUgk fdUrq dke dk] cksys iwjk ns'k* ¼ekml½97

iatkc lkSjHk esa izdkf'kr vfuy dqekj dh igsyh Hkh /;kukdf"kZr djrh gSa&

,d Qwy gS dkys jax dk] flj ij lnk lqgk,A

rst /kwi esa f[ky&f[ky tkrk] Nk;k esa eqj>k,A ¼Nkrk½98

igsfy;kas ds bu fnuksa og eqdfj;k¡ Hkh fy[kha tk jgh gSa] izLrqr gS MkW- 'kf'k xks;y dh ,d

eqdjh&

uSu pykos ukp fn[kkos] u, :i /kj eksgs fj>kos

cSBs :i fugkjs choh] D;ksa lf[k lktu] u lf[k Vh-oh-99

blh Jà[kyk esa cky lkfgR;dkj nhun;ky 'kekZ cky igsfy;k¡ dh bl Jà[kyk esa

mYys[kuh; dk;Z dj jgs gSaA mudh ^bDdkou cky igsfy;k¡* d`fr Vkcj Vksyh izdk'ku ls

2009 esa izdkf'kr gqbZ gSA ns'k ds tkus&ekus cky lkfgR;dkj MkW- ukxs'k ikaMs; ^lat;* us

viuh ln~; izdkf'kr dfr ^Js"B cky igsfy;k¡* esa nhun;ky 'kekZ dh X;kjg cky igsfy;ksa dks

js[kkafdr djds cky igsyhdkjksa esa budk egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku lqfuf'pr fd;k gSA

3-2-1 fo"k;oLrq

cky lkfgR;dkj nhun;ky 'kekZ dh cky igsfy;ksa dh fo"k;oLrq oSfo/;e; gSA bUgksaus

vusdkusd ckyksi;ksxh fo"k;ksa ij dsfUnzr igsfy;ksa dh ltZuk dh gS ;Fkk&jk"Vª&uk;d] Lora=rk

lsukuh] izd`fr] i'kq&i{kh] dhV&iraxs] nSfud thou dh mi;ksxh oLrq,a vkSj vU;Anhun;ky

'kekZ dh cky igsfy;ksa ds fo"k; esa in~eJh y{eh dqekjh pwaMkor us ^bDdkou cky igsfy;k¡*

dh Hkwfedk esa fy[kk gS fd ^cky lkfgR; dh yqIr gksrh bl fo/kk dks Jh nhun;ky 'kekZ us

130

^bDdkou cky igsfy;k¡* ds ek/;e ls iquftZfor djus dk lkFkZd iz;kl fd;k gSA iqLrd esa

jkspd] Kkuo)Zu] ,oa l'kDr igsfy;k¡ lekfgr gSaA ;s igsfy;k¡ vk/kqfud fo"k;oLrq fy, gq, gSa

rFkk ckyd dk lkekU; Kku c<+krh pyrh gSaA i'kq&i{kh tSls izkd`frd n`'; rFkk jk"Vªh;

pfj= bu igsfy;ksa ds fo"k; gSa] tks ckydksa ds fy, vR;ar mi;ksxh gSaA

jk"Vª uk;dksa esa MkW- ,-ih-ts- vCnqy dyke] egkRek xka/kh] yky cgknqj 'kkL=h] iafMr

tokgj yky usg:] cky xaxk/kj fryd] Hkxr flag] pUnz'ks[kj vktkn] jktkjke eksgujk;

'kkfey gSA ;s lHkh igsfy;k¡ vR;ar lq:fpiw.kZ] Kkuo)Zd vkSj ftKklk ls ifjiw.kZ gSa rFkk bu

O;fDrRoksa dh fo'ks"krkvksa] buds }kjk fd;s x, dk;ksZa] ilan vkfn dks n'kkZrh gSaA ckydksa ds

fy, ;s cgqr mi;ksxh ekuh tk ldrh gSaA izLrqr gSa dqN igsfy;k¡&

rfeyukMq] nf{k.k Hkkjr ds] oSKkfud us fd;k dekyA

vfXu vkSj i`Foh felkbZy] ftudh ns[kks Bksl felkyAA100

ek¡ Lo:i jkuh Fkh ftudh] firk Fks eksrh ykyA

Qwy xqykc dk ftUgsa fiz; Fkk] I;kjs cky xksikyAA 101

izd`fr fo"k;d igsfy;ksa esa lw;Z] isM+] /kwi vkfn gSaA bu esa lw;Z] isM+] /kwi ds ckjs esa

jkspd <ax ls tkudkjh izLrqr dh xbZ gSA isM+ gekjs thounkrk gSa vkSj ges'kk [kM+s jgdj

gekjh lsok djrs gSa &

[kM+k&[kM+k tks lsok djrk] lcdk thounkrkA

fcu ftlds uk ckny vk,a] cksyks D;k dgykrk\ ¼isM+½102

nhun;ky 'kekZ tkurs gSa fd ckydksa dks i{kh cgqr yqHkkrs gSaA blfy, if{k;ksa dks

fo"k; cukdj dbZ lqUnj&lqUnj igsfy;ksa dh jpuk dh gSA buesa izeq[k gSa&dks;y] dkSok] gal]

rksrk] mYyw] eksj] eqxkZ vkfnA bu igsfy;ksa esa dfo us budh fof'k"Vrkvksa] lkSUn;Z] jax&:i]

izo`fr;ksa] cksyh] Lo:i] LoHkko] ilan vkfn dks Hkyh&Hkkafr n'kkZ;k gS tSls&eqxkZ vius jax&fcjaxs

Lo:i ds dkj.k ckydksa dks vkdf"kZr djrk gSA lqcg ikS&QVus ls igys ^dqdMw&dwa* dh ckax

yxk dj lc dks txkrk gS] ekuksa dgrk gks fd tkxks] mBks lqcg gksus okyh gSA dgrs gSa fd

eqxkZ Hkksj Hk;s pkj cts ckax yxkrk gS] ftlls ?kM+h feykbZ tk ldrh gS] blh otg ls bls

^xk¡o&?kM+h* dgrs gSaA nhun;ky 'kekZ us blh [kwch dks igsyh esa iz;qDr djds lkfgR; txr esa

eqxkZ laKk ds fy, ,d u, lekukFkZd 'kCn dh c<+ksrjh dh gS&

dqdMw&dwa tks cksyk djrk] lcdks lqcg txkrk gSA

lj ij yky dyaxh okyk] xk¡o ?kMh dgykrkA ¼eqxkZ½103

131

vU; fo"k;ksa esa nhun;ky 'kekZ us twrk] pkch] edM+h] QkSth] dqlhZ] 'kCn&dks'k]

eksecÙkh] vxjcÙkh] jsfM;ks] dqYQh] iqLrd] frjaxk >aMk vkfn vusd phtksa dks viuh igsfy;ksa

ds fo"k; cuk;s gSaA lkbfdy cPpksa ds fy, cpiu dh fe= gksrh gSA nks rhu lky dh mez

gksrs gh og ekrk&firk ls ftn djds] lcls igys lkbZfdy dh lokjh djrk gSA ftldh

[kq'kh] ckY;koLFkk esa lkbZfdy pykus esa feyrh gS] mruh lq[kn vuqHkwfr cM+s gksus ij 'kk;n

gokbZ tgkt pykus esa Hkh ugha gksrhA igsyhdkj nhun;ky 'kekZ us cPps ds blh vkYgkn dks

/;ku esa j[krs gq, ;g igsyh fy[kh gksxh&

nqifg;k iryh lh xkM+h] iznw"k.k ls nwj gS

ru dks dljr djokrh gS] bl ij gesa x:j gSA104

lkFk gh dhV&iraxksa dks ysdj Hkh nhun;ky 'kekZ us cgqr [kwclwjr igsfy;ksa dk l`tu

fd;k gSA edM+h ds xq.k&/keZ dks ysdj fy[kh xbZ igsyh fo'ks"k rkSj ij mYys[kuh; gS] edM+h

dks vkB ix okyh ukj crkuk vkSj mldk tkyhnkj diM+s cquuk] nhun;ky 'kekZ dk ekSfyd

iz;ksx gSA bl igsyh dk mYys[k ^cky izHkk* cky if=dk esa fd;k x;k gS &

Nr ls yVdh fey tkrh gS] vB ix okyh ukjA

cqus ykj ls e[key tSls] diM+s tkyhnkjA105

nhun;ky 'kekZ tkurs gSa fd cPpksa dks frryh ls fo'ks"k izse gksrk gSA cpiu esa gj

ckyd frryh idM+us dh ftn djrk gS vkSj tc idM+ esa vk tkrh gS rks ije vkuan vuqHkwr

djrk gSA frryh ds bUnz/kuq"kh jax ckydksa ds fy, lokZf/kd vkd"kZ.k dk dsanz gksrs gSaA frryh

Hkh ekuksa cPpksa ls bruk izse djrh gS fd muds gkFkksa esa vius jax NksM+ tkrh gSaA ckydksa ds

lkFk&lkFk cM+ksa dks Hkh frryh jkuh cgqr lqgkrh gSA bldh fo'ks"krk gS] Qwyksa ls I;kj djuk]

lc dks I;kj ck¡VukA bUgha lkjh [kwfc;ksa ds lkFk ,d igsyh &

jax&jaxhyk :i gS ftldk] Qwyksa ij eaMjkrhA

ia[k fgykrh I;kj ckaVrh] lc dk eu cgykrhA106

3-2-2 ifjos'k

'kCndks'kkuqlkj ifjos'k ls rkRi;Z gS&1- os"Vu] ifjf/k] 2- lw;Z pUnzek ds pkjksa rjQ dqN nwjh

rd fn[kkbZ nsus okyk ?ksjk] izHkkeaMy] 3- izdk'k fiaMks ds pkjksa rjQ dqN nwjh rd fn[kkbZ nsus

okyk eaMykdkj izdk'k] i- egkiq:"kksa] nsoh&nsorkvksa ds fp=ksa esa muds eq[keaMy ds pkjksa rjQ

fn[kyk;k tkus okyk izdk'k dk ?ksjk] izHkkeaMy107

132

bl izdkj ifjos'k dks lekU; vFkZ eas ckgjh n'kk] ifjfLFkfr] okrkoj.k] bnZ&fxnZ dh

oLrq,a] izd`fr] ?ksjk vkfn ds :i esa xzg.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA euq"; dk O;ogkj] dk;Ziz.kkyh]

dyk] ltZu] xfrfof/k;k¡ vkfn vius ifjos'k ls izHkkfor gksrh gSaA vr,o ,d jpukdkj dk

l`tu Hkh vius ifjos'k dh nsu gksrk gSA vius vklikl ds okrkoj.k ls izkIr vuqHkwfr;k¡]

laosnuk,a ml ds jpukdeZ esa vfHkO;Dr gksrh gSaA cky lkfgR;dkj nhun;ky 'kekZ dh cky

igsfy;k¡ Hkh vius ifjos'k ls izHkkfor gSaA ckyd dk lk{kkRdkj lc ls igys izd`fr ds miknkuksa

gS ;Fkk&isM+&ikS/ks] i'kq&i{kh] tho&tarq] dhV&iraxs] pk¡n&rkjs] Qwy&ifÙk;ka dks ns[krk gSA

/khjs&/khjs mldh igpku vius ?kj vkSj vkl&ikl dh phtksa ls gksus yxrh gSA ;s lc mlds

fiz; miknku gksrs gSaA ftuds ckjs esa og vkSj tkuuk pkgrk gS] i<+uk pkgrk gSA nhun;ky

'kekZ us viuh cky igsfy;ksa ds fo"k; dk p;u ckyd ds ifjos'k dks /;ku esa j[krs gq,

fd;k gSA

ckyd v/kksfyf[kr igsyh dks FkksM+h cgqr ekFkk iPph djds cq>k ldrk gS] vk/kqfud

le; esa ftl okrkoj.k esa ckyd dk ikyu&iks"k.k gksrk gS] mlesa Vh-oh-] eksckby Qksu

vko';d phtksa esa vkrk gSA nks&rhu lky dk ckyd Hkh bu midj.kksa dks lapkfyr dj ysrk

gSA ekrk&firk cPps dk eu cgykus ds fy, mldks eksckby Qksu Fkek nsrs gS vkSj Vh-oh- rks

mldh nqfu;k esa tUe ls gh 'kkfey gks tkrk gS] ysfdu dk izpyu /khjs&/khjs de gksus ls og

vifjfpr gksrk gSA

Vh-oh- ls igys Fks ftlds] lkjs yksx fnokusA

gj ?kj esa 'kksHkk Fkh ftldh] lqurs [kcjsa xkusA108

nhun;ky 'kekZ us cky igsfy;ksa dh jpuk djrs le; cky ifjos'k dk iwjh rjg ls

/;ku j[krs gq, mUgha miknkuksa dk p;u fd;k gS tks cPpksa ds ifjp; {ks= esa vkrs gSa] mudh

ilan ds gksrs gSA ,sls NksVs&NksVs fo"k; tSls phaVh] iqLrd] eksj] irax] mYyw] eksecÙkh] cUnj]

dqÙkk] lkbfdy] pkch] esa<+d] fxygjh] Hkkyw] edM+h] [kjxks'k] gkFkh] x/kk] xk;] edM+h] Hkkyw]

fxygjh] vkfnA bUgha ls lanfHkZr fofHkUu eu Hkkou dqN igsfy;k¡ &

fn[kus esa NksVh lh gksrh] xtc Hkjk gS KkuA

i<+ bldks cu ldrs ge] cgqr cM+s fo}ku~A109

nhu n;ky 'kekZ us lkjs fo"k; cPps ds vkl&ikl ds okrkoj.k ls mBk;s gSaA ftlls

ifjos'k lkdkj gks jgk gSA

133

3-2-3 iz'uksÙkjh

igsyh dk tUe iz'u dh dks[k ls gqvk gSA fcuk iz'u ds igsyh dh dYiuk Hkh fujk/kkj

gSA iz'uksÙkjh igsyh dh vk/kkjf'kyk gksrh gS] igsyh dk vk'k;] ,slh iz'ukRed mfDr ls ekuk

x;k gS] ftlesa ckr dk y{k.k crkrs gq, ;g dgk tkrk gS fd crkvks og dkSu lh ckr gSA

Li"V gS fd igsyh vkSj iz'u ,d flDds ds nks igyw gSaA fdlh ckr dks ysdj ,d O;fDr

nwljs O;fDr ls mÙkj dh vis{kk j[krs gq, ?kqek&fQjk dj xw<+ rjhds ls iz'u iwNrk gSA blds

ihNs iz'udrkZ dk fufgrkFkZ mÙkjnkrk dh ekufld {kerk dk ijh{k.k djuk gksrk gSA ftruk

vkuan iz'udrkZ dks igsyh iwNus esa vkrk gS mruh gh larqf"V lgh mÙkj nsus ij mÙkjnkrk dks

vuqHkwr gksrh gSA dqN igsfy;ka lh/ks iz'ukRed gksrh gS rks dqN esa iz'u fNis jgrs gSaA

nhun;ky 'kekZ dh cky igsfy;ka bl dlkSVh ij [kjh mrjrh gSaA dqN igsfy;ksa esa iz'u izR;{k

:i ls fo|eku gSa rks dqN esa fufgr gSA lh/ks iz'ukRed igsfy;k¡ &

ljLorh dh lQsn lokjh] eksrh ftudks HkkrsA

djrs vyx nw/k ls ikuh] cksyks dkSu dgkrs\110

bl igsyh esa igsyhdkj us izR;{k :i ls mÙkj iwN fy;k gSA ;s gh bl igsyh dh

[kwclwjrh Hkh ekuh tk ldrh gSA

B.Mh&B.Mh nw/k vkSj ty ls] teh gS piVh&xksyA

lkjs ckyd epy mBs lqu] blds ehBs cksyA111

3-2-4 ekufld fodkl

igsfy;ksa dk izeq[k /;s; euksjatu vkSj ekufld fodkl djuk ekuk x;k gSA blhfy,

igsfy;ksa dks bruh tfVyrk ds lkFk izLrqr fd;k tkrk gS rkfd mÙkj nsus okys dks ekufld

dljr djuh iM+sA oLrqr% igsyh ,d izdkj dh ekufld ØhM+k gSA igsyh ds ltZu esa

jpukdkj dks ftruh esgur djuh iM+rh gS] cq>kus dks Hkh mruk gh ekufld Je djuk gksrk

gSA dqN igsfy;ksa esa rks ,d&,d 'kCn ds fy, fparu djuk gksrk gS] vusd n`f"V;ksa ls lkspdj

mÙkj [kkstu iM+rk gSA vr% igsyh cw>kus ls ekufld fodkl ds }kj [kqyrs gSaA nhun;ky

'kekZ }kjk jfpr cky igsfy;ka ckydksa dk ekufld fodkl djus esa l{ke gSaA ;s igsfy;k¡

cPpksa dks lkspus&fopkjus ds fy, foo'k djrh gSaA ,slh ,d igsyh] ftlesa ckydksa dks cgqr

vf/kd Je djuk iM+ ldrk gSA

<sjksa 'kCn latks, ftlesa] lc ds vFkZ vusdA

lc Hkk"kkvksa esa feyrh gS] nqfu;k esa vfrjsdA112

134

<sj lkjs 'kCn latks,] gj 'kCn ds vusd vFkZ] lHkh Hkk"kkvksa esa miyc/k] Åij ls lkjh

nqfu;k esa Hkh izpkfjrA ,d lkFk bruh [kwfc;k¡] bls gy djus esa cPps ds eu esa t:j

mFky&iqFky gksxh] cgqr fparu djuk iM+ ldrk gSA dkQh ekufld dljr bl igsyh ls

laHko gSA igsyhdkj us dsoy igsfy;k¡ fy[kus ds fy, gh ugha fy[kh gSa] vfirq cgqr

lksp&le> dj bu dk l`tu fd;k gSA ftlls ckyd dk cgqeq[kh fodkl gks ldsA ,slh ,d

vkSj igsyh&

fry&fry djds tyrh gS tks] QSykrh mft;kjkA

mlds feV tkus ls feVrk]Hkhrj dk v¡f/k;kjkA113

bl igsyh esa fry&fry dj tyuk] mft;kjk QSykuk] ckyd dh le> ds ckgj gS]

exj Hkhrj dk v¡f/k;kjk] mldh igqap ds ckgj dh ckr gSA Hkhrj ds va/ksjs dks le>us ds fy,

cM+s O;fDr;ksa ls dbZ iz'u dj ldrk gSA muds le>kus ij mls dqN Kku gks lds ;k ughA

ijUrq bl my>u ls mlds eu dh {kerk vo'; fodflr gks ldsxhA nhun;ky 'kekZ us ,d

igsyh dks rks bruh xw<+rk ls O;Dr fd;k gS fd cM+ksa dks Hkh ekufld O;k;ke djuk iM+

ldrk gS&

pk; 'kCn ds Hkhrj fn[krh] vkSj fn[kwa fcx ch ds lkFk

?kj dk igjsnkj ifr gS] esjh vkKk ls rSukrAA114

?kj dk igjsnkj ifr dk gksuk] cgqr my>u Hkjk loky gS] ,d NksVs ckyd ds fy,A

bls gy djus esa tkfgj gS ckyd dks cgqr&cgqr ekFkkiPph djuh gksxhA ftruh dljr

mruk gh fodklA nhun;ky 'kekZ dh gj igsyh vius vki esa ,d igsyh gS] ftls gy djus

ls ckydksa dk ekufld fodkl laHko gSA

fu"d"kZ Lo:i dgk tk ldrk gS fd nhun;ky 'kekZ dh ckyksi;ksxh igsfy;k¡ ckydksa

dk i;kZIr euksjatu djus esa l{ke gSa] bUgsa i<+us ls cPpksa dh izKk rhoz gksxh ,oa os vius

ifjos'kxr phtksa dks ckjs esa lE;d Kku izkIr dj ldaasxsA bu igsfy;ksa dh fo"k;xr fofoèkrk

D;k dgus gSA ckydksa dks fiz; yxus okyh ukuk izdkj dh phtksa dks jpukdkj us fo"k;

cukdj cgqr gh [kwclwjr cky igsfy;ksa dh ltZuk dh gSA lp dgk tk, rks bu igsfy;ksa dk

tSls dksbZ lkuh gh ughaA

135

lUnHkZ lwph

1. f'k{kkFkhZ fgUnh 'kCndks'k] MkW- gjnso ckgjh] i`- 164

2. dfork dh ifjHkk"kk] izseyrk ploky] ^izseiq"i* iq"ijkt ploky i`- 19

3. dfork dh yksd/kfeZrk] MkW- jekdkar 'kekZ] i`- 14

4. Hkkjrh; dkO; 'kkL= ds flèkkar] M‚ jkt fd'kksj Çlg] i`- 24

5. Hkkjrh; dkO; 'kkL= ds flèkkar] M‚ jkt fd'kksj Çlg] i`- 22

6. http://radhumanism.wordpress.com

7. f'k{kkFkhZ fgUnh 'kCn dks'k] MkW- gjnso ckgjh] i`- 851

8. Kamal’s Oxford Dictionary, Dr. R.K. Kapoor, P. 74

9. okpLiR;e~ ¼gyUr½&5314] shodhganga.inflibnet.in/bit stream/10603/

117013/6/06

10. dkyhnkl o t;'kadj izlkn ds dkO;ksa dk rqyukRed v/;;u] MkW- /keZiky ns'koky]

i`-16 shodhganga.inflibnet.in/bit stream/10603/ 117013/6/06

11. http:/bharatdiscovery.org/india/05-08-17

12. yksjh lq[k] jtuh flag] i`- 13

13. 'kks/k uouhr lEiknd] MkW- vo/ks'k izrki flag] vad tuojh&twu&2017] i`- 113

14. ik'pkR;&dkO;'kkL= dh ijEijk] uxsUnz] i- 128

15. yksjh lq[k] jtuh flag] i`- 7

16. cky lkfgR; ds izfreku] MkW- ukxs'k ik.Ms; ^lat;*] i`- 83

17. fgUnh cky&lkfgR; dk lS)kafrd foospu] MkW- ij'kqjke 'kqDy] i`- 17

18. vxM+e&cxM+e] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`-18

19. ukuh rw gS dSlh ukuh] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`-16

20. fpfM+;k pgds xhr lquk,] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`-38

21. fxyh&fxyh xIik] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`-18

22. jlxqYyk] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`-12



25. cky lkfgR;% esjk fpUru] M‚ gfj—".k nsoljs i`- 30



28. pwa&pwa] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`- 20


136

30. dqN vudgh ckrsaa----- lEiknd% nq";Ur dqekj] MkW- es?kuk 'kekZ] i`- 106


32. vikipedia.org, 15-03-2017

33. ukuh rw gS dSlh ukuh] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`- 12








41. izd`fr dkO;% dkO; izd`fr] vKs;] x|dks'k] i`- 1

42. iafM+Rk Jhjke 'kekZ vkpk;] vFkZoosn] laL—fr lalFkku] cjsyh i`- 652

43. e/kqerh] twu&2016] lEiknd jksfgr xqIrk] i`- 18




47. fgUnh] d{kk&ikB 4 i`- 18&19


49. cky izgjh] ruwtk fc"V] i- 10






55. Kamal’s Oxford Dictionary, Dr. R.K. Kapoor, P. 920-921






61. jktLFkku if=dk] lEiknd% Hkqous'k tSu] i- 3] 2004

137



64. izfrfuf/k cky dfork,a] ys[kd M‚ ij'kqjke 'kqDy i`- 26



67. f'k{kkFkhZ 'kCndks'k] MkW- gjnso ckgjh] i`- 669


69. http://sudhajaisal.jagranjunction, com 2015/05/08

70. https://hi.m.wikipedia.org

71. fgUnh dFkk lkfgR; esa laosnuk vkSj f'kYi] MkW- vfurk oekZ] i`- 90





76. pØokd&vDVwcj&2015 ls ekpZ&2016] lEiknd%vkpk;Z fu'kkar dsrq] i`- 51




80. pØokd] tuojh&ekpZ&2017 lEiknd% vkpk;Z fu'kkar dsrq] i`- 51


82. ukuh rw gS dSlh ukuh] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`- 24&25

83. http//shabdkosh.raftaar.in


85. ledkyhu fgUnh cky lkfgR;] 'kqfprk lsB] i`- 199





90. dqN vudgh ckrs---- lEiknd% nq";Ur dqekj] MkW- es?kuk 'kekZ] i`- 61


92. pustak.org/books/boodetails/4911

93. cky lkfgR;% l`tu vkSj leh{kk] MkW- ukxs'k ikaMs;]^lat;* i`- 49

138

94. cky lkfgR; ds izfreku] MkW- ukxs'k ikaMs; ^lat;* i`- 94

95. bDdkou cky igsfy;ka] nhun;ky 'kekZ] Hkwfedk ls] deys'k 'kekZ

96. cky lkfgR;% l`tu vkSj leh{kk] MkW- ukxs'k ikaMs; ^lat;* i- 51

97. cky lkfgR;% l`tu vkSj leh{kk] MkW- ukxs'k ikaMs; ^lat;* i- 54

98. iatkc lkSjHk] vizSy&2015 vad 10] lEiknd % MW- ohjiky dkSj] i`- 71

99. pØokd] la;qDrkad&35&36] vDVwcj&295] laiknd% fu'kkar dsrq] i`- 58

100. bDdkou cky igsfy;ka] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`- 7





105. ckyizHkk 2013 ¼okf"kZd½] lEiknd% ukxs'k ikaMs;] ^lat;* i- 20










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nhun;ky 'kekZ dk x|

nhun;ky 'kekZ dk x| vR;Ur le) gSA ftlds vUrxZr cky lqyHk ps"Vkvksa]

fØ;kvksa dykvksa o ckyeu dks mn~?kfVr fd;k gSA ftlesa nhun;ky 'kekZ dh cky dgkfu;ka]

ukVd ,dkadh izeq[k gS] tks euksjatu ds lkFk&lkFk f'k{kk Hkh iznku djrh gSA fganh okX³e;

ds x| vkSj i| Hksn ekus x, gSaA tgk¡ i| izkphu fo/kk gS] ogha x| ;qx dk vkfoHkkZo fo}kuksa

ds vuqlkj yxHkx mUuhloha 'krkCnh] uotkxj.k dky esa gqvk gS tks HkkjrsUnq ;qx esa fodflr

gksdj f}osnh ;qx esa ifjekftZr gqvkA fganh x| ds Lo:i dks fu[kkjus esa f'ko izlkn flrkjs

flag] lny feJ] yYyw yky] lnklq[k yky] ba'kkvYyk[kka] vkpk;Z jkepUnz 'kqDy] HkkjrsUnq

gfj”pUnz] egkohj izlkn f}osnh] jkeujs'k f=ikBh] izsepUn] panz/kj 'kekZ xqysjh] uannqykjs

oktis;h] jkedqekj oekZ] izlkn fujkyk dk egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgk gSA tulkekU; }kjk ijLij

laokn ,oa okrkZyki esa iz;qDr dh tkus okyh lk/kkj.k Hkk"kk dks x| dgk tk ldrk gS] ftl esa

y; ;k Nan dk dksbZ caèku ugha gksrk vkSj tks lgt vfHkO;fDr gksrh gS rFkk fy[kus&i<+us esa

dke esa vkrh gSA fo}kuksa us x| dks ifjHkkf"kr djus gsrq vusd ifjHkk"kk,a nh gSa&

x| la- ¼iq-½ 1- ,slh jpuk ftl esa jl] Nan] rqd vkfn dk fo/kku ugha gks] opfudk] 2-

cukoVghu jpuk ,oa Hkk"kkA

dkO; ¼iq-½ ,slk x| ftlesa Hkkouk,a dfoÙkiw.kZ gksa& xhr ¼iq-½ ,slh x| jpuk ftl esa ljl

<ax ls fopkjksa dks O;Dr fd;k x;k gks] ukVd ¼iq-½ ftl x| jpuk dks vfHku; ds :i esa

[ksyk tk lds] % Hksn ¼iq-½ x| ds izdkj % lkfgR; ¼iq%½ x| ds :i esa fy[kh xbZ jpuk,¡ ¼tSls

fganh x| lfgR;½1] vaxszth esa x| dk :ikUrfjr 'kCn ^Prose* gS] ftl dk vkWDlQksMZ

'kCndks'k esa xrZ rkRi;Z &

Prose izkst&n. Non- metrical from of language, x|A

v.i. to talk in prosex| esa okrkZ djukA

Proser - n. - a writer of prose x| fy[kus okykA

Prose - poem (a prose work in poetical prose) x| dkO;A2

Li"V gS fd x| lkekU; ukxfjdksa dh cksypky dh Hkk"kk gS] ftl esa oks fy[krs gSa]

i<+rs gSa] vius Hkkoksa dks vfHkO;Dr djrs gSaA lkfgR; ys[ku esa x| ,d vuq'kkflr] O;kdj.k

140

lEer] lqO;ofLFkr jpuk gksrh gSA ftl izdkj dfork fy[kuk cPpksa dk [ksy ugha gksrk] mlh

izdkj x| ys[ku Hkh cgqr Vs<+h [khj gSA vkpk;Z jkepUnz 'kqDy us dgk Hkh gS fd ^x| dfouke

dlkSVhA* x| dk fodkl fofHkUu fo/kkvksa esa gqvk gS ;Fkk& dgkuh] miU;kl] fucU/k] ukVd]

,dkadh] laLej.k] ;k=k&o`rkar] Mk;jh] i=&lkfgR;] gkL;&O;aX;] y?kq&dFkkA buesa dgkuh

vR;Ur yksdfiz; fo/kk ds :i esa rhozrk ls fodflr gqbZA

dgkuh& ¼L=h-½ 1- eux<+ar ckr%] 2- dFkk % dkj $ la-] ys[ku $ la- ¼iq-½ dgkuh

fy[kus okyk& laxzg $ lqa- ¼iq-½ dFkk& ladyu3] vaxzsth esa dgkuh dk i;kZ; 'kCn story gSA

Story - n. (pl. Stories)- 1. Place between two floors, the history of one's, the account of

an incident, a short narrative, Tale, the plot of a drama. edku dk [kaM] thouh dFkk]

o`rkUr] dgkuh] ?kj dk Åijh Hkkx] dFkkud] ukVd dh dFkk dk vk/kkj dk <k¡pkA4

vusd fo}kuksa esa dgkuh dks fofo/k ifjHkk"kk,a O;Dr dh gaSA

MkW- oklqnso 'kj.k vxzokyß ty&Fky ekxksZa ij lkFk okg] iksrkf/kifr ,oa lkef;d O;kikjh

jkr&fnr pgy&igy j[krs gaSA VdVd djrs rkjksa ls Hkjh yEch jkrksa esa mu ds euksfouksn ds

fy, vusd dgkfu;ksa dh jpuk LokHkkfod Fkh] ftu ls mUgha ds ns'kkUrj Hkze.kksa dk ve`r

fupksM+k tkrk FkkA*5

eqa'kh izsepan&ßdgkuh ,d ¼xYi½ jpuk gS ftlesa thou esa fdlh ,d vax ;k fdlh ,d

euksHkko dks iznf'kZr djuk gh ys[kd dk mís'; jgrk gSAÞ6

vesfjdk ds dfo] vkykspd] dFkkdkj ,Mxj ,fyu iks&ßdgkuh og NksVh vk[;kukRed jpuk

gS ftls ,d cSBd esa i<+k tk lds] tks ikBd ij ,d lefUor izHkko mRiUu djus ds fy,

fy[kh xbZ gksAÞ7

xqykc jk;& ßizdk'k Mkyus okyk o ßNksVh dgkuh ,d Lor% iw.kZ jpuk gS ftlesa ,d y{; ;k

izHkko dks vxzlj djus okyh O;fDr dsfUnzr ?kVuk ;k ?kVukvksa dk vko';d mRFkku] iru

vkSj eksM+ ds lkFk ik=ksa ds pfj= dk o.kZu gksAÞ8

dgkuh lkfgR; dh vR;Ur izkphu fo/kk gS ;k dgsa fd tc ekuo us vius euksHkko

O;Dr djuk izkjEHk fd;k gksxk] rHkh ls dgkuh dk izkdV~; gqvk gksxkA laHkor% dgkuh vkSj

yksjh gh lcls igys mn~Hkwr gqbZ gSaA dgkuh 'kCn ^dgus* vkSj ^dguk* 'kCn ls izpyu esa vk;k

gSA dgkuh dh ;g fo/kk gS] ftls dgus vkSj lquus esa vkuan vkrk gSA tSls yksjh lqurs&lqurs

cPpsa fuafn;k dh xksn esa pys tkrs gSa] oSls gh dgkuh lqurs le; ckydksa ,oa cM+ksa rd dks

uhan dh >idh vk gh tkrh gSA laHkor dgkuh dk tUe fdlh vkneh us fdlh nwljs O;fDr

dkss vki chrh] fdLlksa ds :i esa lqukbZ gksxh] /khjs&/khjs bu fdLlksa us dgkuh dk Lo:i ys

141

fy;k gksxkA bl izdkj dgkfu;ka fdlh ?kVuk] ifjfLFkfr] O;fDr fo'ks"k dk dksbZ jkspd izlax

ds vk/kkj ij cuh gSa] ftuesa ckn esa dYiuk vkfn dk lfEeJ.k gksus ls vkSj jkspd cu xbZ

tSls] yksddFkk,a] nknk&nknh dh dgkfu;ka] ijh dh dFkk,a] nsoh&nsorkvksa dh dgkfu;ka vkfnA

dqN dgkfu;ka ckydksa dks uSfrd f'k{kk nsus ds fy;s Hkh jph xbZ] tSls iapra=] fgrksins'k]

dFkklfjRlkxj vkfnA fganh dgkuh dk fof/kor vkjEHk mUuhloha lnh ls gqvkA lHkh fo/kkvksa

dh rjg ij dgkuh Hkh HkkjrsUnq ;qx dh nsu gSA fo}kuksa ds vuqlkj fd'kksjhyky xksLokeh jfpr

^banqerh* dgkuh dk izFke dgkuh ekuh xbZ gSA panz/kj 'kekZ xqysjh d`r ^mlus dgk Fkk* dgkuh

bruh yksdfiz; gqbZ fd bls i<+us ds fy, vke yksxksa us fganh Hkk"kk lh[khA jfoUnz ukFk VSxkSj

dh ^dkcqyhokyk*] izsepan dh ^bZnxkg*] îap ijes'oj*] ^cw<h dkdh*] tSusUnz dh îktsc* lqn'kZu

dh ^gkj dh thr*] ;'kiky tSu dh îjnk* lvknr glu eaVks dh ^Vksck Vsd flag*] eksgu

jkds'k dh ^fxfjxV dk liuk* Q.kh'oj ukFk js.kq dh ^rhljh dle*] xtkuan ek/ko eqfDrcks/k

^tehZ vkSj nhed*] Hkh"e lkguh dh ^phQ dh nkor* Kkujatu dh ^?kaVk*] lny feJ dh

ûkfldsrksik[;ku*] ba'kk vYyk [kka dh ^jkuh dsrdh dh dgkuh* vkfn dgkfu;ka vej d`fr;ka

gSA bl izdkj dgkuh ys[ku dh ijEijk vusd Lo:i xzg.k djrs gq, fujarj fodflr]

ifjekftZr gksrh jghA

,d yksd izpfyr fdonarh gS fd dgkuh fnu esa lqukus ls ekek jkLrk Hkwy tkrk gSA

'kk;n ;g blfy, fd ckyd fnu esa Hkh dgkuh lqukus dh ftn djrs gksxsa rks cM+s yksxksa us

mUgsa cgykus ds fy, ;g rjdhc fudyh gksxh D;ksafd fnu esa cM+ks a ds ikl bruk oDr ugha

gksrk fd cPpksa dks dgkuh lqukus cSB tk,¡ vkSj cPps Hkh dgkuh lqurs lks tk,¡A dgkuh vkSj

dfork gh ek= gh ,slh fo/kk;sa gS] tks JO; gSaA ;gh budh yksdfiz;rk dk izek.k Hkh gS lkFk

gh dgkuh ,slh fo/kk gS ftls cPps&cM+s lHkh iwjs pko ls lqurs gSaA ckydksa dh rks dgkuh esa

tku clrh gSA vr% cPpksa dks ;fn f'kf{kr djuk gS ;k dqN Hkh fl[kkuk gS] rks dgkuh ls Js"B

vkSj dksbZ ek/;e gks gh ugha ldrkA vxj ckydksa dks lh/ks i<+k;k tkrk gS rks i<+us esa mudk

eu de gh jerk gS] ysfdu ogh ckr dgkuh ls }kjk le>kbZ tk; rks ckyd iwjh rUe;rk ls

xzg.k djrs gSa] ;g esjk Lo;a dk vuqHko gSA ;gk¡ rd] xf.kr vkSj foKku tSls fo"k;Hkh

dgkfu;ksa ds ek/;e ls i<+k;s tk,¡ rks cgqr vPNs ifj.kke lqfuf'pr gSaA dbZ f'k{kd bl rjg

ds iz;ksx dj pqds gSaA ,d foKku ds izksQslj us crk;k fd muds d{kk esa izos'k ds iwoZ gh

i<+us ds uke ls cPps ds d{kk esa unkjn gks tkrs FksA mUgksaus ijs'kku gksdj mudks dgkuh

lqukuk 'kq: dj fn;kA tc ns[kk fd lHkh Nk= dgkuh dks cM+s euks;ksx ls lqurs gS rks mUgksaus

vius fo"k; foKku ls lEcfU/kr dgkfu;ka cuk dj f'k{k.k dk;Z izkjEHk fd;k] ftlds vis{kk ls

vf/kd mÙke urhts vk;sA

142

vkfn ;qx ls dFkk lkfgR; dh yEch ijEijk jgh gSA u, nkSj esa izsepan] misUnzukFk

^v'd*] ;'kiky tSu] tSusUnz] vKs;] bykpanz tks'kh] ve`ryky ukxj vkfn izeq[k gS] ftUgksaus

dgkuh dks Å¡pkbZ rd igqapk;kA dqN dgkuh dk fo"k;xr Qyd O;kid gSA dgkuh ds fo"k;

i'kq&i{kh] tho&tarq] izd`fr] ekuo thou ds fofo/k igyw] leL;kvksa ls ysdj eksckbZy]

dEI;wVj rd gks ldrs gSA /keZ] mins'k] uSfrd lanHkZ] 'kkS;Z] jksekal] izse] ohjrk] leqnzh ;k=k

vkfn fo"k;ksa ij Hkh ,d ls c<+dj dgkfu;ka fy[kh tk pqdh gSA vfHkKku 'kkdqarye~] ekyrh

ek/ko] lksenso] 'kqØ&lIrfr] ozr dFkk,a vkfn blh Js.kh esa j[kh tk ldrh gSaA lcls cM+s

vk'p;Z dh ckr gS fd dgkuh dh yksdfiz;rk esa vFk ls ysdj vkt rd dksbZ ifjorZu ugha

vk;k gSA vkt Hkh i=&if=dkvksa esa lcls ikBd dgkfu;ksa ds gh feyrs gSA cPpksa dks lc ls

vf/kd :fpdj dFkk,a gh yxrh gSA

dgkuh vkSj miU;kl dFkk lkfgR; dh mifo/kk,¡ gSA buesa dgkuh fganh lkfgR; dh

vU;re vkSj vf}rh; fo/kk gSA cky dgkuh dk viuk Lof.kZe bfrgkl jgk gSA osn] mifu"kn~]

iqjk.k] jkek;.k] egkHkkjr] tkrd dFkk,¡] dFkklfjRlkxj] flagklu cÙkhlh] iapra=] fgrksins'k]

vfyQ ySyk] yky&cq>DdM+] jktk&jkuh] dh dgkfu;k¡ 'ks[kfpYyh dh dgkfu;k¡] vyknhu dk

fpjkx] eqYyk ul:íhu dh dgkfu;k¡] vyh ckck pkyhl pksj] vueksy /kjksgj gSA

cky dgkuh ls rkRi;Z&lkr o"kZ ls ckjg o"kZ rd ds ckydksa ds fy, fy[kh xbZ

dgkuh ls gSA dgkuh cPpksa dh lcls fiz; fo/kk gSA cky dgkuh ds varxZr& f'k'kq dgkuh]

cky dgkuh ,oa fd'kksj dgkuh vkrh gSA dFkk dk y;c)] dkYifud] euksjatd] ;FkkFkZoknh

gksuk cky dgkfu;ksa ds iks"kd rRo ekus x, gaSA cky dgkfu;ksa esa i'kq&i{kh] nsoh&nsork] ijh

dFkk;sa] yksd dFkk;sa] Kku dFkk;sa] ikSjkf.kd] R;kSgkjksa] O;fDr;ksa dh dgkfu;k¡] eqgkojksa dh

dgkfu;k¡] oSKkfud dgkfu;k¡] jktk&jkuh dh dgkfu;k¡] cky thou dh dgkfu;k¡] lkgfld

dgkfu;k¡] vykSfdd txr ls lEcfU/kr fofp= dgkfu;k¡ cPpksa dks cgqr yqHkkrh gSA cky

dgkuh ds izlax esa fofHkUu cky jpukdkjksa us vius er izdV fd, gSaA

MkW- 'ks"kiky flag fy[krs gS& ßcky lkfgR; esa dFkk lkfgR; ckydksa ds fy, vR;Ur mi;ksxh

gSA bl esa ckyd viuh dYiuk }kjk ln~ik=ksa ls rknkRE; LFkkfir djrk gS vkSj muls

lnxq.kksa dh izsj.kk ysrk gSA vln ik=ksa ds ek/;e ls Hkh og ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls lk{kkRdkj djds

rFkk nwf"kr ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk Kku izkIr dj mu ls tw>us ds fy, d`r ladYi gksrk gSAÞ9

MkW- ij'kqjke 'kqDy us ekuk gS& ßdgkuh dguk] lquuk ekuo LoHkko gSA fganh cky lkfgR; esa

cky dgkfu;ksa dk egÙoiw.kZ LFkku gSAÞ10

143

cky lkfgR; ds iz[;kr gLrk{kj MkW- gfjd`".k nsoljs& ßdgkfu;ksa ds ek/;e ls cPpksa dks

f'kf{kr djuk ,d euksoSKkfud <ax gSA fgrksins'k dh dgkfu;ksa ds ihNs ;gh jgL; fNik gqvk

gSA vkt vko';drk bl ckr fd gS dFkkud <ax dk gks] cky ikBd dqN lh[kdj Hkh ;g u

tku ik, fd muds efLr"d ij mins'k dk cks> ykn fn;k x;k gSA cM+s gh LokHkkfod <ax ls

iM+us okyk ;g izHkko cPpksa ds ekufld /kjkry ij vf/kd le; ij jgrk gS vkSj muds esa

dke djrk gSAÞ11

fo}kuksa ,oa cky lkfgR;dkjksa ds mi;qZDr fparu ls Li"V gS fd cky dgkfu;k¡ cPpksa

ds uSfrd ,oa LoLFk euksoSKkfud fodkl ds fy, vR;ko';d gSA ckyd dks ,d Js"B bUlku

cukus esa dgkfu;ksa dh Hkwfedk fufoZokn gSA;fn ge pkgrs gS fd ckyd vuq'kklu esa jgs]

lqlaLd`r cus] vkKkdkjh cus] lqukxfjd cus] fdlh Hkh lanHkZ esa /;ku dsfUnzr dj lds]

lqf'kf{kr gks] eu yxkdj i<+s] rks blds fy, ek= ,d gh ;qfDr dkjxj fl) gks ldrh gS fd

mudks dgkfu;k¡ lqukuk] mudk vf/kxe dgkfu;ksa ds ek/;e ls djokukA foKku] xf.kr tSls

fo"k;ksa ds chp&chp esa Hkh fo"k; ls lEcfU/kr dgkfu;k¡ cuokuk] ubZ dgkfu;k¡ x<+uk D;ksafd

ckyd dk eu dgkuh esa lc ls vf/kd jerk gS] bruk fd iwjh dgkuh lqus fcuk og I;kl

yxus ij Hkh ugha fgyrkA

dgkuh nqfu;k dh gj Hkk"kk esa] iqjkru dky ls gh dgh lquh] fy[kh&i<+h tk jgh gS

vkSj cgqr ilan dh tkus okyh fo/kk ds :i esa Lohd`r rFkk fiz; jgh gSA fganh lkfgR; esa cky

dgkuh dh o`gn jhfr jgh gSA ckyd yksjh lqurs gq, gks'k laHkkyrk gS vkSj gks'k lEHkkyrs gh

dgkuh lquus dk flyflyk izkjEHk gks tkrk gSA ckyd vius ifjtuksa] cM+ksa&cqtqxksZ ls dgkuh

lqukus ds fy, ftn djrk gS vkSj cM+s Hkh cM+s euks;ksx ls mu dh ftKklk o`fr dks dgkuh ds

ek/;e ls ifjr`Ir djrs vk;s gSaA nknk&nknh] jktk&jkuh] nsoh&nsorkvksa dh peRdkfjd

dgkfu;ksa ls ysdj foKku vkSj rduhdh dh gtkjksa&gtkj dgkfu;ksa ds dks'k rS;kj gks pqds

gSaAckyd dYiukyksd esa fopj.k djrk gS vkSj dgkuh ml dh dYiuk vkSj ftKklk dks 'keu

djus ds fy, ikSf"Vd Hkkstu dk dk;Z djrh gSA dgkuh ckyd dks vkn'kZ bUlku cukrh gS]

vkuUn iznku djrh gS] ml dk euksjatu djrh gS] lkgl tSls xq.k mRiUu djrh gS] Hkkoh

thou ds fy, lRiFk crkrh gSA

euksjatu] jkspdrk] ftKklk] dkSrqgy] ljy Hkk"kk&'kSyh] lksís';rk] ckydksa ds

fpj&ifjfpr txr ds fo"k;] dYiuk bR;kfn cky dgkuh dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡ ekuh xbZ gSaA

Lokèkhurk ds mÙkjdky ds cky dgkuhdkjksa dh yEch ijEijk esa egku miU;kldkj] dFkkdkj

eqa'kh izsepUn] MkW- gfjd`".k nsoljs] euksgj oekZ] eLrjke diwj ^mfeZy*] ekyrh tks'kh] fo".kq

izHkkdj] jke/kkjh flag ^fnudj* veryky ukxj] f'kokuh e`.kky ikaMs] izdk'k euq] xksfoUn 'kekZ]

144

jkenj'k feJ] jktho lDlsuk] Hkxorh izlkn f}osnh] eksgEen vj'kn [kku] n'kZu flag ^vkgV*

nsosUnz dqekj eq[; gaSA nhun;ky 'kekZ blh Ja`[kyk ds mYys[kuh; cky dFkkdj gSaA vkius i|

ds led{k cky x| dks Hkh vius cky lkfgR; l`tu ls le`) fd;k gS] ftl ds varxZr fganh

Hkk"kk esa cky dgkuh] cky ukVd] cky ,dkadh] cky gkL;] cky laLej.k fy[kas gSaA cky

dgkuhdkj 'kekZ dh vc rd fganh cky dgkfu;ksa dh ikap d`fr;k¡ izdkf'kr gks pqdh gS]

ftudk fooj.k fuEukuqlkj gS&

¼d½ cky dgkuh laxzg

1- fpaVw&fiUVw dh lw> ¼1987½

1- fpaVw&fiUVw dh lw> 2- ykseM+h dh lw> 3- eksj dh ftn] 4- 'ka[ksÜoj ds lhax] 5- lk/kq dk

“kzki] 6- dks;y dh pkykdh] 7- dkSvk dkyk D;ksa

2- cM+ksa ds cpiu dh dgkfu;k¡ ¼1887½

1- lgh U;k;] 2- ftlus esgur ls th ugha pqjk;k] 3- n<+ fu'p; okyk ckyd] 4- lPph

yxu] 5- ek¡ ds xgus] 6- vkSj Hkkyw gkj x;k] 7- lk/kq dh Hkfo";ok.kh] 8- tsc [kpZ]

9- okLrfod iwtkA

3- ikik >wB ugha cksyrs ¼1999½

1- buke vkSj ltk] 2- iÜpkrki ds vk¡lw] 3- vkf[kjh gfFk;kj] 4- f'kox.ks'k dh prqjkbZ] 5-

vatw dh lh[k] 6- ikik >wB ugha cksyrsA

4- peRdkjh pw.kZ ¼2003½

1- peRdkjh pw.kZ] 2- izgsfydk dh igsfy;k¡] 3- cjlkr] 4- lcls cM+h ltk] 5- Bksdj] 6-

vktknh dk vFkZA

5- fe= dh enn ¼2016½

1- fe= dh enn] 2- fccks cdjh dh fgEer] 3- ykyp dk Qy] 4- eksj jktk dk QSlyk] 5-

n<+ ladYi dk peRdkj] 6- lh[k u ekuus dk lccA

izLrqr dgkfu;k¡ rkfÙod n`f"V ls le`) dgh tk ldrh gSaA buesa dFkkoLrq] laokn]

pfj=&fp=.k] ns'kdky] Hkk"kk&'kSyh] mís'; dk lkFkZd la;kstu gqvk gS] lkFk gh euksjatu]

ftKklk] jkspdrk] dkSrqgy dk lqUnj vadu Hkh n"VO; gSA

bl ifjizs{; esa lquhy dqekj MhMokfu;k dgkuhdkj 'kekZ dh dgkfu;ksa ds fy, fy[krs

gSa& ßlkfgR; ,slk gks tks gesa fopkj djus ij ck/; djsa] cPpksa esa ftKklk vkSj vkRefo'okl

dh o`f) djsaA Jh 'kekZ dh ys[kuh ,slh gh ve`r o"kkZ djus dks vkrqj jgrh gSA vki }kjk

145

fy[kh xbZ vk/kqfud cky dgkfu;k¡ cPpksa dks Hkkjrh; laLd`fr ls u dsoy izse djuk fl[kkrh

gS oju muesa ubZ lksp iSnk djus dh {kerk dks Hkh vkxs c<+krh gSA ;qok ih<+h dks lh[k nsus

okyh jpuk,¡] NksVh cky dfork;sa o laLdkjksa ls ifjiw.kZ cky dgkfu;k¡ vk/kqfud ;qx dh egrh

vko';drk,¡ gSAÞ12

MkW- nhun;ky 'kekZ dh dgkfu;ksa dh oSf'k"V~; fofo/krkvksa ls ;qDr gSA

izeq[k fo'ks"krk,a n`"VO; gS&

4-1 cky lqyHk ftKklk

cky dgkfu;ksa dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk ckylqyHk ftKklk gksrh gSA ftKklk dk dks'kxr

vFkZ&ftKklk&la- ¼L=h-½ 1- tkuus dh bPNk] Kku dh pkg] 2- Kku izkIr ds fy, mRlqdrk]

ftKklk] dqy&la- ¼fo-½ iwNrkN ;k tkuus dh pkg ls O;kdqy13] vaxzsth esa ftKklk dk

lekukFkZd 'kCn Curiosity 'kCn gS] ftl dk dks'klEer vk'k;&

Curiosity- (pl. Curiosities) strangeness, rarity, inquisitiveness vuks[kkiu] foy{k.krk]

dkSrqgyA Corioso-n. A curious prason.foy{k.k euq";A

Curious - adj. Singular, strange, suprising, odd, eager to learnA vuks[kk] foy{k.k] vn~Hkqr]

tkuus dh bPNk j[kus okyk ¼ftKklq½14

mi;qZDr ifjHkk"kkuqlkj Li"V gS fd ftKklk dk vFkZ tkuus dh rhozrj bPNk] vkdka{kk]

pkg] Kku izkfIr ds fy, mRlqdrk dk Hkko] foy{k.krk] oSfp«; ,oa dkSrqgy gSA ;g ,d

eukso`fÙk gS] ftl ds o'khHkwr gksdj O;fDr fdlh Hkh ubZ] oLrq] uohu fo"k;] vifjfpr izlax]

ifjfLFkfr vfn ds lanHkZ ds Kku izkIr djus ds fy, mRlqd gksrk gS] O;kdqy jgrk gSA ;g

izo`fÙk izk;% lHkh euq";ksa esa ikbZ tkrh gSA nqfu;k ds fodkl esa ftKklk dh Hkwfedk loksZifj jgh

gSA vkneh ds pk¡n ij ik¡o j[kus esa ml dh izcy ftKklk dk gh gkFk jgk gSA ckY;dky esa

;g Hkko rhozre gksrk gSA ckyd gj pht dh rg rd tkuk pkgrk gSA vius f[kykSus ls

,d&nks ckj [ksyus ds ckn vDlj cPps mls rksM+&QksM+ dj mlds Hkhrj igqap tkrs gSaA fdlh

Hkh ubZ pht ds fo"k; esa cM+ksa ls ,sls&,sls iz'u djrs gSa fd os fu:rj gks tkrs gSaA cky

lkfgR; cPpksa ds dkSrqgy dks ,d lhek rd 'kkar djus esa l{ke jgk gSA vkxs D;k gksxk------------

D;k gksxk---------------- ;s tkuus ds fy, ckyd ,d ckj dFkk i<+uk ;k lquuk izkjEHk djus ds

ckn mls vk|kar i<+ dj ;k lqu dj gh ne ysrk gSA ftKklk dgkuh dh lc ls cM+h

fof'k"Vrk ekuh xbZ gSA dkSrqgy dks cky dgkuh dk izk.k rRo dgk tk ldrk gSA

cky lkfgR;dkj nhun;ky 'kekZ dh cky dgkfu;ksa esa ftKklk] vkSRlqD;] dkSrqgy bl

izdkj lekfo"V gaS tSls uhj esa {khjA dgkuh ds gj vorj.k ds i'pkr~ vkSj dgha&dgha rks

nks&rhu iafDr;ksa ds ckn vkxs D;k gksxk----------- ;g tkuus dh ykylk cyorh gksrh tkrh gSA

146

^peRdkjh pw.kZ*] laxzg dh ^peRdkjh pw.kZ* ^izgsfydk dh izgsfydk*] ^lc ls cM+h ltk^] ^Bksdj*

dgk esa var rd bl ckr dk vkHkkl rd ugha gksrk fd vkxs tkdj dgkuh D;k eksM+ ysus

okyh gSA peRdkjh pw.kZ dFkk esa ,d lk/kq Ldwy esa pw.kZ cspus vkrk gSA ,d iqfM+;k nl :i,

esa ;g dg nsrk gS fd bl pw.kZ ds [kkus ds ckn ia[k vk;saxs vkSj vki mM+us yxsaxs] ;g lqudj

gh ckyd gok esa mM+us yxrs gSa] D;ksafd ckydksa dks peRdkjksa esa cM+k vkuan feyrk gSA dbZ

cPpksa ds lkFk&lkFk ,d fo|kFkhZ ftl dk uke nq";Ur gS] og Hkh pw.kZ [kjhnrk gS vkSj ?kj

vkdj vius nhnh dks ml pw.kZ ds peRdkj ls voxr djokrk gS vkSj dgrk gS fd ;g ckr

nl o"kZ ls cM+s vkneh dks ugha crkuh gS] ojuk pw.kZ dk izHkko lekIr gks tk;sxkA ysfdu

mldh nhnh dks fo'okl ugha gksrk vkSj dgrh gS fd lk/kq >wBk vkSj <ksaxh gS] ,slk ugha

ldrkA fdUrq nq";ar ds ckj&ckj dgus ij og mldh ckr eku ysrh gS vkSj nksuksa pqipki

pw.kZ [kk ysrs gSa rFkk lkbZfdy ls xyh ds pDdj yxkus yxrs gSa] ckj&ckj viuh ihB dks

ns[krs gSa fd ia[k vk;s D;k-------A ßdqN nsj esa ns[krs D;k gSa fd muds ia[k vk x, gSa vkSj oks

fdydkfj;k¡ Hkjrs gq,] vius 'kgj ds Åij b/kj&m/kj [kwc mM+rs gSaA jkr Hkj] ,d nwljs dks

mM+rk gqvk ns[kdj] mudh [kq'kh dk fBdkuk ugha jgrk ekuksa muds liuksa ds ij yx x, gksa

ugha nhnh]------------gk¡ nhnh dgrs&dgrs nq";ar us pqids ls viuh ihB ij gkFk fQjk dj ns[kk

fd mlds ia[k gaS ;k ughaA ihB ij ia[k ugha Fks rks D;k ;s liuk Fkk\Þ15 rHkh mu dh uhan

[kqy tkrh gS] oks ns[krs gS fd ;s rks liuk Fkk----------- ysfdu os lius esa mM+dj Hkh cgqr izlUu

FksA vk|kar dgkuh esa dkSrqgy] mRlqdrk] ftKklk vuojr cuh jgrh gSA pw.kZ [kkus ls ia[k

vkus dh ckr lqurs gh ftKklq cky ikBdksa esa cPpksa ds mM+us dh ?kVuk dh izcy vfHkyk"kk

tkxzr gksrh gS vkSj os vf/kd :fp ds lkFk dgkuh dks i<+rs tkrss gSaA

^izgsfydk dh igsfy;k¡* dgkuh igsfy;ksa ij vk/kkfjr gksus ds dkj.k Lor% gh ftKklk

txkus okyh dFkk gSA bl dh ukf;dk izgsfydk ,d uUgha ckfydk gSa tks cgqr prqj] le>nkj

vkSj lc dh pgsrh gSA d{kk NBh esa v/;;ujr gS] izfrHkk'kkyh gS] d{kk dh eksfuVj gksus ds

lkFk gh ml dh igsfy;kasa esa xgjh :fp gSA ,d fnu mlds ,d vady mlds ikik ls feyus

?kj vkrs gSa] ysfdu ikik cktkj x;s gq, gksus ds dkj.k vady mu dh izrh{kk esa dqN nsj ?kj

Bgj tkrs gSA izgsfydk mudk eu cgykus ds fy, muls igsfy;k¡ iwNuk izkjEHk djrh gSA

igsyh bl izdkj gS&

60 HksM+s gksrh gSaA igys fnu izfr HksM+ dks 50 iSls esa ikuh fiyk;k tkrk gS] nwljs fnu

izfr HksM+ 30 iSls esa] rks nks fnu esa dqN fdrus :i, dk ikuh fiyk;kA nksuksa igsfy;ka lquus esa

cgqr vklku gSa] mÙkj Hkh ljy gS] vkSj vady rikd ls mÙkj ns nsrs gSa iPphl :i,] tks

xyr gksrk gSA ;gk¡ cky ikBdksa ds eu esa cgqr rhoz vkrqjrk dk Hkko mRiUu gksrk gS fd

147

vkf[kj lgh mÙkj D;k gS vkSj og cM+s dkSrqgy ls dgkuh dks vkxs i<+rs gSaA rc mls lgh

tokc Kkr gksrk gSA blh Øe esa ^Bksdj* dgkuh dk var Hkh cgqr vizR;kf'kr gksrk gS] ftldk

iwokZuqeku dfBu gksrk gSA ^fe= dh enn* laxzg dh êksj jktk dk QSlyk* ^lh[k u ekuus dk

lcd* dgkfu;k¡ vk|ksikar dkSrqgy iSnk djus okyh gSaA dgkuh ds ik= taxyh tkuoj gS]

taxy dk jktk eksj gS] tks U;k; ds fy, izfl) gSA ,d fnu taxy ds lHkh i{kh eksj jktk

ds ikl vkdj Qfj;kn djrs gSa fd& egkjkt! vk;s fnu gekjs ?kksalys u tkus dkSu rksM+ tkrk

gSA eksj mudks vkÜoLr djrs gq, dgrk gS fd og tYnh vijkèkh dk irk yxk,xkA eksj

jktk vius ea=h eUuw mYyw dks vijk/kh dk irk yxkus Hkstrk gSA jkLrs esa mldks dYyw dkSvk

feyrk gS vkSj mYyw ls ijs'kkuh dk lcc iwNrk gS] Kkr gksus ij crkrk gS fd ;g djrwr rks

fpdh desM+h dh gSA mYyw ml dh ckr eku dj eksj dks vijk/kh dk uke crkrk gSA eksj

vius lsukifr tEcks ckt dks Hkstdj desM+h dks fxj¶rkj djokrk gSA blds ckn dqN fnuksa

rd taxy esa dksbZ nq?kZVuk ugha gqbZ gksrhA eksj jktk vkÜoLr gks tkrk gS fd ;g vijk/k

fpdh desM+h dk gh gSA og vkikr dkyhu lHkk dk vk;kstu djrk gS vkSj lkjh ?kVuk dk

o.kZu djrs gq, desM+h dks e`R;q n.M dh ltk dk ,syku djrk gSA ;g lqurs gh desM+h flgj

tkrh gS] ckj&ckj vkrZ Loj esa dgrh gS& egkjkt! eSa funksZ"k gw¡] eSaus ,slk dksbZ dke ugha

fd;k gSA fcuk xokg ,oa lcwr ds mldh iqdkj vulquh jgrh gSA tSls gh tEcksa ckt ryokj

ls desM+h dh xnZu ij okj djrk gS& ^Bgjksa------* dh vkokt ls lc pkSad mBrs gSA phdw

desM+k dk izos'k gksrk gS] og dgrk gS&

ßegkjkt] esjk uke phdw desM+k gSA eSa fpdh desM+h dk ifr gw¡A brus fnuksa ls eSa

ijns'k x;k gqvk Fkk vkSj vkt gh ykSVk gw¡A xqLrk[kh ds fy, {kek djsaA vkt vki ,d funksZ"k

dks e`R;qn.M nsdj vius njckj ij dyad yxk jgs gSaA vki dk eqtfje rks dYyw dkSvk gS

egkjktA vkidks foÜokl ugha gks rks vHkh vius lsukifr dks Hkstdj irk djok ldrs gksAÞ16

eksj ;FkkfLFkfr dk irk djokrk gS vkSj dYyw dkSos dks D;k ltk nh tk;s] blds fy, desM+s

ls iwNrk gS vkSj og mls {kek djus dks dgrk gSA eksj jktk dkSos dks {kek djrk gS fdUrq

dkSos dks lifjokj ns'k fudkyk nsrk gSA rHkh ls dkSos vkSj desM+h esa nq'euh pyh vk jgh gS]

vkt Hkh dkSok desM+h dks ns[krs gh ml ij >iVus yxrk gSA bl izdkj vFk ls bfr rd

lEiw.kZ dFkk esa fujarj dkSrqgy vkSj ftKklk cuh jgrh gSA blh Hkkafr îkik >wB ugha cksyrs*

dFkk dkSrqgy ,oa vkSRlqD; ls Hkjiwj gSA îkik >wB ugha cksyrs* dFkk esa 'kh"kZd ds foijhr]

lqjfHk ds ikik viuh fcfV;ka dks [kq'k djus ds fy, >wB cksyrs gSA lqjfHk ikik ls iwNrh gS fd

ikik] yM+dh ds tUe ij Fkkyh ctkrs gSaa ukA izR;qÙkj esa ikik :¡èks Loj esa dgrs gSa& dapu

lPph gS eSa rqEgsa [kq'k djus ds fy, >wB cksy jgk FkkA eq>s ekQ dj nksAÞ17

lEiw.kZ dFkk

148

ekfeZd vkSj ân;Li'khZ gSA csVs vkSj csVh ds tUe ij Fkkyh ctkus ij ckr ij ikik viuh csVh

dks [kq'k ns[kus ds fy, >wB cksyrs gSaA ^fpVw&fiaVw dh lw>* dFkk laxzg dh dgkfu;k¡]

fpaVw&fiaVw dh lw>] eksj dh ftn] 'ka[ks'oj ds lhax] lk/kq dk 'kki] dks;y dh pkykdh] dkSvk

dkyk D;ksa] cPpksa ds eu dks mYyflr djus ,oa dkSrqgy tkxzr djus esa lQy gSA ^dkSvk

dkyk D;ksa* 'kh"kZd gh dkSrqgy txkus okyk gSA ,sls dbZ iz'u ckydksa ds eu vkrs jgrs gSaA

dkSos ds dkys jax ds jgL; dks cPps t:j tkuuk pkgrs gSa] vr% ;s dgkuh mudh rhoz bPNk

dk 'keu djus esa lQy dgha tk ldrh gSA ^fpaVw fiaVw dh lw>* nks fcfYy;ksa ,oa cUnj okyh

iqjkuh dgkuh gS] ysfdu dgkuh tSls&tSls vkxs c<+rh gS ftKklk mruh gh c<+ tkrh gSA

dgkuh dk lekiu cM+k vizR;kf'kr gksrk gSA fpaVw&fiaVw canj ds cgdkos esa ugha vkrs vkSj Lo;a

U;k; djds lUrq"V gks tkrs gSaA bl izdkj dgkuhdkj 'kekZ dh lexz dFkk lkfgR; ftKklk

txkus esa lQy dgk tk ldrk gSA

4-2 euksjatu

vkfn ;qx ls euksjatu vkSj cky dgkuh dk 'kkÜor lEcU/k jgk gSA lEHkor% dgkuh

dk vuqlU/kku ckydksa ds eu dks cgykus vkSj Qqlykus ds fy, gh gqvk gSA blhfy, cky

dgkuh dk izeq[k /keZ ckydksa dk euksjatu djuk gSA ckn esa vijks{k :i ls ml esa uSfrd

rÙoksa dk lekos'k fd;k tkus yxkA jktk&jkuh] ijh] Hkwr&izsr] peRdkj] taxyh tkuoj]

nsoh&nsork vkfn dFkkvksa dk mís'; ek= euksjatu jgk gSA

nhun;ky 'kekZ us viuh cky dgkfu;ksa esa euksjatu rÙo dk cM+h lw>&cw> ,oa

dq'kyrk ls lek;kstu fd;k gSA lHkh dgkfu;ksa esa bl ckr dk fo'ks"k /;ku j[kk x;k gS

D;ksafd ckyd dgkuh ls iwjh rjg rHkh tqM+sxk tc i<+rs le; vuojr dkSrqgy] euksjatu

mRlqdrk cuh jgsxh] ^fe= dh enn* laxzg dh dgkuh] ^eksj jktk dk QSlyk* vR;Ur jkspd

vkSj euksjatd dFkk gSA bl dgkuh ds ik= taxyh tkuoj gSa] bu ds uke gh ckydksa dk eu

cgykus ds fy, i;kZIr gSA] ;Fkk&fpdh desM+h] eUuw mYyw] jktk 'ksj flag vkfnA tkuojksa }kjk

euq"; dh ok.kh esa ckr djuk] cPpksa dks vkYgkn ls Hkj nsrk gSA tkuojksa dk ekuohdj.k vius

vki esa dgkuh dks jkspd cuk nsrk gSA peRdkjh pw.kZ* dh 'khf"kZr dFkk ^peRdkjh pw.kZ* esa lk/kw

}kjk fo|ky; esa peRdkjh pw.kZ cspuk] blds [kkus ls ckydksa ds ia[k dk vkuk] mu dk jkr

Hkj vkdk'k esa mM+rs jguk] cPpksa ds fy, fdlh vtwcs ls de ugha gSA bu lkjh ?kVukvksa dks

i<+rs gq, ckyds ds eu esa vkuan fgyksjsa ysus yxrk gSA dgkuh dkj 'kekZ us ckydksa ds eu dks

izlUu djus dk dksbZ volj vius gkFk ls ugha tkus fn;k gSA blh iqLrd dh ^izgsfydk dh

igsfy;k¡* dgkuh igsyh ij vk/kkfjr gksus ds dkj.k vius vki gh euksjatu dk [ktkuk gS

D;ksafd igsfy;k¡ ckydksa ds eu cgyko ds fy, lc ls vklku fo/kk gS] tks cPpksa dks loZfiz;

149

gSA fpaVw&fiaVw dh lw>* dgkuh esa >cjh fcYyh ekSlh] ml ds fpaVw&fiaVw uV[kV ckydksa dh

'kjkjrsa] isM+ ij cSBk cUnj ekek--------- ;g :id gh cPpksa dks izlUurk ls Hkj nsrk gSA îkik

>wB ugha cksyrs* laxzg dh ^vatw dh lh[k* cPpksa dks g¡lk&g¡lk dk yksV iksV djus okyh

dgkuh gSA bl dh eq[; ik= ckjg o"khZ; ,d pqycqyh vkSj cqf)eku ckfydk gS] ftl dk uke

vatw gSA ;g i<+kbZ vkSj O;ogkj nksuksa esa gksf'k;kj gSA vatw vius ?kj ds ckgj [ksyrh jgrh gS]

rHkh mlds Ldwy ds lj vkrs gSa] og [ksyuk can djds lj ls ueLrs djrh gSA bl ds vkxs

dh ?kVuk cM+h jkspd gS &

ßueLrs----------- rqEgkjs ikik dgk¡ gSa] csVk\ lj us vatw ls iwNkA ôs rks cktkj x, gSa lj] ih-lh-

vks- ls Qksu djusA*

& ^dc rd ykSVsaxs\* îkik dg rks jgs Fks fd nl fefuV esa gh vk jgk gw¡] ysfdu os dkQh

tYnh esa Fks] bl dkj.k esjs fglkc ls Ms<+ ?kaVk rks yx gh tk;sxk thA*

& D;k iSny x, gSa\

& ûgha] iSny ugha x, blhfy, rks nsjh ls vk,axs lj! eqLdkrh gqbZ vatw cksyhA

& ^D;ksa\*

& ^LdwVj ysdj x, gSa uk blhfy,A gkFk ukprs gq, vatw us dgkA LdwVj ysdj x, gSa] fQj

bruk le; dSls yx tk,xk] lj us iwNkA

& ^vatw csVs] igsfy;k er cq>kvks] lkQ&lkQ crkvks fd -------------A18

& laokn vkSj pyrk gS] tks cgqr euksjatd gSA blh izdkj vatw ds ,d ekLVj th ml ds

iM+kSl esa jgrs gSa] tks fdjk;s dk ?kj cny jgs gksrs gSA VSªDVj pkyd dgrk gS fd ;g lkeku

nks ckj esa tk ldsxkA ysfdu lj dgrs gSa fd eq>s tYnh gS] ,d gh ckj esa Hkj dj ys pyksA

;g lqu dj vatw dgrh gS &

êkLVj th T;knk tYnh er djks] ugha rks nsj gks tk,xhA*

tks ckydksa dks vkuafnr djus okyk ,d vkSj laokn] ^'ksj jktk cksyk & vPNk! rks ;s

ckr gSA 'ksj xqLls ls ngkM+k vkSj cksyk & ^tkvks tYnh ls fpidw canj dks esjs lkeus gkftj

djksA*19

mijksDr izFke izlax esa izgsfydk }kjk vady dks fn, x, mÙkj ljy gSa fdUrq tokc

nsus dk fouksniw.kZ rjhdk] gko&Hkko] jkspd 'kSyh dk iz;ksx ckydksa ds eu dk izlUu djus esa

leFkZ dgs tk ldrk gSA nwljs izlax esa Hkh mÙkj nsus dk lyhdk lquus esa vklku gS fdUrq

ckr ^yk[k Vds dh* dgrh gS] tSls dksbZ Hkh dke tYnh djus ds pDdj esa vDlj foyEc gks

150

tkrk gSA yksd izpfyr dgkor Hkh gS fd ßtYnh dke 'kSrku dkAÞ ;g mfDr ;gk¡ lkFkZd gks

jgh gSA r`rh; izlax esa ^'ksj dh jkScnkj vkokt vkSj mlesa MkaVus dk lyhdk gh ckydksa dks

cgqr izlUu djsxk D;ksafd ckyd ,sls izlax ls Mjrs ugha vfirq etk ysrs gSA

4-3 vk/kqfudrk vkSj ijEijk dk leUo;

^lkfgR; ls ijEijk dk ogh vUrlZEcU/k gS] tks mldk laLd`fr ls gSA ijEijk esa

lkrR; gS] fujUrjrk gSA;g lrr~ fodkl'khy gSA ijEijk le; vkSj fLFkfr ds vuq:i vius esa

vifjgk;Z ifj"dkj] la'kksèku vkSj ifjorZu djds lnk u;s /keZ&xq.k ds lkFk izdV gksrh gSA og

iqjkru voxq.kksa dks R;kx djds uohu vo/kkj.kkvksa ls lEc) gksrh gSA ijEijk pSrU; gS]

lukru gS vkSj laLdkfjr gSA mlesa pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djus dh vn~Hkqr gksrh vkSj mleas

{kerk gS lEiw.kZ thou n`f"V lekfgr jgrh gSA og izR;fHkHkwr lR; gSA mlesa viwoZ izR;os{k.k

ÅtkZ gSA ijEijk ;kSfxd gSA lfØ;rk] lkoZHkkSfedrk] lg/kfeZrk vkSj lejlrk mldh psruk

dk var% O;ogkj gSA ßlkfgR; Lo;aHkw gS] og viuh l`f"V dk l"Vk gSA lkfgR; vkSj ijEijk

lg/kehZ gSA os ,d nwljs ds iwjd gSaA tc dHkh HkkSfrd] lkekftd bR;kfn lÙkk,a euqtrk ij

vkØe.k djrh gS] rc ijEijk vkSj lkfgR; feydj mldk lkeuk djrs gaS vkSj mls thus ds

uohu foÜokl] uohu psruk] uohu vUrnf"V ls tksM+rs gSaA ;gh ijEijk dk vk/kqfudhdj.k gS

vkSj blh ls lwj] rqylh] ehjk] johUnz] fujkyk] 'kjr] izsepan] eqfDrcks/k vkfn dh ijEijk dks

lkFkZdrk laiq"V gksrh gSAÞ20

mi;qZDr dFku dk fu"d"kZ gS fd lkfgR;] vk/kqfudrk vkSj ijEijk ,d nwljs ds

lg;ksxh gSa] iwjd gSa vkSj ijLij lEcy iznku djrs gSaA bu dk lq[kn la;ksx lkfgR; dks vkSj

mtZfLor dj nsrk gSA vk/kqfud ;qx foKku] lapkj vkSj rduhd dk gS] tks gesa ;FkkFkZ ls

tksM+dj le;kuq:i thou thus dh dyk fl[kkrk gS] ogha ijEijk,¡] laLd`fr] iz.kkfy;k¡

jhfr&fjoktksa ls lEi`ä jgrh gSaA lkfgR; le; dk lk{kh gksrk gS] tks rRdkyhu xfrfof/k;ksa

dk nLrkost izLrqr djrk gSA cky lkfgR; esa ijEijk vkSj vk/kqfud Hkko cks/k dk lkeatL;

ckydksa dks gekjh lkaLd`frd fojklr ,oa lelkef;d lanHkksZa ls ifjfpr djokrk gSA

vk/kqfudrk ds lEcU/k esa MkW- jktsUnzeksgu HkVukxj dk fparu izklafxd gS& ßoLrqr;k%

vk/kqfudrk dky lkis{k] LFkku lkis{k vkSj fLFkfr lkis{k gSA mldk fojksèk ijEijk dk

vLohdkj ugha gS] cfYd ijEijk ds u;s laLdkj dk lacks/k gh ,d lhek rd vk/kqfudrk dk

lanHkZ gSA vk/kqfudrk iqjkru iksFkh dk uohu rFkk ifj"dr laLdj.k gSA

deysÜoj dk dguk gS& ^vk/kqfudrk ,d ,slh ekufldrk] ckSf)d fLFkfr gS tks vius ifjos'k

vkSj lekt dh xgurj leL;kvksa ls mn~Hkwr gksrh gS vkSj ledkyhu thou dks laLdkj nsrh

151

gSA tgk¡ ijEijk dh tM+sa vrhr esa QSyh gksrh gS] ogk¡ vk/kqfudrk dk lEcU/k vius orZeku ls

gksrk gSAÞ21

izkphu dky ls v|ru cky lkfgR; esa ijEijkvksa dh vuqikyuk gksrh jgh gS ,oa

rRle; dk fp=.k HkhA cky dgkuhdkj nhun;ky 'kekZ dh cky dgkfu;ksa esa ikjEifjd rÙoksa

vkSj vk/kqfud lanHkksZ ds leUo; dh lqjE; Nfo ns[kus dks feyrh gSA dgkuhdkj 'kekZ viuh

dFkkvksa esa tgk¡ cPpksa dks viuh jhfr;ksa ls] laLd`fr dk Kku djokrs gSa] ogha vk/kqfud ;FkkFkZ

dks Hkh izLrqr djrs pyrs gaSA bu dgkfu;ksa ds vf/kdka'k ik= iapra= dh rtZ ij taxyh

tkuoj gSa] ysfdu bu ds ek/;e ls orZeku ;qx dh pqukSfr;ksa dk] la?k"kksZa dk] cky lqyHk

lkSUn;Z dk Hkh mYys[k fd;k gSA ^fpVw&fiaVw dh lw>* laxzg dh 'khf"kZr dFkk ^jksVh ds VqdMs* ds

NksVs&cM+s vkdkj ds fy, >xM+us okyh fcfYy;ksa dh ikjEifjd dgkuh ij vk/kkfjr gS] dgkuh

dh eq[; ik= >cjh fcYyh ekSlh ds fpaVw&fiaVw nks cPps oSls gh jksVh ds fy, >xM+rs gaS] ogha

isM+ ij cSBk ,d pkykd cUnj mudks ew[kZ cukuk pkgrk gS] ysfdu vc le; cny pqdk gSA

;gk¡ vkdj nhun;ky 'kekZ us dgkuh dks ftl izdkj eksM+ fn;k gS og vR;Ur ljkguh; gS

vkSj vk/kqfud cksèk ,oa ekSfydrk dks n'kkZrh gSaa] dqN bl izdkj&ßvPNk rks ;g ckr gS! D;w¡

cUnj pkpk] ge nksuksa HkkbZ;ksa dks rqe Bxus dh dksf'kk dj jgs Fks uk! vc oks tekuk x;k

pkpkA* fpaVw us ;g dgdj jksVh dk ,d VqdM+k fiaaVw ds gkFk esa Fkek fn;k vkSj os nksuksa HkkbZ

vius ?kj dh rjQ py fn,A canj viuk lk eqag ysdj jg x;k vkSj Nykax yxkrk gqvk

okil isM+ ij p<+ x;kAÞ22

vk/kqfud dgkfu;ksa ds fo"k; esa izfl) cky lkfgR;dkj nsosUnz esokM+h dk dguk gS&

ßvkt ds vk/kqfud ;qx esa cPpksa dks foKku dh rdZ laxr og dgkfu;ka pkfg, tks mUgsa

dYiuk yksd esa ys tk,¡ vkSj tks muds vius Kku ds rdZ ij lgh lkfcr gksrh gksAÞ23

ßykseM+h dh lw>* dFkk dk dFkkud] ik=] ns'kdky] lc ijEijkxr gSa] fdUrq >qejh

ykseM+h ftl izdkj phuw eqxhZa ds vaMs rksM+us okys vijk/kh dk irk yxkrh gS] og vkt dh

lw>&cw> dks n'kkZrh gSA ^fpaVw&fiaVw dh lw>* ds fy, dey jru tkafxM+] t;iqj us viuh

jpuk ^nhun;ky 'kekZ ds lkfgR; esa vuwBs iz;ksx* esa fy[kk gS& ßfpaVw&fiaVw dh lw>* okLro esa

,d yktokc d`fr gSA jktLFkku lkfgR; vdkneh ls iqjLdr bl d`fr dh lHkh dgkfu;k¡

tgk¡ cPpksa dks vPNs ukxfjd cuus dh izsj.kk nsrh gSa] ogh muds O;fDrRo ds fodkl esa Hkh

lgk;d gksus esa fo'ks"k ;ksxnku nsrh gSaAÞ24

jpukdkj nhun;ky 'kekZ dh dbZ dgkfu;k¡ bl

dlkSVh ij [kjh mrjrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ^buke vkSj ltk*] ^vkf[kjh gfFk;kj*] vktknh

dk vFkZ*] lcls cM+h ltk* vkfnA dgkuhdkj Jh 'kekZ dh cky dgkfu;k¡ vk/kqfud ifjos'k dks

152

mtkxj djus esa l{ke gSaA bu dgkfu;ksa esa foKku o euksjatu dks lqUnj rjhds ls dF; esa

xwaFkk x;k gSA

^dkSok dkyk D;ksa* dFkk ijEijkxr Lo:i fy, gS] czãk th viuh l`f"V dks ns[kdj]

lksprs gSa fd lHkh i{kh lQsn jax ds gSa] D;kas u eSa bu dks viuh&viuh ilan dk jax ns nw¡]

rkfd bUgsa igpkuus esa Hkh lqfo/kk jgsxh dFkkud izkphu gS ysfdu bl dF; dks nhun;ky

'kekZ us vk/kqfud jax nsdj ckydksa dks jaxksa dk Kku lgt gh djok fn;k gSA veq[k nks jaxksa

ds esy ls dkSu lk u;k jax curk gS] dqN bl izdkj ihys jax ij uhyk jax p<+rs gh dkSvk

gjs jax dk gks x;kA gjk jax ns[kdj dkSvk cksyk] ^Hkxou] eq>s rks yky jax ns nks] gjk jax

vPNk ugha yxrk rc mls yky jax ns fn;k rks og cSaxuh jax dk gks x;k\ bl izdkj jax

la;kstu dh dyk Hkh bu dgkfu;ksa esa fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA bl iqLrd dh vU; dgkfu;ksa esa Hkh

ijEijk vkSj vk/kqfudrk dk leUo; ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ^ikik >wB ugha cksyrs* dgkuh laxzg

dh ^f'ko x.ks'k prqjkbZ* dk izkjEHk ijEijkxr <+jsZ] ^,d Fkk jktk* ls gksrk gSA HkVslj ds jktk

ck.kHkê ds ikl f'kox.ks'k vkSj Hkksyk'kadj uked nks HkkbZ ukSdjh ekaxus vkrs gSa] jktk cqf)eku

gS] og igys ijh{kk ysrk gSA nksuksa dks ,d&,d ckYVh feêh nsdj dgrk gS fd bls cspdj

'kke rd vkvks fQj eSa viuk fu.kZ; crkÅaxkA Hkksyk'kadj ,d x`g.kh dks crZu ekatus ds fy,

nks :i;s esa feêh csprk gSA f'kox.ks'k ,d jsgM+h ls jax m/kkj ysdj feêh esa feykrk gS vkSj

jax&fcjaxh <sfj;ka cukrk gS] mu ij v;ks/;k] eFkqjk] dq:{ks= dh ifpZ;ka yxkdj] vkokt

yxkrk gS&^;s yks v;ks/;k dh feêh ftl esa jke ?kqVuksa ds cy pyrs Fks] ;s eFkqjk dh feêh

ftesa dUgS;k [ksyk djrs Fks] dsoy ,d :i;s dh ,d rksyk cl FkksM+h gh cph] gS] eky yqVk

fn;k--------AÞ25 bl izdkj prqjkbZ ls 1000 :i;s esa feêh cspdj vkrk gS] jktk f'kox.ks'k dks

njckj esa ea=h vkSj Hkksyk'kadj dks }kjiky dk dk;Z nsrk gSA orZeku le; dk ;gh pyu gS

fd tks cksyrk gS] oks fcdrk gSA prqjkbZ] cqf)erk] dq'kyrk ls gh euq"; vHkh"V dks izkIr

djrk gsA ^ikik >wB ugha cksyrs* dFkk esa dgkuhdkj us iq= ds tUe ij Fkkyh ctkus ds

ijEijkxr fjokt ls voxr djokrs gq,] cM+s rkfdZd <ax ls csVh cpkvks tSlh vk/kqfud

leL;k dks mBk;k gSA ;g dFkkdkj dh rkfdZd dkS'ky ,oa ekSfyd dFkkud dkS'ky dks

n'kkZrk gSA ^vatw dh lh[k* cM+h I;kjh dgkuh gSA bl dh ukf;dk X;kjg o"khZ; vatw uke dh

yM+dh gS tks prqj] cqf)eku] gkft+j tokc rRdkyn'khZ ,oa Hkfo";n'khZ gSa] NBh d{kk esa i<+rh

gSA gj iz'u dk lVhd mÙkj ml ds ikl gksrk gSA bl dgkuh esa rhu vardZFkk,sa gSa] ftu esa

vatw dk LekVZ] vk/kqfud 'kSyh lEiUu O;fDrRo ikBdksa ds le{k mHkj dj vkrk gSA ;g ubZ

rduhd o dF; ls ifjiw.kZ cky dFkk gSA euksjatu ds lkFk egRoiw.kZ f'k{kk iznku djrh gSA

153

^peRdkjh pw.kZ* uked dFkk ;w¡ rks ,d lk/kq }kjk ,d ikB'kkyk esa tkdj Hkksys& Hkkys

cPpksa dks lk/kkj.k pw.kZ dks peRdkjh crk dj csprk gSA cPps ml dh ckrksa esa vk tkrs gSa ,oa

pw.kZ [kjhn ysrs gSa] ftu esa nq";ar uke dk ckyd Hkh gSA og ?kj vkdj viuh nhnh _rq dks

lkjh ckr crkrk gSA lqurs gh ml dh nhnh dh tks izfrfØ;k lkeus vkrh gS] ogk¡ dgkuh

vk/kqfud ;qx dk izfrfuf/kRo djrh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA _rq dgrh gS&^;g pw.kZ dh iqfM+;k lk/kq

dks okil dj nksA vjs ew[kZ] pw.kZ [kkdj Hkh dksbZ mM+ ldrk gS Hkyk\ eq>s rks yxrk gS og

dksbZ lk/kq ugha] t:j dksbZ Bx gksxk* _rq cksyhAÞ26

izLrqr foospu ds vk/kkj ij dgk tk ldrk gS fd nhun;ky 'kekZ dh dgkfu;ksa esa

ijEijk ,oa vk/kqfudrk dk lqUnj lkeatL; cu iM+k gSA

4-4 cky dgkuh vkSj ewY;

lkfgR; esa izkjfEHkd dky ls gh ewY;ksa dh LFkkiuk ij cy fn;k tkrk jgk gS rFkkfi

cky lkfgR; esa euksjatu dks izk.krRo ds :i esa ekU;rk feyh gqbZ gSA vk/kqfud jpukdkj blh

jhfr dk vuqlj.k djrs gSaA bl ds foijhr ijEijkoknh cky jpukdkj cky lkfgR; esa uSfrd

ewY;ksa dks vfuok;Z ekurs gSa] mudk ekuuk gS fd ckY;koLFkk dksey ikS/k dh rjg gksrh gSa] ml

esa tSlh [kkn vkSj ikuh Mkyk tk;sxk og oSlh gh fodflr gksxhA cpiu esa feys laLdkj

ckyd ds Hkkoh thou dk fu/kkZj.k djrs gSaA bl /kkjk ds laokgd cky lkfgR;dkjksa ds dFkk

lkfgR; esa ewY;ksa dh vo/kkj.kk cyorh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA bl izlax esa jktsUnz dqekj 'kekZ dk

fparu izklafxd gSA

jktsUnz dqekj 'kekZ% ^ijEijkoknh cky lkfgR;dkj 'kkÜor uSfrd ewY;ksa dks cky lkfgR; dk

izk.k rÙo ekurs gSaA mudk ekuuk gS fd cPps ekse ds leku gksrs gSaA vr% muds fodkl ds

fy, uSfrd ewY;ksa dh vko';drk gSaA*27

nhun;ky 'kekZ nksuksa fopkj/kkjkvksa esa leU;o djrs fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA dFkkdkj us dFkk

vius ckyd ;k lkfgR; esa euksjatu dks izeq[k rÙo ds :i esa vfHkO;Dr djrs gq,] vijks{k

:i ls 'kkÜor ewY;ksa dks ;Fkksfpr LFkku fn;k gS] euksjatu ds ek/;e lsA dgkuhdkj 'kekZ us

cM+s gYds&QqYds :i ls] ckrksa gh ckrksa esa jkspdrk ds lkFk cPpksa dks uSfrd ewY;ksa ls voxr

djok fn;k gS] dgkfu;ksa esa uSfrd] lkekftd] ekuoh;] lkaLd`frd vkfn 'kkÜor ewY;ksa dks

ns[kk ldrk gSA^eksj dh ftn* dgkuh esa vuar% fpdh desM+h dh thr ds ek/;e ls ^lR;eso

t;rs* ewY; n'kkZ;k x;k gSA ^fpaVw&fiaVw dh lw>* dFkk esa >cjh fcYyh dk vius cPpksa ds izfr

vxk/k okRlY; Hkko Nydrk gSA ^ykseM+h dh lw>* dgkuh esa >qejh ykseM+h le>nkjh ls phuw

eqxhZ dh lgk;rk djrh gS vkSj mls U;k; fnykrh gSA ^lk/kq dk 'kki* esa i'kq&if{k;ksa esa ijLij

154

izse] ln~Hkkouk] lg;ksx] HkkbZpkjs ds lkFk feydj jgrs gSaA ^dks;y dh pkykdh* dgkuh [ksy

[ksy esa cPpksa es aeS=h Hkko tkxzr djus okyh lQy dFkk gSA blh Hkkafr ^dkSok dkyk D;ksa*

dgkuh esa larqf"V Hkko dk fo/kku gSA

îkik >wB ugha cksyrs* dFkk laxzg dh dbZ dgkfu;k¡ thou ewY;ksa dh okfgdk dgh tk

ldrh gSA îÜpkrki ds vkalw* dk rkukcuk xyrh dk vglkl vkSj {kek ds bnZfxnZ cquk x;k

gSA ikB'kkyk ds lgikBh dkyw vkSj iIiw izfrfnu 'kke dks vius ekLVj th ds ?kj i<+us ds

fy, dgkuh dh iqLrd ysus tkrs gSaA FkksM+h ckrphr ds ckn nksuksa ckydksa dks dgkuh dh

fdrkc nsdj ekLVj th muds fy, pk; cukus ds fy, jlksbZ esa tkrs gSaA iIiw iqLrd i<+us

yxrk gS vkSj dkyw dejs esa j[kh oLrqvksa ds lkFk NsM+[kkuh djus yxrk gS] mls est ij ,d

:i;s dk flDdk fn[kkbZ nsrk gS] ftls mBk dj og viuh tsc esa j[k ysrk gSA mlh le;

ekLVj th pk; ysdj vkrs gSa] dkyw tYnh&tYnh pk; ihdj tkus yxrk gS] mlds gko&Hkko

ekLVjth dks dqN Bhd ugha yxrsA rHkh mudh ut+j est ij tkrh gS] ogk¡ ,d :i;s dk

flDdk ugha ns[k dj mUgs dkyw ij lansg gksrk gS] os mls jksdrs gSa vkSj ckrksa gh ckrksa esa dkyw

ls pksjh dh ckr mxyok ysrs gSaA dkyw viuh xyrh eku ysrk gS vkSj tsc ls flDdk

fudkydj est ij j[krs gq, QwV&QwV dj jksrss gq;s ekLVj th ls ekQh ekaxrk gS fd eq>ls

xyrh gks xbZ] vkxs dHkh Hkh pksjh ugha d:¡xkA ekLVj th mls iqpdkjrs gq, {kek dj nsrs gSaA

ßeSa iSls dHkh ugha yw¡xk xq:th] vkbUnk pksjh ugha d:¡xk------------- eSa pksjh ugha d:¡xk

th! dkyw QQd dj jks iM+kA xq:th us dkyw dks vius xys ls yxk fy;k------AÞ28

îÜpkrki ds vk¡lw* dgkuh ds led{k ,d dFkk ûD'ks dh dksih* gSA nksuksa dgkfu;ksa

dk rkuk&ckuk tSls ,d gh i`"BHkwfe ij cquk x;k gSA ûD'ks dh dksih* esa ,d fuèkZu ifjokj

dk Nk= egsanz ds ekrk&firk mls uD'ks dh dksih fnyokus esa vleFkZ gksrs gSa] egsUnz i<kbZ esa

fiNM+ tkus ds Mj ls ,d lEiUu ifjokj ds cPps vfHkuo dh dksih pqjk ysrk gSA d{kk esa

vfHkuo ekLVj th dks dksih fn[kkus dh fy, cLrk ns[krk gS] ysfdu dksih ugha feyrh] og

cgqr nq[kh vkSj ijs'kku gks tkrk gS] ekLVj th dgrs gSa fd ftlus Hkh dksih pqjkbZ gS] eq>s

pqipki crk nsuk] eSa fdlh dks ugha crkÅ¡xkA egsUnz Xykfu ls Hkj mBrk gSA 'kke dks dksih

ysdj xq:th ds ?kj tkdj xq:th ds iSj idM+ dj jksus yxrk gS] dgrk gS& xq:th! eq>

ekQ dj nksA eSaus gh i<+kbZ esa fiNM+ tkus ds Hk; ls uD'ks dh dksih pqjkbZ FkhA gekjh vkfFkZd

fLFkfr Bhd ugha gksus ds dkj.k esjh dksih ugha [kjhnh tk ldrhA

xq:th us egsUnz dks mBk dj xys ls yxk;kA le>krs gq, dgk] ßcsVk egsUnz! blesa

rqEgkjk dksbZ nks"k ughaA rqEgkjh i<k+bZ dh ftKklk us gh rqEgsa dksih pqjkus dks foo'k fd;kA

155

Hkfo"; esa v/;;u gsrq fdlh Hkh oLrq dh vko';drk gksrks eq>s crk fn;k djks] ,sls gksugkj

vkSj i<+us esa :fp j[kus okys ckyd ds izfr lHkh dh lgkuqHkwfr jgrh gSAÞ29

^vkf[kjh gfFk;kj* dFkk Hkh ,slh gh i`"BHkwfe ij vk/kkfjr gSA dFkkud fHkUu gS ysfdu

mldk lekiu Hkh {kek ij gh gksrk gSAdFkkdkj 'kekZ us ^vatw dh lh[k* dgkuh esa ckydksa dh

/kS;Zoku lgu'khy cuus dh lh[k nsrs gq, vkKkdkfjrk vuq'kklu rFkk R;kx o lEeku tSls

ewY;ksa dks O;Dr fd;k gSA ßekLVj th viuh ,sud Bhd djrs gq,] gk¡ HkbZ 'kekZ th] vki

fcYdqy lgh dg jgs gSa vkSj vkidh csVh vatw Hkh lgh dgrh gSA vatw us gh eq>s fl[kk;k gS

fd tYnckth vPNh ugha gksrhAÞ30

^ikik >wB ugha cksyrs* esa firk&iq=h ds ykM+&I;kj dks js[kkafdr djrs gq, gS csVs&csVh

dk leku egÙo nsus dk iz'u dh cM+h dq'kyrk ds lkFk mBk;k gSA ^peRdkjh pw.kZ* d`fr dh

^lc ls cM+h ltk* ns'k HkfDr ,oa jk"Vª izse tSls Hkkoksa ls vksrizksr dgkuh gSA laf{kIr esa] dgkuh

esa Ldwy dh izkFkZuk&lHkk dk n`'; gS] lHkh ckyd izkFkZuk djus ds ckn tSls gh jk"Vªxku 'kq:

djrs gSa] izkax.k esa >kMw yxkus okyk prqFkZ Js.kh deZpkjh ';keLo:i >kMw dks NksM+dj

jk"Vªxku ds lEeku esa [kM+k gks tkrk gSA ;g ns[kdj izkFkZuk ds ckn gsMekLVj lkgc vius

mn~ckks/ku esa dgrs gSa&ßvius fo|ky; dk lgk;d deZpkjh ';keLo:i Hkys gh de

i<+k&fy[kk gks ysfdu jk"Vª ds izfr mlds fny esa tks lEeku gS] og mYys[kuh; gSAÞ31

^vktknh dk vFkZ* uSfrd ewY;ksa dh n`f"V ls l'kDr dgkuh dgh tk ldrh gSA tSlk

fd 'kh"kZd ls Li"V gS] bl esa Lok/khurk ds Hkko dk lgt fp=.k izLrqr gSA ,d Hkjk&iwjk

lqlEiUu ifjokj gS] ftlesa ikfjokfjd lnL;ksa ds vfrfjDr rksrk] dqÙkk tSls ikyrw izk.kh Hkh

clj djrs gSaA bl ifjokj dk vt; uked ckyd iUnzg vxLr dks vius fo|ky; esa

vktknh ij Hkk"k.k i<+us ls mls vktknh dk egÙo le> esa vkrk gS vkSj og ?kj vkdj rksrs

dks fiatjs ls mM+k nsrk gSA ßvt; rksrs ls cksyk] ^fVYyw] eSaus brus fnu rq>s fiatjs esa dSn

j[kkA eq>s ekQ+ dj esjs nksLrA vkt ls rw vkt+kn gSA rsjk eu djs rks feyus vk tkukAÞ32

^cM+ks ds cipu dh dgkfu;k¡* laxzg dh lkjh dFkk,¡ uSfrd ewY;ksa dk nLrkost dgh tk ldrh

gSaA bu esa lR;] bZekunkjh] lkgl] n`<+ fu'p;] U;k;fiz;rk] ifjJe] ijksidkj bR;kfn ewY;ksa

dks n'kkZ;k x;k gS] tks ckydksa ds O;fDrRo fodkl esa vR;Ur lgk;d gSA

bl izdkj dFkkdkj nhun;ky 'kekZ ds dFkk lkfgR; esa izse] {kek] lg;ksx] Lora=rk]

ln~Hkkouk] okRlY;] lgkuqHkwfr ijksidkj] lsok] larks"k] dÙkZO;ijk;.krk vkfn 'kkÜor uSfrd

ewY;ksa dk lQy la;kstu gqvk gS tks Li`g.kh; gSA

156

4-5 lelkef;d lanHkZ

cky jpukdkj nhun;ky 'kekZ ds cky dFkk lkfgR; esa tgk¡ euksjatd rÙoksa dk

ckgqY; gS] ogha lelkef;d lanHkksZa dk ;Fkksfpr mYys[k Hkh n'kZuh; gS] D;ksafd dFkkdkj ;FkkFkZ

,oa foÜoluh;rk ds i{k/kj gSaA dFkkdkj 'kekZ us viuh dgkfu;ksa esa lelkef;d ?kVukvksa]

leL;kvksa] fparkvksa dks cM+s dkS'ky ,oa euksjatu ds lkFk mdsjk gSA ^fe= dh enn* dgkuh

laxzg dh ^fccks cdjh dh fgEer* ,d lkgfld cdjh dh dFkk gS] ftl esa og vius cPpksa dk

f'kdkj ikxy 'ksj eksuw }kjk fd;s tkus ij mlls cnyk ysus dk n<+ fu'p; djrh gS vkSj

volj ns[kdj vius rh[ks lhaxksa ls 'ksj dk dke reke dj ds gh ne ysrh gSA ^vU;k; lguk

vU;k; djus ds leku gSa ,slk dgk tkrk gSA mldh fgEer ns[kdj dgkuh dk ik= pedw

fgj.k nax jg tkrk gSA og dgrk gS&

ßrqe egku gks fccksA rqEgkjh fgEer ljkguh; gSA rqe us fl) dj fn;k fd fgEerokys

ds vkxs dksbZ ugha thr ldrkA dk'k] ge Hkh rqEgkjs lkFk gksrsAÞ33

xyr laxfr o fnXHkzfer gksus ds dkj.k cM+h la[;k esa ;qok ih<+h u'ks ds fxj¶r esa tk

jgs gSA bl Hk;kog leL;k ls vkt lkjs lalkj dks nks&nks gkFk gksuk iM+ jgk gSA blds

fo:) dbZ lkekftd laLFkkvksa vkSj ljdkj }kjk vfHk;ku pyk;s tk jgs gSa] foKkiu fn[kk,

tk jgs gSaAA nhun;ky 'kekZ dh ^n<+ ladYi dk peRdkj* dgkuh efnjkiku dh blh xEHkhj]

Toyar eqís ij vk/kkfjr lkFkZd jpuk gSA dgkuh dk okrkoj.k vkSj ik= taxy ij vk/kkfjr

gSA dgkuh dk eq[; ik= 'ksjflag ds vkns'k ij taxy esa 'kjkc dh nqdku [kksyh tkrh gS]

ftldk lHkh tkuoj [kqy dj fojks/k djrs gSa] exj 'ksjflag ds dqrdZ & ßvkt dk ;qx foKku

dk ;qx gsA vr% gesa vf/kd ls vf/kd vk/kqfud phtksa dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A vxj ge ,slk

ugha djsaxs rks ge nwljs taxyokfl;ksa dh utj esa fiNM+s gq, dg yk;saxsA mldh ftn~n ds

vkxs fdlh ,d ugha pyrhA 'kjkc ds dbZ nq"ifj.kke lkeus vkrs gSa] vUrr% nqdku can djus

ds lkjs gFkdaMs viukus ds i'pkr~ lHkh tkuoj feydj fu.kZ; ysrs gSa fd u rks 'kjkc ih;saxs

uk 'kjkc ihus okyksa dk leFkZu djsaxs&ßgesa t:jr gS n<+ ladYi dhA ge lc feydj ladYi

ysa fd uk rks 'kjkc fi;asxs uk gh ge ihus okyksa dks leFkZu djsaxsAÞ35

dgkuhdj 'kekZ us bl izdkj le;kuqlkj izlaxksa ij lqUnj ltu fd;k gSA pyrh cl

vFkok Vªsu esa p<+uk vkSj mrjuk vke ckr gS] vk;s fnu vlko/kkuh ls ?kfVr gksus okyh

?kVuk,¡ lekpkj i=ksa esa Nirh gSaA dFkkdkj 'kekZ us bl izdkj leL;k dks vk/kkj cukrs gq, ds

dFkkud dks cM+h lq?kM+rk ls dgkuh esa fijksdj izLrqr fd;k gSA ^peRdkjh pw.kZ* laxzg dh ^lc

ls cM+h ltk* dgkuh esa Hkkyw daMDVj ds yk[k le>kus ds ckn Hkh fpidw canj ds pyrh

Ldwy cl ls mrjrs le; fxj tkus ls mlds iSj ij cl dk ifg;k p<+ trk gS] mipkj ds

157

ckn Hkh ml dk iSj iw.kZ :i ls Bhd ugha gks ikrk vkSj og yaxM+krs gq, pyrk gSA ckyd

cM+ksa dk vuqlj.k djrs gSaA fpidw canj vius ekLVj th dks pyrh cl mrjrs gq, ns[krk gS]

blhfy, og Hkh mu dh udy djrk gS&^ysfdu fpidw canj viuk ?kj vkus ds igys gh

pyrh cl ls mrj x;k-------- mlds mrjrs gh lcus ml dh ph[k lquhA lc us ns[kk fd

fpidw dk ,d iSj cl ds uhps vk x;k FkkAÞ36

mi;qZDr foospu ds vk/kkj ij dgk tk ldrk gS fd nhun;ky 'kekZ dh cky

dgkfu;k¡ vius le; dk izfrfuf/kRo djrh gSa] tks ,d ys[kd ds lkFkZd l`tu dks js[kkafdr

djrh gSaA

4-6 f'k{kk

f'k{kk dk lkekU; vFkZ Kku] cks/k] foosd] lh[kuk&fl[kkuk] lh[k fo|ky;h f'k{kk ds

:i esa xzg.k fd;k tkrk gSA ^f'k{kk* 'kCn laLd`r Hkk"kk ds ^f'k{k* 'kCn esa ^v* izR;; yxkus ls

cuk gSA ^f'k{k* dk vFkZ lh[kuk ;k fl[kkuk gS rFkk f'k{kk ls rkRi;Z lh[kus] fl[kkus fd izfØ;k

ls fy;k tkrk gSA f'k{kk 'kCn dk dks'k lEer vFkZ&

f'k{kk & la- ¼L=h-½ 1- fo|k] Kku ¼tSls /keZ dh f'k{kk] Hkk"kk foKku dh f'k{kk½] 2-

ulhgr] mins'k ¼tSls uSfrd f'k{kk] dÙkZO; ikyu dh f'k{kk½ 3- ikB] lcd 4- naMA Øe -- ¼iq-½

¾ f'k{kk iz.kkyh] nk;d ¼oh-½ f'k{kkizn] & nh{kk ¼L=h-½ & pkfjf=d vkSj ckSf)d fodkl ds

mís'; ls nh xbZ f'k{kkA37

vaxzsth esa f'k{kk lekukFkhZ 'kCn Education gSA

Education - n. - systematic instruction.f'k{kk] v/;kiu

Education - Edj. - Pertaining to educaitonf'k{kk lEcU/kh

Education - edj.- learnedf'kf{kr] O;qÙiUuA38

egkRek xka/kh us vuqlkj &^f'k{kk ls esjk vfHkizk; ckyd ;k euq"; ds 'kjhj] efLr"d

;k vkRek ds lokZaxh.k ,oa loksZÙke fodkl ls gSA*39

izLrqr ifjHkk"kkvksa ds QyLo:i dgk tk

ldrk gS fd f'k{kk ls rkRi;Z ml Kku ls gS] ftl ds }kjk ekuo ds O;fDrRo] efLr"d]

vkRek] eu vkSj ru dk lexz fodkl] mUu;u laHko gksA cky jpukdkj nhun;ky 'kekZ dh

cky dgkfu;k¡ 'kSf{kd n`f"V ls vR;Ur le`) vkSj lqlaiUu dgh tk ldrh gSa] bu esa

thouksi;ksxh lh[k dwV&dwV dj Hkj gqbZ gSA oLrqr% cky lfgR; dk izFke rÙo euksjatu gS

vkSj nhun;ke 'kekZ us bl dk iwjk&iwjk /;ku j[kk gS] f'k{kk rks vijks{k :i ls buds lEiw.kZ

lkfgR; esa lekbZ gqbZ gS] dHkh euksjatu dh pk'kuh esa fyiVh gS] rks dHkh&dHkh ckrksa gh ckrksa

158

;k g¡lh&g¡lh esa jpukdkj cgqr dqN fl[kk nsrs gSa] tks lksus esa lqxa/k dk dk;Z djrh gSA

^fpaVw&fiaVw dh lw>* crkrh gS fd fcuk fdlh dh ckrksa esa vk;s] viuh cqf) ls dke ysuk

pkfg,A ^eksj dh ftn* esa vf/kd ftí djuk Bhd ugha vkSj u gh vius xq.kksa ij vfHkeku

djuk pkfg,A blh izdkj ^lk/kq dk 'kki* esa pkykdh ugha djuh pkfg, vfirq bZekunkjh ls

drZO; ikyu djuk pkfg,A^lh[k u ekuus dk lcd* dgkuh ls f'k{kk feyrh gS fd cM+ks dh

ckr eku ysuk pkfg,A Ldwy cl ls ?kj ykSVrs le; daMDVj dh ckr ugha eku dj fpidw

canj cl :dus ls igys gh mrj tkrk gS vkSj fxj tkus esa mlds iSj esa cgqr vf/kd pksV

yx tkrh gS vkSj oks ges'kk ds fy, yaxM+k dj pyus dks ck/; gks tkrk gSA cl daMDVj

cPpksa dks le>krk gS fd &^;fn fpidw esjh lh[k eku ysrk dks ;g nq?kZVuk ugha gksrhA mls

,slk lcd feyk gS ftls og ftUnxh Hkj ugha Hkwy ldrkA*40^dkSvk dkyk D;ksa* dFkk esa ^larks"k

dj ysus esa le>nkjh gSa*] lans'k fufgr gSA bl izdkj vU; leLr dFkk lkfgR; esa dksbZ u

dksbZ f'k{kk vijks{k :i ls nh xbZ gSAdgkfu;ksa dk izknqHkkZo gh euksjatu ,oa lh[k nsus ds fy,

gqvk gksxkA ,slh ,d dgkuh ^dksjh dYiuk* dk lanHkZ ;gk¡ izklafxd gS&lkxj fdukjs ,d

ukfj;y isM+ ds uhps ,d [kjxks'k Hkkstu djds vkjke Qjekus yxk] rHkh muds eu esa vdkj.k

Mj lek x;k vkSj og dYiuk djus yxk fd ;fn /kjrh QV xbZ rks esjk D;k gksxk]

lksprs&lksprs mls uhan vk xbZ] rHkh ,d /kekdk gqvk] og Mj dj lkspus yxk fd /kjrh QV

xbZ vkSj og ogk¡ ls csrgk'kk nkSM+us yxk] mls nkSM+rs gq, ns[k dj [kjxks'k us dkj.k iwNk]

lqudj oks Hkh Hkkxus yxs] bl izdkj /kjrh QVus dh ckr lqudj taxy ds lkjs tkuoj nkSM+us

yxs] var esa 'ksj us ;g lc ns[kk] lkjh ckr dh rgdhdkr dh vkSj [kjxks'k dks ysdj mlh

ukfj;y ds isM+ ds uhps x;k] ogk¡ ,d ukfj;y Mkyh ls VwVdj fxjk gqvk FkkA 'ksj us ukfj;y

dh vksj b'kkjk djrs gq, dgk & ^gk] gk] gk] gk] ns[kks bl ukfj;y ds fxjus ls uje feêh

iqyV&iqyV gks xbZ] rqeus lkspk /kjrh QVus yxh vkSj rqe Hkkxus yxsA rqeus eqM+dj Hkh ugha

ns[kk fd vlyh ckr D;k gS] fdrus csodwQ gksA*41

dgkuh crkrh gS fd dHkh udkjkRed

dYiuk er dhft, vkSj dksjh dYiuk ds vkèkkj ij xyr fu.kZ; er yhft;sA dgkuh f'k{kk

nsrh gS fd dkYifud yksd esa fopj.k djus dh vis{kk ;FkkFkZ dks le>uk vko';d gSA

^cM+ksa ds cpiu dh dgkfu;k¡* esa nhun;ky 'kekZ us egkiq:"kksa ds cpiu ds dqN

izsj.kkRed izlaxksa dks dgkfu;ksa ds :i esa izLrqr fd;k gSA ;s lkjs dFkk izlax ckyksi;ksxh

f'k{kkvksa ls vksrizksr gSaA bu dFkkvksa ds }kjk egkiq:"kksa dh ckY;koLFkk dh ?kVukvksa ds ek/;e

ls] n<+ fuÜp;] lgh U;k;] lPph yxu] bZekunkjh] esgur] lkgl tSlh f'k{kk,¡ izkIr djds

ckyd vius thou dks cgqewY; cuk ldrs gSA ;s lHkh dgkfu;k¡ ckyd ds lokZaxh.k fodkl d

fy, mi;ksxh o f'k{kkizn gSA ,slh ,d dgkuh dk mYys[k ;gk¡ izklafxd gSA fu/kZu ifjokj dk

159

,d lhèkk&lk/kk] ljy] gksugkj] ifjJeh ckyd gS] og viuh ek¡ Hkxorh nsoh ls cgqr I;kj

djrk gS] lsok djrk gSA fdlh lekjksg esa og ns[krk gS fd lkjh efgyk,¡ xguksa ls ynh gqbZ

gSa] ysfdu ml dh ek¡ ds ru ij ,d Hkh vkHkw"k.k ugha] og eu gh eu lksprk gS fd og [kwc

ifjJe djds ek¡ ds fy, dqN xgus cuok,xkA ,d jkr dks ekrk ds iSj nckrs le; vius

eu dh ckr ek¡ ls dgrk gSA ;g lqudj ek¡ dk xyk Hkj vkrk vkSj og eqLdqjkrs gq, dgrh

gS&^csVk] ;fn rqEgsa viuh ek¡ ls bruk gh I;kj gS rks esjs fy, cl rhu xgus cuok nks csVs!

bl xk¡o esa ,d Hkh dk;ns dk fo|ky; ugha gSaA ,d Ldwy [kqyok nksA ejhtksa dh nok&nk:

dh dksbZ O;oLFkk ugha gS ;gk¡A vr% ,d vLirky dh LFkkiuk djok nksA xjhc&vukFk ds

jgus&[kkus dh [kkfrj ,d vukFkky; cuok nksA cl ;gh rhu xgus esjs fy, cuok nsuk] csVk]

ek¡ us csVs dh ihB FkiFkikrs gq, dgkAÞ42vkxs pydj bl ckyd us ek¡ dh rhuksa bPNk,¡ iwjh

dh] ;s ckyd fo|klkxj uke ls fo[;kr gqvkA fu"d"kZr% cky jpukdkj nhun;ky 'kekZ dk

lEiw.kZ dFkk lkfgR; ckyksi;ksxh dgk tk ldrk gSA fopkjdksa] fo}kuksa }kjk fu/kkZfjr

dFkk&lkfgR; ds leLr rÙokas ij ;s dgkfu;k¡ [kjh mrjrh izrhr gksrh gSaA ftKklk vkSj

euksjatu] nks ,sls rÙo gSa tks cky lkfgR; ds LrEHk dgs tk ldrs gSaA

dgkuhdkj Jh 'kekZ dk lexz x| lkfgR; euksjatu dh n`f"V ls lqlEiUu] lqle`) gS]

ckydksa dks g¡lk&g¡lk dj yksV&iksV dj nsus okys vusdkusd izlax izLrqr dFkkvksa esa ;=&r=

fc[kjs iM+s gSaA jkspdrk dwV&dwV dj Hkjh gqbZ gSA cPpksa dh ftKklk vFk ls bfr rd lrr

cuh jgrh gSA bu dgkfu;ksa lc dks i<+rs le; eu esa ;s gh ckr vkrh gS fd ^vkxs D;k gksxk]

vc D;k gksxk* vkSj jpukvksa dks iwjh i<+s fcuk NksM+ ugha ikrsA bu dgkfu;ksa esa vk/kqfudrk ,oa

ikjEifjdrk dk foy{k.k leUo; ns[krs gh curk gSA ekuo ewY;ksa dh ckr dh tk, rks

dFkkdkj us izk;% lHkh ewY;ksa dk lekos'k djds cky lkfgR;dkj ds nkf;Ro dk fu"Bk ds lkFk

fuoZgu fd;k gsA lelkef;d izfrekuksa ls Hkh ;g x| lkfgR; ifjiq"V gSA fo'ks"kdj cky

dFkkvksa esa f'k{kk dk vR;f/kd egÙo gS] gj dgkuh ds ckn dgkuh lqukus okyk ckyd ls

iwNrk Hkh gS fd crkvksa bl dgkuh ls rqEgsa D;k f'k{kk feyhA eqfnzr dgkfu;ksa ds ckn esa Hkh

vfèkdrj dgkuh ls feyus okyh lh[k dk mYys[k fo'ks"k :i ls fd;k tkrk jgk gSA x|dkj

'kekZ us bl ckr dk iwjk Lej.k j[krs gq, lHkh dgkfu;ksa esa dqN u dqN lh[k vo'; iznku

dh gSA izR;sd dgkuh cPps dks cgqr dqN fl[kkrh gS] og Hkh jkspdrk vkSj euksjatu ds ek/;e

lsA Li"Vr% nhun;ky 'kekZ cky x|dkj ds :i esa fl)gLr jpukdkj dgs tk ldrs gSaA

160

¼[k½ ukVd vkSj ,dkadh

fganh lkfgR; esa ukVd dh nh?kZ ijEijk jgh gSA ukVd fganh lkfgR; dh vU;re fo/kk

gSA ;g vR;Ur izkphu fo/kk gksus ds lkFk&lkFk euksjatd] je.kh;] dYiukiz/kku] jkspd]

l'kDr] izHkko'kkyh gS] lkFk gh JO; dh vis{kk ukVdksa esa vkd"kZ.k ân;xzkghrk] HkkokfHkO;atuk]

fo"k; dh fofo/krk] ohj vkSj Ja`xkj jl dk izk/kkU; gksrk gSA ukVd dk eapu tulk/kj.k ds

le{k fd;k tkrk gSA ikSjkf.kd ekU;rkuqlkj =srk;qx esa czãkth }kjk nsorkvksa ds euksjatu ds

fy, mu ds fuosnu ij pkj osnksa ds lkj dks ,d lkFk feyk dj ikaposa osn dh jpuk dh xbZ

tks îapeosn* vFkkZr~ ukV~;osn* ds uke ls tkuh tkrh gSA laLdr Hkk"kk esa ukVd dks :id

dgk tkrk gS ftlds nl Hksn crk;s x;s gSa & ukVd] izdj.k] Hkk.k] O;k;ksx] leodkj] fMe]

bZgke`x] vad] ohFkh] izgluA ukVd bUgha esa ls ,d gSA dkO; ds izeq[k nks Hkkxksa esa] n`'; ,oa

JO; ds varxZr ukVd n`'; dkO; ds :i esa ekuk x;k gS] rFkkfi ;g ,dek= ,slh fo/kk gS

tks n`';] JO; gksus ds lkFk ikB~; Hkh gSA blfy, ukVd oSfnd dky ls v|ru s yksdfiz; jgs

gSaA ukV~; 'kkL= ds izeq[k vkpk;Z Hkjreqfu] dkfynkl] vÜo?kks"k] g"kZ] Hkkl] HkoHkwfr] /kuat;]

xq.kpanz jkepanz] foÜoukFk vkSj vfHkuo xqIr gSaA bu lHkh ds ukVd lEcU/kh earO; ds lkjka'k

Lo:i dgk tk ldrk gS fd ukVd vuqdj.k ,oa dYiuk lkeatL; gSAHkkjrh; ukV~; ijEijk

ds izeq[k vkpk;Z Hkjr eqfu mudk ukVd lEcU/kh ûkV~;'kkL=* uked Üyksd c) fo'kkydk;

xzUFk Nrhl v/;k;ksa esa izkIr gS] ftlesa mUgksaus ukVdksa ds fo"k; esa foLrkj ls izfriknu

fd;k gSA

fo|kFkhZ fganh 'kCndks"k ds vuq:i ukVd dk vk'k;&ukVd & la- ¼iq-½ 1- lkfg- jaxeap

ij vfHku; dh tk ldus ;ksX; jpuk 2- vfHku;] Mªkek 3- :id] 4- uVdkj & ¼iq-½ ukVd

fy[kus okyk] jpuk & ¼L=h-½ ukVd fy[kuk] ukVd cukukA blds vfrfjDr vU; vFkZ

gSa&ukV~; & la- ¼iq-½ 1- vfHkuodeZ] 2- Lok¡x djukukV & la- ¼iq-½ 1- u`R;] ukp 2- udy]

Lok¡xA43

vaxzsth eas ukVd ds led{k 'kCn Drama gS] ftl dk dks'kxr rkRi;Z&

Drama - n. a stage play, a theatrical entertainment, dramatic literaturevfHku;] ukVdA

Dramatist - n. a play wrightukVddkj] ukVd fy[kus okykA44

ukVd ds lanHkZ esa MkW- fouhyk flag us fy[kk gS &ûkV~;* 'kCn :id ds i;kZ; ds :i esa

iz;qDr gksrk gSA ukV~; 'kCn dh O;qRifÙk ûV* /kkrq ls Lohdkj dh xbZ gSA bldk O;qRifÙk y{;

vFkZ gS ûVksa dk dk;Z* oLrqr% ukV~; uVdeZ dkS'ky gSA jlkfUor bldk pje mís'; gSA laokn

dks ukVd dk cht Lohdkj fd;k gSA vfHku; bldk iks"kd gSA45

161

ßdkO;"kq jE;e~ ukVde~* dgdj vU; fo/kkvksa esa ukVdksa ds vU;re LFkku dks gh lgt

gh vfHkO;Dr fd;k x;k gSA ukVd okLro esa ikB~; ugha vfirq vfHkus; fo/kk gSA jaxeap ls

lEcfU/kr gksus dh otg ls bldh vyx gh 'kkL=h;rk gSAÞ

fuosfnrk&ßdyk thou dh vuqdfr ls 'kq: gksdj vfHku; dks lp >wB djus] gksus dks fdrus

dks.kksa ls tk¡pk tk¡pk] ij[kk x;k gSA dksbZ dyk rHkh viuh iw.kZrk izkIr djrk gS] tc og

vius iznf'kZr :i esa n'kZdksa ds lkeus gksrk gSA ukVd esa ;s tksf[ke lcls T;knk gksrk gSAÞ46

?ke.M+h yky vxzoky&ß,dkadh ukVd dk ,d vax gS] tSlk fd uke ls Kkr gS] blesa ,d

vad vFkkZr~ ,d n`'; gksrk gS] blhfy, ;g vkdkj esa Hkh ukVd ls NksVk gksrk gS] ik= Hkh

lhfer gksrs gSa] vYi le; esa ;ofudk Hkh fxj tkrh gSA ,dkadh esa ladyu =; ¼dk;Z] LFkku

vkSj dky½ vko';d ekuk x;k gSA ukVd dk ,d cgq izpfyr izdkj] ^jsfM;ks ukVd* ds uke

ls tkuk tkrk gSA ;g ukVd jsfM;ks ij izlkfjr fd, tkrs gSa] vr% ;g fo/kk eaph; ukVdksa ls

FkksM+h fHkUu gksrh gSA ys[kd dks jsfM;ks ukVd fy[krs le; fo'ks"k ckrksa dk /;ku gksrk gSAÞ47

mi;qZDr ifjHkk"kkvksa] vkpk;ksZ ds fparu] 'kCndks'kxr vFkZ dk lkj gS fd ukVd ,d

lqjE;] euHkkou] yksdksi;ksxh] lkSUn;Zflä] je.kh;] ân;Li'khZ fo/kk gS] tks n'kZdksa dks czãkuUn

dh vuqHkwfr djokrh gSA cky ukVdksa dh mi;ksfxrk ds lanHkZ esa lqizfl) cky lkfgR;dkj

izdk'k euq us vius xzUFk ^fganh cky lkfgR; dk bfrgkl* esa fy[kk gS &

lkfgR;dkj izdk'k euq ßcPps dh izfrHkk ds fodkl ds fygkt ls cky ukVd dk

egÙo vU;re gSA blfy;s fd cky ukVd gh cky lkfgR; dh og fo/kk gS] tks cPps dks

bruh nsj rd vius vki esa rYyhu j[k ldrh gS fd ,d {k.k ds fy, Hkh ogk¡ ls HkVdko ;k

b/kj&m/kj rkdus&>k¡dus dk ekSdk ugha nsrh 'kk;n blfy, fd cky ukVdksa esa cky lkfgR;

dh vU; fo/kk,¡ [kqn&c&[kqn pyh tkrh gSA cky ukVdksa esa vxj cPPksa dh dgkuh dk rÙo gS]

rks cky dfork dh Hkk"kk vkSj Hkafxek,¡ Hkh gSaA blds vykok vfHku; vkSj laokn dk tknw rFkk

vkokt ds mrkj p<+ko vkSj dkf;d Hkk"kk dk fofHkUu lEeksgu rks ogk¡ gS gh] ftlds lkFk ,d

ehBs mins'k dk lthykiu feydj mls ,d lexz jpuk cuk nsrk gSAÞ48

4-7 ukVd ds ikjEifjd rRo

fo}kuksa us dgkuh ds lekukUrj ukVd ds fofHkUu lkr rRoksa dks Lohd`r fd;k gS&1- dFkkoLrq

2- ik= 3- ns'kdky 4- laokn ;k dFkksidFku 5- Hkk"kk&'kSyh 6- vfHku;] 7- mís';

nhun;ky 'kekZ dh pkj ukV~; dfr;k¡ izdkf'kr gS & 1- QSlyk ¼,dkadh 1987½] 2-

QSlyk cny x;k ¼ukVd 1999½] 3- lius ¼,dkadh 2006½] 4- tax tkjh gS ¼ukVd laxzg]

162

2017½ukVddkj 'kekZ ds ukVdksa vkSj ,dkadh esa mijksDr lHkh ukVdh; rÙpksa dk ;Fkksfpr

fo/kku gqvk gSA

dFkkoLrq

ukVd dk lc ls izFke ,oa egÙoiw.kZ rÙo dFkkoLrq gS D;ksafd ukVd lkfgR; dk gh

vax gSA blds fcuk ukVd dk Lo:i fu/kkZj.k laHko ugha gSA Hkkjrh; ukV~; 'kkL= ds vuq:iA

dFkkoLrq ^dFk* /kkrq ls fufeZr 'kCn gS] ftl dk vFkZ ^dguk* gS] bls dF; Hkh dgk tk ldrk

gS] vFkkZr~ ukVd esa jpukdkj tks ewy ckr dguk pkgrk gS] mls dFkkoLrq ;k dFkkud dgk

tkrk gSA dFkkoLrq ds nks izdkj gSa &igyk vkf/kdkfjd] nwljk izklafxd] ftUgsa iz/kku dFkk

vkSj iks"kd dFkk Hkh dg ldrs gSaA ;s dFkk,¡ ikSjkf.kd] ,sfrgkfld vFkok dkYifud gks ldrh

gSA nhun;ky 'kekZ ds ^lius*] ^QSlyk*] ^QSlyk cny x;k* d`fr;k¡ cky ukVd vkSj ,dkadh gSa]

rnuq:i dFkkud dk la;kstu fd;k x;k gSA buds dFkkud ljy] lgt] laf{kIr] ckyksi;sxh]

jkspd] euksjatd] ekSfyd mís';iw.kZ gSaA ^QSlyk* dh dgkuh jktk }kjk rdZlaxr U;k; ij

vk/kkfjr gSA ;g ,dkadh taxy dh i`"BHkwfe ij vk/kkfjr gSA bl ds ik= taxy ds i'kq&i{kh

gSaA uk;d taxy dk jktk 'ksj gS vkSj ea=h fpidw canj vU; ik=ksa esa phuw eqxhZ ,oa taxy ds

dqN tkuoj gSaA phuw eqxhZ ds vaMs izfrfnu jkf= dks dksbZ tkuoj rksM+ tkrk gS] bl ckr ls

og vR;ar nq[kh gksrh gS vkSj 'ksj jktk ds ikl Qfj;kn ysdj tkrh gSA 'ksj mls vkÜoklu

nsrk gS vkSj ea=h fpidw canj dks nks"kh dk irk yxkus ds vkns'k nsrk gS rFkk Lo;a cqf) pkrq;Z

ls nks"kh dk irk yxkrk gSA nks"kh vkSj dksbZ ugha vfirq ea=h fpidw canj gh fudyrk gS] jktk

mls mfpr n.M nsdj phuw eqxhZ ds lkFk fu"i{k U;k; dh felky dk;e djrk gSA^lius* ds

lnaHkZ esa vkj-ih- flag ¼vkbZ-ih-,l-] t;iqj½& ßlius* ,dkadh nhun;ky dk Js"Bre ,dkadh

dgk tk ldrk gSA tks budh fuiq.krk dks n'kkZrk gSA ;g ,dkadh iw.kZr% euksfoKku ,oa

egkefge jk"Vªifr MkW- ,-ih-ts- vCnqy dyke ds n'kZu ij vk/kkfjr gSA cPps ds vius lius

gksrs gSaA ^lius* cky ,dkadh lekt dks ,d fn'kk iznku djrk gSA lQyrk vuq'kklu ekaxrh

gSaA bl ,dkadh ds ek/;e ls ys[kd us ^vuq'kklu* 'kCn dh izHkkoh <ax ls O;k[;k dh gSA eSa

mUgsa bl cs'kdherh jpuk ds fy, c/kkbZ nsrk gw¡AÞ49

^lius* ,dkadh dh dFkk fo|ky; ds d{kk&d{k ls izkjEHk gksrh gSA d{kk ds i<+us okys

cPpksa dh vk;q rsjg ls l=g lky rd dh gSA d{kk esa v/;kid izdk'k ds izos'k&iwoZ cPps

'kjkjrs dj jgs gksrs gSaA izdk'k d{kk esa izos'k djrs gSa vkSj f'k{k.k dk;Z izkjEHk djrs gSaA] dqN

iafDr;k¡ i<+kus ds iÜpkr~ lc cPPkksa ls ,d&,d djds iwNrs gSa fd rqe cM+s gksdj D;k cuuk

pkgrs gks] rqEgkjs lius D;k gSa\ mÙkj esa fodkl&MkWDVj] eLrku flag&ik;ysV] tkx`fr vPNk

bUlku cuus dh ckr dgrh gS] bl izdkj lc cPps vius&vius lius v/;kid th dks crkrs

163

gSaA izdk'k mUgsa lius iwjs djus ds fy, Lokuq'kklu dk egRo cM+s rkfdZd <ax ls le>krs gSa]

chp&chp esa izd`fr dh vko';drk dks n'kkZrs gSa] f'k{k.k cksf>y ugha gks] blfy, ;Fkkizlax

fouksn Hkh fd;k tkrk gSa] pqVfd;k¡ yh tkrh gSaA var esa Nk=k vk'kk ds lius ds ek/;e ls

cgqr jkspd <ax ls yM+kbZ&>xM+s NksM+ dj izse vkSj 'kkafr ls jgus dk lUns'k izLrqr fd;k

tkrk gSA ys[kd us ;=&r= thou ewY;ksa ls fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks voxr Hkh djok;k gSA bl Hkkafr

^lius* vR;ar jkspd rFkk ckyksi;ksxh ukVd gS tks nhun;ky 'kekZ ds ukV~; ys[ku dkS'ky dks

izdV djrk gSA

^QSlyk cny x;k* ukVd dk 'kqHkkjEHk egkjkt njckj ls gksrk gSA jktnjckj ltk

gqvk gS] egkjkt ds eq[k ij mnklh NkbZ gqbZ gSa] ftls ns[kdj ea=h mnklh dk dkj.k iwNrs gSa]

mÙkj esa egkjkt dgrs gSaa fd vkt dk fnu esjs fy, vPNk ugha gSA ,d NksVs ls izns'k ds

jktk us esjh jktdqekjh ds fookg ds izLrko dks Bqdjk fn;kA bl ij ea=h ds iwNus ij fd

vkt vkius lc ls igys fdl dk eqg¡ ns[kk Fkk\ gj[kw /kksch dk] egkjkt mÙkj nsrs gSA ;g

lqurs gh ea=h dgrk gS] egkjkt! gj[kw eugwl gS] v'kqHk gS] mldk eq¡g ns[kus ls gh vki ds

lkFk ;g ?kVuk gqbZ gSA gj[kw dk thfor jguk Bhd ughs gSaA bl dk mik; iNus ij ea=h

dgrk gS] egkjkt! gj[kw dks e`R;q n.M ns fn;k tk,A egkjkt fcuk fopkjs gj[kw dks Qkalh

dh ltk nsus dk ,syku dj nsrs gS] ftl le; gj[kw dks n.M fn;k tkus okyk gksrk gS] rHkh

jktxq: dk izos'k gksrk gSA lkjh lPpkbZ tkuus ds ckn os jktk ls dgrs gSa] fd jktu! ea=h

vU/kfo'oklh gS] gj[kw vU/kfo'okl dkf'kdkj gS] ;fn feVkuk gS rks va/kfo'ookl dks feVkb,]

bUgsa lewy+ lekIr dhft;sA ;g lqudj egkjkt dh vk¡[ksa [kqyrh gSa vkSj muds gkFkksa ls

vU;k; gksus ls cp tkrk gS] og xq:nso ds izfr drKrk n'kkZrs gSA izLrqr ,dkadh esa

jpukdkj 'kekZ us lekt esa izpfyr va/kfo'okl] Hkzked vo/kkj.kkkvksa dk [kaMu cM+h dq'kyrk

ls fd;k gSA

^tax tkjh gS* ukVddkj 'kekZ dh l|% izdkf'kr d`fr gSA blesa ukS ukVd laxzghr gSa&

?kj dh jks'kuh] fj'rksa dk eksy] esjk dlwj D;k gS\ ixyh] vius&vius lq[k] tax tkjh gS]

v¡èksjs dh rLohj] eq>s ekQ dj nks] fj'rk fo'okl dkA bu ukVdksa dks ckyksi;ksxh ugha vfirq

fd'kksjksi;ksxh dgk tk ldrk gSA ;s lHkh jsfM;ksa ukVd dh Js.kh esa vkrs gSa] tks jktLFkku

Lrj ij vkdk'kok.kh ls izlkfjr gks pqdsa gSaA izLrqr ukVd lekt esa QSyh gqbZ Hkzkafr;ksa]

va/kfo'oklksa] dqjhfr;ksa] HkkSfrdoknh pdkpkSa/k] dU;kHkwz.k gR;k] ngst izFkk] njdrs fj'rs vkfn

ToyUr lanHkksZ ij fy[ks x, gSaA buds ek/;e ls dqjhfr;ksa ls lekt dks eqDr djok dj ubZ

tkxzfr iSnk djuk gSA

164

jktLFkkuh vkSj fganh ds iz[;kr lkfgR;dkj MkW- vtqZunso pkj.k us fy[kk gS& ßjsfM;ks ukVd

eaph; ukVd ls FkksM+h fHkUu fo/kk gSA jsfM;ks ukVd esa ukVddkj dh pqukSrh ;gh gksrh gS fd

og ns[kus dks Hkh lquus ds ek/;e ls izLrqr djsaA vFkkZr~ laoknksa esa n`'; vk tk, ;k n`'; jpk

tk, ftlls mls lquus okys dks ns[kus dk vkuUn Hkh feyrk jgsA Jh nhun;ky 'kekZ us vius

bu ukVdksa esa lekt esa O;kIr rRdkyhu dqjhfr;k¡ ij pksV dh gS ^tax tkjh gS* ls rkRi;Z ;gh

gS fd lekt esa bu cqjkbZa;ksa ds fo:) yM+kbZ vHkh Hkh tkjh gS D;ksafd tc rd lekt dh

NksVh ls NksVh bdkbZ vFkkZr~ izR;sd O;fDr bl ckr dks ugha le>sxk rc rd ;s cqjkbZa;k¡

lekIr ugha gksxhA lekt esa O;kIr dU;k Hkzw.k gR;k] ,M~l tSlh xaHkhj chekfj;ksa] fL=;ksa ds izfr

fd;s tkus okys vR;kpkj ,oa u'ks ds nq"izHkko ds fo:) ,d l'kDr vkokt cu dj mHkjsaxsAÞ50

vkdk'kok.kh ds ofj"B mn?kks"kd vkSj 'kk;j jkts'k pM~Mk ds vuqlkjß Jh nhun;ky

'kekZ ,sls ys[kd gS tks jsfM;ksa ds fy, fy[kus vkSj fo'ks"k :i ls ukVd fy[kus esa xoZ dk

vuqHko djrs gSaA JO; ek/;e dh csgrjhu le> j[kus okys Jh nhun;ky 'kekZ dh Hkk"kkbZ

[kwch laokn esa izokg j[krh gSA Jh nhun;ky 'kekZ dk izR;sd izR;sd ukVd vkidks tgk¡ pkgs

ys tk ldrs gSaA Jh 'kekZ dk izR;sd laokn izekf.kd lR; dh rjg yxrk gSA* Jh nhun;ky

'kekZ viuh ckr dgus dk lkgl fn[kkus ds lkFk&lkFk viuh Hkk"kk vkSj laosnuk nksuksa ij

ikBdksa rFkk Jksrkvksa dk /;ku viuh vksj [khapus esa l{ke gSAÞ51

izLrqr iqLrd ds lexz ukVd lekftd tkx`fr dk fcxqy ctkus okys gSaA buds

ek/;e ls ukVddkj 'kekZ us lkekftd] rFkk ikfjokfjd leL;kvksa dks mBk;k gS vkSj mudk

iqjtksj fojks/k ntZ djrs gq,] orZeku le; ds ToyUr eqíksa dks cM+h dq'kyrk ds lkFk

mn~?kkfVr fd;k gSA ikfjokfjd ruko] dq.Bk] la=kl] VwVu] ?kqVu] njdrs ekuoh; lEcU/k dks

nhun;ky 'kekZ us cgqr f'kír ls fpf=r fd;k gSA izR;sd jkr ds iÜpkr~ izHkkr dk vkxeu

lqfuf'pr gSA izLrqr ukVdksa esa ukVddkj us ekuoh; ewY;ksa ds izdk'k dks izlkfjr djus esa

dksbZ deh ugha NksM+h gSAmi;qZDr ukVd vkSj ,dkadh fo"k;oLrq dh n`f"V ls mPp dksfV ds dgs

tk ldrs gSaA budh dFkkoLrq dh jpuk ckydksa dh o; dks /;ku esa j[k dj nh xbZ gS] tks

laf{kIr] f'k{kkizn] jkspd] euksjatd gSA

ukVd ds ik=

ukVd dk nwljk ewy rÙo ik= vFkok pfj=&fp=.k gSA ukVd ds eq[; ik= dks

^uk;d* dgk tkrk gSA blds vfrfjDr vusd ik= gksrs gSa tks dFkkoLrq dk la;kstu djrs gSa]

mls vkxs c<krs gSaA pfj=&fp=.k ds ek/;e ls dFkkud esa lHkh [kwfc;k¡ ykbZ tk ldrh gS ,oa

ukVdksa esa mís'; izkfIr esa Hkh pfj=&fp=.k lgk;d gksrk gSA buds fcuk ukVd dh dYiuk Hkh

ugha dh tk ldrh D;ksafd ukVd ,slh fo/kk gS ftlesa ys[kd dks Lo;a dqN Hkh dgus NwV ugha

165

gksrh] mls lc dqN ik=ksa ds tfj;s gh dguk gksrk gSA cky&ukVdksa ds n'kZd vFkok ikBd

ckyd gksrs gSa blfy, buesa lkekU; ukVdksa dh rqyuk esa ik=ksa dh la[;k vYi gksrh gSA

ukVddkj 'kekZ ds ukVd ,oa ,dkadh esa ik=ksa dh la[;k lhfer gSA buds ik= ekuo vkSj

ekuoksÙkj izk.kh gSA ;s ik= viuh viuh Hkwfedk ds fuoZgu esa lQy dgs tk ldrs gSA

^QSlyk* esa eq[; :i ls ek= rhu gSA ^QSlyk cny x;k* esa Hkh izeq[k ik= rhu gSa] 'ks"k ik=

lgk;d gSaA ^lius* esa ik=ksa dh la[;k ukS&nl ga tks dFkk dh ekaax ds vuq:i mfpr Bgjrh

gSA uk;d izdk'k v/;kid gS] vU; ik= vkB&ukS fo|kFkhZ gSaA

nhun;ky 'kekZ us vius cky ukVdksa esa ik=ksa dk xBu rFkk mudh Hkwfedk dk

la;kstu cM+h dq'kyrk ds lkFk fd;k gSA ^QSlyk* dk uk;d 'ksj jktk gS] ftldk

pfj=&fp=.k jktk ds in dh xfjek ds vuqlkj fd;k gS] og nenkj 'kkld] 'kfDr'kkyh gksus

ds lkFk U;k;fiz;] prqj] le>nkjh] d:.kke;] laosnu'khy] cqf)eku gSA mls viuh Hkk"kk ls

cgqr yxko gSa] ea=h }kjk vaxzsth 'kCn mPpkfjr djus ij og Øksf/kr gksdj mls QVdkj

yxkrs gSA euq"; ds LoHkko ls ifjfpr gksus ds dkj.k mls ekuo tkfr ls uQjr gS] og euq";

dk uke rd lquuk ugha pkgrsA iztk dk iwjk /;ku j[krs gS] muds nq%[k dks le>dj mfpr

U;k; djrs gS] nks"kh dks ;Fkksfpr n.M nsrs gS] tSls phuw eqxhZ ds vaMs rksM+us okys ea=h canj dks

mfpr n.M fn;kA phuw eqxhZ eerke;h ek¡] le>nkj] ljy] vU;k; ds fo:) vkokt mBkdj

nks"kh dks ltk fnyokus okyh gSA mldk ân; okRlY; dk lkxj gSA ea=h cUnj vius

LokHkkokuqlkj yEiV] pkykd] funksZ"k dks lrkus okyk] muds vaMs rksM+us okyk vijk/kh gS] nks

ckj 'ksj jktk ds {kek djus ij Hkh ugha lq/kjrkA izLrqr 'ksj ds jktlh pfj= dks n'kkZrk ;g

laokn n"VO; gS&

ß'ksj% pqi jg /kks[ksckt--------- ued gjke--------- rq>s ekQ ugha djsaxs------- D;ksafd rqe igys

Hkh nks xyfr;k¡ dj pqds gks---------- ysfdu ckj&ckj ekQ djuk taxy ds dkuwu ds f[kykQ

gSAÞ52

^QSlyk cny x;k* dk uk;d egkjkt gS] tks lquh gqbZ ckr ij vk¡[k eawn djds

fo'okl dj ysrs gS vkSj funksZ"k dks e`R;q n.M dh ltk lquk nsrs gSA vU/kfo'okl esa fo'okl

dj ysrs gS] vius foosd ls dke ugha ysrsA ea=h dqfVy] vU/kfo'oklh] vlaosnu'khy vkSj

pkiywl gSA funksZ"k dks n.M fnyokus esa rfud Hkh ugha fgpdrsA ^gj[kw /kksch bZekunkj]

ifjJeh] lPpk] Hkksyk&Hkkyk] ljy] le>nkj] viuh /kqu esa jgus okyk ukxfjd gS] tks viuh

rdZ'kfDr ls egkjkt dks fu#Ùkj dj nsrk gS] viuh ckr ekuokus dks ck/; dj nsrk gSA

jktxq: vius in dh xfjek ds vuqlkj Kkuh] foosdh] U;k;fiz;] d#.k ân;] cqf)eku]

vU/kfo'okl ds dêj fojks/kh] jktk dks lR; ls voxr djokus okys gSaA

166

^lius* ,dkadh dk uk;d izdk'k v/;kid gSA os vius in dh xfjek ds vuq:i

pfj=oku] dq'ky] ;ksX;] Nk=oRly] cqf)eku gSa rFkk fo|kfFkZ;ksa ls izse djrs gSa] f'k{k.k dk;Z ds

e/; lS)kafrd Kku ds vfrfjDr O;kogkfjd fo"k;ksa ij Hkh ppkZ djrs gSa] Nk=ksa ls muds lius

iwNrs gSa] mUgsa lkdkj djus ds fy, mu dk iFk izn'kZu djrs gSaA fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa varfuZfgr

izfrHkk dks mtkxj djus dk lkFkZd iz;kl Hkh izdk'k ckcw djrs fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA lius iwjs djus

ds fy, vuq'kklu dks lokZf/kd vko';d ekurs gq, Nk=ksa dks cM+s rdZlaxr rjhds ls izd`fr

dk n`"VkUr nsdj vuq'kklu dks ifjHkkf"kr djds] vius ckSf)d dkS'ky dk ifjp; nsrs gSaA

f'k{k.k dk;Z ds chp&chp esa fouksn djuk ugha Hkwyrs vkSj iqLrdksa dh egÙkk vkSj thou ewY;ksa

dk ikB Hkh i<+k nsrs gSaA d{kk ds fo|kFkhZ viuh&viuh mez ,oa LoHkko ds vuq:i

vyx&vyx pfj= ds /kuh gSa] dqN papy] 'kjkjrh gSa] rks dqN ftKklq gSa] izfrHkkoku gSa]

cqf)eku gSaA dksbZ ljy gS] dksbZ ekuoh; laosnuk ls Hkjiwj gS ysfdu lius ns[kus esa lc leku

gSA lcds vius&vius lius gSa ftUgsa os iwjk Hkh djuk pkgrs gSaA v/;kid izdk'k ds }kjk

Nk=ksa dks mRizsfjr djus okyk ,d laokn mnkgj.kkFkZ izLrqr gS&

ßizdk'k%---------- uks---------! oSjh csM-------! gesa lius t:j ns[kus pkfg,A Å¡ps&Å¡ps liusA

gekjs ns'k ds egkefge jk"Vªifr MkW- ,-ih-ts- vCnqy dyke us Hkh cPpksa ls vkOgku fd;k gS fd

os tks Hkh cuuk pkgrs gSa] igys mldk liuk ns[ksa vkSj mls iwjk djus ds fy, dM+h esgur

djsaAÞ53

ßtkx`fr% lj] ,sls rks lHkh balku gSa] ij eu ls balku cuuk cgqr gh cM+h ckr gSA eSa

eu deZls balku cuus ds lius ns[krh gw¡ lj----------AÞ54 ^tax tkjh gS* ds lHkh ik=ksa dk

pfj=&fp=.k ik=kuqdwy gqvk gS] bu lHkh ukV+dks esa ik=ksa dh la[;k vf/kd gSa] D;ksafd ;s

fd'kksjksa vkSj cM+ks ds fy, fy[ks x;s gSaAfu"d"kZr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd ukVddkj 'kekZ us

ik=ksa ds la;kstu ,oa mu ds ltho pfj=&fp=.k esa izoh.krk dk ifjp; fn;k gS tks vR;ar

ljkguh; gSaA

laokn

laokn dk ljy vFkZ gS] ckrphr] okrkZykiA f'k{kkFkhZ 'kCndks'k ds vuqlkj&

laokn & l- ¼iq-½ 1- ppkZ] 2- lekpkj] 3- fooj.k] oÙkkar] 4- okrkZyki laoknkRed & l- ¼oh-½

laokn lEcU/khA55

laokn dks ukVd dk eq[; rRo gS rks vR;qfDr ugha gksxhA ukVddkj dks viuh ckr

dgus ds fy, ik=ksa ds laoknksa ij fuHkZj jguk iM+rk gSA laokn ukVd esa ukVdh;rk mRiUu

djus esa Hkh egrh Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSa rFkk ik=ksa dh pkfjf=d fo'ks"kkrkvksa dk mn~?kkVu Hkh

167

laoknksa ls gksrk gSA laokn ftrus NksVs gksaxs mrus gh izHkkoh gksrs gSA yEcs laokn cksf>y gks

tkrs gSa] bu ls jpukdkj dks cpuk t:jh gks tkrk gSA laokn dk vFkZ ckrphr] dFkksidFku]

okrkZyki dFku gSA cky ukVdksa ds dFku laf{kIr] ljy] ltho] lgt] cks/kxE;] izHkkoiw.kZ]

Lej.kh;] jkspd vkSj ik=ksa ds vuqdwy gksrs gSA

lkfgR;dkj usehpan us fy[kk gS&ßdsoy izf'k{k.k i)fr ds :i esa ugha] vius vki esa Hkh ukVd

cPpksa ds fy, cgqr mi;ksxh vkSj lkFkZd fo/kk gSA ukVd ds izn'kZu esa dkO;] laxhr] uR;]

fp=dyk] vfHku; vkfn vusd fo/kkvksa dk laxe gksus ds dkj.k lkSUn;Z cks/k txkus vkSj

fodflr djus ds fy, ukVd ls vPNk dksbZ nwljk ek/;e ugha gSAÞ56

nhun;ky 'kekZ ds

ukVdksa ds dFku bl dlkSVh ij [kjs mrjrs gSA izLrqr gSa mnkgj.kkFkZ&

- ß'ksj% ea=h th! cdokl can djksA gesa etkd drbZ ilan ughaA

- fpidw% lkWjh egkjkt] vkbZ ,e~ oSjh lkWjhA

- 'ksj% ¼xqLls ls½ ea=h th!

- fpidw% ;s yks --------- vk x;k egkjktA

- 'ksj% vk x;s] rks ;s yks izlkn-------- izlkn] [kk yks fpidw ---------- lM+kd--------- dSlk yxk\ D;ksa

ehBk gSa u\

- 'ksj% ehBk T;knk [kk fy;k rks ;s ys ------- vlyh chdkusjh Hkqft;k Hkh [kk ys ---------- lM+kd ----

lM+kd

- ^QSlyk cny x;k* ukVd eSa jktxq: ds izos'k ds le; dk ,d ltho vkSj lgt

dFkksidFku izLrqr gS

- ¼jktxq: dk izos'k½

- egkjkt% ¼gkFk tksM+rs gq,½ iz.kke xq:nsoA

¼ea=h] gj[kw vkSj iztk jktxq: dks iz.kke djrs gSaA½

- jktxq: % ¼vk'khokZn nsus ds fy, gkFk mBkrs gq,½ yEch mez ikvksA [kq'k jgksA egkjkt] ,d

dqlhZ dh rjQ b'kkjk djrs gq,½ ;gk¡ fcjktsa xq:nsoA ¼jktxq: vkSj egkjkt cSBrs gSa½AÞ58

^tax tkjh gS* dh jpukvksa ds dFku laf{kIr] pqVhys] ik=kuqdwy] jkspd] ljy] lgt

gSaA ifr&iRuh dk ,d lgt o izHkkoh laokn n"VO; gS&ftlesa ifr&iRuh ds lqeèkqj lacaèkks dk

fp=.k izLrqr gS&

168

& vafdr&ysfdu ge rks vkidks dqlqe dgsaxsa] dqlqe iqdkjus ij cksyksxh D;k\

& lqeu&th

& vafdr&dqlqe

& lqeu&th

& vafdr&gekjk fn;k gqvk uke dSlk yxk \

& lqeu&vPNk gS thA

& vafdr&vkt ls ge vkidks blh uke ls iqdkjsaxsA Bhd gS uk\

& lqeu&thA59

mi;qZDr m}j.k ds vk/kkj ij dgk tk ldrk gS nhun;ky 'kekZ dh ukV~; jpukvksa esa

ljy] lgt] rdZiw.kZ] fouksnh] euksjatd] jkspd] laf{kIr rFkk ltho laoknksa dk fp=.k gqvk gSA

ns'kdky

^tSlk ns'k] oSlk os'k* dks ge ns'kdky dg ldrs gSaA ns'kdky ukVd dk egRoiw.kZ

rÙo gS] D;ksafd blh ls ukV~; dkO; esa LokHkkfod izHkko mRiUu gksrk gSA rRdkyhu ifjos'k dk

;FkkFkZ fp=.k ukVd dks lthork iznku djrk gSA ftl dh dFkkoLrq dks ukVd esa izLrqr

fd;k tkuk gSa] ml ifjos'k dh lH;rk] laLd`fr] jhfr&fjokt] jgu&lgu] os'k&Hkw"kk bR;kfn ds

vuq:i eap dh lkt&lTtk gksuh vko';d gS] lkFk gh ml dky dh jktuSfrd] lkekftd]

HkkSxksfyd ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk n`';kadu Hkh] t:jh gqvk rks ewfrZ] laxhr] LFkkiR; dyk dk Hkh

lgkjk fy;k tk tkrk gS] rHkh n'kZd ukVd dk lEiw.kZ jliku djds mldk okLrfod vkuUn

izkIr dj ldrs gSA ik=ksa dk Lo:i la;kstu] cuko Ja`xkj] Hkk"kk 'kSyh] laokn] os'k&Hkw"kk]

gko&Hkko bR;kfn dk /;ku j[kuk ukVddkj dk nkf;Ro gS] rHkh mldh jpuk esa izHkkoksRifÙk

laHko gSA ;fn ukVd egkHkkjr dky ds fo"k; ij vk/kkfjr gS rks lkjk okrkoj.k oSlk gh

fufeZr gksuk pkfg,A

bl nf"V ls ukVddkj nhun;ky 'kekZ ds ukVdksa esa ns'kdky dk lQy fu;kstu

ns[kus dks feyrk gSA ^QSlyk* ,dkadh taxy dh i`"BHkwfe ij vk/kkfjr gSA vr% lexz okrkoj.k

taxy ds vuq:i gSA blds ik= 'ksj] eqxhZ] canj bR;kfn gSaA jktk dh lHkk,¡ ihiy ds isM+ ds

uhps fn[kkbZ xbZ gSa] nM+cs gSaA ik=ksa ds LoHkko] ØhMk;sa] djrc] dkuwu lc dqN taxyh thoksa ds

ln`'; n'kkZ;s x, gSaA ^QSlyk cny x;k* fj;klrdkyhu ukVd gS] blfy, rRdkyhu jktlHkk

dk n'; gS rFkk ml dky dh izpfyr dqjhfr;ksa] va/kfo'oklksa dk fp=.k feyrk gSA turk

169

rd jktk dk vkns'k igq¡pkus ds fy, f<+a<ksjk fiVok;k tkrk gSA jktxq: dh mifLFkfr Hkh ml

dky dk izfrfuf/kRo djrh gSA izLrqr gS ,d n';&

Þ,d vkneh <ksy ctkrs gq, ,syku dj jgk gS-------- lquks-------- lquks--- lquks--------- lc yksx

/;ku ls lquks---------- dy lqcg N% cts------------- fdys ds lkeus------ vUunkrk dh vksj lsÞ60

;gk¡

<ksy] ,syku] fdyk o vUunkrk 'kCn iz;ksx rRdkyhu ifjos'k dks n'kkZrs gSaA

^lius* ,dkadh 1996 ds vkl&ikl dk gSA blesa f'k{k.k O;oLFkk] d{kk&d{k] f'k{kd

dh Hkwfedk] pfj= fp=.k rFkk mldh f'k{k.k&'kSyh] fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk pfj= ,oa fopkj&/kkjk ,oa

lEiw.kZ ifjos'k vk/kqfud 'kSyh ,oa HkkoHkwfe ij fufeZr gqvk gS]tks ukVddkj 'kekZ dh lw>&cw>

dks js[kkfdr djrk gSA ^tax tkjh gS* ds ukVd ns'kdky ds ;Fkksfpr vadu dh n`f"V ls

lkFkZd dgs tk ldrs gSaA

^tax tkjh gS* ukVdksa d`fr 2017 esa izdkf'kr gSA u, nkSj ds ukVd gksus ds dkj.k

budk lewpk okrkoj.k lkt&lTtk] vk/kqfud thou 'kSyh ds vuq:i gqvk gsA ik=ksa ds

ukedj.k Hkh ;qx lkis{k gSA tSls&jtuh fMlwtk] yksds'k lqjfHk] laxhrk vkfnA Hkk"kk 'kSyh esa Hkh

vaxzsth 'kCnksa ds ckgqY;] eqgkojksa dk izpqj ek=k esa mi;ksx ls thoUrrk vk xbZ gSA vk/kqfud

rduhdh ;a=ksa ;Fkk&lsyQksu] dEI;wVj vkfn dk iz;ksx Hkh ik=ksa ds }kjk djok;k x;k gSA tks

vk/kqfud thou 'kSyh ds vge~ fgLls gSaA lcls mYys[kuh; izlax ;g fd orZeku ifjizs{; esa

ukjh mRihM+u ?kksj leL;k cuh gqbZ gSA d`fr ds lkjs ukVd bUgha ds bnZ&fxnZ cqus x;s gSaA

tSls&Hkwz.kgR;k] ngst] efnjkiku] cka>iu dh ihM+k] vuesy fookg] csVs&csVh esa HksnHkko djuk

vkfnA bl Hkkafr ukVddkj 'kekZ us ^tax tkjh gS* esa ns'kdky dks lkdkj dj fn[kk;k gSA

fu"d"kZr%] nhun;ky 'kekZ us vius ukV~; lkfgR; dh lajpuk esa ns'kdky] okrkoj.k dk

iw.kZ /;ku j[kk gSA bl n`f"V ls ;s ukVd ,oa ,dkadh lQy dgs tk ldrs gSaA

Hkk"kk&'kSyh

Hkk"kk 'kSyh izR;sd lkfgR;dkj dh fof'k"V igpku gksrh gSA bl n`f"V ls nhun;ky

'kekZ dh Hkk"kk fof'k"V o ik=kuqdwy gSA ukVd esa Hkk"kk&'kSyh dk egRo vU; rÙoksa ds ln`';

gSA ukVd dh Hkk"kk ik=kuqdwy] fo"k;kuq:i] lEizs"k.k] ljy gksuh pkfg,A 'kSyh fo"k; ds

vuq:i O;aX;kRed] izrhdkRed] HkkokRed] lgt gks ldrh gSA cky ukVdksa ds fy, fo'ks"k :i

ls ljy] lgt] ljl Hkk"kk&'kSyh dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA nhun;ky 'kekZ ds ukV~; dkO; dh

Hkk"kk&'kSyh vR;ar ljy] lgt] euksjatd] ik=kuqdwy] fo"k; ds ln`'; gS] ftlds cky ikBd]

cky n'kZd vklkuh ls le> ldrs gSaA ,d izlax&

- ßfodkl % lj] esjs ikik ?kj ykSVrs oDr ,d v[kckj vius lkFk ys vkrs gSaA

170

- izdk'k % oSjh xqM ----------- v[kckj i<+uk cgqr vPNh ckr gSA bl ls gesa iwjh nqfu;k dh

tkudkjh feyrh gSA

lc cPps % ¼,d lkFk½ ;l ljAÞ61

- izdk'k% flV MkÅ fodkl ¼vaxqyh ds b'kkjs ls½A ;w ------ eLrku ¼[kM+k gksdj½ lj] eSa eLrku

flag lj] eSa cM+k gksdj ik;ysV cuuk pkgrk gw¡A

- phuw % eSa D;k crkÅa egkjkt ---- mlus [kqn gh crk;k Fkk fd og igjsnkj >c: dqÙkk gSA

ysfdu egkjkt----- eq>s rks ------ eq>s rks yxrk gS dksbZ canj vk;k gksxkA vHkh tks ph[k lquh

Fkh] og rks canj dh gh Fkh] egkjktA62

mijksDr mnkgj.kksa dh Hkk"kk ,dne ljy] lgt] ckyksi;ksxh gSA lkjs 'kCn ckydksa ds

ifjp; {ks= ds gh gSaA okD; foU;kl Hkh fo"k;kuqdwy gSaA NksVs&NksVs okD; gSa] ftUgsa cPps

vklkuh ls i<+ ldrs gSaA le> ldrs gSaA laoknkRed 'kSyh gksus ls Hkk"kk esa jkspdrk] vkd"kZ.k

iSnk gks x;k gSA dFkkdkj 'kekZ us vius ukVd esa vR;Ur ljy ,o lqcks/k Hkk"kk&'kSyh dk

iz;ksx fd;k gSA bl izdkj dgk tk ldrk gS fd jpukdkj us vius ukVdksa ,oa ,dkafd;ksa esa

ljy] lgt] ljl] fo"k;kuqdwy] ckyksi;ksxh Hkk"kk 'kSyh dk iz;ksx fd;k gSaA

vfHku;

vfHku; ukVd dh vkRek gsA ukVd vuqdj.k ij vk/kkfjr rFkk fo/kk gS] ;g n`';

dkO; gS] ftls jaxeap ij vfHkusrk }kjk vfHkuhr fd;k tkrk gSA ukVd dh lkjh lQyrk

ik=ksa ds vfHku; ij fuHkZj djrh gSA Hkkjrh; vkpk;ksZa us vfHku; ds vkafxd] okfpd vkgk;Z

vkSj lkfRod Hksn crk;s gSaA ukVd dk fuekZ.k lkekU; tu ds eu cgyko vkSj fgr ds fy,

gqvk gSA vfHku; ukV~; dkO; dk lcls iz/kku vax gSA ukVd fdruk Hkh Js"B fy[kk x;k gks]

ysfdu dykdkj mu ik=ksa ds rnuq:i vfHku; ugha dj lds rks lkjk ukVd izHkkoghu gks

ldrk gsA ukVd ds ik=ksa esa tku Mkyus dkdk;Z vfHku;drkZ dh vfHku; dyk ij fuHkZj

djrk gSA vfHku; dyk ds fy, jaxeap lc ls vfuok;Z ?kVd gSA ukVd vkSj jaxeap dk

vfHkUu ukrk gS] ftlds fcuk ukVd dh dYiuk Hkh ugha dh tk ldrhA lkfgR;dkj fuosfnrk

us vfHku; vkSj jaxeap ds lanHkZ esa fy[kk gS&

ßgekjk fo'okl gS fd vPNk ukVd og gS tks vius tu ds lkFk gS] tks xyfr;ksa vkSj

detksfj;ksa dks Nqik;s fcuk viuh lEiw.kZ eqfDr ds fy, yksxksa esa vkRefo'okl] lkgl vkSj

la?k"kZ dk t+Tck iSnk djrk gS blfy, ukVd ds lkeus lcls cM+h pqukSrh gS vius tu dks

izLrqr djus dh gSAÞ63

171

bl n`f"V ls nhun;ky 'kekZ ds cky ukVd jaxeaph; n`f"V ls lQy ekus tk ldrs

gSaA bu ukVdksa esa jaxeap dh lkjh fo'ks"krk,¡ fo|eku gSa ;Fkk& ik=ksa dh de la[;] os'kHkw"kk]

ns'k dk fp=.k] eap dh lTtk vkfnA ukVddkj 'kekZ ds dbZ ukVdksa] QSlyk] QSlyk cny

x;k] csVh vkfn dk lQy eapu ckydksa }kjk fo|ky;ksa esa ,oa vU;= fd;k tk pqdk gS] tks

lq[kn izlax gSA

mís';

lkfgR; iz;kstuewyd dyk gSA izR;sd jpukdkj dh jpuk ds i`"BHkwfe esa dksbZ u dksbZ

mís'; vo'; gksrk gSA ukVd ,d lksís'; fo/kk gS] ftl dk ,d 'kkL=h;] lkekftd]

lkaLd`frd vk/kkj gksrk gSA ukVd dk eq[; /;s; tulk/kkj.k dk euksjatd djuk gSA

nhun;ky 'kekZ dk ukV~; dkO; lksís'; gSA gj ukVd fdlh u fdlh iz;kstu ij vk/kkfjr gSA

^QSlyk* ukVd fu"i{k U;k; dks izLrqr djrk gSA ,d jktk drZO; gS fd og iztk dh

leL;kvksa dks lqus vkSj mu dk fujkdj.k djsA nks"kh dks leqfpr n.M nsA

^QSlyk cny x;k* esa ukVddkj 'kekZ us va/kfo'okl ij djkjh pksV dh gSA

tulk/kkj.k esa ;g vo/kkj.kk QSyh gqbZ gS fd lqcg&lqcg lcls igys fdl dk eq¡g ns[kus ek=

ls fdlh dk fnu vPNk ;k cqjk gks ldrk gSA nhun;ky 'kekZ us bl ukVd ds ek/;e ls cM+h

prqjkbZ ls bldk [kaMu fd;k gSA ^lius* dk mís'; egkefge HkwriwoZ jk"Vªifr MkW- dyke ds

;qokvksa ,oa cPpksa dks fn, x, lUns'k ij vk/kkfjr gS] ftl esa mUgksaus lius ns[kus dk vkOgku

fd;k FkkA ukVddkj 'kekZ pkgrs gSa fd cPpksa dks cM+s&cM+s lius ns[kus pkfg,] ftlls mudh

vkReksUufr gks lds ,oa mPp&dksfV dk thou ;kiu dj ldsaA mnkgj.kkFkZ&ßjktxq: % ^nksuksa

gh funksZ"k gSA-------- nks"k dsoy vU/kfo'okl dk gSA Qkalh ns ldks rks vU/kfo'okl dks ns nks

jktuA64

^tax tkjh gS* dk ,d vkSj mís'; iw.kZ dFku &ßdeyk&og dgrk Fkk csVk ------- csVh

vktdy lc cjkcj gksrs gSa ek¡A eSa gh ugha le>h Fkh mldh Hkkouk dksA vc esjs ?kj dh

jks'kuh rqe gks MkWDVj csVkA rqe ?kj dh jks'kuh ------- rqe gks ?kj dh jks'kuhA65 izLrqr ukVd esa

csVh&csVh ,d leku dk Hkko n'kkZ;k x;k gS] ;g Hkko mDr laoknksa esa mn~?kkfVr gqvk gSA

izLrqr fo'ys"k.k ds vk/kkj ij Li"V gS fd nhun;ky 'kekZ ds ukVd ,oa ,dkadh ukVdh;

rÙoksa dh dlkSVh ij [kjs mrjrs gSaA cky lkfgR; esa bl n`f"V ls budk fof'k"V LFkku gSA

4.8 euksjatu

cky lkfgR; ds eeZKksa ,oa fpardksa us cky lkfgR; dh lHkh fo/kkvksa esa euksjatu dks

vfuok;Z vax ekuk gSA ukVd fo/kk JO; dkO; o n`'; dkO; gksus ds dkj.k blesa euksjatu dh

172

egÙkk vkSj Hkh c<+ tkrh gSA /;krO; gS fd izkphu dky esa tulk/kkj.k ds eu cgyko dk lc

ls cM+k ek/;e ukVd jgs gSaA nhun;ky 'kekZ us vius cky ukVdksa ,oa ,dkadh esa euksjatu dk

Hkjiwj /;ku j[kk gSA ^QSlyk* ,d taxy dh i`"BHkwfe ij vk/kkfjr jpuk gSA ukVd dk lEiw.kZ

n`'; taxy ,oa taxyh tkuojksa dks izLrqr djrk gS ;Fkk & ukVd dk izeq[k ik= 'ksj gS] tks

jktk dh Hkwfedk esa gSA ea=h canj] Qfj;knh eqxhZ rFkk vU; tkuoj gSaA ftu ds uke Hkh tSls

^fpidw*] ^phuw* vkfn gSa] tks vR;Ur jkspd gSaA ;s lHkh cPpksa dks gf"kZr djus esa iw.kZ :i ls

l{ke dgs tk ldrs gSaA ea=h vkSj 'ksj dk gkL; iz/kku okrkZyki&

ß'ksj % ;g gekjh ukd dk loky gSA vki tkurs gSaA -------------

phuw % gk¡ egkjkt] ;g rks lgh gSA ukd dV tkus ij vki fQj lk¡l dSls ysaxs\

'ksj % ea=h th! cdokl can djksA gesa etkd drbZ ilan ughA*

,d vkSj euksjtad n'; &

ß'ksj & fdruh ckj dgk gS fd esjs jkt esa vaxzsth Hkk"kk dks dke esa u fy;k tk,A

fpidw & {kek djsa egkjkt -------- xyrh gks xbZA ^¶;wpj* esa ,slk u gha d:¡xkAÞ66

ßizdk'k % ¼guhQ dh vksj gkFk ds b'kkjs lss½ flV Mkmu--------A ¼guhQ LVwy ij cSBus yx xbZ]

rHkh eLrku flag /khjs ls ml dk LVwy ,d rjQ f[kldk nsrk gS vkSj guhQ uhps fxj iM+rk

gS ------- cPps g¡lrs gSA*½Þ67 ;gk¡ Hkk"kk ds izfr vxk/k izse o leiZ.k Hkko rFkk gkL; o euksjatu

djus okys pqVhys laokn jpukdkj 'kekZ us vius ukVdksa esa iz;qDr fd;s gaS] tks ckydksa ds

euksfoKku ds vuq:i gSa rFkk mUgsa izHkkfor djrs gaSA

4-9 jlkuqHkwfr

lkekU; vFkZ esa jl dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ fupksM +dj vkSj vkuan ekuk tkrk gSA dkO; ds

lanHkZ esa jl ls rkRi;Z vkuan ls gh gSA blds vfrfjDr euksjatu] Hkkoqdrk] vkReh;rk ds

vk'k; esa Hkh jl dks xzg.k tkrk gSA fofdihfM;k ds vuqlkj& ßJO; dkO; ds iBu vFkok

Jo.k ,oa n`'; dkO; ds n'kZu rFkk Jou ls tks vykSfdd vkuan izkIr gksrk gS] ogh dkO; esa

jl dgykrk gSA jl dh vuqHkwfr ân; ls gksrh gS] blhfy, jl dks ^czãkuUn lgksnj* ekuk

x;k x;k gSA jl ls ftl Hkko dh vuqHkwfr gksrh gS og jl dk LFkk;h Hkko gksrk gSSAÞ68

jl dk dks'kxr vFkZ

jl& la- ¼iq-½&Lokn] tyh; va'k twl] lkfgR; Ük`axkj] gkL;] d:.k] ohHkRl] jkSnz] Hk;kud]

'kkar vkSj vn~Hkqr] lq[kn rRo ¼tSls dkO; jl½ ;kSou dky esa mRiUu vuqjkx] izseAÞ69

vkpk;Z Hkjreqfu us jl dh ifjHkk"kk& ^foHkkofoHkkokuqqHkkoO;fHkpkfjla;ksxknzjl fu"ifr%*70

173

vFkkZr~ vkpk;Z Hkjreqfu us Hkko] foHkko] vuqHkko] O;fHkpkjh ds la;kax ls jl dh fu"ifr

ekuh gS ,oa jlksa dh la[;k vkB crkbZ gSA lexzr% lHkh jl&eeZKks us jlksa dh la[;k ukS ekuh

gSA ckn ds fo}kuksa us okRlY; vkSj HkfDr dks vyx jl ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;k gSA oLrqr%

lkfgR; esa eq[; :i esa jlksa dh x.kuk vkt Hkh ukS gh ekuh tkrh gSa] buds uke gSa& Ükàxkj]

gkL;] d:.k] ohj] jkSnz] Hk;kud] ohHkRl] vn~Hkqr vkSj 'kkar jlA jlksa dh vuqHkwfr esa lgk;d

Hkwfedk fuHkkus okys foHkko dgykrs gSA ;s nks izdkj ds gksrs gSa& vkyEcu foHkko] míhiu

foHkkoA jl fu"ifr esa tks ps"Vk,¡ gksrh gSa] mUgsa vuqHkko dgrs gS] tks foHkko ds vuqlkj

ifjofrZr gksrs jgrs gSaA lapkjh Hkko vfLFkj gksrs gSaA vkpk;Z fo'oukFk izlkn feJ us lapkfj;ksa

dh la[;k 33 ekuh gSA vkpk;Z Hkjreqfu us Ükàxkj dks ^jljkt* ds :i esa ekU;rk iznku dh gSA

izkphu vkpk;ksZ us ukVdksa esa ohj vkSj Ükàxkj dks lokZf/kd ekU;rk iznku dh gSA

mijksDr fo'ys"k.k ls vk/kkj ij dgk tk ldrk gS fd jl ukV~; dkO; dh vkRek gSa]

izk.k gSa] ftlds ek/;e ls jfld Jksrk ;k n'kZd dkO; dh jlkuqHkwfr djds vykSfdd vkuUn

ftls vkpk;ksZ us ê/kqerh Hkwfedk* ds uke ls Hkh vfHkO;Dr fd;k gS] dks vkRekuqHkwr djds Lo;a

dks drkFkZ djrk gSA ukVd dk jl ls vUrjax lEca/k gS D;ksafd ukVd] n';] JO; ,oa ikB~;

dkO; gksus ds lkFk vfHkus; fo/kk gSA Hkkjrh; vkpk;ksZa us ukVd esa vkB jlksa dk ifjikd

Lohdkj fd;k gS] 'kkar jl dks fuf"k) ekuk gSA ,dkadh rFkk ukVd esa dbZ LFky ,sls vkrs gSa]

tc n'kZd ukVd ds ik=ksa ds lkFk&lkFk g¡lus] jksus ;k Øks/k djus yxrk gS vFkkZr~ og mu

ik=ksa ds LFkku ij Lo;a dks j[k ysrk gS] ;s gh jlksnzsd dh fLFkfr gS] ftls jlK

lkèkkj.khdj.k dgrs gSaA dHkh&dHkh rks pyfp= ns[krs le; n'kZd dks fdlh ik= dk vfHku;

ilan ugha vkrk gS] rks os ijns ij gh pIiy vkfn Qsad nsrs gSa] os ml le; vkRefoLe`r gksdj

n`'; dks lp eku ysrs gSa] rnuq:i O;ogkjdj cSBrs gSaAcky ukVdksa esa jlkuqHkwfr izkjEHk ls gh

gksrh vkbZ gS] nhun;ky 'kekZ ds ukVdksao ,dkadh esa dbZ LFky ,sls gSa] tgk¡ jlksnzsd gksrk gSA

cky Jksrk ;k n'kZd vkids ukVdksa dks ns[kdj vkuafnr gksrs gSaA ,slk buds ukVdksa ds eapu

ij ns[kk x;k gSA D;ksafd nhun;ky 'kekZ vusd ukVd eafpr gks pqds gSA

mYys[kuh; gSa fd ukVddkj 'kekZ ds vf/kdrj ukVd jsfM;ks ¼lEiw.kZ jktLFkku esa½ ,oa

jaxeap ij izlkfjr vkSj vfHkuhr gks pqds gSa vkSj iqjLdr HkhA ^QSlyk* ,dkadh esa phuw eqxhZ ds

vaMs rksM+s tkus ds lanHkZ esa taxy dk jktk 'ksj tc phuw ds nM+cs ds ikl okys nM+cs ds ckjs

esa iwNrs gSa] rc mldk mÙkj lqudj n'kZd ;k Jksrk ds eu esa lgt gh okRlY; Hkko dk

mnzsd gks tkrk gS] izLrqr gS phuw dk mÙkj&

& ß'ksj % phuw cgu---------- vc rqe eq>s ;g crkvks fd rqEgkjs ikl okyh nM+cs esa dkSu jgrk gSa\

174

& phuw % jgrk ugha egkjkt] jgrk FkkA ;kfu ml nM+cs esa esjh ekSlh 'kkyw eqxhZ jgrh FkhA

cspkjh us vius v.Mksa ds xe esa viuh tku ns nhA mlds vaMs Hkh jkr dks dksbZ rksM+ tkrk

FkkAÞ71

blh ,dkadh dk gL; jl iz/kku ,d vkSj laokn izLrqr gS&

& ßfpidw % ugha egkjkt ,slk er dhft,A

& 'ksj % pqi jg canj ds cPpsA

& fpidw % egkjkt D;k eSa canj dk cPpk gw¡A

& 'ksj % vkSj ugh rks D;k x/ks ds cPps gks! canj dks canj dk cPpk dguk esjh utj esa dksbZ

cqjkbZ ugha gSAÞ72^lius* ,dkadh esa 'kkar] gkL;] d:.k] vn~Hkqr jlksa dh vuqHkwfr dh tk

ldrh gSA d#.k jl dk mnkgj.k n"VO; gS &

& ßizdk'k % vkneh vkSj e'khu esa cgqr varj gS eLrku vkneh ,d thfor izk.kh gSA ftlds

Hkhrj fny gS] fnekx gS] foosd gSvfHkO;fDr gS laosnuk gS --------- n;k gS] d:.kk gS] {kek gS---

ihM+k gS] I;kj gS---------A e'khu rks e'khuA e'khu esa ;g lc dgk¡\Þ73

jlkfHkO;fDr ds n`f"V ls ukVddkj 'kekZ dk ukV~; jpukdeZ lQy dgk tk ldrk

gSA Åij fn, x, jlksa ds mnkgj.kksa ds vfrfjDr vU; dbZ LFkyksa ij jlksa dk mn~?kkVu

gqvk gSA

4-10 f'k{kk

ukVddkj nhun;ky 'kekZ dk ukV~; lkfgR; f'k{kkizn gSa] tks vijks{k :i ls ckydksa

dks dbZ izdkj dh lh[k nsrk gS] uSfrd ewY;ksa ls voxr djokrk gSA ^QSlyk cny x;k*

ukVd ds vuqlkj lh[k feyrh gS fd fu.kZ; vFkok U;k; djus ls iwoZ leLr nqjkxzgksa dks

R;kxdj] lEiw.kZr fLFkfr;ksa ij foosd ,oa fu"i{k Hkko ls lksp&fopkj djuk pkfg,A tc ckr

jktk ds }kjk U;k; djus dh gks rc rks ;g ckr vkSj Hkh izklafxd gks tkrh gSA le>nkjh vkSj

cqf) pkrq;Z ls nks"kh dk irk vklkuh ls yxk;k tk ldrk gS tSlk fd ^QSlyk* ,dkadh esa 'ksj

jktk phuw eqxhZ ds vaMs rksM+us okys vijk/kh dk irk yxkrk gS vkSj ;Fkksfpr naM nsrk gSA lkFk

gh bl esa le; ds ewY; dks Hkh js[kkfdar fd;k x;k gSA ftlls ;Fkkizlax cgqr dqN lh[kus

dks feyrk gSA tSls & iqLrdksa dh mi;ksfxrk deZ dk egÙo] vuq'kklu esa jguk] izd`fr&izse]

thou ewY; dh izklafxdrk] laosnu'khyrk vkfnA ^lius* ,dkadh esa vuq'kklu dk egÙo

n'kkZ;k x;k gS mnkgj.kkFkZ&

175

ßizdk'k % ¼cPpksa dks le>krs gq,½ vuq'kklu 'kCn dk vFkZ cgqr O;kid gS--------

i<+uk&fy[kuk] [ksyuk&dwnuk] [kkuk&ihuk] g¡luk&jksuk vkfn lc fØ;kvksa esa vuq'kklu dh

viuh egÙkk gSAÞ74

blh izdkj ekuoh; laosnukvksa dk ikB i<+krh fuEufyf[kr iafDr;ka&

ßvk'kk % lj eSa------ ¼'kwU; esa ns[krs gq,½----------- nqfu;k ds cM+s&cM+s yksx esjs lkeus yxh

dqflZ;ksa ij cSB tkrs gSaA----- eSa muls iwNrh gw¡ ¼Hkkokos'k esa½ ,d nwljs ls D;ksa yM+rs gks\ D;k

feysxk yM+dj\ ;s gfFk;kj] ;s ce! ;s ekjdkV fdlfy,\ cksyks-------- tokc nks] dksbZ var ugha

bldk\ ¼lkekU; gksdj½ lj] tc eSa muls ;s loky iwNrh gw¡] rks os lc viuk lj >qdk ysrs

gSaAÞ75

vkradokn dh foHkhf"kdk ij vk/kkfjr ;g laokn lelkef;d lanHkZ o ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks

mtkxj djrs gq, bUgsa NksM+dj lkekftd ln~Hkko] izse o ,drk dk lans'k nsrs gSA

f'k{kk ds n`f"Vdks.k ls nhun;ky 'kekZ ds ukVd vkSj ,dkadh cPpksa vkSj cM+ks dks cgqr

ljy rjhds ls thouksi;ksxh lh[k nsus esa l{ke gSaA cPps ckrksa gh ckrksa esa] vkuan ysrs gq,

thou ewY;ksa ls voxr gks tkrs gSaA izLrqr ukVdksa dh fo"k;oLrq cgqr vkd"kZd] ekSfyd]

laf{kIr] lgt] ljy] ,oa ckydksa rFkk fd'kksjkas dh :fp ds vuq:i p;fur dh xbZ gSA ik=ksa

ds uke vkd"kZd gSa] tks ckydksa dks yqHkkus esa iw.kZ :is.k lQy gSaA la[;k Hkh lUrqfyr gSaA

laokn ljy] ljy] pqVhys] ik=kuqdwy vkSj izHkkoiw.kZ gaSA ckyd bUgsa vklkuh ls vkRelkr dj

ldrs gSaA okrkoj.k dk fuekZ.k ukVdksa ,oa fo"k; ds vuq:i ltho rFkk jpukuqlkj gqvk gSA

lHkh ik=ksa dk vfHku; lQy] ltho] ik=kuqdwy]iz'kaluh; gSA lHkh ukVd lksís'; gSaA

euksjatu djus esa leLr ukVd lQy gq, gSaAjl dh vuqHkwfr dh nf"V ls nhun;ky 'kekZ dk

leLr ukV~; deZ l{ke gSA

fu"d"kZr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd ukVddkj 'kekZ dk leLr ukV~; dkO; ckyksi;ksxh]

fouksniw.kZ] euksjatd] f'k{kkizn] jl ls vkIykfor vkSj mís'; iw.kZ gS tks cky lkfgR; ds fy,

/kjksgj gSA

176

lUnHkZ lwph

1- f'k{kkFkhZ fgUnh 'kCndks'k] MkW- gjnso ckgjh] i`"B&206

2- Kamal's Oxford Dictionary. Dr. R.K. Kapoor, Page - 647

3- f'k{kkFkhZ fgUnh 'kCndks'k] MkW- gjnso ckgjh] i`"B&156

4- Kamal's Oxford Dictionary. Dr. R.K. Kapoor, Page - 844-845

5- fgUnh cky i=dkfjrk% mn~Hko vkSj fodkl] i"B&26

6- http://baratdiscovery.org/India/07.09.2017

7- http://baratdiscovery.org/India/07.09.2017

8- dFkk lkfgR; esa laosnuk vkSj f'kYi] MkW- vfurk oekZ] i"B&24

9- cky lkfgR; ds izfreku] MkW- ukxs'k ikaMs;] lat; i`"B&148

10- fgUnh cky lkfgR; dk lS)kafrd foospu] MkW- ij'kqjke 'kqDy] i`"B&10

11- cky lkfgR; esjk fparu] MkW- gfjd".k nsoljs] i`"B&11

12- dqN vudgh ckrsa -------] lEiknd% nq";Ur dqekj] MkW- es?kuk 'kekZ] i`- 169

13- fo|kFkhZ fgUnh 'kCndks'k] MkW- gjnso ckgjh] i`"B&302


15- nhun;ky 'kekZ] peRdkjh pw.kZ] i`- 13

16- fe= dh enn] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`- 22

17- ikik >wB ugha cksyrs] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`- 17

18- ikik >wB ugha tks cksyrs] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`-31

19- fpaVw&fiVw dh lw>] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`- 13

20- e/kqerh% tuojh 2017] lEiknd % jksfgr xqIrk] i- 39&40

21- e/kqerh% tuojh 2017] lEiknd % jksfgr xqIrk] i- 42

22- fpaVw&fiaVw dh lw>] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`- 8

23- vktdy] laiknd] Qjgr ijohu] i- 17

24- Vkcj Vksyh] ekpZ&2010 lEiknd Jherh deys'k 'kekZ] i`- 1

25- fpaVw&fiaVw dh lw>] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`- 32

177

26- peRdkjh pw.kZ] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`- 8

27- ij'kqjke 'kqDy dh cky dfork % ,d v/;;u] jktsUnz dqekj 'kekZ] i`- 35


29- Å¡ph j[ksa mM+ku] laiknd % lR;nso laforsUnz] vksenÙk tks'kh] i`-43




33- fe= dh enn] nhun;ky 'kekZ i`- 12


35- fe= dh enn] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`-29


37- f'k{kkFkhZ fgUnh 'kCndks'k] MkW- gjnso ckgjh] i`- 774


39- word press.com/2014/09/28


41- dksjh dYiuk] 'kadj i&16

42- cM+ksa ds cpiu dh dgkfu;k¡] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`- 16

43- f'k{kkFkhZ fgUnh 'kCndks'k] MkW- gjnso ckgjh i`- 434

44 Kamal's Oxford Dictionary. Dr. R.K. Kapoor, Page - 233

45- 'kks/k uouhr] tuojh&twu&2017] lEiknd % MkW- vo/ks'k izrki flag] i`- 95

46- vktdy & uoEcj 2016] lEiknd % Qjgr ijohu] i`- 44

47- uqDdM+ ukVd] lEiknd] ?ke.Mh yky vxzoky] Hkwfedk ls

48- fgUnh cky lkfgR; dk bfrgkl] izdk'k euq] i- 337

49- lius] nhun;ky 'kekZ] cPpksa ds fy, cs'kdherh jpuk gS lius ¼viuh ckr ls½ vkj- ih-

flag

50- tax tkjh gS] nhun;ky 'kekZ] jsfM;ksa ukVd ¼Hkwfedk ls½] MkW- vtqZu nsopkj.k

51- tax tkjh gS] nhun;ky 'kekZ] viuh ckr] jkts'k pM~Mk

178

52- QSlyk] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`- 29&30

53- lius] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`- 9


55- f'k{kkFkhZ fgUnh 'kCndks'k] MkW- gjnso ckgjh] i`-792

56- cky lkfgR; ds izfreku] MkW- ukxs'k ikaMs;] lat; i`- 197

57- QSlyk] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`- 31

58- QSlyk] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`-11

59- tax tkjh gS] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`- 96

60- QSlyk cny x;k] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`-&7

61- lius] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i&49

62- QSlyk] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`-21

63- vktdy uoEcj&2016] lEiknd% Qjgr ijohu] i`- 40

64- QSlyk cny x;k] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`&13

65- tax tkjh gS] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`-&19

66- QSlyk] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`-&12

67- lius] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`- & 12

68- http:/hi.wikipeda.org/wiki/21.07.2017

69- f'k{kkFkhZ fgUnh 'kCndks'k] MkW- gjnso ckgjh] i`- 694

70- lkfgfR;d fucU/k] jktukFk 'kekZ] i`- 202


72- QSlyk cny x;k] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`- 30


74- liusa] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`- 12

75- liusa] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`- 23

�

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179

iape v/;k;

nhun;ky 'kekZ ds cky lkfgR; dh fo'ks"krk,sa

leLr pjkpj txr esa l`tugkj us d.k&d.k dh vuqie] vlk/kkj.k] vf}rh; jpuk

dh gSA ;gk¡ rd fd nks izk.kh Hkh ,d leku ugha feysaxs] ;gh bl lekf"V ds lkSUn;Z dk

jgL; gSA gj tho vius vki esa vn~Hkqr jpuk gSA euq"; tkfr esa Hkh nks ekuo ,d tSls fey

ikuk vlaHko gS] tqM+ok cPpksa esa Hkh dksbZ u dksbZ fofHkUurk vo'; feysxhA gj O;fDr dh

ilan] [;ky] gko&Hkko] lkspus dk <ax] pky&<ky] LoHkko] ckr djus dk lyhdk] ru dh

lajpuk] eq[keaMy] fQaxj&fizaV] jax&:i] vfHk:fp] cky] uSu&u['k] jDr lewg ;kuh lc dqN

vyx&vyx] fof'k"VA blhfy, ;g lalkj bruk fofp=] je.kh; vkSj [kwclwjr gSA ;fn ge

dYiuk djsa fd lc dqN ,d leku gksrk rks dSlk yxrk] fcYdqy uhjl] dksbZ vkd"kZ.k ugha

jg tkrkA ;s fof'k"Vrk gh gS tks bl txrh dks bruk vkdf"kZr] vfHkjke lq"kqfer cuk;s gq,

gaSA ;s dgas fd fodkl dk vkèkkj Hkh fofp«; gS rks dksbZ vfr';ksfDr ugha gksxhA ,d mfDr

bl lanHkZ esa izpfyr Hkh gS&^ilan viuh&viuh] [;ky vius&vius* bl Hkkafr gj jpukdkj]

dykdkj] vnkdkj] laxhrdkj] xk;d] okLrqdkj vFkkZr~ lHkh dykvksa ds Kkrkvksa dh dyk

d`fr;k¡ vyx&vyx izdkj dh feysaxhA blh izdkj izR;sd lkfgR;dkjksa dk fparu] lkspus dk

<ax izLrqfrdj.k] Hkk"kk] 'kCn lajpuk] 'kSyh fHkUu&fHkUu gksrh gS] tks mls nwljksa ls vyx

n'kkZrh gSA fdlh Hkh jpuk dks i<+dj gh ikBd le> tkrs gSa fd veq[k jpuk veq[k

jpukdkj dh gSA cky lkfgR; esa Hkh ;gh ckr pfjrkFkZ gksrh gSA cky lkfgR; ds vf/kdrj

fo"k; izd`fr] i'kq&i{kh] Qwy] isM+&ikS/ks] pk¡n&flrkjs] taxyh tkuoj] ckny] vkdk'k bR;kfn

jgsa gSaA vktdy ubZ rduhd ls lEcfU/kr dbZ izdkj ds lanHkksZa ij fy[kk tk jgk gSA izk;%

lHkh cky ys[kd bUgha fo"k;ksa ij fy[krs gSa] blds ckn Hkh gj jpukdkj dh jpuk fdlh vkSj

ds tSlh ugha gksrh D;ksafd lc ds lkspus ,oa izLrqfrdj.k dk rjhdk] Hkk"kk 'kSyh vFkkZr~ lc

dqN fHkUu gksrk gS tks] mls vkSjksa ls fof'k"V cukrk gSA vaxzsth dh ,d mfDr f'kfojk if=dk esa

i<+h FkhA

viuh ckr dgus dk lyhdk gh gS] tks lkfgR;dkj dks lkfgR;dkj cukrk gSA lekt

esa gksus okyh lHkh ckrksa] ?kVukvksa] lanHkksZa] vk;keksa] mnkgj.kksa ds ckjs esa lHkh euq"; fparu&euu

djrs gSa] fdUrq lkfgR;dkj mls dfork] dgkuh] fucU/k ;k vU; fdlh Hkh fo/kk esa izLrqr dj

nsrk gS] blfy, mls fof'k"V ekuk tkrk gSA^fo'ks"k* vFkkZr~ vlk/kkj.k] ftl esa dqN ubZ ckr

gks] tks vkSjksa ls vyx gks] nwljksa ls dqN vf/kd gks ;k nwljksa dh rqyuk esa Js"B gks] mu ls

180

fHkUu gks] ftl esa ekSfydrk vkSj u;kiu gksA fo'ks"krk dk ewy 'kCn ^'ks"k* gS ftl esa ^fo*

milxZ vkSj ^rk* izR;; yxus ls ;g 'kCn cuk gSA bl dk dks'klEer vFkZ&

fo'ks"k & la- ¼fo-½ 1- vlk/kkj.k] vlkekU;] foiqy] 2- izpqj] 3- vf/kd ¼tSls&fo'ks"k /ku jkf'k½]

fofp=] foy{k.k ¼tSls fo'ks"k vkd`fr½& dj ¼fØ-fo-½ fo'ks"kr] fo'ks"kr;k] [kklrkSj ij] & rk

¼L=h-½ fo'ks"k gksus dk Hkko] ¼fo-½ fo"k; dk fo'ks"k Kku j[kus okykA fo'ks"kd & l- ¼iq-½

fof'k"Vrk mRiUu djus okykA1

vaxzsth esa ^fo'ks"k* ds fy, Special 'kCn dk iz;ksx gksrk gS] ftldk vFkZ gS& Special-

adj. particular, not general, extraordinary, chief,excellence, uncommonfo'ks"k] vlk/kkj.k]

fofp=-] vlkekU;] vuks[kk] in

n. something secilliy apointedvlk/kkj.k ;k fof'k"V oLrq] Specialism - n. -

devotion to a spcial branch of study kamalfof'k"V /keZ2

bl Hkk¡fr dgk tk ldrk gS fd fo'ks"k og gS] tks nwljksa ls gVdj gks] ftlds tSlk

vU;= ugha gks] ftl esa dqN vuks[kkiu gks] oSfp«; gksA izR;sd jpukdkj dk viuk vyx

vankt gksrk gS] fHkUu 'kSyh vkSj vusd izdj dh fo'ks"krk,¡ gksrh gSa] tks mls vU; jpukdkjksa ls

fof'k"V n'kkZrh gSaA ;s fo'ks"krk,¡ ml dh igpku cu tkrh gSaA cky lkfgR;dkj nhun;ky

'kekZ ds jpukdeZ esa ,slh vusdkusd fo'ks"krk,¡ tks mUgas oSf'k"V~; iznku djrh gSa] cky lkfgR;

txr esa ubZ igpku ds lkFk js[kkafdr djrh gS] tSls&cky laosnuk,a] ekSfydrk] uohurk]

dYiuk'khyrk] ubZ rduhd] oLrq fp=.k vkfnA

5-1 cky laosnuk

laosnuk dk vFkZ gS] lgkuqHkwfr] n;k] d:.kk] vuqHkwfrA laosnuk 'kCn osnuk esa ^le*

milxZ yxus ls fufeZr gSA ôsnuk dh ^fon* ewy /kkrq gSA ftlesa ^;q* izR;; tksM+us ij ^;q* ds

LFkku ij vu vkns'k gks x;kA fQj ^;q* dks xq.k djus ls osnuk 'kCn fu"iUu gqvkA rRi'pkr~

L=hfyax esa ^Vki* izR;; tqM+us ij ôsnuk* 'kCn cukA osnuk ds iwoZ ^le* milxZ tksM+us ls

laosnuk 'kCn cukA3

eq[; 'kCn ôsnuk* dk vFkZ ihM+k] nnZ] d"V gS] ogha ^laosnuk* dk vFkZ ^tkuuk] ^cks/k*]

^Kku* gksrk gSA laosnuk ,d lqanj lkekftd HkkokfHkO;fDr gS] ,d O;fDr }kjk nwljs O;fDr ;k

izkf.kek= dh osnuk dks vuqHkwr djukA osnuk O;fDrxr vglkl gS] ogha laosnuk lkekftd

Hkko gS]ftl dk lh/kk lEcU/k ekuoh;rk ls gSA laosnuk tUetkr vuqHkwfr gS] tks nqfu;knkjh ds

c<+us ds lkFk 'kuS% 'kuS% de gksrk tkrh gSA laosnuk ,d bUlku dks nwljs ls tksM+rh gSA

lgtrk] lknxh] Hkksykiu] Hkkoqdrk tSls Hkko laosnuk ls gh vuqizkf.kr gS] ;gh budh tUenk=h

181

gSA nq%[k ckaVus ls de gksrk gS] [kq'kh c<+ tkrh gS] blh dks laosnuk dg ldrs gaSA laosnuk

ekuo ds lkFk&lkFk ekuosÙkj izkf.k;ksa esa Hkh ikbZ tkrh gSA laosnuk dk dks'kxr rkRi;Z gS&

laosnuk& la- ¼L=h-½ 1- vuqHkwfr] 2- lgkuqHkwfr ¼tSls gkfnZd laosnuk½ laosnh&la- ¼fo-½&

laosnu'khy4

^laosnuk* ds fy, bafXy'k esa Sensation, Sympathy, Sensitivity, Emotivity 'kCn dk

iz;ksx gksrk gSASympathy-lgkuqHkwfr] ¼n;k;qDr½ lenq[khSymapathitic - adj. - having

common feeling with another, inducing5

^laosnuk* dks dbZ fo}kuksa us ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gS%

MkW- lqjs'k flag ds vuq:Ik &ßlaosnuk ls vfHkizk; gS fd og vuqHkwfr izo.krk rks lw{ekfrlw{e

izHkkoksa dks xzg.k djus dh {kerk ls iwfjr gksrh gSA bl dk vFkZ ;g Hkh gksrk gS fd dksbZ

lkfgR; fdu Hkkoukvksa dh izrhfr gesa djk ldus esa leFkZ gksrk gSA Hkkoukvksa ds ;s Lrj fofo/k

gksrs gSaA og vk/kqfud cks/k Hkh gks ldrk gS ;k ekuo vfLrRo dh cqfu;knh fo'ks"krk,¡ HkhA og

O;fDr Lokra«; dh Hkkouk Hkh gks ldrh gS ;k ;FkkFkZ ds u, rÙoksa dh vfUofr HkhAÞ6

vkpk;Z jkepUnz 'kqDy us laosnuk ds fy, fy[kk gS& ßlaosnuk dk vFkZ lq[k&nq%[kkRed vuqHkwfr

gh gS] melsa Hkh nq%[kkuqHkwfr ls bldk xgjk lEcU/k gSA laosnuk 'kCn vius okLrfod ;k

vokLrfod nq%[k ij d"VkuqHko ds esa vk;k gSA eryc ;g gS fd viuh fdlh Hkh fLFkfr dks

ysdj nq%[k dk vuqHko djuk gh laosnu gSAÞ7

MkW- jes'k e;ad ds vuqlkj &ßlaosnuk eu esa gksus okys cks/k ;k vuqHkwr vuqHko] fdlh dks d"V

esa ns[k dj eu esa gksus okyk nq%[k] lgkuqHkwfr gSA laosnuk lqtu dk ewy vk/kkj gSA tc fdlh

l`tu/kehZ ds eu dks ifjos'k dh fonzwirk,¡ >d>ksjrh gS rks og mn~osfyr gks mBrk gSA bl

mn~osyu dk izokg bruk izcy gksrk gS fd og vius eu dh vuqHkwr ihM+kvksa dks 'kCn nsus ds

fy, ck/; gks tkrk gS] rc mlds eu dh laosnuk,¡ x| vFkok i| dh iafDr;k¡ dkxt ij

mrjus yxrh gSa tks lkfgR; dk :i xzg.k djrh gSA ns[ks x, n`';ksa] esyksa] ioksZa] ?kVukvksa ds

mn~osyu ds ifj.kke Lo:i ?kj] eksgYyk] lekt] ns'k dk ?kVuk pØ] izkdfrd] vkarfjd ,oa

cká ladV] i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k] thou ewY;ksa dk {kj.k] vFkZ&ykHk ds fy, gekjh izfrHkkvksa dk

fons'kh iyk;u] Lons'kh oLrqvksa dk frjLdkj o fons'kh oLrqvksa] Hkk"kk&laLd`fr ls I;kj bR;kfn

fo"k; oLrq dh vfHkO;fDr n`"V laosnuk ds varxZr j[kh tk ldrh gSA HkoHkwfr us ^,dksjl^

d:.k* ,oa iz/kku dg dj d:.k jl dh izfr"Bk dh gSA ân; laokn lqanj] lân; 'yk/;

dkO;kRek tSlh mfDr;k¡ osnuk dh lE;d izdkj ls vfHkO;fDr dk uke gh laosnuk gS] laosnuk

l`tu dk izk.k gS] izekf.kr djrh gSA ^fganh ckydkO; esa laosnuk ds fofo/k vk;keksa esa euq"; ds

182

izfr n;k& eS=h]tho&tarqvksa] izd`fr] isM+] unh&rkykcksa] ioZrksa lewph i;kZoj.k ds izfr laosnuk]

n;k&eerk] d:.kk] lgkuqHkwfrtfur Hkkoksa dh l`f"V o n`f"V izeq[k gSAÞ9

eatjh xqIrk& ßekuoh; laosnuk dh vrqy rFkk vlhe xgjkbZ;ksa ds var%LFky esa fo|eku

d:.kk] lgkuqHkwfr ,oa Lusg dh mnkÙk o`fÙk;ksa rd iw.kZ gks tkrh gSA ys[kd ;k dfo dh

Hkkouk,a mlds xzaFk ,oa dfork esa >ydrh gSa rFkk ,d fo'ks"k :i dks izkIr djrh gSA ;gh

Hkkouk,¡ dHkh egkdkO;ksa esa dHkh izca/k dkO;ksa esa rFkk dHkh x| o dforkvksa es a ân; dks eXu

djus okys xhrksa ds :i esa lkfgR; izsfe;ksa dks vkufUnr djrh gSAÞ10

izLrqr ifjHkk"kkvksa vkSj dks'kxr vFkZ ds lkj Lo:i dgk tk ldrk gS fd laosnuk

varl dh egkuqHkwfr gS] tks vfr lw{e izHkkoksa dks Hkh vkRelkr dj ysrh gSA vkpk;Z jkepUnz

'kqDy us laosnuk dks eq[;r;k nq%[k] osnuk ds :i esa O;k[;kf;r fd;k gS] tks mi;qDr Hkh gS]

osnuk gh laosnuk dh tUe nk=h gSA euq"; }kjk nwljs ekuo dh ihM+k] nnZ] d"V dks eglwl

djuk gh laosnuk dgykrh gSA oSfnd dky ls gh Hkkjrh; laLd`fr laosnuk ls laiwfjr jgh gSA

^olqèkSodqVqEcde*] ^lgvfLrRo*] ^ftvks vkSj thus nks* vkfn lwfDr;k¡ blh Hkko dh lk{kh gSA

bruk gh ugha vfirq Hkkjr esa rks vf[ky izd`fr txr ¼tM+&psru½ ds izfr dk:.; Hkko gS]

ftl ds varxZr leLr tho&txr] isM+&ikS/ks] ouLifr] vkrs gSaA vkfndfo egf"kZ okfYedh

}kjk ØkSap ;qxy dh osnuk dks ns[k dj muds eu esa xgu mn~osyu gqvk vkSj og us=ksa ls

vfojy vJq/kkjk ds :i esa izokfgr gksdj izFke dkO; cuk vkSj ;gha ls laosnuk dk 'kqHkkjEHk

ekuk x;k&

^ek fu"kkn izfr"Bke~\ Roexe% 'kk'orh% lek%

;RØkSapfeFkquknsdeo/kh dkeeksfgre%AA8

lkfgR;dkj vR;Ur laosnu'khy izk.kh gksrk gS] og vius ifjos'k esa ?kfVr gksus okyh gj

NksVh&cM+h gypy dks vius vUrl~ esa xgjs rd vuqHkwr djrk gS] cká txr dh fLFkfr;k¡

mls Hkhrj rd vkyksfM+r dj nsrh gS] ;gh vkReuqHkwfr;k¡ 'kCnksa ds ek/;e ls lkfgR; ds :i es

izdV gksrh gSA ;g Hkh dgk tk ldrk gS fd izR;sd dykdkj dh dyk ds i`"B esa

laosnu'khyrk gh dk;Z djrh gSA izkphu dky ls gh lkfgR; dk laosnuk ls izxk<+ fj'rk jgk

gS] izR;sd fo/kk esa laosnuk ds Loj eq[kfjr feyasxsA cky lkfgR; dk rks laosnuk ls {khj&uhj

dk lEcU/k jgk gS] D;ksafd ckY;koLFkk csgn laosnu'khy gksrh gSA ckyd ,d iy esa :nu

djus yxrk gS rks nwljs gh {k.k g¡l iM+rk gSA ckyd bl dnj eklwe] Hkksyk] ljy] lgt]

fu'Ny] yksy gksrk gS fd gj fLFkfr ls] oLrq ls] tho ls] nksLrksa ls] ifjtuksa ls] ;gk¡ rd fd

vthc inkFkksZa ls Hkh vUrjax] lgt lEcUèk LFkkfir dj ysrk gSA cky jpukdkj nhun;ky

'kekZ Lo;a vR;Ur laosnu'khy gS] ckydksa dh rjg Hkksys] ljy ân;] lgt eu ds Lokeh gSaA

183

bldss ljy O;fDrRo ds lanHkZ esa jktsUnz dqekj Mky us fy[kk gS&êa>yh dn&dkBh] ljy

lqxzkgh nf"V] lkekU; psgjk ysfdu rh{.k cqf) ds /kuh Jh nhun;ky 'kekZ esa cPpksa lk mRlkg

vkSj mUgha lk gB gSA g¡lus&g¡lkus dksges'kk vkrqj] vfr laosnu'khy] tYnh :Bus&ekuus

okysA yEcs la?k"kZ ds ckn Hkh ;qodksa tSlk thoV fy,] ;qokvksa o izkS<+ks a ds fe=] o`)tu ds

Lusgh vkSj cPpksa ds l[kk --------AÞ11

nhun;ky 'kekZ ds lexz cky lkfgR; ij n`f"Vikr djus ls Kkr gksrk gS fd laosnuk

bu dh lHkh foèkkvksa dh jpukvksa esa fc[kjh iM+h gSA ekrk vkSj ckyd dk xHkZ ls gh vn~Hkqr

fj'rk gksrkA ek¡ ds fy;s dqN Hkh fy[kuk ;k mifer djuk vR;Ur nqyZHk dk;Z gS] D;ksafd ek¡

dk dksbZ fodYi gks gh ugha ldrk vkSj u gh ekrk dk fdlh rjg dtZ pqdk;k tk ldrk gSA

ek¡ dh egkurk ds le{k lalkj ds lkjs oSHko NksVs iM+ tkrs gSaA fQj Hkh jpukdkjksa us ek¡ ds

fy, ,d ls ,d Js"B jpukvksa ls fganh lkfgR; dks le`) fd;k gSA cky jpukdkjksa esa us Hkh

ek¡ ds fy, tedj dey pykbZ gSA nhun;ky 'kekZ us ek¡ ds fy, dbZ cky xhr izLrqr fd;s

gSa] ftuesa laosnukRedrk dwV dwV dj Hkjh gqbZ gSA ek¡ dh miek eerk :ih vkaxu dh

Qqyokjh ls djds jpukdkj us cgqr cM+h ckr dg nh gS] D;ksafd izd`fr Hkh ekrk dh Hkkafr

gekjh ikfydk gS] iksf"kdk gSA ek¡ vxj Qqyokjh gS rk ckyd mldh fdydkjhA osnksa esa fy[kk

Hkh gS êkrk Hkwfe% iq=ksge~ i`fFk;k* ek¡ ds izfr cPps dh laosnuk dks dyedkj nhun;ky 'kekZ us

cM+h dkseyrk ls of.kZr fd;k gS&

êk¡ rw vkaxu eSa fdydkjh]ek¡ eerk dh rqe QqyokjhA

lc ij fNM+ds tku]ek¡ rw cgqr egkuA

dSls rsjk dtZ pqdkÅ¡]eSa rks viuk QtZ+ fuHkkÅ¡A

rq> ij eSa dqckZu]ek¡ rw cgqr egkuA12

gekjs ns'k esa xk; dks êkrk* dh inoh ls vyad`r fd;k tkrk gSA xkS ekrk ds izfr

gekjh] ln~Hkkouk] laosnuk] lsokHkko] J`)k] lEeku tx tkfgj gSA blds nw/k dks ve`r rqY;

ekuk x;k gSA xk; cgqr gh Hkksyh] ljy] lgt i'kq gSA lEHkor% blhfy, ckydksa dks Hkh xk;

cgqr vPNh o I;kjh yxrh gSA nhun;ky 'kekZ us xk; ds fy, ckydksa dh laosnuk ds

lkFk&lkFk xk; dh fo'ks"krkvkas dks cM+h lknxh ls vafdr fd;k gS&

^ljy lgt lh xk; gekjh]yxrh gedksa lcls I;kjhA

dbZ jaxksa esa gksrh gS ;g]xyxacy dh 'kksHkk U;kjhA13

vkneh rks ge lHkh gS] yasfdu ekuork dk Hkko fdruh ek=kesa gS] egRo bl ckr dk

gS] ftl ekuo esa laosnuk] lgkuqHkwfr] d:.kk] n;k] eerk gksxh] ogh bUlku dgykus dk

184

vf/kdkjh gSA ^lius* ,dkadh esa f'k{kd izdk'k ds }kjk iwNus ij fd cPpksa cM+s gksdj D;k cuuk

pkgrs gks] rc Nk=k tkx`fr vR;Ur Hkksysiu ds lkFk ,slk mÙkj nsrh gS tks ekuoh; laosnuk ls

vksrizksr gS] ftldh dYiuk Hkh ugha dh tk ldrhA ckr yxus esa NksVh gS ysfdu lkxj lh

xgjkbZ vkSj fgefxjh lh Å¡pkbZ fy, gq, gSA mnkgj.k n`"VO; gS&tkxfr% ¼[kM+h gksdj½ eSa eu

vkSj deZ ls bUlku cuus ds lius ns[krh gw¡] ljA vkSj vius ln~deksZa ds dkj.k lcds fny esa

cluk pkgrh gw¡AÞ14

ckydksa dks LoHkko ls gh i'kq&if{k;ksa ls cgqr yxko gksrk gS] ftUgsa os ckY;koLFkk ls

n[krs gSa] ftudh ØhM+kvksa dks vuqHkwr djrs gq, izlUurk ls >we&>we mBrs gSa] muds lkFk

[ksyuk] mUgsa NsM+us esa ckydksa dks cgqr etk tkrk gS vkSj ;fn og tkuoj ikyrw dqÙkk gks rks

dgus gh D;k] cPpksa dks ml ls csgn izse gksrk gS] mlds lkFk oks [ksyrs gSa] vkufUnr gksrs gSaA

ßeksrh dqÙkk ftldk pkj QqV dnA ?kus dkys ckyA Å¡ps dku] yEch iwaN eksrh fnu Hkj dksBh

esa lks;k jgrk] ysfdu jkr gksrs gh dksBh dh pkSdhnkjh djrk bèkj&m/kj ?kwerk jgrkA15

;gk¡ jpukdkj us dqÙks ds Lo:i dk Hkh Hkyh&Hkkafr fp=.k fd;k gS] ;Fkk mldk dn]

mlds ?kus dkys cky] Å¡ps dku] yEch iw¡N bR;kfnA izd`fr vkSj euq"; dk ukrk lukrudky

ls gSA ekuo ds lkFk&lkFk lHkh tho/kkjh izdfr ij vkfJr gSA thou ds fy, izk.kok;q

ouLifr;ksa] isM+&ikS/kksa ls gh feyrh gSA ;g tkurs gq, Hkh vkneh vius {kqnz LokFkZ ds o'khHkwr

gksdj fujUrj dqnjr dk nksgu dj jgk gS] ftlds nq"ifj.kke lkeus vkus yxs gSA fujarj

/kjrh dk rkieku c<+uk bldk izek.k gSA vkt fo'o i;kZoj.k fnol gS] jpukdkj nhun;ky

'kekZ us isM+ks ds ek/;e ls izkFkZuk djds viuh ckr dgus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA yxs gkFkksa tUe

fnu ij ,d nwljs dks migkj ds :i esa ikS/ks nsus dh ckr ljy Hkko ls izdV dj nh gSA blh

ds lkFk&lkFk isM+ ekuo ls izkFkZuk djrs gSa fd ^gs I;kjs euq";] gesa er dkVks] ge rks rqEgkjs

j[kokjs gaS] ikyd&iks"kd o thounkrk gaSA ;gk¡ izd`fr ds izfr laosnuk dk Hkko Lor% izokfgr

gks mBk gS] bl izdkj&

eq> dks rqe er dkVks I;kjs

ge gSa rqe lc ds j[kokjs ------

thounkrk ge dgykrs

ge ls gSa tx ds tu lkjsAA16

esjk tUe&fnol tc vkrk

cguk ikS/kks ykrh gS

ykrs gh /kjrh ij jksis

lsok eq>s fl[kkrh gSA17

185

jpukdkj nhun;ky 'kekZ ds dkO; ds lkFk&lkFk muds x| esa Hkh vusdkusd ,sls

izlax gSa ftuesa laosnu Hkko dwV&dwV dj Hkjk gqvk gSA taxyh tkuojksa ds ekè;e ls laosfnr

laokn& ß'ksj % phuw cgu] nq[kh gksus dh t:jr ugha------ fpark er djks phuw cguA rqEgs 'kh?kz

gh U;k; feysxk------- taxy dh lkjh iztk bl ckr dks vPNh rjg tkurh gS fd esjs ;gk¡ U;k;

esa dqN nsj t:j gS] ij va/ksj ugha--------AÞ18

fpdh desM+h us tc lquk fd mls n.M feyus okyk gS rks og Hkhrj rd flgj mBh]

D;ksafd og funksZ"k gS ysfdu Lo;a dks funksZ"k lkfcr djus ds fy, mlds ikl dksbZ lk{; ugha

Fkk ----- dsoy Hkxoku ls fourh djus ds vfrfjDrA ^tax tkjh gS* ds lHkh ukVd lkekftd

laosnuk ls vksrizksr gSaA ^fj'rksa dk eksy* ukVd esa csVs ds :[ks O;ogkj ls firk brus nq[kh gks

tkrs gSa fd mUgsa le> esa ugha vkrk fd og dgk¡ tk,¡ bl mez esaA u gh lkFk jgrs curk gS]

u gh dgha vkSj fBdkuk gSA blds fy, Lo;a dks nks"kh ekuus yxrs gSaA

ßjkensbZ % ?kj esa ugha jg ldrs ;k cgw&csVs ds lkFk\

jkethnkl % uk ?kj esa vkSj uk cgw&csVs ds lkFk ¼>qa>ykdj½ dgk¡ tkÅa D;k d:¡------- esjh rks

dqN le> esa ugha vkrkA csVk dk bruk :[kkiu------- ¼B.Mh lk¡l½ 'kk;n esjh gh ijofj'k esa

dksbZ deh jg xbZ gSAÞ19

blh laxzg dk ,d ukVd ^vius&vius lq[k* esa ukVddkj 'kekZ us dU;k Hkwz.k gR;k

tSls t?kU; vijk/k dks bafxr fd;k gSA ,slk djuk iki gS] lekt ds ekFks ij dyad gS] bl

dk ik= eqjyh ukVd ds var esa vius bl vijk/k ds fy, Hkkjh i'pkrki djrk gS vkSj viuh

iRuh nsoh ls dgrk gS fd rqe Hkh bl vekuoh; cqjkbZ ds f[kykQ lHkh vkSjrksa dks tkxzr

djukA

eqjyh% ;s yM+fd;ksa dh Hkzw.k gR;k ekuork ds ekFks ij dyad gSA ;s dyad /kksus ls gh 'kk;n

gekjk i'pkrki iwjk gksA rw dguk vkSjrksa ls ¼vkRe laokn½ fd os viuh gh tku dh nq'eu u

cusA20

^cM+ks ds cpiu dh dgkfu;k¡ esa ukS egkiq#"kksa ds ckY;dky dh ?kVukvksa] izlaxks dks

dgkuh ds lw= esa fijksdj jpukdkj us izLrqr fd;k gSA bu lHkh dFkkvksa dh lc ls izeq[k

fo'ks"krk gh budh laosnu'khyrk gSA gj dgkuh d:.kk] lgkuqHkwfr] eeRo] Lusg] laosnu ls

Hkjiwj gSA lkj :o:i dgk tk ldrk gS fd cky jpukdkj nhun;ky 'kekZ dk lexz cky

lkfgR; laosnuk rRo ls vksrizksr gS] izk;% lHkh xhr] dfork;sa ,oa x| lkfgR; esa d#.kk] n;k]

lgkuqHkwfr] ijLij izse] laosnuk] vkReh;rk vkfn cky eu ds lqdksey Hkkoksa dh egkuqHkwfr ls

lEiwfjr gSaA

186

5-2 oLrq fp=.k

lalkj ds lHkh vuqHkwfrtU; inkFkZ oLrq dh Js.kh esa ekus x, gSaA pht] lkeku] nSfud

thou esa dke vkus okys miknku ;k HkkSfrd txr esa ftu dk vfLrRo gksrk gS] tks okLrfod

gksrs gSa] mudks oLrq dg ldrs gSaA thou dk lkjk dk;Z O;kikj inkFkksZa ij gh fuHkZj gSa oLrq

dk 'kCndks'k ds vuq:i vFkZ&

oLrq& la- ¼L=h-½ 1- xkspj inkFkZ] 2- pht] 3- fo"k;] 4- dFkkoLrq&fuekZ.k ¼iq-½&oLrq jpuk]

fu"B&¼fo-½ 1- HkkSfrd inkFkksZa ls lEcU/k j[kus okyk] tks vkRefu"B u gks] 2- oLrq ijd]

vkWCtsfDVo]&ijd ¼fo-½ oLrq ij vk/kkfjr] oLrqxr] ladyu&¼iq-½ 1- oLrq ,d= djus okyk] 2-

dFkkoLrq dks rS;kj djuk] fLFkfr&¼L=h-½ 1- okLrfod fLFkfr] 2- ifjfLFkfr21

ßfdlh Hkh fo"k; ;k oLrq ;k pht dk laf{kIr vkSj rkfdZd o.kZu gSa tks oLrqvksa ds

ewyHkwr fof'k"V xq.k ;k ladYiukvksa ds vFkZ] varoZLrq vkSj lhek;sa crkrk gSAÞ22

ßvFkZ'kkL= esa oLrq ,dek= eky gS] tks ekuoh; pkgksa dks lUrq"V djrk gS vkSj

mi;ksfxrk iznku djrk gSA bldk HkkSfrd txr ls lEcU/k gS tks inkFkZ gesa fn[kkbZ nsrs gSa os

lHkh oLrq dgykrs gSaA oLrq ewrZ lEifÙk gksrs gSa] tks yksxksa ds fy, mi;ksxh gSaAÞ23

lkfgR; lekt dh] thou dh Nfo dks izLrqr djrk gS] vr% blesa oLrq fo"k;d

jpukvksa dk vadu uSlfxZd gSA tks inkFkZ lkdkj :i esa gekjs le{k gS] mu ij foiqy ek=k esa

fy[kk tk jgk gSA cky lkfgR; esa oLrq fp=.k dh egÙkk Lor% fl) gS D;ksafd ckyd dk

lalkj vius ifjos'k ds ?ksjs rd lhfer gksrk gS vkSj mldh izcy ftKklk o`fr mls gj pht

dks xgjkbZ ls tkuus rFkk le>us dks ck/; djrh gSA ckyd dks oLrq iz/kku dfork;sa]

dgkfu;k¡ ,oa vU; jpuk,¡ i<+us esa izpqj vkuan feyrk gSA yxHkx lHkh cky jpukdkjksa us

fdlh u fdlh :i esa oLrqvksa ij l`tu fd;k gS vkSj dj jgs gSa tSls&iqLrd] dye] nwjn'kZu]

dqlhZ] eksecÙkh] ?kM+h] xqCckjk] eksckby Qksu vkSj bl izdkj dh vusdkusd oLrq,aA oLrq fp=.k

;FkkFkZ ds fudV gksrk gSA bl esa dYiuk dh xqatkb'k de gksrh gSA cky lkfgR;dkj

nhun;ky 'kekZ Hkyh&Hkkafr tkurs gSa fd cPpksa dks ,slh jpuk,¡ vR;f/kd ilan vkrh gSa] vr%

bUgksaus oLrqvksa ij cM+h lq?kM+rk vkSj dkS'ky ds lkFk ys[ku dk;Z fd;k gSA lkFk gh ckydkas

dks muds okrkoj.k ds varxZr vkus okys inkFkksZa ls mu dk ifjp; djokuk Hkh budk mís';

jgk gSA jpukdkj 'kekZ us okLrfod phtksa dks vR;Ur jkspd] euksjatd] dq'kyrk ds lkFk

O;Dr fd;k gS] tks ckydksa dks yqHkkus esa] vkdf"kZr djus esa l{ke ekuk tk ldrk gSA

vxjcÙkh] Vh-oh-] ?kM+h] dqlhZ] pkch] irax] fdrkc tSlh oLrqvksa ij izoh.krk] fuiq.krk ds lkFk

dfork,¡] xhr] igsfy;k¡ izLrqr dh gSaA dqN mnkgj.k tSls&

187

lj&lj&lj ljkZVs Hkjrk

Qj&Qj&Qj QjkZVs

vkleku esa lcls U;kjk

jax&jaxhyk irax gekjkA24

^lkjk fnu og m/ke epkrk

[ksys xqYyh&MaMk

ijh{kk esa uacj feyrk

mldks dsoy vaMkÞ25

^fnu jkr og pyrh jgrh]

uk ysrh Fkdus dk ukeA

tc Hkh iwNks le; crkrh]

nsrh c<+us dk iSxkeAA26

jpukdkj 'kekZ us NksVh&NksVh phtksa tSls irax] ?kM+h] cLrk] ?kj] dqlhZ vkfn dh egÙkk

n'kkZ;h gS] uUgsa eqUuksa dks ;s I;kjh&I;kjh oLrq;sa cM+h vPNh yxrh gSaA irax ckydksa dh vR;Ur

fiz; oLrq gS] pkgs mM+kuk vk, u vk,] exj mlds lkFk [ksyuk] mM+kus dk uUgk iz;kl djuk

mUgsa cgqr vkuafnr djrk gSA ftl ?kj ij os jgrs gSa] mlls cPpksa dk ?kfu"B yxko gksuk

LokHkkfod gS] ckyd NksVh&NksVh ckrksa ls Mj tkrs gSa vkSj ugha rks dqÙks&fcYyh] xk; ls gh Mj

tkrs gSa vkSj ?kj esa tkdj fNi tkrs gSa] ?kj muds fy, lc ls lqjf{kr txg gksrh gS] ;gh

Hkko mi;qZDr dfork esa fNik gqvk gSA ?kM+h ds fy, fy[kk gS fd og fnu jkr pyrh jgrh gS]

Fkdus dk uke rd ugha ysrh] tc Hkh iwNks le; crkrh gSA bl izdkj dfo us NksVh&NksVh

phtksa dh egÙkk fn[kkbZ gSA jlxqYyk lkeus gks rks ckr gh D;k] cM+s&cM+ks ds eq¡g esa ikuh vk

tkrk gS] fQj ckyd ds rks dgus gh D;k] vgk! dg mBrk gS] vkuan vk tkrk gSA fQj pkgs

mudk eq¡g] diM+s gkFk jl ls lu gh D;ksa u gks tk,&

xksy eVksy jlxqYyk]

jl ls Hkjk jlxqYyk

eSaus [kk;k jlxqYyk

vgk! ehBk jlxqYykAA27

bl izdkj dgk tk ldrk gS fd jpukdkj 'kekZ oLrq ds dkO;e; fp= x<+us esa Hkh

fl)gLr gS] izoh.k gSaA bUgksaus NksVh&cM+h lHkh oLrqvksa dks cM+h xgjkbZ] lknxh] ljyrk

188

vkd"kZd :i ls izLrqr djds cky lkfgR; txr esa viuk yksgk euok fy;k gSA fu%lansg

jpukdkj dk oLrq&fp=.k fof'k"V gSA

5-3 dYiuk'khyrk

^tgk¡ u igq¡ jfo] ogk¡ igq¡ps dfo* dfo dks mlds eu ds eqrkfcd dYiuk yksd

igq¡pkus dh 'kfDr gh dYiuk gSA dYiuk efLr"d ,oa eu dh ,d ,slh 'kfDr] {kerk] ;ksX;rk

dks dg ldrs gSa] tks mu phtksa] Hkkoksa] inkFkksZa dks fufeZr dj ysrh gS] ftu dk vfLrRo bl

lalkj esa gS gh ugha] ftUgsa dHkh ns[kk Hkh ugha vkSj u gh muds ckjs esa FkksM+h Hkh tkudkjh gsA

;g vn~Hkqr] vf}rh; fparu gSA dYiuk ;FkkFkZ us ijs dk fopkj gS] ftldk okLrfodrk ls

dksbZ ljksdkj ugha gksrkA dgrs gSa fd lkfgR;dkj] dykdkj dYiuk yksd esa thrk gS] rHkh

ml dh jpuk,¡ jkspd ,oa vykSfdd vkuan nsus esa leFkZ gksrh gSaA

dkO; ds lkFk&lkFk izR;sd dyk dk tUe dYiuk dh dks[k ls gh gksrk gSA izR;sd

dyk esa dYiuk ,oa ;FkkFkZ dk leUo; gksrk gSA dkO; esa dYiuk dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA dkO;

dh l`f"V dYiuk ds fcuk dnkfi lEHko ugha gks ldrhA dYiuk vewrZ dks ewrZrk iznku djrh

gSA Hkwr] Hkfo"; vkSj orZeku ls lk{kkRdkj ge dYiuk ds }kjk gh dj ikrs gSaA vr% dkO; esa

dYiuk dh izklafxdrk Lo;a fl) gSA bl izdkj Hkko Hkh vuqHkwfr vkuane;h gSA mlh izdkj

dYiuk dh >kadh Hkh euksgj vkSj vkd"kZd gksrh gSA dYiuk iwokZuqHkwr oLrqvksa dks uohu

ifj/kku ,oa jax&:i esa lekt ds le{k mifLFkr djus dh vn~Hkqr {kerk j[krh gSA dYiuk

dk dks'kxr vk'k;&dYiuk&la- ¼L=h-½ 1- ubZ ckr lkspuk] 2- eu dh mit] 3- eku ysuk

¼tSls 'kwU; vad dh dYiuk] vf/kd dks.k] va'k dh dYiuk½ 4- ,d oLrq ls nwljh oLrq dk

vkjksi 5- ltkuk] yksd & ¼iq-½ [k;kyh nqfu;k] okn & ¼iq-½ 1- ;g er fd izk;% fl)kar 'kq)

dYiuk,¡ gSa] 2- ,slk er tks 'kfDr ,oa dyk dks iwokZuqeku }kjk izLrqr djs& oknh ¼fo-½

dYiukokn dks ekuus okyk] 'kfDr & ¼L=h-½ mn~Hkkouk 'kfDr28

dYiuk dk vaxzsth :ikUrj.k Imagination gS&

Imagination - n. an idea, an imagine in mindHkkouk] eu dh dYiuk

Imagine - t.i. to conceive, to from a metal image of,fopkj djuk] fparu djuk29

If you imagine something that is not real or true, you think that is exists.30

dYiuk vkSj lkfgR; dk xgjk fj'rk gSA fdlh Hkh oLrq dk Hkko lhèkk&likV o.kZu

jpuk dks jlghu vkSj mckÅ cuk nsrk gS] tks ikBdksa dks vf/kd le; rd cka/k dj ugha j[k

ldrkA ogh jpuk dYiuk ds vR;Yi feJ.k ls bruh vkd"kZd] iBuh; cu tkrh gS fd

ikBd ;k Jksrk mls ,d gh cSBd esa iwjh djds ne ysrs gSaA vkfndkyhu lkfgR; ds ysdj

189

vkt rd ds lkfgR; ij n`f"Vikr djus l Kkr gksrk gS fd dYiuk lkfgR; dks cgqr izHkkoh

cuk nsrh gSA pkgs jkepfjrekuo gks] in~ekor gks] lwj lkfgR; gks] dkfynkl dk es?knwr ;k

dkek;uh] lHkh dks dYiuk rÙo dh mifLFkfr us dkyt;h cuk fn;k gSA d".k ds cky lkSUn;Z

o.kZu vkSj okfVdk esa lhrk ds vizfre lkSUn;Z o.kZu dks dYiuk ds vf}rh; iz;ksx us 'kk'or

cuk fn;k gSA lar rqylh dh ;g v/kkZyh vn~Hkqr dYiuk ds la;kstu ls vej gks pqdh gSA

^L;ke xkSj fdeh dgkSa c[kkuh*

fxjk vu;u] u;u fcuq ckuh*

leLr okX³e; dYiuk 'kfDr ls gh iBuh;] yksdfiz; vkSj fpjLFkk;h gSA ;gk¡ rd

fd ,sfrgkfld] ikSjkf.kd ;k lR; ?kVukvksa dks ysdj fy[ks x, lkfgR; dks vkd"kZd] jkspd]

euksjatd] jle; cukus ds fy, mlesa dYiuk ds jax lek;ksftr fd;s tkrs jgs gSaA dYiuk ds

fcuk cky lkfgR; dh dYiuk Hkh vdYiuh; gSA cky lkfgR; dk izeq[k vk/kkj dYiuk dgh

tk ldrh gS] D;ksafd ckyd dYiukyksd esa] liuksa ds lalkj esa thrk gSA dYiuk ds ia[k

yxkdj vkuan ds vkdk'k esa fopj.k djrk gSaA iapra=] yky cq>DdM+] Hkwr&izsrksa dh dgkfu;k¡]

nsoh&nsork dh dFkk,¡] dFkklfjRlkxj lHkh dYiuk/kkfjr lkfgR; gSa] tks fpjLFkk;h gks pqdk

gSA ckyd bUgasa i<+rs vkSj lqurs ugha FkdrkA cky lkfgR; ftruk dkYifud gksxk mruk gh

lkFkZd gksxk] cPpksa dks rks blh esa vkYgkn feyrk gS] vkSj ,slk lkfgR; i<+dj os Lo;e~ vusd

izdkj dh dYiuk,¡ dj cSBrs gSaA blds foijhr ;FkkFkZoknh] likV rFkk mckÅ jpuk dh vksjos

ns[krs Hkh ughaA cPpksa dks vkuasn vkSj euksjatu pkfg,] tks dYiuk gh ns ldrh gSA D;ksafd

okLrfodrk dBksj gksrh gSA

ys[kd DykdZ ,fytcsFk dk ekuuk gS fd ßtc cPps dgkuh lqurs gSa rks mlds lkFk&lkFk

muds efLr"d esa ml ?kVuk fo'ks"k dk ,d dkYifud fp= curk pyrk gSA blds vykok

mlls lEc) vU; dksbZ ns[kh ;k vuqHkwr ckr Hkh muds efLr"d esa vutkus gh pyrh jgrh

gSA bl rjg cPps dgkuh lqurs le; vusd u,&u, liuksa esa [kks, jgrs gSaA bl rjg cPps

dgkuh lqurs le; vusd u,&u, liuksa esa [kks, jgrs gSa tks mudh nqfu;k dh lhek esa gh

gksrk gSAÞ31

nhun;ky 'kekZ dk ckyjpuk lalkj dYiuk ds lkSUn;Z ls vkIykfor gSA bu dh

dgkfu;k¡] ukVd] ,dkadh] dkO; esa Hkjiwj dYiuk 'kfDr us pkj pk¡n yxk fn, gSaA dqN

dYiuk,¡ rks bruh vuwBh] I;kjh vkSj eklwe gS fd cM+s Hkh HkkofoHkksj gks mBrs gSaA^dfo

LoIu&thoksa gksrs gSa] dYiuk&yksd esa fopj.k djrs gSa] vkfn mfDr;k¡ dfo;ksa ds fy, lfn;ksa ls

izpfyr gSaA nhun;ky 'kekZ us viuh dforkvksa esa dYiuk rÙo dk lfEeJ.k cgqr mEnk rjhds

ls fd;k gS] izLrqr gSa dqN ,sls gh dforka'k&

190

^vDdM+&cDdM+ cksdjhA

ckckth dh VksdjhA

Vksdjh ls fudyk canj

canj us ekjh fdydkjh

fdydkjh ls gks x;k 'kksj

'kksj epkrs vk x;s cPps

cPps lkjs eu ds dPps

dPps&dPps [kk x;s vkeÞ32

ckckth dh Vksdjh] mlesa ls canj dk fudyuk] fdydkjh Hkjuk] fdydkjh ls 'kksj dk

gksuk vkSj 'kksj lqudj cPpksa dk bdëk gksuk] lqjE; dYiukAbl dfork dks i<+dj ,d

izpfyr dfork Lor% Lej.k gks vkbZ&^vDdM+&cDdM+ cEcs cks------ vLlh uCcs iwjs lkS--------A*

^geus ns[kk vtho vpEek]

iSj gS tSls dksbZ [kEHkkA33

,d vkSj Bksl fdUrq I;kjh dYiuk gkFkh ds fy,A gkFkh dh lwaM+] dku ;k iSjksa ds fy,

jpukdkjksa us vusd izdkj dh dYiuk,¡ dh gSaA ;gk¡ Hkh gkFkh ds iSjksa dh rqyuk [kEHks ls dh

xbZ gS tks lVhd gSA

ehBs ty dh >kjh gS]

ukjh esjh U;kjh gSA34 +

vgk! D;k rd dYiuk gS] ,dne vuwBh gS] vdYiuh;A ukuh dh rqyuk ehBs ty dh

>kjh ls djuk] vkt rd 'kk;n gh fdlh jpukdkj us ,sls dYiuk dh gksA ^>kjh* 'kCn

vktdy izpyu esa ugha ds cjkcj gS] D;ksafd vc rks xkaoksa rd esa fÝt dks pyu gks pqdk gSA

,slsa esa ^>kjh dk iz;ksx ^u Hkwrks u Hkfo";frA ftl izdkj xehZ esa ehBs ikuh dh>kjh vkuafnr

djrh gS] lqdwu nsrh gSa] mldh izdkj ukuh dh lkfUu/;] mudh eerk&nqykj ckyd dks

ijekuUn iznku djrh gSA ,d 'kCn esa dgw¡ rks ;g miek vuqies; gSAblh izdkj cdjh ds

fy, ^fgj.kh dh ekbZ* dh dYiuk Hkh vf}rh; dgh tk ldrh gSA /;ku ls ns[kus ij fgj.kh

vkSj cdjh esa dkQh lekurk fn[kkbZ nsrh gS] bl vksj fdlh dk /;ku 'kk;n ugha x;kA

nhun;ky 'kekZ dk xgjh lw>&cw> dh nkn nsuh iM+sxh] ckr dks dgk¡ ls dgk¡ ls tkrs gSa] vfr

lqanj&

cdjh vkbZ cdjh vkbZ]

esa&esa djrh cdjh vkbZA

191

iryh lh bldh gS dk;k]

fn[krh gS fgj.kh dh ekbZAA35

;gk¡ ujs'k dqekj esgrk dh lqanj dYiuk/kkfjr dfork izLrqr gSA

^phapw pwgk pyk cktkj

yk;k ,d lyksuh dkjA

cSB dkj esa igq¡pk fnYyh

ihNs iM+ xbZ iqLlh fcYyhA

fcYyh dks crykdj /kÙkk

phapwf[kld x;k dydÙkkA

ogk¡ dcfj;k dqÙkk yidk

rks og xksgkVh tk VidkA36

ukVddkj 'kekZ ds ukV~; dkO; esa dYiuk rÙo dk la;kstu cstksM+ gSA ^QSlyk*

,dkadh iwjh rjg ls dYiuk/kkfjr gSA bldh i`"BHkwfe ,oa ik= dk dYiuk lalkj taxy gS]

;Fkk 'ksj jktk] phuw eqxhZ] fpidw canj vkfn uke Hkh dkYifud gS] tks cM+s yqHkkous gSaA

dFkkud vo'; vius ifjos'k ls mBk;k gS tks fu"i{k U;k; ds ewY; dks mn~?kkfVr djrk gSA

tkuojksa ds laokn] mudh ØhM+kvksa dk dkYifud ekuohdj.k vizfre dgk tk ldrk gSA

^lius* ,dkadh dh fo"k;oLrq ^cPpksa dks lius ns[kus pkfg, ij vkfJr gS] rFkkfi vFk ls bfr

rd dYiuk dk la;ksx gh bls ojs.; cukrk gSA ik= la;kstu vkSj dFkk ds xqEQu us

ukVddkj dh dYiuk {kerk dks cstksM cuk fn;k gSA

vf/kdka'k dgkfu;k¡ dYiukthoh gksrh gSaA jpukdkj 'kekZ dh cky dFkkvksa dk

rkuk&ckuk dkYifudrk ls gh cquk x;k gSA ?kVuk,¡] ik= blh lalkj ds vo'; gSa] ftUgsa

dYiuk ds la;ksx ls ckyksi;ksxh cuk fn;k gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ&^peRdkjh pw.kZ* dgkuh vius

ifjos'k esa jgus okys <ksaxh ckckvksa ls lko/kku djrh gSa] rFkkfi dkYifud lg;ksxh ?kVuk ls

peRdkj mRiUu djds ckydksa dk fny thr ysrh gSA nq";ar vkSj mldh nhnh pw.kZ [kkdj

vkdk'k esa mM+us yxrs gSa] ogk¡ ls mUgsa pksj pksjh djrs gq, fn[kk, x, gSa] ftUgsa os iqfyl dks

idM+okrs gSa] tSls gh vk¡[k [kqyrh gSa] ;s lc lius esa cny tkrk gS& ugha nhnh] gk¡ nhnh

^dgrs&dgrs nq";ar us viuh ihB ij gkFk fQjkdj ns[kk fd mlds ia[k gSa ;k ughaA ihB ij

ia[k ugha FksA rks D;k ;s liuk Fkk\37

nhun;ky 'kekZ dh cky dfork,¡ [kwclwjr] LoIuyksd] dYiukyksd dk l`tu djrh

gSaA buds fo"k; dfo us vius bnZ&fxnZ ds ifjos'k ls gh fy, gSa] ;Fkk&canj] Hkkyw] eksj]

192

fpfM+;k] 'ksj] fcYyh] dqÙkk] eqxkZ] ek¡] nknh] Vh-oh-] eksckby bR;kfn] ftUgsa dYiuk ds lw= esa

fijksdj vn~Hkqr ekyk dk Lo:i nsdj lqfu;ksftr <ax ls O;Dr fd;k gSA i| ds lekukarj

x| esa Hkh jpukdkj ds dYiuk la;kstudks ns[kk tk ldrk gSA izk;% lHkh dFkkvksa] ukVdksa dk

rkuk&ckuk dYiuk yksd ds dSuokl ij cquk x;k gSA ,d ls ,d foy{k.k dYiuk,¡ djus esa

nhun;ky 'kekZ ikjaxr dgs tk ldrs gSA

5-4 uohu rduhd dk iz;ksx

bDdhloha lnh foKku ,oa lapkj Økafr dh lnh gSA fnu&izfrfnu ubZ&ubZ rduhd

cktkj vk jgh gSaA jkst u,&u, vkfo"dkj gks jgs gSaA eksckby dks gh yhft;s izfr nks&pkj

fnu esa u, Qhpj okyk eksckby cktkj esa vk pqdk gksrk gSA cktkjokn us ?kjksa ij vf/kdkj

tek fy;k gSA gj {ks= esa fur u;s iz;ksx gks jgs gSaA fÝt] okaf'kx e'khu] Vh-oh-] crZu lkQ

djus dh e'khu] dwyj] ,-lh- ds lkFk&lkFk gtkjksa izdkj ds midj.k cktkj esa miyC/k gSaA

lEiw.kZ :i ls ;g ;qx rduhd vkSj foKku ;qx gSaA rduhd e'khu ugha vfirq e'khu cukus

dh fof/k gksrh gSA rduhd dk vk/kkj Kku] vuqHko] iz;ksx gS] blesa lcls igys vkadM+s lafpr

fd;s tkrs gSa] fQj mUgsa lEikfnr fd;k tkrk gS] fu"d"kZ fudkyus ds i'pkr~ iz;ksx fd;k tkrs

gSaA ;g lrr~ fodflr gksus okyh izfØ;k gSaA ;g fuxjkuh vksj lksp dk ifj.kke gksrh gSA

rduhd dk loZizFke phu esa vkfo"dj gqvk FkkAuohu dk lkekU;r% vk'k; u;k] ubZ] uwru]

rktk] ftldk vkfoZHkko vHkh&vHkh gqvk gks] tks blds iwoZ ugha gqvk gksA rduhd dk vFkZ

f'kYi] izfof/k] dyk] ;a= vkfn gSA

bldk uohu dk 'kCndks'kh; vk'k;&uohu la-&¼fo-½ 1- u;k] uwru 2- igys igy cuk

gqvk ¼tSls uohu vkn'kZ½ 3- vuks[kk rk&¼L=h-½&u;kiu] uwrurk&oknh ¼iq-½&ubZ ckrksa dk

i{k/kj]] izkIr & ¼fo-½ & u;k feyk gqvk uohure&la-&¼fo-½&fcYdqy u;k38

New adj. not existing before, fresh, different, changed, modern, recent uohu] u;k] gky

dk] vuH;Lr vifjfpr Nesness - n - novelty uohurk] u;kiu39

Cambrige Dictionaryesa uohu dk vFkZ vafdr gS 1-tks vHkh dk ;k FkksM+s le; dk gksA 2-

uwru 3- izkphu dk foi;kZ; 4- tks igys & igy ;k ewy :i ls cuk gks 5- viwoZ vkSj fofp=

;k foy{k.k40

'kCndks'k dh n`f"V ls rduhd dk vFkZ &rduhd & ¼L=h-½ izfof/k] f'kYi foKku

rduhdh& va- $ fga- ¼fo-½ & izkfof/kd] f'kYid41

vaxzsth esa rduhd dks Technicdk :ikUrj.k 'kCn

193

Technics - n - the doctrine of arts in generaldykvksa dk lkekU; fl)kUr] dykvkas dh

fo|kTechnique in. - mechanical art or skill;U= dykATechnological adj. - pertaining to

technologyfooj.k lEcU/kh42

uohurk dk vFkZ mijksDr ifjHkk"kkvksa ds vuq:i u;k] ftl dk mn; gqvk gks] ,slk

igyh ckj gks] blds igys dHkh Hkh ,slk ugha gqvk gks] uwru] u;kiu] viwoZ] vuks[kk] fofp=]

iqjkus dk foi;kZ; vkfnA rduhd dk vk'k; ;a= dyk] dykvksa dk lkekU; fl)kUr] f'kYi

fo|k] izfofèk] dkS'ky] izkfof/kd ,oa ;a=ksa dks cukus dh e'khu vkfnA ubZ rduhd vFkkZr~ ubZ

izfof/k] uwru ;a= dyk] ubZ f'kYi fo|k] uohu dyk] ftl izfof/k dk vHkh&vHkh tUe gqvk gks]

,slh ;a= fo|k tSlh igys dHkh ugha lquh ;k ns[kh gks bR;kfnA fganh lkfgR; esa Hkh jpukdkjksa

us le;kuqlkj ubZ rduhd] u, ;a=ksa ls lEcfU/kr fof/k;ksa dks viuk;k gS] u;s f'kYi dk iz;ksx

fd;k gSAlkfgR; lekt dk niZ.k ekuk x;k gS] vr% lekt esa ?kfVr gksus okys ifjorZu

lkfgR; esa Hkh yf{kr gksrs gSA iz;ksxokn] izxfrokn] vkSj ubZ dfork ds lkFk gh u,&u, iz;ksx

izkjEHk gksus yxsA NksVh&cM+h phtksa ij lkfgR;dkjksa us dye pykuk 'kq: fd;kA tSls&tSls

rduhd dk fodkl gksxk x;k] lkfgR; esa Hkh mldk Hkjiwj Lokxr fd;k x;kA lkfgR;dkjksa us

,sls fo"k;ksa ij ,d ls ,d Js"B jpuk,¡ fy[k dj fganh lkfgR; dks le`) fd;kA cky

lkfgR;dkjksa us Hkh u, ;a=ksa] ubZ rduhd] f'kYi fo|k ds u, iz;ksx] uohu vkfo"dkjksa]

oSKkfudksa ij [kwc dye pykbZA tSls&tSls ubZ phtsa cktkj esa vkrh xbZ] cky jpukdj mu

ij jkspd <ax ls xhr] dfork;sa] dgkfu;ka] ukVd] oSKkfud dh thofu;k¡ vkfn fy[kus yxs]

ftUgsa ckydksa us Hkh cgqr ilan fd;k] D;ksafd vkt dk ckyd vkSj fd'kksj ubZ rduhd ls

tqM+ pqdk gSA Vh-oh-] eksckby] baVjusV ds ;qx dk ckyd bu phtksa dks tkurk gS] igpkurk

gS] iz;ksx djrk gS] ns[krk gSA og cM+s yksxksa ls Hkh nks dne vkxs dk ckyd gSA dkVwZu fQYesa

rks ckydksa dks lkjs fo'o dh tkudkjh ns jgha gSA

MkW- 'ks"kiky dk izLrqr dFku ;gk¡ izklafxd gS& ßbl le; rd vkrs&vkrs ckyd vkSj

cky lkfgR; ij i;kZIr /;ku fn;k tkus yxk FkkA bl le; esa euksfoKku] cky vuqHkwfr ,oa

cky ifjos'k ij fparu izkjEHk gks x;k FkkA cky lkfgR; esa dfork] dgkuh] miU;kl] ukVd

,oa cky thouh vkfn cky lkfgR; dh vusd fo/kkvksa dk fodkl gksuk izkjEHk gks x;k FkkA

cky lkfgR; esa oSKkfud n`f"V vk xbZ Fkh vkSj i;kZIr ek=k esa oSKkfud fo"k;ksa ij cky

lkfgR; fy[kk tk pqdk FkkAÞ43

ßukt [kku ds fopkj fopkj.kh; gSa& dqN ikSjkf.kd ik=ksa guqeku] NksVk Hkhe dks Hkh

dkVwZu ik= ds :i esa cPpksa rd igq¡pk;k tk jgk gSA cky x.ks'k] ekbZ QsM x.ks'k] guqeku]

fjVZu vkWQ guqeku tSlh fQYesa igys gh vk pqdh gSAÞ44

vkt dk ;qx foKku dk ;qx gS] ge

194

ckydksa dks rduhd ls vyx ugha j[k ldrsA ;qxkuq:i lkfgR;dkj dk /keZ gksrk gS fd og

lekt esa gks jgs ifjorZuksa dk Lokxr djrs gq, mls vius l`tu esa viuk,aAß dqN blh rjg

ds lanHkZ ckyjpukdkj izdk'k euq us Hkh vfHkO;Dr fd, gSa& ßvkt dk ;qx foKku ;qx* vkSj

fcuk vPNs foKku lkfgR; ds dksbZ Hkk"kk vius dks eqdEey ugha eku ldrhA foKku lkfgR;

vkt dh t:jr gS vkSj pqukSrh Hkh ysfdu cPpksa ds fy, lgt vkSj jkspd Hkk"kk esa foKku

lkfgR; fy[kuk dgha T;knk cM+h pqukSrh gSA cky lkfgR;dkj dks jkst bLrseky esa vkus okys

NksVs&eksVs 'kCnksa esa gh foKku dh cM+h&cM+h isphnk ckrksa dks lesVuk gSAÞ45 mijksDr ifjHkk"kkvksa

vkSj fo}kuksa ds fopkjksa ds lkj gS fd vU;kU; {ks=ksa dh rjg cky lkfgR; esa Hkh oSKkfud

n`f"Vdks.k iwjh rjg lek pqdk gSA foKku lEcU/kh lkfgR; vkt dh egrh t:jr cu pqdh gSA

ysfdu cky lkfgR; ds fy, ;g fdlh pqukSrh ls de ugha gSA ljy ,oa jkspd Hkk"kk esa cky

lkfgR; fy[kuk vR;ar nq"dj dk;Z gSA vkt dh rduhdh ;qx esa ckydksa dks bldh f'k{kk nsuk

vfuok;Z gks x;k gSA blds fcuk f'k{kk v/kwjh gksxhA orZeku ;qx esa foKku fo"k; vkSj oSKkfudksa

ij cM+h ek=k esa cky lkfgR; fy[kk tk jgk gSA tks mYys[kuh; dgk tk ldrk gSA dkVwZu

fQYesa bls [kwc c<+kok ns jgh gSA

nhun;ky 'kekZ u;s ;qx ds jpukdkj gSa] vius le; ds vuqlkj pyus okys gSa] Lo;a

ubZ rduhd dk iz;ksx dj jgs gSaA guqekux<+ taD'ku ds izFke Cyksxj gksus dk xkSjo bUgsa

izkIr gqvk gSA nhun;ky 'kekZ us Hkh rduhdh midj.kksa ij cgqr gh vkd"kZd] ljl] lq:fpiw.kZ

<ax ls ys[kuh pykbZ gS vkSj ,d ls ,d ljl] ljy jpuk,¡ izLrqr dh gS aA Vh-oh- 'kh"kZd

dh,d ljl lh dfork mnkgj.kkFkZ izLrqr gS&

Vh-oh- dh gS ckr fujkyh]

Vh-oh- lcdks Hkk,

tx esa dgh Hkh dksbZ ckr gks]

Vh-oh- >V fn[kyk,A46

lpeqp Vh-oh- ds rks dgus gh D;k] nqfu;k Hkj dh lkjh [kcjsa pqVdh ctkrs gh ?kj cSBs

fn[kk nsrk gSA ;g lcdks cgqr I;kjk yxrk gS] fo'ks"kdj ckydksa dks rksAorZeku le; esa

eksckby rks ckyd ds fy, ,d f[kykSus ls vf/kd ugha gSA nks lky ckyd eksckby dks iwjh

rjg ls pyk nsrk gSAvkt rduhd dk cksyckyk izR;sd {ks= ess gSA cjlksa ls oksV Hkh e'khu

}kjk iM+us yxs gSA dsoy cVu nckoks] oksV iM+ tk;sxk&

^isVh esa uk iM+rs oksV]

oksV e'khuksa esa gS cVu

cVu nckoks iM+ x, oksV-------47

195

cky lkfgR;dkj nhun;ky 'kekZ dk ubZ rduhd vkSj ubZ lksp dks ysdj dksbZ tokc

ugha gSaA vuq'kklu 'kCn dk baxfy'k ckjg[kM+h ds vuqlkj tks vuq'kklu izLrqr fd;k gS] viwoZ

dgk tk ldrk gS&

izdk'k % vc ns[kks cPpksa-------- Als ysdj Z rd] 26 v{kj gksrs gSaA bu lHkh v{kjksa dk ,d Øe

gksrkgS tSls& A dk 1] B dk 2 vkSj Z dk 26A blh rjg ^fMflfIyu* esa tks v{kj ftl LFkku

ij gSa] muds uEcj fyf[k, ¼CySd cksMZ ij fy[krs gq,½ tSls D4 ijI&9 ij] S-19, C-3, I-9, P-

16, L-12, I-9, N-14 rFkk E-5 ij ¼cPpksa fd rjQ ns[krs gq, vc bu lcdk ;ksx dhft, &

4$9$19$3$9$16$12$9$14$5 ---- fdrus gq,A

tkx`frfodkl % ¼,d lkFk½ 100 gq, ljA

izdk'k % ¼cksMZ ij fy[krs gq,½ ;l------- ;g iwjs 100 vc bl 'kCn dh xgjkbZ esa nsf[k;s

¼fMflfIyu½ 'kCn ds Hkhrj Hkh vuq'kklu fNik gSA48

orZeku le; esa eksckby rks ckyd ds fy, ,d f[kykSuk ls vf/kd ugha gSA nks lky

ckyd eksckby dks iwjh rjg ls pyk ysrk gSA nsf[k;s ckyd dh eksckby dks ysdj Qjekb'k&

ek¡ eSa Hkh eksckbZy yw¡xk]

vPNh vPNh ckr d:¡xk

gj ekSds ij dke ;s vkrk]

ladV esa lkFkh cu tkrkA

gkseodZ ij /;ku esa nwaxk]

i<+us esa ihNs u jgwaxkA

esjh [kcj pkgs dHkh Hkh ysuk]

,e.,e.,l.>V ls dj nsukA

Ldwy le; esa j[kwaxk can]

lnk jgwaxk eSa ikcanA49

ckyd eksckby ysus ds fy, ek¡ ls fdl izdkj euqgkj djrk gS] ftldk cgqr gh lqanj

o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA ckyd ek¡ ls dgrk gS fd eq>s Hkh eksckby ysuk gS] D;ksafd gj le; dk

vkus okyh pht gSA eSa blls vPNh vPNh ckrsa d:axk lkFk gh lkFk i<+kbZ ij Hkh iwjk /;ku

nwaxk] gkseodZ Hkh le; ij d:¡xk] tc pkgksa esjh [kcj Hkh vki ys ldrh gks] eSlst ds }kjkA

vkSj gk¡] Ldwy esa can j[kwaxk] le; dk ikcUn Hkh jgwaxkA bl izdkj ds Hkko ls iwfjr

enuxksiky y<+k dk ckyxhr n"VO; gS&

196

ikao iVd ij cksyk caVh ]

eEeh eSa eksckbZy yw¡xk

eksckbZy ls ckrsa lLrh

[kêh&feëh vPNh&vPNh

eu Hkkou fjax Vksu yxkÅ¡

dkyj Vksu ls lcdks yqHkkÅ¡50

^{kek 'kekZ*& ^vkt dk ;qx foKku dk gS*] ge ckydksa dks rduhd ls vyx ugha j[k

ldrsA ;qxkuq:i lkfgR;dkj dk /keZ gksrk gS fd og lekt esa gks jgs ifjorZuksa dk Lokxr

djrs gq, mls vius l`tu esa viuk,Avkt ds le; esa cPpksa dks rduhd ls vyx ugha j[kk

tk ldrkA------ rduhd cPps ds fy, fdlh bZ'oj dh rjg gS vktdy dqN bl rjg ls

crk;k tkrk gS ekuks cPps dh gj leL;k gy gks xbZ gks---------A51

ckfj'k dSls gksrh gS] bl

izlax dks ysdj izR;sd cPps ds eu esa dbZ izdkj ds loky mBrs gSaA og cM+ks ls iwNrk gS fd

cjlkr dSls gksrh gSA jpukdkj 'kekZ us cM+s ljy rjhds ls viuh ,d cky dFkk esa mlds

ik= nhiw ds ek/;e ls gh iz;ksx }kjk fl) fd;k fd ckfj'k ,sls gksrh gSA eSa vkidks cjlkr

dh dgkuh lqukrk gw¡A ^Bhd gS lqukvksA* v[k+ckj lesVrs gq, nhiw ds ikik us dgkA

^,d crZu esa xeZ ikuh Hkjrs gSaA ikik] og crZu gksrk gS uk]

^ogh-------- bruk cM+k lkA nhiw us viuh gFksfy;ksa ls crZu dk vkdkj cukrs gq, dgkA*

gk¡ ikik] bruk gh cM+k gksrk gSA ftl ds ,d rjQ gkFkh dh lwaM lh gksrh gS] ftl ls pk;

ckgj vkrh gSA

^vPNk&vPNk------- og D;k! mls rks dsryh dgrs gSaA nhiw ds ikik us crk;kA

^gk¡ dsryhA dsryh esa xeZ&xeZ ikuh Mkyrs gSA rks mlds lawM okys eqag ls Hkki fudyrh gSA

^gk¡] Hkki rks fudysxh gh] tc ikuh xeZ gksxkA mlds ikik cksysA*

^dsryh ds lwaM okys eqag ds lkeus dkap dk ,d fxykl j[k nsaxsA*

^fQj\ nhiw ds ikik us ftKklk izdV dhA

^fQj fxykl esa cQZ dk ,d VqdM+k Mky nsaxs] rc dsryh ls fudyh Hkki fxykl ls Vdjk dj

ikuh cu tk,xh vkSj ;gh Hkki ikuh cudj uhps fxjus yxsxhA

^vjs okg! nhiw rwus rks deky dj fn;k HkbZA* nhiw ds ikik [kq'k gksdj mls pweus yxsA52

197

mi;qZDr foospu ds vk/kkj ij dg ldrs gS fd nhun;ky 'kekZ u, ;qx ds jpukdkj

gSa] vius le; ds lkFk da/ks ls da/kk feydj pyus okys lkfgR;dkj gSa] viuh jpukvksa esa

uohu izfof/k;ksa dk te dj iz;ksx fd;k gS] oks Hkh vR;Ur lgtrk vkSj ljyrk ds lkFkA

5-5 i'kq&i{kh vkSj oU; tho

i'kqvksa dks nks Js.kh esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS] ,d ikyrw i'kq] nwljs taxyh i'kqA

ikyrw i'kqvksa esa xk;] cSy] cdjh] Å¡V] dqÙkk] fcYyh] HkSal] ?kksMk] x/kk vkfn rFkk oU; thoksa esa

'ksj] ck?k] gkFkh] ykseM+h] [kjxks'k] fgj.k] phrk] tscjk] taxyh HkSals] xsaMk] Hkkyw vkfn]

i'kq&if{k;ksa dh ;w¡ rks gtkjks iztfr;k¡ gSa] if{k;ksa esa izeq[k fpfM+;k] eksj mYyw] dkSvk] dks;y]

frrj] rksrk] dcwrj] cVsj] cxqyk] lkjl] crd] eqxkZ vkfn bUgas uHkpj] [kx] iaNh uke ls

tkuk tkrk gSA blh Hkkfr i'kqvksa dks pkSik;k tkuoj ds uke ls Hkh iqdkjrs gS aA'kCndks'k ds

vuqlkj %

i'kq ls rkRi;Z gS&i'kq&la- ¼iq-½ 1- tkuoj] pkSik;k ¼tSls 'ksj½] pj ¼iq-½ i'kqvksa ds pjus gsrq

lqjf{kr] 2- tarq] izk.kh ¼tSls i'kq ekalkgkjh ugh½a Hkwfe53A

Animal n. edj. an organised being endowed with life and voluntary movement

aquadrupedtarq ¼izk.kh] i'kq] tho/kkjh i'kq lEcU/kh Animal kingdom izkf.k oxZ] A animal

pleasures fo"k; lq[k54

i{kh ls vk'k;&i{kh&la-&¼fo-½ ¼iq-½ fpfM+;k&ikyd ¼fo-½& fpfM+;k ikyus okyk] foKku ¼iq-½ &

og foKku ftl eas if{k;ksa ds izdkjksa] tkfr;ksa] jgu&lgu ds <axksa] mudh izd`fr vkfn dk

foospu gksrk gSA55

Bird-n.a feathered,i{kh] [kx] fpfM+;k

oU;&l- ¼fo-½ 1- ou esa mRiUu gksus okyk] 2- taxyh ¼tSls i'kq i{kh½56

Forest- n. a large tract of land covered with trees, an extensive woodtaxy ou57

bl izdkj vk'k; ds vuq:i i'kq dk vFkZ iSj okys tkuoj] tks /kjrh ij pyrs gSaA

i{kh ;kfu ia[kksa okys izk.kh tks vkdk'k esa mM+rs gSa vkSj oU; tho ¼ftu esa i'kq vkSj i{kh nksuksa

'kkfey gSA½ i'kq&i{kh vkSj oU; tho i`Foh vkSj i;kZoj.k ds vge~ dkjd gSA buds fcuk thou

fd ifjdYiuk Hkh fujk/kkj gSA typj] uHkpj] Fkypj vkSj ekuo lHkh thou ds fy, ,d

nwljs ij fuHkZj gSaA i;kZoj.k larqyu ds fy, lHkh thoksa fd mifLFkfr vR;ko';d gSA ekuo

dh c<+rh LokFkZ fyIlk] 'kgjhdj.k] ouksa dh va/kk/kqa/k dVkbZ] HkkSfrdokn dh vU/kh&nkSM+ o'k

dqnjr dk nksgu fujUrj tkjh gSA nq"ifj.kke Lo:i vkstksu ijr fnuksa&fnu iryh gksrh tk

198

jgh gSA lkxjksa dk ty Lrj yxkrkj c<+rk tk jgk gS] cQZ rsth ls fi?ky jgk gS] ty ds

fy, =kfg&=kfg eph gqbZ gSA fge Hkkyw irys gksus yx, x, gSa] thoksa vkSj ouLifr;ksa dh

gtjksa iztkfr;k¡ lekIr gks pqdh gSA nSfud HkkLdj ds ifjf'k"V ^e/kqfjek* ds vuqlkj*&^ipkl

gtkj tho o ikni iztkfr;k¡ m".kdfVca/kh; ouksa ls gj lky foyqIr gksrh tk jgh gSA eryc

137 iztkfr;k¡ jkstA58

,d losZ ds vuqlkj 250 o"kksZ a esa isM+ iksèkksa dh 600 çtkrh; foyqIr gks

xÃ gSA

,sls dfBu le; esa i'kq&if{k;ksa] oU; thoksa dk laj{k.k t:jh gks tkrk gSA blds fy,

ckydksa dks cpiu ls gh izd`fr] i'kq&if{k;ksa] oU; thoksa ls tksM+s j[kuk] muls izse dj fl[kkuk

vko';d gSA ;g dk;Z lkfgR;dkj izkjEHk ls gh djrs vk jgs gSa ,oa dj jgs gSaA izd`fr&fp=.k

lkfgR; dh fof'k"V fo'ks"krk vkSj rÙo ekuk x;k gSA vusd jpukdkjksa us izd`fr vkSj thoksa dk

HkO; rFkk eèkqfje vadu fd;k gSA ;Fkk&lwj] rqylh] fcgkjh] jghe] dchj] iUr] fujkyk] izlkn]

egknsoh oekZ] tk;lh vkfnA cky lkfgR;dkj dh bl fo"k; esa fof'k"V Hkwfedk jgh gSA

vkfndky ls gh cky jpukdkj i'kq&if{k;ksa] oU; thoksa ij [kwc jpuk,¡ fy[krs vk jgs gSa] ;g

Øe vkt Hkh tkjh gSA lokZf/kd izd`fr lEcU/kh xhr] dfork;sa] dgkfu;k¡] cky lkfgR; esa gh

jph xbZ gSaA iapra= dh dgkfu;k¡] eksxyh /kkjkokfgd bldk ToyUr izek.k gSA

cky jpukdkj nhun;ky 'kekZ us lcls vf/kd cky xhr] dfork;sa] dgfu;k¡ ,oa ukVd

esa i'kq&if{k;ksa o oU; thoksa ij gh fy[kh gSaA ;g mudh cgqr cM+h fo'ks"krk ekuh tk ldrh

gSA izLrqr gS dqN mnkgj.k&

^fcYyh cksyhA

E;kÅ¡&E;kÅ¡A

nw/k eykbZ

MV ds [kkÅA59

gw¡&gw¡ djds

'ksj ngkMkA

eafnj esa

ct x;k uxkM+kA60

mYyw gksrk lcls U;kjk]

fn[ks bls pkgs vaf/k;kjkA

y{eh dk okgu dgyk,]

rhu yksd dh lSj djk,AA61

199

cksyk dcwrj xVj xw]

xVj xw HkbZ xVj xwA62

fpfM+;k djrh pha&pha ph]

pwgk djrk pwa&pwa&pwaAA63

mijksDr dfork;as i'kq&if{k;ksa cksyh dh fpfUgr djrh gS] tSls fcYyh dh E;kÅ¡&E;kÅ¡]

'ksj dh ngkM+ tSls dcwrj dh xqVj xw&xqVj xw] pwgs dh pwa&pwa vkfnA izLrqr cky xhrksa esa i'kq

if{k;ksa dh cksfy;ksa ij vk/kkfjr xhr vkSj f'k'kq xhr gSA f'k'kq cgqr vklkuh ls if{k;ksa dh

cksfy;ksa igpku ldrs gSa] bu xhrksa ds ek/;e lsA ^mYyw* xhr Hkh cgqr vPNk gS] ^rhu yksd

dh lSj* iafDr ls djokus ls vFkZ esa foLrkj vk x;k gS vkSj ckydksa ds eu esa ftKklk dk

Hkko Hkh tkxzr gksxk fd rhu yksd dkSu ls gksrs gSa] dSls gksrs gSa vkSj mYyw y{eh dk okgu

gksrk gS] ;s Hkh tku ldsaxsA dqN vkSj mnkgj.k&

?kksM+k tksj ls fgufguk;kA

geus vuq'kklu viuk;kA64

<ksyd ckts <e <e <e

ukps Hkkyw th Ne NeA

vkleku esa ckny vkrs]

eksj ukprs lcdks HkkrsA

lc dk ysrk gS fpr eksj]

fdrus lqanj yxrs eksjA65

mi;qZDr ^?kksM+k* f'k'kq xhr gS] bl esa ?kksM+s dh vkokt ij fo'ks"k tksj fn;k gS] cPps

le> ldsaxs fd ?kksM+s dh vkokt dks ^fgufgukuk* dgrs gSaA ^fpfM+;k* Hkh cgqr lqanj xhr gSA

^Hkkyw* bl xhr <ksyd dh vkokt vkSj Hkkyw ds Ne&Ne ukpus dh igpku gSA dgrs gSa fd

tc vkleku esa cny Nkrs gSa rks esj vius ia[kksa dks QSykdj uR; djus yxrs gSA eksj dk

ukp ns[k dj ckyd fo'ks"k rkSj ij izlUu gksrs gSA

bl izdkj jpukdkj 'kekZ us i'kq&if{k;ksa dk cgqr lqanj ,oa euHkkou fp=.k fd;k

gS]ftUgsa budh fo'ks"krkvksa] cksfy;ksa] LoHkko] jax] cukoV] muls feyus okyh lh[k vkfn ds

vk/kkj ij izLrqr fd;k gS] lkFk gh ckydksa dh viuh ljy] ljl] eklwe Hkk"kk esa O;Dr

fd;k gSA

nhun;ky 'kekZ dh dgkfu;ksa] ukVdksa ,dkafd;ksa ds ik= Hkh oU; tho gSa] i`"BHkwfe Hkh

vj.; dh gSA bu ik=ksa ds uke Hkh cM+s jkspd gSA ^fe= dh enn* dFkk laxzg dh lkjh

200

dgkfu;ka taxykjkf/kr gSaA ^fe= dh enn* ds ik= fxYyw fxygjh vkSj fVYyw rksrk gSA iwjh

dFkk bUgha ik=ksa ds bnZ&fxnZ pyrh gS] dgkuh dk lekiu cgqr laosnu'khy rjhds ls fd;k

x;k gSA blh izdkj bl iqLrd dh vU; dgkfu;ksa ds lHkh ik= taxyh i'kq gh gSa] muds uke

Hkh cM+s jkspd gSaA LokHkkokuqlkj gh muds pfj= n'kkZ, x;s gSa] tSls canj pkykd gksrk gS]

yEiV Hkh] udyph Hkh rks mls oSlk gh vfHku; fn;k gSA daMDVj ds le>kus ds ckn Hkh &

^Hkkyw daMDVj cksyk & rqe vHkh cPps gksA cl esa p<+us mrjus ds fu;e ugha tkursA vr% cl

:dus ds ckn gh mrjk djksA lc cPpksa us daMDVj dh ckr ls lgefr trkbZA fpidw us /khjs

ls dgk& eSa rks vius xq:tuksa dh rjg pyrh cl ls gh mr:axkA66

fpidw canj pyrh cl ls mrj dj vius iSj rqM+ok ysrk gS D;ksafd ekLVj th dh

udy djrk gS] bu dgkfu;ksa ds dqN ik=ksa ds uke fccks cdjh] pedw fgj.k] dkyh dqfr;k]

Hkwjh lqvjh] eksj jktk] ea=h eUuw mYyw] dyqvk dkSvk] fpdh desM+k] phdw desM+k] xcnw Hkkyw

eyey [kjxks'k] jktk 'ksjflag] gydw ?kksMk daMDVj Hkkyw vkfnA

jpukdkj ds vU; dFkk laxzgksa ,oa ukVdksa ds lHkh ik= oU; izk.kh gh gSa] dqNsd dks

NksM+djA cky ukVd&tSls&^QSlyk* vkfnA lHkh fdrkcs lfp= gksus ds dkj.k vkSj Hkh mi;ksxh

cu xbZ gSA cPps vklkuh ls bu i'kq if{k;ksa dks igpku Hkh ldsaxsA

5-6 lkekftdrk

euq"; lkekftd izk.kh gSA vukfndky ls gh ekuo us ,dkdh thou ls rax vkdj

vU; yksxksa ds lkFk jguk izkjEHk fd;k gksxk vkSj bl izdkj ds fuekZ.k dh izfØ;k 'kq: gqbZ

gksxh ftldk vfr mUur Lo:i ge vkt ns[k jgs gSaA nk'kZfud dgrs gSa fd fcuk lekt ds

ekuo dk thou ;kiu vlaHko gS] tks lEiw.kZ :i ls lp Hkh gSA 'kCndks'kuqlkj lekt ls

vk'k;&lekt&la- ¼iq-½ 1- leqnk;] lewg] 2- lHkk ¼tSls vk;Z lekt] laxhr lekt+] 3- >qaM]

fxjksg lewg ¼tSls lRlax lekt] 4- leku dk;ZdrkZvks dk lewg ¼tSls O;kikfjd dk lekt½]

5- la?kfBr laLFkk] 6- vk;kstu] rS;kjh&dk;Z ¼iq-½ lekt dk dke&xr ¼fo-½ lekt ds vanj

dh] lekt esa vk;kgqvk&okn ¼iq-½ lÙkk dk lkewfgd :i gksus dk fl)kar ¼tSls lektdh

O;k[;k½ lsod ¼iq-½ lekt fgr esa dk;Z djus okyk67 vaxzsth esa lekt ds fy, Social 'kCn

dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS& lkekftd68

lekt dk Qyd vR;Ur O;kid gSA blesa euq";ksa ds lkFk&lkFk leLr tho/kkjh]

fj'rs&ukrs] lH;rk&laLd`fr] thou ewY;] jgu&lgu] [kku&iku] uR;] laxhr] lkfgR; lfgr

lHkh dyk,a] O;olk;] ,drk] HkkbZpkjk] /keZ] rht&R;kSgkj ds lkFk vU; lHkh dkjd lefo"V

gSaA lkfgR; vkSj lekt dk fj'rk vkfndky ls 'kk'or gS D;ksafd lkfgR; Lo;a lekt dk

201

izfrfcEc gksrk gSA nksuksa ijLijkfJr gSaA lkfgR; dh izR;sd jpuk izR;{k vFkok vizR;{k :i ls

lekt ls tqM+h gksrh gS] dksbZ Hkh jpukdkj lekt ls foyx gksdj l`tu ugha dj ldrkA ;g

lkfgR; dk eeZ gS] /keZ gSAcky lkfgR; Hkyk lekt ls foyx dSls jg ldrk gSA lHkh cky

l`tu&/kfeZ;ksa us vius&vius le; ds lekt dk fp=.k fdlh u fdlh :i esa vo'; fd;k

gSA cky jpukdkj nhun;ky 'kekZ LoHkko ls dqN vf/kd gh feyulkj] g¡leq[k] lg;ksxh]

fouksnh] lcdks g¡lkus okys gSA budh gjsd jpuk lekt dk niZ.k dgh tk ldrhA MkW-

lR;ukjk;.k ^lR;* us nhun;ky 'kekZ ds fy, fy[kk Hkh gS&

ßmudk ltg fu'Ny vkSj lkSE; O;ogkj] u;ksa ds izfr viukiu] vius ge mez

jpukdkjksa ds lkFk thoar vkReh;rk vkSj ofj"B lkfgR;dfeZ;ksa dks i;kZIr eku&lEeku]

nhun;ky th cgqr vPNh vknr gSA gj ckj ogha fu'pyrk izse] viukiu vkSj g¡lh&Bgkdksa

ds chp esytksy nhun;ky th ckj&ckj feyus dks mRlqdrk iSnk djrk gSAÞ69

ßbl 'k[l dh gkftjtokch deky gSA vki bl 'k[l ls feydj dHkh cksj ugha gks

ldrs rks vki Hkh vxj ruko] ncko ls tw> jgs gSa rks bl 'k[l ls dg ldrs gSaA bl 'k[l

dk uke gS Jh nhun;ky 'kekZA eq>s xoZ gS fd fiNys ikap cjl ls eSa mudk fe= gw¡aAÞ70

nhun;ky 'kekZ dh gjsd jpuk lekt dk niZ.k dgh tk ldrh gSA ioZ] ln~Hkko]

lg;skx] ifjtu] [ksy&rek'ks] LoPNrk] tho&tarq] i'kq&if{k;ksa ds :i esa lekt dh >yd

Li"Vr% n'kZuh; gSA jpukdkj 'kekZ pkgrs gSa fd lekt ds 'kkafr] ln~Hkkouk] veu&pSu jgs

lR;] vfgalk dk cksyckyk gksA blds fy, xka/kh th ls xqgkj izLrqr gaS&

^'kkafr] veu vkSj lR;&vfgalk

ikB dkSu fl[kyk,]

le; ugha gS ikl fdlh ds]

dkSu fdls le>k,

rqe vk tkvks xka/kh ckck]

gks lcdk m)kj71

izLrqr dfork esa ckyd cka/kh ckck ls euqgkj djrk gS fd vki okil vk tkvks] lR;]

vfgalk] veu&pSu dk lcd lHkh dks fl[kk tkvks] D;ksafd vkt ;g lc djus dsfy, fdlh

ds ikl le; ugha gSAtkfr&ikfr ds HksnHkkoksa ls dfo 'kekZ dkslksa nwj gSa] feydj ioZ eukuk]

ijLij [kqf'k;k¡ ck¡Vuk] lc ls izse djuk dqN ,slk gh lUns'k nsrs gSaA pkgs gksyh gks] fnokyh

gks ;k fØlel ;k fQj u;k lkyA izLrqr dfork&

202

u;k lky ysdj vk;k]

[kqf'k;ksa dk R;kSgkj]

bd&nwts esa [kqf'k;k¡ ckaVs]

le>sa ge R;kSgkj

tkfr&ikfr vkSj HksnHkko ls]

;g fnu dkslksa nwj]

fnu Hkj ckaVs izse&I;kj ds]

lans'ks HkjiwjA72

dfo dgrk gS fd u;k lky [kqf'k;k¡ ysdj vk;k gS] vkvks ge lkjs Hksn Hkko feVkdj]

feydj bls euk,a] [kqf'k;k¡] izse] I;kj] ckaVs rkfd gekjk ioZ eukuk lkFkZd gksAizR;sd i'kq] i{kh

gekjs lgpj gS] fe= gSa] bu lc ls I;kj djuk gekjk lkekftd nkf;Ro gSA nsf[k;s cPpksa dk

ialnhnk tkuoj gkFkh dk cky xhr&

^gkFkh vk;k] gkFkh vk;k]

dkyk&dkyk gkFkh vk;kA

lwaM fgykrk gkFkh vk;k]

dku fgykrk gkFkh vk;kA73

?kj&ifjokj esa cM+s&cqtqZxksa dks fpM+kus esa ckydksa dk cM+k etk vkrk gSA dHkh nknk th

ds p'es dks ysdj] rks dHkh muds udyh nkar dks ysdjA nknh] ukuk] ukuh] ekSlh] cqvk bl

lcdks fpM+k&fpM+k dj cPps fdydkfj;ka Hkjrs gSa] rks dHkh eksVs nknkth ds udyh nkar ns[kdj

mudks gkFkh dk cPpk dgrs gSa] dHkh ekSlh dks fcYyh dg dj fp<+krs gSa] f[kYyh mM+krs gSaA ;s

gh gS cky lqyHk Hkksykiu] izLrqr gS dqN jpuk,¡&

eksVs&rkts nknkth]

tc Hkh udyh nkar nh[krsA

lkjs cPps gkFkh dg dj]

g¡lrs&g¡lrs mUgsa fp<+krsA74

pEiw jkst

mMkrk f[kYyh]

ekSlh dks

dg nsrk fcYyhA75

203

fdrkcksa esa ukuh

dgkuh lqukrh gSA

ij esjh ukjh jkr dks

pqipki lks tkrh gSA76

izLrqr jpuk esa ckyd dks f'kdk;r gS fd lc dh ukuh jkst jkr dks dgkuh lqukrh

gS] fdUrq esjh ukuh fcuk dgkuh lquk, gh lks tkrh gSA vc ckyd jktk&jkuh dh dgkuh

lqu&lqu dj Åc pqds gS] vc os ukuh ls dksbZ ubZ dgkuh lqukus dh ftn djrs gSa] D;ksafd

vkt dk ckyd u, tekus dk gS] cgqr dqN u;k tkuuk pkgrk gSA cPps HksnHkko ls cgqr nwj

gksrs gSa] os vkil esa feytqy dj jgrs gSa] vkSj [ksyrs gS] blh Hkko dk ,d xhr gS&

[ksaysxs ge lkjs cPps]

bd nwts ds vkxs ihNs

tqM+dj jsy cuk;saxs

xhr [kq'kh ds xk;saxsA77

cPpksa }kjk feydj jsy cuk dj [ksy [ksyuk] cPpksa dk cgqr I;kjk [ksy gSA lc

ckyd vkxs&ihNs jsy ds fMCcs dh Hkkafr tqM+rs gSa] ihNs okyk xkMZ curk gSA bl izdkj lc

cPps [kq'kh eukrs gSA ;gh gS ckY;koLFkk dk vn~Hkqr vkuanA ldZl dk tksdj lcdks g¡lkrk gS]

[kq'k djrk gS] blfy, gj mez ds O;fDr dks Hkkrk gSA viuh ethZ dk ekfyd tksdj dk

nhun;ky 'kekZ us ^tks&dj* dgyk, dgdj cM+k vPNk fo'ys"k.k fd;k gS&

euethZ dk ekfyd gS ;s]

^tks&dj* ;g dgyk,A

cPpk cw<+k] uj vkSj ukjh

lc ds eu dks Hkk,AA78

Hkkjr ns'k R;kSgkjksa dk ns'k gS] lky Hkj esa vufxur ioZ vkrs gSa] gksyh] fnokyh]

n'kgjk] jk[kh vkSj Hkh dbZ lkjsA ;s lHkh ioZ gekjh lkekftd O;oLFkk dks lqn)+ cuk;s j[kus

esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gaSA nhun;ky 'kekZ us dbZ R;kSgkjksa dk ftØ djrs gq, xhrksa dh

jpuk dh gS] ,oa gekjs ns'k esa N% _rq,a gksrh gSA mu ij Hkh jpukdeZ fd;k gSA izLrqr gSa

dqN xhr&

lkyksa lky n'kgjk vkrk]

iqryk >V cu tk,A

204

ca/kk gqvk jLlh ls jko.k]

[kM+k [kM+k eqLdk,A79

nhiksa dk R;kSgkj nhokyh]

vkvks nhi tyk,aA

Hkhrj ds vaf/k;kjs dks ge]

feydj nwj Hkxk,aA

lqanj lqanj igu ds idM+s]

?kj&?kj feyus tk,¡A

bd nwts esa [kqf'k;k¡ ckaVs]

lc vius cu tk,¡A80

gekjs ns'k esa gksyh] nhokyh] n'kgjk vkSj jk[kh] pkj cM+s ioS ekus tkrs gSA cky

lkfgR;dkjksa us bu R;kSgkj ij tedj jpuk,¡ fy[kh gSA nhun;ky 'kekZ us Hkh lHkh ioksZ ij

viuh dey dk tkwn pyk;k gSA n'kgjk izfr o"kZ vkrk gS] gj ckj jko.k dk iqryk cuk;k

tkrk gSa] fQj mls jLlh ls cka/kk tkrk gS vkSj jko.k gS fd [kM+k&[kM+k eqLdkrk gSA blh ds

lkFk izdk'k ioZ nhokyh dk Hkh HkO; vadu fd;k gSA nhokyh gekjs ns'k dk lc ls cM+k R;ksgkj

gS] dfo cPpksa ls vkg~oku djrk gS fd vkvks ge lc feydj nhi tyk,a] ftlls vUreZu esa

clk Hksn&Hkkoksa] Å¡p&uhp] tkfr&ikfr ds HksnHkko vkSj va?kdkj nwj gks tk;sa] Hkhrj mtkl Nk

tk;sA ioZ gS rks] u,&u,] lqanj&lqUnj ifj/kku /kkj.k djsa] ?kj&?kj tkdj lc ls feysa] ijLij

I;kj] [kqf'k;k¡ ckaVs] feBkbZ;k¡ [kk,a] 'kqHkdkeuk;sa iznku djsa vkSj lc dks viuk cuk;saA

jaxks dk R;kSgkj tc vk,]Vkcj Vksyh ds eu Hkk,A

uhyk] ihyk] yky] xqykch]jax vkil esa [kwc jpk,A81

lnhZ vkbZ] lnhZ vkbZ]vks<+s dEcy vkSj jtkbZA

T;ksa&T;ksa lnhZ cnyh tk,]diM+ks dh ge djsa y<+kbZA82

jaxksa dk R;kSgkj gksyh cPpksa dk lokZf/kd eu ilan ioZ gS] Vkcj&Vksyh dh rks ckr gh

D;k] ijLij [kwc jax yxkrs gS] gqMnax djrs gSa] eLrh djrs gS] ;s gh rks gksyh dk vkuan gS]

ftls ckyd Hkjiwj mBkrs gaSAdfo us lnZ _rq dk Hkh cM+k gh vuqie o.kZu fd;k gSA lnhZ ds

vkrs gh lc dEcy vkSj jtkbZ vks<+us yxrs gSa vkSj T;ksa&T;ksa lnhZ c<+rh tkrh gS mlh

vuqikr esa xeZ diM+ks dh ynkbZ Hkh 'kq: gks tkrh gSA [kwc [kkus ,oa [kwc diM+s iguus esa gh

'khr dk vkuan fNik gSAdkO; ds lkFk nhun;ky 'kekZ ds x| esa Hkh lkekftd psruk n'kZuh;

gSA lHkh dFkkvksa vkSj ukVdksa esa lkekftd tkx`fr ds Hkko dwV&dwV dj Hkjs gq, gSA ^fe= dh

205

enn* dFkk laxzg esa ^fe= dh enn* esa fxYyw fxygjh vius fe= fVYyw rksrs dks fiatjs ls

vktkn djokrh gS] bl dgkuh esa êS=h* thou ewY; dh iqf"V gksrh gS fd vkneh dks lekt ess

ijLij lgk;rk djuh pkfg, ,oa t:jr iM+us ij ysuh Hkh pkfg,A ßfVYyw dh vktknh ns[k

dj fxYyw fxygjh dh vk¡[ks Hkh ue gks vkbZ] og viuh ue vk¡[kksa ls mls cgqr nsj rd

ns[krh jghAÞ83

^fccks cdjh dh fgEer* esa okRlY; Hkko dh ekfeZd vfHkO;fDr gqbZA ^ykyp dk Qy*

dkyh dqfr;k vkSj Hkwjh lwvjh dh dFkk gSA blesa Hkh eeRo Hkko vkSj ykyp cqjh cyk gS] dks

n'kkZ;k x;k gSA Hkwjh vkSj dkyh lgsfy;k¡ gSaA nksuksa Hkkstu dh ryk'k esa lqcg&lqcg fudyrh

gS] lM+d ds chp esa iM+s [kkus dks [kkus yxrh gS] rHkh ,d Vªd vkrk fn[kkbZ nsrk gS] dkyh

dqfr;k dgrh gS fd Hkwjh lM+d ls nwj gV tkvks] Vªd vk jgk gS ysfdu Hkwjh dgrh gS vHkh rks

cgqr nwj gS vkSj dqN Hkh nsj ls /kekdk gksrk gS] Hkwjh lqvjh Vªd dh pisV esa vk tkrh gS]

dkyh mls vLirky ys tkrh gS] tgk¡ mldk bykt pyrk gSA tc rd Hkwjh Bhd ugha gksrh

dkyh mlds cPpksa dks Hkh viuk nw/k fiykrh gS] vkSj mudk ikyu djrh gS&ßdkyh vius

cPpks ds lkFk&lkFk Hkwjh ds cPpksa dks Hkh nw/k fiykus yxhAÞ84

êksj jktk dk QSlyk* dFkk esa xyr lk{; ds vk/kkj ij eksj jktk fpadh desM+h dks

ltk nsus gh okyk gksrk gS] rHkh ijns'k ls mldk ifr phdw desMk vk tkrk gS vkSj lgh

eqtfje dYyw dkSvk dk irk yxkdj mls ltk fnyokrk gS] bl izdkj eksj jktk }kjk mfpr

U;k; fd;k tkrk gSA ^n<+ ladYi dk peRdkj* taxy esa 'kjkc dh nqdku [kqyus dh leL;k

ij vk/kkfjr gSA ;g lekt dh cgqr cM+h leL;k gSA taxy dk jktk 'ksj flag taxy esa 'kjkc

dh nqdku [kqyokus dk ,syku djrk gS] i'kq if{k;ksa ds fojks/k djus ij mUgsa dqN fnuksa rd

eq¶r esa 'kjkc nsus dk ykyp nsdj viuh ckr euok ysrk gSA /khjs&/khjs 'kjkc ihus ls dbZ

ijs'kkfu;k¡ vius yxrh gS] tkuojksa dh ifRu;k¡ vkSj cPps cgqr fojks/k djrs gSaA var esa lHkh

tkuoj 'kjkc ugha ihus dk n<+ ladYi djrs gSa] dksbZ nqdku ij iSj Hkh ugha j[krk vkSj taxy

esa fQj ls [kq'kgkyh ykSV vkrh gS ^vkSj ,d fnu 'kjkc dh nqdku can gks xbZA ml fnu dk

taxy ds lHkh tkuojksa us mRlo dh rjg euk;kAÞ85

^peRdkjh pw.kZ* laxzg fd izFke dFkk esa <+ksaxh ckckvksa }kjk eklwe ckydksa s lkFk Ny

djuk] >wB cksyuk rFkk mUgsa Bxus tSlh lkekftd cqjkbZ dk dM++k fojks/k fd;k x;k gSA

îzgsfydk dh igsfy;k¡* esa dFkk dh ukf;dk izgsfydk ,slh xw<+ igsfy;k¡ iwNrh gS fd cM+s&cM+s

yksx Hkh cxys >k¡xus yxrs gSA ^lc ls cM+h ltk* dgkuh jk"Vª&izse ,oa ns'k HkfDr dh Hkkouk

vk/kkfjr gSA blesa jk"Vª&xku dk lEeku djus ij cy fn;k gSA ^Bksdj* esa fdlh Hkh tM+ ;k

psru dks Bksdj ugha ekjuk pkfg,] ,slk Hkkjrh; laLd`fr esa ekuk x;k gS] bl eqís dks mtkxj

206

fd;kgSA îkik >wB ugha cksyrs* dFkk dh ^buke vkSj ltk* esa vPNs dk;Z ds fy, buke vkSj

xyr dk;Z djus ij ltk dk izko/kku gS] bl lanHkZ dks nhun;ky 'kekZ us lqnaj rjhds ls

izLrqr fd;k gSaA

î'pkrki ds vkalw* o ^vk[kjh gfFk;kj* dgkfu;k¡ esa xyrh gksus ij i'pkrki djus]

{kek ekaxus rFkk eqvkQ djus tSls ewY;ksa dks mBk;k x;k gSaA ^f'kox.ks'k dh prqjkbZ* esa tks

fn[krk gS oks fcdrk gS] vkt dk ;qx izpkj&izlkj dk gS] ftruk foKkiu gksxk mruk gh

lkeku fcdsxk] ;gh eqík bl dFkk dk eq[; vk/kkj gSA îkik >wB ugha cksyrs* esa yM+ds&yM+dh

esa vkt Hkh vlekurk dh tk jgh gSA yM+ds ds tUe ij Fkkyh ctkus dh ijEijk vHkh Hkh

dk;e gSA tc fd dU;k ds tUe ij ,slk ugha fd;k tkrk] vfirq ifjtu nq[kh gksrs gSA buesa

nhun;ky 'kekZ us cgqr cM+h lkekftd cqjkbZ ij djkjk izgkj fd;k gSA

^cM+ksa ds cpiu dh dgkfu;k¡ es mfpr U;k;] n<+ladYi] lPph yxu] ifjJe dk Qy]

deZ esa fo'okl vkfn thou ewY;ksa dks izLrqr fd;k gSA ^'ka[ks'oj ds lhax* laxzg esa dks;y

?kkslyk D;ksa ugha cukrh] eksj ds iSj cnjax D;ksa gq,] ?kksM+k [kM+k [kM+k D;ksa lksrk gS] dkSvk

dkyk dSls gqvk] vkfn fo"k;ksa esa dgkfu;k¡ x<+h xbZ gSaA ?kksM+k [kM+k&[kM+k D;ksa lksrk gS]

jpukdkj 'kekZ us bl dgkuh ds }kjk crk;k fd taxy esa ,d lk/kq gksrk gS] mls i'kq&if{k;ksa

ls vuU; izse gksrk gS] mlds ikl dbZ i'kq&i{kh gksrs gSa] mudk og cM+h rUe;rk ls ikyu ls

ikyu djrk gSA taxy esa i'kq&i{kh de gksrs ns[kdj og mUgsa f'kdkfj;ksa ls cpkus ds fy,

pkjksa fn'kkvksa esa pkj tkuojksa dks jkr dks igjsnkjh ds fy, fu;qDr djrk gSA iwoZ fn'kk es

agydw ?kksM+s dks yxkrk gSA ?kksM+k igjk nsrs&nsrs lks tkrk gSA lk/kq fuxjkuh ds fy, vkrk gS]

?kksM+s dks lksrk ns[k dj mls Øks/k vkrk gS] og ?kksM+s ls dgrk gS fd rqe rks lks jgs gks] bl

ij ?kksM+k dgrk gS fd eSa dgk¡ lks jgk] rc lk/kq dks Øks/k vk tkrk gS&ßmlds >wB cksyus ij

lk/kq ckck dks xqLlk vk x;kA os cksys] êDdkj] >wB D;ksa cksyrk gS rw rks vc Hkh lks jgk FkkA*

mlds >wB cksyus ij lk/kq ckck dks tcjnLr xqLlk vk x;kA os cksys] ,d lk/kq ls >wB

cksyrk gSA vc rw pyk tk esjs lkeus ls vkt ls esjk 'kki gS fd rq>s fd rw dHkh Hkh vkjke

ls ysVdj ugha lks ldsxkA vc uhan vk,xh rks [kM+s&[kM+s gh lksukA*86

nhun;ky 'kekZ ds ukVdksa esa Hkh lkekftd lnHkko vkSj lkekftd fonzwirkvksa dks

lq?kM+ rjhds ls O;Dr fd;k gSA ^lius* ,dkadh esa cPpksa dks lius ns[kuk pkfg, ,oa mUgsa iwjk

djus ds fy, th&tku ls tqV tkuk pkfg,A lkFk gh balkfu;r dk Hkko] izd`fr izse] Js"B

vkpj.k] vuq'kklu vkn'kZ f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk dks Hkh n'kkZ;k x;k gSA ;g vkn'kZ lkekftd

ewY;ksa esa [kjk mrjus okyk ,dkadh gSA

207

MkW- n'kZu flag^vk'kV*& ßbl cky ,dkadh es atkx`fr fodkl] guhQ] eLrku flag] MsfoM]

vk'kk] fouksn vkSj liuk tSls NksVh vk;q ds cPpksa ds ek?;e ls vfHkHkkodksa ds lkeus ,d

xEHkhj iz'u j[kk x;k gS fd ;fn lekt dks ,d vPNs vkSj mRd`"V cukus dh rEeuk fny esa

gS rks mUgsa cPpksa }kjk fy, x, lkFkZd liuksa dks gdhdr esa cnyus ds fy, iz;kl tqVkus

gksxsA bl cky ,dkadh ^lius dk iatkch* esa vuqokn djds eq>s csgn [kq'kh dk vuqHko gqvkAÞ87

^QSlyk cny x;k* ,dkadh esa /kksch dk eq¡g ns[kus ij jktk dk iwjk fnu cqjk tkrk gS]

,slk og eukrk gSA lqcg&lqcg lcls igys fdlh dk eqg¡ ns[kus ij fnu [kjkc gks tkrk gSA

bl lkekftd vU/kfo'okl ij dgkuhdkj us djkjh pksVdh gSA ^QSlyk* esa Hkh lkekftd

lnHkko] izse] lgkuqHkwfr] U;k;] ijk;.krk ij tksj fn;k x;k gS] ,d jktk dk dÙkZO; gS dh

lexz lk{;ksa ds vk/kkj ij mfpr U;k; djsaA lkFk gh pkykd yksxksa ls lko/kku jgus dh ckr

Hkh dgh xbZ gSA

^QSlyk* ukVd ds fo"k; esa deys'k 'kekZ& ^QSlyk ukVd esa rhu ik=ksa dh Hkwfedk }kjk ys[kd

nhun;ky 'kekZ us taxy ds lekt esa rksM+&QksM+ okyk okrkoj.k mifLFkr dj orZeku lekt

dh n'kk dks dqjsnus dk vPNk iz;kl fd;k gS] tgk¡ j{kd gh Hk{kd cu tk,¡] ogka O;oLFkk esa

vkewypwy ifjorZu gh dkjxj lkfcr gks ldrk gS ckydksa ds eu esa xgjs cSBdj vPNk lUns'k

igq¡pkus esa ys[kd dk iz;kl lqanj gSA*88

^tax tkjh gS* fd'kksj ukVd laxzg gS] bl ds leLr ukVd lkekftd psruk ij

vk/kkfjr gSA ngst] izFkk] u'ks dh yr] VwVrs thou ewY;] ikfjokfjd dqaBk] dU;k Hkwz.k gR;k

fj'rksa esa dMqokgV] VwVrs&fc[kjrs ifjokj] la=kl] VwVu] ?kqVu vkfn dbZ izdkj dh cqjkbZ;ksa]

vU?kfo'oklksa] dqjhfr;kksa] Hkzked /kkj.kkvksa] va/k ijEijkvksa ij cgqr djkjk izgkj fd;k gSA

MkWDVj % vkSj irk py tkrk fd yM+dh gksxh ----- rks D;k djrs\

deyk % ogh djrh ------ tks nqfu;k djrh gSA vcks'kZu djok nsrhA

deyk % og dgrk Fkk csVk&csVh vktdy lc cjkcj gksrs gS ek¡A eSa ugha le>h Fkh mldh

Hkkouk dksA vc esjs ?kj dh jks'kuh rqe gks MkWDVj csVk------- rqe gh ?kj dh jks'kuhAÞ89

lqeu % ¼O;aX; ls½ nqfu;k py jgh gS uk HkS;k------ rHkh rks cykRdkj] mRihMu vkSj 'kks"k.k ds

lekpkj gesa vk;s fnu i<+us&lquus dks feyrs gSaA vkSjr rks ,d ihfM+r vkSj izrkfM+r oxZ gS

HkS; ----------- ftl dk gj dksbZ 'kks"k.k djrk gS------ vkt vkSjr ek¡] cgu vkSj csVh dh vis{kk ,d

miHkksx dh oLrq cu dj jg xbZ gSAÞ90mijksDr laoknksa es adU;k Hkzw.k&gR;k ds fo"k; dks cgqr

gh dk:f.kd :i ls izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA lkFk gh csVs&csVh leku gksrs gSa] bl ldkjkRed

lUns'k ds lkFk ukVd dh lq[kn bfrJh dh gSA nwljs laokn esa ukjh mRihM+u] 'kks"k.k] cykRdkj

tSlh rFkkdfFkr lkekftd leL;kvksa dks mdsjk x;k gS tgk¡ vkSjr dsoy miHkksx dh oLrq cu

208

dj jg xbZ gSA vk;s fnu ,slh ?kVuk,¡ gksrh gSa] lc lqurs gSa] i<+rs gSa] fQj Hkwy tkrs gSa] tSls

fd vke ckr gksA nqfu;k py jgh gS] pyrh jgsxh vkSj ukjh 'kksf"kr gksrh jgsxh] lqeu ds bl

O;aX; esa lekt dk dVq lR; izdV gqvk gSA

ßjktdqekj % ¼xqLls ls½ ns[k lqeu--- esjs lkeus cdokl djus dh t:jr ugha gSa------- 'kknh ds

le; rsjs cki us eq>s LdwVj nsus dk oknk fd;k Fkk------- le>hAÞ91

izLrqr laokn esa ngst izFkk ij djkjk izgkj gqvk gS

fu"d"kZr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd izR;sd jpukdkj dh viuh Hkk"kk&'kSyh gksrh gS] ckr

dgus dk viuk vankt gksrk gS] dF; dk fo'ks"k Lo:i gksrk gS] tks mls vU; lkfgR;dkjksa ls

fof'k"Vrk iznku djrk gS] mldh igpku curh gSA bls ekSfydrk Hkh dgk tk ldrk gSA cky

lkfgR;dkj nhun;ky 'kekZ dh viuh Hkko lEink gS] ckr dgus dk foy{k.k lyhdk gS] viuh

vyx Hkk"kk&'kSyh] ekSfydrk gSA iqjkuh dFkkvksa dks u, Lo:i esa] u;s u;s jax :i esa ds lkFk

vk/kqfudrk ls tksM+ dj O;Dr djuk] mudh viuh igpku gSA dbZ izdkj ds u, iz;ksx fd,

gSaA ^'ka[ks'oj ds lhax* laxzg dh lHkh dgkfu;ksa dh ekSfydrk vkSj uohurk vuqies; gSA buds

vUrxZr dbZ cky lqyHk iz'uksa ds mÙkj dgkuhdkj us cM+h lq?kM+rk] jkspd] vkSj fujkys <ax ls

fn;s gSaA ;gk¡ jpukdkj 'kekZ dk dq'ky la;kstu ns[krs gh curk gSA ckydksa dks ubZ tkudkjh

ds lkFk&lkFk mRlqdrk vkSj ftKklk dks iksf"kr Hkh djrh gSA

nhun;ky 'kekZ cPpksa dks I;kjh yxus okyh oLrqvksa dks NksVh&NksVh dforkvksa rFkk

xhrksa dk cgqr euHkkou fp=.k gqvk gSA nhun;ky 'kekZ dh dYiuk;savuwBh vkSj vlk/kkj.k gSa

dbZ jpukvksa esaA ^fpVw&fiVw dh lw>* dh lkjh dFkkvksa ds dsuokl esa laosnukvksa ds jax&fcjaxs

fp= gh mdsj fn, x, gSaA ubZ rduhd] u, lanHkZ esa Hkh jpukdkj 'kekZ dgha ihNs ughA

tSls&^ckfj'k dSls gksrh gS* tSls iz'uksa ds mÙkj ?kjsyw midj.kksa ds }kjk cgqr ljy fof/k ls

,d ckyd }kjk iz;ksx ds lkFk fnyok, x, gSA blds lkFk gh rduhdh midj.kksa dks lqanj

xhrksa ds ek/;e ls izLrqr fd;k gSA lkekftd ewY;ksa dks nhun;ky 'kekZ us vR;Ur dkS'ky ,oa

cM+h xgjkbZ ds lkFk mdsjk gSAva/kfo'oklksa] Hkzkedksa /kkj.kkvksa] fonwzirkvksa] dqjhfr;ksa cqjkbZ;ksa

vkfn dk [kqy dj fojks/k ntZ djok;k gSA ^tax tkjh gS* jsfM;ks ukVd dfr dk bl fo"k; esa

dksbZ lkuh ugha gSA

209

lUnHkZ lwph

1- f'k{kkFkhZ fganh 'kCn dks'k] MkW- gjnso ckgjh] i`- 745

2- Kamal's Oxford Dictionary Dr. R.K. Kapoor, page - 745-

3- http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/114701chapter%201.pdf

4- f'k{kkFkhZ fganh 'kCn dks'k] MkW- gjnso ckgjh] i`"B & 745

5- Kamal's Oxford Dictionary Dr. R.K. Kapoor, page - 849-

6- fganh dFkk lkfgR; esa laosnuk vkSj f'kYi & MkW- vfurk oekZ] i`- 30

7- fganh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl] vkpk;Z jkepanz 'kqDy] i`- 691&92

8- jkek;.k] ckydk.M] f}rh; lxZ] okYehfd] 'yksd & 15

9- iwoksZrj lkfgR; foe'kZ] tqykbZ&fnlEcj 2016 vad&7] lEiknd% gjsjke ikBd] i`-

17]18]19

10- 'kks/k uouhr tqykbZ&fnlEcj 2017 lEiknd % MkW- vo/ks'k izrki flag] i`- 51

11- dqN vudgha ckrs ------] lEiknd % nq";Ur tks'kh] MkW- es?kuk 'kekZ]] i`- 135

12- xksyh&xhyh xIik] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`- 5&6

13- fpfM+;k pgds xhr lquk,] nhun;ky 'kekZ i`- 10


15- peRdkjh pw.kZ] vktknh dk vFkZ] nhun;ky 'kekZ i`- 24

16- fpfM+;k pgds xhr lquk,] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`- 45

17- lwjt ,d flrkjk gS] nhun;ky 'kekZ i`- 17

18- QSlyk] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`- 10&11

19- tax tkjh gS] fj'rksa dk eksy] nhun;kky 'kekZ] i`- 28

20- tax tkjh gS] vius&vius lq[k nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`&95

21- f'k{kkFkhZ fganh 'kCn dks'k] MkW- gjnso ckgjh] i`&736

23- http:/wikipedia.org/wiki/13september-2017

24- http:/wikipedia.org/wiki/5febarary-2017

25- lwjt ,d flrkjk gS] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`&10

210

26- jlxqYyk] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`- 10

27- bDdkou cky igsfy;k¡] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`&38

28- f'k{kkFkhZ fganh 'kCn dks'k] MkW- gjnso ckgjh] ii&13

29- Kamal's Oxford Dictionary, Dr. R.K. Kapoor, Page - 376

30- http://dictionary.cambridg.org/us/dictionary/english/imagine

31- cky lkfgR;% esjk fparu MkW- gfjd".k nsoljs] i`- 109

32- fxyh&fxyh xIik] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`- 15

33- bDdkou cky igsfy;k¡] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`- 14

34- fpfM+;k pgds xhr lquk,] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`- 13

35- vxM+e&cxM+e] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`- 9

36- vk¡[kksa esa vkdk'k] jfo iqjksfgr] phapw pwgk] ujsUnz dqekj esgrk] i`- 22


38- f'k{kkFkhZ fganh 'kCndks'k] MkW- gjnso ckgjh] i`- 431


40. http://dictionary.cambridg.org/us/dictionary/english/imagine



43- ledkyhu fganh cky lkfgR;] 'kqfprk lsB] i`- 192&193

44- vktdy] uoEcj&16] lEiknd -------]Qjgr ijohu i-17

45- fganh cky lkfgR; dk bfrgkl] izdk'k euq] i- 400

46- jlxqYyk] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`- 17

47- fxyh fxyh xIik] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`-16


49- ukuh rw gS dSlh ukuh] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`&26

50- xqCckjs] lEiknu % vkj-ih-flag] eksckbZy % jkexksiky y<+k] i`&44

51- vkktdy & uoEcj & 2016] lEiknd Qjgr ijohu] i`- 6

211

52- peRdkjh pw.kZ] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`- 18] 19] 20






58- nSfud HkkLdj] e/kqfjek] 6 twu] 218 lEiknd] vkoj.k i`"B

59- pwa&pwa] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`&9

60- pwa&pwa] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`&16

61- ukuh rw gS dSlh ukuh] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`-30

62- dj nks cLrk gYdk] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`- 20

63- pwa&pwa nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`&8

64- fpfM+;k pgds xhr lquk,] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`&30

65- vxM+e&cxM+e] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`&10

66- fpfM+;k pgds xhr lquk,] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`&30



69- dqN vudgha ckrsa] lEiknd% nq";ar tks'kh] i`- 166

70- fxyh&fxyh xIik] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`&23



73- vxM+e&cxM+e] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`&8

74- dj nks cLrk gYdk] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`&10



77- lwjt ,d flrkjk gS] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`&7

212

78- ukuh rw gS dSlh ukuh] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`- 5





83- fe= dh enn] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`&7



86- fpaVw&fiaVw dh lw>] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`&29

87- dqN vudgh ckrsa -------] lEiknd % nq";Ur tks'kh] i`& 70

88. dqN vudgh ckrsa -------] lEiknd % nq";Ur tks'kh] i`& 38

89- tax tkjh gS] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`&9&10

90- tax tkjh gS] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`&104

91- tax tkjh gS] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`&102

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213

"k"B v/;k;

f'kYi lkS"Bo

f”kYi ls rkRi;Z HkkokfHkO;fDr ds ek/;e gSA lkfgR;dkj laosnu”khy çk.kh gksrk gSA og

vius ifjos”k ls vuqHkwr lgkuqHkwfr;ksa] laosnukvksa] fopkjksa] vius euksHkkoksa] rF;ksa dks vius

fparu&euu] dYiuk vkSj n`f"Vdks.k ls vyaÑr] lqxfBr] lkjxfHkZr] l”kDr] ân;Li”khZ]

çHkkoksRiknd] ifjekftZr] lqO;ofLFkr vkSj lqxqfEQr :i ls viuh ys[kuh ds }kjk dkxt ds

dSuokl ij bl çdkj mrjuk pkgrk gS fd mldk earO; lân; ikBdksa ds var%dj.k esa mlh

Hkk¡fr mrjs] ftl Hkko ls mlus jpuk dh gSA bl lEiw.kZ fØ;k ds lefUor Lo:i dks f”kYi

dgk tkrk gSA f”kYi ds varxZr Hkk"kk] 'kSyh] laokn] dF;] 'kCn dkS”ky vkfn dk lekos”k gksrk

gSA ,d çdkj ls Hkko fujkdkj gksrs gSa vkSj f”kYi mudk lkdkj :iA dksbZ Hkh jpuk iBuh;]

jkspd vkSj vFkZoku f”kYi ds }kjk gh curh gSA dyk&i{k dks lqn<+] çHkkoh] lEçs"k.kh; cukus

ds fy, f”kYi xBu vfuok;Z gSA lk/kkj.k Hkk"kk esa f”kYi dk vFkZ fuekZ.k djuk] fdlh oLrq dks

x<+uk gSA

6-1 f”kYi & ifjHkk"kk o Lo:i

f”kYi dk dks'kxr vk”k;&f”kYi la- ¼fo-½ gLr dyk] nLrdkjh dyk ¼L=h-½ nLrdkjh

dk dkS”ky] dkj ¼iq-½ f”kYih] dkjhxj 2- edku cukus okyk] dkjh ¼iq-½ f”kYidkj] f”kYiRo &

f”kYi ¼L=h-½] f”kYi dk Hkko ;k /keZ1

^f”kYi* dk vaxzsth esa :ikUrj.k ‘Craft’ gS ftldk rkRi;Z &

Craft – n. Skill, Cunning, Art, Trade a Boat, Vessel

dkS”ky] /kwrZrk] dyk ¼f”kYi½] O;kikj] uko] tgkt

Craftsmanship – n. finished Art of Craftsman, nLrdkjh2

dqN fo}kuksa us f”kYi dks fuEu çdkj ls ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gS &

MkW- /keZ/ot f=ikBh ds vuqlkj&Þfdlh Hkh jpuk esa çk.krRo fo"k; gS rks] f”kYi mldk 'kjhj

gS vFkkZr~ vkdkjA bl çdkj f”kYi ys[kd dh ewy çsj.kk] n`f"Vdks.k] vk”k;] mís”;] vfHkçsr

vkn”kZ] fo"k; vkfn dh vfHkO;fDr dk lk/ku gSAß3

MkW- vkse 'kqDyk ds erkuqlkj & Þdyk ds jpuk ds ftu rjhdksa] jhfr;ksa vkSj fof/k;ksa dk

mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] os gh ml dyk dh f”kYifof/k ds uke ls iqdkjh tkrh gSA4

214

mi;qZDr ifjHkk"kkvksa ,oa dks”kxr vFkZ ds lkj Lo:i dgk tk ldrk gS fd f”kYi

fuekZ.k dk dkS”ky gS] tSls&nLrdkjh] dkjhxjh ;k fdlh Hkh dyk dh lajpuk djukA lkfgR;

esa f”kYi ls rkRi;Z vfHkO;fDr ds ek/;e ls gSA fdlh Hkh jpukdkj dks vius fo"k; dks l”kDr]

lQy] çHkkoh cukus ,oa rF;ksa] Hkkoksa vkfn dks vkdkjxr :i çnku djus ds fy, f”kYi dk

lgkjk ysuk gksrk gSA bl çdkj dF; jpuk dh vkRek gS] rks f”kYi mldk 'kjhjA f”kYi

euksHkkoksa dh vfHkO;fDr dk lkdkj Lo:i gksrk gSA jpukdkj LokuqHkwfr;ksa dks l”kDr]

dykRed] lQy ,oa leFkZ vfHkO;fDr çnku djus ds fy, mls f”kYi ds }kjk fof”k"V o

çHkko”kkyh cukrk gSA jpuk ds rF;ksa] Hkkoksa] ?kVukvksa rFkk çlaxksa dks lkdkj Lo:i f”kYi ds

}kjk gh çkIr gksrk gSA jpuk dks jkspd] lkjxfHkZr çkS<+ vkSj O;ofLFkr cukus ds fy, Hkh f”kYi

dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksrh gSA

cky lkfgR;dkj nhun;ky 'kekZ dk f”kYi lkSUn;Z mPp dksfV dk gSA vkt dk ;qx

lapkj ØkfUr dk gS] rduhdh ,oa foKku ds {ks= esa fur&uohu ç;ksx gks jgs gSaA vkt dk

ckyd cgqr le>nkj gS] mls iwjh nqfu;k dh tkudkjh gksrh gS] blfy, ml dks gj lanHkZ esa

uohurk pkfg,A lapkj Økafr ds çlkj ls vkt dk ckyd] lHkh cky leL;kvksa ls ifjfpr gSA

,sls le; esa cky lkfgR; ds f”kYi esa Hkh çfrfnu u;s ç;ksx gks jgs gSaA oSKkfud 'kCnkoyh]

u;s fcEc] u, çrhd] u, 'kCnksa dk ç;ksx c<+rk tk jgk gSA Hkk"kk&'kSyh esa dkQh cnyko ns[kk

tk ldrk gSA cky lkfgR; esa uohu f”kYi lkSUn;Z dh çrhfr gks jgh gSA jpukdkj 'kekZ vkt

ds ;qx ds ltx l`tugkj gSa] buds f”kYi xBu esa u,&u, ç;ksx ns[ks tk ldrs gSaA le; ds

lkFk dne rky djrs gq, pyrs gSaA blfy, bUgksaus vius lkfgR; ds f”kYi lkSUn;Z dks

lqxfBr] lqO;ofLFkr] lqxqfEQr] vkd"kZd] ckyksi;ksxh cukus ds fy, ds uwru ç;ksx fd, gSaA

lgt] ljl Hkk"kk] vusd 'kSfy;ksa dk mi;ksx] oSKkfud 'kCnkoyh] ekSfyd mieku] eqgkojsnkj

Hkk"kk] yksdksfDr;k¡] laoknksa dk lqlaxBu] le`) 'kCn fo/kku vkfn dk lfeJ.k budk f”kYixr

oSf”k"V~; gSA

6-2 Hkk"kk dh fofo/k Hkafxek,¡

euq"; lkekftd çk.kh gSA mls ijLij vius fopkj vkSj Hkkoksa dk fofue; djuk gksrk

gS] ftlds fy, lokZf/kd mÙke lk/ku Hkk"kk gksrh gSA lexz ekuo thou ,oa fodkl Hkk"kk ij

gh vk/kkfjr gSA Hkk"kk ifjorZu”khy gksrh gSA lrr~ fodflr HkhA oSfnd vk;ks± dh Hkk"kk ls

laLÑr] laLÑr ls çkÑr] çkÑr ls viHkza”k] viHkza”k ls vk/kqfud Hkk"kk dk fodkl gqvk gSA

dfBurk ls ljyrk dh vksj vxzlj gksuk Hkk"kk dh çÑfr gSA ,slk dgk tkrk gS fd Þ,d

dksl ij ikuh cnys] ik¡p dksl ij ckuhßA lalkj esa gtkjksa Hkk"kk,¡ çpfyr gSaA Hkkjr esa

yxHkx 325 Hkk"kk,¡ cksyh tkrh gSaA Hkk"kk ds vusd Lo:i gSa& jkt&Hkk"kk] jk"Vª&Hkk"kk]

215

mi&Hkk"kk] {ks=h;&Hkk"kk] ekr`&Hkk"kk] cksfy;k¡ vkfnA Hkko ,oa Hkk"kk dk çxk<+ fj”rk gSA lkfgR;

ds nks i{k gksrs gSaA ,d Hkko i{k] nwljk dyk i{kA Hkkokuqlkj gh jpukdkj dks Hkk"kk x<+uh

gksrh gSA Hkk"kk gh fopkjksa] Hkkoksa dh okfgdk gksrh gSA Hkk"kk ls gh fopkjksa] Hkkoksa esa lcyrk]

Bkslrk vkrh gS] fujkdkj Hkkoksa dks vkdkj feyrk gSA /ofu;ksa ds esy ls Loj] O;atu] Loj

O;atuksa ls 'kCn] 'kCnksa ls okD; vkSj okD;ksa ls Hkk"kk dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA bl çdkj Hkk"kk eq[k

ls mPpkfjr gksus okys okD;ksa dk lewg gSA Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; dk vVwV] vfuok;Z vkSj vfoPNsn

lEcU/k gSA Hkk"kk dk dks”kxr vk”k;&

Hkk"kk& la- ¼L=h-½ 1- cksyh] tcku ¼tSls & fgUnh Hkk"kk] vaxzsth Hkk"kk½ 2- cksyh ¼tSls&

if{k;ksa dh Hkk"kk½ 3- ns”k {ks= vkfn esa cksyh tkus okyh cksyh ¼tSls& çkarh; Hkk"kk] xzkeh.k Hkk"kk½]

4- 'kSyh ¼tSls & x| dh Hkk"kk] dfo dh Hkk"kk] dqy ¼iq-½ Hkk"kk ifjokj& xr ¼fo-½ Hkk"kk;h& rRo

¼iq-½] Hkk"kk foKku & uhfr ¼L=h-½ Hkk"kk lEcU/kh fl)kUr& foKku ¼iq-½ og foKku ftlesa Hkk"kk

dh mRifÙk vkSj fodkl vkfn dk oSKkfud :i ls v/;;u fd;k tkrk gS & 'kkL= ¼iq-½ Hkk"kk

foKku&'kkL=h ¼iq-½ Hkk"kk foKkuhA5

Hkk"kk dh dqN ifjHkk"kk,¡ n`"VO; gS&

MkW- HkksykukFk frokjh& ÞdHkh ge LQqV 'kCnksa ;k okD;ksa }kjk vius dks çdV djrs gSa] rks dHkh

dsoy lj fgykus ls gekjk dke py tkrk gSA lekt esa /kuh oxZ esa fuea=.k nsus ds fy, i=

fy[ks tkrs ;k Niok, tkrs gSa] rks xjhcksa esa ;k dqN tkfr;ksa esa gYnh ;k lqikjh nsuk i;kZIr

gksrk gSA LdkmV yksxksa dk fopkj fofu;e >afM;ksa }kjk gksrk gS rks dfo fcgkjh ds ik= ^Hkjs

Hkou esa djr gS] u;u ugh lkSa ckr*A pksj yksx v¡/ksjs esa ,d nwljs dk gkFk nckdj gh vius

dks çdV dj fy;k djrs gSaA blh çdkj djry /ofu] gkFk fgykdj ladsr djuk ¼ikl

cqykus] nk;sa ck;sa gVus ;k dgha Hkstus vkfn ds fy,½ pqVdh ctkuk] vk¡[k nckuk] eq¡g nckuk]

[kk¡luk] eq¡g fcpdkuk ;k VsM+h maxyh fn[kkuk rFkk xgjh lk¡l ysuk vkfn vusd çdkj ds

lk/kuksa }kjk gekjs fopkj fofu;e dk dk;Z pyrk gSAß6

ßHkk"kk 'kCn ^Hkk"k~* /kkrq ls cuk gS] ftldk vFkZ O;fDr;ksa dh ok.kh gksrk gSA bl çdkj

O;Dr ok.kh ds :i esa ftldh vfHkO;fDr dh tkrh gS] mls Hkk"kk dgrs gSaA Hkk"kk ;kn~fPNd

okfpd /ofu ladsrksa dh og i)fr gS] ftlds }kjk ekuo ijLij fopkjksa dk vknku&çnku

djrk gSA Hkk"kk nsoh va”k gS] tks euq"; dks gh çkIr gSA Hkk"kk :ih T;ksfr ds fcuk lalkj

va/kdkj ;qDr gksrk gSAÞ7

egku fopkjd ,oa ik”pkR; fo}ku IysVks us Hkk"kk dh çÑfr ds lanHkZ esa fy[kk gS& Þfopkj

vkRek dh ewd ;k v/oU;kRed ckrphr gS] fdUrq tc ogh /oU;kRed gksdj gksBksa ij çdV

216

gksrh gS rks mls Hkk"kk dh laKk nsrs gSaAß8 lqçfl) Hkk"kk oSKkfud lquhfr dqekj pVthZ ds

vuqlkj&Þvius O;kidre :i esa Hkk"kk dk vFkZ gS] gekjs fopkjksa vkSj euksHkkoksa dks O;Dr djus

okys ,sls ladsrksa dk dqy ;ksx tks ns[ks ;k lqus tk lds vkSj tks bPNkuqlkj mRiUu fd, ,oa

nqgjk, tk ldsAß9

mi;qZDr ifjHkk"kkvksa ,oa fofHkUu Hkk"kk 'kkfL=;ksa ds erksa ds vk/kkj ij dgk tk ldrk

gS fd Hkk"kk ekuo ds Hkkoksa vkSj fopkjksa dks çdV djus dk lokZf/kd l”kDr o çHkko”kkyh

lk/ku gSA blds fcuk euq"; rFkk lekt dk fodkl dnkfi lEHko ugha gks ldrkA Hkk"kk ekuo

o lkfgR; ds e/; lsrq dk dk;Z djrh gSA Hkk"kk Hkkoksa dh okfguh gksrh gSA lkfgR; iwjh rjg

ls Hkk"kk ij fuHkZj gSA Hkk"kk fturh le) vkSj l”kDr gksxh jpuk mruh gh lkFkZd vkSj

çHkkoksRiknd gksxhA Hkk"kk dks le`)] l”kDr] lcy vkSj lEçs"k.kh; cukus ds fy, blesa vusd

rRoksa dk lekos”k gksuk vfuok;Z gS] ;Fkk&fcEc] çrhd] 'kCnfo/kku vyadkj] Nan] yksdksfDr;k¡]

eqgkojs] fp=kRedrk] xhrkRedrk] y;kRedrk] çokg vkfnA ftl çdkj ;g dgk tkrk gS fd

gj jpuk viuh Hkk"kk Lo;a x<+rh gS] mlh çdkj çR;sd jpukdkj dh viuh Hkk"kk&'kSyh gksrh

gS] tks mls vU; l`tudkjksa ls oSf”k"V~; çnku djrh gS] lkFk gh cM+ksa ds lkfgR; vkSj cky

lkfgR; dh Hkk"kk'kSyh esa Hkh fHkUurk gksrh gS D;ksafd cPpksa ds fy, çkS<+ o dfBu Hkk"kk dh

txg vR;ar ljy] ljl] lgt] e/kqj vFkkZr~ ckyksi;ksxh Hkk"kk dk gksuk vfuok;Z gS] rkfd ,d

uUgk ckyd ljyrk ls le> dj jpuk dh vkuankuqHkwfr dj ldsA dye ds /kuh cky

lkfgR;dkj nhun;ky 'kekZ ckydksa dh Hkk"kk x<+us esa fl)gLr gS] blesa mUgsa egkjr gkfly

gSA bUgksaus viuh jpukvksa esa vR;ar lgt] ljy] ckyksi;ksxh Hkk"kk'kSyh dk ç;ksx fd;k gS] ogha

fcEc] y;] fp=kRedrk] 'kCnfo/kku yksdksfDr] eqgkojs] Nan&vyadkj vkfn dss fp=.k esa Hkh

dq”kyrk dk ifjp; fn;k gSA 'kCnlkSUn;Z ds vUrxZr rRle] rnHko] ns”kt] vaxzsth] mnwZ]

Qkjlh] vjch 'kCnksa dh Hkjekj] eqgkojksa dk cM+h la[;k esa ç;ksx djuk] oks Hkh cky lkfgR; esa]

grçHk djus tSlk dk;Z djds fn[kk;k gSA nhun;ky 'kekZ ds cky lkfgR; esa iz;qDr Hkk"kk ds

fofo/k :iksa dh foospuk izLrqr gS&

lgtrk vkSj ljyrk

cky lkfgR; lk/kd nhun;ky 'kekZ vkjEHk ls gh ckydksa ds fy, fy[kus ds fy,

çfrc) gSaA bUgksaus viuh ys[kdh; çfØ;k esa ckyksi;ksxh lgt] ljy Hkk"kk dk ç;ksx fd;k gS]

tks ty ds fueZy çokg dh rjg vfojke cgrh tkrh gSA budk cky lkfgR; cPpksa dh gh

Hkk¡fr ljy] lgt] lq:fpiw.kZ] Hkkoiw.kZ] lh/kh&lk/kh cksyh esa l`ftr gksus ls ckydksa ds fy,

lgt xzká gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ&

217

^xcnw Hkkyw xys esa <ksy yVdk, tksj&tksj ls ctkrk tk jgk Fkk---<e---<e---<e---<e---

<e---<e---<eA lquks&lquks--- lHkh taxyokfl;ksa /;ku ls lquks& gekjs taxy esa tYnh gh 'kjkc

dh cgqr cM+h nqdku [kqyus tk jgh gSA lHkh tkuoj /;ku ls lquks--- gekjs taxy esa 'kjkc dh

cgqr cM+h nqdku [kqyus tk jgh gSA 'kgj dh rjg vc ;gk¡ Hkh lc tkuoj thus dk vkuUn

ys ldsaxsA xcnw Hkkyw <ksy ctkrs gq, vkxs c<+ x;kA mlds tkus ds ckn ihiy ds isM+ ds

uhps vusd tkuoj bdB~Bs gq, vkSj vkil esa fopkj foe”kZ djus yxsAß10

^vt; viuk vf/kdka”k le; Vhyw rksrs ds lkFk gh fcrkrkA nksuksa ,d nwljs dks bruk

pkgrs fd ,d lkFk [kkrs&ihrs vkSj ,d lkFk gh lksrsA ij ,d [kkl ckr ;g Fkh fd vt;

us vius Vhyw rksrs dks fiatjs ls dHkh ckgj ugha fudkykAÞ11

Þ”;ke vkSj eksgu nks nksLr FksA nksuksa vkBoha esa i<+rs FksA os igyh d{kk ls gh lkFk

i<+rs vk jgs FksA d{kk esa dHkh eksgu çFke vkrk rks dHkh ';keA nksuksa esa çFke vkus dh gksM+&

lh yxh jgrhA12

mDr çlaxks ls Li"V gS fd nhun;ky 'kekZ us vius cky ys[ku esa vR;Ur ljy o

lgt] ckyksi;ksxh Hkk"kk dks gh ç;qDr fd;k gSA fu"d"kZ esa dgk tk ldrk gSA ckydksa dks bls

le>us esa rfud Hkh d"V ugha mBkuk iM+sxkA ;g lh/ks&lh/ks cPpksa ds ân; dks vo'; Li'kZ

djsxhA

/oU;kRedrk

/ofu ls vfHkçk; vkokt+] ukn] lnk ls ekuk x;k gSA /ofu ,d çdkj dk dEiUu gS]

tks euq"; dks dkuksa ds }kjk lqukbZ nsrk gS] tks fdUgha Bksl] xSl ;k æo inkFkks± ds Vdjkus ls

mRiUu gksrk gSA /ofu rjxksa ds ek/;e ls lapkfjr gksrh gSA foKku vkSj v/;kRe ds vuq:i

lEiw.kZ czãk.M dh lajpuk ukn ls gqbZ gSA bl Hkk¡fr dgk tk ldrk gS fd lEiw.kZ l`f"V dk

lokZf/kd o lcy vk/kkj /ofu gh gSAlkfgR; esa /ofu dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gS] ftls Hkk"kk dh

lc ls NksVh bdkbZ ekuk x;k gSA /oU;kRedrk Hkk"kk dks çHkkoh] d.kZfç; o eeZLi”khZ cukrh gSA

Hkkjrh; dkO; 'kkL= ds lEçnk;ksa esa /ofu fl)kUr ,d egRoiw.kZ fl)kar gSA ftlds tUenkrk

vkpk;Z vkuano/kZu gSa] ftUgksaus /ofu dh mn~Hkkouk vkSj çfr"Bk dh gS ,oa /ofu dks gh dkO;

dh vkRek ekuk gSA bl fl)kar ds iks"kd vfHkuo xqIr gSaA dkO; çdk”k esa mn~nr gS fd

okP;kFkZ dh vis{kk tks vU; vFkZ ân;k vkgkYnd gks] ogh /ofu gSA

ckysUnq 'ks[kj frokjh& Þ/ofu Hkk"kk dh y?kqÙke bdkbZ gS] ftls lquk tk ldrk gSA blh /ofu

dk fyf[kr :i v{kjksa ds ek/;e ls lkdkj gksrk gS] ftUgsa ns[kk vkSj i<+k tk ldrk gSA

bldk mi;ksx okfpd vkSj fyf[kr JO; vkSj n`”; lHkh Lrjksa ij gksrk gSA lalkj dh lHkh

218

Hkk"kkvksa esa /ofu;k¡ gSa vkSj o.kZ HkhA bUgha o.kks± ls 'kCn curs gSaA 'kCn ,d ,slk /ofu lewg gS

ftlls vFkZ cks/k gksrk gSAß13

mifyf[kr ifjHkk"kk ds vk/kkj ij /ofu dkO; dh lkFkZd o Lora= bdkbZ gS] tks ,d

;k vf/kd o.kks± ds esy ls mRiUu gksrh gSA 'kCn /ofu;ksa dk gh lewg gS] ftl ls fdlh vFkZ

dk cks/k gksrk gSA ftl 'kCn fo”ks"k ls vFkZ QwVrk gS og LQksV gS] og fuR; gSA og iwokZij

lEcU/kjfgr v[k.M rFkk ,djl gS] bl 'kCn dh vfHkO;fDr gh /ofu gSA ftl çdkj fdlh

lqUnjh ds vax vFkok vo;o esa vfrfjDr yko.; dh lÙkk jgrh gS] blh çdkj dkO; esa Hkh

peRdkjksRiknd çrh;eku vFkZ fo|eku jgrk gSA /ofu ls gh /oU;kRedrk 'kCn dh jpuk gqbZ

gSA 'kkL=h; n`f"V ls /ofu O;aX;kFkZ esa fufgr gksrh gSA fdUrq ckydksa ds dkO; esa /ofu dk

fo”ks"k egRo gS D;ksafd de ls de f”k”kq rks fdruh gh oLrqvksa dks /ofu ls gh igpkurk gS]

tSls&tkuojksa dh vkoktsa] phtksa ds Vdjkus ls mRiUu fuukn vkfnA ckyjpukdkj nhun;ky

'kekZ us vius cky dkO; esa /oU;kRedrk dks fo”ks"k egÙkk çnku dh gS] ftlls jpukvksa esa

fo”ks"k vkuUn vkSj Lianu dh l`f"V gqbZ gSA çLrqr gS fdafpr dkO;ka”k&

ce&ce Hkksys] cy&ce Hkksys

lc fey cksyks ce & ce HkksysA

dM+&dM+&dM+&dM+ dM+ds fctyh

xM+&xM+&xM+&xM+ fxjrs vksysA14

çLrqr dforka”kksa esa fctyh ds dM+dus dh /ofu ls] vksyksa ds fxjus ds ukn ls] pViV

o"kkZ ds gksus ls mRiUu gksus okyh uknkRed lqUnjrk dk LokHkkfod fp=.k gqvk gSA

dV&dV yV&iVdke dj >ViV

pha piM+ er dj] dj er [kViV15

rk&rk FkS;k&rk&rk&FkS;k]

ufn;k esa pyrh gS uS;kA

rk&rk&FkS;k&rk&rk&FkS;k

taxy esa pfjr gS xS;kA16

Åij fn, n"VkUrksa ls Kkr gksrk gS fd jpukdkj dks Loj ,oa O;atuksa ds la;ksx ls cus

'kCnksa ds ç;ksx ls ukn fu"iUu djus esa n{krk gkfly gSA ,slh vusd jpuk,¡ /oU;kRedrk ls

xqaftr fey tk,¡xhA dqN vkSj xhr &

lj lj lj lj gok,¡ cgrha

[kV [kV [kV [kV djrh ydM+h]

219

vkB iSj dh gksrh edM+hA

pV iV pV iV pus pck,]

cdjh esa esa dj fee;k,¡A17

[kM+ [kM+ [kM+ [kM+ gksrk 'kksj

ckny ns[k ds ukpk eksj

NViV NViV cj[kk vk,

dkxt dh lc uko pyk,A18

dgk tk ldrk gS fd nhun;ky 'kekZ us [kM+&[kM+] pViV&pViV] rk&rk&FkS;k]

lj&lj] >ViV&[kViV&[kViV vkfn 'kCnksa ds çpqj ç;ksx ls cky dkO; dks /oU;kRedrk

vkSj uknkRedrk ls vf}rh; cuk fn;k gSA tks ckydksa ds fy, e/kqj] je.kh;] yo yksdfiz;

cu x;s gSaA tks ojs.; gSA çLrqr mnkgj.kksa ds QyLo:i dgk tk ldrk gS fd nhun;ky

'kekZ ds cky dkO; esa /oU;kRedrk ds çpqj ç;ksx ls cPpksa ds eu esa mRiUu mRl dh l`f"V

mUgsa Hkko foHkksj djrh gS] ftlesa o.kks± dh] 'kCnksa dh iqujkofr] Loj vkSj O;atuksa dh /ofu;ksa ls

fufeZr /ofu&lkSUn;Z Hkh n`”;eku gSA vf/kdrj ;s ukn lkSUn;Z] çkÑfrd vkSj lkekftd lanHkks±

esa mifLFkr gqvk gSA

y;kRedrk

;fn ;s dgsa fd y; gh thou gS] rks dksbZ vR;qfDr ugha gksxhA pjkpj çÑfr y;

}kjk lapfjr gksrh gSA ekuo dh lHkh xfrfof/k;k¡ y; ij gh pyk;eku gSaA leLr dykvksa esa

Hkh ,d fuf”pr çokg gksrk gSA y; dks dkO; ds çeq[k rRoksa esa fxuk x;k gSA cky dkO; esa

bldk egRo vkSj Hkh c<+ tkrk gS D;ksafd uUgsa&uUgsa ckyd y;c) jpuk gh i<+uk ;k lquuk

ilan djrs gSa] ftls nks&pkj ckj i<+us ;k lquus ij mUgsa daBLFk Hkh gks tkrh gS vkSj os

ijLij lquk dj vkuankuqHkwfr çkIr djrs gSaAy; dk dks”klEer vFkZ&

y;&la- ¼L=h-½ 1- xhr] lkeatL; ¼tSls & ,d y; esa dfork i<+uk½ 2- xkus dk çdkj

¼tSls & e/kqj y; esa xkuk & rky ¼iq-½ laxhr dk lqj rky & c) ¼fo-½ lqj;qDrA19

ßfyf[kr vFkok mPpfjr Hkk"kk esa Loj dh la;ksftr xfr ds çokg dks y; dgrs gSaA

Hkkjrh; vkpk;Z okeu us 'kCn xq.kksa ds varxZr lef/k }kjk Øfedrk dks gh O;atuk nh gSA

lekf/k xq.k esa ^vkjksg&vojksg* vFkok ^vojksg&vkjksg* dk Øe cuk jgrk gSA Hkkjrh;

dkO;kpk;ks± us dkO;Ro ds rRo ^”k¸;k* vFkok ^'kCn~ikd* ds }kjk blh fl)kar dh iqf"V dh gSA

blds vuqlkj ^y;* ds fuokZg dk ,d ek= vk/kkj gS inksa dh vU;k; eS=h vFkkZr~ okD;ksa esa

inksa dk la;kstu bl Øe ls djuk fd inksa dk ifjorZu dj nsus ls xfr vFkok NUnkse;rk

220

u"V gks tk,A Øfedrk ij vk/kkfjr ^y;* dsoy i| esa gh feyrh gSA*20

çLrqr dFku ,oa

dks”kxr vk”k; ds QyLo:i dgk tk ldrk gS fd vkjksg&vojksg] xfr] ;fr] xhfÙk&rRo]

Nan feydj y; dh mRifÙk djrs gSa vkSj Lojksa vkSj O;atuksa dh lqlaxfr rFkk Øfedrk bl

çdkj lqfu;ksftr dh tkrh gS fd veq[k dkO; dk iBu djrs le; ekuo ds Loj ra= esa

rfud Hkh vVdu ugha vkus vk,A 'kCn ty ds çokg dh rjg çokfgr gksrs gq, cgrs tk,¡A

nhun;ky 'kekZ ds cky&dkO; bl n`f"V ls le`) ,oa lqO;ofLFkr gS] ftlesa ,d çokg vkSj

y; dk fof”k"V laxBu ns[kus dks feyrk gSA çLrqr gS y;kRed dkO; ds dqN va”k&

vkQr yxrh gesa i<+kbZ]

yxrk tSls 'kker vkbZA

ikB~; iqLrdsa yxrh cksj]

ge lc cPps djrs 'kksjA21

Åij of.kZr dkO;ka”kksa esa y; dh NVk ns[krs gh curh gSaA o.kks± dk larqfyr Øe]

rqdkar feyus] 'kCnksa dh iqujkofr ls] >j&>j >jus ds ukn ls] lfjrk ds çokfgr gksrs ty

lh jokuh fufeZr gks xbZ gSA

vkleku esa Nk, ckny]

ikuh Hkj&Hkj yk, cknyA

fjef>e&fjef>e o"kkZ djrs]

lcds eu dks Hkk, cknyA22

gjh&gjh eVj] VekVj yky&yky

ns[kks rqe eEeh] gekjk deky23

bu xhrksa esa Hkh rqdkar feyus ls y; dh mRifÙk gqbZ gS] tks dkO; dh ewy Hkkouk gksrh gSA

Vj&Vj&Vj&Vj&Vj es<d djrk] pwgk fcYyh ls Mjrk24

canj th rqe vkvks th] D;ksa brus ?kcjkvks th

rqEgsa ns[k cPps [kq”k gksrs] budks vkSj g¡lkvks thA25

esjk dqÙkk] I;kjk dqÙkk

ljnh&xjeh] igus twrkA26

dqdM+w&dw] eqxsZ dh ckax

vkyl dks] [kwaVh ij Vkax27

221

mDr mnkgj.kksa ds vuq”khyu ds vk/kkj ij dgk tk ldrk gS fd ckylkfgR; ds

l`td nhun;ky 'kekZ ds cky dkO; esa y;kRedrk dk tksjnkj fo/kku feyrk gS] tks cky

lkfgR; dh tku gSA vkjksg&vojksg] o.kks± dh Øec)rk] ckjEckjrk] inksa dh lqlaxfr mu dh

vU;k; eS=h] ;fr&xfr dk lQy fuokZg vn~Hkqr gSA

fp=kRedrk

fp= dk lkekU; vFkZ rLohj] n`”;] QksVk s] eatj vkfn gSA fp=kRed vFkkZr~ fp= ls

ifjiw.kZA dkO; dh fo”ks"krkvksa esa fp=kRedrk dk cgqr egRo gSA bldk dkO; esa 'kCn&fp= ls

vk”k; fy;k tkrk gSA oLrq] n`”; ;k Hkko fo”ks"k dk bl çdkj ls 'kfCnd o.kZu fd;k tkrk gS

fd ikBd ds eu esa ml n`”;] oLrq ;k Hkko fo”ks"k dk fp= lk fufeZr gks tkrk gS vFkkZr~

thoar gks mBrk gS] tSls ml ds lkeus fp= j[k fn;k gksA ;g dkO; dh vfr fof”k"V

fo”ks"krkvksa esa fxuh tkrh gSA fp= dk dks”kxr vFkZ &

fp= la- ¼iq-½ 1- rLohj ¼tSls & fp= [khapuk euk gS½ 2- vkys[k ¼tSls lqUnj fp=

cukuk½ dkj ¼iq-½ fp= cukus okyk] fp=dkjfp=kRed&la- ¼fo-½ fp=e;&rk ¼L=h-½ fp=e;rk]

fp= iw.kZ28

ukyUnk fo”kky fgUnh 'kCn lkxj&fp= ¼laKk iq-½ la-& rLohj] çfrÑfr] lth vkSj foLrr

js[kkvksa vFkok jaxksa }kjk cuh gqbZ fdlh oLrq dh vkÑfr] dkO; dk ,d Hksn ftlesa O;aX; dh

ç/kkurk ugha jgrhA29

mi;qZDr dks”kxr vFkZ ds vk/kkj ij dg ldrs gSa fd fp=kRedrk ls vk”k; fdlh

oLrq dk vkdkj] rLohj] çfrÑfr ;k jaxksa }kjk cukbZ xbZ rLohj ls gSA lkfgR; esa 'kCnksa }kjk

,sls fp= [khaps tkrs gSa] ftUgsa i<+rs gh ikBd ds eu esa n`”; fo”ks"k dk fp= lk mlds us=ksa ds

le{k mHkj vkrk gSA nhun;ky 'kekZ us vius cky lkfgR; esa cgqr laqnj 'kCn fp= [khaps gSaA

,d ls ,d fpÙkkd"kZd] ltho o lqUnj 'kCn fp= buds lkfgR; ds lkSUn;Z vkSj ykfyR; dks

n”kkZrs gSaA ckfj”k dk o.kZu dks gh ysa rks ,slk yxrk gS ekuks ikBd ls lkeus cjlkr dk n”;

mifLFkr gks x;k gksA dqN ,sls gh 'kCn fp=&

dkxt+ dh ge uko pyk,¡

Ni&Ni ukpsa vkSj upk,¡A30

gw¡&gw¡ djds] ”ksj ngkM+kA

eafnj esa] ct mBk uxkM+kA31

pj&pj djrh 'kksj epkrh

isM+ksa ij p<+ tkrh

222

dkyh ifV~V;k¡ rhu ihB ij

dqrj&dqrj dj [kkrhA32

<ksyd ckts <e <e <e] ukps Hkkyw th Ne Ne

nks iSjksa ij [kM+k gks x;k] rk rk FkS;k rk frM+deA33

blh Hkk¡fr 'ksj ds ngkM+us ls eafnj ds ?kaVs dh lqlaxfr cSBkuk vrqyuh; gS] fxygjh

dh igsyh esa ,slk fp= mdsjk gS fd ckyd ,d ckj esa mÙkj ns ldrs gSaA fdafpr fp= vkSj

O;Dr gSaA

ÞVhyw rksrkA vt; ds lq[k nq%[k dk lkFkhA nwljs lk/kkj.k rksrksa ls 'kjhj dqN cM+k

vkSj lcls U;kjkA gYdk gjk jax] xys esa rhu /kkfj;ksa dh ekykA etcwr pksap vkSj ehBh&ehBh

ckrsaAß34

Þczãk th us uhyk jax fn;k rks ihys ij uhyk jax p<+rs gh dkSvk gjs jax dk gks x;kA

gjk jax ns[k dj dkSvk cksyk] Hkxou! eq>s yky jax ns nks mls yky jax fn;k rks og cSaxuh

jax dks gks x;kAß35

bl çdkj cky eu ds ikj[kh jpukdkj 'kekZ ds mdsjs x;s 'kCn&fp= cky eu dks

vkdf"kZr djrs gSaA Vhyw rksrs dh 'kkjhfjd lajpuk dk vuqies; fp=] czãk th okys çlax esa

jaxksa ds lVhd la;kstu ds fp= Hkh eueksgd gksus ds lkFk varl esa jl ?kksyus dk dk;Z Hkh

djrs gSaA

6-3 eqgkojs vkSj yksdksfDr;k¡

6-3-1 eqgkojs

Hkk"kk rFkk dF; dks çHkko”kkyh cukus ds fy, eqgkojksa dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA :<+]

yk{kf.kd ç;ksx gksus ds dkj.k eqgkojksa esa i;kZIr vfHkO;atd 'kfDr gksrh gSA 'kSyh dh nf"V ls

eqgkojs dh fo”ks"krk fo"k;kuqdwy ç;ksx ls gksrh gSA lk/kkj.kr% Hkkokos”k esa lthork çdV djus

ds fy,] gkL;&O;aX; dks çHkko”kkyh cukus ds fy, rFkk vfHkO;atuk esa lkSUn;Z ykus ds fy,

eqgkojksa dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA eqgkojksa esa ewrZrk] lkekftdrk o 'kfDr dh ç/kkurk gksrh

gSA

eqgkojk dk dks”kxr vFkZ&

eqgkojk & v-] ¼iq-½ :<+ okD;ka”k

eqgkojsnkj& va-çk- ¼fo-½ eqgkojs ls ;qDr ¼tSls & eqgkojsnkj Hkk"kk] eqgkojsnkj 'kSyh½36

223

eqgkojs dh fdafpr ifjHkk"kk;sa&

^fdlh ,d Hkk"kk esa fn[kkbZ iM+us okyh ckr vlk/kkj.k 'kCn ;kstuk ;k ç;ksx eqgkojk

gSAß37

Þeqgkojs dk lgh&lgh vFkZ dsoy okD; esa ç;qDr gksus ij gh tkuk tk ldrk gSA

eqgkojs esa vewrZrk dh vis{kk ewrZrk] O;kdjf.kd O;oLFkk dh vis{kk lkekftdrk] rdZ dh vis{kk

'kfDr dh ç/kkurk gksrh gSA eqgkojs Hkk"kk dh ;kSou lEiUu 'kfDr vkSj leFkZrk ds çrhd gksrs

gSaAß38

bl rjg dgk tk ldrk gS fd eqgkojs :<+ okD;ka”k gS] tk s Hkk"kk dks thoarrk] leFkZrk]

lthork] xq.kDrk çnku djrs gSaA lh/kh ckr u dg dj foy{k.k 'kfDr ds ek/;e ls tks

peRdkj] vkd"kZ.k] mRiUu fd;k tkrk gS] muesa eqgkojksa dh gh Hkwfedk gksrh gSA eqgkojk vjch

Hkk"kk dk 'kCn gS] ftldk lgh&lgh vFkZ Hkk"kk esa ç;qDr gksus ij gh tkuk tk ldrk gSA

nhun;ky 'kekZ dk cky lkfgR; eqgkojksa ls vR;ar le`) gS] eqgkojksa ds ç;ksx ls lEiw.kZ cky

dkO; çHkkoh o vkd"kZd gks x;k gSA jpukdkj us vius cky lkfgR; esa eqgkojksa dk te dj

ç;ksx fd;k gS] tks fo”ks"k :i ls js[kkafdr djus ;ksX; gSA cky lkfgR; esa eqgkojksa dk ç;ksx

djus ds fy, cgqr lrdZrk dh t:jr gksrh gS] D;ksafd eqgkojksa ls Hkk"kk esa fDy"Vrk vk

ldrh gS] ysfdu ;s dfBu dke ys[kd us cM+h lgtrk ls dj fn[kk;k gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ dqN

eqgkojsa izLrqr gS &

vius eu dh xkaBsa [kksysa39

dkSu uhan esa [kyy Mky jgk gSA40

mNys&dwns nkar fn[kk,41

Mj ls lcdk ct x;k cktkA42

tu&tu esa vy[k txkbZA43

lcdh vk¡[kksa dk rkjkA44

,d&,d b±V tksM+dj geus45

ftlls dksbZ uk th pqjk,46

jax ykrh gS dksf”k”k bd fnu47

og viuh ue vk¡[kksa ls mls cgqr nsj rd ns[krh jghA48

fxYyw ncs ik¡o isM+ ij p<+ xbZA49

lksuw dh ckr dks lqudj fccks dk dystk QV iM+kA50

cpus dk vc dksbZ pkjk ugha FkkA51

224

iyd >idrs gh eksj ds njckj esa mifLFkr gks x;kA52

lc tkuoj viuk lk eq¡g ysdj okil vk x;sA53

egkjkt! gekjs fy, Hkh Hkkstu ds ykys iM+ jgs gSaA54

lHkh tkuojksa us eyey dh ckr dks leFkZu djrs gq, Hkwfj&Hkwfj ç”kalk dhA55

vc oks tekuk yn x;k pkpkA56

dgrs&dgrs phuw eqxhZ dk xyk :a/k x;kA57

ml u;s tkuoj dh jkSchyh ckrsa lqudj lc tkuoj ,d nwljs dk eq¡g rkdus yxsA58

vc Hkwy ls Hkh fdlh us eq>s eksVw dgk rks mldk iwjk [kkunku feV~Vh esa feyk nwaxkA59

lk/kw ckck us iwNk] ^D;ksa gydw vk¡[k yx xbZ Fkh D;k\*60

vks>y gks tk esjh vk¡[kksa lsA61

csVs ds eqg¡ ls bruk lqurs gh ek¡ dh vk¡[ksa Hkj vkbZA62

mlh fnu ls ek¡ dh bPNk iwjh djus esa th&tku lsyx x;kA63

ekjs 'keZ ds og ikuh&ikuh gks xbZA64

cspkjk uUgk lk fiYyk dqa&dqa&dwa&dwa djrk gqvk nqe nckdj Hkkx x;kA65

vkt rks rqeus vk¡[ksa [kksy nhA66

xqLrk[kh ekQ+ djsa egkjkt] vkt vkidk xqLlk lkrosa vkleku dks Nw jgk gSA67

chuk& ek¡ th] dku [kksydj lqu yksA68

eqjyh& vkSj dHkh viuk eq¡g er fn[kkukA69

eSMe---- rqEgkjs fy, rks tku gkftj gS esjh tku---A70

vafdr&Qkyrw tqcku yM+krh gSA71

igsfy;k D;ksa cq>k jgs gks Ñ".kA72

iwjs eksgYys ds lkeus gekjk ikuh mrkj fn;kA73

cgw ds fy, rks rsjs Hkhrj Hkh rks yM~Mw QwV jgs gSaA74

HkS;k--- vc rks ikuh flj ls cgqr Åij fudy pqdk gS---A75

Lqudj dystk eq¡g dks vkrk gS lqeuA76

T;knk ?kqek fQjkdj ckr djus dh eq>s vknr ugha gSaA77

225

cM+h ek=k esa eqgkojksa ds ç;ksx ls nhun;ky 'kekZ ds lkfgR; esa pkj pk¡n yx x, gSaA

vlk/kkj.k 'kCn ;kstuk vkSj foy{k.k 'kfDr ds }kjk ckr dgus ls Hkk"kk esa O;atukRedrk]

lkFkZdrk] lkSUn;Z] ljlrk] thoarrk] leFkZrk] peRdkj vkSj vkd"kZ.k c<+ x;k gSA ckyd rks

bUgsa i<+dj buds rkRi;Z dks le> ldsaxs] muds fy, eqgkojs ubZ ckr gksus ls os peRÑr]

vkYgkfnr rFkk mYyflr Hkh gksaxsA

6-3-2 yksdksfDr;k¡

,d okD; esa dgsa rks ^yksd* esa çpfyr mfDr ^yksdksfDr* dgykrh gSA cjlksa ds Kku

vkSj vuqHko dks ek= ,d mfDr esa dg nsus dks yksdksfDr dg ldrs gSa ;k yEch&pkSM+h ckr

dks ,d iafDr esa dg nsukA fdlh Hkh O;fDr fo”ks"k ds lkyksa ds vuqHko vkSj Kku dk

lkj&la{ksi] dsoy ,d mfDr ds :i esa yksd çpyu ds ckn yksdksfDr dk Lo:i cu tkrk

gSA ,slk Hkh dg ldrs gSa fd vuqHko ds lkxj dks xkxj esa Hkj nsukA ;g ,d lEiw.kZ ,oa

Lora= okD; gksrk gS] ftldk Hkk"kk esa ç;ksx fcuk fdlh cnyko ds fd;k tkrk gSA

yksdksfDr;k¡ g"kZ&fo"kkn esa gkSlyk nsrh gS] mRlkg c<+krh gS] lkaRouk nsrh gSa bl ds lkFk&lkFk

O;fDr dks lekt esa dSls mBuk&cSBuk pkfg,] dSls [kkuk pkfg,] dSlk O;ogkj djuk pkfg,]

;s lc ckrsa Hkh yksdksfDr;k¡ le>krh gSaA yksdksfDr;k¡ lHkh ns'kksa dh lHkh Hkk"kkvksa esa feyrh gSaA

çkjEHk esa yksdksfDr;k¡ ekSf[kd :i ls yksd esa ih<+h gLrkarfjr gksrs gq,] çpfyr gksrh jgh]

rnUrj xzUFkksa] fdrkcksa ,oa i=&if=dkvksa esa ç;qDr gksus yxha vkSj vc jpukdj dbZ çdkj ds

yksdksfDr&dks”k rS;kj dj pqds gSaA

yksdksfDr dk 'kCn dks”kkuqlkj rkRi;Z &

la- ¼L=h-½ 1- dgkor] elyk 2- lkfgR; esa yksdksfDr ds ç;ksx ls dkO; esa jkspdrk mRiUu

djus okyk ,d vyadkj78

dbZ fo}kuksa] jpukdkjksa us yksdksfDr dks ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gS] dqN v/kksfyf[kr ifjHkk"kk,¡

çLrqr gS&

MkW- HkksykukFk frokjh & ÞfofHkUu çdkj ds vuqHkoksa] ikSjkf.kd rFkk ,frgkfld O;fDr;ksa ,oa

dFkkvksa] çkÑfrd fu;eksa vkSj yksdfo”oklksa vkfn ij vk/kkfjr pqVhyh] lkjxfHkZr] ltho]

laf{kIr yksdçpfyr ,slh mfDr;ksa dks yksdksfDr dgrs gSa] ftudk ç;ksx ckr dh iqf"V ;k

fojks/k] lh[k rFkk Hkfo"; & dFku vkfn ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSAß79

lq[kiky xqIr ÞyksdksfDr yksd thou dh flf);ksa dh vfHkO;fDr gSA bl esa okpd vFkZ

dh vis{kk y{;kFkZ dh ç/kkurk gksrh gSA ;g yksd thou ds O;kid vuqHkoksa dks lkekU; 'kCnksa

ds ek/;e ls çdV djrh gSaAß80

226

fu"d"kZ esa cM+h ckr dks vfr la{ksi esa dg nsuk] mldk yksd çpfyr gks tkuk gh

yksdksfDr dgykrk gSA ^yksdksfDr* dks ^dgkor* Hkh dgrs gSaA dgkor 'kCn dk ljy lk vk”k;

dg] dguk] dFku vkfn ls yxk;k tk ldrk gSA cky lkfgR; esa yksdksfDr;ksa dk mi;ksx

djuk cgqr VsM+h [khj gS fdUrq nhun;ky 'kekZ us ;Fkk çlax bl dk;Z dks cM+h lgtrk vkSj

dq”kyrkiwoZd ls dj fn[kk;k gSA n`"VO; gS dqN dgkorsa &

lk¡p dks vk¡p dHkh ugha vkrk81

vke ds vke xqByh ds nkeA82

viuh MQyh viuk jkx A83

pyrh dk uke xkM+hA84

lkS fnu pksj ds rks ,d fnu ekfyd dkA85

lh/kh vaxqyh ls ?kh fudkyk gS\86

jLlh ty xbZ ij cV ugha xbZA87

iwr diwr rks D;ksa /ku laps --- iwr liwr rks D;ksa /ku laps---A88

mYVk pksj dksroky dks MkaVsA89

pV exuh iV C;kgA90

canj ds gkFk esa vkbZus A91

nhun;ky 'kekZ us cM+h [kwclwjrh ds lkFk yksdksfDr;ksa dk ç;ksx fd;k gS] tks vR;ar

ljkguh; gSA buds mYys[k ls jpuk /keZ le`) gqvk gSA ogha ckr rks c<+k&p<+k dj dgus ds

ctk, laf{kIr esa dg nsus ls dFku esa vFkZ xkEHkh;Z] lkjxfHkZrrk] yk{kf.kdrk] Hkkoço.krk]

lthork] xzkárk dk lekgkj gks x;k gS] ftlls jpuk;sa vf/kd lqjE; o iBuh; gks xbZ gSaA

6-4 vyadkj vkSj NUn

euq"; lnSo ls gh lkSUn;Z dk mikld jgk gSA mldh ;gh ço`fr vkHkw"k.kksa ,oa

vyadkjksa dh tUenkrk jgh gSA fdlh L=h ds vkHkj.k /kkj.k djus ij mldh 'kksHkk esa pkj

pk¡n yx tkrs gSa] mlh Hkk¡fr vyadkjksa dh l`f"V ls dkO; :ih dkfeuh dk lkSUn;Z vkSj

loaf)Zr gks tkrk gSA lkFk gh buds ç;ksx ls dkO; esa peRdkj vFkok je.khr;k dh Hkh

mRifÙk gksrh gSA vyadkj dk ljy vFkZ ltkoV ekuk x;k gSA vyadkj rhu çdkj ds gksrs

gSa& vFkkZyadkj] 'kCnkyadkj] mHk;kyadkjA

227

fo”oukFk çlkn feJ us vyadkj dh ifjHkk"kk nsrs gq, fy[kk gS ÞdkO; dh 'kksHkk c<+kus okys

/keks± dks vyadkj dgrs gSaAß92

MkW- n;kÑ".k fot; us fy[kk gS& Þvyadkj dkO; dk og cká rRo gS] tks oLrq ds ckn

jlksRifr dk nwljk ek/;e gSA ltZd dk rks ;g vkarfjd i{k gS fdUrq iqLrd dk ckáAß93

'kCndks”k ds vuq:i vyadkj 'kCn dk vFkZ&

vyadkj& la- ¼iq-½ 1- ltkoV 2- vkHkw"k.k 3- jpukxr fof”k"V 'kCn ;kstuk ;k vFkZ peRdkj

¼tSls & miek] :id] vuqçkl vkfn½] e; ¼fo-½ vyadkj ;qDr] vyÑr] 'kkL= ¼iq-½ og 'kkL=]

ftl esa vyadkjksa dk o.kZu gks] vyaÑr la- ¼fo-½ ftlls ltk;k x;k gksA94

mi;qZDr dFkuksa vkSj dks”kxr vFkZ dk lkj gS fd vyadkj ok.kh ds foHkw"k.k gSaA dkO;

esa vyadkjksa dh mifLFkfr ls lkSUn;Z] çHkfo".kqrk] Li"Vrk] ek/kq;Z] peRdkj] /oU;kRedrk] vFkZ

xkEHkh;Z] yk{kf.kdrk mRiUu gksrh gSA vyadkj dkO; dk cká vax gS] tks jlksRifÙk dk ek/;e

Hkh gSA vyadkj lEçnk; ds tUenkrk vkpk;Z naMh vyadkj dks gh dkO; dh vkRek Lohdkjrs

gSaA bruk vo”; gS fd vyadkj dkO; ds vfuok;Z vax gSaA nhun;ky 'kekZ ds cky dkO; esa

vyadkjksa dh uSlfxZd ç;qfDr çla”kluh; gSA budh dforkvksa ,oa xhrksa esa çeq[k :i ls

vuqçkl] miek] :id] vfr”k;ksfDr] fouksfDr vkfn vyadkjksa dk ç;ksx gqvk gS] bu esa Hkh

lokZf/kd :i ls vuqçkl nf"Vxkspj gksrk gSA dqN çeq[k vyadkj&

vuqçkl vyadkj

dkO; esa tgk¡ ij ,d vFkok ,d ls vf/kd o.kks± ;k okD;ksa dh ,d gh Øe esa vko`fr

gks ogk¡ ^vuqçkl* vyadkj gksrk gSA vuqçkl dk vFkZ gS] ckj&ckj o.kks± dk U;kl] ckjEckjrk ;k

iqujko`fÙkA vuqçkl ds dbZ Hksn gSa] ftudks nhun;ky 'kekZ us vius cky dkO; esa ç;qDr fd;k

gS] ;Fkk&

vUR;kuqçkl & fdlh Hkh dkO; iafDr ds var esa tgk¡ rqd feyrh gS] ogk¡ vUR;kuqçkl vyadkj

gksrk gSA nhun;ky 'kekZ us bl vyadkj dk leqfpr vkSj lokZf/kd ç;ksx fd;k gSA çLrqr gS

dqN çlax &

^ckfj”k dk ekSle gS vk;k]

ge cPpksa ds eu dks Hkk;k95

^ctrh tc Ldwy dh ?kaVh

jktw jkst ysV gks tkrk

eSa rks lcls igys vkrk

eSMe&lj dk I;kj eSa ikrkA*96

228

ldZl dk tksdj] [kkrk Bksdj97

ykyk vkS ykyh] cSBks er [kkyh

i<+ks dqN lh[k yks] ;k ctkvks rkyh98

mDr dkO; iafDr;ksa esa ^vk;k&Hkk;k*] ^vkrk&ikrk*] ^ykyh&[kkyh*] ^tksdj&Bksdj* esa

rqd feyus ls vUR;kuqçkl vyadkj gSA

o`R;kuqçkl vyadkj& tgk¡ ij leku o.kks± dh nks ;k nks ls vf/kd ckj vko`fÙk gks] ogk¡

o`R;kuqçkl vyadkj gksrk gSA nhun;ky 'kekZ us bl vyadkj dk Hkh lqanj ç;ksx fd;k gS]

;Fkk&

lnhZ dh ge djsa fonkbZA99

xhr dks eu gh eu xk;saA100

[kqn u p[krh [kkrh gks rqe]101

lc dks eSa crykÅ¡102

mDr dkO;ka”kksa esa ^n*] ^x*] ^[k*] ^c* dh ,d ls vf/kd ckj vko`fÙk gksus ls o`R;kuqçkl

vyadkj dh O;kfIr gqbZ gSA

pij&pij pjrh gS pkjk103

pwgk pwa&pwa djrk gSA104

esa&esa dj@cdjh fee;kbZ105

pha&pha&pha djds fpfM+;k pgdh106

dk¡o&dk¡o djrk gS dkSvk107

eVd&eVd dj pyrk ns[kks@dSls eVdw jke108

xqy&xqy xqyxqyk@eq>dks rw f[kykA109

p*] ^e*] ^d*] ^x* dh vko`fr gksus ls ;gk¡ Hkh o`R;kuqçkl gSA tks buds vusd xhrksa esa

feyrk gSA

ykVkuqçkl vyadkj &Þftl dkO; iafDr esa 'kCnksa ;k okD;ksa dh vko`fr gks vkSj mudk vFkZ Hkh

ogh jgs] dsoy vUo; djus ij rkRi;Z esa ifjorZu gks ogk¡ ykVkuqçkl gksrk gSAß110

bl çdkj

ykVkuqçkl 'kCnksa dk peRdkj ek= gSA ;Fkk&

oS|&gdhe crk, lkjs]111

229

xyh&xyh vkSj xk¡o 'kgj esa]112

jax&fcjaxs U;kjs&U;kjs]113

^oS|&gdhe*] ^xk¡o&”kgj*] jax&fcjaxk ds mi;ksx ls dkO; esa peRdkj iSnk gqvk gS]

vr% ;gk¡ ykVkuqçkl gSA

miek vyadkj& tgk¡ ,d oLrq dh rqyuk nwljh oLrq ls dh tkrh gS] ogk¡ miek vyadkj

gksrk gSA fo”oukFkçlkn ds vuq:i&^miek dk vFkZ gS^mi* vFkkZr~ ^lehi^ ^ek* vFkkZr~ fu.kZ;

djuk ¼rksyuk½A bl vyadkj esa nks inkFkZ ,d LFkku ij j[kdj tk¡ps tkrs gSaA blh ls bls

miek dgrs gSaAß miek ds pkj vax gksrs gSa& mies;] mieku] lk/kkj.k /keZ vkSj okpd 'kCnA

bu pkjksa rRoksa ds gksus ij iw.kksZiek rFkk ,dk/k ds vuqifLFkr gksus ij yqIrksrek vyadkj gksrk

gSA eq[; :i ls ftl dkO; iafDr esa lerkokpd 'kCn tSls lk] tSls] T;ksa] ln`”;] leku] le

dk ç;ksx gks tkrk gS ogk¡ miek vyadkj gksrk gSA nhun;ky 'kekZ us vius cky dkO; esa ;Fkk

LFkku miek vyadkj dk lqanj ç;ksx fd;k gSA ;Fkk&

cPps gks rks djrs jkSud]

fdydkjh ls xwats ?kjA

fcu cPpksa ds edk gS dsoy]

lwuk tSls gks [k¡MgjA114

ysV tk, /kjrh ij yViV]

vk, u bldks dksbZ 'kjeA

?kus cky T;ksa vks<+k dEcy]

ljnh dk bldks uk xeA115

geus ns[kk ,d vpEHkk

iSj gS tSls dksbZ [kEHkk116

mDr dforka”kksa esa lwus ?kj ls [k¡Mgj dh] dEcy dh miek ?kus ckyksa ls] iSj dh [kEHks

ls rqyuk dh xbZ gS] blhfy, ;gk¡ miek vyadkj gSA nhun;ky 'kekZ ds dkO; esa miek

vyadkj dk i;kZIr ç;ksx gqvk gSA

vfr”k;ksfDr vyadkj& tgk¡ ij c<+k&p<+k dj ckr dh tkrh gS ogk¡ vfr”k;ksfDr vyadkj

gksrk gSA

nso djksM+ksa dk ;s ?kj gS]

bldks iwtsa feVs chekjhA117

230

;gk¡ ij xk; ds lanHkZ esa dfo us dgk gS fd xk; ds 'kjhj esa djksM+ksa nsoksa dk fuokl

gksrk gS] fdUrq ;g vfr”k;ksfDr gS] ,d ekU;rk gSA

fcu isM+h Nr ij p<+ tkrkA118

gks x;k mYVk&iqYVk bd fnu]

mM+ x;k gkFkh ia[kksa ds fcuA119

fcu isMh ds Nr ij p<+uk vkSj gkFkh dk mM+uk oks Hkh fcuk ia[kksa ds vlaHko gSA dfo

us ;gk¡ vfr”k;ksfDr vyadkj ds ç;ksx ls peRdkj mRiUu fd;k gSA

fouksfDr vyadkj& dkO; esa tgk¡ ^fcuk* 'kCn dk ç;ksx gksrk gS] ogk¡ fouksfDr vyadkj gksrk

gSA nhun;ky 'kekZ ds dkO; esa ,sls dqN mnkgj.k feyrs gSa&

le> uk vk, dksbZ ikB rks

fcuk ekjs le>krh gSA120

[kqn g¡lrk vkSj gesa g¡lk,

blds fcuk gS ldZl lwukA121

mi;qZDr iafDr;ksa esa ^fcuk* 'kCn dk ç;ksx gqvk gS] vr% ;gk¡ fouksfDr vyadkj gSA lkj

Lo:i dgk tk ldrk gS fd dfo 'kekZ us vius cky dkO; esa ;Fkk lEHko ljy o lgt

vyadkjksa dh ç;qfDr djds cky dkO; esa peRdkj iSnk fd;k gSa blls dkO; esa vuqie] vçfre

lksUn;Z mn~?kkfVr gqvk gSA

6-4-2 NUn

euq"; dk lEiw.kZ thou] mldh gj xfrfof/k y;c) gksrh gSA yxHkx lHkh fo}kuksa us

dkO; esa NUnksa dh vfuok;Zrk dks Lohdkj fd;k gSA NUn nks çdkj ds gksrs gSa & ekf=d vkSj

of.kZdA ekf=d esa ek=kvksa dh ,oa of.kZd esa o.kks± dh fxurh dh tkrh gSA NUnksa ls dkO; esa

vuq”kklu] çokg] ;fr] xfr] y; dh l`f"V gksrh gSA blhfy, dfo deZ dks cgqr nq:g dgk

x;k gSA ;g ckr vyx gS fd NUnc) dfork 'kh?kz ;kn Hkh gksrh gS] yksd dh ok.kh ij

ljyrk ls p<+ tkrh gS vkSj ih<+h&nj ih<+h gLrkarfjr gksrh tkrh gS] ;Fkk&dchj dh ok.khA

'kkL=h; n`f"V ls Nan y;] o.kZ vFkok ek=kvksa ds O;ofLFkr vkSj lqfu;ksftr vuqikr dk uke

gS] ftlds }kjk dkO; esa LFkkfoRo] çHkko vkSj ân;gkfjrk vkrh gSA dfork vkSj Nan dk vVwV

lEcU/k gSA oSfnd lkfgR; ls NUnks dk ç;ksx gksus yxk FkkA vkfn dky ls ysdj vk/kqfud

dky rd NUnks dh vfuok;Zrk Lohdkj dh tkrh jgh gSA NUn dh ewy vkRek y;] laxhRedrk

vkSj çokg gSA NUn 'kkL= ds çkphure vkpk;Z fiaxy eqfu ekus x, gSaA ^Nan* dk 'kCndks”k

xr rkRi;Z

231

NUn la- ¼iq-½ 1- ek=kvksa dk fuf”pr eku ftlds vuqlkj i| jpuk dh tkrh gSA

¼tSls&ekf=d NUn] eqDr NUn½ 2- ek=k dh x.kuk ds vuqlkj i|ca/k 3- osn 4- diV 5-

eryc & O;oLFkk ¼L=h-½ ¼dkO; jpuk esa½ NUn ;kstuk & 'kkL= ¼iq-½ NUn 'kkL=122A fofHkUu

vkpk;ks± us NUn 'kCn dks ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gSA

fo”oukFk çlkn feJ & ÞNUnksa dk çlkj oSfnd dky ls gh gSA oSfnd ;qx esa ftu NUnksa dk

çpkj Fkk] b/kj dh dfork esa çpfyr NUnksa ls ,d çdkj ls vyx gSA blfy, dkO;ksa esa ftu

NUnksa dk ç;ksx gksrk gS] mUgsa ^ykSfdd* dg ldrs gSaA bu ykSfdd NUnksa esa o.kZ vkSj ek=k ds

fopkj ls NUnksa ds eksVs&eksVs nks Hksn gks ldrs gSaA ekf=d vkSj of.kZdAß123

lqfe=kuanu iUr& Þdfork rFkk NUn ds chp cM+k ?kfu"B lEcU/k gSA dfork gekjs çk.kksa dk

laxhr gS] NUn âRdEiu] dfork dk LoHkko gh NUn esa y;eku gksuk gSAß124

mDr ifjHkk"kkvksa vkSj fo}kuksa ds erkuqlkj dgk tk ldrk gS fd ek=kvksa dh fuf”pr

x.kuk ds vuqlkj dkO; jpuk djuk gh NUn dgykrs gSaA ftl çdkj lfjrk ds rV vius

ca/ku ls /kkjk dh xfr dks lqjf{kr j[krs gSa mlh çdkj NUn Hkh vius fu;a=.k ls futhZo 'kCnksa

dks dksey] lty] dyjo Hkj dj mUgsa ltho cuk nsrk gSA dkO; esa NUnksa dh mifLFkfr ls

y;] çokg dh mRifÙk gksrh gS ftlls ikBd dks jpuk i<+us esa vkuUn dh çkfIr Hkh gksrh gS

vkSj daBLFk Hkh 'kh/kz gks tkrh gSA

cky dkO; esa NUnksa dh mi;ksfxrk Lor% fl) gSA NUn ,oa y; ds dkj.k ,slh

dfork;sa ckydksa dks 'kh?kz ;kn gks tkrh gSA cPpksa dh jpukvksa esa çk;% lh/ks] ljy vkSj y?kq

NUnksa dk gh ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA nhun;ky 'kekZ le; ds vuqlkj pyus okys jpukdkj gSa]

buds }kjk dh xbZ NUnksa dh jpuk dgha 'kkL=h; gS] rks dgha Lora= vkSj ekSfyd gSA NUn

'kkL= ds fl)kUrksa ds vuq:i buds dkO; esa dqN NUnksa dk ç;ksx gqvk gSA vf/kdrj y;]

;fr] xfr vkSj çokg dk iwjk /;ku j[krs gq, ekSfyd] ljy] y?kq o Lora= NUnksa dk ç;ksx gh

vf/kd fd;k gS] lkFk gh dkO; iafDr;ksa dh la[;k dk Hkh dksbZ Øe fu/kkZfjr ugha gSA pkj

iafDr;ksa ls ysdj rhl iafDr;ksa dk ç;ksx fd;k gSA jpukdkj 'kekZ us ekf=d NUnksa dk mi;ksx

fd;k gS] buesa Hkh lksyg o pkSng ek=kvksa dk ç;ksx gh vf/kd fd;k gSA pkSikbZ NUn dk

ç;ksx nhun;ky 'kekZ us vR;f/kd fd;k gSa muds }kjk iz;qDr Nun n"VO; gS&

pkSikbZ NUn & leekf=d pkSikbZ NUn fgUnh dk lokZf/kd yksdfç; vkSj ç;qDr gksus okyk NUn

gSA blds pkjksa pj.kksa esa lksyg&lksyg ek=k,¡ gksrh gSaA pj.k ds vUr çk;% esa nks xq: ;k nks

y?kq gksrs gSaA MkW- lqjsUæ nqcs us pkSikbZ ds fo"k; esa fy[kk gS fd ;g lksyg ek=kvksa okyk NUn

gS] ftlds vUr esa xq: gksrk gSA çLrqr gS dqN mnkgj.k &

232

^ukuh rw gS dSlh ukuh] ugha lqukrh dksbZ dgkuhA

ukuh cksyh I;kjs ukrh] ubZ dgkuh eq>s u vkrhA125

^Qwyksa esa rqe Qwy lh I;kjh] lc thoksa esa rqe gks U;kjhA

jax&fcjxh ika[k rqEgkjh] frryh rw eq>s yxrh I;kjhA126

fcYyh vkbZ fcYyh vkbZ] iwN¡ fgykrh fcYyh vkbZA

ns[kks nhnh! ns[kks HkkbZ] ew¡N fgykrh fcYyh vkbZA127

mDr dforkvksa esa lksyg&lksyg ek=kvksa ,ao var esa nks xq: gksus ls pkSikbZ NUn gSA

dqN dforkvksa esa lksyg ,oa pkSng ek=kvksa dk ç;ksx Hkh dfo us fd;k gS] ftls rkVad NUn

dgrs gSaA blesa lksyg vkSj pkSng ij ;fr gksrh gSAlksyg vkSj pkSng iafDr;ksa ds NUn&

vkyl dks vc nwj Hkxkvks] lksp jgs D;k rqe xqelqeA

tks Hkh gksrk ikl gekjs] mldks Hkh ;g gj ysrkA128

bl çdkj nhun;ky 'kekZ us dqN ekSfyd vkSj dqN ekf=d Nanksa dk ç;ksx fd;k gS

rFkk vusd dfork;sa eqDr NUn esa Hkh jfpr gSaA eqDr NUn esa o.kks± vkSj ek=kvksa dk dksbZ ca/ku

ugha gksrkA bUgsa vrqdkar ;k fo"ke NUn Hkh dgrs gSaA bl ijEijk dk Jhx.ks”k laLÑr ls gh

gks pqdk FkkA MkW- iqÙkwyky 'kqDy us eqDr NUn dh ifjHkk"kk nsrs gq, fy[kk gS & Þfo"ke NUn ;k

eqDr NUn og NUn gS] ftlds fod"kZ dk y;k/kkj fuf”pr ,oa pj.kksa dh la[;k rFkk foLrkj

vfuf”pr gksAß129

/;krO; gS fd eqDr NUn esa dfo y; esa c) gksdj Hkh Lora= gksrk gSA pj.kksa

dh la[;k dk dksbZ cU/ku ugha gksrkA dfo 'kekZ us vius cky dkO; esa lokZf/kd :i ls

vrqdkar NUnksa dk mi;ksx fd;k gS] fdUrq çokg dk lEiw.kZ /;ku j[krs gq,A dqN mnkgj.k&

vkVk&ikVk

dj rw VkVk

jfookj dks

lSj likV130

,slh x+tc dh]gqbZ fnokyh

fdydkjh dk'kksj epk Fkk131

çFke f”k”kq xhr dh igyh nks iafDr;ksa esa vkB&vkB ek=k,¡ gSa ogha ckn dh nks ifDr;k¡

lkr&lkr ek=kvksa dh gS] ysfdu y; fQj Hkh dk;e gSA nwljh dfork ds va”k esa uk S] lkr]

vkB&vkB ek=kvksa dk Øe gSA bl rjg dqN dforkvksa esa lkr] N%] lkr] N% dk Øe gSA rks

dgha lksyg] vB~Bkjg ek=k,¡ vkbZ gSaA bl ds i”pkr~ Hkh y;k/kkj dk fuokZg dfo us fd;k gSA

lexz dkO; esa y;] çokg] laxhr O;kIr gS] tks cky dkO; dh lokZf/kd okaNuh;rk gS] ftlds

233

gksus ls dkO; esa fdlh lfjrk dh mfeZ;ksa dh Hkk¡fr vuojr xfr”khyrk dk vglkl gksrk gS

vkSj iBuh;rk esa ljlrk vkrh gS] ftlls ckydksa dks bu jpukvksa ds iBu ls jlkLoknu

feysxkA jpukdkj nhun;ky 'kekZ dk cky dkO; NUnc)rk ,oa eqDr NUn dh n`f"V ls

vyaÑr gSA

6-5 xhrkRedrk

[kx o`Unksa ds dyjo] fu>Zj dh >j&>j] dks;y dh dqgw&dqgw] Hkzejksa dh xqatkj] es?k

dh ?kuu&?kuu] iou dh ljljkgV vkfn ls ekuo jksekafpr gqvk gksxk vkSj mlds daB ls tks

dqN Hkh çLQqfVr gqvk gksxk] ogh xhr cuk gksxkA oSfnd eU=ksa esa Hkh fof/kor xhr rRo feyrs

gSaA xhr dfo ds eu ls foLr`r gksus okyh og euksgj fu>Zj.kh gS] ftlesa laxhr dh

yksy&ygfj;ksa dh fFkjdu vkSj Hkkoksa dh eq/kfje rjaxkofy;ksa dk urZu lekfo"V jgrk gSA

fuLlansg dkO; dyk vius dkseyre Lo:i dks ysdj xhfrdkO; esa gh vorfjr gqbZ gSA

vaxzsth esa xhfrdkO; dk i;kZ; ^fyfjd* (Lyric) gS] ftldk lEcU/k oh.kk ds ln`”; ,d

ok|;a= ls gSA tc ekuo mYyflr gksrk gS] meafxr gksrk gS] rks fofo/k voljksa ij mlds

mn~xkj y;c) gksdj xhr ds :i esa QwV iM+rs gSaA xhr og jpuk gS] ftls xk;k tk lds] tks

y;c) gks] ftlesa Loj gks] rky gks] ;fr gks xfr gks] çokg gksA xhr dh çkjfEHkd iafDr;k¡

eq[kM+ksa] LFkkbZ ;k /kqzo iafDr dgykrh gS] 'ks"k iafDr;k¡ vUrjk ;k ca/k dgykrk gSA vUrjs dh

vfUre iafDr ls eq[kM+s dh rqd feyuk vko”;d gSA gj vUrjs ds ckn eq[kM+k nksgjk;k tkrk

gSA xhr dk 'kCndks”k ds vuq:i rkRi;Z&

xhr la- ¼fo-½ xk;k gqvk] ¼iq-½ 1- NksVh i|kRed jpuk 2- ç”kalk] c<+kbZ 3- dFku] ppkZ

dkj ¼iq-½ xhr jpuk djus okyk]xhrkRedrk la- ¼fo-½ xfre;132

MkW- ';ke lqUnjnkl ds vuqlkj & Þxhfr dkO; esa dfo viuh varjkRek esa ços”k djrk gSA

cká txr dks vius var%dj.k esa ys tkdj mls vius Hkko esa jaftr djrk gSA mlesa 'kCn

lk/kuk ds lkFk Loj ¼laxhr½ dh lk/kuk gksrh gSAß133

^fo;ksxh gksxk igyk dfo---* ds lekukFkZd vaxzsth ds çfl) dfo 'kSyh dh izfl) mfDr n`"VO;

gS&

„Our Sweetest Songs are those

That tell of saddest thought”134

mi;qZDr foospu ds ckn dgk tk ldrk gSa fd xhfr dkO; dfo dh lq[k&nq%[ke;h

rhoz HkkokuqHkwfr dk dksey dkUr 'kCnkoyh esa laf{kIr [k.M vadu gS] tks viuh /oU;kRedrk esa

xs; ,oa laxhrkRed gksrk gSA 'kkL=h; n`f"V ls xhr NUn 'kkL= ds fu;eksa esa vkc) jpuk

234

gksrh gSA xhr vR;Ur iqjkru] yksdfç;] yksd çpfyr fo/kk gSA vukfn dky ls vkt rd gj

mRlo] 'kqHk volj ij çlaxkuqlkj xhr xkus dh ijEijk gekjs ns”k esa çpfyr gS] tSl&ohj

xhr] d:.k xhr] jk"Vªh; xhr] oSokfgd xhr] c/kkbZ xhr] ;q) xhr] cky xhr] mikyEHk xhr]

:id xhr] gkL;&O;aX; xhr bR;kfnA eq[;r% xhr ds fy, Hkko ço.krk] vkRekfHkO;fDr]

lkSUn;Z] laxhr] laf{kIrrk] dkseydkar inkoyh] dYiuk vkfn dh vfuok;Zrk gSA xhr ls gh

thou esa lqj] y;] rky] e/kqjrk dk lkezkT; dk;e gSA

ckyjpukdj nhun;ky 'kekZ us cky dforkvksa ds lkFk&lkFk cgqr lqe/kqj] lkSUn;Z o

ek/kq;Z ls ljksckj] vyaÑr] ckyksi;ksxh] euHkkou] Js"B cky xhrksa dh jpuk dh gS&

vkvks jyfey cuk,¡ lkjs] bd nwts dk viuk ?kj

?kj gks rks ge mM+s vkleka] yx tkrs gSa tSls ^ij*

?kj tSlk Hkhgksrk ?kj] thou mlesa djs cljA

vkvks jfyey cuk,¡ ?kj] bd nwts dk viuk ?kjAA135

py py py HkbZ py py py

:d uk dHkh rw pyrk py

Bgjk ty xank gks tkrk]

mlls rw Hkh f”k{kk ysys

pyuk gh dgykrk thou]

deZ fd, tk pyrk py

py py py HkbZ py py py

:d uk dHkh] rw pyrk py136

^lnhZ vkbZ] lnhZ vkbZ] vks<+sa dEcy vkSj jtkbZA

T;ksa&T;ksa lnhZ c<+rh tk,] diM+ksa dh ge djsa ynkbZA

fey tqy lkj vkx rkirs] jkr&jkr Hkj djsa gFkkbZA

lnhZ vkbZ] lnhZ vkbZ----137

bl çdkj dfo 'kekZ us xhrksa dh jpuk esa 'kkL=h;rk ,oa y;kRedrk dk iwjk /;ku

j[kk gS vkSj lqUnj&lqUnj ckyksi;ksxh xhr fy[ks gSa] ftUgsa xquxqukus dk eu djrk gS] ;s lHkh

xhr lgt] ljy o çHkkoh cu iM+s gSa] bUgsa i<+rs gh eu çlUu gks mBrk gSA lkFk gh ;s xhr

ckydksa ds fy, çsj.kkLin Hkh gSa] tSls ^py&py* xhr esa lnSo vkxs c<+us dh çsj.kk gS] lkFk

gh fujUrj vkxs c<+us dk Hkh lUns”k dfo us fn;k gSA ^lnhZ vkbZ* esa ekSle dh vuqHkwfr gS fd

vc lnhZ vk xbZ gS] gesa jtkbZ&dEcy vks<+uk pkfg,] Åuh diM+s iguus pkfg,] jkf= dks vkx

235

rkiuk pkfg, vkfnA rks ,d xhr esa feydj vkSj lkSgkæ ls jgus dh çLrqfr gS] tks mUgsa

thou dk O;kogkfjd Kku o lUns”k Hkh çnku djrh gSA

6-6 'kCn la;kstu

'kCn czã Lo:i ekus x, gSa] blh ls 'kCnksa dh egÙkk Lor% fl) gks tkrh gSA fdlh

Hkh Hkk"kk esa ç;qDr fd, tkus okys 'kCnksa ls feydj 'kCn la;kstu curk gSA 'kCn ,d Lora=]

lkFkZd /ofu gS tks ,d ;k vf/kd o.kks± ds la;ksx ls daB vkSj rkyq vkfn ds }kjk mRiUu gksrh

gS rFkk ftlls lquus okyksa dks fdlh inkFkZ] dk;Z vFkok Hkko dk cks/k gksrk gS] mls ^”kCn* dgk

tk ldrk gSA Loj vkSj Loj feydj rks dHkh Loj o O;atu ds ;ksx ls 'kCnksa dk fuekZ.k gksrk

gSA 'kCnksa ls okD; vkSj okD;ksa ls Hkk"kk dk fufeZr gksrh gSA ^'kCn* 'kCn dk dks”kxr vFkZ &

'kCn la ¼iq-½ 1- vkokt+ ¼/ofu½ tSls & Øks/k Hkjs 'kCn esa dguk] cPps ds jksus ds 'kCn

2- lkFkZd /ofu] y¶+t] oMZ ¼tSls e/kqj 'kCn] vk”khZokZn ds nks 'kCn dguk½ 3- vkIr opu &

dkj ¼fo-½ 'kCn djus okyk] dks'k ¼iq-½ 'kCnksa ds o.kZ foU;kl] vFkZ ç;ksx rFkk i;kZIr vkfn ls

lEcfU/kr xzUFk & dkS”ky ¼iq-½ 'kCn pkrq;Z & czã ¼iq-½ 1- 'kCn fufgr v/;kRe foKku 2- ç.ko]

vksadkj&Hk.Mkj ¼iq-½ 'kCn lEifÙk138

fgUnh lqxe O;kdj.k ds vuqlkj&ß^'kCn Hkk"kk okfVdk ds lqeu gSA bu fofHkUu çdkj

ds lqeuksa dks Hkko lw= esa latksdj vuqie dkO; gkj dk fuekZ.k gks ldrk gS--- okLro esa 'kCn

gh bfrgkl gS] dyk gS] foKku gS] laLÑr gS] Hkk"kk gS] lkfgR; gSA*139

iartfy us vius egkHkk"; esa fy[kk gSÞyksd O;ogkj esa ftl /ofu ls vFkZ cks/k gksrk gS og

'kCn gS eq[k ls mPpfjr] dku Jqr] cqf) ls xzká vkSj ç;ksx ls LQqfjr gksus okyh vkdk”kO;kih

/ofu 'kCn gSAß140

n"VO; gS fd 'kCn dk 'kkfCnd vk”k; lkFkZd /ofu] ukn] vkokt gS] tks eq[k

ls mPpfjr vkSj d.kZ ls lquh tkrh gSaA 'kCn Hkk"kk dh çFke bdkbZ gSA 'kCn Loj vkSj O;atuksa

ds esy ls fufeZr gksrs gSaA 'kCn ls in vkSj inksa ls okD; curs gSaA bl çdkj 'kCn Loj]

O;atu] in vkSj okD; dk lkFkZd Lo:i gSA fdlh Hkh Hkk"kk dh 'kCn ;kstuk esa fofHkUu L=ksrksa

ls vk, vusd 'kCn gksrs gSa] ftuls Hkk"kk fo”ks"k vkSj le`) o lkeF;Zoku curh gS] ysfdu ,sls

lHkh 'kCnksa dk mn~xe LFky vyx&vyx gksrk gSA ,sls L=ksr rRle] r)o] ns”kt] fons”kd

vkfn gSaA

1- rRle 'kCn&^rRle* dk vFkZ gS mlds lekuA fgUnh vkSj vU; Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa esa ,sls

leLr laLÑre; ijEijkxr 'kCn Ja[kyk dks rRle 'kCn dgk x;k gS] tks laLÑr ls fcuk

fdlh ifjorZu ds lkFk xzg.k fd, x;s gSaA

236

rRle 'kCnksa dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, MkW- Jhfo|kfuokl feJ us dgk gS&ÞrRle os 'kCn

gSa tks tSls ds rSls laLÑr ls xzg.k fd, tkrs gSaA bl çdkj rRle 'kCn laLÑr ls vkxr

gksdj vkSj fgUnh esa ;Fkkor O;oâr gksrs gSaAÞ141

mi;qZDr foospu ls Li"V gksrk gS fd rRle 'kCn laLÑr ls ;Fkk:i fgUnh esa O;kIr

gks x;s gSaA nhun;ky 'kekZ ds cky dkO; esa rRle 'kCnksa dk cgqrk;r ls ç;ksx gqvk gS tks

js[kkafdr djus ;ksX; gS D;ksafd bu 'kCnksa ds ç;ksx ls cPpksa dks rRle 'kCnkoyh dk Kku

ckY;dky ls gh gksus yxsxkA çLrqr gS dqN mnkgj.k &

thou ds Ük`a` axkj isM+ gSaA142

nqfu;k dk n”kZu djok;kA143

n`<+ ladYi gekjs144

'kkfUr veu vkSj lR;&vfgalkA145

vfXu vkSj i`Foh felkby146

jk"Vª&i{kh dgyk,A147

fuR; deZ ls tksM+saxs ukrk148

egkRek th] eq> ls xyrh gks xbZ] eq>s ekQ dj nksA149

czãk th us ogk¡ yxs vklu ij viuk LFkku xzg.k fd;kA150

ckj&ckj Jksrkvksa ds O;aX;&ck.k pqHk jgs FksA151

çkFkZuk ds ckn jk"Vª&xku çkjEHk gqvkA152

vKku :ih va/kdkj ls Kku :ih çdk”k dh vksj ys tk,¡A153

eSa rqe lcdk Hkfo"; mTToy ns[krk gw¡A154

cM+s&cM+s _f"k;ksa us Hkh igys eu dks fu;af=r fd;k gSA155

vius ln~deks± ds dkj.k lcds fnyksa esa cluk pkgrh gw¡A156

_Xosn esa dgk Hkh x;k gS fd nsork iq:"kkFkhZ ls çse djrs gSaA157

fpdh dkesMh cksyh & eSa funksZ"k gw¡ egkjktA158

----vkSj vkil esa fopkj foe”kZ djus yxsA159

lw;Z fNius ls igys & igys os nksuksa vius&vius ?kj vkrhaA160

jkethnkl---- mldk ,d&,d cksy esjs ân; esa 'kwy lk pqHkrk gSA161

237

ckcwyky&eSusa lquk gS fd og pfj= ds ekeys esa Hkh lgh ugha gS yfyrkA162

vkjEHk esa jkf= lwpd mnkl fdUrq /khek laxhrA163

eqjyh--{kf.kd vUrjky ds ckn eqjyh/kj vkRe laokn dh rjg LofIuy gksdj cksyrs

gSaA164

fot; ;s ok;jl mu 'osr dksf”kdkvksa ij vkØe.k djrk gSA165

2- rn~Hko 'kCn&laLÑr ds tks 'kCn Hkk"kk ifjorZu dh LokHkkfod çfØ;k ls xqtjrs gq, foÑr

gksdj fgUnh vkSj vU; Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa esa vk, gSa] mUgsa rn~Hko dgk x;k gSA fgUnh dh lkjh

fØ;k;sa vkSj loZuke rFkk vf/kdka”k laKk,¡] fo”ks"k.k vkSj fØ;k fo”ks"k.k rn~Hko gh gSa]

;Fkk&vkx] vk/kk] diwj] dks;y] eksrh] lk¡>] xk¡o] lwjt vkfnA bl fo"k; esa MkW- lhrkfd”kksj

us rn~Hko 'kCnksa dks O;k[;kf;r djrs gq, fy[kk gS &ßrr* ¼gyar½ vkSj ^Hko* 'kCnksa dk rkRi;Z]

^mlls* mRiUu gksrk gSA ^ml* 'kCn ftl Hkk"kk dh vksj ladsr djrk gS] og laLÑr gSA ,sls

'kCn laLÑr ls lh/ks u vkdj ,d yEch ;k=k iwjh djds vkrs gSaA ljyhdj.k dh ço`fr bl

'kCn lewg esa vf/kd jgrh gSA166

bl çdkj laLÑr ls lh/ks u vkdj ,d yEch ;k=k djds

ifjorZu ds lkFk fgUnh esa vkxr 'kCn rn~Hko dgyk,A nhun;ky 'kekZ us rRle 'kCnksa ds

lkFk&lkFk rn~Hko 'kCnksa dk Hkh iwjh rU;erk ds lkFk mi;ksx fd;k gS] tks ckyksi;ksxh gSA ;s

Hkh dg ldrs gSa fd ;s 'kCn LokHkkfod :i ls vk, gSaA dqN ,sls gh 'kCnksa ds mnkgj.k&

tc Hkh udyh nkar fn[kkrs167

lwjt ,d flrkjk168

Hkaojs xhr lqukrs gSa169

'khry Nkao yqVkrs gSa170

cj[kk tc gks tk, can171

Qwyksa ls jl pwl&pwl dj172

ukp rqEgsa fn[kyk,173

eksrh ftudks Hkkrs174

blds ehBs cksy175

ugkrh feV~Vh esa xkSjs;k176

?kh] ngh] eD[ku nsrh Hkkjh177

mldk 'kki lp Hkh gks ldrk gS178

238

yksds”k--- og llqjky ls vyx jgus yx xbZA179

dfo 'kekZ ds }kjk r)o 'kCnksa dk Js"B la;kstu fd;k gSA blls buds lkfgR; esa

lkSUn;Z dh O;kfIr gqbZ gSA ckyd bu 'kCnksa ls Hkyh x;k ifjfpr gksrs gSa D;ksafd ;s 'kCn mUgsa

vius ifjos”k ls çfrfnu lquus dks feyrs gSaA

3-ns”kt 'kCn

fdlh Hkh Hkk"kk esa çpfyr ,sls lHkh LFkkuh; 'kCn ns”kt gksrs gSa ftuds mn~xe dh

dgkuh vkafpyd ifjos”k esa gh yqIr jgrh gSA fgUnh esa Hkh ,sls vusd 'kCn gSa ftudh O;qRifr

dk irk ugha pyrk vksj ftudh ç;qfDr {ks=h; vfHkO;fDr dks lkdkj djrh gS] ,sls 'kCn ns”k

fo”ks"k dh yksdHkk"kk ls gh fu%l`r gksrs gSa] ns”kt 'kCn dgykrs gSaA ;Fkk&>ViV] pdkpd] >wyk

vkfnA

Jh ';kepUæ diwj us ns”kt 'kCnksa ds lanHkZ esa viuk fparu çdV djrs gq, fy[kk gS&

Þtks 'kCn ns”k dh fofHkUu cksfy;ksa ;k {ks=ksa ¼tuinh;½ cksfy;ksa ls fgUnh esa fy, x, gSaAß180

Li"V gS fd fofHkUu cksfy;ksa ;k tuinh; cksfy;ksa ls fy, x, 'kCn gh ns”kt 'kCn dgykrs gSaA

cky jpukdkj nhun;ky 'kekZ us vius cky dkO; esa ns”kt 'kCnksa dk ;Fkk LFkku mYys[k

fd;k gSA

MkaV&MiV ds dj nsrs gSa181

vDdM+&cDdM+ cksdjh182

dqdM+w&dw dh ckax yxrk183

[ksys xqYyh&MaMk184

<ksyd ckts <e&<e185

yw,¡ pyrh vka/kh pyrh186

etnwj vkSjrsa çfrfnu dh rjg iÙks rksM+us rM+ds&rM+ds fudy xbZ FkhA187

eqjyh--- vjs ckoyh jksus ls dqN ugha gksrk---A188

eqjyh--- cspkjh Nksfj;k¡ jksVh ds ,d&,d VqdM+s ds fy, rjlrh jgh---A189

yksd thou esa O;oâr gksus ls ns”kt 'kCn gekjs eu ds djhc gksrs gSa] buds iBu ,oa

v/;;u ls vareZu esa viuRo] lgt tqM+ko dk Hkko mnh;eku gksrk gSA nhun;ky 'kekZ ds

lkfgR; esa ns”kt 'kCnksa dk Hkyh çdkj ls mi;ksx gqvk gSA

239

4- fons'kt 'kCn

fons”kt çR;sd Hkk"kk vius lkg”p;Z esa vkbZ fons”kh Hkk"kkvksa esa lekfo"V gks tkrs gSaA

fons”kh ewy ds ,sls gh 'kCnksa dks fons'kh 'kCn dgk tkrk gSA lHkh Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa esa vjch]

Qkjlh] vaxzsth] iqrZxkyh] Mp] Ýsap] rqdhZ vkfn dbZ fons”kh Hkk"kkvksa ls ,sls 'kCnksa dks Lohdkj

x;k gSA fgUnh us Hkh vusd fons”kh Hkk"kkvksa dks vius esa lekfgr djds vius 'kCn Hk.Mkj dks

le`) fd;k gS] dqN mnkgj.k tSls & rek”kk] nqdku ¼Qkjlh½] vnkyr] QSlyk] dher ¼vjch½]

jsy] ldZl] eksVj] isu ¼vaxzsth½] vukukl] cksry] vyekjh ¼iqrZxkyh½] dSaph] dqyh] pEep

¼rqdhZ½ vkfnA nhun;ky 'kekZ us vius cky lkfgR; esa fons”kh 'kCnksa dk cgqrk;r ls ç;ksx

fd;k gSA ,sls 'kCnksa dh laf{kIr lwph&

1- vaxzsth 'kCnkoyh &

jsy xkM+h dk]Vh-Vh- cksyk190

fdruh ?kfM+;k¡ vkSj eksckby191

Mªkek djsa dHkh Mkal fn[kk,¡192

dkVwZu fQYesa fn[kykrk193

dEI;wVj gS lc ij Hkkjh194

dksV&iSaV vkSj VkbZ igu dj195

eSa Hkh xse pykÅ¡xk196

Vh-oh- lcdks Hkk,197

eSMe&lj dk I;kj eSa ikrk198

gkseodZ djokrh gS199

ikWdsV euh ik¡p :ib;k200

nqfu;k ekus eq>dks ghjks201

vc ghVj dh ckjh vkbZ202

^Iyht nhnh] vkt--- vkt eq>s ekQ+ dj nks203

mlus Qksu ls uEcj feyk;s204

vady] ,d ckr crkvks205

txg&txg jsfM;ks] Vh-oh- vkSj ykmMLihdj ls ns”k HkfDr ds xhr vk jgs Fks206

240

MkWDVj us mls HkrhZ dj fy;k207

ekSlh gekjh eEeh vHkh rd D;ksa ugha vkbZ208

uks esa”ku ;kj209

,d fnu cl ds daMDVj Hkkyw HkkbZ cksys & cPpksa cl :dus ij gh mrjk djks210

ph[k lqudj ykseM+h Mªkboj us >V ls cl jksd nh211

vkB estsaA vkB LVwyA CySd cksMZ212

vkt eSa vkidks bafXy”k i<+kÅ¡xk213

xqM--- D;k rqe v[k+ckj i<+rs gks214

D;k djksxs ik;ysV cudj215

deyk&blds dSfj;j dh rw fpark dj csVk216

jeu&vkSj ;fn fctusl ugha pyk rks---\217

jkethnkl&---vc cq<+kis esa vc M~;wVh Hkh fuHkkuh gS218

cyfoUæ&---felst fMlwtk Hkh fdruh LekVZ yx jgh Fkh vkt---A219

cyfoUæ&---rqEgkjs iSlksa ij esjk iwjk gd gS Mkfy±x220

chuk&---ftl fnu eSaus dksbZ fMlhtu ys fy;k u221

eUtw&ugha ekbZ fM;j222

jkds”k&---csVs dks fQDl fMiksftV dh jde le> dj lafpr fd;k--- vkSj---223

jktdqekj&---;gk¡ ds ,d çkbosV Ldwy esa Vhpj yx xbZ gS224

t;nso&xqMukbV csVs ---xqMukbV---225

lq"kek&HkkbZ ds fjtYV ls ik¡p lkS :i;s dk D;k laca/k gS HkbZ\226

vjch] Qkjlh fefJr 'kCn&

vktknh& fnol dks] vdq us euk;k227

jcj] dkxt] ydM+h nsrs228

dSls rsjk dtZ pqdkÅ¡229

rq> ij tkÅ¡ dqckZu230

vk¡[kksa esa vk xbZ [kqekjh231

241

rw D;k esjk eqofDdy gS232

Hkksyh 'kDysa I;kjh&I;kjh233

Hkwy xbZ d:¡ f”kdk;r234

b/kj&m/kj dh vke&[kkl dh235

mlds >wB cksyus ij lk/kw ckck dks tcjnLr xqLlk p<+ x;kA236

mlus b/kj&m/kj utjsa nkSM+kbZA237

fQj mM+us esa dksbZ fnDdr ugha gksxhA238

ea=h mYyw vnc ls >qdrs gq, cksyk---A239

eUuw cksyk] crk nks rks cM+h esgjckuh gksxhA240

'ksj--- rks ea=h in ls c[kkZLr dj nwaxk] gk¡--- le>s\241

gjdw--- esjk dlwj D;k gS\242

deyk&---nkSyr gS] 'kksgjr gS] bTtr gS--- D;k deh gSA243

jkethnkl&---pht dh deh ds fy, dkSu dec[+r jksrk gSA244

jkensbZ&---vkt viuh gh cgw ds lkeus fcuk xqukg fd, tyhy gksuk iM+ jgk gSA245

nsoh&---mUgha ds rks vk”kh"k ls rks ykMys dk eqg¡ ns[kuk ulhc gqvkA246

bl çdkj dgk tk ldrk gS fd jpukdkj 'kekZ ds cky lkfgR; esa lHkh rjg ds

'kCnksa dk cgqr cM+h ek=k esa vadu djuk dkfcys&rkjhQ+ gSA buds ç;ksx ls Hkk"kk & 'kSyh esa

lkSUn;Z] xq.koÙkk] lkFkZdrk] ljlrk] feBkl] ek/kq;Z] cks/kxE;rk vkfn dk mRd"kZ gqvk gSA

6-7 'kSyh

ckr dgus dh dyk gh 'kSyh gSA gj O;fDr dk vius euksHkkoksa dks O;Dr djus dk

fof”k"V <ax gksrk gS] ftls lk/kkj.k cksyh esa ygtk ;k lyhdk Hkh dgrs gSa vkSj ;s gh ygtk

dHkh&dHkh ckr ls Hkh vf/kd egRoiw.kZ cu tkrk gSA “What you say is not important but

how you say is important”. ;fn vPNh ckr dks lqUnj <ax ls dgk tk, rks ^lksus esa

lqxU/k*] fdUrq mlh ckr dks x+yr rjhds ls çfrikfnr dj nsus ls vPNk earO; Hkh vfç; gks

tkrk gS] ogha dHkh&dHkh xyr ckr dks lgh lyhds ls çLrqr dj nsus ls og ckr Hkh fç; cu

tkrh gSA 'kSyh ls rkRi;Z gS Þ'kSyh] dk;Z&i)fr] fo”ks"k mik;ß247

ÞdykØe] dkjhxjh] n{krk] miØe] gLrdeZ] :i] vkÑfr] fuekZ.k] l`f"VAß248

242

MkW- çR;q"k xqysjh ds vuqlkj &Þ”kSyh fdlh Hkh lkfgR;dkj dykdkj dh lcl s cM+h 'kfDr gksrh

gSA ;g ,d ,slk ek/;e gS] ftlls ys[kd vius dF; dks ikBdksa ds le{k çLrqr djrk gSA

blhfy, dgk x;k gS ^LVkby bt n eSu*A gekjs ;gk¡ loZçFke 'kSyh ds i;kZ; ds :i esa jhfr

'kCn ds ç;ksDrk okeu jgs gSaA Hkjr eqfurks blds fy, ço`fr 'kCn dks viuk;kA daqrd us

^jhfr* ds LFkku ij ^ekxZ* 'kCn dh ppkZ dh gSAß249

jk/kk nhf{kr us 'kSyh ds lanHkZ esa dgk gS 'kSyh vfHkO;fDr dh fof”k"V i)fr gS ftlds ek/;e

ls dksbZ dke djus vFkok dksbZ pht fufeZr] çLrqr ;k çnf”kZr djus rFkk fdlh çlax dk

çLrqrhdj.k] <ax] vFkok rjhdk 'kSyh dgykrh gSA jpukdkj vius Hkkoksa o fopkjksa dks cksydj

;k fy[kdj çdV djrk gS] blds bl fof”k"V <ax ftl ij oDrk ;k mlds dky] lekt

vkfn dh Nki yxh gksrh gS mls 'kSyh dgrs gSaA ,d oDrk dh cksyh esa vfHkO;fDr ds çlax

vkSj mís”; ds Hksn ls fn[kykbZ nsus okys varj dks 'kSyh dgrs gSA250

ckcw xqykcjk;&Þ”kSyh vfHkO;fDr ds mu xq.kksa dks dgrs gSa ftUgsa ys[kd ;k dfo vius eu ds

çHkko dks leku :i ls nwljksa rd igq¡pkus ds fy, viukrk gSAß251

mi;qZDr çkphu vkpk;ks± ds vfrfjDr vk/kqfud fo}kuksa us Hkh 'kSyh dk vk”k; vkSj

ifjHkk"kk dks ysdj vius&vius er çdV fd;s gSa] ftuesa çeq[k :i ls jkepUæ 'kqDy] ckcw

';kelqUnj nkl] Jh d:.kkifr f=ikBh] f”konku flag pkSgku vkfnA lHkh ds erksa dk fupksM+

gS fd tc fdlh fo"k; dks vkd"kZd] çHkkoksRiknd ,oa je.kh; vfHkO;fDr feyrh gS] rks lkfgR;

esa mls 'kSyh dgrs gSaA oLrqr% 'kSyh jpukdkj ds thou dh çfrfcEc ekuh xbZ gSA ,d ys[kd

ftruk vf/kd ls vf/kd ekfeZd vkSj çHkkoksRiknd :i esa vius er dks çdV djrk gS] og

'kSyh mruh gh Js"B vkSj vPNh dgh tk;sxhA ,d oDrk dh cksyh esa vfHkO;fDr ds çlax vkSj

mís”; ds Hksn ls fn[kykbZ nsus okys vUrj dks 'kSyh dgrs gSaA lkj :i esa] fof”k"V <ax ls

dgus dh dyk gh 'kSyh gSA dksbZ Hkh dF; ,oa Hkko iBuh;] çHkko”kkyh] lkFkZd] jkspd]

vkd"kZd] ân;Li”khZ 'kSyh ds }kjk gh curk gSA

fofHkUu vkpk;ks±] euhf"k;ksa] fo}kuksa us 'kSyh dks vusd :iksa esa foHkkftr fd;k gS] ftuesa

çeq[k :i ls o.kZukRed] O;k[;kRed] dkO;kRed] KkukRed] O;aX;kRed] vkykspukRed]

fopkjkRed] fp=kRed] iwoZ dFku] i=&ys[ku] fo”ys"k.kkRed] cks/kkRed] foospukRed] Mk;jh

vkfnA cky lkfgR; ds fy, ;g xkSjo dh ckr gS fd orZeku esa bl lkfgR; esa Hkh Hkko

ço.krk ,oa 'kSyh dks ysdj fur vfHkuo ç;ksx gksus yxs gSaA dbZ cky lkfgR;dkj ,sls u,

ç;ksxksa rFkk uohu vankt dks ysdj çfrc) gSa] tSls & fnfod jes”k] MkW- ukxs”k ik.Ms;

^lat;*] fujadkj nso lsod] Hkxorh çlkn f}osnh] xksfoUn Hkkj}kt] pØ/kj ufyu] eksgEen

vj”kn [kku] nhun;ky 'kekZ bR;kfnA

243

bl lanHkZ esa çfrf"Br cky lkfgR;dkj fnfod jes”k dk fpUru ;gk¡ çklafxd gS &

ÞfiNys dqN o"kks± esa fgUnh ds cky lkfgR; esa tgk¡ Hkko vkSj Hkkocks/k dh n`f"V ls ckyd ds

u,&u, :i mHkj jgs gSa] ogha :i rFkk Hkk"kk 'kSyh esa Hkh u,&u, vankt+ vkSj ç;ksx lfEefyr

gq, gSaAß252

gj jpukdkj dh viuh ekSfyd] fof”k"V 'kSyh gksrh gS] tks mls vU; dykdkj ls fHkUu

çnf”kZr djrh gS] ftls i<+dj ;k lqudj ikBd ;k Jksrk le> ysrs gSa fd ;g veq[k

lkfgR;dkj dh jpuk gSA cky lkfgR;dkj nhun;ky 'kekZ dk viuh ckr dgus dk viuk

lyhdk gS] eqgkojk gS] vankts&c;k¡ gSA fu”p; gh 'kSfy;k¡ rks ogh gSa] cl çR;sd lkfgR;

lk/kd dk mUgsa ç;qDr djus dk viuk vuks[kk rjhdk gksrk gSA nhun;ky 'kekZ us vius cky

lkfgR; esa dbZ çdkj dh 'kSfy;ksa dks fo'ks"k :i ls dke esa fy;k gS] tSls&dkO;kRed

o.kZukRed] laoknkRed 'kSyh vkfnA

dkO;kRed 'kSyh

dkO;kRed 'kSyh esa jpukdkj viuh jpukvksa ds chp&chp esa dkO; iafDr;ksa]

dforka”kks] 'yksdksa] x+t+yksa ds 'ksj vkfn dk ;Fkkçlax mYys[k djrk gS] ftlls jpuk esa

lkSUn;Z] çHkkoksRikndrk] ekfeZdrk dk lao)Zu gksrk gS] lkFk gh jpuk vf/kd iBuh;] euuh;]

jkspd] ljl o vkYgkn&çnkjd cu tkrh gS vkSj tc jpukdj Lo;a dfo gks rks dgus gh

D;kA ;g ckr cky jpukdkj 'kekZ ij iwjh rjg ls [kjh mrjrh gS] D;ksafd os x| vkSj i|

ij leku vf/kdkj j[krs gSaA mudh x| jpukvksa esa ;Fkk lanHkZ dkO;kRed 'kSyh dk lQy

ç;ksx gqvk gS tSls^lius* ,dkadh esa iqLrd ds egÙo dk ,d çlax vkrk gS] rc ,d ckyd

ds }kjk fdrkc ij dqN iafDr;k¡ mn~/k`r dh xbZ gSa] ftlds ek/;e ls ckyd fdrkcksa dh

çklafxdrk ls Hkyh çdkj ifjfpr gks ldsaxsA ;Fkk&

lq[k&nq%[k esa lkFk]

fuHkkrh jgh fdrkcA

cq>s eu dh ckrh]

tykrh jgh fdrkcA

v¡/ksjs esa Hkh jkg]

fn[kkrh jgh fdrkcA

vufxur [kqf”k;k¡

yqVkrh jgh fdrkc253

244

blh ,dkadh dk 'kqHkkjEHk fuEu 'yksd ls gqvk gS] ftlls jpuk ds Jhx.ks”k esa eaxy

/ofu dk mæsd gqvk gS] ftlds mPpkj.k ls cPpksa esa bZ”kçkFkZuk vkSj fou;”khyrk dk Hkko Hkh

tkxzr gksxkA

vlrks ek ln~xe;A

relks ek T;ksfrxZe;A

e`R;ksekZe`ra xe;A254

nhun;ky 'kekZ us bl jpuk esa dkO;kRed 'kSyh dk cM+h xgjkbZ ls vadu fd;k gSA

ukVd ds var esa Hkh [kwclwjr xhr dh iafDr;ksa}kjk ckydksa dks HkkbZpkjs o lkSgknZHkko cuk;s

j[kus lh[k nh gS&

bUlku dk bUlku ls gks HkkbZpkjk---

;gh iSxke gekjk---

;gh iSxke gekjk---A255

^tax tkjh gS* ds ukVdksa esa Hkh dbZ LFkkuksa ij bl 'kSyh dks ç;qDr fd;k x;k gSA

mDr fo”ys"k.k ds vk/kkj ij Li"V gS fd ukVddkj 'kekZ us vius dfo ân; gksus dk vius

x| esa Hkjiwj ykHk mBk;k gSA

o.kZukRed 'kSyh

bl 'kSyh ds vUrxZr fdlh LFkku n`”;] vuqHko] ?kVuk] oLrq] Le`fr vkfn dk o.kZu

lqUnj 'kCnksa esa fd;k tkrk gS] ftl ls dFkkud dks foLrkj Hkh feyrk gS] ikBd ds Kku esa

c<+ksrjh Hkh gksrh gS vkSj jpuk dh iBuh;rk Hkh c<+rh gS] jkspdrk Hkh vkrh gSA çLrqr 'kSyh

dFkk lkfgR; esa cgq çpfyr gSA nhun;ky 'kekZ cky eu ds ikj[kh gSa] tkurs gSa fd ckydksa

ds fy, fdl çdkj o fdl lanHkZ esa dSlh Hkk"kk&”kSyh dk ç;ksx djuk pkfg,A bUgksaus vius

cky ukVdksa ,oa dgkfu;ksa esa bl 'kSyh dks ;Fkk LFkku o çlax dke esa fy;k gSA ^QSlyk*

ukVd ds izkjEHk esa taxy dk lqjE;] je.kh; vkSj ;FkkFkZ o.kZu fd;k gSA çLrqr gS dqN va”k &

ÞcPpksa] gtkjksa o"kZ igys dh ckr gSA ,d taxy esa vusd i”kq&i{kh vkjke ls jgrs FksA

taxy dk jktk ,d 'ksj FkkA og 'ksj lgh U;k; ds fy, nwj&nwj rd çfl) FkkA jktk 'ksj

i”kq&if{k;ksa dh lqfo/kk ds fy, ,d ihiy ds isM+ ds uhps gj lIrkg ,d cSBd dk vk;kstu

djrk FkkA cSBd esa vusd i”kq&i{kh viuk nq[kM+k lqukrs vkSj taxy dk jktk 'ksj mudk

nq[kM+k lqudj mfpr U;k; djrkA 'ksj jktk ds U;k; ls taxy dh lkjh çtk [kq”k FkhAß256

^fpaVw&fiaVw dh lw>* dFkk ds çkjEHk esa fcYyh o mlds cPpksa dh papyrk ds lanHkZ esa

bl 'kSyh dk lqUnj fp=.k Þ,d xk¡o esa ,d fcYyh jgrh FkhA uke Fkk mldk >cjhA xk¡o ds

245

cPps I;kj ls mls ekSlh dgrs FksA >cjh ekSlh ds NksVs&NksVs I;kjs ls nks cPps Hkh FksA ,d dk

uke Fkk fpaVw vkSj nwljs dk uke fiaVwA fpaVw&fiaVw lkjk fnu mNy&dwn djrs rks >cjh ekSlh

mUgsa [kwc le>krh ysfdu mu ij viuh ek¡ dh ckrksa dk dksbZ vlj ugha gksrkAß257

^lcls cM+h ltk* dgkuh fo|ky; ds ifjos”k ij vk/kkfjr gSA blesa çkFkZuk lHkk dk

euksje] LokHkkfod] thoar] ltho vkSj fp=kRed fp=.k cgqr lqUnj o lgt cu iM+k gSAÞlqcg

lk<+s nl cts fo|ky; esa çkFkZuk gks jgh FkhA cPps fo|ky; iks”kkd igus viuh&viuh

iafDr;ksa esa [kM+s cgqr gh lqUnj yx jgs FksA ,d rjQ v/;kid x.k ,oa ç/kkuk/;kid th [kM+s

FksA çkFkZuk LFky ds ,d vksj njokts ds ikl pijklh ';keLo:i >kM+w yxk jgk FkkA

ç/kkuk/;kid th [kM+s&[kM+s lksp jgs Fks fd ';keLo:i çkFkZuk ls igys >kM+w D;ksa ugha

yxkrk\ bls fdruh ckj le>k;k gSAß258

¼v½ laoknkRed 'kSyh

laokn 'kSyh dFkk lkfgR; dk vfuok;Z rRo gSA buds ek/;e ls tgk¡ fo"k; oLrq vkxs

c<+rh gS ogha dF; esa jkspdrk vkrh gS vkSj ik=ksa dk pfj= mHkj dj vkrk gS vkSj mudh eu%

fLFkfr iwjh rjg Li"V gks ikrh gSA okrkZyki] ckrphr vFkok laokn dh vk/kkjf”kyk ij dgkuh

,oa ukVd :ih Hkou lqn<+rk ikrs gSaA MkW- ;ksxs”k xksdqy ds vuqlkj Þnks ;k vf/kd ik=ksa ds

chp gqbZ ckrphr ds ek/;e ls dFkk dks çLrqr djuk okrkZyki ;k laokn 'kSyh gSA dF; dks

xfr”khy cukus rFkk pfj=ksa ds dk;Zdyki dk Li"V djus esa laokn egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs

gSaA laokn NksVs&cM+s] xEHkhj&jkspd] ik=&çlax] Hkko rFkk fo"k; ds vuq:i dbZ çdkj ds gksrs

gSaAß259

tkfgj gS fd laokn dFkk lkfgR; ,oa ukV; dkO; ds çk.krRo gSaA buds fcuk bu

fo/kkvksa dh dYiuk Hkh fujk/kkj gSA nhun;ky 'kekZ ds dFkk lkfgR; esa laokn 'kSyh dk

leqfpr ç;ksx n”kZuh; gS] blds fcuk dgkuh vkSj ukVdksa dk vfLrRo gh lEHko ugha gSA x|

ys[kd 'kekZ ds laokn vR;ar pqVhys] lkjxfHkZr] ljy] lgt] laf{kIr] jkspd] ik=kuqdwy]

dFkkoLrq ds vuq:i n`f"Vxr gq, gSaA dqN çlax&

eUuw mYyw us /khjs ls dgk ßrch;r rks Bhd gSA exj rqEgsa esjk uke dSls ekywe gS\Þ

yks dj yks ckr--- rqEgkjk uke dkSu ugha tkurkA dkSos us Qqndrs gq, dgkA

rqEgkjk D;k uke gS\ eUuw mYyw us dkSos ls iwNkA

dkSvk cksyk esjk uke dyqvk gS ysfdu I;kj ls eq>s lHkh dYyw dgrs gSaA260

mDr okrkZyki esa eUuw mYyw vkSj dkSvk ds laokn vR;ar jkspd] pqVhys] lgt] ftKklk txkus

okys vkSj laf{kIr gSaA ^yks dj yks ckr* okD; dk ç;ksx csgn lgtrk ls djds ukVddkj us

viuh ukV~;&ys[ku dyk dk dq”ky ifjp; ns fn;k gSA

246

^tax tkjh gS* ukV~; jpuk ds iwoZ çLrkouk ds :i esa firk iq=h ds dFkksidFku ljy rFkk

ckyksi;ksxh Hkk"kk esa muds ijLij okRlY; Hkko dh iqf"V djrs gSa] lkFk gh ukVd dh Hkwfedk

ds fy, egRoiw.kZ vkSj çklafxd gSaA bl çlax ls ukVd dks lgtrk ls foLrkj fey ldk gSA

lqjfHk& ikik] vkt vki Ldwy ls tYnh dSls vk x;s\

&yksds”k & cl ;w¡ gh csVsA

&lqjfHk& ;w¡ gh D;ksa ikik\

&yksds”k & cl ;w¡ gh--- esjh csVh ls feyus

&lqjfHk& ikik vki eq>s cgqr vPNs yxrs gksA

&yksds”k & rqe Hkh rks eq>s cgqr vPNh yxrh gks csVkA261

^lius* ukVd dk dFkkud lius ns[kus ij vk/kkfjr gSA d{kk esa çFke ckj ços”k djus

ds ckn çdk”k f”k{kd lHkh ckydksa ls muds Hkkoh lius ns[kus ds lanHkZ esa ckrphr djrs gSaA

mlh dk ,d va”k uhps fn;k tk jgk gS ftlesa dF; dks foLrkj rks feyrk gh gS] lkFk gh

fdrkcksa dh efgek Hkh js[kkafdr dh xbZ gS vkSj dkO; l`tu dk mRl Hkh ukVddkj us ckydksa

ds Hkhrj txkus dk lkFkZd ç;kl dj fn[kk;k gSA

&tkx`fr % lj] esjs firkth 'kgj ds xYlZ Ldwy esa yk;czsfj;u gSaA

&çdk”k % oSjh xqM--- rc rks rqe fdrkcsa [kwc i<+rh gksA

&tkx`fr % ;l lj! fdrkcsa rks eSa i<+rh gh jgrh gw¡] ljA

&fodkl % lj] tkx`fr dfork;sa Hkh fy[krh gSA

&çdk”k % xqM--- D;ksa tkx`fr dfork;sa fy[krh gks\

&tkx`fr % ;l lj] dHkh&dHkh fy[k ysrh gw¡A

&çdk”k % rks gesa Hkh dksbZ dfork lqukvksA262

bl Hkk¡fr l`tu/kehZ 'kekZ us laoknkRed 'kSyh dk mÙke foU;kl fd;k gSAnhun;ky 'kekZ us

çlaxkuqlkj fofHkUu 'kSfy;ksa dk ç;ksx djds vius x| lkfgR; dks vf/kd jkspd] lkFkZd]

euksjatd] ekfeZd] iBuh;] vkd"kZd vkSj çHkkokRed Lo:i çnku fd;k gSA

cky lkfgR; ds jpukdkj nhun;ky 'kekZ ds dkO; ds dyk&i{k ds mi;qZDr

voyksdu] foospu vkSj fo”ys"k.k ls Kkr gksrk gS fd buds ckydkO; esa Hkk"kk lkSUn;Z ,oa vU;

dkO;kaxksa dk 'kkL=h; fuokZg gqvk gSA tgk¡ Hkk"kk dh lgtrk] ljyrk] lqjE;rk] Hkkoço.krk]

lqxE;rk cky fpÙk dks gj ysrh gS] ogh cky eukso`fr;ksa ds vuq:i f”kYi dk lqxe fu;kstu

247

Hkh n`"VO; gSA fp=kRedrk] /oU;kRedrk] y;kRdrk ds larqfyr fuokZg ls cky dkO; esa pkj

pk¡n yx x;s gSaA jpukdkj 'kekZ us ,d ls ,d 'kCn fp= mdsjs gSa] /oU;kRedrk Hkh vrqyuh;

dgh tk ldrh gSA y; rks fdlh ty ds lgt çokg lh cgrh pyh tkrh gSA dkO; esa xhfr

rRo dk mi;ksx Hkh iwjh rUe;rk ,oa Hkko foHkksjrk ds lkFk fd;k gSA xhr ds vfuok;Z rRoksa

xs;rk] vuqHkwfr] laxhr] rky] ;fr] xfr] NUnc)rk vkfn dk fu:i.k cky eu dks yqHkkus esa]

xquxqukus dks foo”k djus esa l{ke gSA eqgkojksa vkSj yksdksfDr;ksa dk cky lkfgR; esa cgqyrk ds

lkFk ç;ksx djuk] oks Hkh bruh ljyrk o lknxh ds lkFk] tks mYys[kuh; gSA NUn o

vyadkj dk vadu cgqr gh lgtrk ls fd;k x;k gSA ckykoLFkk dks /;ku esa j[krs gq,

y?kq&y?kq iafDr;ksa dk ç;ksx] NUnks esa] pkSikbZ o rkVad dk ç;ksx vf/kd gqvk gSA vf/kdka”k

dkO; NUn eqDr gS] ftlesa y; dk iwjk /;ku j[kk x;k gSA vyadkjksa esa vuqçkl] :id]

vfr”k;ksfDr] fouksfDr vkfn dk cM+h LokHkkfodrk ls dke esa fy;k gSA nhun;ky 'kekZ 'kkfCnd

laxBu esa ikjaxr gSa] cky jpukvksa esa rRle] r)o] ns”kt] fons”kd 'kCnksa dk çpqj ek=k esa

ç;ksx djds viuk yksgk euok fy;k gSA

fu"d"kZ esa lkfgR; l`td 'kekZ us 'kSyh la;kstu esa cgqr çoh.krk fn[kkbZ gSA ckydksa

dh jpukvksa esa dbZ çdkj dh 'kSfy;ksa dk ç;ksx dj ysuk ,d l/ks gq, jpuk/kehZ dk gh dke

gks ldrk gSA bUgksaus laokn 'kSyh] dkO;kRed 'kSyh] o.kZukRed 'kSyh] dk vR;ar lq?kM+rk ds

lkFk ç.k;u fd;k gSA lqfuf”pr gh jpukdkj 'kekZ dk Hkko&i{k ftruk lqn`<+ gS] dyk&i{k

Hkh mruk gh thoar gSA jpukdkj us Hkk"kk ,oa f”kYi ds lHkh rRoksa dk larqfyr la;kstu

vrqyuh;] foy{k.k] vuqie vkSj vçfre cu iM+k gSA

248

lUnHkZ lwph

1- f”k{kkFkhZ fgUnh 'kCn dks"k] MkW- gjnso ckgjh] i`"B 776

2- Kamal”s Oxford Dictionary, R.K. Kapoor, 175

3- MkW- vfurk oekZ] 'kphUæ mik/;k; ds dFkk lkfgR; esa laosnuk vkSj f”kYi] i`"B 222

4- fgUnh miU;klksa dh f”kYi fof/k dk fodkl] MkW- vkse 'kqDy] ist 17&18


6- Hkk"kk foKku & MkW- HkksykukFk frokjh] i`"B 1

7- okD; inh;] 1&104 oSokd.kZ oS;kdj.k Hkkf=gh] fgUnh Hkk"kk vkSj egkdkO;] ,d

v/;;u] MkW- n;kÑ".k fot;oxhZ; fot;] i"B 9

8- Hkkjr Hkw"k.k ljkst ,oa Ñ".knso oekZ] Hkk"kk foKku] i`"B 1

9- ewy ys[kd] lquhfr dqekj pVthZ] fgUnh vuqoknd] MkW- HksykukFk frokjh rqyukRed

Hkk"kk foKku] i`"B 3

10- fe= dh enn] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`"B 24

11- peRdkjh pw.kZ] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`"B 25


13- fgUnh 'kCn 'kfDr vkSj ifjHkkf"kr 'kCnkoyh] ckysUnq 'ks[kj frokjh Hkwfedk ls

14- fxyh fxyh xIik] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`"B 9

15- jlxqYyk] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`"B 3

16- fpfM+;k pgds xhr lquk,] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`"B 15



19- MkW- gjnso ckgjh] f”k{kkFkhZ fgUnh 'kCndks”k] i`"B 716

20- jkx njckjh dk 'kSyh oSKkfud v/;;u] jk/kk nhf{kr] i`"B 70

21- fxyh fxyh xIik] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`"B 27

22- vxM+e&cxM+e] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`"B 20


249



26- dj nks cLrk gYdk] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`"B 8

27- pwa&pwa] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`"B 7


29- ukyUnk fo”kky fgUnh 'kCn lkxj] vknh”k dqekj tSu] i`"B 377

30- fxyh&fxyh xIik] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`"B 11


32- bDdkou cky igsfy;k¡] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`"B 12



35- fpaVw&fiaVw dh lw>] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`"B 32

36- MkW- gjnso ckgjh] f”k{kkFkh fgUnh 'kCn dks”k] i`"B 667

37- lqxe fgUnh O;kdj.k rFkk jpuk] çdk”ku lq[kiky xqIrk] i`"B 148

38- jkx njckjh dk 'kSyh oSKkfud v/;;u] jk/kk nhf{kr] i`"B 223












250













62- cM+ks dh cpiu dh dgkfu;k¡] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`"B 29




66- lius] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`"B 18

67- QSlyk] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`"B 13

68- tax tkjh gS] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`"B 23








251



78- f”k{kkFkh fgUnh 'kCn dks”k] MkW- gjnso ckgjh] i`"B 728

79- o`gn~ fgUnh yksdksfDr dks”k] MkW- HkksysukFk frokjh] i`"B 10

80- lqxe fgUnh O;kdj.k rFkk jpuk lq[kiky xqIr] i"B 148












92- dkO;kax dkSeqnh] rrh; dYi] fo”oukFk çlkn feJ] i`"B 75

93- fgUnh Hkk"kk vkSj egkdkO;] MkW- n;kÑ".k fot;] i"B 81

94- MkW- gjnso ckgjh] fgUnh 'kCn dks”k f”k{kkFkhZ] i`- 56





99- ukuh rw gS dSlh ukuh] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`"B 11



252









110- dkO;kax dkSeqnh] rrh; dyk] fo”oukFk çlkn feJ] i`"B 81













123- dkO;kax dkSeqnh] rrh; dyk] fo”oukFk çlkn feJ] i`"B 218

124- Hkkjrh; dkO;&”kkL= ds fl)kUr] MkW- jktfd”kksj flag] i`"B 245


126- lwjt ,d flrkjk] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`"B 8


253










137- ukuh rw gS dSlh ukuh] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`"B


139- lqxe fgUnh O;kdj.k rFkk jpuk] lq[kiky xqIrk] i"B 1

140- fgUnh 'kCn 'kfDr vkSj ifjHkkf"kr 'kCnkoyh] ckysUnq 'ks[kj frokjh] i"B 1

141- fgUnh cky lkfgR; dk Hkk"kk oSKkfud v/;;u] MkW- ç.kksfr ikfVy] i`"B 159













254











164- tax tkjh gS] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`"B 86&87


166- cqUnsy [k.M dh jklks a jpukvksa dh dkO; Hkk"kk dk vuq”khyu] MkW- eqds”k dqekj

JhokLro] i`"B 70













255


180- O;kogkfjd fgUnh O;kdj.k] ';ke pUn diwj] i`"B 44









189- tax tkjh gS] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`"B 89&90
















256



























257












242- QSlyk cny x;k] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`"B 8





247- o`gr~ fgUnh dks”k] Kku e.My fyfeVsM] cukjl] i"B 1756

248- o`gr~ fgUnh dks”k] Kku e.My fyfeVsM] cukjl] i"B 1334

249- pØokd] tqykbZ&flrEcj&18] la- fu”kkar dsrq] i`"B 34

250- jkxnjckjh dk 'kSyh oSKkfud v/;;u] jk/kk nhf{kr] i"B 9

251- fgUnh vkRedFkk lkfgR; dk 'kSyhxr v/;;u] MkW- deykofr mik/;k;] i`"B 48

252- cky okfVdk] fnlEcj 2016] la- HkS:yky xxZ] i`"B 23





258



259- vejdkar dk dFkkf”kYi % dF; ,oa f”kYi] MkW- ;ksxs”k xksdqy ikfVy] i`"B 213

260- fe= dh enn] nhun;ky 'kekZ] i`"B 17&18



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259

lIre v/;k;

milagkj % fu’d’kZ vkSj miyfC/k;ka

laosnuk l`tu dk vk/kkj gksrh gSA çR;sd euq"; viuh&thou ;k=k esa ix&ix ij

vuqHkwfr;ksa ls lk{kkRdkj djrk gS vkSj bu vuqHkwfr;ksa dks fofo/k :i esa O;Dr Hkh djrk gSA

ekuo vkSj euksjatu dk lEcU/k 'kk'or jgk gS] Hkys gh mldh vfHkO;fDr ds rjhds fHkUu gq,

gksaxsA mldk eu tc çlUu gqvk gksxk] rcog vfHkO;fDr gsrq vkrqj Hkh gqvk gksxkA blh

vfHkO;fDr dh dks[k ls l`tu ds cht vadqfjr gq, gksaxsA euq"; thou dh çeq[k :i ls pkj

voLFkk;sa ekuh xbZ gSaA ckY;koLFkk] fd'kksjkoLFkk] ;qokoLFkk] çkS<+koLFkk gS] ftlesa loZJs"B

cpiu gksrk gS D;ksafd cky&eu meaxksa&rjaxksa] mRlqdrk] papyrk] vkrqjrk] jksekap] dYiuk

vkfn dk i;kZ; gSA ;s lHkh ço`fr;k¡ loZçFke nknk&nknh] ukuk&ukuh] jktk&jkuh dh dFkkvksa

ds lkFk yksd dFkkvksa] nUr dFkkvksa] tkrd dFkkvksa vkSj ifj;ksa dh dgkfu;ksa esa feyrh gSaA

rRi'pkr~ iaprU=] dFkklfjRlkxj] fgrksins'k] vdcj&chjcy] xksiky HkkaM] yky cq>DdM+

'kkL=h vkfn ds fdLlksa] dgkfu;ksa esa budk mYys[k feyrk gSA bu lc esa f'k{kkçn ckrsa dgh

xbZ gSa] tks ekuo ek= dks lgh fn'kk çnku djrh gSaA blh Øe esa cky lkfgR; çkphu dky

ls gc rd fofo/k :iksa esa gekjs le{k çLrqr gksrk jgk gSaA vkt le; ifjofrZr gks jgk gSA

cPpksa ds lanHkZ ns[kk tk;s rks cPps xEHkhj gks x;s gSaA cLrksa dk cks> rys cpiu xqe lk gks

x;k gSA mudh eklwfe;r V~;w'ku vkSj Ldwy ds chp dSn gksdj jg xbZ gSA rduhdh vkSj

fodkl ds ;qx us muds ân; dks Hkh e'khu ds çHkko vkSj vkd"kZ.k us cka/k fy;k gSA dgha

ikfjokfjd foo'krk cPpksa dks dke djus dks etcwj dj jgh gSA os cky etnwj ds :i esa

vius ifjokj dk lgkjk cu jgs gSaA çfrLi)kZ ds bl ;qx esa vadksa ds edM+tky esa cpiu

my> dj jg x;k gSA fdUrq bu lc ds chp cky eu rks cky eu gS] leL;k;sa viuh txg

gSa vkSj vkuUn dh vuqHkwfr viuh txg gSA blfy, rks cky gB çfl) gS vkSj êSa rks ;gh

f[kykSuk yw¡xk*] êpy x;k nhuk dk yky*] dSls Hkwyk tk ldrk gS] cpiu dk og vrqfyr

vkuUn* vkSj êxj eq>dks ykSVk nks oks cpiu dk lkou] oks dkxt dh d'rh oks ckfj'k dk

ikuh* tSlh dkO; iafDr;k¡ lkfgR;dkj jprs vk;s gSa] tks cky euksfoKku dh fofo/k ijrksa dks

[kksyrk gqvk ckydksa ds ân; ds djhc gesa igq¡pkrk gSA cky lkfgR; dh 'kq:vkr fof/kor :i

dk dfo pVey }kjk jfpr ^xkSjk ckny dh dFkk* vkSj lwjnkl ds cky&o.kZu ls ekuh tkrh

gSA rRi'pkr vehj [kqljks dh igsfy;k¡ Hkh yksd thou esa jph clh gSaA dkykUrj ls cky

lkfgR;dkj vius dfo /keZ dk fuokZg djrs gq, cky igsfy;k¡] cky dfork] cky xhr] cky

260

ukVd] cky dgkuh] cky ,dkadh] cky fucU/k] cky ;k=ko`r cky laLej.k jprs vk;s gSa] tks

ckydksa dks Js"B lkekftd cukus esa egrh Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA rc ls vc rd cky lkfgR;

çpqj ek=k esa fy[kk tk jgk gS] ftls uanu] ckyg¡l] vDdM+&cDdM+] pank ekek] galrh nqfu;k]

cky ok.kh] nsoiq= lfgr vusd if=dkvksa us çdkf'kr djrs gq, ckydksa ds chp viuk

egRoiw.kZ LFkku cuk;k gSA bysDVªksfud fefM;k }kjk Hkh vusd dkVwZu fQYeksa] dkVwZu

/kkjkokfgdksa tSls eksVw&iryw] fyfVy flaxe] cky guqeku] NksVk Hkhe] pkpk pkS/kjh] ekyxqMh

Mst] Mksjseksu] ckchZ vkfn dk çlkj.k lrr~ fd;k tk jgk gS] tks cPpksa ds chp cgqr yksdfç;

gSA fdlh le; ^eksxyh* /kkjkokfgd us cPpksa ds chp [kwc&/kwe epkbZ FkhA bl çdkj cky

lkfgR; vius lkekftd ljksdkjksa dks fuHkkrk gqvk cky lkfgR; dks le`) dj jgk gSA çeq[k

:i ls bl fn'kk esa fo".kq çHkkdj] xksfoUn Hkkj}kt] MkW- gfjÑ".k nsoljs] fujadkj nso lsod]

jk"Vªca/kq] çdk’k euq] ukxs'k ikaMs;] MkW- 'ksjtax vkfn dk uke cky lkfgR;dkj ds :i esa

mYys[kuh; gSaA nhun;ky 'kekZ blh ijEijk ds egRoiw.kZ jpukdkj gSA bUgksaus fgUnh vkSj

jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk esa yxHkx pkyhl iqLrdsa fofHkUu fo/kkvksa esa fy[kh gSa vkSj vkt Hkh budh

ys[kuh vuojr lfØ; gSA jpukdkj 'kekZ dh fgUnh cky lkfgR; dh Ñfr;k¡&

fpaVw&fiaVw dh lw> ¼cky dgkfu;k¡] 1987½] cM+ksa ds cpiu dh dgkfu;k¡ ¼1987½] QSlyk

¼cky ukVd] 1988½] ikik >wB ugha cksyrs ¼cky dgkfu;k¡] 1997½] dj nks cLrk gYdk ¼f'k'kq

xhr] 1998½] QSlyk cny x;k] ¼uolk{kj lkfgR;] 1999½ lwjt ,d flrkjk gS ¼f'k'kq xhr]

2000½] peRdkjh pw.kZ ¼cky dgkfu;k¡] 2003½] lius ¼cky ,dkadh] 2007½] bDdkou cky

igsfy;k¡ ¼cky igsfy;k¡] 2009½] pw¡&pw¡ ¼f'k'kq dfork;sa] 2010½] ukuh rw gS dSlh ukuh ¼cky xhr]

2010½] fxyh&fxyh xIik ¼cky xhr] 2014½] vxM+e&cxM+e ¼f'k'kq xhr] 2014½] fpfM+;k pgds

xhr lquk;s]¼cky xhr 2016½] jlxqYyk ¼f'k'kq xhr] 2016½] fe= dh enn ¼cky dgkfu;k¡]

2016½] tax tkjh gS ¼jsfM;ks ukVd] 2017½] viuh nqfu;k lcls U;kjh ¼2018½] ge cfx;k ds

Qwy ¼2018½A nhun;ky 'kekZ dh ç[kj jpuk/kfeZrk ls çHkkfor gksdj eSaus buds lkfgR; dks

vius 'kks/k ds fo"k; dk cuk;k gSA budh çFke Ñfr ^fpaVw&fiaVw dh lw>* ¼1987½ esa cky

dgkuh ds :i esa çdkf'kr gqbZA rc ls ysdj tax tkjh gS ¼jsfM;ks ukVd 2017½ rd

nhun;ky 'kekZ us fofo/k cky ,oa fd'kksj leL;kvksa dks ysdj jpuk deZ dk fuokZg dj jgs

gSaA nhun;ky 'kekZ us vius cky lkfgR; esa ekuoh; ljksdkjksa ds fofo/k i{kksa dks mtkxj fd;k

gS] lkFk gh cky lkfgR; dh ewy laosnuk ds eeZ dks Hkh vfHkO;Dr fd;k gSA bu lHkh lanHkks±

dks le>rs gq, eSaus jpukdkj 'kekZ ds cky lkfgR; dk fofHkUu n`f"Vdks.kksa ls v/;;u djds

mlds eeZ dks çLrqr djus dk fouez ç;kl fd;k gSA blds fy, eSaus vius 'kks/k dk;Z ds fy,

^cky lkfgR;dkj nhun;ky 'kekZ dk jpuk&deZ % ,d lekykspukRed v/;;u* dk fo"k;

261

p;u fd;k gSA cky lkfgR; dk vFkZ vkSj ifjHkk"kk ds varxZr cky lkfgR; dh ;k=k ds fofo/k

iM+koksa ls ysdj orZeku rd ds cky lkfgR; dks vk/kkj cukrs gq;s eSaus nhun;ky 'kekZ ds cky

lkfgR; ds eeZ dks le>us dk ç;kl fd;k gSA nhun;ky 'kekZ ds O;fDrRo vkSj ÑfrRo ds

fofo/k vk;keksa ij çdk’k Mkyrs gq;s buds x|] i| vkSj cky lkfgR; dh fo'ks"krkvksa] esa buds

cky xhrksa] cky dforkvksa] f'k'kq xhrksa ,oa cky igsfy;ksa] cky dgkfu;ksa] cky ukVdksa dk cky

lkfgR; dh eq[; ço`fr;ksa&euksjatu] cky euksfoKku] ftKklk] i;kZoj.k psruk] uSfrd ewY;]

jk"Vª&çse] lelkfe;drk] f'k{kk] jlkuqHkwfr vfHku;] dYiuk'khyrk] rduhd] lkekftdrk vkfn

dks vk/kkj cukdj budk foospu] fo”ys"k.k] ewY;kadu çLrqr fd;k gSA var esa f”kYi fo/kku esa

Hkk"kkxr fofo/k Hkafxekvksa] Nan&vyadkj] eqgkojs] yksdksfDr;k¡] y;] xhfr rRo] 'kCn fo/kku dks

O;Dr fd;k x;k gSA

^fpaVw&fiaVw dh lw>* dFkk laxzg dh 'khf"kZr dgkuh esa ^fpaVw&fiaVw dh lw>* canj&fcYyh

okyh dgkuh esa ekSfydrk n”kkZ;h gSA taxy dk i;kZoj.k mYys[kuh; gSA ik= taxyh tkuoj

gSa] tks fdlh u fdlh fo"k; dks ysdj vius laoknksa ds ek/;e ls ckydksa dks thouksi;ksxh

f”k{kk çnku djrs gSaA bl dgkuh esa canj okyh iqjkuh dgkuh dks uohu ifjçs{; esa çLrqr

fd;k gS] ftlds var esa fcYyh ds cPpksa dks le>nkj fn[kk;k x;k gS] vc os canj dh pkykdh

esa ugha vkrsA bl çdkj ;gk¡ orZeku ifjos'k dks n'kkZ;k gS fd vkt dk ckyd ifjiDd gS]

LekVZ gS] le>nkj gS] og fdlh ds cgdkus esa vc ugha vkrkA blh çdkj vU; dgkfu;ksa]

ukVdksa] f'k'kq o cky xhrksa] dforkvksa ds ek/;e ls nhun;ky 'kekZ us ckydksa dk LoLFk

euksjatu djrs gq, ckydksa dks vijks{k :i ls f”k{kk Hkh çnku dh gSA orZeku le; esa ckydksa

dh vusd leL;kvksa dks mdsj dj muds lek/kku Hkh çLrqr fd;s gSa vkSj dbZ çdkj ds

Hkzkafr;ksa] va/kfo”oklksa] cqjkb;ksa] lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa] rduhd ds nq"ifj.kkeksa] ukjh mRihM+u vkfn

dk iqjtksj fojks/k trk;k gSA

Ekkuo ds LoLFk thou;kiu ds fy, euksjatu vR;Ur vko';d gSA ckydksa ds fy,

fo'k :i ls eu cgyko t:jh gSA vk/kqfud ;qx esa cPpksa ds euksjatu ds vusd u;s&u;s

lk/ku miyC/k gSa] ftuesa cky lkfgR; mRre lk/ku ekuk x;k gS vkSj ogh ckydksa dh igq¡p ls

nwj gksrk tk jgk gSA vk/kqfud O;Lr thou 'kSyh] i<+kbZ o V~;w'ku dk ncko] ekrk&firk ds

ikl ckydksa ds fy, le;kHkko] çfrLi)kZ vkfn cPpksa ds cpiu dks Nhu jgs gSaA ckyd ;a=or

gks dj jg x;k gSA euksjatu ds uke ij dsoy dkVwZu /kkjkokfgd] fQYesa] eksckby vkfn dk

ç;ksx fd;k tk jgk gSA ekrk&firk ckyd ds gkFk esa cky lkfgR; nsus ds ctk, mls eksckby

idM+k dj iYyk >kM+ ysrk gSaA uUgk f'k'kq Hkh vkt eksckby ij [ksy [ksyrs gq, cM+k gks jgk

gS] ftlls cPpksa dk uoZ flLVe çHkkfor gksrk gS vkSj ekufld foÑfr;k¡ Hkh tUe ysrh gSaA

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ckydksa dk ckyiu xqe lk gks x;k gSA ckyd ckY;koLFkk esa gh cM+s gksus yxs gSaA ,sls le; esa

ckyd ds lE;d mRd"kZ ds fy, cky lkfgR; lc ls vf/kd mi;ksxh gSA cky xhr] dfork;sa]

dgkfu;k¡ cPpksa dks vkuUn ls çQqfYyr dj nsrh gSaA lHkh fo}kuksa us ,d Loj esa euksjatu dks

ckylkfgR; dk vkRek ekuk gSA vkt ds HkkSfrdoknh nkSj esa Hkh nhun;ky 'kekZ dk cky

lkfgR; ckydksa dk euksjatu djus esa] mUgsa vkYgkfnr djus esa iw.kZr% l{ke gSA jlxqYyk]

vxM+e&cxM+e] fxyh&fxyh xIik] fpfM+;k pgds xhr lquk;s] ukuh rw gS dSlh ukuh] pwa&pwa

vkfn dkO;&laxzgksa dh lHkh cky dfork;sa ckydksa dks fny [kksydj galus dks foo'k djrh gSa]

mUgsa xqnxqnkrh gSa] mudk eu cgykrh gSA cky lkSUn;Z buesa thoar gks mBk gSA ^fpaVw&fiaVw dh

lw>*] ^peRdkjh pw.kZ* dgkuh laxzg dh dFkk;sa ftKklk ç/kku ,oa jkspd gksus ls cPpksa dh

ilanhnk gSaA

orZeku le; esa vFkZ dh fyIlk fnu&c&fnu c<+rh tk jgh gS] xjhch] LokFkZijrk]

vf'k{kk] vkxs fudyus dh gksM+] vFkksZiktZu ds o”khHkwr vkneh dh varghu fyIlk ds pyrs

i;kZoj.k çnw"k.k dh xEHkhj leL;k eq¡g ck;s [kM+h gSA vius LokFkZ o”k vkneh dqnjr dk nksgu

dj jgk gSA nqfu;k Hkj esa blds lek/kku ds ç;kl tkjh gSaA gekjs ns”k esa xUnxh dk lkezkT;

Hkh dqN vf/kd gSA bu fnuksa LoPNrk vkUnksyu çeq[k :i ls pyk;k tk jgk gSA vkt dh

lcls cM+h vko';drk gS fd ckydksa dks cpiu ls gh çÑfr ls tksM+k tk;s] lQkbZ dh egÙkk

ls voxr djok;k tk;sA bl nf"V ls orZeku le; esa ;qx/kehZ nhun;ky 'kekZ ds cky

lkfgR; dh çklafxdrk dk dksbZ lkuh ughaA vius cky xhrksa] dforkvksa esa ckydksa dks

[ksy&[ksy esa gh lQkbZ dk egRo fl[kk fn;k gS] ogha çÑfr dk bruk euksje fp=.k fd;k gS

fd ckyd Lor% gh dqnjr ls I;kj djus yxrk gS vkSj i;kZoj.k ds çfr tkx:d jgrk gSA

^thounkrk isM+*] ^ePNjksa dh 'kker*] ^lQkbZ dh lkSax/k* dfork;sa ckydksa dks çÑfr ls tksM+rh

gSA ^isM+ dh çkFkZuk* esa Lo;a o`{k ds }kjk dfo us dgyok;k gS fd gs euq";ksa! gesa er dkVks]

gesa thus nks] ge vkids fe= gSa] vkidks Qy] Qwy] Qy] çk.kok;q nsrs gSaA ^vPNs dke* dfork

esa ^ty gh thou gS* vkSj ty cpkus dk lUns'k fn;k x;k gSA ^lQkbZ dh lkSxa/k* dfork esa

dfo 'kekZ us ckydksa dh vksj ls is”k fd;k gS fd gesa dpjk dwM+snku esa Mkyuk pkfg,] rkfd

ge chekfj;ksa ls cp ldsaA ePNjksa dh 'kker] isM+] dkSvk vkSj dks;y] fpfM+;k] lnhZ vkbZ]

xjeh] fpfM+;k pgds xhr lquk;s] o"kkZ vkSj cPps lfgr vU;kU; jpuk;sa uUgksa&eqUuksa dks çÑfr

ls tksM+rh gSA ^pwa&pwa*] ^lwjt ,d flrkjk gS*] ^dj nks cLrk gYdk*] f'k'kq xhr laxzg gSa] ftlesa

fcYyh] dqÙkk] fpfM+;k] eksj] eqxkZ] esa<d] x/kk] ?kksM+k] canj] pwgk] 'ksj vkfn dbZ i'kq&if{k;ksa dh

vkoktksa dks] muds y{k.kksa dks csgn ljyrk] lqxerk ,oa ckydksa dh viuh Hkk"kk esa O;Dr

fd;k gSA ^fpaVw&fiaVw dh lw>*] ^fe= dh enn* laxzg dh lHkh dFkk;sa taxy dh i`"BHkwfe ij

263

jfpr gSa] lc ds ik= taxyh ,oa ikyrw tkuoj gSa] tSls 'ksj] gkFkh] cUnj] fgj.k] eksj] ykseM+h]

Hkkyw] cdjh] desMh] fl;kj] x/kk] dkSvk] mYyw vkfn tks ckydksa ds fç; gSaA

ckyd dYiukthoh gksrs gSa] tks vf/kdka'k le; LofIyu yksd esa fopj.k djrs gSaA

dYiuk cky lkfgR; dk vfuok;Z igyw gSA nhun;ky 'kekZ dk cky lkfgR; dYiukvksa dk

fiVkjk dgk tk ldrk gSA lewpk jpukdeZ dYiuk ç/kku gSA ^mYVk&iqYVk* dfork esa dYiuk

dh vuwBh mM+ku n'kZuh; gS] blesa gkFkh ia[kksa ds fcuk vkdk”k esa mM+us yxrk gSA dgha pwgk

gokbZ tgkt ls fnYyh tkrk gS rks dgha Vhoh ckyd dh ukuh cu tkrh gSA ,d ls ,d

v)qr dYiuk;sa ckydksa dks yqHkkrh gSaA lexz dFkk lkfgR; dYiuk ij vk/kkfjr gSA lkekftd

ljksdkj Hkh cky lkfgR; ds fy, çklafxd ekus x,s gSaA lkfgR; /kehZ 'kekZ ds lkfgR; esa

lH;rk&laLÑfr] dyk&lkfgR;] jhfr&fjokt] [kku&iku] ukp&xku] ioZ&R;kSgkj vkfn dk

leqfpr] laqnj fp=.k feyrk gSA nhun;ky 'kekZ le; ds lkFk dnerky djus okys gSaA fur

ubZ&ubZ rduhd cktkj esa vk jgh gSaA vkt dk ckyd bl fo"k; esa cM+ksa ls vxz.kh gSA cPpksa

dks vk/kqfudrk ls tksM+s j[kuk jpukdkj dk /keZ gSA jpukdkj 'kekZ us rduhdh ;a=ksa Vhoh]

eksckby] baVjusV] ?kM+h] dEI;wVj dk cgqr vkd"kZd] lgt] ckylqyHk fp=.k fd;k gS vkSj

budh mi;ksfxrk ls Hkh cPpksa dks voxr djok;k gSA vkt ds le; esa budh fdruh

çklkafxdrk gS] ;g ckr ckydksa dks lgtrk ls crk nh xbZ gS tSls] ^dEI;wVj* dfork esa bls

Kku dk lkxj crk;k x;k gSA blds }kjk ge lkjh nqfu;k dh tkudkjh ?kj cSBS çkIr dj

ldrs gSaA ^pkykd pwgk* dfork esa ckyd eksckby ls dqÙks dh vkokt fudky dj fcYyh dks

Mjk nsrk gSA

vkt dh f'k{kk ç.kkyh us cLrs ds Hkkj us ckydksa dh dej rksM+ dj j[k nh gS] ftl

ls cPps dh ihB cpiu ls gh >qdus yxh gSA nhun;ky 'kekZ us cPpksa dh bl ihM+k dks

vuqHkwr fd;k gS tks ^cLrk* dfork esa O;Dr gqbZ gS] ^tsy&[ksy* f'k'kq xhr esa Hkh ckyd dgrk

gS fd i<+kbZ ds cks> ls ?kj vkSj Ldwy tsy yxus yxs gSaA gkseodZ ds cks> ls ckyd dks jkst

nks pkj gksuk iM+rk gSA Åij ls V~;w'ku vFkkZr~ ^xjhch esa xhyk vkVk*A cpiu [ksyus&dwnus

dh mez gksrh gS] gj cPpk th Hkj dj bldk vkuUn mBkuk pkgrk gS] tks fd gkseodZ ds

dkj.k lEHko ugha gks ikrkA ckydksa ds bl nnZ dks cky euksfoKku ds tknwxj nhun;ky 'kekZ

xgjs rd vuqHkwr fd;k gS vkSj cM+h eklwfe;r ls ckyd ds nnZ dks çLrqr fd;k gSA ^fpfM+;k*

xhr esa ckyd vius ikik ls dgr gS fd dk”k! eSa fpfM+;k gksrk rks fdruk vPNk gksrk] eq>s

Hkkjh cLrs ls NqVdkjk fey tkrk vkSj jkst&jkst gkseodZ Hkh ugha djuk iM+rkA 'kq: ls gh

ckyd ds lkeus xf.kr fo"k; dks vR;f/kd dfBu crk;k tkrk jgk gS] ckyd ds fy, xf.kr

,d cM+h eqlhcr cuh gqbZ gSA tc fd QkewZyksa ds }kjk bls vklkuh ls gy fd;k tk ldrk

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gSA ^vad xf.kr* dfork esa dfo us blh lel;k dks mBk;k gSA ckyd xf.kr ls ?kcjkrk gS]

?kqek&fQjk dj iwNs x;s lokyksa ls mldk fnekx tke gks tkrk gSA lkjs fo"k; vklku yxrs

gSa] ij xf.kr esa og thjksa jg tkrk gSA blhfy, nhun;ky 'kekZ dks cky euksfoKku ds Kkrk

dh inoh çkIr gSA ^cfx;k ds Qwy* jpuk esa Hkh ckyd Mkal] fp=dyk] Mªkek djuk pkgrs gSaA

vkt ds ifjos”k esa vR;Ur çklafxd gS ;g jpukA thoksa ij n;k djuk] j{kk djuk] ekuo /keZ

ekuk x;k gSA çkphu dky ls gh phafV;ksa dks pqXxk Mkyuk] i'kqvksa dks pkjk f[kykuk] ikuh

fiykus dh ijEijk jgh gSA vkt ^ifjaaMs cka/kuk* vfHk;ku blh dk vax gSA nhun;ky 'kekZ us

vius f'k'kq xhrksa esa ;g ckr vklkuh ls mYysf[kr dj nh gSA ^fpM+h dcwrj esjs lkFkh* f'k'kq

xhr if{k;ksa dks ikuh fiykus] nkuk Mkyus ij gh vk/kkfjr gSA ,d f'k'kq &xhr esa tUe fnu

ij ,d ikS/kk migkj esa nsus dh ckr dks Hkh fo"k; cuk;k x;k gS] tks orZeku ;qx dh lcls

cM+h vko';drk gSA isM+ksa dh mi;ksfxrk dks js[kkafdr djus okyh dbZ jpuk;sa vkt ds

okrkoj.k esa csgn çklafxd gSA

gekjh laLÑfr ewY;k/kkfjr gS ysfdu orZeku le; esa HkkSfrdoknh laLÑfr ds iuius ls

budk {kj.k ftl rsth gks jgk gS] og fparuh; fo"k; gSA vkneh dk uSfrd iru lkjh

ijkdk"Bk;sa yk¡?k pqdk gSA blls cpiu rd lqjf{kr ugha gSA ifj.kke Lo:i vijkf/kd

ço`fr;k¡ fnu&c&fnu c<+rh&c<+rh tk jgh gSaA vk;s fnu cky vijkf/k;ksa dh [kcjsa i<+us dks

feyrh gSA lkekftd folaxfr;k¡ rsth ls ix ilkj jgh gSA fd'kksjkoLFkk esa yM+ds&yM+fd;k¡

ekrk&firk cukus yx x;s gSa tks vkt dh Hk;kog =klnh dgh tk ldrh gSA ;fn ckyd dks

ckyiu ls gh lqlaLdkj fn, tk;] uSfrd dgkfu;k¡ lqukbZ tk;s] laLÑfr ls tksM+k tk;s rks]

bl fparktud leL;k ls NqVdkjk ik;k tk ldrk gSA bl çlax esa cky lkfgR; dh l”kDr

Hkwfedk ls udkjk ugha tk ldrkA jpukdkj 'kekZ us viuh xk¡/kh ckck] HkykÃ lcls I;kjk lp

vkfn---- jpukvksa esa uSfrd ewY;ksa dks euksjatu dh pk”kuh esa yisV dj vfHkO;Dr fd;k gSaA çse]

HkkbZpkjk] ln~Hkko] vfgalk] 'kkafr] ns'kçse] lg;ksx] lsok] ijksidkj] /kS;Z] eS=h Hkko] n;k] d:.kk]

{kek] lR;] lgkuqHkwfr larks"k] drZO;fu"Bk vkfn uSfrd ewY;ksa dk ikB vijks{k :i i<+k fn;k

gSA ftldh vkt ds lanHkZ esa lokZf/kd t:jr gSA ^cM+ksa ds cpiu dh dgkfu;k¡* laxzg dh

lHkh dgkfu;k¡ uSfrd ewY;ksa dk nLrkost dgh tk ldrh gSA blesa dgkuhdkj us egku iq#"kksa

ds cpiu ds çlaxksa ds ek/;e ls cPpksa dks uSfrd ewY;ksa dh çklafxdrk ls voxr djok

fn;k gSA

tc ls fo|ky;h f”k{kk çkjEHk gqbZ gS rc ikB”kkykvksa esa f'k{kdksa ds }kjk ckydksa dks

rjg&rjg ls nf.Mr fd;k tkrk jgk gSA dqN ckyd rks fiVkbZ ls brus Hk;Hkhr gks tkrs gSa

fd i<+kbZ gh NksM+ nsrs gSaA orZeku esa cPpksa dks naM nsus ij iw.kZr% ikcanh gSa] blds pyrs Hkh

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f'k{kdksa us ckydksa dks naM nsuk can ugha fd;k gSA blh fo"k; ij ^ljth&eSMeth* f'k'kq xhr

esa ckyd vius ikik ls ,d csgn eklwe loky djrk gS fd tc ge nsj ls Ldwy tkrs gSa rks

Vhpjth gekjh fiVkbZ djrs gSa] ysfdu tc Vhpjth nsj ls vkrs gSa rc mudh dkSu f[kapkbZ

djrk gS\ nhun;ky 'kekZ us ckydksa dh fiVkbZ ls [kqn brus vkgr gS fd lekt ds le{k ,d

Toyar ç'u [kM+k dj fn;k gSA

nqfu;k esa çR;sd O;fDr ds vius lius gksrs gSa ftUgsa thus dk lcdks vf/kdkj gSA

ysfdu vkt ekrk&firk vius lius cPpksa ij cjcl Fkksi jgs gSaA ftlds pyrs dbZ cPpksa dk

dSfj;j cckZn gks jgk gSA dbZ cPps grk”kk fujk”kk] volkn esa pys tkrs gSaA jpukdkj

nhun;ky 'kekZ dk x| dkO; vkt ds lanHkZ esa cgqr çklafxd gSA ^lius* ,dkadh ckydksa dks

lius ns[kus vkSj mUgsa iwjk djus ds fy, çk.k&ç.k ls tqV tkus ds çlax ij vk/kkfjr gSA

blds fy, ekrk&firk dks Hkh mUgsa iwjk djus esa enn djuh pkfg,A jpukdkj 'kekZ us

NksVh&NksVh ds ft, Hkh ckydksa dks lkopsr fd;k gS vkSj lek/kku çLrqr fd;s gSaA ^n`<ladYi

dk peRdkj* dgkuh esa 'kjkc ihus ds nq"ifj.kkeksa ls voxr djokus ds lkFk muds lek/kku Hkh

çLrqr fd;s gSa fd n`<+ ladYi vkSj bPNk'kfDr ls 'kjkc ihus dh cqjh vknr ls NqVdkjk ik;k

tk ldrk gSA

QSlyk vkSj QSlyk cny x;k] ukV~; Ñfr;k¡ ckydksa dks lgh U;k; djuk]

va/kfo'oklksa ls nwj jgus dh vksj çsfjr djrs gSaA ^tax tkjh gS* fd'kksjksi;ksxh ukVd laxzg ds

lkjs ukVdksa esa ukVddkj 'kekZ us ukuh 'kks"k.k] mRihM+u] ngst çFkk] dU;k Hkwz.k gR;k]

'kjkciku] csVs&csVh esa HksnHkko djuk] ds f[kykQ vkokt cqyan djus dh iqjtksj dksf”k”k dh

gSA buds ek/;e ls orZeku lekt esa ukjh thou dh Hk;kud rLohj is”k dh gS] tks yksxksa dh

ekufld foÑfr;ksa] LokFkZ yksyqirk] yksHk dh varghu fyIlk dk ohHkRl :i gS vkSj gekjs

lekt ds ekFks ij dyadA ;g ukVd laxzg vkt ds ifjis{; esa vR;f/kd çklafxd gSA

cky jpukdkj 'kekZ ds cky lkfgR; dk f'kYi lkSUn;Z vf}rh; gSA pkj&pkj iafDr;ksa

ds NksVs&NksVs f'k'kqxhr] N% iafDr;ksa ls ysdj vkB] nl] pkSng] lksyg] chl] pkSchl iafDr;ksa

rd dh cgqr lqanj&lqanj] 'kkunj] cstksM+ cky dfork;sa eu eksg ysrh gSaA 'kkfCnd lkSUn;Z ds

varxZr rnHko] rRle] ns'kt] fons'kt 'kCnksa dk çlaxkuqlkj vadu vfHkjke cu iM+k gSA okD;ksa

dh rjyrk Hkh yqHkkouh gSA yksdksfDr;ksa vkSj eqgkojksa dk vuqie lqlaxBu l”kDr vkSj çHkkoh

gksus ls jpukvksa esa pkj pk¡n yx x, gSaA y?kq&y?kq ek=kvksa dk Nan fo/kku] vkyadkfjd lq"kek]

fp=kRedrk] y;kRedrk] /ofu foU;kl] xhfr rRoksa dk v)qr fp=kadu vçfre gSA nhun;ky

'kekZ ckyksi;ksxh ljy] lgt] lqxe] jkspd] euksjatd] fo"k;kuqdwy vkSj çokge; Hkk"kk&fuekZ.k

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esa çoh.k gSA buds lewps jpukdeZ dh Hkkf"kd lqUnjrk yktokc gS] tks cPpksa dks vklkuh ls

le> esa vk ldsxhA

lkfgR; f'kYih nhun;ky 'kekZ dk fgUnh cky lkfgR; ds mRd"kZ esa mYyss[kuh;

;ksxnku js[kkafdr djus ;ksX; gSA bUgksaus cky lkfgR; dh çk;% lHkh fo/kkvksa&f'k'kqxhr] cky

dfork] cky dgkuh] cky laLej.k] cky ukVd] cky ,dkadh] cky igsfy;k¡ esa jpukdeZ fd;k

gS] ;s flyflyk v|ru tkjh gSA ckydksa ds eu esa clus okys nhun;ky 'kekZ cky lkfgR;

fy[krs gh ugha gS vfirq mls vks<+rs gSa] fcNkrs gSa vkSj thrs Hkh gSaA lc ls egRoiw.kZ miyfC/k

;g gS fd jpukdkj 'kekZ cPpksa vkSj cM+ksa dks migkj Lo:i viuh fdrkcsa gh HksaV djrs gSa]

blfy, budh iqLrdsa cky ikBdksa ds gkFkksa esa tkrh gSaA lkfgR;dkj 'kekZ ,d fparu'khy]

fopkjoku] lqf/k ikBd] ckydksa ds fç; jpukdj gSA orZeku esa budk cky lkfgR; l`tu

lrr~ xfr'khy gSA ckydksa ls vlhe] lgt] Lusg djus okys jpukdehZ esa vuar lEHkkouk;sa

fufgr gSA Hkfo"; esa Hkh mRrjksrj ckyksi;ksxh ltZuk djds cky lkfgR; dks lqle`)] fodflr]

l'kDr] lcy djrs jgsaxsA bUgksaus vius lk{kkRdkj esa crk;k Hkh gS fd ^eSa rks bruk gh pkgrk

gw¡ fd ges'kk & ges'kk cPpksa ds fy, fy[krk jgw¡A cPpksa ds chp jgdj mUgsa vPNh&vPNh ckrsa

crk ldw¡] fl[kk ldw¡ rkfd mudk Hkfo"; mTToy cusA*

çLrqr 'kks/k çcU/k ckylkfgR; dks lefiZr] çcq) cky jpukdkj] nhun;ky 'kekZ ds

cky lkfgR; ij çFke ekSfyd 'kks/k çca/k gS vkSj uohure dk;Z gSA vusd i)fr;ksa] ç.kkfy;ksa]

çfof/k;ksa }kjk lEiUu 'kks/k] gksus ls bldh egrk] mi;ksfxrk] çekf.kdrk Lor% fl) gksrh gSA

blds vUrxZr l`td 'kekZ dk cky lkfgR; esa fd;k x;k mYys[kuh; ;ksxnku] budh

fopkj/kkjk] le`) lkfgR; dh tkudkjh] lkekftd ,oa oSpkfjd n`f"Vdks.k] O;fDrRo ds fofHkUu

igyw] lân; ikBdksa] cky ckydks ds le{k vk ldsaxs] ckydksa dk LoLFk euksjatu gksxk]

muds O;fDrRo ds lE;d fodkl esa lgk;d gksxkA cky lkfgR; ds 'kks/k çca/kksa esa ,d vkSj

u;k v/;k; tqM+sxk] 'kks/k lkfgR; esa ;Fkksfpr vfHko`f) gksxh] xq.kkoÙkk c<+sxh] 'kks/k ds u;s

vk;ke [kqysaxs] u;k fo"k; gksus ls 'kks/kdÙkkZ ,oa lkfgR; çseh ykHkkfUor gksaxs] u, fo"k; lkeus

vk;saxs rFkk i;kZIr fo"k; oLrq feysxhA bl 'kks/k dk;Z ls ,d çfrHkk lEiUu jpukdkj ds

lkfgR; dk fu"i{k vkdyu gqvk gSA eSaus viuh le>] foosd vkSj lw>cw> ls cky lkfgR;dkj

nhun;ky 'kekZ ds cky lkfgR; ij 'kks/k dk;Z djus dk fouez vkSj y?kq ç;kl fd;k gSA

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267

'kks/k&lkjka'k

ckyd lef"V dh lqUnjre~ jpuk gS] blfy, mls bZ'oj dk Lo:i Hkh dgk x;k gSA

mldh vB[ksfy;k¡] cky eukso`fÙk;k¡] papy 'kjkjrsa] euksgjh ØhM+k;sa] Qwyksa lh eqLdku] fu>Zj lh

f[kyf[kykgV] frryh tSlh papyrk] ty lh ljyrk o fueZyrk] cjcl gh lân; dk eu

eksg ysrh gSA tc ;s vfuoZpuh;] vn~Hkqr cky&ØhM+k;sa] laosnuk,¡ fdlh dfo&eu dk Li'kZ

djrs gq, vfHkO;Dr gksrh gSa rc cky lkfgR; dk Lo:i /kkj.k dj ysrh gaSA vkt dk ckyd

gh Hkkoh d.kZ/kkj gksxk] blds fy, t:jh gS fd ckY;koLFkk ls gh mlesa lqlaLdkj ds cht

Mkys tk,¡] rHkh og dy dk lqlH;] laosnu'khy vkSj lqlaLdkkfjr ukxfjd cu ldsxkA ;g

dk;Z cky lkfgR; ds }kjk gh laHko gSA ns[kk tk, rks vkt lekt dh vis{kkvksa ds cks> rys

cpiu NViVk jgk gS] cky&'kks"k.k pje ij gSa] cPpksa dh eklwfe;r [kks lh xbZ gS] lnSo ls

gh cky&lkfgR; dk nwljs ntsZ dk ekuk tkrk jgk gSA oLrqr% cky&lkfgR; dks utjvankt

fd;k tkuk fdlh foM+Ecuk ls de ugha gSA bl n`f"V ls cky lkfgR; ,d mEehn dh fdj.k

gSA blfy, eSaus vius 'kks/k dk;Z ds fy, cky lkfgR; dk p;u fd;kA ledkyhu cky

lkfgR; esa 'kh"kZ LFkku j[kus okys cky jpukdj nhun;ky 'kekZ dh lkfgR; lk/kuk vkSj

ckydksa ds fy, fd;k x;k mYys[kuh; l`tu vkSj vHkwriwoZ ;ksxnku fganh lkfgR; txr esa

egÙoiw.kZ LFkku j[krk gSA jk"Vªh; Lrj ij tc cky lkfgR; l`tu ds lUnHkZ esa n`f"Vikr djrs

gSa rks jktLFkku ds ew/kZU; cky lkfgR;dkj nhun;ky 'kekZ dk uke viuh fof'k"V ,oa

egRoiw.kZ igpku ds lkFk lkeus vkrk gSA cpiu dks lqjf{kr j[kus ds fy, budh jpuk,¡

ehy ds iRFkj dk dke djrh gSA jpukdkj 'kekZ foxr pkyhl o"kksZ ls lEiw.kZ fu"Bk Hkko ls

dsoy vkSj dsoy cPpksa ds fy, lrr~ l`tujr gSaA bUgksaus viuh jpukvksa ds ek/;e ls ckydksa

vkSj fd'kksjksa dh orZeku lanHkksZ ls tqM+h vusd leL;kvksa dks mtkxj fd;k gaS] ;Fkk&cky eu

dk vUr}ZU}] Ldwy esa f'k{kdksa }kjk ckydksa dh fiVkbZ djuk o ltk nsuk] ,dkdhiu] vkRecy

dh deh] ekrk&firk ikl ds le;kHkko] fnu&izfrfnu c<+rh izfrLi)kZ] xjhch] pksjh dh vknr]

,dy ifjokj] va/kh nkSM+] cLrs dk cks>] x`gdk;Z dk ekufld ncko] [ksyus&dwnus ij ikcanh]

'kkyk esa lgxkeh fØ;kvksa dk lapkyu ugha gksuk] ekrk&firk dh egRodka{kkvksa dks <ksuk] lgh

ekxn'kZu dk deh] ftudks ysdj ys[kd 'kekZ us vius jpukdeZ ds ek/;e ls lekt ds le{k

iz'u [kM+s fd, gSaA ;s dguk vR;qfä ugha gksxk fd l`tudehZ 'kekZ ,d O;fDr ugha vfirq ,d

laLFkk ds :i esa dk;Zjr gSaA cgqeq[kh O;fDRo vkSj d`frRo ds /kuh nhun;ky 'kekZ us vius

l`tu esa cky&eu ds izR;sd dksus dk Li'kZ fd;k gSa] ftlesa ckyeu dh vB[ksfy;ksa] cky

268

izo`fÙk;ksa] lksp] fparu] ftKklk] euksjatu ,oa cPpksa dh vn~Hkqr vkSj dYiuk ls ifjiw.kZ nqfu;k

dk euksoSKkfud fp=.k fd;k gSA bUgha lc lanHkksZ dks dsanz esa j[krs gq, eSus vius 'kks/k&izca/k

Ckky lkfgR;dkj nhun;ky 'kekZ dk jpuk&deZ % ß,d lekykspukRed v/;;uÞ dks lkr

v/;k;ksa esa foHkkftr fd;k gSA

izFke v/;k; & ^cky lkfgR; dk mn~Hko vkSj fodkl* esa dks'kxr vFkZ vkSj fofHkUu

fo}kuksa dh ifjHkk"kkvksa ls ckyd] lkfgR; vkSj cky lkfgR; dk vFkZ Li"V fd;k gSA ^ckyd*

vFkkZr~ cPpk] cky&xksikyA lkfgR; lekt dk izfr:i gS] lkFk gh lkfgR; ,slh fyfic)

jpuk gS ftldk izeq[k ek/;e yksdeaxy gS] ftl ds }kjk ekuo fodkjksa dk ifj"dkj gksrk gS]

ekuo ân; esa vykSfdd vkuan dh l`f"V gksrh gS] og mPprj] lqlH;] lqlaLdr] mUur thou

thus dh vksj vxzlj gksus yxrk gSA ,slk lkfgR;] cky lkfgR; dgykrk gS tks ckydksa dks

/;ku esa j[krs gq, x| ;k i| esa l`ftr fd;k x;k gks] ftlls ckydksa dk LoLF; euksjatu

gks] ftls i<+dj ;k lqudj cPps vkuafnr gks ldsa] muds pfj= fuekZ.k ds lkFk O;fDrRo dk

lokZaxh.k fodkl Hkh gks] ftlls os lqlaLdr vkSj Js"B ukxfjd cu ldsaA ,d izdkj ls tks

lkfgR; cPpksa ds eu Hkk tk, ogh cky lkfgR; gSaA vf/kdka'k vkykspdksa dk ekuuk gS fd cky

lkfgR; dk izeq[k /;s; dsoy ckydksa dk euksjatu djuk gSA cky lkfgR; dk izknqHkkZo gh

cPpksa ds eu cgyko ds fy, gqvk gSA

cky lkfgR; ds mn~Hko dks ysdj dbZ fopkjd] vkykspd ,d er ugha gSaA cPpksa dh

fiz; if=dk ûanu* ds iwoZ laiknd t; izdk'k Hkkjrh dk ekuuk gS fd lu~ 1623 pVey }kjk

jfpr ^xkSjk ckny* dh dFkk* fganh cky lkfgR; dh izFke d`fr gS] tc fd dbZ fo}ku lwjnkl

ds lkfgR; ls cky lkfgR; dk mn~Hko Lohdkjrs gSaA izkphu cky lkfgR; ij n`f"Vikr djus ls

Li"V gksrk gS fd vkfn le; esa ekrk dh yksfj;ksa] izHkkfr;ksa] rqdcafn;ksa ls gh cky lkfgR; us

Lo:i xzg.k djuk izkjEHk fd;k gSA rRi'pkr~] cky lkfgR; nknk&nknh] ukuk&ukuh]

nsoh&nsorkvksa dh dFkkvksa] jktdqekj&jktdqekjh dh dgkfu;ksa ds :i ih<+h&nj&ih<+h

gLrkarfjr gksrk jgkA blh Ükà[kyk esa iaprU=] dFkklfjRlkxj] tkrd dFkk,¡] fgrksins'k]

flagklu cÙkhlh] vehj [kqljks dh igsfy;ksa ds :i esa Jqfr ijEijk ls vxzlj gqvk] ftldk

ifj"d`r Lo:i ^Vkjtu* ^taxy cqDl*] êksxyh*] gSjh ikWVj* ds :i esa vkt gekjs le{k gSA

tc ls nqfu;k cuh gS] rc ls vkt rd ckY;koLFkk esa dksbZ varj ugha vk;k gSa] vkt Hkh

ckyd oSlk gh Hkksyk] eklwe] fu'Ny] l|% Qwy dh HkkWfr dkseyrk vkSj rktxh fy, gq,]

pgdrk&egdrk] jax&fcjaxk gS] ysfdu dbZ dkj.kksa ls cky lkfgR; ds Lo:i esa lrr~

ifjorZu gksrk jgk gS] tks LokHkkfod Hkh gSA bl ifjizs{; esa vusd fopkjdksa us vius&vius er

izdV fd,] ftu ds vuqlkj cky lkfgR; dks fuf'pr Lo:i esa rks ugha cka/kk tk ldrk fdUrq

269

bruk dgk tk ldrk gS fd cky lkfgR; ljy Hkk"kk esa jfpr ,slk lkfgR; gS tks ckydksa dks

vUrjax fe=or~ yxs] muds eu dh ckr dks le>s] mUgas izQqfYyr dj ns] mudh :fp;ksa]

dYiukvksa esa eksjia[kh jaax Hkj ns] mUgsa ftEesnkj o laosn'khy ukxfjd cuk;s] mUgsa mudk tSlk

cukus esa lg;ksxh cusA chloha lnh esa cky lkfgR; ds vusd Lo:i ,oa fo/kk,¡ lkeus vkbZ]

tSls & f'k'kq&lkfgR;] cky&lkfgR;] fd'kksj&lkfgR;A fo/kkvksa dh n`f"V ls cky xhr] dfork]

dgkuh] miU;kl] laLej.k] ;k=ko`r] ukVd] vkRedFkk] xty] cky thouh] fucU/k] igsfy;k¡]

fp= dFkk,¡ vkfnA ckylkfgR; ckyd ds fy, mruk gh vko';d vkSj mi;ksxh gS] ftruk ek¡

dk I;kj&nqykj ;k ek¡ dk nw/kA ckylkfgR; cPpkas dks thou thus dh dyk fl[kkrk gS] mudk

euksjatu djrk gS] vkuan iznku djrk gS] bl izdkj cky lkfgR; dh vko';drk] mi;ksfxrk]

fof'k"Vrk dks vusd fo}kuksa ds erkuqlkj vfHkO;Dr djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA

fganh cky lkfgR; dk bfrgkl cgqr le`) vkSj xkSjo'kkyh jgk gS] ftls fofHkUu cky

lkfgR;dkjksa ,oa fo}kuksa us vius&vius rjhds ls oxhZdr fd;k gSA lHkh fopkjdksa ds

foHkktu dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, eSaus ßfganh cky lkfgR; ijEijk vkSj fodklÞ dk v/;;u vkfn

;qx] ¼izkjEHk 1850 rd½ HkkjrsUnq ;qx ¼1851&1900 rd½] Lok/khurk iwoZ ;qx ¼1901&1947 rd½

vkSj Lokra«;ksÙkj ;qx ¼1948 ls fujUrj½ dk foLrkj ls fo'ys"k.k izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA vkfn

;qx dk cky lkfgR; ek¡ dh yksfj;ksa] nknk&nkuh] jktk&jkuh dh dgkfu;ksa ,oa dqN rqdcafn;ksa

ds :i esa feyrk gSA ckn esa yksd dFkkvksa] yksd ijEijkvksa] nar dFkkvksa] yksd fo'okl vkfn

cky lkfgR; dh ltZuk esa lgk;d curs x;sA blh ds lekukarj csrky iPphlh] iaprU=]

rsukyhjke ds fdLls] xksiky HkkaM] yky cq>DdM+] vdcj&chjoy ds fdLls 'ks[k fpYyh dh

dgkfu;k¡ cky lkfgR; dk fgLlk curh xbZA xkSjryc gS fd bl le; cPpksa ds fy, vyx

ls dqN ugha fy[kk x;k] vfirq mijksDr lkfgR; esa tks cPpksa dk Hkkrk Fkk] cPps mls i<+ ysrs

FksA HkkjrsUnq ls u;s ;qx dk lw=ikr gqvk] tks lHkh n`f"V;ksa ls Lof.kZe dky jgkA bl ;qx dh

jktuSfrd] lkekftd] vkfFkZd] lkfgfR;d ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh n`f"V ls ;g laØe.k dk dky FkkA

,sls esa HkkjrsUnq dk mn; u;s HkkLdj ds :i esa gqvkA cky lkfgR; dks vyx fo/kk ds :i esa

Lohdj fd;k x;k ,oa ubZ igpku feyhA Lo;a HkkjrsUnq us dbZ ckyksi;ksxh ukVd vkSj vU;

fo/kkvksa esa Hkh d`fr;k¡ fy[kh ;Fkk & va/ksj uxjh pkSiV jktk] lR; gfj'pUnz] Hkkjr&nqnZ'kk]

uhynsoh] ckn'kkg niZ.k bR;kfnA ;s lHkh d`fr;k¡ cPpksa ds fy, egÙoiw.kZ lkfcr gqbZA HkkjrsUnq

dh izsj.kk ls jk/kkd".k nkl] Jhfuokl 'kkL=h] ia- ckyd`".k Hkê] vfEcdknÙk O;kl vkfn

jpukdkj Hkh cky lkfgR; dh jpuk esa izo`Ùk gq,A tuojh 1874 esa ^cky izcksf/kuh* if=dk dk

izdk'ku gqvk] blh ls cky lkfgR; dk lw=ikr gqvk] ,slk dqN bfrgkl ekurs gSaA Lok/khurk

iwoZ ;qx Hkh jktuhfrd n`f"V ls vfLFkjrk dk ;qx FkkA igyh ckj ekSfyd lkfgR; dk ltu

270

izkjEHk gqvk tks] bl ;qx dh lcls cM+h nsu gS] lkFk gh vkpk;Z egkohj izlkn f}osnh ds

inkiZ.k ls cky lkfgR; ds fodkl esa vHkwriwoZ ;ksxnku feykA vkpk;Z th us lkfgR; esa

ifjektZu dk dk;Z 'kq: fd;kA f}osnh th ds rRoko/kku esa ^ljLorh* if=dk ds lEiknu ls

u;s ;qx dk 'kqHkkjEHk gqvk] blesa cky lkfgR; dks LFkku fn;k tkus yxkA ckydksa ds euksjatu

ds fy, ikB~;Ùkj iqLrdksa dh jpuk dh tkus yxhA f}osnh th us Lo;a ckyksi;ksxh laLej.k

fy[ks] ftlls ckylkfgR; dks i;kZIr foLrkj feyus yxkA bl le; egkohj izlkn f}osnh ds

lkFk vusd ew/kZU; ys[kdksa us ckyksi;ksxh lkfgR; dh vusd fo/kkvksa esa jpukdeZ 'kq: fd;k]

ftlesa izeq[k :i ls ia- cnjhukFk Hkê] lqnk'kZukpk;Z] ckyeqdqUn xqIr] eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr] ek[ku

yky prqosZnh] Jh/kj ikBd] v;ks/;k flag ^mik/;k;*] 'kEHkwn;ky lDlsuk] izsepan] lqHknzkdqekjh

pkSgku] eéu f}osnh lfgr vU;kU;] ftudk mudh d`fr;ksa ds lkFk 'kks/k xzUFk esa mYys[k fd;k

tk pqdk gSA okuj] ekuhVj] dqekj]] pepe] ckyl[kk] Nk= lgksnj] f'k'kq vkfn cky if=dkvksa

us Hkh cky lkfgR; dks vR;ar le`) fd;kA bl izdkj ;g ;qx cky lkfgR; dh n`f"V ls

vR;ar xkSjo'kkyh jgkA Lora=rk izkfIr ds i'pkr~ foKku vkSj rduhdh /kjkry ij uohu

Økafr dk lw=ikr gqvkA uohu /kkj.kkvksa] u;s fopkjksa] u, fparu] u;ss Loj lkfgR; ds {ks= esa

eq[kfjr gksus yxsA lkekU; lkfgR; dh rjg cky lkfgR; esa Hkh vHkwriwoZ izxfr gqbZA lcls

egÙoiw.kZ ckr ;g jgh fd cky lkfgR; dks vyx ls ekU;rk vkSj izfr"Bk feyh] 'kks/k dk;Z

djus dh vuqefr izkIr gksus ls cky lkfgR; esa 'kks/k dk;Z izkjEHk gq,A lu~ 1968 esa MkW-

gfjd".k ^nsoljs* dks cky lkfgR; esa izFke 'kks/k dk;Z djus dk xkSjo izkIr gqvkA bl le;

dbZ ubZ fo/kk,¡ fodflr gqbZ] ckydksa dh :fp;ksa ds vuq:i] ljy]ljl] lqxe] euksjatd

lkfgR; jpk tkus yxkA ckyd dYiukyksd ls brj cnyrs ifjos'k ds ;FkkFkZ&/kjkry ls

ifjfpr gq,A lwpuk] izkS|ksfxdh] lapkj Økafr vkSj rduhd ds fodkl ls cky jpukdkjksa us

ckydksa ds fy, foKku] rduhd tSls tfVy fo"k; ij izoh.krk ds lkFk jkspd] euksjatd]

ljl] ckyksi;ksxh dfork] dgkuh] baVjO;w] fucU/k] ukVd] miU;kl vkfn fy[ksA bl ;qx ds

egÙoiw.kZ cky jpukdkjksa esa fo".kq izHkkdj] jke/kkjh flag ^fnudj*] fujadkj nso lsod] xksfoUn

Hkkj}kt] MkW- ukxs'k ikaMs;] eksgEen vj'kn [kku] fujadkj nso lsod] MkW- jk"Vªca/kq] MkW- gfjd`".k

nsoljs] MkW- 'ksjtax] pØ/kj ^ufyu*] izdk'k euq] nhun;ky 'kekZ vkSj vkfnA bl dky esa Hkh

cky lkfgR; ds mUu;u esa i=&if=dkvksa dh Hkh vo.kZuh; Hkwfedk jgh] ftlesa izeq[k :i ls

cky Hkkjrh] uanu] yksViksV] ckygal] ckyok.kh] nsoiq=] lqeu lkSjHk] cky okfVdk] uUgsa lezkV]

lkIrkfgd fganqLrku] jk"Vªh; lgkjk] vej mtkyk lfgr vusdkusd] ftudk mYys[k 'kks/k&izca/k

esa lfoLrkj ls fd;k x;k gSaA bl +Hkk¡fr Lora=rk izkfIr ls v|ru cky lkfgR; esa mÙkjksÙkj

izxfr gqbZA

271

f}rh; v/;k;&^nhun;ky 'kekZ dk O;fDrRo vkSj d`frRo* ds vUrxZr O;fDrRo dks

ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, jpukdkj 'kekZ ds tUe] tUe LFkku] ifjokj] f'k{kk] O;olk; ,oa buds

O;fDrRo dh fo'ks"krkvksa dks mHkkjk x;k gSA O;fDrRo O;fDr fo'ks"k ds xq.kksa] :fp;ksa] Hkkoukvksa]

rjhdks] fopkj/kkjkvksa] {kerkvksa dk leqPp; gSA nhun;ky 'kekZ dk tUe jktLFkku ds ftyk

guqekux<+ dh uksgj rglhy ds xkao tlkuk esa pS= lqnh rht ¼x.kxkSj½ foØe laor 2013

lu~ 1956 esa gqvkA buds firk Jh iz;kxpan ,oa ekrk Jherh egknsoh dh ;s ik¡poh larku gSA

jpukdkj 'kekZ dk fookg lkSHkkX;dkaf{k.kh Jherh deys'k 'kekZ ls lu~ 12 uoEcj] 1986 esa

lEiUu gqvkA bUgsa nks iqf=;ksa ,oa ,d iq= ds firk gksus dk lkSHkkX; izkIr gSA

cky jpukdkj 'kekZ dh izkjfEHkd f'k{kk xkao tlkuk ds ljdkjh Ldwy esa gqbZA lu~

1973&74 esa jkt-m-ek-fo- Jh xaxkuxj ls foKku ,oa d`f"k ls nloha o X;kjgoha d{kk mÙkh.kZ

dhA rRi'pkr~ ,e-dkWe- ,oa i=dkfjrk esa LukÙkdksÙkj fMIyksek fd;kA 18 Qjojh] 1983 esa

budh izFke fu;qfDr iqLrdky; v/;{k ds in ij eDdklj xkao esa lSds.Mjh fo|ky; esa gqbZA

31 tqykbZ] 2016 dks taMkokyh] guqekux<+ ls lsokfuo`fÙk gqbZA nhun;ky 'kekZ ds eu esa cpiu

ls gh jpukdeZ ds cht vadqfjr gksus yxs FksA l`tu dh fof/kor izfØ;k 1975 ls izkjEHk gqbZA

cky lkfgR; ds iqat nhun;ky 'kekZ dh iz[kj jpuk/kfeZrk dks ukuk izdkj dh laLFkkvksa]

vdknfe;ksa }kjk lEekfur ,oa iqjLdr fd;k tk pqdk gSA

nhun;ky 'kekZ us i=dkfjrk ds {ks= esa Hkh dkQh [;kfr vftZr dh gSA dbZ

i=&if=dkvksa dk laiknu ;s dj pqds gSA ^Vkcj Vksyh* ns'k dk izFke cky v[kckj esa 2003 ls

ekun ,oa lkfgR; laiknu dj jgs gSA iwoZ jk"Vªifr ,s.ih.ts. vCnqy dyke lkgc esjh vaxzsth

esa vuqfnr cky ukV~; dfr ^n Mªhe* dk yksdkiZ.k dj pqds gSaA nwjn'kZu ,oa jsfM;ksa ij buds

ukVd] >yfd;k¡] okrkZ;sa] jpuk;sa izlkfjr gksrh jgh gSA

nhun;ky 'kekZ fojkV O;fDrRo ds Lokeh gaSA ^lknk thou mPp fopkj* dgkor bu

ij iwjh rjg ykxw gksrh gSA ;s izkjEHk ls gh izfrHkk lEiUu ,oa rh{.k cqf) ds jgs gSaA yksdfiz;]

ekuoh; laosnukvksa ls vksrizksr] lsokHkkoh] lân; nhun;ky 'kekZ dk O;fDrRo ,oa d`fro

vR;Ur mPp dksfV dk gSA

r`rh; v/;k; &^nhun;ky 'kekZ dk i|* ds varxZr fofHkUu fo}kuksa] vkpk;ksZa }kjk nh xbZ

ifjHkk"kkvksa] earO;ksa ,oa dks'k lEer vFkZ ds ek/;e ls dkO; dk vFkZ vkSj Lo:i Li"V djus

dk iz;Ru fd;k x;k gSA dkO; ,d ,slh NUnc) jpuk gS tks jl ls ifjiw.kZ gks] ftlesa y;]

;fr] xfr] izokg] Nanc)rk] jlkRedrk] xs;rk vkfn gksA jpukdkj nhun;ky dh vkB cky

dkO; d`fr;k¡ izdkf'kr gSa & dj nks cLrk gYdk] lwjt ,d flrkjk] ukuh rw gS dSlh ukuh]

272

pwa&pwa] fxyh&fxyh xIik] vxM+e&cxM+e] jlxqYyk] fpfM+;k pgds xhr lquk,] ftudk laf{kIr

ifjp; O;Dr fd;k x;k gSA bu lHkh iqLrdksa ds xhr o dforkvksa ds fo"k; pankekek] lwjt]

isM+] i{kh] canj] pwgk] eksj] ckyfnol] dEI;wVj] Vh-oh-] iqLrd] lQkbZ] f'k{kk dh rkdr] tksdj]

dkSvk] rksrk] frryh] ?kj] irax] xqYyh MaMk] 'ksj] i<+kbZ] ;k=k] Å¡V] eNyh] ckjkr] pha&pha]

dqÙkk eVdwjke] vkyl NksM+ks bR;kfn gSaA dqN jpuk,¡ ikjEifjd fo"k;ksa ij vk/kkfjr gSa] ogha

vusd xhr vk/kqfud rduhd ls lEcfU/kr gSa] f'k{kkizn HkhA ckyd vkSj dkO; ijLij i;kZ;

dgs tk ldrs gSaA nhun;ky 'kekZ dk cky dkO; ckydksa gh HkkWfr ljy] ljl] lgt]

:fpdj] lkSUn;Z ls Iykfor gS] ftKklk] mRlqdrk] ljyrk jkspdrk dkSrqgy ls ifjiw.kZ HkhA

cky dkO; dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk;sa euksjatu] cky euksfoKku] i;kZoj.k psruk] izsj.kk&rRo]

ikjEifjdrk] vk/kqfudrk] uSfrd ewY;] jk"Vª&izse] lelkef;drk ekuh xbZ gSA lkSUn;Z vFkkZr~

izfr {k.k ifjofrZr gksus okyh vfrlw{e] xaxk dh rjg ifo=] fnO;] jle;] lR; ls vkIykfor]

dY;k.kdkjh] vfuoZpuh; vkSj fojkV vuqHkwfr gSA viuh nqfu;k] vkB iSj dh gksrh edM+h] o"kkZ

vkSj cPps] eNyh] vkVk&ikVk] Vksdjh] vks fpfM+;k vkfn dbZ cky xhr ckydksa gh HkkWfr ljy]

ljl] lgt] :fpdj] lkSUn;Zoku gS] ftKklk] mRlqdrk] ljyrk] jkspdrk dkSrqgy] cky

lqyHk ek/kq;Z ls vuqizkf.kr HkhA o"kkZ gksrh gS rks ckyd [kq'kh ls >weus yxrs gSa] gk----- gk---- gw¡---

gw¡ -- gh --- gh djrs fdydkfj;k¡ ekjus yxrs gSa] ,sls esa lkSUn;Z ewfrZeku gks mBrk gSA ;gk¡

ckyd iq"i gSa vkSj mudh g¡lh lqjfHkA ^ikik eq>s crkvks ckr* vkSj ^fdlls iwNw¡ ikik* xhr esa

ckyd&ftKklk dk lkSUn;Z pje ij gSA og ikik ls iwNrk gS fd fnu&jkr dSls curs gSa]

pk¡n&rkjs jkr dks gh D;ksa fn[kkbZ nsrs gSa] blh izdkj if{k;ksa dh vkoktsa] cdjh dk fefe;kuk]

pwgs dk fcYyh ls Mjuk] cPpksa dks cgqr cgqr :fpdj yxrk gSA ;gk¡ cky lqyHk lkSUn;Z

thoar gks mBrk gSA LoLFk eu ds fy, euksjatu mruk gh vko';d ftruk LoLFk ru ds

fy, gok] ikuh HkkstuA izkphu dky ls gh euksjatu ds fy, ekuo us rjg&rjg ds

[ksy&rek'ks] Lok¡x] u`R;] laxhr] ukVd br;kfn ØhM+kvksa dk vkfo"dkj fd;k gSA

lHkh fo}kuksa us ,d er ls euksjatu dks cky lkfgR; dk izk.k rÙo ekuk gSA cky

lkfgR; dk mn~Hko gh ckydksa ds euksjatu ds fy, gqvk gSA ckydksa ds eu cgyko ds vusd

lk/kuksa esa cky lkfgR; mÙke lk/ku ekuk x;k gSA dks'kxr vFkZ ds vuqlkj euksjatu eu

cgykus dk lk/ku gSA nhun;ky 'kekZ ds cky dkO; euksjatu ls yckyc Hkjk gqvk gSA ^ccu

fo/kkrk*] tksdj] canj] ckjkr] ?kksMk] eksj] pkSdhnkjh] fcYyh] ckfj'k dk ekSle lfgr cgq/kk

dfork;sa euksjatu ls vkIykfor gSA ^ccu fo/kkrk* xhr esa ckfj'k dk ekSle] jkr dk le;]

ccu fo/kkrk dk Nkrk ysdj ?kj ls fudyuk] Nkrs dk mM+uk] ccu dk fQly dj fxjkuk

vkfn n`'; cPpksa dks g¡lk&g¡lk dj yksViksV dj nsrs gSaA ldZl dk tksdj rks gksrk gh galkus

273

ds fy, gS] canj] ckjkr] fcYyh] pwgk] jlxqYyk] 'ksj] mYyw vkfn jpukvksa esa euksjatu dwV&dwV

dj Hkjk gqvk gSA dks'klEer vk'k; vkSj dbZ fo}kuksa dh ifjHkk"kkvksa ds vuq:i euksfoKku dk

vFkZ eu ds foKku ls gSA ftlls ekuo&eu dh fofHkUu voLFkkvksa] izfØ;kvksa dk v/;;u

fd;k tkrk gSA cky euksfoKku vFkkZr~ ckydksa ds eu dk foKkuA cky eu frryh dh HkkWfr

papy gksrk gS] fofp= dYiukvksa ls Hkjk gqvk] ftls le>uk vfr nq"dj dk;Z gSA bl gwuj esa

dfo 'kekZ n{k gSaA vf/kdka'kr le; cPpksa ds chp jgus ls cky euksfoKku dks Hkyh&HkkWfr

eglwl dj ysus okys dfo 'kekZ ds dkO; esa cky euksfoKku dk lw{e vkSj ltho fp=.k

feyrk gSA ^cLrk*] ^tsy&[ksy*] ^dj nks cLrk gYdk*] îku*] êksckby* vkfn vusd dfork;sa

cky euksfoKku dks n'kkZrh gSaA cLrs ds cks> ls nq[kh ckyd dh O;Fkk gks ;k gkseodZ dk Hkkj]

fnu Hkj i<+uk tsy yxuk] pk¡n dk ?kVuk&c<+uk dks cky eu ls tksM+dj dfo us budk

mYYs[k cgqr lgtrk ls dq'kyrk iwoZd fd;k gSA ^fpfM+;k* dfork esa cLrs ds cks> ls ijs'kku

ckyd fpfM+;k gksuk vf/kd ilan djrk gS] gokbZ tgkt ls mM+dj fnYyh ls fcYyh ykuk

pkgrk gSA ;s lanHkZ n'kkZrs gaS fd nhun;ky 'kekZ ckydksa ds eu dks Hkyh&HkkWfr i<+uk tkurs

gSA i;kZoj.k psruk dk Hkko lkoZHkkSfed vkSj lkoZdkfyd gSA oSfnd dky ls gh budh

mi;ksfxrk nz"VO; gSA i`Foh] ok;q] vkdk'k] isM+&iks/ks] pk¡n&flrkjs] taxy] ty] /kwi] frryh]

Qy&Qwy] tho&tarq] i'kq&i{kh izdfr ds vge~ miknku gSaA cky lkfgR; esa izkjEHk ls gh bu

izkd`frd miknkuksa dh vfHkO;fDr lokZf/kd :i esa feyrh gSA ckyd dk izFke lk{kkRdkj

i;kZoj.k ls gh gksrk gSA dfo 'kekZ us i;kZoj.k psruk vkSj izd`fr dks mRlo dh rjg ft;k gS

vkSj vius xhrksa esa Hkjiwj mdsjk Hkh gSA lwjt] pk¡n] ckny] eksj] dkSok] Qwy] o"kkZ] isM+]

bUnz/kuq"k] gkFkh] fpfM+;k] xk; lfgr izd`fr ds lHkh dkjdksa ij cgqr lqanj dfork;sa jfpr dh

gSaA isM+ks dks /kjrh dk Jàxkj o thou dk vk/kkj n'kkZ;k gSA lQkbZ] dpjk dwM+snku esa Mkyuk

tSlh NksVh ij egRoiw.kZ fo"k;ksa ij lqanj xhr izLrqr fd, gSaA izsj.kk vFkkZr~ ,slk Hkko tks

euq"; dks lrr c<+us dks vxzlj djsA nhun;ky 'kekZ us ckydksa dks viuh dforkvksa ds }kjk

izsfjr fd;k gSA ^py&py&py* dfork lnSo vkxs c<+us dks izsfjr djrh gSA dqN jpuk,¡ o

xhr cPpksa dks iqLrdsa i<+us vkSj izsfjr djus okyh gSA ijEijk vkSj vk/kqfudrk dk lqanj

leUo; Hkh dfo 'kekZ ds dkO; esa ns[kus dks feyrk gSA ijEijk vkSj vk/kqfudrk ijLij

lg;ksxh gSA igys budk dks'kxr vFkZ izLrqr fd;k gSA jpukdkj 'kekZ ds ikjEifjd lanHkksZa ls

la;ksftr dkO; dk ltu fd;k gS] ftuds ikjEifjd fo"k;&isM+&ikS/ks] i'kq&i{kh] pk¡n&rkjs]

xqfM+;k] R;ksgkj] ifjtu vkfn ij vk/kkfjr gS] ogha vk/kqfud /kjkry ls tqM+h lqanj jpukvksa dks

Hkh izlax cuk;k gS ;Fkk& dEI;wVj] eksckby] Vh-oh-] QksVksxzkQj canj] eksckby vkfn] ogha

eksckby ls dqÙks dh vkokt fudky dj ls fcYyh dks Mjkuk] êSMe&ljth* dfork esa muds

274

Ldwy esa nsj ls vkus ij dkSu f[kapkbZ djs] tSls cky eu ds lgt] lqyHk vkSj vuqÙkfjr iz'u

Hkh mBk;s x;s gSaA

Hkkjrh; laLd`fr ewY;k/kkfjr gSA fganh lkfgR; esa ewY;ksa dks cgqr mPp LFkku fn;k x;k

gSA cky lkfgR; esa Hkh vkfn dky ls gh ewY;ksa dk izk/kkU; jgk gS] pkgs nknk&nknh dh

dgkfu;k¡ gks ;k iapra= dhA lektpsrk dfo nhun;ky 'kekZ ds dkO; esa lR;] vfgalk] izse]

{kek] 'kkafr] lgkuqHkwfr] lnk'k;rk] ijksidkj bR;kfn thou ewY;ksa dks i;kZIr LFkku feyk gSA

orZeku le; ds vk/kqfud ,oa ijEijkoknh lkfgR;dkj Hkh uSfrd ewY;ksa dks cky lkfgR; ds

fy, loksZifj ekuus yxs gSaA vkt ds HkkSfrdoknh ;qx esa tgk¡ lHkh {ks=ksa esa ewY;ksa dks {kj.k rhoz

xfr gks jgk gS] ftldk izHkko ckydksa ij Hkh yf{kr gksus yxk gS D;ksafd vkt dk ckyd

rduhd ls tqM+k gqvk gS] mls iwjh nqfu;k dh tkudkjh gSA dfo 'kekZ us ^xka/kh ckck* xhr ds

ek/;e ls cPpksa ls dgyk;k gS fd cM+s yksxksa ds ikl bruk le; ugha gS fd os vius cPpksa

dks uSfrd ckrsa fl[kk ldsaA ,sls esa ckyd xk¡/kh ckck ls xqgkj djrs gS fd vki okil vkvks

vkSj lcdks 'kkafr&vafglk] izzse] veu dk lcd fl[kkvksA ;gk¡ lHkh yksx bUgas Hkwy pqds gSaA

rqEgkjs rhuksa canj Hkh ekSu cSBs gSaA cPps lHkh Hksn&Hkkoksa ls dkslkas nwj gksrs gSa] os dsoy izse ls

feydj jguk tkurs gSaA ^HkykbZ* dfork esa ;gh ckr dgh fd ge ckyd tkfr&ikfr ugha

tkurs] ge lc feydj jgrs gSa vkSj [kqf'k;k¡ ckaVrs gSaA* ^thounkrk isM+* esa ijksidkj dk Hkko

fufgr gSA ^lc ls I;kjk lp* jpuk esa Hkh dfo us ^lR;eso t;rs* ij tksj fn;k gSA gekjs ;gk¡

jk"Vªh;rk dh Hkkouk ds L=ksr oSfnd dky ls gh fo|eku gSA jk"Vª ls vk'k; fu/kkZfjr lhek esa

vkc) ,slk Hkw[kaM ftlds varxZr mlesa fuokl djus okys ukxfjd] i'kq&i{kh] tho&tarq]

ioZr] ufn;k¡] taxy] lkxj] dhV&iraxs bR;kfn lfEefyr gksrs gSaA jk"Vª&izse vFkkZr~ ns'k ls izse

djuk gSA nhun;ky 'kekZ ds cky dkO; esa ns'k&izse ds Loj eq[kfjr gSA ftlesa jk"Vª uk;dksa]

tokuksa] fdlkuksa] etnwjksa ds fy, lqanj jpuk,¡ O;Dr dh xbZ gSaA ^cky fnol*] ^t; toku*]

t; fdlku* vkfn jpuk,¡ ns'k&izse dks mtkxj djrhA nhun;ky 'kekZ vius le; ds izfr

iw.kZ:is.k ltx vkSj izfrc) dfo gSa] ftUgksaus vius ifjos'k dk lw{e fujh{k.k djds viuh

jpukvksa dk fo/kku fd;k gSA orZeku le; lapkj Økafr dk gSA ,dy ifjokj dk pyu gksus

ls cPps nknk&nknh] ukuh dh dgkfu;ksa ls oafpr gks pqds gSa] ,sls esa Vhoh dks vk/kqfud ukuh

dk mieku nsdj dfo us ekSfydrk dk Hkh ifjp; fn;k gSA ^Vhoh ukuh* f'k'kq xhr eas ;gh Hkko

iz/kku gSA ^b/kj&m/kj* dfork esa feydj dke djus ds Hkko dks bafxr fd;k gS] tks vkt dh

cM+h vko';drk gSA ^fpM+h&dcwrj esjs lkFkh* esa if{k;ksa dks nkuk Mkyuk vkSj ikuh fiykuk]

vkt ds ifj.Ms cka/kus ds vfHk;ku dks izeq[krk ls n'kkZrk gS] ogha ^ePNjksa dh 'kker* vkSj

^lQkbZ dh lkSx/k*] ^vktknh* jpuk,¡ orZeku esa py jgs lQkbZ ds vkUnksyu dks vkSj if{k;ksa

275

dks vktkn djus ds lUns'k ls izsfjr gSaA cky jpukdkj nhun;ky 'kekZ ds cky dkO; esa

yxHkx lHkh cky izo`fÙk;ksa dk lqanj fu:i.k gqvk gS] ftuesa euksjatu ds lqeu f[kys gaS rks

thouki;ksxh lh[k Hkh ygygkrh gS] ijEijk ds chtkjksi.k gSa rks vk/kqfudrk ds vadqj Hkh QwVus

yxs gSaA ewY;ksa dh lqlaxfr ds lkFk ljyrk] ljlrk] jkspdrk ,oa ftKklk dk lkSUn;Z

n`';eku gS] jk"Vªizse] lelkef;drk] izsj.kk] cky euksfoKku dh mn~Hkkouk Hkh ;gk¡ iz[kjrk ds

lkFk foLrkj ikrh gSA

nhun;ky 'kekZ dh ^bDdkou cky igsfy;k¡* iqLrd Hkh izdkf'kr gSA vkfndky ls gh

igsfy;k¡ yksd thou dk fgLlk jgh gSa] tks jkspdrk] Kku] euksjatu] ftKklk ls Hkjiwj gksus ds

dkj.k yksdfiz; fo/kk Hkh gSA igsfy;ksa ds laf{kIr bfrgkl ds vuq:i] vehj [kqljks ls izkjEHk

gksdj igsfy;ksa dh ;k=k fofo/k jaxksa esa vk|kUr vuojr gSA dgkuh o dfork ds ckn igsfy;k¡

ckydksa dh vR;ar fiz; fo/kk jgh gSA vktdy igsfy;k¡ vY;Yi fy[kh tk jgh gSa] ,sls esa cky

igsfy;ksa dk egRo vkSj Hkh c<+ tkrk gSA cky dgkuhdkj 'kekZ us igsfy;ksa ds fo"k; esa ckydksa

ds vklikl dh oLrqvksa dks gh cuk;k x;k gS ;Fkk & jk"Vª&uk;d] i'kq&i{kh] dhV&iraxs]

nSfud mi;ksxh oLrq,¡] izd`fr ds minku vkfnA ;s igsfy;k¡ ckydksa ds ekufld fodkl esa

lgk;d gS] ogha mudk Hkjiwj euksjatu djrh gSa] lkFk gh mudh izKk dks rhoz HkhA lp dgk

tk, rks bu igsfy;ksa dk dksbZ lkuh ugha gSA

prqFkZ v/;k;&^nhun;ky 'kekZ dk x|* v/;k; dks nks [k.Mksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS

& izFke dgkfu;k¡] f}rh;&ukVd vkSj ,dkadhA jpukdkj 'kekZ ds ikap dgkuh laxzg&peRdkjh

pw.kZ] fpaV&fiaVw dh lw>] ikik >wB ugha cksyrs] fe= dh enn] cM+ksa ds cpiu dh dgkfu;k¡ gSa]

ftudk laf{kIr ifjp; izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA x| dk dks'kxr rkRi;Z ,oa vusd fopkjdksa]

lekykspdksa }kjk nh xbZ ifjHkk"kkvksa ds vuqlkj lkfgR; dh n`f"V ls x| ,d vuq'kkflr]

O;kdj.k lEer] O;kdj.klEer] lqO;ofLFkr jpuk gSA ogha O;ogkj esa ftl Hkk"kk esa

tu&lk/kkj.k fy[krs gSa] ckr&phr djrs gSa rFkk ftls i<+rs gSa] og x| gSA dgkuh ,slh jpuk

gS] ftlesa thou dk dksbZ ,d vax ;k Hkko n'kkZ;k tkrk gS] tks ikBd ij lefUor izHkko

mRiUu djrh gSA dgkuh lkfgR; dh vU;re ,oa yksdfiz; fo/kk gS] ogha cky dgkuh cPpksa dh

lc ls fiz; fo/kk gSA cky dgkuh ls rkRi;Z yxHkx lkr o"kZ ls ckjg o"kZ rd ds cPpksa ds

fy, fy[kh xbZ dgkfu;ksa ls gSA ckyd dYiukyksd esa fopj.k djrk gS vkSj dgkuh ml dh

dYiuk vkSj ftKklk dk ifj'keu dkus ds fy, lqikSf"Vd Hkkstu dk dk;Z djrh gSaA dgkuh

ckyd dks vkn'kZ bUlku cukrh gSA euksjatu] jkspdrk] ftKklk] dkSrqgy] dkYifudrk]

lksís';rk cky&dFkk dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡ ekuh xbZ gSa] tks dgkuhdkj 'kekZ dh dgkfu;ksa esa

loZ= fo|eku gSA ftKklk ,d eukso`fr gS ftlesa euq"; cgqr dqN tkuus dh rhozrj bPNk

276

j[krk gSA dgkuhdkj 'kekZ dh peRdkjh pw.kZ] izgsfydk dh igsfy;k¡] lc ls cM+h ltk] Bksdj]

eksj jktk dk QSlyk ,oa fpaVw&fiaVw dh lw> dh lHkh dgkfu;k¡ cPpksa esa ftKklk tkxzr djus

esa iw.kZ :i ls l{ke gSA dkSok dkyk D;ksa gS\] x/ks ds lhax D;ksa ugha gS\] dks;y ?kkslyk D;ksa

ugha cukrh\] eksj ds iSj cnjax dSls gq,\] ;g lc tkuus ds fy, cPps cgqr vkrqj jgrs gSaA

bUgha ds lek/kku dgkfu;ksa ds var esa nsdj] dgkuhdkj us ckydksa esa izkjEHk ls gh ftKklk ofr

dks izcy dj fn;k gSA ^peRdkjh pw.kZ* ckyd nq";ar vkSj mldh nhnh ds pw.kZ dh iqfM+;k [kkus

ds ckn ia[k vk, fd ugha] ;s tkuus dh mRlqdrk cky ikBdksa ds eu esa var rd cuh jgrh

gSA ^izgsfydk dh igsfy;k¡* dgkuh rks gS gh igsfy;ksa ij vk/kkfjr tks] Lor% gh dkSrqgy ls Hkjh

gqbZ gksrh gSaA

euksjatu cky lkfgR; dk lcls egRoiw.kZ rÙo ekuk x;k gS dFkkdkj 'kekZ ds dFkk

lalkj euksjatu ls iwoZr le`) gS] ftldk cM+h lw>&cw> vkSj dq'kyrk ds lkFk la;kstu fd;k

x;k gSA izLrqr dgkfu;ksa esa dqN taxy dh i`"BHkwfe ij vk/kkfjr gS] ftuds ik= taxyh

tkuoj o i'kq i{kh gSaa] tSls & 'ksj] fgj.k] Hkkyw] ykseM+h] canj] desM+h] dks;y] eksj] fl;kj]

x/kk] dkSvk vkfnA buds uke cgqr jkspd gS tSls & pedw] dYyw] phdw] eUuw] fccks] >qedh

vkfn tks ckydksa dk euksjatu djus esa l{ke gSA ^vatw dh lh[k* dgkuh dh ik= vatw ckfydk

}kjk ekLVj th ds iz'uksa ds fn, x, mÙkj ckydksa dks th Hkj g¡lkus esa iw.kZ :is.k l{ke gSA

dqN dgkfu;k¡ lkekftd psruk tkxr djus okyh gSA ^peRdkjh pw.kZ* dFkk esa Ldwy ds cPpksa

dks ,d lk/kq pw.kZ dh iqfM+;k ;s dgdj csp tkrk gS fd bldks [kkus ls ia[k vk tk;saxs vkSj

rqe mM+us yxksxs] var esa bldk fojks/k ntZ djk;k x;k gSA ^n`<+ ladYi dk peRdkj* esa cM+s

jkspd <ax ls 'kjkc ihus ds nq"ifj.kke ls voxr djok;k x;k gS ^eksj jktk dk QSlyk* esa

fu"i{k U;k; dks mtkxj fd;k gSA nhun;ky 'kekZ dh lHkh dgkfu;ksa esa dkSrwgy] ftKklk]

vksRlqD; bl izdkj lekfo"V gS fd dgkuh ds gj vorj.k ds ckn vkxs D;k gksxk\ dSls

gksxk\ ;g tkuus dh ykylk cyorh gksrh tkrh gSA ^peRdkjh pw.kZ] izgsfydk dh igsfy;k¡]

fe= dh enn] lh[k u ekuus dk lcc] eksj dh ftn] lk/kq dk 'kki vkfn lHkh dFkk;sa eu dks

mYyflr djus vkSj dkSrqgy txkus esa iw.kZr% lQy jgh gSAA lkfgR; esa ijEijk dk ogh

varlZEca/k gS] tks lkfgR; ls gS] ijEijk esa lkrR; gS] fujUrjrk gSA vk/kqfudrk vkSj ijEijk

ijLij lg;ksxh ,oa iwjd gSaA dgkuhdkj 'kekZ dh lexz dgkfu;ksa esa nksuksa dk lqanj lkeatL;

n`"VO; gSA eksj jktk dk QSlyk] n`<+ ladYi dk peRdkj] fccks cdjh dh fgEer] ykseM+h dh

lw>] lk/kq dk 'kki vkfn dgkfu;k¡ ijEijkuqlkj jph xbZ gS] iapra= dh rtZ ij taxy ij

vk/kkfjr] taxyh tkuojksa dks ik= cukdj Hkh dgkfu;k¡ izLrqr dh xbZ gSA cgq/kk dgkfu;ksa esa

ikjEifjd rRoksa vkSj vk/kqfud lanHkZ ds lqanj leUo; dh Nfo n"VO; gSA ^fpaVw&fiaVw dh lw>*

277

dk dFkkud nks fcfYy;ksa o cUnj okyk gS] ftls dFkkdkj us vk/kqfud Lo:i iznku djrs gq,

uohu dFkk ds lkFk izLrqr fd;k gSA blesa >cjh fcYyh ds cPps oSls gh jksVh ds VqdM+s ds

fy, >xM+rs gSA canj ;g n`'; ns[kdj mudk U;k; djus ds fy, vkrk gS] rHkh cPpksa dks

viuh ek¡ ds }kjk lqukbZ xbZ ^canj&fcYyh* dh dFkk ;kn vk tkrh gS vkSj os canj ls dgrs gSa

fd D;ksa canj pkpk] fQj ge nksuksa HkkbZ;ksa dks Bxus dh dksf'k'k dj jgs gks] ysfdu vc og

tekuk yn x;kA nksuksa HkkbZ viuh&viuh jksVh [kk dj pys tkrs gSaA canj viuk lk eq¡g

ysdj jg tkrk gSA îkik >wB ugha cksyrs* Hkh ijEijk ls ysdj vkt rd pyh vk jgh leL;k

csVs&csVh esa Hksn&Hkko dks ysdj fy[kh xbZ gSA uSfrd ewY; cky dgkuh ds vR;ko';d] rÙo

dgs tk ldrs gSaA lkfgR; esa ewY;ksa ls rkRi;Z] ftu rÙoksa dks thou esa viukus ls thou

ewY;oku curk gS] mUgsa uSfrd ewY; dgrs gSaA

dFkkdkj 'kekZ ds dFkk lkfgR; esa uSfrd ewY;ksa dks izeq[krk ds lkFk izLrqr fd;k gSA

tSls êksj dh ftn* esa* ^lR; dh thr* ^fpaVw&fiaVw* dh lw> esa okRlY;] ^lk/kq dk 'kki* esa

ln~Hkkouk] lg;ksx] HkkbZpkjk vkfn] î'prki ds ^vk¡lw esa {kek] ^lc ls cM+h ltk esa* ns'k izse]

^vktknh dk vFkZ* dFkk esa if{k;ksa dks fiatjs esa dSn ugha djuk pkfg,] cM+ksa ds cpiu dh

dgkfu;ksa dh lHkh dFkkvksa esa U;k;] lkgl] ifjJe] ijfgr] drZO;fu"Bk bR;kfn ewY;ksa dk

ljkguh; izLrqrhdj.k gqvk gSA dgkuhdkj us izse] lg;ksx] {kek] Lora=rk] ln~Hkkouk] okRlY;]

lgkuqHkwfr] ijksidkj] lsok&Hkko] larks"k] drZO;fu"Bk vkfn 'kk'or~ uSfrd ewY;ksa dk lqanj

leUo; ns[kk tk ldrk gSA jpukdkj 'kekZ ds cky dFkk lkfgR; esa ^lelkef;d lanHkZ* ds

varxZr lkekf;d ?kVukvksa] leL;kvksa] fpUrkvksa dk lelkef;d lanHkksZa ds lkFk izLrqr fd;k

x;k gSA vkt cM+h la[;k esa ;qok ih<+h u'ks ds tky esa fxj¶r gSA bl Hk;kog leL;k dk

lek/kku ^n<+ fu'p; ds peRdkj* esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ;g dgkuh blh xaHkhj] Toayr eqís

ij vk/kkfjr lkFkZd jpuk gSA ^tks fn[krk gS] og fcdrk gS*] ;g vkt dh cktkjoknh laLd`fr

cu pqdh gSA ^f'kox.ks'k* dh prqjkbZ* dgkuh blh cktkj&uhfr dks izdV djrh gSA f'k{kk ls

rkRi;Z ,sls Kku ls gS] ftlds }kjk ekuo ds O;fDrRo] efLr"d] vkRek] eu vkSj ru dk lexz

vkSj lE;d fodkl gksA ^lh[k u ekuus dk lcd* esa cM+ksa dh mfpr ckr eku ^peRdkjh pw.kZ*

esa <ksaxh ckckvksa dh ckrksa esa ugha vkuk lh[k fufgr gSA bl izdkj dFkkdkj us euksjatu dh

pk'kuh esa yisV dj ckrksa gh ckrksa esa cPpksa dks vijks{k :i ls cgqr dqN lh[k iznku dj

nh gSA

izLrqr v/;k; dk nwljk [kaM ûkVd vkSj ,dkadh* gSA fganh lkfgR; esa ukVd dh

lqnh/kZ ijEijk jgh gSA ikSjkf.kd ekU;rk ds vuqlkj =srk;qx esa czãk th us nsorkvksa ds

euksjatu ds fy, pkjksa osnksa ds lkj dks feyk dj îape osn* vFkkZr~ ûkV~; osn* dh jpuk dhA

278

cPpksa ds fodkl dh n`f"V ls cky ukVdksa dk egRo vU;re gSA bu esa ckydksa dks vU; dbZ

fo/kkvksa ds feJ.k dk vkLokn ,d lkFk fey tkrk gSA dks'kxr vFkZ ,oa fo}kuksa ds earO;ksa ds

vk/kkj ij dgk tk ldrk gS fd ukVd lkfgR; dh ,d lqjE;] euHkkou] yksdksi;ksxh]

je.kh;] lkSUn;ZflDr] ân;Li'khZ fo/kk gS] tks ikBdksa dks czãkuan esa vkokxkgu djokrh gSA

ukVddkj 'kekZ ds pkj ukVd laxzg gSa & ^lius*] ^QSlyk*] ^QSlyk cny x;k* vkSj ^tax tkjh

gS*A ukVd ,oa ,dkadh esa ukVdh; rRoksa&dFkkoLrq] ik=] ns'kdky] laokn] Hkk"kk&'kSyh] vfHku;

vkSj mís'; dh dlkSVh ij [kjs mrjrs gSa ,oa ckydksa dk Hkjiwj euksjatu djus esa Hkh iwjh rjg

ls l{ke gSaA ^lius* ukVd ,-ih-ts- vCnqy dyke lkgc ds lius ij vk/kkfjr gS] ftlds

vuq:i ckydksa dks Hkkoh thou ds fy, lius t:j ns[kus pkfg,] ^QSlyk* ukVd vksj ^QSlyk

cny x;k* ,dkadh esa mfpr U;k;] nks"kh dh ltk] lqcg&lqcg fdlh eugwl dk psgjk ns[k

ysus ls fnu [kjkc gks tkrk gS] tSls va/kfo'okl dk [kaMu fd;k x;k gSA ^tax tkjh gS*

fd'kkjksa ds fy, fy[kk x;k ukV;&laxzg gS] tks cgqr gh l'kDr] f'k{kkizn gS] ;s lHkh jsfM;ksa

ukVd gSa tks jsfM;ksa ij izlkfjr gks pqds gSaA bu ukVdksa esa dU;k Hkwz.k gR;k] ngst izFkk]

csVh&csVs esa Hksn&Hkko djuk] 'kjkc ds nq"ifj.kke] efgyk izrkM+uk] ukjh mRihM+u] njdrs fj'rs]

lEcU/kksa dh VdjkgV tSlh lkekftd cqjkbZ;ksa] va/kfo'oklksa] dqjhfr;ksa ds f[kykQ tax gS] ftuesa

ikfjokfjd ruko] daqBk] la=kl] ?kqVu dk cM+h f'kír ds lkFk fp=.k djds] mudk iqjtksj

fojks/k ntZ djk;k x;k gSA ukVddkj 'kekZ ds ukV~;&lkfgR; esa ^QSlyk* vkSj ^QSlyk cny

x;k* esa eq[; ik= rhu&rhu gSa] ^lius* vkSj ^tax tkjh gS* ds ukVdksa esa ik=ksa dh la[;k

vkB&nl rd gSA ik=ksa dh la[;k lhfer Hkh gS] rks fo"k;kuq:i vf/kd ik=ksa dk Hkh la;kstu

fd;k x;k gSA ukVddkj 'kekZ ,d l'kDr jpukdkj gSa] bUgksaus vius ukVdksa esa ik=ksa ,oa

muds pfj=&fp=.k esa izoh.krk ds lkFk ifjp; fn;k gS tks vR;ar izla'kuh; gSA laoknksa dks

ukVd dk izk.k rÙo dgsa rks vR;qfDr ugha gksxhA dFkkud dk fodkl vkSj ik=ksa dk

pfj=&fp=.k laoknksa ij fuHkZj djrk gSA laokn ftrus pqVhys vkSj laf{kIr gksrs gSa] mrus gh

izHkkohA nhun;ky 'kekZ ds ukVdksa esa laokn vR;ar ljy] lgt] pqVhys] laf{kIr] euksjatd]

jkspd ,oa ltho gSaA

^tSlk ns'k oSlk os'k* dks ge ns'kdky dg ldrs gSA ukVddkj 'kekZ us ik=ksa ds p;u]

cuko&J`axkj] Hkk"kk&'kSyh] os'k&Hkw"kk] gko&Hkko] rRdkyhu laLd`fr ] jax&<ax] ifjos'k] ik=ksa ds

ukedj.k] ekuo LoHkko bR;kfn dk lEiw.kZ /;ku j[krs gq, ukVdksa dh jpuk dh gSA bu

ukVdksa dks i<+us o ns[kus ls rRdkyhu lekt dh rLohj lkdkj gks mBrh gSA Hkk"kk&'kSyh dh

n`f"V ls nhun;ky 'kekZ ds ukV~;&dkO; dh 'kSyh vR;ar] ljy] lgt] ljl] eukasjtd]

ik=kuqdqy] fo"k;kuq:i gS] ftls cPps vklkuh ls vkRelkr dj ldrs gSaA gj ukVd vkSj

279

,dkadh lksís'; gS vkSj euksjatd HkhA jl ukVd dh vkRek gSA ukVddkj 'kekZ ds ukV;

lkfgR; esa gkL;] okRlY;] d:.k] vn~Hkqr jlksa dk mnzsd ns[krs gh curk gSA f'k{kk dh n`f"V ls

;s ukVd lQy dgs tk ldrs gSaA lkj Lo:i dgk tk ldrk gS fd nhun;ky 'kekZ leLr

ukVd dkO; ckyksi;ksxh] fouksniw.kZ] euksjatd] f'k{kkizn] jlflDr vkSj lksís'; gSa] tks cky

lkfgR; dh vueksy /kjksgj gSA

iape v/;k; & ^nhun;ky 'kekZ ds cky lkfgR; dh fo'ks"krk,sa* gSA dks'kxr vFkZ ds

vuqlkj ^fo'ks"k* ls rkRi;Z og tks nwljksa ls gVdj gks] ftl ds tSlk vU;= ugha gks] ftlesa

dqN vuks[kkiu gks] oSfp«; gksA izR;sd jpukdkj dh HkkWfr nhun;ky 'kekZ dk Hkh viuh ckr

viuk vankt gS] eqgkojk gS tks mUgsa oSf'k"V~; iznku djrk gS] ubZ igpku ds lkFk js[kkafdr

djrk gSA lkfgR;dkj 'kekZ ds ckylkfgR; dh viuh vyx fof'k"Vrk,¡ gSa ;Fkk & cky

laosnuk] oLrq fp=.k] dYiuk'khyrk] ubZ rduhd] i'kq&i{kh ,oa oU; tho vkSj lkekftd

psrukA laosnuk ls rkRi;Z lgkuqHkwfr] d:.kk] n;k] varl dh egkuqHkwfr gS tks vfrlw{e izHkkoksa

dks Hkh vkRelkr dj ysrh gSA HkoHkwfr rks ^,dksjl% d:.k* dg dj d:.k jl dh cgqr igys

gh izfr"Bk dj pqds gSaA ,d euq"; }kjk nwljs ekuo dh ihM+k] nnZ] d"V dks eglwl djuk gh

laosnuk dgykrh gSA oSfnd dky ls Hkkjrh; laLd`fr laosnuk ls vksrizksr jgh gSA lkfgR; vkSj

laosnuk dk lEcU/k uhj&{khj leku jgk gSA ckyd rks laosnuk dh izfrewfrZ gksrk gSA cky

lkfgR; vkSj laosnuk ijLij iwjd dgs tk ldrs gSaA cky jpukdkj 'kekZ Lo;a vR;ar

laosnu'khy gSa] tks ckydksa dh rjg Hkh Hkksys] ljy] ân;] lgt eu ds Lokeh gSa] blhfy,

budk lkfgR; laosnuk ls vksrizksr gS] tks ckyd vkSj ekrk ds okRlY; ds :i esa] i'kq&if{k;ksa

ds izfr n;k o izse ds ek/;e ls] ouLifr ,oa isM+ ikS/kksa ds izfr izse Lo:i O;Dr gqbZ gSA

^QSlyk*] ^lius*] ^tax tkjh gS*] ,oa lHkh dgkfu;ksa vkSj dkO; esa lkekftd laosnuk fc[kjh iM+h

gSA ^vius&vius lq[k* ukVd esa dU;k Hkwz.k gR;k ds lanHkZ esa laosnuk dk pje ns[kk tk ldrk

gSA lkekftd] ikfjokfjd lEca/k izk;% lHkh xhr] dfork,¡ ,oa x| lkfgR; d:.kk] n;k] izse]

lgkuqHkwfr] vkReh;rk ,oa cky eu ds lqdksey Hkkoksa dh vuqHkwfr ls laiwfjr gSA ^oLrq fp=.k* esa

oLrq ls vk'k; lalkj ds lHkh vuqHkwfrtU; inkFkZ oLrq dh Js.kh esa vkrs gSaA jpukdkj 'kekZ us

uUgsa&eqUuksa dks I;kjh yxus okyh oLrqvksa tSls & irax] cLrk] dqlhZ] ?kj] xqCckjk] xqYyh&MaMk]

iqLrd] eksckby] ?kM+h] nwjn'kZu] jlxqYyk] dqYQh vkfn ds dkO;e; fp= lknxh] dq'kyrk]

ljyrk rFkk vkd"kZd :i ls x<+s gS] ftuds ;FkkLFkku lanHkZ fn, x;s gSaA

^tgk¡ u igqaps jfo] ogka igqaps dfo* dfo;ksa ds lanHkZ esa lkFkZd mfDr loZ izpfyr gSA

dYiuk ls dfo dk lEcU/k us= ls T;ksfr leku ekuk tk ldrk gSA dYiuk ef"r"d vkSj eu

dh ,slh vf}rh;] vn~Hkqr 'kfDr vkSj ;ksX;rk dks dg ldrs gSa tks mu phtksa] Hkkoksa] inkFkksZa dks

280

fufeZr dj ysrh gS ftudk bl lalkj esa vfLrRo gh ugha gSA dYiuk ;FkkFkZ ls ijs dk fopkj

gSaA ckyd LoIuthoh gksrk gS tks vf/kdk'kr% dYiuk yksd esa fopj.k djrk gSA fcuk dYiuk

ds cky lkfgR; dh dYiuk gh fujk/kkj gSA nhun;ky 'kekZ dh dYiuk,¡ vuwBh] vn~Hkqr]

vdYiuh; gSA ukuh dh rqyuk ehBs ty dh >kjh ls djuk] cdjh dks fgjuh dh ek¡ crkuk]

pwgs dk dkj ls cktkj tkuk] dqÙks dk xksokgVh igqapuk] Vksdjh ls cUnj dk fudyuk vkfn

cstksM+ o vuwBh dYiuk,¡ dgh tk ldrh gSaA ^lius* ,dkadh dk dF; rks lius ns[kus ij gh

vk/kkfjr gSA izk;% lexz cky lkfgR; dk rkuk&ckuk dYiuk yksd ds dsuokl ij cquk x;k

gSA jpukdkj us lklkafjd phtksa dks Hkh dYiuk ds peRdkj ls fofp= :i nsdj] lqfu;ksftr

<ax ls ,d lw= esa fijksdj vn~Hkqr ekyk ds Lo:i esa O;Dr fd;k gSA bDdhloha lnh lapkj

Økafr dh gS] tgk¡ fur uohu rduhd cktkj esa vk jgh gSA ^ubZ rduhd* ds varxZr ubZ vkSj

rduhd dk dks'kxr vk'k; vkSj ifjHkk"kk,¡ ds lkj Lo:i ^ubZ* vFkkZr~ uohu] uwru] u;kiu]

fofp=] foy{k.k vkSj ^rduhd* ls rkRi;Z izfof/k] f'kYi foKku] ;U= dyk vkfn ls gSA vkt

dk ;qx foKku dk ;qx gS] ge ckydksa dks rduhd ls vyx ugha j[k ldrs gSaA nhun;ky

'kekZ u, ;qx ds jpukdkj gSa] bUgksaus vius cky&lkfgR; esa rduhdh midj.kksa tSls& eksckby]

?kM+h] dEI;wVj dkj lfgr vusd rduhdh ;a=ksa ij vkd"kZd] ljl] lq:fpiw.kZ <ax ls ys[kuh

pykbZ gSA ^cjlkr* dgkuh esa cky uk;d nhiw vius ikik dks ^ckfj'k dSls gksrh gS*] dks nks

iz;ksx djds le>krk gSA i'kq&i{kh vkSj oU; tho i;kZoj.k ds egÙoiw.kZ miknku gSA bUgsa

ikyrw ,oa taxyh tkuojksa ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA i'kq vFkkZr~ pkj iSjksa okys tkuoj] i{kh

vFkkZr~ uHkpj ia[kksa okysa izk.kh tks vkdk'k esa mM+rs gSaA vkfndky ls ysdj v|ru i'kq&if{k;ksa

vkSj oU; thoksa ij lokZf/kd cky&jpuk,¡ fy[kh xbZ gSa vkSj fy[kh tk jgh gSaA nhun;ky 'kekZ

us vius cky lkfgR; esa lcls vf/kd jpuk,¡ i'kq&if{k;ksa vkSj oU; thoksa ij jfpr dh gSa

ftuesa izeq[k :i ls fpfM+;k] canj] rksrk] dcwrj] eqxkZ] xk;] cdjh] Å¡V] gkFkh] x/kk] ?kksM+k]

'ksj] ykseM+h] Hkkyw] fgj.k] ykseM+h] dqÙkk] fcYyh] mYyw] eksj lfgr vU; vusdA ,d ls ,d

euHkkou dfork;sa] xhr] dgkfu;k¡] ukVd] igsfy;k¡ fpf=r dh xbZ gSa] tks vf}rh; cu iM+h

gSaA lHkh jpuk,¡ lfp= gksus ls vkSj Hkh vkd"kZd vkSj vFkZoku gks xbZ gSaA ftuds ;FkkLFkku

mi;qDr mnkgj.k fn, x;s gSaA

lkekftd nf"V ls Hkh jpukdkj 'kekZ dk lexz cky lkfgR; jpuk deZ fof'k"V cu

iM+k gSA euq"; lkekftd izk.kh gSA nk'kZfudksa dk ekuuk gS fd lekt ds fcuk lekt ds ekuo

dk thou;kiu vlaHko gSA lekt dk Qyd cgqr O;kid gS ftlesa ekuo ds lkFk&lkFk

leLr tho/kkjh] lH;rk] laLd`fr] jgu&lgu] O;olk;] [kku&iku] jhfr&fjokt] os'k&Hkw"kk]

ioZ&R;ksgkj] thou ewY;] HkkbZpkjk vkfn lekfgr gSaA lkfgR; gks ;k cky lkfgR; mldk

281

lekt ls vVwV lEcU/k jgk gSA nhun;ky 'kekZ dh lexz jpuk/kfeZrk lekt dk izfrfuf/kRo

djrh gSa] ftuesa ifjokj] i'kq&i{kh] thou ewY;ksa] [ksy rek'kksa] lH;rk&laLd`fr dh >yd

n'kZuh; gSA reke Hksn&Hkkoksa ls Åij izse] ln~Hkkouk] lg;ksx] ,drk] HkkbZpkjk tSls ewY;ksa ls

vuqizszfjr gSA vDdM+&cDDM+] u;k lky] vkvks cPpksa] vPNs dke] i<+kbZ] lQkbZ dh lkSxa/k] esjh

ukuh] viuk ?kj vkfn cky dkO; lkekftd ljksdkjksa ls tqM+k gqvk gS] buesa thou ewY;kasa vkSj

lkekftd psruk dk thoar fp=.k ns[kus dks feyrk gSA blh izdkj ^fccks cdjh dh fgEer* esa

okRlY; Hkko] laosnuk n`"VO; gS] ^n`<+ ladYi dk peRdkj* esa 'kjkc ls gksus okyh gkfu;ksa dks

crkrs gq, gq, lekt dks fn'kk funsZ'k iznku fd;k x;k gSA ^ikik >wB ugha cksyrs* ^lh[k u

ekuus dk lcc*] ^fpVw&fiaVw dh lw>* vkfn dFkk,¡ Hkh lh/ks lkekftd ljksdjksa dh vfHkO;fDr

gSaA ^QSlyk*] ^QSlyk cny x;k* esa lekt ds va/kfo'oklksa dks n'kkZ;k gS] ogha ^lius* esa cPpksa

ds lius iwjs djus esa ekrk&firk dh vge~ Hkwfedk dh vksj bafxr fd;k gSA ^tax tkjh gS* ds

lexz ukVd lekt dk izfrfuf/kRo djrs gSaA buesa lekt esa O;kIr cqjkbZ;ksa ds f[kykQ tax

fn[kkbZ xbZ gSA lkekftd ewY;ksa dks Hkh vR;ar dkS'ky ,oa xgjkbZ ds lkFk mdsjk gSA ;Fkk

izlax lcds lanHkZ 'kks/k izca/k esa fn, tk pqds gSaA

"k"B v/;k; &^f'kYi lkS"Bo* ds varxZr dks'kxr vFkZ ,oa ifjHkk"kk ls Li"V gS fd fdlh

jpuk dk izk.krRo dF; gS Rkks f'kYi mldk 'kjhj ekuk x;k gSA f'kYi ls rkRi;Z ys[kd }kjk

vius euksHkkoksa] laosnukvksa] vuqHkoksa] fopkjksa] vuqHkwfr;ksa dks vfHkO;fDr ds ek/;e ls lkdkj

Lo:i iznku djuk gSA izR;sd jpukdkj viuh ckr dks l'kDr] izHkkoh] lqn<+] lQy rjhds ls

izLrqr djuk pkgrk gS] blds fy, mls f'kYi dk lgkjk ysuk iM+rk gSA f'kYi ds varxZr

Hkk"kk] 'kSyh] laoknksa dk lqlaxBu] dF;] 'kCn dkS'ky vkfn dk lek;kstu gksrk gSA bl izdkj

dyk i{k dks vkd"kZd] izHkkoh] vuqie] foy{k.k cukus ds fy, f'kYi dk xBu vfuok;Z gS] ;g

lEiw.kZ izfØ;k f'kYi dgykrh gSA nhun;ky 'kekZ dk f'kYi lkSUn;Z l'kDr] eatk gqvk ,oa

mPp dksfV dk gSA lgt Hkk"kk] vusd 'kSfy;ksa dk iz;ksx] le`) 'kCn fo/kku] yksdksfä;ksa dk

iz;ksx] ckyksi;ksxh dFkkud vkfn dk lQy la;ksx budk f'kYixr oSf'k"V~; gSA Hkk"kk dk

dks'kxr rkRi;Z ,oa fHkUu&fHkUu fo}kuksa }kjk izLrqr dh xbZ ifjHkk"kkvksa ds lkjka'k Lo:i] Hkk"kk

'kCn ^Hkk"k~* /kkrq ls cuk gS] ftldk vFkZ O;fDr;ksa dh ok.kh gksrk gS] lkFk gh Hkk"kk ;kn`fPNd

okfpd /ofu ladsrksa dh og i)fr gS] ftlds }kjk ekuo vius fopkjksa dk vknku&iznku

djrk gSA Hkk"kk nsoh va'k gS tks euq"; dks gh izkIr gSA Hkk"kk ekuo ds Hkkoksa ,oa fopkjksa dks

izdV djus dk ,d ek= lcy vkSj izHkko'kkyh ek/;e gSA Hkk"kk euq"; ,oa lkfgR; ds chp

lsrq dk dke djrh gSA blds ek/;e ls gh Hkkoksa] fopkjksa esa lcyrk] Bkslrk vkrh gS] fujkdkj

Hkkoksa dks vkdkj feyrk gSA Hkk"kk dks le`)] lqxe] lEizs"k.kh; cukus ds fy, vusd Hkafxekvksa

282

,oa rÙoksa dk gksuk vfuok;Z ekuk x;k gS ;Fkk & fcEc] izrhd] 'kCn fo/kku] Nan] vyadkj]

eqgkojs] yksdksfä;k¡] fp=kRedrk] xhfr&ro] y;kRedrk] izokg vkfnA izR;sd jpukdkj dh

viuh vyx Hkk"kk&'kSyh gksrh gS] tks mls oSf'k"V~; iznku djrh gSA cM+ks ds lkfgR; vkSj cky

lkfgR; dh Hkk"kk esa fHkUurk gksuk LokHkkfod gS D;ksafd ckydksa ds fy, Hkk"kk vfr ljy] ljl]

ek/kq;Z ;qDr] fo"k;kuqdwy] jkspd] euksjatd] izokg'khy] fp=kRed vFkkZr~ ckyksi;ksxh gksuk

vfuok;Z gS] ftls uUgk ckyd vklkuh ls le>dj mldh vkuankuqHkwfr dj ldsA nhun;ky

'kekZ ckydksa dh Hkk"kk x<+us ls fl)gLr gSaA x|&i| dh lHkh jpuvksa esa ljy] lgt] lqxe]

izokgeku] Hkk"kk&'kSyh dk iz;ksx fd;k gS] ogha /oU;kRedrk] y;kRedrk] fp=kRedrk]

'kCn&fo/kku] yksdksfä;k¡] eqgkojs] vyadkj vkfn dk fp=kadu LokHkkfodrk ds lkFk n`f"Vxkspj

gqvk gSA ^/ofu* dkO; dh lkFkZd vkSj Lora= bdkbZ gSA 'kCn /ofu;ksa ds lkFkZd lewg gksrs gSaA

ckydkO; esa /ofu dk fo'ks"k egRo gksrk gSA cky dkO;dkj 'kekZ ds dkO; esa /oU;kRedrk

fo'ks"k :i ls /ofur gqbZ gSa] ftlls dkO; Liafnr gks mBk gSA ^ce ce Hkksys*] ^o"kkZ vkSj cPps]

^deZ*] ^lc ls I;kjk lp* lfgr dbZ cny xhrksa esa dM+&dM+] pV&iV&iV&iV*

vxM+e&cxM+e] dM+d&dM+d vkfn 'kCnksa ds iz;ksx ls /oU;kRedrk dh vuqie NVk ns[krs gh

curh gSA ^pwa&pwa* f'k'kq xhr laxzg ds lHkh xhr dbZ i'kq&if{k;ksa dh cksfy;ksa ij vk/kkfjr gksus

ls /oU;kRedrk Lor% mRiUu gks xbZ gSA fp=kRedrk dkO; dk egRoiw.kZ vax gS fp= vFkkZr~

rLohj] n';] eatj vkfn] fdUrq lkfgR; esa fp= ls rkRi;Z 'kCn fp= ls ekuk x;k gSA dfo

fdlh oLrq ;k Hkko dk bl izdkj 'kkfCnd o.kZu djrk gS fd ikBd ds eu ml Hkko] oLrq

,oa n`'; fo'ks"k dk fp= lk f[kap tkrk gS vFkkZr~ og thoar gks mBrk gSA nhun;ky 'kekZ us

vius cky dkO; esa vR;ar euHkkou] vkd"kZd] fofp= 'kCn fp= [khpsa gS] pkgs ckfj'k dk o.kZu

gks ;k Hkkyw dk ukp ;k fQj fxygjh ij igsyh gh D;ksa u gksA ;s 'kCn&fp= Øe'k% ^ckfj'k

dk ekSle*] ^ccu fo/kkrk*] ^Hkkyw th*] fxygjh dh igsyh* jpukvksa esa ns[ks tk ldrs gSaA dkO;

esa vkjksg&vojksg] ;fr xfr] Nan] xhfr&rÙo feydj y; mRiUu djrs gSaA cky dkO; esa y;

dks cgqr vf/kd egRo fn;k tkrk gS D;ksafd ckydksa dh gj ØhM+k y; ls ifjiw.kZ gksrh gSA

ckyd y;c) jpuk gh i<+uk ilan djrs gSa] tks mUgsa vklkuh ls daBLFk Hkh gks tkrh gSA

dfo 'kekZ us xhfr rÙo dk mi;ksx iwjh rUe;rk vkSj Hkko foHkksjrk ds lkFk fd;k gSA buds

lEiw.kZ cky dkO; esa y;c)rk dk iwjk lkeatL; ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ^eqgkojs* :<+ okD;ka'k gSa]

tks Hkk"kk dks thoarrk] leFkZrk iznku djrs gSaA buds iz;ksx ls Hkk"kk esa foy{k.krk] peRdkj]

yk{kf.kdrk vkSj vkd"kZ.k mRiUu gksrk gS] buesa i;kZIr vfHkO;atd 'kfDr gksrh gSA yksdksfr;k¡

vFkkZr~ yksd esa izpfyr mfDrA ;s mfDr;k¡ cjlksa ds vuqHko vkSj Kku dk lkj gksrh gSaA ,d

mfDr nh?kZ le; rd yksd izpyu ds ckn yksdksfDr dk Lo:i xzg.k dj ysrh gSA

yksdksfDr;k¡ dks vR;ar pqVhyh] ltho] laf{kIr gksus ls dkj.k ^xkxj esa lkxj* dg ldrs gSaA

283

;g ,d iw.kZr% Lora= okD; gksrk gS] ftldk Hkk"kk esa iz;ksx fcuk fdlh cnyko ds lkFk fd;k

tkrk gSA cky lkfgR;dkj 'kekZ us vius cky lkfgR; esa yksdksfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx cM+h lgtrk

,oa dq'kyrk ls dj fn[kk;k gS] tks fd cky lkfgR; ds izlax esa vR;ar VsM+h [khj gSA lkFk gh

eqgkojksa ds izpqj iz;ksx ls dfo 'kekZ ds cky dkO; dh Hkk"kk lkSUn;Z esa pkj pk¡n yx x;s gSaA

fofHkUu ifjHkk"kkvksa ds vk/kkj ij O;k[;kf;r fd;k tk ldrk gS fd vyadkj dkO; esa

lkSUn;Z dh mRifÙk djus okys rRo ekus x, gSa] ftu dh mifLFkfr ls dkO; esa ek/kq;Z] lkSUn;Z]

peRdkj] vFkZ&xkEHkh;Z] yk{kf.kdrk mRiUu gksrh gSA ;s jlksLifr ds Hkh ek/;e gSaA izfrf"Br

jpukdkj nhun;ky 'kekZ ds cky dkO; esa vuqizkl ds vusd Hksnksa dh lqanj vfHkO;fDr ds lkFk

miek] :id] vfr'k;ksfDr vkfn ljy vyadkjksa dh uSlfxZd l`f"V gqbZ gSA fo}kuksa ds

erkuqlkj fuf'pr x.kuk ds vk/kkj ij dkO; jpuk djuk gh Nan dgykrs gSaA budh mifLFkfr

ls dkO; esa y; ,oa izokg iSnk gksrk gSA nhun;ky 'kekZ ds dkO; esa ckY;koLFkk ds vuq:i]

y?kq] ljy ekf=d Nanksa dk iz;ksx feyrk gSA dqN jpuk,¡ Nanksa dh n`f"V ls Lora= vkSj

ekSfyd fn[kkbZ nsrh gSaA xhr vR;ar izkphu vkSj yksdfiz; fo/kk gSA xhr ls rkRi;Z ,slh jpuk

ls gS ftls xk;k tk lds tks[ y;c) gks] NUnc) gks] ftlesa Loj] rky] ;fr] izokg gksA

izkjfEHkd dky ls cky&dkO; esa xhrksa dh jpuk gksrh vkbZ gSA dfo nhun;ky 'kekZ us Hkh

lqanj xhrksa dh jpuk dh gS ftuesa ^ce&ce&Hkksys]* ^viuk ?kj*] ^lnhZ vkbZ* lfgr dbZ xhrksa

dh jpuk dh gSA 'kCn czã Lo:i ekus x, gSaA 'kCn ,d Lora=] lkFkZd /ofu gS tks ,d ;k

vf/kd Lojksa] o.kksZ ds la;ksx ls daB vkSj rkyq vkfn ls }kjk mRiUu gksrh gS] ftlls lquus okys

dks fdlh inkFkZ ,oa dk;Z dk cks/k gksrk gSA 'kCn Hkk"kk dh izFke bdkbZ gSA fdlh Hkh Hkk"kk esa

iz;qDr fd;s tkus okys vusdkusd 'kCnksa ls feydj 'kCn laxBu curk gSA ;s 'kCn vusd

L=ksrksa ls xzg.k fd, tkrs gSa] tSls & rRle] rn~Hko] ns'kt] fons'kh] ftuls Hkk"kk le`) o

lkeF;Zoku curh gSA jpukdkj 'kekZ dk 'kCn fo/kku vkSj Hk.Mkj vuqie] vizfre rFkk vuwBk

gS vkSj fo'kky Hkh] ftlesa lHkh izdkj ds 'kCn i;kZIr ek=k esa iz;qDr gq, gSa] tSls & rRle]

rn~Hko] ns'kt] fons'ktA fons'kh 'kCnksa esa vaxzsth] vjch&Qkjlh fefJr 'kCnkoyh dk iz;ksx

ckydksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, vR;f/kd lgtrk] ljyrk ,oa vdf=e :i ls fd;k x;k gS tks

pfdr dj nsus okyk gSA ;s lHkh 'kCn lk/kkj.k cksypky dh Hkk"kk esa iz;qDr gksus okys gSa vkSj

O;ogkj esa ?kqyfey x;s gSaA tSls&ns'kt esa&dqdMw&dw] xqYyh&MaMk] Fkqy&Fkqy] vDdM+&cDdM+

vkfn vaxzsth esa eksckby] Vh-oh-] Qksu] cLrk] Mkal] xse bR;kfn] vjch&Qkjlh esa [kq'kh]

vktknh] dkxt] ftankckn] fnDdr] tokc b'kkjk vkfnA

viuh ckr dks fof'k"V <ax ls dgus dh dyk gh 'kSyh gS] tks vfHkO;fDr dk lcls

cM+k ek/;e Hkh gSA viuh vuqHkwfr;ksa dks n'kkZus ds fy, izR;sd jpukdkj dk viuk vyx

284

ygtk] <ax] lyhdk gksrk gS mldh lcls cM+h 'kfDr gksrh gSA ,d ys[kd ftruk vf/kd ls

vf/kd ekfeZd] izHkkoh] je.kh; :i esa vius er dks izdV djrk gS] og 'kSyh mruh gh Js"B

vkSj vPNh ekuh tkrh gSA ân;Li'khZ 'kSyh ds }kjk Hkko] dF; ;k fo"k; iBuh; curk gSA

lkfgR; txr esa vusdkusd izdkj 'kSfy;k¡ izpfyr gSaA fiNys dqN lkyksa ls cM+ks ds lkfgR;

dh HkkWfr cky lkfgR; dh Hkk"kk 'kSyh esa Hkh u;s&u;s vankt vkSj iz;ksx gks jgs gSaA lqizfl)

lkfgR; l`td nhun;ky 'kekZ ,d l/ks 'kCn f'kYih gSa] bUgksaus 'kSyh laxBu esa cM+h izoh.krk

fn[kkbZ gSA o.kZukRed] dkO;kRed] euksfo'ys"k.kkRed] laoknkRed] laLej.kkRed vkSj gkL;kRed

'kSfy;ksa dks vius lkfgR; esa vR;ar lq?kM+rk ds lkFk dke esa fy;k gSA o.kZukRed 'kSyh esa

fdlh LFkku] n`';] vuqHko] oLrq] ?kVuk] Le`fr vkfn dk vkd"kZd 'kCnksa esa fp=.k fd;k tkrk

gSA jpukdkj us dbZ dgkfu;ksa ,oa ukVdksa esa bldk laqnj iz;ksx fd;k gS&^QSlyk* esa taxy

dk] ^fpaVw&fiaVw dh lw>* esa ?kVuk dk ^lcls cM+h ltk* esa izkFkZuk&lHkk dk euksgkjh o.kZu]

^vktknh dk vFkZ* dFkk esa t;iqj 'kgj o ogk¡ dh ,d dksBh dk HkO; o.kZu ckyki;ksxh Hkk"kk

esa fd;k gS] tks ljkguh; gSA dkO;kRed 'kSyh esa ys[kd viuh x| jpukvksa ds chp&chp esa

dkO; iafDr;ksa dk ;Fkk izlax mYys[k djrk gS] ftl ls jpuk esa lkSUn;Z vkSj jlksLifr dk

vkLokn ikBdksa dks fey tkrk gSA tc jpukdkj Lo;a ,d dfo gks rks mlds x| lkfgR; esa

dkO; 'kSyh dk cgqrk;kr ls iz;ksx gksuk LokHkkfod gSA ^lius* ,dkadh esa ys[kd 'kekZ us

'yksdksa] dforkvksa] xhrksa dh lkFkZd izLrqfr djds ukVd dks thoar dj fn;k gSA

euksfo'ys"k.kkRed 'kSyh esa ekuo eu dh Hkhrjh rgksa dks ijr&nj&ijr [kksyrs gq, ik=ksa dh

eu%fLFkfr] vUr}ZU}] ihM+k] dqaBk] [kq'kh vkfn dk lw{e vadu fd;k tkrk gSA ^tax tkjh gS* ds

dbZ ukVdksa esa bl 'kSyh dks dke fy;k x;k gSA jpukdkj 'kekZ us gkL;kRed 'kSyh dk Hkh

Hkjiwj mi;ksx fd;k gSA dbZ dgkfu;ksa ds laokn ckydksa dks g¡lk&g¡lk izQqfYyr dj nsus esa

l{ke gSaA ukVdksa vkSj dgkfu;ksa esa laokn 'kSyh dh vfHkO;fDr Hkh loZ= ,oa izpqj ek=k ek=k

gqbZ gSA ^cM+ksa ds cpiu dh dgkfu;k¡* dh lHkh dgkfu;k¡ laLej.kkRed 'kSyh esa fy[kh xbZ gaSA

^vius&vius lq[k* ukVd vkSj ^lh[k u ekuus dh ftn* esa iwoZ dFku 'kSyh dk lqanj vadu

feyrk gSA lkj Lo:i jpukdkj ds lexz l`tu/keZ esa Hkk"kk vkSj f'kYi ds lHkh rRoksa dk

fu:i.k vrqyuh; vkSj vizfre cu iM+k gSA

milagkj esa lEiw.kZ 'kks/k dk v/;;u lkj izLrqr fd;k gSA ckyd lalkj dh izFke

bdkbZ gSA mlds LoLFk vkSj laiw.kZ fodkl ls Hkkoh lekt dk Lo:i fu/kkZfjr gksrk gS]

blhfy, eSaus vius 'kks/k izca/k ds fy, cky lkfgR; dk p;u fd;k gSA jktLFkku izns'k esa

vusd izcq) cky lkfgR;dkj bl fn'kk esa l`tujr gSa] nhun;ky 'kekZ blh vtL=/kkjk ds

egRoiw.kZ l`tudehZ gSaA eSaus viuh lq>cw> vkSj foosd ds vuqlkj vius 'kks/k izca/k esa ,sls

285

dye ds /kuh cky lkfgR;dkj nhun;ky 'kekZ ds vrqYuh; vlk/kkj.k ;ksxnku dk vk|ksikar

fujis{k Hkko ls foospu] fo'ys"k.k ehekalk] ewY;kadu] lekykspukRed v/;;u izLrqr djus dk

fouez iz;kl fd;k gSA ifjf'k"V ds varxZr jpukdkj 'kekZ ds O;fDrRo vkSj d`frRo dks vk/kkj

cukdj budk lk{kkRdkj fy;k gS] ftlds varxZr ys[kd ds }kjk cky&lkfgR; esa fd;s x;s

vHkwriwoZ ;ksxnku] thou ,oa l`tu&deZ rFkk izsj.kk fcUnqvksa ls tqM+s fofo/k egÙoiw.kZ igyw ,oa

mYys[kuh; vk;ke mn~?kkfVr fd;s x;s gSaA bl 'kks/k izca/k ds }kjk jpukdkj 'kekZ dk

jpuk&deZ] oSpkfjd nf"Vdks.k ,oa lkekftd vonku lân; ikBdksa ds le{k vk ldsxk]

mudk cky lkfgR; ds ;ksxnku js[kkafdr gksxk] 'kks/k ds u;s vk;ke [kqysaxs] ubZ fn'kk;sa

n`f"Vxr gksaxh] cky lkfgR; esa tgk¡ 'kks/k dk;Z vR;Yi gq, gSa] ,slh fLFkfr esa 'kks/k dk;Z esa ,d

vkSj dM+h tqM+s ldsxhA lkFk gh buds }kjk cky lkfgR; esa fd, x;s vHkwriwoZ jpukdeZ dks

jk"Vªh; /kjkry ij mtkxj djus dk Hkh y?kq iz;Ru fd;k gSA 'kks/k izca/k ds var esa vk/kkj

iqLrdksa ,oa lanHkZ&xzaFkksa dh lwph izLrqr dh xbZA

286

lanHkZ xzUFk lwph

Ø-la- ys[kd dk uke iqLrd dk uke izdk'kd

Lkgk;d iqLrdsa

1- nhun;ky 'kekZ fpaVw&fiaVw dh lw> egkiz;kx izdk'ku chdkusj] 1887

2- nhun;ky 'kekZ cM+ksa ds cpiu dh

dgkfu;ka

Vkcj Vksyh izdk'ku] guqekux<

taD'ku] 1987

3- nhun;ky 'kekZ QSlyk Vkcj Vksyh izdk'ku] guqekux<

taD'ku] 1987

4- nhun;ky 'kekZ ikik >wB ugha cksyrs lEidZ izdk'ku] guqekux<+ taD'ku]

1999

5- nhun;ky 'kekZ dj nks cLrk gYdk jktLFkku cky dY;k.k ifj"kn~]

guqeku taD'ku] 1998

6- nhun;ky 'kekZ QSlyk cny x;k Vkcj Vksyh izdk'ku] guqekux<+

taD'ku] 1987

7- nhun;ky 'kekZ lwjt ,d flrkjk gSa jktLFkku cky dY;k.k ifj"kn~]

guqekux<+ taD'ku] 2000

8- nhun;ky 'kekZ peRdkjh pw.kZ egkiz;kx izdk'ku chdkusj] 1887

9- nhun;ky 'kekZ lius cksf/k izdk'ku] t;iqj] 2006¡

10 nhun;ky 'kekZ bDdkou cky igsfy;k¡ lEidZ izdk'ku] guqekux<+ ta-]

2009

11- nhun;ky 'kekZ pwa pwa Vkcj Vksyh izdk'ku]

guqekux<taD'ku] 2010

12- nhun;ky 'kekZ ukuh rw gS dSlh ukuh lEidZ izdk'ku] guqekux<+ ta-]

2009

13- nhun;ky 'kekZ fxyh fxyh xIik jktLFkku cky dY;k.k ifj"kn~]

guqekux<+ taD'ku] 2014

14- nhun;ky 'kekZ vxM+e&cxM+e cksf/k izdk'ku] t;iqj] 2014

15- nhun;ky 'kekZ fpfM+;k pgds xhr

lquk,

cksf/k izdk'ku] t;iqj] 2016

16- nhun;ky 'kekZ jlxqYyk cksf/k izdk'ku] t;iqj] 2016

287

17- nhun;ky 'kekZ fe= dh enn cksf/k izdk'ku] t;iqj] 2016

18- nhun;ky 'kekZ tax tkjh gS fodkl izdk'ku] chdkusj] 2017

19- nhun;ky 'kekZ viuh nqfu;ka lcls

U;kjh

,drk izdk'ku pq:] 2018

20- nhun;ky 'kekZ ge cfx;k ds Qwy ,drk izdk'ku pq:] 2018

lgk;d xzaFk

21 izdk'k euq fgUnh cky lkfgR; dk

bfrgkl

izHkkr izdk'ku]

fnYyh&2018

22- MkW- gfjd".k nsoljs cky lkfgR;% esjk

fparu

es?kk cqDl] fnYyh] 2002

23- MkW- ukxs'k ikaMs; ^lat;* cky lkfgR; ds

izfreku

cqfu;knhizdk'ku] y[kuÅ]

2012

24- MkW- ukxs'k ikaMs; ^lat;* cky lkfgR; l`tu vkSj

leh{kk

fouk;d ifCyds'kUl]

bykgkckn] 2012

25- MkW- ukxs'k ikaMs; ^lat;* Js"B cky igsfy;k¡ fo|kFkhZ izdk'ku] y[kuÅ]

2017

26- MkW- ij'kqjke 'kqDy fgUnh cky lkfgR; dk

lS)kfUrd foospu

vkjk/kuk cznlZ] xksfoUn

uxj] dkuiqj] 2015

27- MkW- ij'kqjke 'kqDy izfrfuf/k cky dfork,¡ jktJh izdk'ku] Hkksiky&

2015

28- MkW- lqjsUnz foØe fgUnh cky i=dkfjrk%

mn~Hko vkSj fodkl

lkfgR; ok.kh] bykgkckn]

1992

29- MkW- lq/kk feJk fgUnh cky dfork esa u,

iz;ksx

tuok.kh izdk'ku izk- fy-]

fo'okl uxj] fnYyh] 2015

30- 'kqfprk lsB ledkyhu fgUnh cky

lkfgR;

vafdr ifCyds'kUl] t;iqj]

2011

31- MkW- iz.kksfr ikfVy fgUnh cky lkfgR; dk

Hkk"kk oSKkfud v/;;u

vk'kk izdk'ku] dkuiqj]

2018

32- MkW- jk"VªcU/kq f'k{kkizn cky dfork,¡ lq;'k izdk'ku]

fnYyh&2008

288

33- lqjsUnz foØe Lkedkyhu cky lkfgR;%

ij[k vkSj igpku

dk'kh izdk'ku] y[kuÅ]

1998

34- iafM+Rk Jhjke 'kekZ vkpk;Z vFkoZosn laL—fr lalFkku] cjsyh]

1992

35- MkW-jktfd'kksj flag Hkkjrh; dkO; 'kkL= ds

fl)kar

izdk'ku dsUnz] y[kuÅ

la'kksf/kr laLdj.k

36- vkpk;Z jkepUnz 'kqDy fgUnh lkfgR; dk

bfrgkl

dk'kh ukxjh izpkfj.kh lHkk]

dk'kh] uoka laLdj.k] 2000

37- MkW- uxsUnz fgUnh Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR;

ds fodkl esa fnYyh dk

;ksxnku

fgUnh cqd lsUVj] ubZ

fnYyh] 1995

38- MkW- /keZohj Hkkjrh ekuo ewY; vkSj

lkfgR;

Hkkjrh; KkuihB] 1999

39- jke/kkjh flag fnudj laLd`fr ds pkj

v/;k;

yksdHkkjrh

izdk'ku]bykgkckn] 2004

40- MkW- gfjpj.k 'kekZ fgUnh lkfgR; dk

bfrgkl

jktLFkku izdk'ku] t;iqj

¼jkt-½ 2011

41- MkW- jekdkUr 'kekZ dfork dh yksd

/kfeZrk

vfjgar ,tsUlht] ljnkjiqjk]

tks/kiqj¼jkt-½&1999

42- MkW- eksrhyky esufj;k jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk vkSj

lkfgR;

jktLFkkuh xazFkkdkj] tks/kiqj

¼jkt-½ 1999

43- JhenxksLokeh rqylhnkl

th

Jhjkepfjr ekul xhrkizsl xksj[kiqj ¼m-iz-½

laor&2046] 76 oka laLdj.k

44- MkW- txiky flag 'kekZ fgUnh dkO; esa vn~Hkqr

jl

lg;ksx izdk'ku]

fnYyh&2004

45- MkW- vfurk oekZ fgUnh dFkklkfgR; esa

laosnuk vkSj f'kYi

ckck ifCyds'ku] pkSM+k

jkLrk] t;iqj ¼jkt-½ 2017

46- MkW- ?ke.Mhyky vxzoky pqus gq, uqDdM+ ukVd lw;Z Hkkjrh izdk'ku]

fnYyh&2017

289

47- MkW- n;kd`".k fot;oxhZ;

^fot;*

fgUnh Hkk"kk vkSj

egkdkO;% ,d v/;;u

lkfgR;kxkj] t;iqj ¼jkt-½]

2005

48- MkW- fonqyk Hkkjrh; ,oa ik'pkR;

dkO; 'kkL=

ljy izdk'ku eafnj] esjB

49- MkW- euksgj ljkZQ izfrfuf/k cky dfork,a jkeJh izdk'ku] Hkksiky]

2015

50- MkW- ljk; flag ve`ryky ukxj dh

dFkk n`f"V dh

lekt'kkL=h; v/;;u

jkdk izdk'ku]

bykgkckn&2002

51- MkW- jk/ks';ke 'kekZ lkfgR; laLd`fr vkSj

vU; fo/kk,a

jktLFkku lkfgR; vdkneh]

mn;iqj] 2017

52- jk/kk nhf{kr jkx njckjh dk 'kSyh

oSKkfud v/;;u

lkfgR; Hk.Mkj] bykgkckn]

1991

53- jkts'k 'kekZ vkSj dfiy

'kekZ

vkèkqfud Çgnh fucaèk iadt iqLrd eafnj] fnYyh]

2008

54- ch-ds] rustk] vfHk"ksd

voral

fgUnh 'kCn 'kfDr vkSj

ifjHkk"kk

Dykflax ifCyf'kax dEiuh]

ubZ fnYyh] 2005

55- ';ke lqUnj diwj O;kogkfjd fgUnh

O;kdj.k

izHkkr izdk'ku fnYyh] 1979

56- fo'oukFk izlkn feJ dkO;kax dkSeqnh rrh;

ekyk

uUnfd'kksj ,.M cznlZ]

okjk.klh] 1969

57- MkW- eaxy nso 'kkL=h Hkk"kk foKku bafM;u izsl] iz;kx] 1962

58- MkW- fo|kfuokl feJ ¼la-½ Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk 'kkL=h;

fparu

fgUnh xzUFk vdkneh] t;iqj]

1976

59- MkW- jktfd'kksj flag Hkkjrh; dkO; 'kkL=

ds fl)kar

izdk'ku dsUnz] y[kuÅ]

la'kksf/kr laLdj.k

60- MkW- eksrhyky esufj;k

¼izdk'kd½

lkfgR; ds eku vkSj

ewY;

jktLFkku lkfgR; vdkneh]

mn;iqj ¼jkt-½ 1961

61- 'ks"kiky flag ^'ks"k* lkBksÙkjh fganh cky

lkfgR;

le; izdk'ku] fnYyh] 2002

290

62- jksfgrk'k vLFkkuk eksuw ds xhr cqu;knh lkfgR; çdk'ku]

1985

63- MkW- HkksykukFk frokjh Hkk"kk foKku fdrkc egy] bykgkckn

¼"k"Be~ laLdj.k½] 1967

64- vkseizdk'k d';i Jhd`".k nsoljs vkSj

mudk cky lkfgR;

fot; cqDl] fnYyh] 2013

65- fujadkj nso lsod cky xhr lkfgR; mÙkjizns'k fgUnh laLFkk]

y[kuÅ] 2013

66- jkeiky 'kekZ xaxk nknh ftankckn xzaFk vdkneh] fnYyh]

2014

67- pk¡n eksgEen ?kkslh cqf) dh ij[k jktLFkku if=dk izdk'ku]

2006

68- pk¡n eksgEen ?kkslh vkvksa cuk,a vadfp= jktLFkku if=dk izdk'ku]

2007

69- vkse'kj.k vk;Z ^papy* vPNs cPps vk/kkjf'kyk]izdk'ku]gY}kuh

uSuhrky] 2012

70- egs'kpUnz f=ikBh taxy esa eaxy YksdeaxylkfgR; ifj"kn~]

Qrsgiqj ¼m-iz-½] 2004

71- lR;nso laforsUnz

¼laiknd½

Å¡ph j[ks mM+ku Dykluizdk'ku]chdkusj]

2004

72- jtuh flag yksjh lq[k jtuh izdk'ku] fMckbZ]

2016

73- MkW- vkuan izdk'k f=ikBh

^jRus'k*

vkleku dh lSj vk/kqfud izdk'ku] chdkusj]

2005

74- jfo iqjksfgr] laiknd vk¡[kksa esa vkdk'k ek/;fed f'k{kk foHkkx]

jktLFkku chdkusj] 2012

75- xksfoUn 'kekZ] laiknd cfx;k ds Qwy f'k{kk foHkkx] jktLFkku]

2006

76- ghjkyky 'kekZ ^ljkst* laiknd ckyks|ku f'k{kk foHkkx] jktLFkku]

2006

77- txnh'kpUnz 'kekZ i| izlax usg: ds lax d`".kk cznlZ] vtesj] 1993

291

78- lq[kiky xqIr ¼iz-½ lqxe fgUnh O;kdj.k

vkSj jpuk

vk'kk izdk'ku x`g ubZ

fnYyh] 1997

79- 'kadj dksjh dYiuk fpYMªu cqd VªLV] usg:

gkml] ubZ fnYyh] 1982

80- jtuh flag 'kL;';keyk Hkkjr ek¡ jtuh izdk'ku] fMckbZ]

2016

81- ekulh 'kekZ P;qbaxxe dyklu izdk'ku] chdkusj

¼jkt-½] 2019

82- nq";Ur tks'kh vkSj es?kuk

'kekZ

laiknu fodkl izdk'ku] chdkusj

¼jkt-½] 2018

83- fgUnh d{kk&4 ikB 4 Laiknd jktLFkku jkT; ikB~;

iqLrd e.My] t;iqj

¼jkt-½ 2018

84- dkeuk flag Lokra«;ksÙkj fgUnh cky

lkfgR;

vfy[k izdk'ku] ubZ

fnYyh

85- lhrkjke xqIr la- ckyxaxk vkn'kZ çdk'ku eafnj]

2000

i=&if=dk,¡

1- jktLFkku if=dk] laiknd] t;iqj ¼jkt-½] jktLFkku if=dk izdk'ku] dksVk] 02-04-2017

2- Vkcj Vksyh] Jherh deys'k] 'kekZ] Vkcj Vksyh izdk'ku] guqekux<+ ta- ¼jkt-½ ekpZ&2010

3- nSfud HkkLdj] ¼e/kqfjek½] Hkksiky] 06-06-2018

4- e/kqerh] jksfgr xqIrk ¼iz-v-½] jktLFkku lkfgR; vdkneh] mn;iqj] twu&2015

5- vktdy] Qjgr ijohu] vktdy izdk'ku foHkkx] ubZ fnYyh] uoEcj&2014

6- 'kks/k uouhr] MkW- vo/ks'k izrki flag] Lrqfr izkP;fo|k lfefr] tu-&twu-&2017

7- cky okfVdk] MkW- HkS:yky xxZ] uanHkou] HkhyokM+k ¼jkt-½ fnlcaj] 2014

8- cky izgjh] mn; fdokSyk] vYekSMk mÙkjkpay] vizSy&twu] 2017

9- cky ok.kh] mn; izrki flag] mÙkjizns'k fgUnh laLFkku] y[kuÅ] flrEcj&vDVwcj] 2014

10- pØokd~] fu'kkar dsrq] lqyHk baVjus'kuy lks'ky lfoZl vkxZukbtj] ubZ fnYyh] vad&45]

tqykbZ&flrEcj] 2018

11- l`tu dqat] MkW- d`".k dqekj ^vk'kq* iqjkuh vkcnh] Jhxaxkuxj] vad 14&15] ebZ la-

vxLr&2017

292

12- cky izfrHkk] ;wlqQ [kku lkfgy] vad&8 uksgj] guqekux<+] flrEcj&uoEcj] 2016

13- vk/kkjf'kYkk] fnokdj Hkê] gY}kuh] uSuhrky] 2016

14- lkfgR; foe'kZ] gjsjke ikBd] iwoksZÙkj lkfgR; foe'kZ laLFkku] fgUnh ds Hkkx fMxcksbZ

¼vle½ vad&4] tqykbZ&fnlEcj] 2016

15- f'kfojk] lqokyky] ek/;e f'k{kk jktLFkku] chdkusj] flrEcj&2015

16- iatkc lkSjHk] funs'kd] Hkk"kk foHkkx] iatkc&2015

17- cky izHkk] MkW- ukxs'k ikaMs;] ^lat;*] 2013

18- paid] fo'oukFk] fnYyh izsl forj.k izk- fyfeVsM vad&1165] ebZ ¼f}rh;½ 2019

'kCndks'k

1- MkW- gjnso ckgjh] f'k{kkFkhZ fgUnh 'kCndks'k] jktiky ,.M lUl] fnYyhA

2- MkW- f'koizlkn Hkkj}kt 'kkL=h] ekud fgUnh 'kCn dks'k] v'kksd izdk'ku] fnYyh&2003

3- gfjoa'k r:.k] fgUnh 'kCndks'k] fiz;k lkfgR; lnu] fnYyh&2013

4- v'kksd fgUnh ekud 'kCn dks'k] v'kksd izdk'ku] ubZ lM+d] fnYyh] 2008

5- vkfn'k dqekj tSu] ukyUnk fo'kky 'kCn lkxj] vkfn'k cqd fMiks] ubZ fnYyh&1999

6- MkW- HkksykukFk frokjh] ogr fgUnh yksdksfDr dks'k] 'kCndkj] vkuan uxj ¼osLV½

fnYyh&2001

7- fo'oukFk fnudj] Hkkjrh; dgkor laxzg] ujo.ks f=os.kh laxe] Hkk"kk foHkkx] iq.ks&1979

8- osnizdk'k lksuh] mnwZ fgUnh 'kCn dks'k] dyk lkfgR; laLFkku] fnYYh

9- MkW- }kjdk izlkn] Jherh larks"k izlkn] vaxzsth

10- fgUnh O;kogkfjd dks'k] jk/kkd`".k izdk'ku] fnYyh

11- o`gr~ fgUnh dks'k] Kku e.My fyfeVsM] cukjl] i- 1750

English Dictionary

1. Dr. R.K. Kapoor, Kamal’s Oxford Dictionary

2. www.hindi2dictionary.com

3. www.shabdkosh.raftaar.in

4. www.oxforddictionaries.com

5. www.rekhta.org.urdudictionary

6. www.dictionary.cambridge.org/45

293

Websites

a. www.gadhykosh.org.//gk

b. www.vikipia.org .27,2017

c. www.inflibnet.in/bitstream/10603/177013/6/06

d. www.shodhganga.inflibnet.in/bitstream/106031

e. www.bharatdiscovery.org/india 5.8.2017

f. www.sudhajaisal.jagranjunction.com

g. www.pustak.org/books/bookdetails/4911

h. www.teacherdarpan.blogspot.com

i. vikasaurmanovigyan.blogspot.com

j. deendayalsharma.blogspot.com

k. www.hforhindi.com

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294

ifjf'k"V

¼lk{kkRdkj½

lkfgR; lekt dk çfr:i gSA jpukdkj lekt ,oa vius ifjos”k ls xzg.k dh xbZ

LokuqHkqfr;ksa] laosnukvksa dks vius l`tu esa mdsjrk gSA fofo/k vk;keh çfrHkk ls lEiUu

nhun;ky 'kekZ ns”k ds tkus&ekus cky lkfgR;dkj gSaA vius 'kks/k çcU/k ^cky lkfgR;dkj

nhun;ky 'kekZ dk jpuk&deZ % ,d lekykspukRed v/;;u* ds vUrxZr eSaus buds lexz

cky lkfgR; dk v/;;u djrs gq, muds cky lkfgR; ds eeZ rd igq¡pus dk fouez ç;kl

fd;k gSA ,sls yksdfç; jpukdkj 'kekZ ds O;fDrRo ds vuNq, igyw] lkekftd ljksdkj] çsj.kk

lzksr] ys[ku dk eeZ] mÌs”;] cky lkfgR; dh çklafxdrk] p;u ds vk/kkj ij ÑfrRo dh

ckjhfd;k¡ vkfn dks tkuus&le>us dh mRdV fiiklk vUreZu esa tkxzr gks jgh FkhA bl çlax

esa buds vUrl dh ijrsa [kksyus ds fy, ,d ;k=k ds nkSjku ckrphr djrs gq, eSaus jpukdkj

'kekZ ds le{k dbZ ç”u j[ks] ftuds tokc bUgksaus cgqr gh lknxh ,oa lgtrk ls nsdj esjh

ftKklkvksa dh iwfrZ dhA çLrqr gS esjs ç”u vkSj nhun;ku 'kekZ ds mÙkj ----

Ñ".kk dqekjh % vki vius tUe LFkku o ikfjokfjd i`"BHkwfe ds fo"k; esa Ñi;k foLrkj

ls crk;sa\

nhun;ky 'kekZ % esjk tUe jktLFkku ds ftyk guqekux<+ dh uksgj rglhy ds xk¡o

tluk esa pS= lqnh rht ¼x.kxkSj½ foØe laor 2013 dh çkr% gqvkA

tcfd ljdkjh dkxtksa esa esjh tUefrfFk 15 tqykbZ 1956 ntZ gSA esjs

xk¡o esa vusd tkfr /keZ ds yksx fuokl djrs gSaA esjh ek¡ egknsoh

/kkfeZd #fp dh efgykFkhA esjs firkth Jh ç;kxpUn tks”kh dk fookg

NksVh mez esa gh gks x;k FkkA os lkroha d{kk rd i<+s FksA i<+kbZ ds

lkFk&lkFk eaph; ukVdksa esa mudh #fp FkhA nqdkunkjh ds dke ds

lkFk&lkFk firkth us HkwVkuh] eksfV;k] eksMh vkfn vusd Hkk"kk;sa lh[k

yh FkhaA os tcjnLr ?kqM+lokj Hkh FksA esjs nknkth dk uke Jh ohjHkku

tks”kh ,oa nknhth dk uke vklh FkkA esjs ifjokj esa eSa] esjh iRuh vkSj

nks csfV;k¡ rFkk ,d iq= gS] lcls cM+h csVh _rqfç;k] csVk nq";Ur tks”kh

vkSj lcls NksVh csVh ekulh gSA _rqfç;k vkSj nq";Ur dk fookg gks

pqdk gSA nkekn gjh”k dqekj 'kekZ gSA esjh iq= o/kq dk uke gf"kZrk gSA

ekulh fcfV;k ch-,- Qkbuy dj jgh gSaA

295

Ñ".kk dqekjh % vki dh f”k{kk dgk¡ gqbZ\

nhun;ky 'kekZ % esjh çkjfEHkd f”k{kk xk¡o tlkuk ds ljdkjh Ldwy esa gqbZA lu~

1973&74 esa jkt- mPp ek/;fed fo|ky; Jhxaxkuxj ls foKku vkSj

Ñf"k esa nloha vkSj X;kjgoha d{kk mÙkh.kZ dhA c-t- fljkeiqfj;k dkWyst

ls ch-dkWe- dh ijh{kk ikl dhA Jh tSu ¼ih-th-½ dkWyst ls ,e-dkWe-

mÙkh.k dhA jktLFkku fo”ofo|ky;] t;iqj ls lh-fyc- lkbal esa

fd;kA blh dkWyst ls i=dkfjrk esa LukdksÙkj fMIyksek fd;kA eSaus

LdkmV ekLVj dk csfld dkslZ Hkh fd;k gSA

Ñ".kk dqekjh % vius dk;Z{ks=jktdh; lsok rFkk mlls tqM+s vuqHko ds fo"k; esa Ñi;k

crk;sa\

nhun;ky 'kekZ % esjs O;kolkf;d thou dh 'kq:vkr laoknnkrk ds in ls gqbZA eSa

1972&74 rd xaxkuxj if=dk dk jkorlj {ks= ls laoknnkrk ds :i

esa dk;Zjr jgkA blds ckn nSfud rst] nSfud çrki dsljh] nSfud rst

dsljh ds fy, LrEHk fy[ksA 18 Qjojh 1983 dks esjh çFke fu;qfDr

iqLrdky; v/;{k ds in ij eDdklj xk¡o ds lSds.Mªh Ldwy esa gqbZA

25 tqykbZ] 1986 esa jk-ek-fo- guqekux<+ taD’ku esa iqLrdky; v/;{k ds

in ij rcknyk gqvkA tqykbZ ekg lu~ 1994 esa jk-ek-fo- taMkokyh]

guqekux<+ esa esjk LFkkukUrj.k gqvkA ;gha ls 31 tqykbZ 2016 dks lsok

fuo`fÙk gqbZA esjh lkjh ukSdjh dk le; cgqr vPNk chrkA eSaus

iqLrdky; v/;{k ds lkFk v/;kiu dk;Z Hkh fd;kA fo|ky;ksa esa

lkfgfR;d ,oa lkaLÑfrd dk;ZØeksa dks lapkfyr Hkh fd;kA cPpksa ds

fy, eSaus ukVd o xhr fy[kdj mUgsa eafpr Hkh djok;k bl çdkj

fo|ky; esa lfØ; lg;ksx çnku fd;kA vkt Hkh es cPpksa ds chp

viuk vf/kdka”k le; O;rhr djrk gw¡A lk<+s rSarhl o"kZ dk esjk

dk;Zdky vPNk jgkA bl çdkj esjh lsok lEcU/kh ;k=k vfr mÙke

jghA

Ñ".kk dqekjh % vkidh çFke jpuk dkSu lh Fkh] fdl if=dk esa] dc çdkf”kr gqbZ\

vki us dkSu&dkSu lh fo/kkvksa esa l`tu fd;k] vkidh fç; jpuk dkSu

lh jgh] viuh lkfgfR;d ;k=k ij Ñi;k çdk”k Mkysa\

296

nhun;ky 'kekZ % çFke jpuk rks ;kn ugha vk jghA lu~ 1987 esa çdkf”kr çFke Ñfr

^fpaVw&fiaVw dh lw>* gSA tSls firk dks vius lHkh cPps I;kjs yxrs gSa]

,sls gh eq>s Hkh esjh lHkh jpuk;sa vPNh yxrh gSa] fQj Hkh esjh dfork

^ukuh rw gS dSlh ukuh* eq>s vR;Ur fç; gSA eSaus cky dfork] f”k”kq

xhr] fujFkZd xhr] cky dgkuh] cky laLej.k] cky ukVd] cky

,dkadh] cky igsfy;k¡] cky gkL; O;aX;] gkL; dFkk] uolk{kj lkfgR;]

jktLFkkuh cky lkfgR; dk bfrgkl] jsfM;ks ukVd] jsfM;ks :id]

jsfM;ks >yfd;k¡ vkfn fo/kkvksa esa l`tu fd;k gS vkSj dj jgk gw¡A lu~

1975 ls fgUnh cky lkfgR; dk jpukdk;Z dk 'kqHkkjEHk gqvk gSA tgk¡

rd esjs ys[ku ds Jhx.ks”k dk ç”u gS] cpiu ls gh esjs Hkhrj l`tu

dk chtkjksi.k gks x;k FkkA

Ldwy esa esjs xq:th dgkuh lqukus dks dgrs FksA eSa vius eu ls

dgkfu;k¡ cuk dj lqukrk Fkk] ftUgsa ckn esa fy[k ysrkA bl çdkj esjh

jpuk çfØ;k çkjEHk gqbZA le; ds lkFk ys[ku dks xfr feyrh xbZA

ckn esa dbZ i=&if=dkvksa esa tSls brokjh if=dk] nSfud fVªC;wu] iatkc

dsljh] jktLFkku if=dk] jk"Vªnwr] uanu] cky Hkkjrh] ckygal] cky

çgjh] nSfud rst] nSfud çrki dsljh vkfn esa esjh jpuk;sa Nius yxhA

bl rjg cky lkfgR; esa esjh #fp xgu gksrh xbZA chdkusj

vkdk”kok.kh ls 1979 esa cky ukVd ,oa vU; jpukvksa dk çlkj.k

çkjEHk gqvkA 1981 esa esjs cky ukVd vkdk”kok.kh lwjrx<+ ls çlkfjr

gksus yxsA ;s flyflyk vuojr pyrk jgkA t;iqj vkdk”kok.kh ls Hkh

esjs vusd jsfM;ks ukVd çlkfjr gq,A

Ñ".kk dqekjh % vkidh vHkh rd fdruh cky Ñfr;ksa dk çdk”ku gqvk gS vkSj

fdl&fdl Hkk"kk esa\ ;s Hkh crkb;s dh vHkh vki dh fdruh jpuk;sa

i=&if=dkvksa esa vk pqdh gSaA

nhun;ky 'kekZ % esjh fgUnh vkSj jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk esa pkyhl ds Åij fdrkcsa çdkf”kr gks

pqdh gSaA 1987 esa esjh çFke iqLrd fgUnh dFkk laxzg ^fpUVw fiUVw dh

lw>* egkç;kx çdk”ku chdkusj ls Nik] ftls jktLFkkuh lkfgR;

vdkneh] mn;iqj ls ^”kEHkwn;ky lDlsuk iqjLdkj* çkIr gqvkA vHkh

rd yxHkx esjh gtkj ls vf/kd cky jpuk;sa Ni pqdh gSaA

297

Ñ".kk dqekjh % vkius çkS<+ lkfgR; ds LFkku ij cky lkfgR; dk p;u fd;k] bldk

dksbZ fo”ks"k dkj.k jgk ;k---A vkids çsj.kk lzksr dkSu jgs\ vkidh

jpukvksa dks vU; Hkk"kkvksa esa vuqokn Hkh gq, gSa] ikB~; iqLrdksa esa vkidh

jpuk;sa gSa] bl lanHkZ esa vki dqN dguk pkgsaxs\

nhun;ky 'kekZ % esjh utj esa cky lkfgR; nwljs ntsZ dk ugha vfirq lc ls Åij gSA

cPpksa ds fy, fy[kuk mRÑ"V dk;Z gSA lp rks ;g gS fd ckydksa ds

fy, dqN Hkh fy[kuk lc ls dfBu gSA blds fy, cky euksfoKku dks

vuqHkwr djuk gksrk gS] rc gh dksbZ jpukdkj lkFkZd cky lkfgR; jp

ldrk gSA eq>s rks cPpksa ds fy, fy[kus esa vklkuh gksrh gSA

Ñ".kk dqekjh % vkius dbZ i=&if=dkvksa dk lEiknu dk;Z fd;k gS tks v|ru tkjh

gSA vki ekun lEiknd Hkh gSaA bl fo"k; esa vius vuqHko lk>k

dhft;sA

nhun;ky 'kekZ % eSa Vkcj Vksyh tks fd ¼ikf{kd½ cPpksa dk çdkf”kr gksus okyk çFke

v[kckj gS] mldk lkfgR; lEiknu 2003 ls dj jgk gw¡A ;g ns”k dk

çFke ckydksa dk lekpkj i= gSA ;g i= iwjh rjg ls cPpksa o cky

lkfgR; dks lefiZr gSA blesa cky xhr] cky dgkfu;k¡] cky igsfy;k¡]

cky lkfgR;dkjksa ds lk{kkRdkj] muds O;fDro&ÑfrRo ds vkys[k]

lkekU; ckyksi;ksxh tkudkfj;k¡ çdkf”kr dh tkrh gSaA ;g v[kckj

b.VjusV ij Hkh miyC/k gSA ^dkfu;k ekfu;k dqjZ* ¼cPpksa dk jktLFkkuh

v[kckj] 2005½] ikjlef.k ¼cPpksa dh jktLFkkuh frekgh if=dk½ 2013

ds lEiknu dk;Z ds lkFk dbZ Lekfjdkvksa] cky dFkk laxzg] cky

lkfgR; leh{kk vkfn dks Hkh lEikfnr dj pqdk gw¡A tgk¡ rd esjs

lEiknu dk vuqHko gS] u;s ys[kdksa dks lgh ekxZn”kZu vkSj çsj.kk dh

t:jr gksrh gSA xHkZ esa dksbZ lh[k dj ugha vkrkA cM+s jpukdkjksa]

lEikndksa dks pkfg, fd mUgsa lgh ekxZn”kZu çnku djsA rkfd u,

ys[kd lPpkbZ ds utnhd jgdj fy[k ldsa] Hkokuhçlkn feJ us dgk

Hkh gS fd ^tSlk fn[ks] oSlk fy[ksa*A ckydksa ds fy, cPpksa dh gh Hkk"kk esa

fy[ksa] fo}rk ugha >kM+saA ljy gksuk cgqr dfBu gksrk gSa ljy Hkk"kk esa

fy[kk gqvk lkfgR; nh?kZ le; rd jgrk gS] tSls dchj dh ok.khA

298

lgt o ljy ys[ku lh/ks eeZ dks Li”kZ djrk gSA

d`".kk dqekjh % orZeku pqukSrh Hkjs le; esa cky lkfgR; dh çklafxdrk D;k gS\

nhun;ky 'kekZ % bl fo"k; esa dguk pkgw¡xk fd ys[kdksa dks fo"k; ckydksa ds chp ls gh

mBkus pkfg,saA ifjos”k ifjofrZr gks jgk gS] jktk&jkuh dh dgkfu;ksa dks

u, rjhds ls çLrqr djuk pkfg,A vkt ds le; esa cky lkfgR; dh

gh lokZf/kd çklafxdrk gSA ckydksa ds Hkkoh thou :ih Hkou dks

[kwclwjr ,oa lqn<+ cuk;s j[kus ds fy, mldh uhao Hkh etcwr gksuh

pkfg,A ;s dke dsoy vkSj dsoy cky lkfgR; ds ek/;e ls gh lEHko

gSA blds fy, vko”;d gS cPpksa dks cky lkfgR; ls tksM+k tk;sA cM+ksa

dh ftEesnkjh gS fd foKku vkSj rduhdh ds bl ;qx esa ckydksa dks

cky lkfgR; dh vPNh&vPNh fdrkcsa ykdj ns] mUgsa i<+us dks çsfjr

djsaA

d`".kk dqekjh % vkidh n`f"V esa çkphu vkSj vk/kqfud cky lkfgR; esa D;k vUrj vk;k

gS\

nhun;ky 'kekZ % çkphu le; esa cPpksa ds euksjatu o f”k{kk ds fy, fyf[kr lkexzh ugha

gksrh FkhA ysfdu ekSf[kd :i ls iapra=] fgrksin s”k] dFkk lfjRlkxj

vkfn esa çsj.kkLin lkfgR; Fkk tks ckydksa ds fy, f”k{kkçn FkkA ijUrq

muds fy, vyx ls lkfgR; ugha jpk x;k FkkA vr% cM+ksa dks

dgkfu;k¡] xhr vkfn cukdj ckydksa dks lqukuk ,oa le>kuk iM+rk

FkkA f”k{kk ds çlkj ds ckn Hkh cM+ksa ds lkfgR; esa ls ckyksi;ksxh

jpuk,sa ckydksa dks i<+uh gksrh FkhA ml le; fo/kk;sa Hkh lhfer FkhaA

vkt ds cPps cgqr LekVZ] cqf)eku] gksugkj gSaA vc rks rduhd ds {ks=

esa vR;Ur le`) gks jgs gSaA vc rks gky ;s gS fd cM+ksa dks dbZ vPNh

ckrsa cPpksa ls lh[kuh pkfg,A tSls lp cksyukA vkt rduhd ds

fodkl ls ?kj cSBs gh ckyd cky lkfgR; ls tqM+ ldrs gSaA vkt dbZ

ubZ&ubZ fo/kkvksa esa cky lkfgR; jpk tk jgk gS] ftls b.VjusV ij Hkh

ns[kk tk ldrk gSA vk;q ds vuqlkj f”k”kq lkfgR;] cky lkfgR;]

fd”kksj lkfgR; Hkh miyC/k gSA ,d ls c<+dj ,d jaxhu] lfp= cky

if=dk;sa] iqLrdsa cktkj esa feyrh gSaA cPpksa ds fy, lkjs lk/ku gkftj

299

gSaA vkt mRÑ"V cky lkfgR; fy[kk tk jgk gSA çfr o"kZ ckydksa ds

fy, gtkjksa fdrkcsa Ni jgh gSA

d`".kk dqekjh % cLrs ds cks> rys ncs ckyd ds fo"k; esa vki D;k dguk pkgsaxs] vkt

dh f”k{kk ç.kkyh esa D;k dfe;k¡ gSa\

nhun;ky 'kekZ % cLrs dk cks> gYdk gksuk gh pkfg,A vf/kd fdrkcsa gksus ls ckyd ds

ekufld fodkl ij foijhr vlj iM+rk gSA ljdkjsa] cqf)thoh bl

ckjs esa fparu Hkh dj jgs gSaA fons”kksa esa Hkh cLrs dks [kRe djus ds lanHkZ

esa lkspk tk jgk gSA tgk¡ rd esjk lkspuk gS ulZjh] ,y-ds-th-] ,p-ds-

th- esa rks ckydksa dks [ksy gh f[kykus pkfg,A eSa rks ;g dgw¡xk fd bl

lfefr esa ckydksa dh Hkh Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf”pr gksuh pkfg,A ckydksa ds

ikB~; Øe esa fdrkcsa de gksa] cgqr jax&fcjaxh gksa] lfp= gksaA NksVs

ckydksa dks [ksy&[ksy esa bl çdkj i<+k;k tk;s fd mUgsa irk gh ugha

py ldsA oSls vusd fo|ky;ksa esa ;s ç;ksx fd;s tk jgs gSaA tgk¡ NksVs

cPpksa dks [ksyksa ds ek/;e ls i<+k;k tk jgk gSA

d`".kk dqekjh % orZeku lanHkZ esa cky lkfgR; dk Hkfo"; D;k gS\

nhun;ky 'kekZ % cgqr gh cf<+;k gS] cgqr mTToy gSA vHkh chdkusj esa çFke fpYMªu

us”kuy QsfLVoy dk vk;kstu gks pqdk gSA fo}kuksa }kjk cPpksa dks

ys[ku dh ckjhfd;k¡ crkbZ tk jgh gSaA cPpksa dks cky lkfgR; ls tksM+k

tk jgk gSA

d`".kk dqekjh % cky lkfgR; ckyd ds O;fDrRo mUu;u esa dgk¡ rd mi;ksxh gS\

nhun;ky 'kekZ % ckyd] ckylkfgR; dh fdrkcksa ls rks cgqr dqN lh[krs gSaA buls

ckydksa dk fodkl gksrk gS] ekxZ n”kZu feyrk gSA ckyd vuqxkeh gksrk

gS] vuq”kkflr gksrk gSA tSlk ns[krk gS] lqurk gS] i<+rk gS oSlk gh

djrk gSA blfy, cPpksa ds larqfyr fodkl esa cky lkfgR; dh

mYys[kuh; Hkwfedk ls udkjk ugha tk ldrkA f”k{kdksa] vfHkHkkodksa] cM+s

yksxksa dks lkspuk pkfg, fd os ckydksa ds le{k vkn”kZ çLrqr djsa] ;s

ugha gks fd ^xqM+ [kkus okys xqyxqyksa ls ijgst djsa*A ;gh cky

lkfgR;dkjksa dks lkspuk pkfg,A ckydksa ds fy, odZ”kkWi yxkbZ tk;s]

mUgsa dqN Hkh jpukRed dk;Z djus ;k fy[kus ds çsfjr fd;k tk;s]

300

ljdkjksa dks pkfg, fd cky lkfgR;dkjksa dks vf/kd ls vf/kd

çksRlkfgr djsa] mudh iqjLdkj&jkf”k c<+kbZ tk;sA fo|ky;ksa esa u,&u,

fo"k;ksa ij ekSfyd fucU/k] dgkuh] ukVd vkfn fy[kok;sa tk;saA tSls

^esjk fo|ky;* fo"k; ij fucU/k jVk&jVk;k ugha vfirq ckydksa dks

O;kogkfjd :i ls fl[kk;k vkSj i<+k;k tkus ls igys vius fo|ky;

dk fujh{k.k djok;k tk;s] fQj tks os ns[k jgs gSa] oSlk gh fy[ksaA

vFkkZr~ jVu fo|k ds ctk,s ckydksa dks O;kogkfjdrk ls fl[kk;k tk;sA

os tks Hkh djs eu ls djsaA dHkh nl 'kCn nsdj dgkuh fy[kokbZ tk

ldrh gSA vPNh&vPNh ckrsa crkbZ tk;sA eSaus Lo;a ,slk djok;k gS]

vkSj cPpksa us ,slk fd;k Hkh gSA ;g esjk vuqHko gSA igys mudks dksbZ

?kVuk crkrk Fkk] fQj ml ij dgkuh fy[kokrk FkkA ftlds vPNs

ifj.kke vk;sA

d`".kk dqekjh % vkt dk cky lkfgR; fofo/krkvksa ls Hkjk gqvk gSA vki dks cky

lkfgR; dh dkSu lh fo?kk us lokZf/kd çHkkfor fd;k\

nhun;ky 'kekZ % igys dgkuh ls çHkkfor jgk] fQj cky dfork lsA vc nksuksa esa eu

jerk gSA D;ksafd eSaus rks cky lkfgR; dh fofo/k fo/kkvksa esa [kwc fy[kk

gSA

d`".kk dqekjh % foKku vkSj rduhdh ds ;qx esa cky lkfgR; dh vkidh n`f"V esa

fdruh mi;ksfxrk gS\

nhun;ky 'kekZ % cgqr T;knk mi;ksxh gSA eSa rks ;s dgw¡xk fd foKku vkSj ubZ rduhdh

ckrsa Hkh cPpks ds ek/;e ls vklkuh ls le>kbZ tk ldrh gSaA

d`".kk dqekjh % vkt ds rduhdh ;qx esa vki ds cky lkfgR; esa çkÑfrd ifjos”k

thoar gks mBk gSA taxy dh i`"BHkwfe] taxyh ,oa ikyrw tkuoj]

i”kq&if{k;ksa dks fo"k; cukdj vkius [kwc l`tu fd;k gS\ ,slk D;ksa\

nhun;ky 'kekZ % ckydksa dk çÑfr ls lgt tqM+ko gksrk gSA mUgsa cpiu esa i”kq&i{kh]

tho&tarq] vkdk”k] pk¡n&flrkjs] isM+&ikS/ks] unh&rkykc] taxy] ioZr

vkfn cgqr I;kjs yxrs gSaA cPps dqnjr dh Hkkafr cgqr eklwe gksrs gSa]

çkÑfrd ifjos”k vkSj mlesa jps&cls tho mUgsa lgt vkdf"kZr djrs

301

gSaA ;g ckydksa ds fy, vn~Hkqr vkSj jkspd lalkj Hkh gksrk gSA

d`".kk dqekjh % vki dks dbZ iqjLdkj vkSj lEeku feys gSa\ Ñi;k bl fo"k; esa crk;saA

nhun;ky 'kekZ % eq>s vHkh rd lkfgR; vdknfe;ksa] ftyk ç”kklu] vusd lkfgR;

laLFkkvksa }kjk vusdkusd lEeku vkSj dbZ iqjLdkj feys gSa] ftuls vkSj

Js"B fy[kus dh çsj.kk feyrh gSA dqN çeq[k iqjLdkj crk nsrk gw¡ &

jktLFkku lkfgR; vdkneh] mn;iqj ls fgUnh cky dFkk laxzg

^fpaVw&fiaVw dh lw>* ij MkW- 'kEHkwn;ky lDlsuk cky lkfgR; iqjLdkj

¼1988&89½] uxj ifj"kn~ guqekux<+ ls lkoZtfud lEeku ¼1998½]

jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk] lkfgR;] laLÑfr vdkneh chdkusj ls jktLFkkuh cky

ukVd ^'ka[kslj jk lhax* ij ia- tokgjyky usg: cky lkfgR; iqjLdkj

¼1998&99½] dsUæh; lkfgR; vdkneh] ubZ fnYyh ls jktLFkkuh cky

fucU/k laxzg ^ckyi.kS jh ckrka* ij jktLFkkuh cky lkfgR; ds jk"Vªh;

iqjLdkj ls iqjLÑr ¼2012½] vHkh 12 fnlEcj 2018 esa jk"Vªh; lkfgR;

iqLrd esyk lfefr] dVuh] ¼e-ç-½ }kjk ^MkW- jk"VªcU/kq Le`fr cky

lkfgR; lEeku* rFkk vU; dbZA iqjLdkj o lEeku ls esjh l`tu/kfeZrk

dk lEeku fd;k x;k gSA

d`".kk dqekjh % vkidh jpukvksa dk vU; Hkk"kkvksa esa vuqokn gqvk gS] dkslZ esa Hkh vkidh

dfork] dgkfu;k¡ i<+kbZ tk jgh gSaA bl ckjs esa tkudkjh nhft;sA

nhun;ky 'kekZ % gk¡] vaxzsth esa ^lius* ukVd ^n MªhEl* ds uke ls ,d] iatkch esa ^lqi.ks*

uke ls vuqfnr gqvk gS vkSj ejkBh esa esjh ckbZl fdrkcsa vuqfnr gks

pqdh gSaA dbZ jkT;ksa ds ikB~;Øe esa esjh dbZ jpuk;sa i<+kbZ tk jgh gSa]

ftues ls dqN ds ckjs esa rks irk gh ugha gSA dqN dk irk fe=ksa ls

pykA bu fdrkcksa esa esjh dgkuh] dfork] xhr vkSj cky igsfy;k¡ i<+kbZ

tk jgh gSaA egkjk"Vª ds ikB~;Øe esa ^v{kj nhfidk fgUnh

iqLrdekyk&3* esjh cky jpuk ^tksdj* i<+kbZ tk jgh gSA blh çdkj

2015 ls d{kk 5 dh iqLrd ^ckrksa dh Qqyokjh* lgk;d iqLrdekyk esa

dsUæh; lkfgR; vdkneh ls iqjLÑr Ñfr ^ckyi.kS jh ckrka* ds laLej.k

dk fgUnh vuqokn ^dc feyh vktknh* ikB i<+k;k tk jgk gSA ^uafnuh

fgUnh ikB~;iqLrd&4* esa esjh cky igsfy;k¡ gSa] ftuds }kjk ckydksa dks

302

lEcfU/kr fp=ksa esa jax Hkjuk vkSj mudks igsfy;ksa ls tksM+uk vFkkZr~

fgUnh Hkk"kk dkS”ky fl[kk;k tk jgk gSA

d`".kk dqekjh % dksbZ fof”k"V çlax ;k miyfC/k] tks vki crkuk pkgrs gSaA

nhun;ky 'kekZ % eq>s chdkusj lEHkkx ds çFke Cyksxj gksus dk xkSjo çkIr gqvk gSA 2018

esa çdkf”kr 240 i"Bh; ^dqN vudgh ckrsa---* xzUFk esjs fy, cgqr

egRoiw.kZ miyfC/k gS] ftlds varxZr ns”k Hkj ds 101 fo}kuksa] jpukdkjksa]

cky lkfgR;dkjksa] lkekU; ukxfjdksa] ç”kklfud vf/kdkfj;ksa ,oa fe=ksa

}kjk esjs O;fDrRo vkSj ÑfrRo ij jfpr ys[k gSa] ftls nq";ar tks”kh vkSj

MkW- es?kuk 'kekZ us lEikfnr fd;k gSa blesa esjs ckjs esa lkjh tkudkfj;k¡

Hkh 'kkfey gSa] ;Fkk & laf{kIr thou ifjp;] esjs cpiu ls ysdj vHkh

rd ds fo”ks"k voljksa ds jaxhu Nk;kfp=] esjh lHkh fdrkcksa dh lwph]

lEeku ,oa iqjLdkjksa dk fooj.k] thou dh çeq[k ?kVuk;sa] fo”ks"k

miyfC/k;k¡A ;g xzUFk esjs fy, vewY; nLrkost gSA

d`".kk dqekjh % var esa vkidh Hkkoh ;kstuk;sa tkuuk pkgrh gw¡] bu fnuksa vki D;k

fy[k jgs gSa] dksbZ u;k çdk”ku gqvk gS\ vkidh fnup;kZ D;k jgrh gS\

nhun;ky 'kekZ % gkW- vHkh esjh rhu fdrkcksa dk çdk”ku gqvk gS&^viuh nqfu;k lcls

U;kjh* f”k”kqxhr] ^ge cfx;k ds Qwy* cky xhr] ^Mka[kyk oUl vxsu*]

vkbZ gSaA ,d vkSj fdrkc ^ Mka[kyk jru* 'kh"kZd ls vkus okyh gSA esjh

nSufUnuh lkekU; gSA çfrfnu nSfud dk;ks± ds lkFk v/;;u]

fparu&euu] cky l`tu djrk gw¡A esjk çR;sd jfookj ^VkWQh Ms* gksrk

gSA bl fnu esa dbZ lkjsa cPpks ls feyrk gw¡] mUgsa VkWfQ;k¡ ck¡Vrk gw¡]

muds lkFk eLrh djrk gw¡] mUgsa nqykjrk gw¡] vPNh&vPNh ckrsa

fl[kkrk gw¡] lsYQh ysrk gw¡A ?kj&ifjokj ds lkFk&lkFk ikfjokfjd ,oa

lkekftd dk;ks± dks lEiUu djrk gw¡A eSa dbZ lkekftd laLFkkvksa ls

tqM+k gqvk gw¡A buesa ls dqN lkekftd laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk eSaus dh gSa]

mudh Hkh ftEesnkfj;k¡ fuHkkuh gksrh gSaA tgk¡ rd Hkfo"; dk loky gS]

eSa rks bruk gh pkgrk gw¡ fd ges”kk&ges”kk cPpksa ds fy, fy[krk jgw¡A

cPpksa esa jgdj mUgsa vPNh&vPNh ckrsa crk ldw¡] fl[kk ldw¡ rkfd

mudk Hkfo"; mTToy cusA

303

çLrqr lk{kkRdkj ls cgqvk;keh ys[ku ds /kuh nhun;ky 'kekZ ds O;fDrRo ,oa l`tu

lEcU/kh egRoiw.kZ tkudkfj;k¡ çkIr gqbZA esjs lHkh ç”uksa ds mÙkj cM+h lknxh] lgtrk ,oa

euks;ksx ls nsdj eq>s ÑrkFkZ fd;kA bl çdkj yEch ckrphr ds ckn /kU;okkn Kkiu ls

bldh bfr gqbZA vUr esa eSaus cgqr vkReh;rk ,oa Lusg ds lkFk iqu% feyus dk vkxzg fd;kA

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