संदर्भ एवं सूचना अभिगम के उपकरण : एक...

vuqØef.kdk

vè;k;& 1 lanHkZ ,oa lwpuk vfHkxe ds midj.k % ,d ifjp; --------------------------------------------- 9&209&209&209&209&20

1- vè;;u ds mn~ns';

2- ifjp;

3- lanHkZ dk;Z

4- lanHkZ Ïksr@xazFk

5- lanHkZ Ïksrksa@xzaFkksa dh vko';drk

6- lanHkZ iz'u

7- dEI;wVj dh Hkwfedk

8- lkj&la{ksi

9- Lo&izxfr ijh{k.k iz'uksa ds mÙkj

10- eq[; 'kCn

11- vH;kl&iz'u

12- lanHkZ izUFk lwph

vè;k;& 2 lanHkZ ,oa lwpuk vfHkxe ds midj.kksa ds izdkj ------------------------------------------------- 21&3821&3821&3821&3821&38

1- vè;;u ds mís';

2- ifjp;

3- lanHkZ ,oa lwpuk vfHkxe ds midj.kksa dh izÑfr

4- lanHkZ xzaFkksa dk mn~Hko

5- lanHkZ ,oa lwpuk vfHkxe midj.kksa@Ïksrksa ds izdkj

6- izys[kh; lanHkZ midj.k@Ïksr

7- vizys[kh; lanHkZ midj.k@Ïksr

8- lkj&la{ksi


10- eq[; 'kCn

11- vH;kl&iz'u


vè;k;& 3 xzUFk lwfp;ksa ds izdkj ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 39&5639&5639&5639&5639&56


2- ifjp;

3- xzaFk lwph

4- dk;Z rFkk mi;ksx

5- xazFk lwph dh 'kk[kk,¡

6- xzaFk lwph ds izdkj

7- xzaFkkRed fu;a=k.k

8- lkj&la{ksi


10- eq[; 'kCn

11- vH;kl&iz'u

12- lanHkZ xzUFk lwph

vè;k;& 4 vuqÿe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k if=dk,° ------------------------------------------------------------ 57&7857&7857&7857&7857&78


2- ifjp;

3- ifjHkk"kk] dk;Z ,oa vko';drk

4- fo"k;&foLrkj ,oa izLrqrhdj.k

5- izdkj

6- vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k if=kdkvksa ds mi;ksx

7- lkj& la{ksi


9- eq[; 'kCn

10- vH;kl&iz'u


vè;k;& 5 leh{kk,°] ;Fkk&oLrqfLFkfr izfrosnu] izo`fŸk izfrosnu bR;kfn ------------------------------- 79&8879&8879&8879&8879&881. vè;;u ds mís';

2. ifjp;

3. mís'; ,oa izLrqrhdj.k

4. ;Fkk&oLrqfLFkfr izfrosnuksa ds izdkj

5. ;Fkk&oLrqfLFkfr izfrosnuksa ds mi;ksx

6. ewY;kadu

7. lkj&la{ksi

8. Lo&izxfr ijh{k.k iz'uksa ds mÙkj

9. eq[; 'kCn

10. vH;kl&iz'u

11. lanHkZ izUFk lwph

vè;k;& 6 'kCndks'k -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 89&11889&11889&11889&11889&1181. vè;;u ds mís';

2. ifjp;

3. 'kCndks'k dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa foLrkj&{ks=k

4. 'kCndks'kksa ds fofHkUu izdkj

5. 'kCndks'kksa dh mi;ksfxrk

6. 'kCndks'kksa dk ewY;kadu

7. lkj&la{ksi


9. eq[; 'kCn

10. vH;kl&iz'u


vè;k;& 7 fo'odks'k ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 119&144119&144119&144119&144119&144

1- vè;;u ds mís';

2- ifjp;

3- fo'odks'kksa dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa foLrkj&{ks=k

4- fo'odks'kksa dk bfrgkl

5- fo'odks'kksa ds fofo/ izdkj

6. fo'odks'kksa dh mi;ksfxrk

7. fo'odks'kksa dk ewY;kadu

8- lkj&la{ksi


10- eq[; 'kCn

11- vH;kl&iz'u


vè;k;& 8 gS.Mcqd] fu;e iqfLrdk,°] 'kCndks'k bR;kfn ------------------------------------------------- 145&176145&176145&176145&176145&176

1. vè;;u ds mís';

2. ifjp;

3. Rofjr lanHkZ lzksrksa ds fofHkUu izdkj

4. Rofjr lanHkZ lzksrksa dh mi;ksfxrk

5. Rofjr lanHkZ lzksrksa dk ewY;kadu

6. lkj&la{ksi


8. eq[; 'kCn

9. vH;kl&iz'u


vè;k;& 9 ekud] isVs.V ,oa O;kikfjd izdk'ku lwfp;k° bR;kfn ------------------------------------- 177&192177&192177&192177&192177&192

1. vè;;u ds mís';

2. ifjp;

3. ekud

4. isVs.V

5. O;kikfjd izdk'ku lwfp;k¡ ,oa xzaFklwfp;k¡

6. lkj&la{ksi

7. izxfr ijh{k.k iz'ukas ds mÙkj

8. eq[; 'kCn

9. vH;kl&iz'u

10. lanHkZ xzaFk&lwph

vè;k;& 10 HkkSxksfyd lzksr ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 193&220193&220193&220193&220193&2201. vè;;u ds mís';

2. ifjp;

3. HkkSxksfyd lwpuk lzksrksa ds izdkj

4. ekufp=k] ekufp=kkoyh] Xyksc

5. xtsfV;j

6. ;k=kk&lanf'kZdk,¡

7. HkkSxksfyd lwpuk lzksrksa ds p;u ds midj.k

8. lkj&la{ksi


10. eq[; 'kCn

11. vH;kl&iz'u


vè;k;& 11 thoupfjr lzksr --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 221&240221&240221&240221&240221&2401- vè;;u ds mís';

2- ifjp;

3- thoupfjr % ifjHkk"kk ,oa fo"k;&foLrkj

4. thou pfjr lwpuk Ïksrksa ds izdkj

5. thou lpwuk Ïksrksa dk ewY;kadu

6. thoupfjr dh xazFkkRed lanf'kZdk,¡

7. thoupfjr lanHkZ izfØ;k

8- lkj&la{ksi


10- eq[; 'kCn

11- vH;kl&iz'u


vè;k;& 12 lkaf[;dh; lwpuk lzksr ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 241&252241&252241&252241&252241&252

1- vè;;u ds mís';

2- ifjp;

3- lkaf[;dh % lwpuk dk ,d Ïksr

4. lkaf[;dh; lwpuk Ïksrksa ds izdkj

5. lkaf[;dh; lwpuk Ïksrksa ls lacaf/r leL;k,¡

6- lkj&la{ksi


8- eq[; 'kCn

9- vH;kl&iz'u


vè;k;& 13 lkef;d ?kVukvksa ,oa xfrfof/k;ksa ds lwpuk lzksr ------------------------------------------ 253&266253&266253&266253&266253&266

1. vè;;u ds mís';

2. ifjp;

3. lanHkZ Ïksrksa ds izdkj

4. mi;ksfxrk ,oa lhek,¡

5. lkj&la{ksi


7. eq[; 'kCn

8. vH;kl&iz'u


vè;k;& 14 ekuo lalk/ku rFkk jsQjy iz.kkyh -------------------------------------------------------------- 267&278267&278267&278267&278267&278

1. vè;;u ds mís';

2. ifjp;

3. ekuo lalk/u&D;k vkSj D;ksa \

4. ekuo lqfoKrk dh dksfV;k¡

5. lanHkZ lzksr ds :i esa ekuo lalk/u

6. jsiQjy iz.kkyh&mn~Hko vkSj fodkl

7. jsiQjy dk;Z

8. jsiQjy dsUnz

9. lkj&la{ksi


11. eq[; 'kCn

12. vH;kl&iz'u


vè;k;& 15 laLFkkxr lwpuk lzksr --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 279&290279&290279&290279&290279&290

1. vè;;u ds mís';

2. ifjp;

3. lwpuk lzksr ds :i esa laLFkk,¡

4. laLFkkvksa ds izdkj

5. lwpuk laLFkk,¡

6. Hkkjrh; ifjn`';

7. lwpuk laLFkkvksa dk lanHkZ ewY;

8. lkj&la{ksi


10. eq[; 'kCn

11. vH;kl&iz'u


vè;k;& 16 tulapkj ekË;e--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 291&304291&304291&304291&304291&304

1. vè;;u ds mís';

2. ifjp;

3. tulapkj ekè;e D;k gS\

4. tulapkj ekè;e dh fof/;k¡

5. tulapkj ekè;e dk fo"k;&{ks=k rFkk dk;Z

6. lwpuk lzksr ds :i esa tulapkj ekè;e

7. lkj&la{ksi


9. eq[; 'kCn

10. vH;kl&iz'u


NOTES

Self-Instructional Material

9

lanHkZ ,oa lwpuk vfHkxeds midj.k % ,d ifjp;

vè;k; esa lfEefyr gS %


2- ifjp;

3- lanHkZ dk;Z

4- lanHkZ Ïksr@xazFk


6- lanHkZ iz'u


8- lkj&la{ksi


10- eq[; 'kCn

11- vH;kl&iz'u



vè;k;&1

NOTES

lanHkZ ,oa lwpuk ds Ïksr


10


iqLrdky;ksa ,oa lwpuk dsUnzksa ds ikBdksa dks nh tkus okyh lsokvksa esa lanHkZ lsok egRoiw.kZ lsok gSA,slh lsok,¡ izk;% ,sls izys[kksa dk voyksdu dj iznku dh tkrh gSa ftuesa visf{kr lwpuk feyus dhlaHkkouk gksrh gSA blfy, ;g ijeko';d gS fd iqLrdky;;kè;{k dks fofHkUu izdkj dh lsokvksa rFkkmuds y{k.kksa ls ifjfpr gksuk pkfg, rkfd fcuk fdlh dfBukbZ ds lwpuk iznku dh tk ldsA

bl vè;k; dks i<+us ds ckn vki brus l{ke gks tk,¡xs fd %

iqLrdky; esa lanHkZ dk;Z ds egRo ls lqifjfpr gks ldsa_

lwpuk iznku djus esa lanHkZ Ïksrksa@xzaFkksa dh Hkwfedk ls fHkUu gks ldas_

lanHkZ xzaFkksa@Ïksrksa dh vko';drk dks le> ldsa_

lanHkZ lsok nsus dh izfØ;k dk o.kZu dj ldsa_

lanHkZ lsok esa dEI;wVj dh Hkwfedk dk vè;;u dj ldsa_

lanHkZ xzaFk@dk;Z dh ifjHkk"kk rFkk muds fof'k"V y{k.kksa dh O;k[;k dj ldsa_

lkekU; xzaFkksa ls lanHkZ xzaFkksa dk vUrj le> ldsa_

lanHkZ lsok dh ifjHkk"kk dj ldsa_ rFkk

lanHkZ xzaFkksa@Ïksrksa ds izdkjksa dh ifjx.kuk dj ldsaA

2- ifjp;

iqLrdky; lnSo ls ikBdksa dks lsok,¡ iznku djus esa layXu jgs gSaA iqLrdky; foKku dh eq[;voèkkj.kk ds dsUnz esa lalk/uksa ds vf/dre mi;ksx dk fl¼kUr fufgr gS ftlesa lkewfgd lgHkkfxrkrFkk lEiw.kZ lekt ds ykHk rFkk fo'ks"k :i esa lekt ds O;fDr;ksa ds fy, vfHkys[kksa dk mi;ksx gksrkgSA iqLrdky; foKku ds izFke lw=k }kjk MkW- jaxukFku us bl ckr ij cy fn;k gS fd iqLrdsa@izys[kmi;ksx ds fy, gSaA ;ksX;rk&lEiUu iqLrdky;&dehZ lwpuk dh izkfIr esa ikBdksa dks lgk;rk iznkudj iqLrdky; }kjk bl dk;Z ds fy, miyC/ djkbZ xbZ lqfo/kvksa ds lEiwjd dk dk;Z djrs gSaAvr% iqLrdky;&laxzg ds vf/dre mi;ksx esa ikBdksa dh lgk;rk djus esa lanHkZ iqLrdky;kè;{kdh Hkwfedk vR;ar egRoiw.kZ gksrh gSA

ikBdksa dh lwpukijd vko';drk dh iwfrZ ds fy, nh tkus okyh okLrfod lgk;rk gh lanHkZ dk;ZgSA ;g iqLrdky;kè;{k rFkk ikBdksa dks ;g Kkr djus ;ksX; cukrk gS fd miyC/ vfHkfyf[kr lwpukdgk¡ feysxh rFkk okafNr lwpuk dh [kkst esa lgk;rk djrk gSA iqLrdky;ksa esa bl xfrfof/ dhifjdYiuk ikBdksa dh lqfo/k ds fy, dh xbZ gSA iqLrdky;&lkexzh ;fn iqLrdky; esa vkus okysOf;Dr ds ykHk ds fy, gS rks bldk mi;ksx gksuk t:jh gSA

lkekU;r% vf/drj iqLrdky;ksa esa ,d vyx lanHkZ foHkkx ;k laxzg gksrk gSA iqLrdky;kè;{k izk:%bu lanHkZ xzaFkksa ds laxzg ds vk/kj ij lanHkZ lsok,¡ iznku djrk gSA ;s xazFk iqLrdky; ds ,d fof'k"VLFkku ij rFkk vyx foHkkx esa j[ks tkrs gSaA vf/dka'k ikBd lanHkZ xzaFkksa ds ifjfpr gksrs gSa vkSj buesals dbZ ds ikl 'kCndks"k] fo'odks"k] 'kCn&dks"k bR;kfn muds ?kj ds O;fDrxr laxzg esa gksrs gSaA

bl vè;k; esa] vkids fy, lanHkZ xzaFkkssa@Ïksrksa dk fogaxkoyksdu izLrqr gS tks ikBdksa dks lwpuk rqjUriznku djus ds fy, cgqr mi;ksxh gksrs gSaA vkidks bl ckr dh tkudkjh Hkh nh tk,xh fd fdlhiqLrdky; esa lanHkZ&laxzg ls ;qDr lanHkZ foHkkx dh vko';drk D;ksa gksrh gS] rFkk bl foHkkx dhxfrfof/;ksa dks lqpk: :i ls pykus ds fy, fdu lk/uksa dh vko';drk gksrh gSA

NOTES


11


3- lanHkZ dk;Z

lanHkZ dk;Z dk mís'; gS] lwpuk Ïksrksa esa miyC/ lwpuk dks lwpuk&fiiklqvksa rd izokfgr djukAiqLrdky;ksa dh fnu&izfrfnu dh xfrfof/;ksa ds fy, iqLrdky;kè;{k dks iqLrdky;ksa ds lanHkZ xzaFkksaij fuHkZj jguk iM+rk gSA iqLrdky; esa bu xazFkksa dks ,d i`Fkd~ LFkku ij j[kk tkrk gS vkSj lkekU;r;kbUgsa iqLrdky; ds ckgj ys tkus ds fy, ugha fn;k tkrkA lanHkZ xzaFkksa ls ge lHkh HkyhHkk¡fr ifjfprgSA] ftuesa 'kCndks'k rFkk fo'odks'k izeq[k :i ls yksdfiz; gSaA oLrqr% ge esa ls dbZ yksxksa ds ikl,sls xazFk ?kj ij gh gksrs gSa tgk¡ ge cgq/k budk mi;ksx djrs gSaA

iqLrdky;ksa ds mn~Hko&dky ls gh] iqLrdky;kè;{k O;fDrxr :i ls ikBdkas dks iqLrdky; laxzgds mi;ksx esa vukSipkfjd lgk;rk iznku djrs vk jgs gSaA lanHkZ lsok ds chp 19oha 'krkCnh ds varesa 'kSf{kd rFkk lkoZtfud iqLrdky;ksa esa vadqfjr gq, rFkk ;g lsok dkiQh gn rd lekt esa fofHkUulkekftd rFkk vkfFkZd fodklksa ls izHkkfor gksrh jghA lanHkZ lsok dk vkSfpR; fuEufyf[kr pkjigyqvksa ij vk/kfjr gS % ,d 'kSf{kd laLFkk ds :i esa iqLrdky; ds dk;ks± dk fodkl djuk'kSf{kf.kd leqnk; dh lgk;rk djuk_ iqLrdksa ds foLr`r xzaFk txr ls mÙke xzaFkksa ds pquko esa ikBdksadh lgk;rk djuk_ rFkk iqLrdky; dks foÙkh; lgk;rk iznku djus okys lewg@yksxksa ds le{k bldsvfLrRo dks vkSfpR; fl¼ djukA

iqLrdky;ksa esa lanHkZ dk;Z dks lanHkZ lsok Hkh dgk tkrk gSA blus 20oha 'krkCnh esa dkiQh yEck liQjr; fd;k gSA bl yEcs liQj ds nkSjku blds dk;Z{ks=k esa vR;f/d foLrkj gqvk gS vkSJ ;g vcikBdksa dks dsoy lgk;rk nsus rd lhfer ugha gS cfYd blds varxZr vU; dk;ks± dk Hkh lekos'kgqvk gS] tSls& fo"k; fo'ks"kKksa ls ykHk mBkuk] lanHkZ ds fy, dbZ xzaFkksa rFkk rduhd dk fodkl]oSKkfudksa] vuqla/kudrkZvksa ,oa vU;ksa dh lwpuk vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus esa dEI;wVj dk iz;ksxbR;kfnA lanHkz dk;ks± esa bu dk;ks± dks lfEefyr djuk ,d lqn`<+ lS¼kfUrd <k¡ps ds iQyLo:i ghlEHko gks ik;k gS] tks lanHkZ lsok iznku djus esa fuEufyf[kr rhu fof'k"V mikxeksa ij izdk'k MkyrkgS& (d) :f<+oknh mikxe] ([k) mnkjoknh mikxe rFkk (x) larqfyr@eè;ekxhZ mikxeA

d) :f<oknh mikxe (Conservative Approach) bl rF; ij vk/kfjr gS fd ikBdksa dkslwpuk iznku djus ds LFkku ij mUgsa ;g funsZ'k nsuk pkfg, fd os iqLrdksa ,oa iqLrdky;ksadk mi;ksx dSls djsaA

[k) mnkjoknh mikxe (Liberal Approach) bl rF; ij izdk'k Mkyrk gS fd ikBdksa dksmudh lwpuk ls lacaf/r izys[k iznku djus ds LFkku ij mUgsa lacaf/r ,oa vko';d lwpukiznku dh tkuh pkfg,A ;gk¡ ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd ikBdksa dks nh tkus okyh lwpuk ,sls:i esa gksuh pkfg, ftlls mldk rRdky mi;ksx laHko gksA

x) larqfyr ;k eè;ekxhZ mikxe (Moderate Approach) vkt ds iqLrdky;ksa esa izeq[k :iesa fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA xazFkksa ds c<+rs iz;ksx rFkk lwpuk laxzg.k ,oa iquizkZfIr lk/u ds :i esadEI;wVj dh lqfo/k us mnkjoknh mikxe dks c<+kok fn;k gSA iqLrdky;kè;{k dks vtlwpuk ,oa Kku ds eqfnzr ,oa veqfnzr ds }kjk lwpuk dk fo'kky Hk.Mkj lqyHk gSA ikBdksadks lsok,¡ iznku djus ds fy, bu lHkh dk vf/dre lhek rd mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrkgSA bl izdkj] ikBd viuh lwpuk dks iqLrdky;kè;{k dh lgk;rk ls vFkok mudhlgk;rk ds fcuk Hkh izkIr dj ldrs gSaA

NOTES



12

;g vko';d ugha fd izR;sd lwpuk dks izkIr djus ds fy, ikBdksa dks gj ckj iqLrdky; esa vkukiM+sA ikBdksa dh lanHkZ ;kpuk dks lans'kokgd Hkstdj ;k VsyhiQksu ij ;k Mkd }kjk Hkh larq"V fd;ktk ldrk gS] c'krsZ lwpuk dks leqfpr :i ls lizsf"kr fd;k x;k gksA bls vc bysDVªksfud&esy(Electronic-mail) lqfo/k }kjk Hkh larq"V dj ldrs gSaA

lanHkZ ds iz'u lHkh iqLrdky;ksa esa ,d gh izdkj ds ugha gksrs gSaA vf/drj lkoZtfud iqLrdky;ksaesa ikBdksa ds iz'u izlwph ls iqLrdksa dks <w¡<us ls lacaf/r gksrs gSa vFkok tu&lkekU; }kjk lkoZtfudmi;ksx ls lacaf/r iz'u gksrs gSaA 'kSf{kd iqLrdky;ksa esa] lanHkZ iz'uksa dk laca/ cgq/k iSf=kd laLFkkuksa}kjk pyk, tkus okys ikB~;Øeksa ls gksrk gSA ysfdu mPp Lrj ds 'kSf{kd iqLrdky;ksa] fof'k"ViqLrdky;ksa rFkk lwpuk bdkb;ksa ds lanHkZ iz'u dkiQh xgu gksrs gSa D;ksafd ;gk¡ ikBd vfrfof'k"V gksrsgSa ftuesa vkpk;Z] 'kks/kFkhZ] izca/d] uhfr&fuekZrk rFkk mPp Lrj ds dkfeZd 'kkfey gSaA blfy, tcge lanHkZ lsok ;k lanHkZ dk;Z ds ckjs esa ckr djrs ;k fy[krs gSa rks gekjk vk'k; blh oxZ ds ikBdksals gksrk gS ftUgsa vfr&lsokvksa dh t:jr gksrh gSA

4- lanHkZ Ïksr@xzaFk

tc ge lanHkZ xzaFkksa dh ppkZ djrs gSa rks ,d ewyHkwr iz'u ;g mBrk gS fd lanHkZ iqLrdky; esa fduxzaFkksa rFkk vU; lkexzh dk laxzg djuk pkfg, vkSj mudks dSls O;oLFkkfir djuk pkfg, ftlls ,dlkFkZd lanHkZ dk fuekZ.k gks ldsA

lanHkZ laxzg esa rhu izdkj dh lkexzh gksuh pkfg, %

lanHkZ xzaFk] tSls 'kCndks'k] fo'odks'k] xazFklwfp;k¡] 'kCn&dks'k] funsZf'kdk,¡] thofu;k¡_

lwpuk ds Lrjh; xzaFk tSls x”ksfV;j] ekufp=kkofy;k¡ bR;kfn_ vkSj

,slh lkexzh ftUgsa ?kj esa i<+us ds fy, ugha fn;k tk ldrk] tSls vuqØe.khdj.k ,oalkjdj.k if=kdk,¡] lkaf[;dh; ÏksrA

mifjfyf[kr izFke nks Jsf.k;k¡ lanHkZ iqLrdky; ds izeq[k dk;Z] lwpuk dh iwfrZ ds mís'; dks iwjkdjrh gSaA

lanHkZ xzaFk ,sls ladyu gksrs gSa ftUgsa lwpuk dks vf/d lwfo/ktud :i esa izLrqr dj fo'ks"k :i lsrS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA lanHkZ Ïksr dh izeq[k ikjEifjd Jsf.k;ksa esa fo'odks'k] 'kCndks'k] funsZf'kdk,¡]'kCn&dks'k xzaFklwfp;k¡] thoupfj=k rFkk HkkSxkfyd lwpuk Ïksr vkrs gSaA fdlh Hkh iqLrdky; ds lanHkZlaxzg esa fo'odks'kksa] 'kCndks'kksa rFkk vU; lanHkZ xzaFkksa] xazFkijd Ïksrksa] vuqØef.kdkvksa] izlwfp;ksa rFkklanf'kZdkvksa] ekud ,sfrgkfld rFkk HkkSxksfyd dks'kksa] lkfgR; ds xkSjoxzaFkksa bR;kfn ds mÙke ,oa uohulaLdj.k 'kkfey fd, tkus pkfg,A iqLrdky; ctV esa tgk¡ rd laHko gks vU; fo"k;ksa ij ,slhizkekf.kd jpukvksa dks Hkh lfEefyr fd;k tkuk pkfg, tks eq[; :i ls fujarj vè;;u ds fy, ugha]cfYd ;nk&dnk ijke'kZ ds fy, mi;qDr gksrh gSaA

cktkj esa cgqla[;d lanHkZ xzaFk miyC/ gSaA dksbZ Hkh ,d iqLrdky; lHkh izdkj ds miyC/ lanHkZÏksrksa dks [kjhnus esa vleFkZ gksrk gSA lkFk gh] dksbZ ,slh p;u lwph Hkh miyC/ ugha gS tks fdlhvkn'kZ iqLrdky; ds fy, vkn'kZ lanHkZ laxzg dh vksj b'kkjk djrh gksA eqfnzr ekè;e ds vfrfjDrvU; ekè;eksa esa lanHkZ xzaFkksa dh miyC/rk ls vusd tfVyrk,¡ mRiUu gks xb± gSaA ijUrq varr%] ,dvPNk lanHkZ laxzg og gks ldrk gS tks lanHkZ iqLrdky;kè;{k ,oa ikBdksa nksuksa ds fy, mi;ksxh gksA

NOTES


13


Lo&izxfr ijh{k.k iz'u

1- lanHkZ dk;Z dk mís'; crkb,A

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fo}kuksa us] lqfo/k dh n`f"V ls lanHkZ Ïksrksa dks izkFkfed] f}rh;d rFkk r`rh;d Ïksrksa esa foHkkftrfd;k gS tks buesa lfEefyr lwpuk ds Ïksrksa ds izdkj ij vk/kfjr gSA

izkFkfed Ïksr (Primary Sources)

bu Ïksrksa dh lkexzh ekSfyd gksrh gSA ;s lkekU;r% 'kks/ if=kdkvksa ds vkys[k] eksuksxzkiQ (Mono-graph), y?kq'kks/ izca/] izfrosnu ;k isVsaV ;k xzaFkksa esa vfHkys[k ds :i esa feyrs gSaA ,slh lkexzh dksizkFkfed Ïksr dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd bls fdlh vU; izys[k dh lkexzh ds vk/kj ij ;k la{ksi.k]O;k[;k ;k ewY;kadu tSlh izfØ;kvksa }kjk rS;kj ugha fd;k tkrk cfYd ;g ys[kd dh ewy jpuk gksrhgSA izkFkfed Ïksr la[;k esa dkiQh vf/d gS vkSj lkekU;r% dqN f}rh;d Ïksrksa dh lgk;rk ls Hkhbuds ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr dh tk ldrh gS] tSls& xzaFklwph] vuqØe.khdj.k lsok ;k lkjdj.k lsokdh lgk;rk lsA

f}rh;d Ïksr (Secondary Sources)

f}rh;d Ïksr os Ïksr gSa tks izkFkfed Ïksr ds ckjs esa lwpuk nsrs gSaA buesa ikBdksa ds iz;ksx ds fy,lwfo/k dh n`f"V ls ewy lwpuk dk p;u] :ikarj.k vkSj iquZO;oLFkkiu ,d mi;qDr izk:i esa feyrkgSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] fo'odks'k] 'kCndks'k] vCn&dks'k] HkkSxksfyd&dks'k] ^gw bt gw* (Who isWho) bR;kfnA vkRedFkk ,d izkFkfed Ïksr gS tcfd vU; O;fDr }kjk fy[kh thouh ,df}rh;d Ïksr gSA

r`rh;d Ïksr (Tertiary Sources)

r`rh;d Ïksr lwpuk ds ,sls Ïksr gSa ftuesa nh xbZ lwpuk izkFkfed ,oa f}rh;d Ïksrksa ls yh tkrh gSAyxHkx lkjs izdkj ds lanHkZ&Ïksrksa& tSls fo'odks'k] 'kCndks'k] vCn&dks'k] xzaFklwfp;ksa dh lanHkZlwph]iapkax bR;kfn& dks r`rh;d Ïksr dh dksfV esa j[kk tkrk gSA

lanHkZ Ïksrksa dks ifjHkkf"kr ,oa oxhZÑr dj ge dsoy budh lkisf{kd uohurk ,oa lVhdrk dhtkudkjh izkIr dj ldrs gSaA budk eq[; mís'; lnSo ,d gh gS] vFkkZr~ ikBdksa ds iz'u@i`PNk dkfdlh lanHkZ Ïksr esa fn, x, mi;qDr mÙkj ls feyku djukA


vkt dk lekt fodkl dh izfØ;k esa gS vkSj lwpuk&;qx esa izos'k dj jgk gSA bl u, ;qx esa] lwpuk,d lalk/u Hkh cu pqdh gS vkSj i.; inkFkZ Hkh vkSj thou ds izR;sd {ks=k es lwpuk ds lapkyu,oa lalk/u dk dk;Z ,d egRoiw.kZ xfrfof/ cu x;k gSA bl lwpuk&;qx ;k i'p&vkS¼ksfxd lektesa] fdlh oLrq ;k fopkj dh ek¡x bl ckr ij vk/kfjr gksxh fd mlls lacaf/r dkSulh lwpuk bdV~Bhdjsa rFkk dSls bdV~Bh] rS;kj ,oa mi;ksx djsaA bl lanHkZ esa gesa lanHkZ Ïksrksa dh vko';drk dks tkuuk

NOTES



14

gksxk vkSj mudk vè;;u djuk gksxkA ikBdksa dh lwpuk vko';drk,¡ rFkk izkFkfedrk,¡ fofo/ izdkjdh gksrh gSA Nk=k] f'k{kd] 'kks/kFkhZ] oSKkfud] izkS¼ksfxdhfon~] fo'ks"kK] fu;kstd ;k uhfr&fuekZrk gekjsikBd gks ldrs gSaA ,d lkekU; ikBd Lo;a ds fy, vko';d lwpuk izkIr ugha dj ikrk D;ksafdog ugha tkurk fd lwpuk fdl Ïksr ls feysxhA

blds vykok ikBdksa dh dbZ vU; izkFkfedrk,¡ Hkh gksrh gS] tSls&

okafNr fof'k"V {ks=k ds fy, rqjUr lwpuk izkIr djus dh vko';drk_

uoksRikfnr lwpuk dh tkudkjh ikus ls lacaf/r dfBukbZ_

pw¡fd lwpuk cgqy ek=kk esa miyC/ gS] lwpuk ds p;u dh vko';drk_

fdlh lhfer fo"k; {ks=k esa fo'ks"kKrk dh izkfIr_

okafNr lkexzh ;k mldh izfrfyfi;k¡ izkIr djuk_ rFkk

lanHkZ lkexzh ds p;u rFkk ewY;kadu ds ekun.Mksa dh tkudkjhA

ikBdksa dh bu lHkh izkFkfedrkvksa ,oa vko';drkvksa dks leqfpr rFkk vk/qfudre lanHkZ xzaFkksa dsvfHkxe }kjk gh iwjk fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;s lanHkZ xzaFk iqLrdky;kè;{k rFkk iqLrdky;ksa ds lwpukcSad cukus esa enn djrs gSa ftlesa ikBdksa }kjk ekaxh xbZ lkefxz;k¡ rFkk ikBdksa ds iz'uksa ds mÙkj miyCèkgksrs gSaA vU; 'kCnksa esa] lanHkZ xzaFk fdlh Hkh iqLrdky; esa lanHkZ lsok dk etcwr vkèkkj gksrs gSa ftlsiqLrdky; ds lanHkZ deZpkjh }kjk lqjf{kr j[kk tkrk gSA bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd lanHkZ lsok ls vfHkizk;leqfpr lanHkZ midj.kksa ds iz;ksx dj ikBdksa }kjk iwNs x, iz'uksa ds mÙkj nsuk ek=k gh ugha gS] cfYdlwpuk lalk/u cSadksa dks Hkh cuk, j[kuk gS ftuls ikBdksa dks lwpuk iznku dh tkrh gSA lanHkZ lsokds }kjk iqLrdky; ds vUnj rFkk ckgj&nksuksa LFkkuksa esa lwpuk&iznk;dksa ls laca/ LFkkfir fd;k tkrkgSA


2- izkFkfed lanHkZ Ïksr ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

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ikBdksa ds lEeq[k vkus okyh mifjfyf[kr leL;kvksa ds lek/ku ds fy, fuEufyf[kr esa ls dqNrduhdksa dks viuk;k tk ldrk gS %

iqLrdky; esa miyC/ mi;qDr lanHkZ xzaFkksa dh igpku djuk_

iqLrdky; ls ckgj] lanHkZ xzaFkksa rFkk buds vkiwfrZdrkZ dk irk yxkuk_

ikBdksa dh lwpuk vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, iqLrdky; esa u, lanHkZ xzaFkksa dhO;oLFkk djuk_ rFkk

lalk/uksa rFkk Ïksrksa dh lk>snkjh ds fy, vU; iqLrdky;ksa rFkk lwpuk laxBuksa ds lkFklg;ksx djukA

NOTES


15


lwpuk dh mRifÙk ,oa fodkl mi;qDr izys[kksa ds vfHkxe] vofLFkfr rFkk izlkj ij fuHkZj gSA fdlhHkh iqLrdky; esa lanHkZ lsok dk eq[; dk;Z ikBdksa dks miyC/ lwpuk iznku djuk gSA iqLrdky;esa lEiUu dh tkus okyh xfrfof/;ksa] tSls lanHkZ lkexzh dk laxzg.k] O;oLFkkiu rFkk laj{k.k ds ckjsesa ikBdksa dks dksbZ tkudkjh ugha gksrh] tcfd ;s lkjh xfrfof/;k¡ ikBdksa ls lacaf/r gksrh gSA

6- lanHkZ iz'u

lanHkZ dk;Z dk egRoiw.kZ i{k lanHkZ iz'uksa rFkk muds vuwdwy ,oa mi;qDr lanHkZ Ïksrksa ls lacafèkr gksrkgSA tSlk vki tkurs gSa fd iqLrdky;ksa esa iwNs x, vf/drj iz'uksa ds fy, lwpuk dks [kkstus esa lanHkZÏksr lokZf/d rdZlaxr vkjfEHkd fcUnq gksrs gSaA T;knkrj lanHkZ dk;ks± esa lanHkZ xzaFkksa dk Kku rFkklacafèkr Ïksrksa ls iz'u dk feyku djuk 'kkfey gksrk gSA

iqLrdky;ksa esa fofHkUu izdkj ds lanHkZ iz'u iwNs tkrs gSaA budk laca/ lkekU;r;k fuEufyf[kr ckrksals gksrk gS %

ys[kd@vk[;k_

funsZ'kkRed ,oa iz'kklfud tkudkjh_

RF;kUos"k.k_

lkexzh vUos"k.k_ rFkk

vuqla/kuA

bu ckrksa ls lacaf/r lkjs lanHkZ iz'uksa dk mÙkj nsus ds fy, izf'kf{kr iqLrdky; deZpkfj;ksa dhvko';drk ugha gksrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] funsZ'kkRed ;k iz'kklfud tkudkfj;k¡ ikus ds fy,iqLrdky; dk dksbZ Hkh deZpkjh ikBd dks lwpuk <w¡<us gsrq funsZ'k ns ldrk gSA ys[kd rFkk vk[;kls lacaf/r iz'uksa ds fy, xzaFklwfp;ksa ds vfrfjDr iqLrdky; izlwph ;k vuqØef.kdkvksa dks ns[kdjikBd lgh mÙkj ik ldrs gSaA ijUrq vU; lHkh izdkj ds lanHkZ iz'uksa vFkkZr~ rF;kUos"k.kijd ;k'kksèk@vUos"k.k@vuqla/kuijd lanHkZ iz'uksa ds fy, vf/d vuqHkoh iqLrdky; dfeZ;ksa dh lsokvksa dhvko';drk gksrh gSA buesa ,sls iz'u Hkh gks ldrs gSa ftUgsa mudk mÙkj [kkstus ds nkSjku] ikBd viusiz'uksa dks cny nsrk gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa [kkstdÙkkZ dks dsoy dqN vuqns'kh; lsok,¡ gh iznku dh tkrhgSA dbZ ckj dqN vof'k"V ;k cps&dqps iz'u gksrs gSa tks fd iwoZ tkudkfj;ksa ;k iz'uksa ds vuqÙkfjr va'kgksrs gSa ftudk mÙkj iqLrdky; esa miyC/ ugha gksrkA ,slh fLFkfr esa ikBdksa dks fujk'kk ls cpkus dsfy, fdlh ofj"B iqLrdky; deZpkjh }kjk uezrkiwZd Li"Vhdj.k fn;k tk ldrk gSA

uhps nh xbZ lkj.kh esa lanHkZ iz'uksa ds dqN izdkj rFkk muds mÙkj izkIr djus ds fy, mi;qDr dqNlanHkZ Ïksrksa ds izdkj d mYys[k fd;k x;k gS %

iz'uksa ds izdkj iz'uksa ds lacaf/r mnkgj.k lanHkZ Ïksrksa ds izdkj

lkef;d jlk;u foKku fo"k; ds {ks=k esa izdkf'kr ml fo"k; dh vuqØe.khdj.k@tkx:drk lHkh u, vkys[k eq>s dgk¡ fey ldrs gSa\ lkjdj.k i=k&if=kdk,¡

Hkk"kk 'unobtrusive' 'kCn dk vFkZ eq>s dgk¡ 'kCndks'kfey ldrk gS\

?kVuk xr o"kZ ds nkSjku dEI;wVj m|ksx esa okf"kZdh@vCndks'kD;k izxfr gqbZ gS\

NOTES



16

xzUFk ^lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh* fo"k; ij lkjh iqLrdksa xzaFklwph@O;kikfjd xzaFklwphdh lwph eq>s dgk¡ fey ldrh gS\

i`"BHkwfe vkLVªfy;k ;k vksyfEid ij laf{kIr lwpuk fo'odks'keq>s fdl rjg izkIr gks ldrh gS\

laLFkk,¡@laxBu Ñi;k eq>s Hkkjr esa bathuh;fjax funsZf'[email protected]|ky;ksa ds uke rFkk irs nhft,A (Handbook)

thouh Hkkjr ds jk"Vªifr ds-vkj- ujk;.ku dk thoupfjr dks'kthoupfjr

lanHkZ iqLrdky;kè;{k esa ;g ;ksX;rk gksuh pkfg, fd og iz'uksa dk fo'ys"k.k djus ds ckn gh mi;qDrlanHkZ Ïksrksa dks iznku djsA


tSlk fd vki tkurs gSa fd iqLrdky;ksa esa dEI;wVj ds mi;ksx ds dkj.k vk/qfud iqLrdky; }kjknh tkus okyh fofHkUu lsokvksa esa cM+k Hkkjh ifjorZu vk;k gSA dEI;wVj ds mi;ksx ls iqLrdky;ksa esanh tkus okyh lanHkZ lsok dh Nfo esa foLe;dkjh fu[kkj vk;k gSA vkt dEI;wVj lanHkZ dk;Z ds ,degRoiw.kZ midj.k ds :i esa ekU; gSA vc vf/drj cM+s iqLrdky;ksa esa dEI;wVj }kjk [kkst lanHkZ dk;Zdk vko';d vax cu pqdk gSA

lwpuk rduhd dk mi;ksx f}eq[kh izfØ;k gS % vkarfjd lwpuk Ïksrksa dk fdlh bysDVªksfud iQkWesZV(Electronic Format) esa O;oLFkkiu djuk rFkk lwpuk dks fdlh Hkh iQkWesZV esa vfHkxfer djus dsfy, ckâ; midj.k ds :i esa dk;Z djukA Hkfo"; esa lalk/u lgHkkfxrk dks pykus esa ;g vR;Urmi;ksxh gS rFkk lwpuk dh vkiwfrZ] dkS'kyiw.kZ izfØ;kdj.k] fo'ys"k.k ,oa lwpuk vkiwfrZ esa lgk;d gSvkSj ewY;oku Ïksrksa ds izHkkoh mi;ksx dks lqfuf'pr djrk gSA


3- bysDVªksfud 'kCndks'k dk ifjp; nhft,A

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lwpuk izks|ksfxdh esa o`f¼ vkSj fodkl }kjk lanHkZ dk;Z Hkh izHkkfor gqvk gSA bl ifjizs{; esa dqN izHkkfor{ks=kksa dh ppkZ uhps dh xbZ gS %

d) bysDVªksfud 'kCndks'k (Electronic Dictionaries) : vusd Hkk"kk&'kCndks'k vc lhMh&jkse :i esa miyC/ gSA blus [kkst dks cgqr vklku rFkk cgqr vf/d mi;ksDrk eS=khiw.kZcuk fn;k gSA lh Mh&jkse (CD-ROM : Compact Disk Read Only Memory) :i esamiyC/ 'kCndks'k esa ewyikB] fp=k rFkk èofu dks ,d gh iSdst (Package) esa lkFk&lkFktksM+k ;k izLrqr fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj izfrfunsZ'k izfØ;k Hkh cgqr vklku gks tkrh gSAmnkgj.k % balkbDyksihfM;k fczVkfudk (Encyclopaedia Britannica)A

NOTES


17


[k) vkWuykbu MsVkcsl (Online Databases) : bysDVªksfud izdk'ku m|ksx us vius dk;ZØeksaesa lanHkZ Ïksrkssa vkSj lanHkZ MsVkcsl dks izkFkfedrk nh gS vkSj ;g izo`fÙk vkus okys dbZ o"kks±rd tkjh jgsxhA bUgsa iqLrdky;ksa esa lh Mh&jkse iQkWesZV esa j[kk tk ldrk gS vFkok ^xsVos*(Gateway) ds ekè;e ls vius dEI;wVj dks lwpuk ds ewy dEI;wVj ls tksM+ dj bUgsa lhèkkvfHkxfer fd;k tk ldrk gSA ftu laLFkkvksa ds laxzg esa f}rh;d ,oa r`rh;d lwpukvksa dkvHkko gksrk gS] mudh :fp ,sls mRiknksa esa vf/d gksrh gSA iqLrdky;ksa esa lwpuk deZpkfj;ksads fy, :fp dk ;g ,d eq[; {ks=k gS rFkk bl fn'kk esa gq, fodkl us lanHkZ lsok,¡ iznkudjus esa cgqr pqukSfr;k¡ izLrqr dh gSaA bl {ks=k esa cgqHkk"kk;h lwpuk lkexzh ds fy,lqlaxrrk;qDr vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa Lekjdk lsokvksa rFkk vuqØe.khdj.kh; 'kCnksa ;k inksa dscSad dks O;ofLFkr djuk vR;ar vko';d gS rkfd T;knkrj ikBd bl rjg dh lkexzh lsykHk mBk ldsaA

vkWuykbu [kkst dh lqfo/k okys dqN vR;ar yksdfiz; MsVkcsl fuEufyf[kr gSa %

esMyklZ MsVkcls (Medlars Database)

Mk;ykWx (Dialog)

vkWuykbu dEI;wVj ykbczsjh lsaVj (OCLC : Online Computer Library Centre)bR;kfnA

x) VsyhVsDl rFkk ohfM;ksVsDLV iz.kkfy;k¡ (Teletex and Videotext-Systems) :fodflr ns'kksa esa vksjsdy (Oracle) rFkk lhiQSDl (Ceefax) tSlh VsyhVsDl iz.kkyh izlkj.kdk mi;ksx dj ogk¡ ds iqLrdky; lanHkZ lsok,¡ pyk jgs gSaA buesa lekpkj] foKkiu]Vsyh'kkWfiax (Teleshopping) ,oa euksjatu 'kkfey gSaA futh dscy Vsyhfotu dEifu;k¡ Hkhvko';d dksM Mk;y dj bu iz.kkfy;ksa dk vfHkxeu dj ldrh gSaA

ohfM;ksVsLDV lsok,¡] tSls& xzsV&fczVsu esa Mkd?kj }kjk 'kq: dh xbZ izslVsy* (Prestel) ukedlsok esa vfHkxe&midj.k ds :i esa VsyhiQksu usVodZ dk vksj VfeZuy ds :i esa VsyhfotulsV dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA lwpuk iznku djus ds fy, iqLrdky; esa izslVsy* tSlh O;oLFkk HkhLFkkfir dh tk ldrh gSA bl izdkj dh lsok,¡ ;fn fujarj v|;ru jgsa rks ;s lwpuk iquizkZfIrds fy, mÙke Ïksr cu ldrh gSa vkSj fdlh Hkh iqLrdky; ds lanHkZ foHkkx ds fy,egRoiw.kZ gks ldrh gSaA


4- VsyhVsDl rFkk ohfM;ksVsDLV iz.kkfy;k¡ D;k gSa\

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?k) vkWuykbu dSVykWXl (Online Catalogues) : vkWuykbu lkoZtfud vfHkxe izlwfr(OPAC : Online Public Access Catalogue) fo|eku i=kd izlwfp;ksa dh iwjd gS rFkkbldk mi;ksx O;kid [kkst ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ;g ikBdksa dks ,d ls vf/d LFkkuij miyC/ lkexzh ds p;u dh lqfo/k miyC/ djkrh gSA vf/dka'k vkWuykbu lkoZtfud

NOTES



18

vfHkxe izlwfp;k¡ (OPACs) mi;ksDrk&eS=khiw.kZ gksrh gS vkSj ,sls vufHkK mi;ksDrkvksa dhHkjiwj lgk;rk djrh gSa ftUgsa iqLrdky; ds i'pkr~ mi;ksDrk lkekU;r% vkRefuHkZj gks tkrkgS vkSj iqLrdky; ds mi;ksx ;k lwpuk izkfIr ds fy, 'kk;n gh mls lanHkZ deZpkjh dhlsokvksa ;k lgk;rk dh vko';drk iM+rh gSA

lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh esa fodkl ds iQyLo:i fofHkUu ns'kksa ds iqLrdky;ksa dh lanHkZ lsok,¡ dkiQh izHkkforgks jgh gSaA ysfdu lcls egRoiw.kZ gSa % iqLrdky;ksa esa lwpuk rduhd dks vaxhdkj djuk vkSj lanHkZds fo'ks"k ifjos'k esa mHkjrs vU; eqíksa vkSj pqukSfr;ksa tSls& VsyhdE;qfuds'ku (Telecommunication)volajpuk] midj.k j[kj[kko ds fy, rduhdh leFkZu rFkk iqLrdky; foKku ikB~;Øeksa dh leh{kkbR;kfn dk lkeuk djus ds fy, iqLrdky;feZ;ksa dks rS;kj gksukA vius ns'k ds lwpuk deZpkfj;ksa dsfy, vc le; vk x;k gS fd os lanHkZ dh dk;Zfof/ dks O;ogkj esa iz;ksx djsaA izkS|ksfxdh us gesalwpuk&[kkst ,oa blds izn'kZu ds vusd l'kDr midj.k miyC/ djk, gSa] ijUrq ;s rHkh izHkkoh gksik,axs tc lanHkZ deZpkjh vius dk;ks± esa bl Bksl lS¼kafrd ,oa O;kogkfjd Kku dk mi;ksx dj ik,axsA

8- lkj&la{ksi

igys ;g ekuk tkrk Fkk fd lanHkZ lsok nsus ds fy, lanHkZ MsLd ij iqLrdky;kè;{k dh mifLFkfrek=k i;kZIr gksxhA ysfdu orZeku le; esa ;g Li"V gks pqdk gS fd lanHkZ iqLrdky;kè;{k ikBdksa dksrHkh lsok ns ldrk gS tc mlds ikl dqN mi;qDr ,oa Lrjh; lanHkZ xzaFk Hkh miyC/ gksaA bldk dkj.kgS] mi;ksDrkvksa dh O;kid Js.kh dh fofo/ izdkj dh ekax ,oa mudh fHkUu lwpuk vko';drk,¡A

vktdy dfBu vkfFkZd ifjfLFkfr ls lHkh tw> jgs gSaA bl dkj.k lkexzh ds p;u dk dk;Z dkiQhdfBu gks pqdk gS rFkk O;FkZ dh lkexzh dks de djds lsokvksa dks lcy cukuk vko';d gks x;kgSA lalk/u dh deh dh bl ifjfLFkfr esa lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh dks viukuk gh vf/d O;ogkfjd rFkklaHkkfor gy fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA blfy, bysDVªksfud lwpuk ij è;ku dsfUnzr djuk vf/d vko';dgks x;k gSA bl izdkj dh lwpuk dbZ lk/uksa vkSj rjhdksa ls izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA


1- lanHkZ dk;Z dk mís'; gS] lwpuk Ïksrksa esa miyC/ lwpuk dks lwpuk&fiiklqvksa rd izokfgrdjukA iqLrdky;ksa dh fnu&izfrfnu dh xfrfof/;ksa ds fy, iqLrdky;kè;{k dks iqLrdky;ksads lanHkZ xzaFkksa ij fuHkZj jguk iM+rk gSA iqLrdky; esa bu xazFkksa dks ,d i`Fkd~ LFkku ij j[kktkrk gS vkSj lkekU;r;k bUgsa iqLrdky; ds ckgj ys tkus ds fy, ugha fn;k tkrkA lanHkZ xzaFkksals ge lHkh HkyhHkk¡fr ifjfpr gSA] ftuesa 'kCndks'k rFkk fo'odks'k izeq[k :i ls yksdfiz;gSaA oLrqr% ge esa ls dbZ yksxksa ds ikl ,sls xazFk ?kj ij gh gksrs gSa tgk¡ ge cgqèkk budk mi;ksxdjrs gSaA

2- izkFkfed Ïksr (Primary Sources) : bu Ïksrksa dh lkexzh ekSfyd gksrh gSA ;s lkekU;r%'kks/ if=kdkvksa ds vkys[k] eksuksxzkiQ (Monograph), y?kq'kksèk izcaèk] izfrosnu ;k isVsaV ;kxzaFkksa esa vfHkys[k ds :i esa feyrs gSaA ,slh lkexzh dks izkFkfed Ïksr dgk tkrk gS D;ksafdbls fdlh vU; izys[k dh lkexzh ds vk/kj ij ;k la{ksi.k] O;k[;k ;k ewY;kadu tSlhizfØ;kvksa }kjk rS;kj ugha fd;k tkrk cfYd ;g ys[kd dh ewy jpuk gksrh gSA izkFkfed Ïksrla[;k esa dkiQh vf/d gS vkSj lkekU;r% dqN f}rh;d Ïksrksa dh lgk;rk ls Hkh buds ckjsesa tkudkjh izkIr dh tk ldrh gS] tSls& xzaFklwph] vuqØe.khdj.k lsok ;k lkjdj.k lsokdh lgk;rk lsA

NOTES


19


3- bysDVªksfud 'kCndks'k (Electronic Dictionaries) : vusd Hkk"kk&'kCndks'k vc lhMh&jkse :i esa miyC/ gSA blus [kkst dks cgqr vklku rFkk cgqr vf/d mi;ksDrk eS=khiw.kZcuk fn;k gSA lh Mh&jkse (CD-ROM : Compact Disk Read Only Memory) :i esamiyC/ 'kCndks'k esa ewyikB] fp=k rFkk èofu dks ,d gh iSdst (Package) esa lkFk&lkFktksM+k ;k izLrqr fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj izfrfunsZ'k izfØ;k Hkh cgqr vklku gks tkrh gSAmnkgj.k % balkbDyksihfM;k fczVkfudk (Encyclopaedia Britannica)A

4- VsyhVsDl rFkk ohfM;ksVsDLV iz.kkfy;k¡ (Teletex and Videotext-Systems) :fodflr ns'kksa esa vksjsdy (Oracle) rFkk lhiQSDl (Ceefax) tSlh VsyhVsDl iz.kkyh izlkj.kdk mi;ksx dj ogk¡ ds iqLrdky; lanHkZ lsok,¡ pyk jgs gSaA buesa lekpkj] foKkiu]Vsyh'kkWfiax (Teleshopping) ,oa euksjatu 'kkfey gSaA futh dscy Vsyhfotu dEifu;k¡ Hkhvko';d dksM Mk;y dj bu iz.kkfy;ksa dk vfHkxeu dj ldrh gSaA

ohfM;ksVsLDV lsok,¡] tSls& xzsV&fczVsu esa Mkd?kj }kjk 'kq: dh xbZ izslVsy* (Prestel) ukedlsok esa vfHkxe&midj.k ds :i esa VsyhiQksu usVodZ dk vksj VfeZuy ds :i esa VsyhfotulsV dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA lwpuk iznku djus ds fy, iqLrdky; esa izslVsy* tSlh O;oLFkk HkhLFkkfir dh tk ldrh gSA bl izdkj dh lsok,¡ ;fn fujarj v|;ru jgsa rks ;s lwpuk iquizkZfIrds fy, mÙke Ïksr cu ldrh gSa vkSj fdlh Hkh iqLrdky; ds lanHkZ foHkkx ds fy,egRoiw.kZ gks ldrh gSaA

10- eq[; 'kCn

vkWuykbu vfHkxe (Online Access) : lwpuk ds dEI;wVjhÑr MsVkcsl dk ;g ,d vU;ksU;fØ;kRed vfHkxe gSA

VsyhVsDl (Teletex) : ,d ,slh izlkj.k O;oLFkk ftlesa ikBdksa ds fy,fujarj v|ru lwpuk dks bysDVªksfud i`"Bksa ds ekè;els igq¡pk;k tkrk gSA ;g ,d bysDVªksfud lekpkj i=kdh rjg dke djrk gSA

ohfM;ksVsDLV (Videotext) : ;g ,d vU;ksU; fØ;kRed O;oLFkk gS ftlesa VsyhiQksuykbu dk iz;ksx gksrk gS vkSj tks dsoy l'kqYd gksrhgSaA ;g [kkstu djus okyksa dks inkuqØfed :i esalaxfBr bysDVªksfud i`"Bksa }kjk foLr`r lwpuk iznkudjrk gSA

lanHkZ xzaFk (Reference Books) : ,sls xzaFk tks ikBdksa ds rRdky izÑfr* ds iz'uksa ds mÙkjnsus esa mi;ksxh gksrs gSaA ;s xzaFk dsoy lanHkZ ds fy, j[kstkrs gSa vkSj bUgsa iqLrdky; ds ckgj ys tkuk fuf"k¼gksrk gSA vU; ,sls izdk'ku] ftudk iz;ksx izekf.kdlwpuk izkfIr esa gksrk gS] Hkh blh Js.kh esa vkrs gSaA

lanHkZ lkexzh (Reference Material) : ,slh iqLrdsa rFkk vU; iqLrdky; lkexzh ftUgsaiqLrdky; ls ckgj mi;ksx ds fy, ugha fn;k tkrkD;ksafd mudk Lo:i ,slk gksrk gS fd os fujarj iBuds fy, ugha cfYd laf{kIr ijke'kZ ds fy, rS;kj dhtkrh gS ;k ;s lanHkZ laxzg ls lacaf/r gksrh gSa vkSj bUgsax`g&iBu ds fy, ½.k ij ugha fn;k tkrk gSA

NOTES



20

lanHkZ lsok (Reference Service) : ikBd ,oa izys[k ds eè; O;fDrxr lsok }kjk lEidZLFkkfir djukA

11- vH;kl&iz'u

1- lanHkZ dk;Z ls vkidk D;k vk'k; gS\ bldh mi;ksfxrk dk o.kZu dhft,A

2- lanHkZ xzaFkksa ds izdkjksa dks le>krs gq, budh fofHkUu Jsf.k;k¡ crkb,A

3- lanHkZ xzaFkksa dh vko';drk ,oa mi;ksfxrk ij izdk'k Mkfy,A

4- lanHkZ iz'uksa ds fofo/ izdkjksa dk mYys[k mnkgj.k lfgr dhft,A

5- iqLrdky;ksa esa dEI;wVj dh Hkwfedk dk o.kZu dhft,A


Grogan, Denis J. (1992). Practical Reference Work 2nd ed. London : Library Asso-ciation Publishing.

Grogan, Denis J. (1982). Science and Technology : An Introduction to the Literative.4th ed. London : Clive Bingley.

Higgins, Gavin (ed.) (1983). Printed Reference Material. 2nd ed. London : LibraryAssociation.

Katz, William A. (1992). Introduction to Reference Work. Vol. 1 : Basic InformationSources. 6th ed. New York : McGraw-Hill.

Ranganathan, S.R. (1961). Reference Service. 2nd ed. Reprint. Bangalore : SaradaRanganthan Endowment for Library Science.

NOTES


21

lanHkZ ,oa lwpuk vfHkxeds midj.kksa ds izdkj

vè;k; esa lfEefyr gS %1- vè;;u ds mís';

2- ifjp;

3- lanHkZ ,pa lwpuk vfHkxe ds midj.k


4.1 lanHkZ xzaFkksa dk mn~Hko

5- lanHkZ ,oa lwpuk vfHkxe midj.kksa@Ïksrksa ds izdkj

6- izys[kh; lanHkZ midj.k@Ïksr

6-1 'kCndks'k

6-2 fo'odks'k

6-3 xazFklwfp;k¡

6-4 thoupfjr Ïksr

6-5 HkkSxksfyd Ïksr

6-6 Rofjr lanHkZ Ïksr

6-7 'kkldh; izdk'ku

6-8 vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k if=kdk,¡@Ïksr

6-9 isVs.V ,oa ekud

6-10 lkef;d ?kVukvksa ds fy, lanHkZ Ïksr

7- vizys[kh; lanHkZ midj.k@Ïksr

7-1 ekuo lalk/u

7-2 laLFkkxr lalk/u

7-3 tulapkj ekè;e

7-4 JO;&n`'; lapkj lk/u

8- lkj&la{ksi


10- eq[; 'kCn

11- vH;kl&iz'u


lanHkZ ,oa lwpuk vfHkxe dsmidj.kksa ds izdkj

vè;k;&2

NOTES



22

1- vè;;u ds mís';

bl vè;k; esa vkidk ifjp; fofHkUu izdkj ds lanHkZ ,oa lwpuk vfHkxe ds midj.kksa] ftUgsa igyslanHkZ xazFk dgk tkrk Fkk] ls djk;k tk,xkA

bl vè;k; dks i<+us ds ckn vki %

lanHkZ ,d lwpuk vfHkxe ds fofHkUu Ïksrksa ds ckjs esa tku ldsaxs_

fofHkUu izdkj ds lanHkZ ,oa lwpuk vfHkxe Ïksrksa ds chp varj dj ldasxs_

lanHkZ ds iz'uksa ls muds vuq:i lanHkZ Ïksrksa dk feyku djus esa l{ke gks ldsaxs_ rFkk

iqLrdky; esa lanHkZ Ïksrksa ds egRo dk o.kZu dj ldsaxsA

bl vè;k; ds var esa fn, x, laLrqr fØ;kdykiksa ls vki ikBdksa dh t:jr dh lwpuk] tks fofHkUuizdkj ds lanHkZ ,oa lwpuk vfHkxe midj.kksa@Ïksrksa esa vkids iqLrdky; esa miyC/ gS] dks <w¡<us esaleFkZ gksaxsA vkids le{k j[ks x, lanHkZ iz'uksa ds mÙkjksa dks <w¡<us ds fy, mi;qDr midj.kksa@Ïksrksa dksigpkuus esa Hkh vkidks buls lgk;rk feysxhA

2- ifjp;

fiNys vè;k; esa] iqLrdky; esa lanHkZ ,oa lwpuk izkfIr ds midj.kksa] mudh vko';drk ,oa egRodk fogaxkoyksdu izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA lanHkZ midj.k] ftUgsa lanHkZ Ïksr Hkh dgk tkrk gS] fodklds egRoiw.kZ nkSj ls gksdj xqtjs gSa vkSj fo'odks'k] tks izkjfEHkd lanHkZ Ïksr gS vkSj yEcs le; rdlwpuk ds Ïksr jgs gSa] vkt lwpuk ds ,dek=k ugha gSaA

vkt ds lanHkZ Ïksr izkekf.kd gksrs gSa budh :ijs[kk fu/kZfjr fo"k;&foLrkj ds vuq:ilkoèkkuhiwoZd rS;kj dh tkrh gS blesa lVhd ,oa oLrqfu"B lwpuk izkIr gksrh gS tks iBuh; ,oalqO;ofLFkr gksrh gS] budk vk:i lq:fpiw.kZ gksrk gS vkSj viuh fof'k"V fo'ks"krkvksa ds dkj.k ;svR;ar mi;ksxh gksrs gSaA

vkt lanHkZ Ïksr mi;ksDrk dks visf{kr lwpuk <w¡<us ds ;ksX; cukus esa brus le{k ,oa izHkko'kkyh gSafd mUgsa ekuo tkfr }kjk vkfo"Ñr lwpuk izkfIr ds lk/uksa esa lokZf/d iQyksRiknd ,oa dk;ZØelkèku ekuk tk ldrk gSA iqLrdky; dk lanHkZ laxzg bruk i;kZIr gksuk pkfg, tks mi;ksDrkvksa dhlwpuk vko';drkvksa dks iwjk dj ldsA lanHkZ xzaFkksa ds mn~Hko dks ekuo }kjk fopkjksa] vo/kjk.kkvksa]rF;ksa rFkk ?kVukvksa dk laxzg.k djus izkjfEHkd iz;klksa ls <w¡<k tk ldrk gSA

3- lanHkZ ,oa lwpuk vfHkxe ds midj.k

iqLrdky;ksa esa gj le; fofHkUu izdkj ds iz'uksa ;k ifji`PNkvksa dks iwNk tkrk gSA bu iz'uksa dk mÙkjnsus ds fy, lanHkZ rFkk lwpuk Ïksr gh izkjfEHkd rFkk ;qfDr;qDr midj.k gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ;fndksbZ ikBd ;g iwNs fd ¶eq>s vkLVªsfy;k ds ckjs esa lwpuk dgk¡ ls fey ldrh gS\¸ rks fo'odks'kbldk mi;qDr lwpuk Ïksr gSA ;k dksbZ vU; ikBd ;g tkuuk pkgs fd ¶jlk;u m|ksx esa dk;ZjrdqN O;fDr;ksa ds uke irs D;k gSa\¸ rks bldk mÙkj fdlh funsZf'kdk esa miyC/ gksxkA ;k rhljk ikBd;g iwNrk gS fd ¶lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh fo"k; ds mQij izdkf'kr gq, dqN u, vkys[k eSa dgk¡ ls izkIrdj ldrk gw¡\¸ rks bl fof'k"V fo"k;] vFkkZr~ lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh ls lacaf/r vuqØe.khdj.k ;klkjdj.k if=kdk,¡ blds fy, lokZf/d mi;qDr Ïksr gksaxhA

lfn;ksa ls euq"; fofo/ izdkj ds fo"k;ksa ij fofHkUu ekè;eksa rFkk izk:iksa }kjk lwpuk dk lapkj djrkvk jgk gSA bu lHkh iz;klksa dk mís'; ;g jgk gS fd fdlh Hkh izk:i esa ;k ekè;e ij dksbZ lwpuk

NOTES


23


miyC/ gSA bfPNr lwpuk dks <w¡<us ds Øe esa iqLrdky;kè;{k rFkk iqLrdky; mi;ksDrkvksa dks lnSols gh izdkf'kr esa lfUufgr leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS D;ksafd ;s lwpuk,¡ u dsoy fofoèklkfgfR;d Lo:iksa esa cfYd fofHkUu HkkSfrd Lo:i esa ;=k&r=k fc[kjh jgrh gSA miyC/ lEiw.kZlkfgR; dks vusd fo'ks"kKksa }kjk rhu Jsf.k;ksa&izkFkfed] f}rh;d rFkk r`rh;d lwpuk Ïksrksa esa foHkDrfd;k x;k gSA izkFkfed] f}rh;d rFkk r`rh;d Ïksrksa ds ckjs esa tkuuk gekjs fy, mi;ksxh gS D;ksafd;s lkexzh ;k lwpuk dh lkisf{kr uohurk] rFkk lkisf{kd lVhdrk dks bafxr djrs gSaA

izkFkfed Ïksr lwpuk ds ekSfyd rFkk lkeftd Ïksr gksrs gSa ftuesa nh xbZ lwpuk dh tkudkjh mllwpuk ds izdk'ku ds igys fdlh vU; O;fDr dks izk;% ugha gksrhA ;s if=kdkvksa ds vkys[kksa] xzaFkksa;k eksuksxzkiQ] izfrosnuksa] 'kks/ izca/ksa] iSEiQysV~l (Pamphlets), lEesyu&dk;Zokfg;ksa bR;kfn ds :iesa feyrs gSaA vf/drj izkFkfed Ïksrksa esa fdlh oSKkfud 'kks/ ds fu"d"kZ gksrs gSaA iqLrdky;ksa esa buizkFkfed Ïksrksa ds fu;a=k.k ;k mi;ksx ds fy, ge f}rh;d Ïksrksa dk iz;ksx djrs gSa] tSls&vuqØef.kdk,¡ lkj ;k xzaFklwfp;k¡A

vuqØef.kdk ,d f}rh;d Ïksr gS bldk mi;ksx izkFkfed Ïksrksa dks <w¡<us ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSAbl izdkj] f}rh;d Ïksrksa esa ewy ;k izkFkfed lwpuk ds mQij lwpuk gksrh gS ftls lkekU;r%mi;ksDrkvksa ds mi;ksx ds fy, iquO;ZofLFkr ,oa la'kksf/r fd;k tkrk gSA vr% ,slk dksbZ Ïksr ftlesanwljksa ds fu"d"kks± dks izfrosfnr fd;k x;k gks] f}rh;d Ïksr dgykrk gSA

r`rh;d Ïksr ,sls lwpuk gSa ftuesa nh xbZ lwpuk izkFkfed rFkk f}rh;d Ïksrksa ls ladfyr dh tkrhgSA ,sls Ïksr tks izkFkfed rFkk f}rh;d Ïksrksa dh Js.kh esa ugha vkrs os r`rh;d Ïksr gSaA r`rh;d Ïksrksaesa izk;% lHkh izdkj ds f}rh;d Ïksrksa dk mYys[k gksrk gSA

buds vfrfjDr Hkh ,d vU; izdkj ds lwpuk Ïksr gksrs gSa tks ,sls fo'ks"k lanHkZ iz'uksa ij lwpuk iznkudjrs gSa ftuds fy, fof'k"V mÙkj dh vko';drk gksrh gSA mnkgj.kLo:i] fdlh O;fDr ;k laLFkkdk irk ;k VsyhiQksu uEcjA ,sls izys[kksa dks Hkh lanHkZ Ïksr dgk tkrk gSA

lanHkZ dk;Z esa] fofo/ lwpukvksa ds vfHkxe rFkk vfHkxe&Ïksrksa dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA fo'odks'k]'kCnkdks'k] HkkSxksfyd Ïksr] thoupfj=k dks'k] rF;kUos"k.k Ïksr bR;kfn lanHkZ ,oa lwpuk vfHkxe ÏksrgSaA ;s lHkh vf/drj ,slh lwpukvksa ij vk/kfjr gksrs gSa tks miyC/ rks gksrh gS ij ;=k&r=k fc[kjhgksrh gSA vr% ;s lHkh f}rh;d Ïksrksa dh Js.kh esa vkrs gSaA

fofHkUu izdkj ds lanHkZ iz'uksa dks è;ku esa j[kdj fofHkUu izdkj ds lanHkZ Ïksrksa dks izdkf'kr ,oa rS;kjfd;k tkrk gSA

vxys vuqHkkxksa esa ge fofHkUu izdkj ds lanHkZ Ïksrksa ds ckjs esa vè;;u djsaxs ftuesa xzaFkksa] rF;ksa] dqNlaxBuksa] LFkkuksa] fopkj/kjkvksa] i`"BHkwfeidj lwpuk] orZuh] 'kCnkFkZ] lkaf[;dh bR;kfn ls lacaf/rfofoèk izdkj ds iz'uksa ds mÙkj feyrs gSaA


iqLrdky;ksa esa lanHkZ xzaFkksa dk mi;ksx ,d vke ckr gSA xazFk ;k iqLrdsa igys iqLrdky esa vanj ghi<+us ds fy, miyC/ FkhaA ysfdu ckn esa tc fofHkUu Jsf.k;ksa ds xzaFk miyC/ gq,] rc lanHkZ xzaFkksadks vU; izdkj ds xzaFkksa ls vyx fd;k x;kA izk;% lanHkZ xzaFkksa dks iqLrdky;ksa esa ,d vyx LFkkuij j[kk tkrk gS ftudk dsoy ijke'kZ gsrq ;k lanHkZ gsrq gh mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA lanHkZ Ïksr O;fDr;ksads Kku dks c<+kus esa lgk;rk djrs gSa vkSj tc dksbZ vf/dkf/d f'kf{kr gks tkrk gS rks lanHkZ xzaFkksadk mi;ksx vkSj c<+rk tkrk gSA

lanHkZ xzaFk vU; xzaFkksa ls fHkUu gS D;ksafd ;s eq[;r% ijke'kZ ds fy, gksrs gSa u fd fujUrj iBu dsfy,A vkb, ge lanHkZ xzaFkksa ds mn~Hko ds ckjs esa vkSj vf/d tkudkjh izkIr djsaA

NOTES



24

4.1 lanHkZ xzaFkksa dk mn~Hko

lanHkZ xzaFkksa dh igpku djkus okys rhu izeq[k rRo gSa % lwpuk ds O;LFkkiu dh jhfr] lwpuk ds iz.k;udk Lo:i rFkk fdlh fuf'pr lwpuk dh izkfIr ds fy, u fd fujUrj iBu ds fy, mudk mi;ksxAmnkgj.k ds fy,] dksbZ O;fDr 'kCndks'k dk mi;ksx dsoy 'kCnksa ds vFkks± dks ikus ds fy, djrk gSu fd fujUrj iBu ds fy,A blfy, lanHkZ xzaFk os xzaFk gSa ftudk ijke'kZ fdlh fuf'pr lwpuk dsfy, fd;k tkrk gS u fd fujUrj i<+us ds fy,A

lanHkZ xzaFkksa dh mRifÙk dks ge ekuo }kjk fopkjksa] vo/kj.kkvksa] rF;ksa rFkk ?kVukvksa dk izfrosnu djusdh fn'kk esa fd, x, izkjfEHkd iz;klksa esa [kkst ldrs gSaA ekuo us lcls igys xqiQkvksa] tgk¡ ogjgrk Fkk] dh nhokjksa ij i'kqvksa dh :ijs[kk [khaphA laHkor% lanHkZ xzaFkksa dk izkjfEHkd Lo:i ;ghals 'kq: gqvkA bu fp=kksa dks mudh ;kn dks rktk djus ds mís'; ls [khapk tkrk gksxkA ckn esa] tceuq"; us i<+uk rFkk fy[kuk lh[kk rc mlus vius fopkjksa dks feV~Vh dh rf[r;ksa] rkezi=kksa] diM+ksarFkk Nkyksa ij vfHkysf[kr djuk 'kq: fd;kA buesa ls dqN vkt Hkh dbZ laxzkgy;ksa esa vfHkys[kkxkjksaesa ik, tkrs gSaA

5. lanHkZ ,oa lwpuk vfHkxe midj.kksa@Ïksrksa ds izdkj

igys] iqLrdky;ksa esa lanHkZ ,oa lwpuk vfHkxe midj.kksa ;k Ïksrksa vkSj muds HkkSfrd Lo:iksa dksigpkuuk dksbZ dfBu dk;Z ugha Fkk D;ksafd vf/drj lkefxz;k¡ eqfnzr :i esa gksrh FkhaA ysfduifjfLFkfr esa cM+h rsth ls ifjorZu vk;k gSA ;g lR; gS fd vkt Hkh eqfnzr Ïksrksa dk vf/iR; gSysfdu vU; izdkj ds Ïksr Hkh vR;ar rhozrk ds lkFk izdV gks jgs gSa vkSj fnu&izfrfnu egRoiw.kZ gksrstk jgs gSaA laHkor% iqLrdky;ksa esa 16oha 'krkCnh ls eqfnzr xazFk vfLrRo esa vk,A lekpkj i=k rFkkif=kdk,¡ 18oha 'krkCnh ds mÙkjk/Z esa ns[kus dks feyhaA 20oha 'krkCnh rFkk blds vafre nks n'kdksa esagh izys[kh; Ïksrksa dk vizys[kh; Ïksrksa ls varj Li"V gqvkA

lwpuk ds eqfnzr Ïksrksa dk mi;ksx dkiQh yEcs le; ls fd;k tk jgk gS vkSj budh vusd leL;k,¡gSaA blfy, iqLrdky;kè;{k rFkk iqLrdky; mi;ksDrk nksuksa }kjk fdlh Hkh fodYi dk Lokxr fd;kx;kA veqfnzr ekè;e ds vkxeu ds ckn vè;;u esa [kkst dh leL;k,¡ dkiQh gn rd de gqb±A ;s[kkst ds dke dks lqxe cukrh gSaA vr% buds }kjk [kkst dk dk;Z rhozrk ls lEiUu gksrk gSA ;|fibu uohu lwpuk ekè;eksa dh Hkh viuh dqN leL;k,¡ gSa] tSls mPp ewY; rFkk Ñfre ;a=kksa dk iz;ksx]fiQj Hkh buds lapkyu rFkk mi;ksx dh lgtrk us bUgsa fofo/ dksfV ds ikBdksa ds chp vR;Uryksdfiz; cuk fn;k gSA

lanHkZ ,oa lwpuk vfHkxe midj.kksa dks muds HkkSfrd Lo:i] mi;ksx rFkk O;oLFkkiu ds vk/kj ijnks izeq[k Jsf.k;ksa&izys[kh; rFkk vizys[kh; ds varxZr j[kk tk ldrk gSA

vxys vuqHkkxksa esa ge bu nks izdkj ds lanHkZ ,oa lwpuk vfHkxe Ïksrksa ds ckjs esa dN vkSj tkudkjhizkIr djsaxsA

6. izys[kh; lanHkZ midj.k@Ïksr

fofHkUu izdkj ds izys[kh; lanHkZ midj.k (ftls izk;% lanHkZ xzaFk dgrs gSa) fuEufyf[kr gSa %

1- 'kCndks'k

2- fo'odks'k

3- xzaFklwph

4- thoupfj=k Ïksr

NOTES


25


5- HkkSxksfyd Ïksr

6- Rofjr lanHkZ Ïksr

7- 'kkldh; izdk'ku

8- vuqØe.khdj.k rFkk lkjdj.k Ïksr@lsok,¡

9- isVs.V rFkk ekud

10- lkef;d ?kVukvksa ds lanHkZ Ïksr


1- lanHkZ xzaFkksa ds mn~Hko ij izdk'k Mkfy,A

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vc ge mi;qZDr izdkj ds midj.kksa dk lksnkgj.k fooj.k nsrs gq, buesa ls izR;sd dh laf{kIr >k¡dhizLrqr djsaxsA budk foLr`r fooj.k bl ikB~;Øe ds vè;k; 6 ls 13 esa fn;k x;k gSA

6.1 'kCndks'k

'kCndks'kkas (Dictionaries) esa fdlh Hkk"kk ds 'kCnksa ;k fdlh fo"k; ds inksa rFkk muds vFkks± ,oa iz;ksxdh O;k[;k feyrh gS vkSj bu 'kCnksa ,oa inksa dks ,d fu/kZfjr Øe&tks lkekU;r% vkuqof.kZd gksrkgS esa O;ofLFkr fd;k tkrk gSA blesa izk;% o.kZ&foU;kl] mPpkj.k] iz;ksx rFkk izR;sd 'kCn dk vFkZHkh fn;k tkrk gSA 'kCndks'k eq[;r;k fyf[kr ;k okfpr 'kCnksa ds ladyu gkrs gSaA le;≤ ijtc u, 'kCnksa dk xBu rFkk iz;ksx gksrk gS rc bu u, 'kCnksa dks Hkh 'kCndks'k esa 'kkfey dj fy;ktkrk gSA 'kCndks'kksa ds dqN mi;ksx fuEufyf[kr gSa %

1- ifjHkk"kk

2- 'kCnksa dh orZuh

3- mPpkj.k

4- iz;ksx

5- i;kZ;okph] foykse rFkk Jqfrle fHkUukFkZd 'kCn

6- ladasrk{kj] fpUg ,oa izrhd

7- x¡obZ Hkk"kk

8- u, 'kCn rFkk iqjkus 'kCnksa ds u;s vFkZ

9- cksyh

10- v¡xjsth Ñfr;ksa esa iz;qDr fons'kh 'kCn@in

11- O;kdjf.kd lwpuk

12- O;qRifÙk

fHkUu&fHkUu 'kCndks'kksa esa lfEefyr fd, x, 'kCnksa dh la[;k rFkk izR;sd 'kCn ds ckjs esa nh xbZ lwpukds foLrkj esa fHkUurk gksrh gSA 'kCndks'k pkj izdkj ds gksrs gSa& c`gr~] laf{kIr] }SHkkf"kd rFkkcgq&Hkkf"kd 'kCndks'kA iqLrdky;ksa esa Ø; djrs le; xÙkksa dh ftYnlkth okys 'kCndks'kksa dks

NOTES



26

izkFkfedrk nsuh pkfg,A ;g ;kn j[kuk egRoiw.kZ gS fd 'kCndks'kksa dk {ks=k&foLrkj ftruk gksxk mUgsav|ru cuk, j[kuk rFkk mUgsa iqu% izdkf'kr djuk mruk gh eg¡xk gksxkA izfrfu"Br izdk'kdksa }kjkizdkf'kr 'kCndks'kksa dk uohuhdj.k gksrk jgrk gS D;ksafd os izk;% gj rhu&pkj lky esa m|ru fd,tkrs gSaA dEI;wVj ds mi;ksx ds dkj.k vktdy mPp dksfV ds 'kCndks'kksa ds izdk'ku esa dkiQh ennfeyrh gSA

mnkgj.k %

Oxford DictionaryWebster's New World Dictionary of American English 3rd College ed. 1988.

Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English.

6.2 fo'odks'k

fo'odks'k (Encyclopaedias) ekuotkfr ds fy, fo'ks"k egRoiw.kZ Kku dk lqfu;ksftr lkjka'k gSAfdlh fo'odks'k dk foLrkj bruk O;kid gks ldrk gS fd mlesa leLr fo"k; lfEefyr gks] vkSjfdlh fo'odks'k dk foLrkj fdlh ,d fo"k; rd gh lhfer gks ldrk gSA fo'odks'k ,d lqlac¼de (tks lkekU;r;k vkuqof.kZd gksrk gS) esa O;ofLFkr gksrs gSaA dqN fo'odks'k ,d [k.M esa gks ldrsgSa vkSj dqN vusd [k.Mksa esaA ,dy&[k.Mh; fo'odks'kksa esa laf{kIr lwpuk nh tkrh gS rFkk cgq[k.Mh;fo'odks'kksa esa foLr`r lwpuk gksrh gSA fo'odks'k izk;% fo'ks"kKksa }kjk fy[ks tkrs gSa vkSj dHkh&dHkh buesaxzaFklwfp;k¡ rFkk fp=k Hkh gksrs gSaA ;s 'kCndks'kksa esa fHkUu gSa D;ksafd 'kCndks'k 'kCn ds D;k* dks crkrsgSa tcfd fo'odks'k fdlh fopkj] O;fDr] LFkku] ?kVuk] oLrq bR;kfn ds ^D;k*] ^dc*] ^dSls*]^dgk¡* rFkk ^D;ksa* ds ckjs esa crkrs gSaA

fo'odks'k ,d izeq[k lanHkZ Ïksr gS ftlesa dkiQh vf/d lwpuk feyrh gSA fdlh le; esa ,d vPNsfo'odks'k dks iqLrdky; esa lanHkZ lsok dh vk/kjf'kyk ekuk tkrk FkkA ^balkbDyksihfM;k*(Encyclopaedias) 'kCn dh O;qRifÙk xzhd Hkk"kk ls gqbZ gS ftldk vFkZ gS lwpuk dk ?kVukpØ* ;knwljs 'kCnksa esa] vPNh f'k{kk*A bl vaxjsth 'kCn dk iz;ksx lcls igys Johann Henrich Alsted dhrqyuk Encyclopaedia Cursus Philosophici, (Herbon, 1608) esa fd;k x;kA

lcls igyk Kkr fo'odks'k izkphu xzhd nk'kZfud vjLrq (Aristotle) }kjk fy[kk x;k Fkk tks mldsfuca/ksa ds ,d=k.k dk izfriQy FkkA blfy, vjLrq dks fo'odks'k dk tud ekuk tkrk gS] ;|fi vjLrqus fo'odks'k fy[kus dk dksbZ iz;kl ugha fd;k FkkA vaxjsth esa izdkf'kr gksus okyk igyk fo'odks'kJohn Harris dks Laxion Technicum, ;k An Universal English Dictionary of the Artsand Sciences, (London, 1704) FkkA lcls izkjfEHkd fo'odks'kksa esa Lisfu'k vkdZfc'ki vkblhMksj(Spanish Archbishop Isidore) dk Seville's Etymologiarum sive originum libri XX Fkktks lu~ 623 esa iwjk gqvkA bldh ,d gtkj ls vf/d gLrfyf[kr izfr;k¡ miyC/ Fkha rFkk bldkeqfnzr laLdkj 17oha 'krkCnh ds mÙkjk¼Z rd vR;ar yksdfiz; jgkA

fo'odks'k dbZ izdkj ds gksrs gSaA blds nks izeq[k izdkj gSA % lkekU; fo'odks'k] tSls& EncyclopaediaBritannica; rFkk fo"k;xr fo'odks'k] tSls& Encyclopaedia of Religion.

lkekU; fo'odks'k

yksdfiz; lkekU; fo'odks'k (General Encyclopaedia) vius vkdkj rFkk [k.Mksa dh la[;k dsdkj.k dkiQh izHkko'kkyh gksrs gSaA o;Ld ikBdksa ds chp yksdfiz; fo'odks'kksa dks 'ABC' ds laf{kIruke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS vFkkZr~ Americana, Britannica rFkk Collier'sA ;s fo'odks'k fofHkUufo"k;ksa vkSj izdj.kksa ds mQij foLr`r tkudkjh izkIr djus esa dkiQh mi;ksxh gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, ;fndksbZ O;fDr gokbZ tgktksa ;k frrfy;ksa ds ckjs esa tkuuk pkgrk gS rks vPNh 'kq:vkr ds fy, ,d

NOTES


27


vPNk lkekU; fo'odks'k vkjfEHkd fcUnq gksxkA fdlh vesfjdh izdj.k ij] tSls vesfjdk ls lacaf/r fdlh ,sfrgkfld igyw ;k fdlh LFkku dh HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr ds fy, EncyclopediaAmericana fo'ks"k :i ls mi;ksxh gksxkA

lkekU; fo'odks'kksa ds dqN mnkgj.k fuEufyf[kr gSa %

Collier's Encyclopedia. 24 volunes. Annual Revision. First Pulbished 1949-51.

Encyclopedia Americana. 30 volunes. Annual Revision First Published 1929-23.

The New Encyclopaedia Britannica. 15th Edition. 32 volumes. okf"kZd la'kks/uA

The New Encyclopaedia Britannica dh vk[;k ls lu~ 1974 ls izdkf'krA blds iwoZEncyclopaedia Britannica dh vk[;k ds varxZr izdkf'krA izFke izdk'ku 1768&71A


2- loZizFke Kkr fo'odks'k dk laf{kIr ifjp; nhft,A

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fo"k;xr fo'odks'k

fofHkUu fo"k;ksa esa fo'ks"kKrk izkIr djus dh Hkkouk rFkk vko';drk ds dkj.k vkt ds ikBd lw{e{ks=kksa esa vf/dkf/d lwpuk dh ekax dj jgs gSaA blds pyrs fofHkUu fo"k;ksa ds fo"k;xr fo'odks'kksa(Subject Encyelopaedias) ds izdk'ku dks c<+kok feyk gSA cgq[kaMh; lkekU; fo'odks'kksa esa fdlhfo"k; ij tkudkjh ,d ys[k esa nh tkrh gS tks mruh xgjh ugha gksrhA ijUrq fo"k;xr fo'odks'k esa,d gh [k.M esa fdlh fo"k; dh vf/d foLr`r rFkk xgu tkudkjh nh gksrh gSA dqN fo"k;xrfo'odks'k cgq&[k.Mksa ;k vusd [k.Mksa esa Hkh gksrs gSaA buesa vf/d foLr`r rFkk vf/d xgu fooj.kizkIr gksrk gSA

fo"k;xr fo'odks'kksa ds dqN mnkgj.k fuEufyf[kr gSa %

McGraw-Hill Encylopaedia of Science and Technology. 6th ed. New York : McGraw.Hill Book Company, 1987, 19 volumes and Index.

Encyclopaedia of Library and Information Science. 1968-35 volumes. Supplement1–.

6.3 xzaFklwfp;k¡

xzaFklwph (Bibliography) dks fyf[kr] eqfnzr vFkok vU; izdkj ls rS;kj fd, x, lH;rk dsvfHkys[kksa dh ,d lqO;ofLFkr lwph ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gS] tSls& iqLrdksa] if=kdkvksads vkys[kksa bR;kfn dh lwphA ;g iqLrdky;kè;{k ,oa mi;ksDrkvksa dh fo'ks"kdj ,sls izys[kksa dks <w¡<usesa lgk;rk djrh gS ftuls os vufHkK (;k muds vfLrRo ds ckjs esa vfuf'pr) gksrs gSaA vkerkSj ijlHkh iqLrdky;ksa esa izys[kksa ds ys[kd] vk[;k ;k fo"k; vfHkxe ds varxZr izys[kksa dh ekax dh tkrhgS ftls iqLrdky; izlwph dh lgk;rk }kjk iwjk fd;k tkrk gSA ysfdu ;g iz;kl ml el; foiQygks tkrk gS tc izys[k ds fdlh ,d vè;k; ;k Hkkx vFkok xzaFk esa ladfyr fdlh vkys[k dh ek¡xdh xbZ gks vFkok tc ek¡xk x;k izys[k iqLrdky; esa miyC/ u gks vFkok tc fdlh ,sls izys[k

NOTES



28

dks <w¡<k tk jgk gks ftldh lwpuk iqLrdky; izlwph esa miyC/ ugha gksA dHkh&dHkh mi;ksDrk }kjkfn, x, ys[kd ds uke ;k vk[;k esa vk'kqf¼ gks ldrh gSA ,slh leL;k,¡ mRiUu gksus ij xzaFkijdmidj.k visf{kr lkexzh dks <w¡<us esa lgk;d gksrs gSaA

vius dk;Z ds nkSjku] lwpuk fo'ks"kK rFkk iqLrdky;kè;{k izk;% xzaFklwfp;ksa dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA budkmi;ksx djus ds fy, budh igpku rFkk budh tk¡p ds lkFk&lkFk mi;qDr lkexzh dh lqyHkrk dkHkh è;ku j[kuk pkfg,A

xzaFklwfp;k¡ dbZ :iksa eas feyrh gSa % ;s lkoZHkkSfrd] O;kikfjd ;k jk"Vªh; gks ldrh gSaA fo"k; xzaFklwphHkh xzaFklwph dh ,d dksfV gS tks vuqla/kudrkZvksa rFkk fof'k"V fo"k;ksa ls lacaf/r O;fDr;ksa ds fy,mi;ksxh gksrh gSaA

vr% xzaFklwfp;ksa dks ;FkklaHko iw.kZ gksuk pkfg,] izys[k ;k mlds fdlh Hkkx ls lacaf/r lwpuk dhizkfIr esa lgk;d gksuk pkfg, rFkk fofHkUu izdkjksa esa miyC/ gksuk pkfg,A xzaFklwfp;k¡ dbZ izdkj dhgksrh gSaA bu izdkjksa dk o.kZu bl [k.M dh bdkbZ 3 esa fd;k x;k gSA

xzaFklwfp;ksa ds dqN mnkgj.k fuEufyf[kr gSa %

British National Bibliography. British Library Bibliographic Service Division, BritishLibrary. Boston Spa, 1950-.

Cumulative Book Index, H.W. Wilson, New York, 1898-.

Forthcoming Book, R.R. Bowker, New York, 1966-.

Indian Books in Print, New Delhi, 1967-.

6.4 thoupfjr Ïksr

lanHkZ lsok iznku djus esa lgk;d lkfgR; dk vf/drj Hkkx O;fDr;ksa ds ckjs esa lwpuk iznku djusls lacaf/r gksrk gSA ,sls lkfgR; dks thoupfjr] thouh ;k thoupfjrkRed Ïksr (BiographicalSource) dgk tkrk gSA lanHkZ ladyu esa budh izpqjrk blfy, gksrh gS D;ksasfd O;fDr;ksa dh #fpO;fDr;ksa esa gksrh gSA blds vfrfjDr lHkh izdkj dh lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd rFkk jktuhfrd ?kVukvksads dsUnz esa O;fDr gh gksrs gSaA vr% lanHkZ iqLrdky;kè;{k ls [;kfr&izkIr O;fDr;ksa ds thou&o`Ùkkards mQij lkexzh cgq/k ek¡xh tkrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, tc dksbZ O;fDr Hkkjr dk u;k jk"Vªifr curkgS rks gj O;fDr mlds ckjs esa vf/d&ls&vf/d tkudkjh izkIr djus dk bPNqd gksrk gSA blh izdkj];fn dksbZ O;fDr foKku] dyk ;k lkfgR; esa dksbZ fo'ks"k LFkku izkIr djrk gS rks ge lHkh mlds ckjsesa vkSj vf/d tkuus ds bPNqd gks tkrs gSaA bl izdkj ds lanHkZ iz'uksa ds lgh mÙkj thoupfjrkRedÏksrksa esa feyrs gSaA

thoupfjr ds lacaf/r iz'ukas dks fuEufyf[kr :i ls oxhZÑr fd;k tk ldrk gS %

v) [;kfr izkIr O;fDr (thfor rFkk fnoaxr nksuksa) tSls& jktusrk] dykdkj] /kfeZd usrk]oSKkfud] f[kykM+h] lSfud] nk'kZfud bR;kfnA

c) foKku] lkekftd foKku rFkk ekufodh ds fo'ks"kK_ fpfdRlk 'kkL=k fof/] baftfu;fjax]f'k{kk ls lacaf/r O;fDr_ leqnk;] O;kikj] O;olk; rFkk m|ksx ls lacaf/r O;fDr bR;kfnA

l) mPp oxZ] jktoa'k] dqyhu oxZ] izFke ifjokj] lkekftd Dyc bR;kfn ls lacaf/r x.;&ekU;O;fDrA

n) thou ds izR;sd {ks=k ds [;kfr&izkIr O;fDr] lekpkj ;k foKkiuksa esa Nk, fdlh Hkh ns'k

NOTES


29


;k Hkw&{ks=k ds O;fDrA

mi;qZDr oxks± ds O;fDr;ksa ds ckjs esa lanHkZ iz'uksa dk mÙkj nsus ds fy, rhu izdkj ds Ïksr miyC/ gSa%

1- lkoZHkkSfed rFkk jk"Vªh; thoupfjr dks'k

2- iwoZO;kih thoupfjr dks'k

3- lkekf;d thoupfjr dks'k] ftUgsa gw bt gw (Who's Who) Hkh dgrs gSaA

;s Ïksr fdlh thfor ;k fnoaxr O;fDr ds ckjs esa vusd izdkj dh lwpuk iznku djrs gSa] tSls& tUeLFkku ,oa frfFk] jk"Vªh;rk] 'kSf{kd i`"BHkwfe] O;kolkf;d miyfC/;k¡] thou dh egÙoiw.kZ miyfCèk;k¡]ys[ku ,oa Ñfr;k¡] thou dh mYys[kuh; ?kVuk,¡ rFkk O;fDrxr thou dk laf{kIr o`ÙkkarAthoupfjrkRed Ïksrksa ds vfrfjDr ;g lwpuk vU; izdk'kuksa] tSls fo'odks'kksa] of"kZfd;ksa] lekpkj i=kksarFkk 'kCndks'kksa ;k funsZf'kdkvksa esa Hkh miyC/ gksrh gSA thoupfjrkRed Ïksrksa ds dqN mnkgj.kfuEufyf[kr gSa %

International Who's Who, London : Europa Publications, 1935-. Annual.

Who's Who in America, Chicago : Marquis. 1899-.

India Who's Who, New Delhi : INFA.

Who's Who in Commerce and Industry. Chicago : Marquis 1936-.

6.5 HkkSxksfyd Ïksr

HkkSxksfyd Ïksr (Geographical Sources) ,sls lanHkZ xzaFk gSa tks LFkku ls lacaf/r iz'uksa dk mÙkj nsusesa lgk;d gSaA ;s ns'kksa] jkT;ksa] Hkw&{ks=kksa] ftyksa] uxjksa] ioZrksa] ufn;ksa] >hyksa rFkk fo'o ds lHkh LFkkuksads fooj.k ,oa fLFkfr ls lacaf/r lwpuk iznku djrs gSaA

HkkSxksfyd Ïksrksa dks pkj oxks± esa foHkDr fd;k tk ldrk gS %

v) HkkSxksfyd dks'k

c) lanf'kZdk,¡] gS.Mcqd

l) ekufp=k] ekufp=kkofy;k¡

n) Xyksc

HkkSxksfyd dks'kksa (Gazetteers) esa fofHkUu LFkkuksa dk ,sfrgkfld] jktuhfrd] lkaLÑfrd] lkekftd]vkS|ksfxd] tukafddh; rFkk iz'kklfud fooj.k gksrk gSA buesa fofHkUu LFkkuksa ds HkkSxksfyd MsVk rFkkv{kka'k ,oa ns'kkarj js[kkvksa dh fLFkfr dh Hkh tkudkjh feyrh gSA

lanf'kZdk,¡ (Guide Books) fdlh 'kgj] ns'k] {ks=k] /kfeZd LFky ;k Hkouksa ;k ,sfrgkfld Lekjdksads ckjs esa lwpuk iznku djrh gS vkSj i;ZVdksa ds fy, vR;ar lqfo/ktud gksrh gSaA ;s izk;% ,slsO;fDr;ksa rFkk i;ZVdksa ds fy, lgk;d gksrh gS tks fofHkUu LFkkuksa dh ;k=kk djuk pkgrs gSaA lanf'kZdk,¡izk;% vkokxeu ds lk/uksa] ifjogu lqfo/kvksa] gksVyksa esa Bgjus] lkaLÑfrd] lkekftd] /kfeZd rF;ksa][kkuiku ds LFkyksa rFkk [kjhnnkjh ds dsUnzksa bR;kfn ds ckjs esa lwpuk nsrh gSaA

ekufp=k (Map) fdlh LFkku dk js[kh; izLrqrhdj.k gksrk gS tks izk;% fdlh iSekus ds vk/kj ij fpf=krgksrk gS vkSj LFkku fu/kZj.k ,oa fn'kk ds ckjs esa funsZ'k nsrk gS ftls fyf[kr izys[kksa }kjk crkuk dfBugksrk gSA ekufp=kkofy;k¡ (Atlases) iqLrd :i esa laxfBr ekufp=kksa dk ladyu gksrh gSaA ;fn ekufp=ki`Foh ds ry dk [khapk x;k js[kh; fp=k.k gS rks Xyksc (Globe) xksykdkj :i esa i`Foh dk Lo:iiznf'kZr djrk gSA ekufp=k i`Foh ds xksykdkj dks n'kkZus ds fy, i`Foh ds ekufp=k dks /krq ;k

NOTES



30

IykfLVd dh [kks[kyh xsan ij fpf=kr djrs gSa ftls Xyksc dgk tkrk gSA dqN mnkgj.k bl izdkj gSa%

The World Book Atlas, 1972.Rand Mcnally Commercial Atlas and Marketing Guide, 1876-.

6.6 Rofjr lanHkZ Ïksr

Rofjr lanHkZ Ïksr (Ready Reference Sources) lwpuk ds ,sls Ïksr gSa tks iz'uksa ds lgh ,oarF;ijd mÙkj <w¡<us esa lgk;rk djrs gSaA buesa lkekU;r% laf{kIr rFkk lVhd mÙkj gksrs gSa vkSj ;sØfed izdk'ku gksrs gSaA ;s okf"kZd izdk'ku gksrs gSa vkSj vf/drj foxr o"kZ dh lwpuk nsrs gSaA RofjrlanHkZ Ïksr fofHkUu izdkj ds gksrs gSa] tSls okf"kZdh ,oa okf"kZd izdk'ku] iapkax] funsZf'kdk,¡] gS.Mcqd]eSuqvy] lkaf[;dh; Ïksrksa dh nf'kZdk,¡ bR;kfnA

okf"kZdh ,oa okf"kZd izdk'ku (Mearbooks rFkk Annuals) ,sls Ïksr gSa tks izR;sd o"kZ izdkf'kr fd,tkrs gSaA ;s ,d o"kZ ds nkSjku fodkl dh leh{kk vkSj foLr`r tkudkjh ;k lkaf[dh nsrs gSaA okf"kZfd;ksaesa izk;% fiNys o"kZ dh eq[; ?kVukvksa dh leh{kk izLrqr dh tkrh gSA bUgsa fdlh Lora=k okf"kZdh ds:i esa vFkok fdlh fo'odks'k ds iwjd ds :i esa izdkf'kr fd;k tkrk gSA lkekU; okf"kZdh;k¡ fdlfo"k; ;k laxBuksa ls lacaf/r varjk"Vªh; ;k jk"Vªh; xfrfof/;ksa dh okf"kZd foojf.kdk,¡ gksrh gSaA nwljhrjiQ fo'odks'kksa ds iwjdksa* dk dk;Z fo'odks'k ds eq[; lsV dks v|ru djuk gksrk gSA buesa foxro"kZ dh eq[; ?kVukvksa dk fooj.k iznku dj ewy fo'odks'k dks v|ru cuk;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k dsfy,] "Britannica Book of the Year", Encylopaedia Britannica dk iwjd gSA db Hkkjrh;ksa}kjk iz;ksx dh tkus okyh Hkkjr ls izdkf'kr okf"kZfd;ksa esa izeq[k gSa % Manorama Year Book1996-. ;k India : A Reference Annual. The International Year Book, Statesmen'sWho's Who, 1953-, Statesman's Year-Book rFkk Collier's Yearbook varjk"Vªh; okf"kZfd;ksads dqN mnkgj.k gSaA ALA Yearbook of Library and Information Services : A Review ofLibrary Events, 1976- Hkh vR;ar egRoiw.kZ izys[k gSA


3- HkkSxksfyd Ïksrksa dk oxhZdj.k izLrqr dhft,A

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iapkax (Almanac) izk;% okf"kZd izdk'ku gksrs gSaA buesa fofo/ izdkj ds egRoiw.kZ rF;ksa dh lwpukrFkk lkaf[;dh; lwpuk feyrh gSA buesa ewyr% vkxkeh o"kks± ds fnuksa] eghuksa rFkk NqfV~V;ksa dh lwpuknh tkrh gS vkSj [kxksyh; ?kVuk,¡] xzg u{k=k lacaf/r rkfydk,¡] T;ksfr"k dh Hkfo";okf.k;k¡ ,oa thoudh >kfd;k¡ bR;kfn 'kkfey gksrh gSaA ;g (iapkax) okf"kZdh ls fHkUu gksrk gS ;|fi nksuksa dh okf"kZdizdk'ku gSaA okf"kZdh esa fdlh fo"k; ds fof'k"V {ks=k ij fdlh ns'k ds fn, x, o"kZ rFkk chrs o"kZ dhxfrfofèk;ksa ds vk¡dM+s ,oa lkf[;dh dk ,d okf"kZd laf{kIr lkj izLrqr fd;k tkrk gS_ tcfd iapkaxesa izk;% iwoZO;kih lwpuk Hkh 'kkfey gksrh gSA bl izdkj] lfEefyr lkexzh dh dkykof/ nksuksa esafHkUu&fHkUu gksrh gSA

mís';] fo"k;&foLrkj rFkk lwpuk dh O;kidrk ds vk/kj ij iapkaxksa dks rhu oxks± esa foHkDr fd;ktk ldrk gSA ;s gSa % [kxksyh; (Astronomical), tks vkxkeh o"kZ dk [kxksyh; fooj.k iznku djrsgSa_ LFkkuh; ;k fo"k;fu"B (Topical or Subject) iapkax] ftuesa dqN O;kid fo"k;ksa dks 'kkfey fd;k

NOTES


31


tkrk gS vkSj lwpukRed (Informational) iapkax tks lkekU; iapkax gksrs gSa vkSj lkaf[;dh; lwpuk dsfy, ljdkjh Ïksrksa ij fuHkZj djrs gSaA

,d la;qDr izdk'ku ds :i esa okf"kZdh rFkk iapkax fdlh fo"k; ;k O;fDrRo ij laf{kIr rF;kRed ,oauohu lwpuk iznku djrs gSaA viuh vfHkuork ds dkj.k iapkax ,oa okf"kZfd;k¡ izR;{k ;k vizR;{k :ils lH;rk ds ßkl ;k fodkl dh izo`fÙk;ksa dks ifjyf{kr djrs gSaA blds vfrfjDr buesa foxr o"kZ dhegRoiw.kZ ?kVukvksa] [;kfr izkIr O;fDr;ksa] egRoiw.kZ LFkkuksa rFkk oSKkfud izxfr dks lwphc¼ fd;k tkrkgSA buesa vukSipkfjd vuqØef.kdk,¡ funsZf'kdk rFkk thoupfjrkRed lwpuk Hkh nh tkrh gSA

funsZf'kdk (Directory) esa fdlh 'kgj ds fuokfl;ksa] laxBuksa ;k O;olkf;d izfr"Bkuksa] 'kgjksa dslewg ;k ns'k ds ukeksa dh lwfp;k¡ o.kZØekuqlkj ;k lM+dksa dh vofLFkfr ds vk/kj ij O;fLFkr dhtkrh gSaA buesa fofHkUu O;olk;ksa ls tqM+s O;fDr;ksa] mRikndksa ;k fdlh fo'ks"k O;kikj ;k O;olk; dsO;olkf;d laxBuksa dh lwph Hkh nh tkrh gSA Yearbook of International Organizations tks1948 ls f}okf"kZd izdk'ku ds :i esa izdkf'kr gks jgh gS] ,d fo[;kr varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj dh funsZf'kdkgSA funsZf'kdkvksa dh lcls egRoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd bUgsa fujUrj v|ru fd;k tkrk gSA ,d vU;funsZf'kdk World of Learing gS tks 1947 ls izdkf'kr gks jgh gS] ftlesa fo'o Lrj ij fo|orlaLFkkuksa] 'kks/ laLFkkuksa] fo'ofo|ky;ksa] iqLrdky;ksa bR;kfn dk fooj.k fn;k tkrk gSA

O;kikfjd funsZf'kdk (Trade Directory) ,d vU; izdkj dh funsZf'kdk gksrh gSA O;kikfjdfunsZf'kdk dk laca/ fdlh ,d O;kikj ;k lacaf/r O;kikjksa ds lewg ls gksrk gSA ;s funsZf'kdk,¡ p;furgksrh gSa vkSj izk;% O;kidrk esa dkiQh lhfer gksrh gSaA Kelly's Directory of Merchants dk ukef'kfiax (Shipping) ,oa mRikndh; m|ksxksa ls tqM+s {ks=kksa dh ,d varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikfjd funsZf'kdk ds:i esa izfl¼ gSA Hkkjrh; O;kikfjd leqnk; ds chp Kothari's Industrial Directory of IndiadkiQh izfl¼ gSA

gSaMcqd (Handbook) ,oa eSuqvy (Manual), ftudk laca/ fdlh fo'ks"k fo"k; ls gksrk gS] viusfo"k; esa Rofjr lanHkZ Ïksrksa dk dke djrs gSaA buesa] fo"k; esa vk/qfud izxfr ds LFkku ij fo"k; dsLFkkfir Kku ij cy fn;k tkrk gSA gSaMcqd ,oa eSuqvy ds eè; varj djuk dkiQh dfBu gS vkSj nksuksadk izk;% lekukFkZd :i esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;s fdlh fof'k"V fo"k; ls lacaf/r ,sls izys[k gksrsgSa ftudk izLrqrhdj.k ljy gksrk gS] ijUrq buesa fo"k; ds lHkh vk;ke lfEefyr fd, tkrs gSaA buesanh xbZ lwpuk laf{kIr ijUrq lVhd gksrh gSA budh jpuk eq[;r% O;olk; dfeZ;ksa ds fy, dh tkrhgSA bUgsa gSaMcqd blfy, dgk tkrk gS fd lanHkZ ds fy, bUgsa lnk lqyHk (Handy) j[kuk pkfg,AgSaMcqd ,oa eSuqvy dk {ks=k izk;% #fp ds fo'ks"k {ks=kksa rd lhfer gksrk gS vkSj ;s fdlh lhfer {ks=kesa lwpuk ds egRoiw.kZ Ïksr ds dk;Z djrs gSaA eSuqvy ,d izdkj dh funsZ'k iqfLrdk gS ftlesa dqN djus]cukus ;k fdlh dk;Z dks djus ls laca/h funsZ'k fn, tkrs gSaA okf"kZd gSaMcqd ds dqN mnkgj.k gSa %The Guiness Book of World Record 1955-, Markds Mechanical Engineer's Hand-book rFkk Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 1920A ckxokuh dSls djsa] [kkuk dSlsidk,¡] ubZ Hkk"kk dSls lh[ksa ;k iQksVksxzkiQh dSls lh[ksa bR;kfn ls lacaf/r eSuqvy Hkh miyC/ gSa rFkkvR;ar izpfyr gSaA

izR;sd iqLrdky; esa lkaf[;dh; lwpuk ls lacaf/r fofHkUu izdkj ds lanHkZ iz'u iwNs tkrs gSa ftudkmÙkj lkaf[;dh; Ïksrksa (Statistical Sources) dh lgk;rk ls fn;k tk ldrk gSA la[;kRed vkadM+ksads ladyu] oxhZdj.k] fo'ys"k.k rFkk O;k[;k ds ifj.kkeLo:i lkaf[;dh; lwpuk lkeus vkrh gSAokf"kZfd;ksa] iapkaxksa] fo'odks'kksa] HkkSxksfyd dks'kksa rFkk ekufp=kkofy;ksa esa fofHkUu izdkj dh lkaf[;dh;lwpuk feyrh gS] ysfdu iw.kZr;k lkaf[;dh; lwpuk Ïksr vf/d fo'oluh; rFkk v|ru gksrs gSaA ;s'kks/ rFkk izf'k{k.k esa lgk;rk djrs gSa vkSj 'kks/drkZvksa ds fy, ,oa uhfr fu.kZ;u dh izfØ;k esa vR;ar

NOTES



32

egRoiw.kZ gksrs gSaA United Nations }kjk Demographic Yearbook rFkk Yearbook ofInternational Trade Statistics dk okf"kZd izdk'ku fd;k tkrk gSA ;s iw.kZr;k lkaf[;dh; ÏksrgSaA

6.7 'kkldh; izdk'ku

lHkh 'kkldh; izdk'ku (Government Publications) lwpuk ds 'kkldh; Ïksr gksrs gSaA 'kkldh;izdk'ku mu izdk'kuksa dks dgk tkrk gS ftUgsa ljdkjh [kpsZ ls tkjh fd;k tkrk gS ;k ljdkjh fudk;ds izkf/dkj }kjk izdkf'kr fd;k tkrk gSA lkjs izeq[k cM+s ns'kksa esa ftl fdlh Hkh izdk'ku esa 'kkldh;izdk'kukfn fooj.k eqfnzr gksrk gS mls 'kkldh; izdk'ku ekuk tkrk gS pkgs og dksbZ iqLrd gks ;k xzaFksrjlkexzhA dsUnzh;] jkT;] vFkok LFkkuh; ljdkjksa }kjk budk izdk'ku fd;k tkrk gSA dqN varj'kkldh;laxBu Hkh ,sls izdk'ku tkjh djrs gSa] tSls& UNESCO bR;kfn ;s izdk'ku izkekf.kd gksrs gSa vkSjdHkh&dHkh fu%'kqYd miyC/ gksrs gSaA ;s 'kks/drkZvksa ds fy, cgqewY; gksrs gSaA

^vkWfiQfl;y* (Official) izdk'ku Hkh 'kkldh; izdk'kuksa dh ,d Js.kh gSA bUgsa ljdkj ;k ljdkjds fdlh foHkkx }kjk izdkf'kr fd;k tkrk gS vkSj vf/drj ;s Øfed izdk'ku gksrs gSaA ;s lalnh;izys[kksa] izfrosnuksa] lkef;dh] if=kdkvksa] fo/k;h vkys[kksa] iz'kkldh; izdk'kuksa] dsUnz ;k jkT; ljdkjksads izfrosnuksa] gSaMcqd] fof/ ds fudk; vkSj U;k;ky; ds U;kl ds fu.kZ;ksa ds :i esa feyrs gSaA'kkldh; izdk'kuksa ds dbZ mnkgj.k gSA vkSj la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk] xzsV fczVsu rFkk Hkkjr dh ljdkjksa}kjk ,sls izdk'ku foiqy ek=kk eas izdkf'kr vkSj tkjh fd, tkrs gSaA

'kkldh; izdk'ku dk ,d mnkgj.k %

Catalogue of Government Publications, Government of India. New Delhi : Publica-tion Division.

6.8 vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k if=kdk,¡@Ïksr

lwpuk ds vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k (Indexing and Abstracting) Ïksrksa dks lwpuk dk f}rh;dÏksr ekuk tkrk gS D;ksafd ;s iwoZ&izdkf'kr izkFkfed lwpuk Ïksrksa ds vfHkxe esa lgk;d gksrs gSaA lwpukdh [kkst rFkk lwpuk ds xzaFkijd fu;a=k.k esa budh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gS D;ksafd buds vkdkj&izdkjesa fujUrj foLrkj gksrk jgrk gSA ;s Ïksr vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k if=kdkvksa ds :i esa miyCèkgksrs gSaA

vuqØe.khdj.k if=kdk ,slh if=kdk gS ftlesa lkekU; izÑfr dh ;k fdlh fo"k; fo'ks"k ls lacafèkrif=kdkvksa ,oa vU; izdkj ds izdk'kuksa dh lqfu;ksftr vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k if=kdkvksa ds :iesa miyC/ gksrs gSaA

nwljh vksj] lkjdj.k if=kdk ,slh if=kdk gS ftlesa fdlh O;fDr] vkS|kssfxd laLFkku ;k okf.kfT;dizfr"Bku }kjk izfrcaf/r ;k okf.kfT;d mi;ksx ds fy, vuqØef.kdk ds vfrfjDr fdlh lhfer {ks=kesa lkj rS;kj fd, tkrs gSaA xzkgdksa ds fy, ;s lkj fu;fer :i ls rS;kj] izdkf'kr ,oa miyC/ fd,tkrs gSaA lkj foLr`r Hkh gks ldrs gSa vkSj p;ukRed HkhA

vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k lsokvksa dk dk;Z Kku ds fdlh fof'k"V {ks=k esa uohu lkfgR; lsmi;ksDrkvksa dks m|ru j[kuk] lkfgR; ds fdlh fo'ks"k {ks=k ls fo'ks"k lwpuk dks <w¡<us esa lgk;rkdjuk rFkk fdlh fof'k"V fo"k; esa izdkf'kr lkfgR; dk xzaFkijd fu;a=k.k iznku djuk gSA lkj viusmi;ksDrkvksa dks muds 'kks/@vè;;u ls lacaf/r izys[kksa ds p;u esa lgk;d gksrs gSa rFkk dqN gnrd] izys[kksa ds fof'k"V fo"k; dks Hkh n'kkZrs gSaA Hkk"kk lacaf/r ck/kvksa ij dkcw ikus rFkk fdlhizdk'ku dk lEiw.kZ xzaFkijd fooj.k izkIr djus esa Hkh ;s mi;ksDrkvksa dh lgk;rk djrs gSaA ;s fdlh

NOTES


33


fuf'pr vof/ ds nkSjku fofHkUu Ïksrksa esa izdkf'kr lwpuk dks ,d LFkku ij ,d=k djrs gSaA budhyksdfiz;rk dk ,d eq[; dkj.k gS 'kks/ esa budk mi;ksxA ;s lsok,¡@Ïksr yxHkx Kku ds lHkh {ks=kksaesa miyCèk gSaA xzaFkijd fooj.k ds izLrqrhd.k esa ,d:irk ,oa lqlaxfr dks cuk, j[kuk vkSjizfof"V;ksa ds O;oLFkkiu ds fy, ,d lgk;d Øe dks viukuk Hkh budh yksdfiz;rk ds vU; dkj.kgSaA ;s fu;fer vUrjky ij izdkf'kr fd, tkrs gSa vkSj [;kfr izkIr izdk'kdksa ds izdk'kuksa esa defoyEc gksrk gSA Kku ds {ks=k esa vfHkuork ykus rFkk lwpuk dh v|rurk dks cuk;s j[kus esa ;s vR;f/d lgk;d gksrs gSaA


4- iapkax ij ,d laf{kIr fVIi.kh fyf[k,A

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fo"k;&O;kfIr ds vk/kj ij vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k Ïksr dbZ izdkj ds gksrs gSa %

v) lqfoLr`r lsok,¡

c) HkkSxksfyd O;kidrkuqlkj

l) fo"k; O;kidrkuqlkj

n) lfEefyr fd, x, izys[kksa ds izdkj ds vuqlkj] mnkgj.kkFkZ % isVs.V

fofHkUu izdkj dh vuqØehdj.k rFkk lkjdj.k if=kdkvksa dk fooj.k bl [k.M dh bdkbZ 4 esa izLrqrfd;k x;k gSA vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k lsokvksa ds dqN fo'ks"k mnkgj.k uhps fn, x, gSa %

vuqØe.khdj.k if=kdkvksa ds mnkgj.k %

Applied Science and Technology Index. New York : H.W. Wilson & Co., 1958-.Index to Indian Medical Periodicals. New Delhi : National Medical Library, 1959-.Guide to Indian Perodical Literature. Guragaon : Probhu Book Service.

Library Literature. New York. H.W. Wilson & Co. 1958-.

lkjdj.k if=kdkvksa ds mnkgj.k %

Biological Abstracts. Philadelphia : Biosciences Information Service, 1927-.Chemical Abstracts. Columbus : Chemcial Abstracts Service, 1907-.Disseriation Abstracts. Ann Arbor : University Microfilms Inc., 1938-.

Indian Science Abstracts. New Delhi : INSDOC, 1965-.

6.9 isVs.V ,oa ekud

lwpuk ds bu nks izdkj ds Ïksrksa dk laca/ vf/drj foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh ls gksrk gSA isVs.V (Patent)dk fofunsZ'k nsus okys izys[kksa dks isVs.V dgk tkrk gSA isVs.V ,d oS/kfud izys[k gS ftlds ekè;els fdlh vkf/dkfjd izkf/dj.k }kjk fdlh vkfo"dkj ds Lokeh dks ml vkfo"dkj ds foØ; vFkok

NOTES



34

mi;ksx dk vf/dkj iznku fd;k tkrk gSA vf/drj vkS|ksfxd@fof'k"V iqLrdky;ksa ds fy, isVs.V esalfEefyr fofunsZ'k egRoiw.kZ gksrs gSaA viuh #fp ds fo"k; ds vuq:i isVs.Vksa dk ladyu ;s iqLrdky;djrs jgrs gSaA

lHkh ekuo mn~;eksa ds fy, ekud leku :i ls miyC/ gSaA bUgsa ljdkjh foHkkxksa] fofHkUu izdkj dsxSj&ljdkjh laLFkkuksa rFkk vusd O;kolkf;d laxBuksa }kjk tkjh fd;k tkrk gSA fof'k"V oLrqvksa dsfuekZ.k ,oa vkdkj@:i ds fu;a=k.k vkSj fuekZ.k dh fof/ rFkk vkdkj ,oa :i esa ,d:irk dkslqfuf'pr djus ds fy, dbZ Lora=k ekud laLFkkuksa rFkk ljdkjh foHkkxksa }kjk ekud izdkf'kr fd,tkrs gSaA Hkkjr esa] C;wjks vkWiQ bf.M;k LVSaM~MZl (Bureau of Indian Standards), ubZ fnYyh }kjkekud fu;af=kr fd, tkrs gSaA

6.10 lkef;d ?kVukvksa ds fy, lanHkZ Ïksr

lkef;d lwpuk gekjs nSfud thou dk vko';d igyw cu xbZ gSA izR;sd O;fDr gky esa ?kfVr] dksbZHkh uohu ,oa lkef;d lwpuk izkIr djuk pkgrk gSA v[kckj] if=kdk,¡] jsfM;ks ,oa Vsyhohtu bl izdkjdh lwpuk ds fy, eq[; Ïksr gSaA lwpuk viuh vfHkuork dkiQh rsth ls [kks nsrh gSA blfy, lwpukds Ïksr j[kus dh vko';drk gksrh gS tks lkef;d ?kVukvksa ds lanHkZ Ïksr gSa vkSj vk/qfudmi;ksDrkvksa dh lwpuk dh I;kl cq>k dj gj le; lkef;d lwpu iznku djrs gSaA vr% ;s iqLrdky;ksads fy, vR;ar vko';d gSaA vkWuykbu (Online) lwpuk dh izkfIr vkt baVjusV (Internet) ijmiyCèk lwpuk ds dkj.k dkiQh lLrh ,oa lqyHk gks xbZ gSaA fiQj Hkh dbZ mi;ksDrk vkt Hkh lwpukds izdkf'kr Ïksrksa ij fuHkZj djrs gSaA

lkef;d lwpuk ds fofHkUu Ïksr fuEufyf[kr gSa %

d) v[kckjksa dh vuqØef.kdk,¡

[k) lkekU; if=kdkvksa dh vuqØef.kdk,¡

x) jsfM;ks ,oa Vsyhfotu izlkj.k

?k) lekpkj lkjka'k

mifjfyf[kr Ïksr lkef;d lwpuk dks lqfo/ktud :i esa iznku djrs gSaA ysfdu ;g ;kn j[kuk gksxkfd ;s dkiQh eqf'dy ls ladfyr gks ikrs gSa rFkk mruh gh rsth ls iqjkus ,oa vizpfyr gks tkrs gSaD;ksafd budh izkalfxdrk dsoy lkef;d ;k uohu lwpuk ls lacaf/r gksrh gSA

lkef;d ?kVukvksa ds lanHkZ Ïksrksa ds dqN mnkgj.k bl izdkj ls gSa %

Data India. New Delhi : Press Institute of India. 1976-.The New York Times Index. New York. The New York Times, 1851-.

Keesing's Record of World Events. London : Keesings Publications, 1931-.

7. vizys[kh; lanHkZ midj.k@Ïksr

ijEijkxr izys[kh; Ïksrksa ds vfrfjDr] lwpuk ds vU; Ïksr Hkh gSa] ftUgsa vizys[kh; Ïksr dgk tkrkgSA ;s Hkh lanHkZ iz'uksa dk Rofjr mÙkj iznku djrs gSaA dqN {ks=kksa esa lwpuk ;k Kku izkIr djus ds nkSjkugekjk lkeuk izk;% bu lanHkZ Ïksrksa ls gks tkrk gSA ;s Ïksr nks izdkj ds gks ldrs gSa % vkSijpkfjdrFkk vukSipkfjdA vkSipkfjd Ïksr os gSa tks vkSipkfjd pSuyksa] tSls lqLFkkfir laxBuksa ;k laLFkkuksa }kjkmiyC/ gksrs gSaA nwljh vksj] vukSipkfjd Ïksr O;fDrxr lEidZ] nwljksa ds lkFk okrkZyki ;k vU;vukSipkfjd ekè;eksa }kjk miyC/ gksrs gSaA vizys[kh; Ïksrksa dks pkj oxks± esa j[kk tk ldrk gS %

NOTES


35


d) ekuo Ïksr@lalk/u

[k) laLFkkxr Ïksr@lalk/u

x) tulapkj ekè;e

?k) n`';&JO; Ïksr

vkxkeh vuqPNsnksa esa bu Ïksrksa dks laf{kIr fooj.k izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA

7.1 ekuo lalk/u

lwpuk ds Ïksr ds :i esa mi;ksxh O;fDr;ksa dks ekuo lalk/u (Human Resources) dgk tkrk gSAbl dFku dks mnkgj.kksa }kjk Li"V fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;fn dksbZ ,sfrgkfld 'kks/ dj jgk gS rks lwpukizkfIr dk loksZÙke rjhdk ;g gksxk fd lacaf/r LFkku ij tkdj ml {ks=k ds o`¼ O;fDr;ksa ls ckrphrdh tk,A ,sls ekeyksa es viuh Le`fr ds vk/kj ij os yksx dkiQh vf/d lwpuk ns ldrs gSaA blhizdkj] ?kVukvksa ds izR;{kn'khZ O;fDr Hkh ml ?kVuk ls lacaf/r lwpuk ds loksZÙke Ïksr cu tkrs gSaAfdlh laxBu ds vrhr ds ckjs esa tkudkjh ml laxBu ds ofj"B rFkk iqjkus deZpkfj;ksa ds lkFkckrphr }kjk izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA blh izdkj] lgdehZ oSKkfudksa] fo'ks"kKksa] ifjokj ds lnL;ksabRk;fn ds lkFk okrkZyki ,oa ikjLifjd fopkj&foe'kZ }kjk 'kks/drkZ dks fofHkUu leL;kvksa ds mQijiwjh tkudkjh fey ldrh gSA blh rjg] foLrkj dk;ZdrkZ Hkh lwpuk ds egRoiw.kZ Ïksr gksrs gSaA

7.2 laLFkkxr lalk/u

dbZ ekeyksa esa] fu;fer izdk'kuksa esa vizdkf'kr lwpuk dks lkoZtfud] futh ;k ljdkjh 'kks/ laLFkkuksals lh/k izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA rc ;s laLFkku lwpuk ds Ïksr (Institutional Resources) cutkrs gSaA dbZ laLFkku vius iqjkus vfHkys[kksa] okf"kZd izfrosnuks ;k iqjkus izys[kksa dks] tks dgha vU;=kmiyCèk ugha gksrs] vius vfHkys[kkxkj esa lqjf{kr j[krs gSaA ;g Hkh laLFkkxr Ïksr@lalk/u dk mnkgj.kgSaA

blds vfrfjDr] vkS|ksfxd laLFkkuksa ds ikl vf}rh; lwpuk gksrh gS tks fdlh vU; LFkku ij miyCèkugha gksrh gSA fo'ks"khÑr lwpuk dsUnz] jsiQjy (Referral) dsUnz] forj.k dsUnz O;kikj izksRlkgu ifj"kn~'kSf{kd laLFkk,¡ ,oa la?k] fo'ofo|ky;] egkfo|ky; bR;kfn laLFkkxr lwpuk Ïksr ds mnkgj.k gSaA

7.3 tulapkj ekè;e

tSlk fd ge lHkh tkurs gSa] fofHkUu tulapkj ekè;e tSls] jsfM;ks ,oa Vsyhfotu izlkj.k rFkk nksuksa:iksa dk laxe] fdlh izdkf'kr izys[k dh vis{kk vf/d izHkkoh gksrs gSaA vkt ifjfLFkfr;k¡ dkiQh cnypqdh gSa vkSj ge lekt ds mQij bu mHkjrs gq, u, ekè;eksa ds izHkko dks udkj ugha ldrsA O;fDr;ksadks buls feyus okys ykHk rFkk budh mi;ksfxrk ls badkj ugha fd;k tk ldrk vkSj u gh bl {ks=kesa gksus okys fujUrj rduhdh izxfr dh vusn[kh dh tk ldrh gSA vkt yxHkx lHkh ifjokjksa esa dbZdEifu;ksa }kjk pyk, tk jgs dscy Vsyhfotu dk opZLo LFkkfir gks pqdk gSA ;s u dsoy yksxksa dksfujUrj euksjatu iznku djrs gSa cfYd vusd uohu rjhdksa ls gesa lwpuk rFkk funsZ'k iznku djrs gSaAmnkgj.k ds fy,] dscy dEifu;ksa }kjk rS;kj fd, lekpkj vf/d fo'ys"k.kkRed] vkykspukRed rFkkLFkkuh; Lo:i fy, gksrs gSaA futh lapkydksa }kjk lapkfyr gksus ds dkj.k bUgsa ukSdj'kkgh dh ckèkkvksadk lkeuk ugha djuk iM+rk gSA

Hkof"; esa] tulapkj ds bu ekè;eksa (Mass Media) dks turk rd lwpuk igq¡pkus ds fy, dkiQhcM+h ,oa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk dk fuoZgju djuk gksxkA

NOTES



36

7.4 n`';&JO; lapkj ekè;e

dHkh&dHkh lwpuk ds dsoy 'kCnksa }kjk gh O;Dr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA iqLrdky;kè;{k }kjkn`';&JO; (Audio-Visual Media) dh uohu rduhdksa dk dkiQh gn rd ykHk mBk;k tkrk gSAVsy (Tape) ij èofu vfHkys[ku] jhy&Vw&jhy (Reel to Reel) ;k dSlsV~l (Cassettes) ,oavkWfM;ks dSlsV~l (Audio Cassettes) us fo'ks"kdj us=kghuksa dks lsok,¡ iznku djus esa iqLrdky;ksa dhdkiQh lgk;rk dh gSA gky ds o"kks± esa] n`'; midj.kksa dk fo'ks"k mi;ksx fo'ks"kdj mi;ksDrkvksa dksiqLrdky; lsokvksa ds mi;ksx esa izf'kf{kr djus ds fy, Hkh fd;k x;k gSA

f'k{kk ds fy, n`'; ,oa JO; lk/uksa dk okf.kfT;d ,oa laLFkkxr mRiknu bruk egRoiw.kZ gks x;k gSfd dbZ iqLrdky budk mi;ksx dj jgs gSaA fn fczfV'k ykbczsjh* (The British Library) us fczfV'kdSV~ykWx vkWiQ vkfM;ks fotqvy eSfVjh;y* (British Catalogue of Audio-Visual Materials) dhvk[;k ls ,d xzaFklwph dk ladyu ,oa izdk'ku fd;k gSA

cktkj esa lcls igys ohfM;ks Vsi (Video Tape) yk, x, vkSj ckn eas budk LFkku ohfM;ks fMLd(Video Disc) us ys fy;kA lwpuk ds Ïksr :i esa ;s nksuksa egRoiw.kZ {kerk j[krs gSaA vkt dEiSDVfMLd (Compact Disc) dk izpyu c<+rk tk jgk gS D;ksafd buesa èofu ,oa n`'; dh mPp xq.koÙkkdk laxe gksrk gSA bl izdkj] iqLrdky;ksa esa n`';&J`O; lkexzh dk egRo vc cgl dk fo"k; ughajg x;k gSA

8. lkj&la{ksi

lanHkZ ,oa lwpuk izkfIr midj.k] ftUgsa lnHkZ xzaFkksa ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS] lwpuk dks [kkstus esa dkiQhegRoiw.kZ gksrs gSaA mi;qDr lanHkZ midj.kksa dk mi;ksx dj gj izdkj ds lanHkZ iz'uksa dks larq"V fd;ktk ldrk gS vkSj ikBdksa dks okafNr lwpuk iznku dh tk ldrh gSA bl bdkbZ esa vkidks fofHkUu izdkjds lanHkZ Ïksrksa dh tkudkjh nh xbZ gS rFkk bl ikB~;Øe ds vxys [kaMksa rFkk bdkb;ksa esa buesa lsizR;sd dk foLr`r fooj.k fn;k x;k gSA bl bdkbZ esa fofHkUu izdkj ds lanHkZ ,oa lwpuk vfHkxe Ïksrksadk ifjp;kRed fooj.k izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA

lwpuk ds Ïksrksa dh nks izeq[k Jsf.k;k¡ gSa % izys[kh; ,oa vizys[kh;A izys[kh; Ïksr ,sls Ïksr gSa tkseq[;r% eqfnzr :i esa miyC/ gksrs gSaA buds varxZr 'kCndks'k] fo'odks'k] gSaMcqd] funsZf'kdk,¡]HkkSxksfyd Ïksr bR;kfn vkrs gSaA ;gk¡ mfYyf[kr Ïksr vUrfoZ"k; ,oa 'kSyh dh n`f"V ls dkiQh ewY;okugksrs gSa vkSj blh dkj.k bUgsa lanHkZ lkfgR; Hkh dgk tkrk gSA tSlk fd dgk tk pqdk gS] izys[kh; Ïksrizeq[kr% eqfnzr midj.k gSa] ysfdu rduhd esa izxfr ds dkj.k] buesa ls dksbZ lhMh&jkse (CD-ROM)ij Hkh miyC/ gSA bl ikB~;Øe dh vU; bdkb;ksa esa budk foLr`r fooj.k fn;k x;k gSA

fiNys nks n'kdksa ls vizys[kh; Ïksrksa dh Hkwfedk Hkh vR;ar egRoiw.kZ gks pqdh gSA bldk dkj.k ;ggS fd dbZ ckj leqfpr <ax ls rS;kj fd, x, eagxs eqfnzr lanHkZ Ïksr okafNr lwpuk iznku ugha djikrs] ijUrq vizys[kh; Ïksrksa }kjk ;g dk;Z lqfo/kiwoZd lEiUu dj fy;k tkrk gSA izk;% dbZ O;fDrHkh izkFkfed ewY;oku lwpuk iznku djus esa leFkZ gksrs gSa tks fdlh Hkh eqfnzr Ïksr esa miyC/ ughagksrhA blh rjg] dbZ laLFkkuksa esa] muds vfHkys[kksa esa ,slh lwpuk miyC/ jgrh gS tks dgha Hkh izdkf'krugha gqbZ gksrh gSA vkt lkef;d lwpuk tu lapkj ds fofHkUu ekè;eksa }kjk miyC/ gksrh gSA n`';&JO;ekè;e Hkh dbZ lqfo/k,¡ iznku djrs gSa tks dbZ ck/kvksa] tSls nwjh ,oa izfrfyfi rS;kj djus rFkk ijke'kZdjus esa dfBukbZ ds dkj.k eqfnzr lk/uksa }kjk miyC/ ugha gks ikrhA

NOTES


37


vr% lanHkZ iqLrdky;kè;{k ds fy, lanHkZ ,oa lwpuk vfHkxe midj.kksa dk iw.kZ Kku vko';d gSrkfd os mi;ksDrkvksa ds lanHkZ iz'uksa dk feyku mi;qDr Ïksrksa ls dj ldsaA


1- lanHkZ xzaFkksa dh mRifÙk dks ge ekuo }kjk fopkjksa] vo/kj.kkvksa] rF;ksa rFkk ?kVukvksa dkizfrosnu djus dh fn'kk esa fd, x, izkjfEHkd iz;klksa esa [kkst ldrs gSaA ekuo us lcls igysxqiQkvksa] tgk¡ og jgrk Fkk] dh nhokjksa ij i'kqvksa dh :ijs[kk [khaphA laHkor% lanHkZ xzaFkksadk izkjfEHkd Lo:i ;gha ls 'kq: gqvkA bu fp=kksa dks mudh ;kn dks rktk djus ds mís';ls [khapk tkrk gksxkA ckn esa] tc euq"; us i<+uk rFkk fy[kuk lh[kk rc mlus vius fopkjksadks feV~Vh dh rf[r;ksa] rkezi=kksa] diM+ksa rFkk Nkyksa ij vfHkysf[kr djuk 'kq: fd;kA buesals dqN vkt Hkh dbZ laxzkgy;ksa esa vfHkys[kkxkjksa esa ik, tkrs gSaA

2- lcls igyk Kkr fo'odks'k izkphu xzhd nk'kZfud vjLrq (Aristotle) }kjk fy[kk x;k Fkktks mlds fuca/ksa ds ,d=k.k dk izfriQy FkkA blfy, vjLrq dks fo'odks'k dk tud ekuktkrk gS] ;|fi vjLrq us fo'odks'k fy[kus dk dksbZ iz;kl ugha fd;k FkkA vaxjsth esa izdkf'krgksus okyk igyk fo'odks'k John Harris dks Laxion Technicum, ;k An UniversalEnglish Dictionary of the Arts and Sciences, (London, 1704) FkkA lcls izkjfEHkdfo'odks'kksa esa Lisfu'k vkdZfc'ki vkblhMksj (Spanish Archbishop Isidore) dk Seville'sEtymologiarum sive originum libri XX Fkk tks lu~ 623 esa iwjk gqvkA bldh ,dgtkj ls vf/d gLrfyf[kr izfr;k¡ miyC/ Fkha rFkk bldk eqfnzr laLdkj 17oha 'krkCnh dsmÙkjk¼Z rd vR;ar yksdfiz; jgkA

3- HkkSxksfyd Ïksrksa dks pkj oxks± esa foHkDr fd;k tk ldrk gS %

v) HkkSxksfyd dks'k

c) lanf'kZdk,¡] gS.Mcqd

l) ekufp=k] ekufp=kkofy;k¡

n) Xyksc

4- iapkax (Almanac) izk;% okf"kZd izdk'ku gksrs gSaA buesa fofo/ izdkj ds egRoiw.kZ rF;ksa dhlwpuk rFkk lkaf[;dh; lwpuk feyrh gSA buesa ewyr% vkxkeh o"kks± ds fnuksa] eghuksa rFkkNqfV~V;ksa dh lwpuk nh tkrh gS vkSj [kxksyh; ?kVuk,¡] xzg u{k=k lacaf/r rkfydk,¡] T;ksfr"kdh Hkfo";okf.k;k¡ ,oa thou dh >kfd;k¡ bR;kfn 'kkfey gksrh gSaA ;g (iapkax) okf"kZdh lsfHkUu gksrk gS ;|fi nksuksa dh okf"kZd izdk'ku gSaA okf"kZdh esa fdlh fo"k; ds fof'k"V {ks=kij fdlh ns'k ds fn, x, o"kZ rFkk chrs o"kZ dh xfrfofèk;ksa ds vk¡dM+s ,oa lkf[;dh dk,d okf"kZd laf{kIr lkj izLrqr fd;k tkrk gS_ tcfd iapkax esa izk;% iwoZO;kih lwpuk Hkh'kkfey gksrh gSA bl izdkj] lfEefyr lkexzh dh dkykof/ nksuksa esa fHkUu&fHkUu gksrh gSA

10. eq[; 'kCnvuqØef.kdk (Index) % ;g ukeksa] fo"k;ksa] mifo"k;ksa bR;kfn dh fdlh lqfuf'pr

Øe esa O;ofLFkr lwph gS tks izfof"V;ksa ds lgh LFkku;k vofLFkfr dks ladsfrr djrh gSA

MsVkcsl (Database) % lwpuk ls lacaf/r lkexzh dk laxzg tks bdV~Bk djusij ,d fo"k; dk vfHkys[k cu tkrk gSA bls izk;%dEI;wVj }kjk rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA

f}rh;d izys[k (Secondary Document) % ,sls izys[k tks izkFkfed izys[kksa ds varfoZ"k;ksa dkslaf{kIr :i esa izLrqr djrs gSa ;k bUgsa ,d lgk;dvuqØe esa lwphc`¼ djrs gSaA

NOTES



38

if=kdk (Periodical) % fdlh fu;fer] vfu;fer vFkok vfu/kZfjr varjkyls izdkf'kr gksus okyk ,slk izys[k ftls lkekU;r;kvusd ;ksxnkudrkZvksa ds ;ksxnku }kjk rS;kj fd;ktkrk gSA

izkFkfed izys[k (Primary Document) % ,slk izys[k ftlesa ekSfyd lwpuk (igyh ckj)izdkf'kr gksrh gSA

lkef;d psruk (Current Awareness) % uohu izdkf'kr lkfgR; }kjk lkef;d fodkl ,oaizxfr dh tkudkjh nsukA

11. vH;kl&iz'u

1- lanHkZ ,oa lwpuk vfHkxe ds midj.kkas dh izÑfr dk o.kZu dhft,A

2- lanHkZ ,oa lwpuk vfHkxe ds fofHkUu midj.kksa dh foospuk dhft,A

3- izys[kh; lanHkZ Ïksrksa ds :i esa 'kCndks'kksa dh mi;ksfxrk crkb,A

4- fo'odks'kksa dh mi;ksfxrk ,oa izdkjksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

5- Rofjr lanHkZ Ïksrksa ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ Li"V dhft,A

12. lanHkZ xzUFk lwph

Grogan, Denise J. (1992). Practical Reference Work. 2nd ed. London : Library Asso-ciation Publishing.

Grogan, Denise J. (1982). Science and Technology : An Introduction to the Litera-ture. 4th ed. London : Clive Bingley.

Higgins. Gavin (ed). (1983). Printed Reference Material. 2and ed. London : LibraryAssociation.

Katz, William A. (1992). Introduction to Reference Work. Vol 1. Basic InformationSources. 6th ed. New York : Mc Graw-Hill.

Subramanyam K. (1981). Scientific and Technical Information Sources. N.Y. : MarcelDekker.

NOTES


39

xzaFklwfp;ksa ds izdkj



2- ifjp;

3- xzaFk lwph

4- dk;Z rFkk mi;ksx

5- xazFk lwph dh 'kk[kk,¡

5-1 fo'ys"k.kkRed

5-2 lqfu;ksftr ;k ifjx.kukRed

5-3 fooj.kkRed

5-4 ,sfrgkfld

5-5 ikB~;ijd

6- xzaFk lwph ds izdkj

6-1 fo"k;

6-2 jk"Vªh;

6-3 O;kikfjd

6-4 lkoZHkkSfed

6-5 lkaf[;dh;

7- xzaFkkRed fu;a=k.k

7-1 xzaFklwfp;ksa dh xzaFklwph

7-2 lkoZHkkSfed xzaFkkRed fu;a=k.k

7-3 Hkkjr esa xzaFkkRed xfrfof/;k¡

8- lkj&la{ksi


10- eq[; 'kCn

11- vH;kl&iz'u


xzUFk lwfp;ksa ds izdkj

vè;k;&3

NOTES



40


vè;k; 1 rFkk 2 esa] lanHkZ lsok dh vo/kj.kk ,oa lanHkZ Ïksr lwpuk vfHkxe midj.kksa dh lkekU;ppkZ dh xbZ gSA bl vè;k; esa lanHkZ Ïksrksa ,oa xzaFklwfp;ksa dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA

bl vè;k; dks i<+us ds ckn vki %

xzaFklwph dh Hkwfedk dks fuf'pr dj ik,¡xs_

xzaFklwph ds mn~ns'; dks le> ik,¡xs_

xzaFklwph dh vko';drk] mi;ksx rFkk dk;ks± dk o.kZu dj ldsaxs_

xzaFklwfp;ksa ds fofHkUu izdkjksa dks ifjxf.kr dj ldsaxs_

xzaFklwfp;ksa ,oa xzaFkfoKku dh 'kk[kkvksa dh igpku dj ldsaxs_ rFkk

xzaFkkRed fu;a=k.k dh vo/kj.kk dh O;k[;k dj ik,¡xsA

2- ifjp;

bl vè;k; esa ge xzaFklwph dk foLrkjiwoZd vè;;u djsaxsA ge igys xzaFklwph dh ifjHkk"kk nsaxs vkSjfiQj bldh vko';drk] mi;ksx rFkk dk;ks± dh ppkZ djsaxsA vkidks fofHkUu izdkj dh xazFklwfp;ksa rFkkxzaFkfoKku dh 'kk[kkvksa ls Hkh voxr djk;k tk,xkA vkt ds le; esas xazFkkRed fu;a=k.k dk egRoloZfofnr gSA iqLrdky; ,oa iqLrdky;kè;{k nksuksa xzaFkkRed fu;a=k.k ij fuHkZj jgrs gSaA

Kku ds fodkl esa vikj o`f¼ rFkk miyC/ lwpuk dh fofo/rk ds dkj.k vkt ds mi;ksDrk Lo;adks v|;ru j[kus esa dkiQh dfBukbZ dk lkeuk dj jgs gSaA bl leL;k ls fuiVus ds fy, miyC/lwpuk ds fo'kky Hk.Mkj dh dqath] vFkkZr~ lwpuk vfHkxe ds Ïksr gh gekjh lgk;rk dj ldrs gSaAlwpuk ds bl fo'kky Hk.Mkj ds fy, xzaFklwfp;k¡ dqath dk dk;Z djrh gSaA budh lgk;rk ls vktds iqLrdky; okafNr lwpuk ,oa Kku dh vksj mi;ksDrkvksa dk è;ku vkd£"kr dj ldrs gSaSSA vr%xzaFklwfp;k¡ vè;;u ,oa 'kks/ ds fy, mi;ksxh Ïksr gSaA bu izHkko'kkyh midj.kksa ds fcuk vkt dslwpuk laLFkku leqfpr :i ls dk;Z ugha dj ldrsA

bl vè;k; esa vkidks xzaFklwfp;ksa rFkk muds dk;ks± ,oa vko';drk ls ifjfpr djk;k tk,xkA

3- xzaFklwph

xzaFklwph dh lanHkZ ,oa lwpuk vfHkxe midj.kksa dh ,d izeq[k dksfV gSA ;g vfHkys[kksa dh] lqfu;ksftrjhfr ls rS;kj dh xbZ] ,d fooj.kkRed lqph gSA xzaFklwph in dk iz;ksx O;kid vFkZ esa fd;k tkrkgS D;ksafd blds varxZr xzaFkfoKku ds lHkh i{kksa&tSls HkkSfrd rRo] mldk bfrgkl] cnyrk Lo:i]lkexzh rFkk blds fuekZ.k dh fof/;k¡&lfEefyr gksrs gSaA xzaFklwph dss fuekZ.k dks dyk rFkk foKkunksuksa ekuk tkrk gS D;ksafd bl dk;Z esa bu nksuksa dh fof/;ksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

tSlk fd igys crk;k x;k gS fd xzaFklwph izys[kksa dh ,d lqfu;ksftr lwph gS ftls fu/kZfjr ekun.Mkasds vk/kj ij fdlh fo'ks"k iz;kstu ds fy, rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA ;s ekun.M fdlh ns'k ds ,d fo"k;ds izys[kksa ls ;k lkjs fo"k;ksa ds miyC/ Kku ls lacaf/r gks ldrs gSaA vc ge xzaFklwph dh mRifÙk,oa ifjHkk"kkvksa dk vè;;u djsaxs rFkk bl ckr dh ppkZ Hkh djsaxs fd xaFklwph fdl izdkj izlwphrFkk vuqØekf.kdk ls fHkUu gksrh gSA fcfCy;ksxzkiQh* (Bibliography) 'kCn dh O;qRifÙk xzhd Hkk"kkds inksa fcfCy;ksu (biblion) rFkk xzkfiQ,u (graphien) ls gqbZ gSA fcfCy;ksu* dk vFkZ gS] iqLrd*rFkk ^xzkfiQ,u* dk vFkZ gS] ^fy[kuk*A vr% fcfCy;ksxzkiQh dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ ^iqLrdsa fy[kuk* gS tksckn esa ^iqLrdksa ds fo"k; esa fy[kuk* esa ifjo£rr gks x;kA

NOTES


41

xzaFklwfp;ksa ds izdkjxazUFklwph ,oa xzaFkfoKku (fofHkUu lUnHkks± esa bu nksuksa inksa ds fy, vaxzsth Hkk"kk dk Bibliography iniz;ksx gksrk gS) in dh dbZ ifjHkk"kk,¡ miyC/ gSa ftuesa ls dqN izpfyr ifjHkk"kk,¡ uhps nh xbZ gSa%

(d) fcfCy;ksxzkiQh iqLrdksa ds lgh fooj.k (buds lkfgfR;d var£o"k; rFkk HkkSfrdvkdkj&nksuksa dk fooj.k) nsus dh dyk ;k foKku gSA (Van Hoesan, 1928)

([k) fcfCy;ksxzkiQh ls rkRi;Z gS% (i) iqLrdksa ds HkkSfrd ,oa inkFkZxr] vFkkZr~ ikB~;srj] Lo:idk vè;;uA bl vè;;u esa iqLrd ds fofHkUu laLdj.kksa] izfr;ksa bR;kfn esa izLrqr fd,x, ikB dh fHkUurk ds vk/kj ij iqLrd ds bfrgkl rFkk laizs"k.k fof/ dk rqY;kRedvè;;u fd;k tkrk gSA (ii) ys[kdRo] laLdj.kksa] HkkSfrd Lo:i bR;kfn ds lanHkZ esaiqLrd dk o.kZu djus dh dykA (iii) iqLrdksa] ekufp=kksa bR;kfn dh lwph cukukA(Thompson, 1943)

(x) fcfCy;ksxzkiQh iqLrdksa dks fyfic¼ djus dh dyk gS rFkk iqLrd fuekZ.k ,oa Lo:iesa mlds izLrqrhdj.k dk foKku gSA (Esdaile, 1963)

bu ifjHkk"kkvksa ds vykok Hkh fcfCy;ksxziQh* in dh dbZ vkSj ifjHkk"kk,¡ miyC/ gSaA ijUrq dkykUrjesa bl in dk ewy vFkZ] vFkkZr~ iqLrdksa ds HkkSfrd Lo:i dk vè;;u* cny x;k vkSj vkt bldkvFkZ iqLrdksa esa fufgr var£o"k; dh igpku djus* ls tqM+ x;kA vkt] iqLrdky; ,oa lwpuk foKkuds ifjizs{; esa ^fcfCy;ksxzkiQh* dk vFkZ ^iqLrdksa dh lqfu;ksftr lwph rS;kj djus rFkk Lo;a lwph dsuke ls* :<+ gks x;kA vr% xzaFklwph in dks iqLrdksa dh lwph] rFkk xzaFkfoKku] nksuksa gh vFkks± esa Lohdkjfd;k tkrk gSA

xzaFklwph] izlwfp;ksa rFkk vuqØekf.kdkvksa ls fHkUu gksrh gSA izlwph eq[;r% fdlh laxzg dh lwph gksrhgS] tSls iqLrdky; ds izys[k laxzg dh lwphA izlwph esa mu enksa ;k lwpukvksa dks lfEefyr ugha fd;ktkrk tks lacaf/r laxzg esa ekStwn ugha gSaA blh izdkj xzaFk lwph rFkk vuqØekf.kdk esa Hkh varj gSA ;|finksuksa gh lwpuk ds vfHkxe esa lgk;d gSa] ijUrq tgk¡ xzaFklwph lwpuk ds fy, izk;% ,dy vfHkxefcanq iznku djrh gS (mnkgj.k ds fy, izFke ys[kd)] ogha vuqØekf.kdk blds fy, ,dkf/d fcanqiznku djrh gS (mnkgj.k ds fy, izys[k esa o£.kr vusd vo/kj.kkvksa esa ls izR;sd ds fy,vyx&vyx vfHkxe fcanq)A blds vfrfjDr] vuqØekf.kdk esa fo"k; dk xgu fo'ys"k.k fd;k tkrkgS rkfd mi;ksDrk izR;sd fof'k"V vo/kj.kk dks vyx&vyx vfHkxfer dj lds&tSls] O;fDr;ksa]LFkkuksa] ?kVukvksa rFkk izdj.kksa ds uke ds varxZr mUgas <w¡< ldukA izlwfp;k¡ rFkk vuqØef.kdk,¡ nksuksagh xzUFklwfp;ksa dk ladyu djus esa Ïksr dk dke djrh gSaA


1- xzaFklwph dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A

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4- dk;Z rFkk mi;ksx

fiNys nks nldkssa esa izys[kksa ds mRiknu esa vHkwriwoZ fodkl gqvk gSA izdkf'kr lkfgR; dh ek=kk esa HkhdkiQh o`f¼ gqbZ gSA izdkf'kr lkfgR; esa gqbZ rhoz o`f¼ ds dkj.k gh xzaFklwph ,oa xzaFkkRed fu;a=k.kizpfyr gq,A

NOTES



42

xzaFklwph dk eq[; dk;Z gS okafNr lwpuk ds Ïksr dks 'kh?kz <w¡<+us esa mi;ksDrkvksa dh ;Fkk laHko enndjuk gSA xzaFklwph ds dqN dk;Z fuEufyf[kr gSa%

(d) ;g fdlh fo"k; ds mQij miYkC/ lkfgR; dh lqfu;ksftr lan£'kdk gS_

([k) ;g fdlh fn;s x, fo"k; ij izys[kksa dkss <¡<us esa lgk;d gS rFkk muds xzaFkkRed fooj.k(ys[kd] izdk'kd] izdk'ku o"kZ rFkk izdk'ku LFkku bR;kfn) ls voxr djkrh gS_

(x) ;g iqLrdky; ds fy, izys[kksa ds vf/xzgj.k djus esa izys[k p;u Ïksr dk dk;Z djrh gS_

(?k) ;g fdlh ys[kd ds ckjs esa rFkk mldh lkjh Ñfr;ksa ij lwpuk izkIr djus esa lgk;d gS_

(M+) ;g 'kks/drkZvksa ds le; rFkk Je dh cpr djrh gS D;ksafd ;g izys[kksa ds fo'kky ,oafoLrr txr~ esa ls mi;qDr ,oa fof'k"V izys[kksa dk p;u djus esa lgk;rk djrh gSA

(p) ;g 'kks/drkZvksa dks bl laca/ esa fn'kkfunsZ'k nsrh gS fd fdlh fo"k;&{ks=k esa 'kks/orZeku fLFkfr D;k gS rFkk ml {ks=k esa fdl izdkj dh izxfr gks jgh gS_

(N) ;g 'kks/ djus ds m¼s'; ls iwoZO;kih [kkst djus esa mi;ksxh gksrh gS_

(t) ;g fo¼eku Kkuds vuqiz;ksx dks izksRlkfgr djrh gS rFkk u, Kku ds fuekZ.k dkslfØ; djrh gS_ rFkk

(>) ;fn ctV lhfer gks rc izkFkfedrk,¡ fu/kZfjr djus esa ;g iqLrdky;kè;{k dh;gk;rk djrh gSA

xzaFklwph ds mifjfyf[kr dk;Z ;g ladsr djrs gSa fd 'kks/drkZ xzaFklwph dk ijke'kZ ;k ladyu fd,fcuk dk;Z ugha dj ldrk D;ksafd ;g mlds vè;;u ls lacaf/r mi;qDr lkfgR; ds fy, ekxZn'kZuiznku djrh gSA

xzaFklwph ds vusd mi;ksx gSa] tSls%

(d) mudh #fp ds izys[kksa dh miyC/rk dk fu/kZj.k djus esa mi;ksDrkvksa dh lgk;rkdjuk_

([k) izys[kksa dh xzaFkkRed lwpuk dh igpku rFkk iqf"V djus esa lgk;rk djuk_

(x) izdk'kdksa ;k vU; iqLrdky;ksa ds ekè;e ls lwpuk lkexzh dh miyC/rk lqfuf'prdjkus esa lgk;rk djuk_

(?k) ,d l'kDr iqLrdky; laxzg cukus ds fy, blds mi;ksx }kjk mi;ksxh lkexzh dk p;ufd;k tk ldrk gS_

(M+) ;g fdlh fo"k; ds fodkl dks [kkstus esa enn djrh gS_

(p) 'kks/ esa iqujko`fÙk dks Vkyk tk ldrk gS rFkk fo'ks"kr;k 'kks/drkZvksa dks mudh okafNrlkexzh dk vfHkxe iznku fd;k tk ldrk gS_

(N) xzaFklwfp;k¡ fo|eku lkfgR; ij xzaFkkRed fu;a=k.k dk Hkh dk;Z djrh gSaA


2- xzaFklwph ds fdUgha ik¡p dk;ks± dk mYys[k dhft,A

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NOTES


43

xzaFklwfp;ksa ds izdkj5. xzaFklwph dh 'kk[kk,¡

xzaFklwph dks lH;rk ds fyf[kr] izdkf'kr ;k vU; izdkj ls mRikfnr vfHkys[kksa dh ,d lqO;ofLFkrlwph ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g iqLrdky;kè;{k rFkk ikBdksa dks ,sls izys[kksa dh[kkst esa fn'kk funsZ'k nsrh gS ftuls os ifjfpr ugha gksrs (;k muds vfLrRo ds ckjs esa fuf'pr ughagksrs)A izk;% lHkh iqLrdky;ksa esa izys[kksa dks muds ys[kd] vk[;k ;k fo"k; }kjk ekaxk tkrk gS ftlsiqLrdky; izlwph dh lgk;rk ls iwjk fd;k tkrk gSA ysfdu tc izys[k ds fdlh ,d Hkkx dh ekaxdh xbZ gks] vFkok ekaxk x;k izys[k iqLrdky; esa miyC/ ugha gks vFkok ftl ys[kd ;k vk[;k dsuke ls izys[k ekaxk x;k gks mlesa v'kqf¼ gks] rc xzaFkijd midj.kksa }kjk okafNr lkexzh dks <¡<us esalgk;rk feyrh gSA

ikBdksa dks lgk;rk nsus ds fy, viuk, x, fØ;kdykiksa ds vk/kj ij] xzaFklwph dh fuEufyf[kr'kk[kkvksa dk fu/kZj.k fd;k tk ldrk gS%

● fo'ys"k.kkRed ;k lekykspukRed

● lqfu;ksftr ;k ifjx.kukRed

● fooj.kkRed

● ,sfrgkfld

● ikB~;ijd

xzaFklwph dh mi;qDr 'kk[kk,¡ eqfnzr izys[kksa dh lwph gh miyC/ ugha djkrh gSa cfYd lwpuk dsizHkko'kkyh vfHkxe esa Hkh budh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksrh gSA xzaFklwph dh ik¡pksa 'kk[kkvksa esaiqLrdky;kè;{kksa rFkk mi;ksDrkvksa dk laca/ eq[; :i ls fo'ys"k.kkRed rFkk fooj.kkRed lwfp;ksa lsgksrk gS] D;ksafd ls vè;;u ,oa 'kks/ esa lgk;d gksrh gSa rFkk izys[kksa ds HkkSfrd Lo:i dk foLr`rfooj.k Hkh nsrh gSa] tcfd ifjx.krkRed ;k lqfu;ksftr xzaFklwph iqLrdksa dh lwph ek=k gksrh gSA

vxys vuqPNsnksa esa xzaFklwph dh 'kk[kkvksa ds ckjs esa vkSj vf/d tkudkjh nh xbZ gSA

5.1 fo'ys"k.kkRed

fo'ys"k.kkRed (Analytical) xzaFklwph dk laca/ izys[kksa ds foLr`r fooj.k rFkk vè;;u ls gSA buesaizys[kksa ds HkkSfrd vfHky{k.kksa] rFkk HkkSfrd lÙkk ds :i esa buds bfrgkl dk ijh{k.k fd;k tkrkgSA HkkSfrd lÙkk ls vfHkizk; gS] izys[k dh lajpuk dk foLr`r fo'ys"k.k rFkk blds Lo:i dkfooj.kA ;g mRikn ds 'kq: ls ysdj var ikB ds lgh lapkj ls lacaf/r gSA blfy, bl izdkj dhxzaFklwph izys[kksa] fo'ks"kdj eqfnzr iqLrdksa] ds HkkSfrd rRoksa dk fooj.k iznku djus dk iz;kl djrhgSA dkxt ,oa eqnz.k ds bfrgkl ij Hkh blesa fopkj fd;k tkrk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa eas] fo'ys"k.kkRedxazFklwph ,slh xzaFklwph gS ftlesa ys[kdRo] ladsr&'kCnksa] okVjekdZ bR;kfn dk ijh{k.k dj] blijh{k.k ds vk/kj ij fudkys x, fu"d"kks± dks LohÑr :i esa vfHkysf[kr dj lacaf/r izdk'ku dsckjs esa vk¡dM+s rFkk fu/kZfjr fd, tkrs gSaA


3- fo'ys"k.kkRed xzaFklwph dk laf{kIr o.kZu dhft,A

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NOTES



44

5.2 lqfu;ksftr ;k ifjx.kukRed

lqfu;ksftr ;k ifjx.krkRed (Systematic or Enumerative) xzaFklwph dk laca/ iqLrdksa dh ifjx.kukrFkk oxhZdj.k ls gSA vè;;u rFkk 'kks/ ds fy, ;g xzaFkRed izfof"V;ksa dks ,df=kr dj rdZiw.kZ rFkkmi;ksxh Øe esa izLrqr djrh gSA xzaFklwph ekuo lH;rk dk fyf[kr] eqfnzr ;k vU; jhfr ls mRikfnrlqO;ofLFkr vfHkys[k gSA ge xzaFklwph dh ifjHkk"kk iqLrdksa ds lanHkZ eas nsrs gSa] ysfdu O;ogkj esa ;gizdkflr vFkok vizdkf'kr&lHkh izdkj ds eqfnzr izys[kksa ls lacaf/r gksrh gSA xazFklwph dh izfof"V;ksadks tc fdlh Øe esa&tSls o.kkZuqØe] rk£dd Øe] fdlh lqfu;ksftr Øe ;k fdlh fl¼kar ds vkèkjij&lwphc¼ fd;k tkrk gS rks ,slh xzaFklwph dks lqfu;ksftr xzaFklwph dgrs gSaA

lqfu;ksftr xzaFklwfp;k¡ dbZ izdkj dh gksrh gSaA bUgsa fofHkUu vfHky{k.kksa ds vk/kj ij oxhZÑr fd;ktkrk gS] tSls%

● Lo:i&HkkSfrd] ckSf¼d ;k vkarfjd Lo:i

● Hkk"kk

● fo"k;

● 'kkfey fd, x, HkkSxksfyd {ks=k

● dkykof/

● mRiknu ,stsalh

vU; 'kCnksa esa bldk laca/ eqfnzr vFkok izdkf'kr izys[kksa dh dsoy lwph cukuk gh ugha gS cfYd,d ,slh izHkkodkjh lwph cukuk gS ftlesa bl lwph }kjk tc Hkh vko';drk gks] lacaf/r izys[kksa dksmuds ys[kd] vk[;k] fo"k; ;k xzaFkekyk ds varxZr <w¡<k tk ldsA lqfu;ksftr xzaFklwph dks lwpuk dsizHkko'kkyh vfHkxe dks lqfuf'pr djuk pkfg,A xzaFkijd fu;a=k.k ls lacaf/r vuqHkkx esa ge bldsckjs esa vkSj vf/d vè;;u djsaxsA

5.3 fooj.kkRed

fooj.kkRed (Descriptive) xzaFklwph ,d ,slh xzaFklwph gS ftlesa iqLrd ds ckjs esa rF;kRedtkudkjh nh tkrh gS] tSls mlds ys[kd dk iwjk uke] mldh lVhd vk[;k] izdk'ku dk LFkku]izdk'ku o"kZ] izdk'kd rFkk eqnzd dk uke] vkdkj] i`"B la[;k] NikbZ] fp=kksa rFkk eY; dk fooj.k]rFkk iqjkuh iqLrdksa ds fy, vU; vfHky{k.kksa] tSls dkxt ds izdkj] ftYnlkth bR;kfn dk fooj.kAbl izdkj] fooj.kkRed xzaFklwph dk eq[; m¼s'; izys[k ds xzaFkkRed fooj.k dk vfHkys[ku gS ftlsfo'ys"kk.kkRed xzaFklwph izfØ;k dh vof/ esa fuf'pr dj fy;k tkrk gSA fooj.kkRed xzaaFklwph dqNekudksa rFkk rduhdksa dks viukrh gS vkSj fo'ys"k.k ds ifj.kkeksa dk ,d ekud Lo:i esa vfHkys[kudjrh gSA vkt ds le; esa fooj.kkRed xzaFklwph dk egRo de gks x;k gS D;ksafd iqLrdksa ds eqnz.kesa O;ogkfjd ekudksa dks ikyu fd;k tkrk gSA

5.4 ,sfrgkfld

xzaFklwph xzaFkfoKku dh og 'kk[kk ftls ,sfrgkfld (Historical) xzaFklwph dgrs gSa] iqLrd jpuk dsbfrgkl ls lacaf/r gSA blesa ys[ku dyk dk bfrgkl] eqfnzr lkexzh] rFkk ftYnlkth bR;kfn 'kkfeygSaA gLrfyf[kr ik.Mqfyfi;ksa ls ysdj eqfnzr izys[k rd dk ,d yEck bfrgkl gSA dkxt ds iz;ksx]eqnz.k] L;kgh rFkk eqnz.kky;ksa ,oa eqnz.k rduhd esa gqbZ ØkfUr us ys[ku lkexzh ds fodkl ij dkiQhizHkko MkYkk gSA

NOTES


45

xzaFklwfp;ksa ds izdkjvr% ,sfrgkfld xzaFklwph iqLrd mRiknu] eqnz.k] ftYnlkth] dkxt fuekZ.k] fp=kksa rFkk izdk'ku dhfof/ ls lacaf/r gSA


4- fooj.kkRed xzaFklwph ds mi;ksx ij izdk'k Mkfy,A

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5.5 ikB~;ijd

ikB~;ijd (Textual) xzaFklwfp;k¡ os xzaFklwfp;k¡ gSa tks ikB dh 'kq¼rk ij ys[ku ;k eqnz.k izfØ;kvksads izHkko dks fu/kZfjr djus esa lgk;rk djrh gSA bl izdkj dh xzaFklwph eqfnzr iqLrdksa rFkkik.Mqfyfi;ksa ds ewyikB dh fHkUurkvksa ls lacaf/r gksrh gSaA bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd bl izdkj dhxzaFklwph dk y{; mu lVhd 'kCnksa dk fu/kZj.k gS ftudk mi;ksx ys[kd us vius xzaFk ds fuekZ.k esafd;k gSA bldk laca/ fofHkUu eqnz.kksa rFkk laLdj.kksa esa iz;qDr ikB~; lkexzh ds vè;;u rFkk mldhrqyuk ls gksrk gSA

6. xzaFklwph ds izdkj

iqLrdky;ksa rFkk izys[ku dsUnzksa esa xazFklwfp;ksa dks vR;ar egRoiw.kZ midj.k ekuk tkrk gSA bldk dkj.k;g gS fd ls leLr fo/kvksa ls lacaf/r izdkf'kr lkfgR; ds mQij xzaFkkRed lwpuk ds fuckZ/ izokgdks lqfuf'pr djrh gSA xzaFklwfp;k¡ gksrh gSa] ijURkq os izHkkodkjh rHkh gks ikrh gSa tc os O;kid rFkkiQyksRiknd lkekU; xzaFklwfp;k¡ gksaA fo"k;ijd xzaFklwfp;ksa ds vfrfjDr] jk"Vªh; xzaFklwfp;k¡ (ftUgsalkef;d xzaFklwfp;k¡ Hkh dgk tkrk gS) Hkh vU;ar yksdfiz; gSa D;ksafd lkef;d ,oa dkykrhr lwpukdh [kkst ds fy, budk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA vU; izdkj dh Kkr xzaFklwfp;ksa esa O;kikfjd xzaFklwfp;k¡rFkk lkoZHkkSfed xzaFklwfp;k¡ vkrh gSaA

6.1 fo"k;fo"k; (Subject) xzaFklwfp;ksa dks ifjx.kukRed xzaFklwfp;ksa dk lcls cM+k oxZ ekuk tkrk gSA budhifjHkk"kk nsrs gq, ekuk tkrk gS fd bukd laca/ fdlh ,d fo"k; ds mQij lkexzh dh dh lwph lsgksrk gS] tSls dksbZ fdlh LFkku (mnkgj.k ds fy, ;wukbVsM LVsV~l)] dksbZ O;fDr (if.Mr tokgjykyusg:)] fdlh O;kid fo"k; (lkekftd foKku] dEI;wVj foKku) ;k fdlh fo"k; dh vfr y?kq 'kk[kk(lksfyM LVsV fiQftDl% Solid State Physics)] fdlh oLrq (dEI;wVj) dh xzaFklwphA jaxukFku dsvuqlkj] fo"k;ijd xzaFklwph ,d izys[k xzaFklwph gksrh gS tks laiw.kZ fo"k; txr~ dh lkexzh dh lkexzhdk lekos'k djus dh vis{kk fdlh fof'k"V fo"k;&{ks=k rd lhfer gksrh gSA

fo"k; xzaFklwfp;ksa dks ,d Lora=k izdk'ku ds :i esa ;k fdlh izys[k ds va'k ds :i esa izLrqr fd;ktk ldrk gSA lkekU;r% budk {ks=k lkexzh ds vkdkj] le; foLrkj] Ïksrksa dh mRifÙk ,oa Hkk"kk rdlhfer gksrk gSA ;s izk;% p;ukRed ;k foLr`r gksrh gSa vkSj lkef;d ;k iwoZO;kih Hkh gks ldrh gSaAfo"k;&oLrq ds vk/kj ij fo"k;ijd xzaFklwfp;ksa dks dbZ oxks± esa ck¡Vk tk ldrk gSA buesa ls dqN dko.kZu uhps fn;k x;k gS%

NOTES



46

(d) lanHkZ xzaFklwfp;k¡

lanHkZ xzaFklwfp;k¡ (Reference Bilbliogaphies) dh Js.kh esa os xzaFklwfp;k¡ vkrh gSa ftudk mi;ksx eq[;:i ls lanHkZ ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ls xazFklwfp;k¡ foLr`r xzaFklwfp;k¡ gksrh gSaA fdlh fOk"k; ds mQijizdkf'kr lkjs izys[kksa dks lwphc¼ dj iw.kZr;k lqfoLr`r xzaFklwph cukuk ,d furkUr vlaHko dk;Z gSAbldk dkj.k ;g gS fd iqLrdksa rFkk if=kdkvksa ds vkys[k ds :i esa ;=k&r=k izkdkf'kr lkjs izys[k]foKkiu nsus rFkk oS/kfud fu{ksi ds izko/kuksa ds ckctwn Hkh xzaFklwphdkj dh fuxkg esa ugha vk ikrsAvr% ,slh xzaFklwfp;ksa dk mn~ns'; fuf'pr lhek rd gh foLr`r ;k O;kid gksrk gSA xzaFklwphdkj dksbl ckr dks Li"V dj nsuk pkfg,A fons'kh Hkk"kkvksa esa izdkf'kr lkexzh Hkh ,d eq[; ck/k gSA blfy,lUnHkZ xzaFklwfp;ksa dks ;k rks rnFkZ izdk'kuksa ds :i esa tkjh dj le;≤ ij muds la'kksf/r ;kvuqiwjd [k.Mksa dks izdkf'kr djuk pkfg,] ;k bUgsa Øfed izdk'kuksa ds :i eaas tkjh dj budkle;&vk/kfjr fu;fer lkof/d laLdj.k fudkyuk pkfg, vkSj miHkksDrkvksa dk le; cpkus ds fy,buds leqPpf;r [k.Mksa dk izdk'ku Hkh djrs jguk pkfg,A vuØe.khdj.k rFkk lkjdj.k lsok,¡ Hkhbuesa lfEefyr gSa ftudh ppkZ bl ikB~;Øe dh ,d vyx bdkbZ esa dh xbZ gSA

([k) iBu lwfp;k¡

foLr`r vkdkj dh fo"k;ijd xzaFklwfp;k¡ egRoiw.kZ gksrh gSa] fo'ks"kdj rc tc ;s fo"k;&{ks=k esa dkiQhO;kid gksrh gksaA ysfdu ;s muds fy, i;kZIr ugha gksrha tks fdlh Hkh Lrj ij fdlh fo'ks"k fo"k;dk vè;;u djuk pkgrs gSaA ,sls mi;ksDrkvksa dks ml fo"k; ij lko/kuhiwoZd rS;kj dh xbZ p;furxzaFklwph dh vko';drk gksrh gSA ,slh xzaFklwph esa mi;qDr Js.kh ds rFkk vizkI; vFkok izdkukrhrizkdk'kuksa dk lko/kuhiwoZd lekos'k fd;k tkuk pkfg,A bls mi;ksxh :i esa O;ofLFkr] O;k[;k;qDrrFkk i;kZIr mn~;ru gksuk pkfg,A bl izdkj dh xzaFklwph dk vf/d mi;qDr rFkk vf/d izpfyr uke^iBu lwph* (Reading List) gSA

iBu lqfp;ksa dk izpyu vke gSA ;s ,sls O;fDr;ksa }kjk rS;kj dh tkrh gS tks lacaf/r lkfgR; ;k lwphesa laLrqr lkfgR; dh tkudkjh j[krs gSaA Nk=kksa esa forj.k ds fy, f'k{kdksa }kjk Hkh iBu lwfp;k¡ izk;%rS;kj dh tkrh gSaA ikB~;iqLrd ds var esa brj ikB~; lkexzh ds :i esa Hkh bUgsa fn;k tkrk gSA brjikB~; lkexzh Hkh ,d izdkj dh iBu lwph gS ;|fi ,slh lkexzh mPp dksfV dh ugha gksrh gSA

'kks/&ys[kksa vFkok leh{kk&ys[kksa ds lkFk nh xbZ xzaFklwph ;k iBu lwph dkiQh ewY;oku gksrh gS D;ksafdbu lwfp;ksa dks JeiwoZd rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA

(x) fo"k; vuqØef.kdk,¡ rFkk lkjdj.k lsok,¡

;fn ;=k&r=k fc[kjs gq, foiqy la[;d lanHkks± dks bdV~Bk djuk gks rks fdlh fo'ks"k fo"k; ds fdlhfo'ks"k igyw ij izys[kksa dks <w¡<dj ,d le;lkè; dk;Z gSA bl dk;Z ds fy, iqLrdksa rFkk if=kdkvksadh vuqØekf.k;ksa dk lw{eoh{k.k djuk vf/d lqfo/ktud gksrk gSA dqN ,slh Øfed if=kdk,¡ HkhmiyC/ gSa] ftUgsa vuqØe.khdj.k lsok,¡ (Indexing Services) dgrs gSa] ftuesa izdkf'kr izys[kksa dslHkh fooj.k lgk;d vuqØe esa feyrs gSaA buds lkFk gh dqN vU; Øfed if=kdk,¡ Hkh gSa] ftUgsalkjdj.k lsok,¡ (Abstracting Services) dgrs gSa] tks ewyikB dk lkj izLrqr djrh gSaA

lanHkZ egRo dh vf/drj i=k&if=kdkvksa esa izk;% vuqØef.kdk,¡ gksrh gSa (lHkh izdkf'kr vkys[kksa dkvfHkys[k Hkh rS;kj fd;k tkrk gS vkSj bUgsa izk;% if=kdk ds iw.kZ vad ds var esa fn;k tkrk gS)A dbZif=kdkvksa dh leqPpf;r vuqØef.kdk,¡ (tSls nl o"khZ; ;k iap o"khZ;) Hkh miyC/ gSaA vkt ds le;;s ekbØksfiQ'k (Microfiche) ij dEI;wVj vk/kfjr vuqØef.kdk,¡ Hkh miyC/ gSaA

vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k lsok,¡ mi;ksDrkvksa ds fy, izys[k [kkst esa rFkk lkfgR; dh lkekf;d,oa iwoZO;kih [kkst esa dkiQh egRo j[krh gSaA vuqØe.khdj.k lsok,¡ fdlh fo"k; ij iqLrdksa] iSEiQysV

NOTES


47

xzaFklwfp;ksa ds izdkj(Pamphlets) i=k&if=kdk esa izdkf'kr vkys[kksa] 'kks/ izca/ksa ;k vU; ekè;eksa ij vfHkfyf[kr lkexzhdh ys[kd ,oa fo"k; vuqØef.kdk,¡ gksrh gSaA nwljh vksj] lkjdj.k lsokvksa dh O;OkLFkk oxhZÑr ;kfo"k; vk/kfjr gksrh gS ftlesa izfof"V;k¡ fo"k; ds vUrxZr ys[kd ds vuqlkj] xzaFkijd fooj.k rFkkewBikB ds lkj ds lkFk O;ofLFkr gksrh gSaA oxhZÑr Hkkx esa [kkst ds fy, ys[kd] 'kh"kZd rFkk fo"k;vuqØef.kdk gksrh gSA

vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k lsokvksa ds ckjs esa vkSj vf/d tkudkjh vki vè;k; 4 esa izkIr djsaxsA

mn~/j.k vuqØef.kdk (Citation Index) ,d vU; izdkj dh vuØef.kdk gSA bldk ykHk vFkokmi;ksx ;g gS fd ;fn 'kks/drkZ dks viuh :fp ds fo"k; ds mQij ,d Hkh lanHkZ ;k jpuk dk fooj.kKkr gks rks bldh lgk;rk ls mls ml fo"k; ij iwoZ izdkf'kr ;k mn~/`r vU; lanHkks± dk irk pytkrk gSA ,slh lcls igyh vuqØef.kdk fiQysMsfYiQ;k ls lkbal lkbVs'ku baMsDl* (Science CitationIndex, Philadelphia: ISI 1961) ds uke ls izdkf'kr gqbZA lkekftd foKku rFkk dyk ,oa ekufodhij Hkh mn~/j.k vuqØef.kdk,¡ ISI }kjk izdkf'kr dh tkrh gSA

fdlh fo"k;&fo'ks"k dh vxz.kh if=kdkvksa ds uohure vadksa esa izdkf'kr ys[kksa dh Øfed lwph dsizdk'ku dk izpyu Hkh c<k gSA bl izdkj dh ,d fo[;kr lwph baLVhV~;wV iQkj lkbafVfiQd baiQkesZ'ku];w ,l , (ISI : Institute for Scientific Information, U.S.A.) }kjk lu~ 1961 esa izdkf'kr dh xbZftldk izdk'ku vHkh Hkh tkjh gSA bldk uke gS] djs.V dk.VsUV~l% ykbiQ lkbalst (Current Contents:Life Sciences, 1961)A fofHkUu vU; fo"k;ksa ij Hkh ,slh vU; Üka[kyk,¡ izdkf'kr dh tkrh gSaA

fo'ks"krkSj ij fof'k"V iqLrdky;ksa }kjk rS;kj fd, tkus okys lkef;d tkx:drk cqysfVu Hkh vR;armi;ksxh gksrs gSaA if=kdkvksa esa izdkf'kr uohu vkys[kksa dh fo"k;ijd lwph izLrqr dj ;s cqysfVu viusmi;ksDrkvksa dh cgqr lgk;rk djrs gSaA ;s cqysfVu] fdlh iqLrdky; esa izkIr dh xbZ iqLrdksa dh lwphds :i esa Hkh tkjh fd, tk ldrs gSaA

(n) xzaFkijd leh{kk,¡

xzaFkijd leh{kk,¡ (Bibiographic Reviews) nks la;qDr dk;ks± dks iwjk djrh gS&lehf{kr izys[kksa ds sckjsesa lwpuk miyC/ djuk] rFkk buds mQij viuh ewY;kafdr jk; nsukA fdlh fo'ks"k&fo"k; ds mQijbUgsa mi;ksxh xzaFkkRed ;ksxnku ekuk tkrk gSA bUgsa fdlh fo"k; esa uohu izxfr] ok£"kd leh{kk rFkk;Fkk&oLrqfLFkfr izfrosnu ds :i esa izLrqr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

,suqvy fjO;w vkWiQ baiQkjesZ'ku lkbal ,.M VsDuksykWth] 1961 (Annual Review of InformationScience and Technnology, 1966) bldk ,d mÙke mnkgj.k gSA

6.2 jk"Vªh;

jk"Vªh; (National) xzaFklwfp;k¡ Øfed izdk'ku gSa tks lkef;d gksrh gSa rFkk fdlh ns'kfo'ks"k dsizdk'kuksa dh lwph rS;kj djus dk iz;kl djrh gSaA lkef;e ,oa iwoZdkyhu lwpuk dks [kkstus ds fy,budk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA jk"Vªh; xzaFklwph dks fdlh fo'ks"k dkykof/ esa fdlh ns'k esaizdkf'kr] ns'k dh Hkk"kk esa izdkf'kr] rFkk ns'k ds yksxksa (pkgs os ns'k esa jg jgs gksa ;k vU;=k) }kjkfyf[kr ;k izdkf'kr iqLrdksa] izys[kksa] iSEiQysV] Øfed izdk'kuksaa] 'kks/ izca/ksa] y?kq 'kks/izca/ksa ;k vU;izdkf'kr lkexzh dh ,d lwph ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA blesa JO;&n`'; :i esa izLrqrÑfr;k¡] laxhrkRed Ñfr;k¡] ekufp=k] Xyksc] ekufp=kkofy;k¡] dykRed izfrÑfr;k¡] fp=kkadu] miU;klbR;kfn Hkh lfEefyr fd, tkrs gSaA bls fdlh ,d ns'k ;k jk"Vª dh xzaFklwfp;ksa dks lfEefyr djusokys izdk'ku ds :i esa Hkh ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

NOTES



48

p¡fd jk"Vªh; xzaFklwfp;k¡ lacaf/r jk"Vª ds ckSf¼d fuos'k dk vfHkys[ku djrh gSaa] ;s fdlh ns'k esamRikfnr izys[kksa ds ckjs esa lwpuk nsus ds fy, vkf/dkfjd ,oa izkekf.kd Ïksr gSaA MkW- jaxukFku dsvuqlkj ;s lkaLÑfrd] vkfFkZd rFkk lkekftd mís';ksa dks iwjk djrh gSA

jk"Vªh; xzaFklwph;ksa ds dbZ mi;ksx gSaA mnkgj.kkFkZ] iqLrdky;kè;{kksa] iqLrd foØsrkvksa] izdk'kdksa rFkkmi;ksDrkvksa }kjk uohu iqLrdksa ds p;u rFkk Ø; esa ;s lgk;d gSaA izys[kksa ds xzaFkijd fu;a=k.k esaHkh budh Hkwfedk vR;ar egRoiw.kZ gS rFkk ;s iqLrd O;kikj ds fy, ekxZn£'kdk ds :i esa Hkh dk;Zdjrh gSA tSlk fd iwoksZfYyf[kr gS] jk"Vªh; xzaFklwfp;k¡ lkef;d Hkh gks ldrh gSa rFkk iwoZO;kih ;kiwoZdkyhu HkhA dqN jk"Vªh; xzaFklwfp;ksa dk varjjk"Vªh; egRo Hkh gS] tSls ;wukbVsM LVsV~l rFkk ;wukbVsMfdaxMe dh jk"Vªh; xzaFklwfp;k¡A Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; xzaFklwph gekjs ns'k ds iqLrdky; d£e;ksa] mi;ksDrkvksa]rFkk fo}kuksa ds fy, mi;ksxh gSA

jk"Vªh; xzaFklwfp;ksa ds mnkgj.k

(1) Indian National Bibliography (INB). Calcutta: Central Reference Library, 1957- Monthly.

;g xzaFklwph Hkkjr esa izdkf'kr uohu izdk'kuksa dh ,d oxhZÑr lwph gSA ;g fMfyojh vkWiQ cqDl ,sDV]1954 (Delivery of Books Act, 1954) ds varxZr Hkkjr ds jk"Vªh; iqLrdky; esa tek fd, x,(fu{ksfir) izdk'kuksa ij vk/kfjr gSA lu~ 1972 rd bl jk"Vªh; xzaFklwph dks nks Hkkxksa esa tkjh fd;ktkrk Fkk% lkekU; izdk'kuksa dh lwph] rFkk 'kkldh; izdk'kuksa dh lwphA bu nksuksa Hkkxksa dks vc ,dhÑrdj fn;k x;k gSA INB ds nks vuqHkkx gSa& oxhZÑr vkSj vkuqo£.kdA blesa lwphc¼ izR;sd izdk'ku dkiw.kZ xzaFkkRed fooj.k fn;k tkrk gS ftlesa yf[kd] vk[;k] izkdk'kukfn fooj.k] i`"Bkfn fooj.k] iQhpjgsfMax rFkk Msoh Mslhfey oxhZdj.k iz.kkyh ds vuqlkj izdk'kuksa dh oxZla[;k 'kkfey gSA dksyuDySflfiQds'ku ds vuqlkj Hkh oxZla[;k izfof"V ds uhps nh tkrh gSA fofHkUu Hkk"kkvksa dh iqLrdksa dks,d Øe esa ykus dh n`f"V ls lHkh izfof"V;k¡ jkseu fyfi esa ifjo£rr dh tkrh gSA loZizFke bls=kSekfld :i esa rFkk ok£"kd :i esa rFkk okf"kZd lap;h [kaMksa ds lkFk izdkf'kr fd;k x;kA lu~ 1964esa blds izdk'ku dh le;ko`fÙk dks ekfld :i esa ifjofrZr fd;k x;k tks 1977 rd tkjh jgh (tcbldk fuyafcr dj fn;k x;k)A lu~ 1978 rFkk 1979 ds fy, bldk izdk'ku ugha fd;k x;kA1980&83 ds fy, la;qDr [kaM izdkf'kr fd;k x;kA tuojh 1984 ds ekfld le;ko`fÙk esa bldkizdk'ku iqu% 'kq: fd;k x;kA blh le; ls oxZla[;k ds fy, Mh Mh lh (DDC) i|fr ds 19osalaLdj.k dk iz;ksx fd;k tk jgk gSA izfof"V;ksa dk xazFkkRed fooj.k vc , , lh vkj&II (AACR II)ds fu;ekuqlkj dqN la'kks/u ds lkFk fn;k tkrk gSA

Britis National Bibligraphy (BNB). London: British Library Bibliographic Services Division, 1950-Weekly.

,d lkIrkfgd izdk'ku gSA le;≤ ij blds lapf;r vadksa dk izdk'ku Hkh fd;k tkrk gS vkSjbldk ,d ok£"kd vad Hkh izdkf'kr gksrk gSA lu~ 1976 ls lap;h vad dks nks [k.Mksa esa fudkyk tkrkgS% Msoh Msfley iz.kkyh dh oxZla[;k ds vk/kj ij O;ofLFkr fo"k;&izlwph] rFkk ys[kd] vk[;kvkSj fo"k; ds vyx&vyx vfHkxe ds fy, ,d vkuqo£.kd vuqØe.kh [kaMA izfof"V;k¡ dkihjkbVvkfiQl (Copyright Office) esa tek dh xbZ (fu{ksfir) iqLrdksa ij vk/kfjr gksrh gSA dqN vioknksadk NksM+dj xzsV fczVsu (Great Britain) esa eqfnzr lHkh ubZ iqLrdksa dks blesa lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSAlap;h fo"k; vuqØef.kdk,¡ rFkk lap;h vkuqo£.kd vuqØef.kdk,¡ iapo"khZ; rFkk f=kok£"kd lap;hvad ds :i esa izdkf'kr gksrh jgrh gSA BNB CD-ROM tks bldk e'khu iBuh; laLdj.k gS] esa1950&1985 dk MsVk gS vkSj fMLd ij miyC/ gSA bldk ekbØksfiQ'k (Microfiche) laLdj.k HkhmiyC/ gSA

NOTES


49

xzaFklwfp;ksa ds izdkjCumulative Book Index (CBI): A World List of Books in English Language. New York : Wilson,1898-. Monthly.

Cummulative Book Index, tks CBI ds uke ls izpfyr gS] dk ;w ,l , ds fy, ogh LFkku gS tksBNB dk xzsV fczVsu ds fy,A blesa ewy :i ls ;w ,l (US) ds izdk'kuksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;kFkkA lu~ 1928 ls] blus vaxzsth Hkk"kk esa eqfnzr fo'o dh lHkh iqLrdksa dks 'kkfey djuk 'kq: fd;kx;kA blfy, bldk foLrkj&{ks=k varjk"Vªh; gSA blesa 'kkldh; izdk'kuksa] ekufp=kksa] laxhRekdLoj&fyfi;ksa] ipkl i`"Bksa rd ds y?kq izdk'kuksa] {kf.kd ewY; ds izdk'kuksa bR;kfn dks 'kkfey ughafd;k tkrkA izR;sd vad ds var esa izdk'kdksa ,oa forjdksa dh funsZf'kdk nh tkrh gSA tqykbZ ,oa vxLrdks NksMdj blds vad izfr ekg izdkf'kr gksrs gSa vkSj ok£"kd lap;h vad Hkh izdkf'kr fd, tkrs gSaA

6.3 O;kikfjd

O;kikfjd (Trade) xzaFklwph izdk'kdksa] iqLrd foØsrkvksa ;k O;kikfjd laxBuksa }kjk ns'k esa eqfnzr rFkkfoØ; ds fy, miyC/ iqLrdksa ,oa vU; lkexzh dh lwph gSA ;s xzaFklwfp;k¡ O;oLkkf;d mís';kssa dhiw£r djrh gS rFkk izys[kksa ds foØ; dks c<+kus esa Hkh lgk;rk djrh gSA O;kikfjd xzaFklwph iqLrdksarFkk vU; iBuh; lkexzh dh ,slh lwph gS ftls iqLrd foØsrkvksa] eqnzdksa] izdk'kdksa rFkk forjdksa }kjkfoØ; c<+kus ds fy, izdkf'kr fd;k tkrk gSA ;s foLrkj&{ks=k esa jk"Vªh; ;k varjk"Vªh; Lrj dh gksldrh gSA 'kks/ izca/ksa] y?kq 'kks/izca/ksa] laLFkkvksa ds izdk'kuksa bR;kfn tSls vizdkf'kr izys[kksa dks izk;%O;kokfjd xzaFklwfp;ksa esa lfEefyr ugha fd;k tkrk gSA blesa 'kkldh; izdk'kuksa rFkk ,sls izdk'kuksa]ftudk ewY; fu/kZfjr ugha fd;k x;k gks] dks Hkh 'kkfey ugha fd;k tkrkA

O;kikfjd xzaFklwfp;k¡ vusd :iksa esa miYkC/ gSa] tSls O;fDrxr iqLrd foØsrkvksa ;k izdk'kdksa dsiqLrdksa dh lwph] fdlh ns'k esa izdkf'kr izdk'kuksa dh lwph] lsd.M gSaM (Second hand) iqLrdksadh lwph] fdlh ns'k esa izdkf'kr lHkh iqLrdksa dh lkoZf/d lwphA ;g lkef;d Hkh gks ldrh gS rFkkiwoZO;kih HkhA

O;kikfjd xzUFk lwfp;ksa ds mnkgj.k

● Indian Books in Print. Delhi : Indian Bureau of Biliogrqphly, 1955-

● Indian Book Industy. Delhi : Sterling 1969-

● British Book in print London : Whitaker, 1965-

● Publisher' Weekly, American Book Publish Record, New york Bowker, 1960-.

● Book in Print, New york : R.R. Bowker, 1948-

O;kikfjd xzaFklwfp;ksa ij vf/d lwpuk ds fy, bl ikB~;Øe dk vè;k; 9 ns[ksaA

6.4 lkoZHkkSfed

lkoZHkkSfed (Universal) xzaFklwph og xzaFklwph gS ftlesa Kku ds lHkh {ks=k esa Hkwr ls ysdj Hkfo";rd ds lHkh izdkf'kr] fuxZfer ;k izfØ;kÑr izys[kksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gksA Mk- jaxukFku dhifjHkk"kk ds vuqlkj] xazFklwph dks lkoZHkkSfed rHkh ekuk tk ldrk gS tc og lHkh fo"k;ksa ij] LkHkhHkk"kkvksa esa] lHkh ns'kksa dh lkoZdkfyd leLr izdkf'kr lkexzh&pkgs iqLrdsa ;k muds Hkkx ;k if=kdkvksa;k muds vkys[kksa ;k bu nksuksa dh fefJr lkexzh&dh lwph izLrqr djsA vU; 'kCnksa esa] lkoZHkkSfedxzaFklwph og gS tks fo'o ds lHkh ns'kksa dh] lHkh Hkk"kkvksa esa rFkk lHkh fo"k;ksa ds mQij mRikfnr lkjsizys[kksa dks lwphc¼ djsaA

bl izdkj dh lkoZHkkSfed xzaFklwph dks rS;kj djuk ,d fo'kky dk;Z gksxk ftls iwjk djuk yxHkxvlEHko gSA fiNys dbZ o"kks± ls xzaFklwphdj bldks iwjk djus dk iz;kl dj jgs gSaA fiNys 30&40 o"kks±esa Kku ,oa lkfgR; dh fo'kky o`f¼ ds dkj.k bl izdkj dh xzaFklwph dks rS;kj djus ds jkLrs dh

NOTES



50

ck/k,¡ c<h gSaA blds vfrfjDr] Hkk"kk Hkh izeq[k ck/d gSA ,d vU; ck/k xzaFklwph eas izfof"V;ksa dksladfyr djus rFkk O;ofLr djus dh jhfr dh gSA dEI;wVj ds vkxeu ds ckn buesa ls dqN leL;kvksaesa dqN deh vkbZ gSA

bl izdkj dh xzaFklwfp;ksa dks rS;kj djus ds fy, iwoZ esa dbZ iz;kl fd, x, gSaA lkoZHkkSfed xzaFklwphds bfrgkl dh ,d lqizfl¼ ?kVuk nks csfYt;u fo}kuksa] vkVysV rFkk gsujh yk iQkUVsu (Paul Otletand Henri La Fontaine) }kjk bl fn'kk esa fd;k x;k lkglh iz;kl gSA bUgksaus iqLrdksa ,oa egRoiw.kZif=kdkvksa ds vkys[kksa dh lkoZHkkSfed oxhZÑr xzaFklwph rS;kj djus dk iz;kl lu~ 1895 esa 'kq: fd;krFkk chloha 'krkCnh ds izkjafHkd o"kks± rd tkjh j[kkA czwlsYl (Brussels) esa bl ;kstuk ds eq[;ky;esa ;|fi dbZ n'ky{k (millions) izfof"V;ksa dks i=kdksa ij lapf;r fd;k x;k] ijUrq varjjk"Vªh; foÙkh;lgk;rk ds vHkko esa fd, x, lHkh iz;kl foiQy gks x, ysfdu blh iz;kl us lqizfl¼ InternationalFederation for Information and Documentation (FDI) rFkk Universal Decimal Classification (UDC)dks tUe fn;kA

tSlk fd igys crk;k x;k gS] vc rd dksbZ Hkh Kkr lkoZHkkSfed xzaFklwph izdkf'kr ugha gqbZ gSA fiQjHkh bl fn'kk esa dqN lEHkkfor mnkgj.kksa esa ;w ds ds British Library Reference Division, BritishLibray (UK), ;w ,l , ds Library of Congress, rFkk izQka'k ds Bibliotheque Nationale of Francedh izdkf'kr izlwfp;ksa dk mYys[k fd;k tk ldrk gSA

6.5 lkaf[;dh;

lkaf[;dh; (Statistical) xzaFklwph dks] fyf[kr laizs"k.k ds fofo/ igyqvksa dks ifjxf.kr rFkk fo'ysf"krdj fyf[kr laizs"k.k rFkk fdlh fo"k; dh izÑr ij izdk'k Mkyus ds fy, rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSAfuEufyf[kr dk;ks± ds fy, blesa iqLrdksa ,oa of=kdkvksa ls lacaf/r lkaf[;dh dks ,df=kr dj mudhO;k[;k dh tkrh gS%

(d) iqLrdksa ,oa if=kdkvksa ds jk"Vªh; ;k lkoZHkkSfed 'kks/ijd mi;ksx dks lqfuf'pr djuk_

([k) fdlh ,d fo"k; esa ,sfrgkfld vkanksyuksa dks izn£'kr djuk_ rFkk

(x) fofHkUu fLFkfr;ksa esa iqLrdksa ,oa if=kdkvksa ds lkekU; mi;ksx dk irk yxkukA

bl izdkj dh xzaFklwph ds cgqr de mnkgj.k feyrs gSaA dSfEczt ;wuho£lVh izsl (CambridgeUniversity Press) }kjk 1962 esa izdkf'kr] ch vkj fe'py rFkk fiQfyl Ms;u (B.R. Mithell andPhyllis Deane) }kjk rS;kj fd;k x;k ,CLVªsDV vkWiQ fczfV'k fgLVhfjdy LVsfVLVhdYl (Abstractof British Historical Staistics) bldk ,d izfrfuf/d mnkgj.k gSA Central Statistical Office (CSO)ds izdk'ku] Guide to Official Statistics ;w ds ds 'kkldh; foHkkxksa esa lksf[;dh; lwpuk iznku djusokys izdk'kuksa dk fooj.k nsrk gSA

7. xzaFkkRed fu;a=k.k

fdlh ns'k] fo"k; vFkok lkfgfR;d fo|k ls lacaf/r eqfnzr lkfgR; ds fy, gesa ;fn izR;sd bfPNrlkexzh ds mQij vklkuh ls iwjh vkSj lVhd lwpuk izkIr gks tk, rks ge ;g dg ldrs gSa fd mloxZ ds izys[kksa ds fy, xzaFkkRed fu;a=k.k iw.kZ rFkk mÙke gSA ij lkekU;r;k ,slk gksrk ugha gS D;ksafdokLrfod :i esa] tc fdlh y?kq O;kidrk rFkk xgu rhozrk okys fdlh fo"k; ds mQij lwpuk <w¡<htkrh gS rks xzaFkkRed fu;a=k.k 'kk;n dh iw.kZ fl¼ gksrk gSA

dsoy Lora=k :i esa eqfnzr&izdkf'kr Ñfr;ksa (tSls iqLrdksa) dk xzaFkkRed fu;a=k.k gh ,d dfBu dk;Zugha gS] vfirq Lora=k :i esa izdkf'kr Ñfr;ksa ds va'k ;k ,d Hkkx ds :i esa izdkf'kr izys[kksa&tSlsfdlh if=kdk esa izdkf'kr vkys[kksa ;k fdlh iqLrd ds fofHkUu ys[kdksa }kjk fyf[kr fofHkUu vè;k;ksa

NOTES


51

xzaFklwfp;ksa ds izdkj;k vuqHkkxksa&dk xzaFkkRed fu;a=k.k vkSj Hkh dfBu dk;Z gSA Kku ds {ks=k esa fd, x, ;s ;ksxnku Hkh vR;regRoiw.kZ gksrs gSa] ysfdu p¡fd ;s izPNUu :i esa gksrs gSa vr% xzaFklwphdkj dh yxu rFkk vè;olk;ds vHkko esa] vko';drk ds le;] budh vuns[kh gks ldrh gSA

xzaFkkRed fu;a=k.k dk vFkZ gS] izdkf'kr ;k fyf[kr vfHkys[kksa (lkfgR;) ds mQij vf/dkj ;k uSiq.M]tks xzaFklwph }kjk rFkk xzaFklwph ds f, miyC/ djk;k x;k gksA xzaFkkRed fu;a=k.k dk ,d vU; vFkZgS] xzaFklwfp;ksa ds ekè;e ls izys[kksa ds izfr izHkkodkjh vfHkxeA

xzaFkkRed fu;a=k.k ds mís'; dk laca/ lwpuk Ïksr ;k lkexzh dk lqyHkrk rFkk bUgsa <w¡<us dh xfr lsgSSA blfy, ekuo lH;rk ,oa laLÑfr ds lEiw.kZ vfHkys[kksa ds vfHkxe rFkk izHkko'kkyh mi;ksx dsfy, bUgsa O;ofLFkr djus dh ;ksX;rk iqLrdky;kè;{k esa gksuh pkfg,A

xzaFkkRed fu;a=k.k ds pkj igyw gSa%

(d) leLr eqfnzr ,oa vU; izdkj dh iqLrdky; lkexzh dk laiw.kZ vfHkys[ku_

([k) iqLrdky;ksa ,oa lwpuk laxBuksa esa bl lkexzh dk ;fu;ksftr vf/xzg.k_

(x) la?kh; izlwph] la?kh; lwph ;k ,slh vU; ;qfDr;ksa }kjk lkexzh dh miyC/rk dk LFkku crkuk_

(?k) lHkh [ks{kksa esa fo"k; xzaFklwph dk izko/kuA

fdlh ns'k] fo"k; ;k lkfgfR;d fo|k ds mQij eqfnzr lkexzh ds fdlh lqLi"V iqat ds fy, gesa ;fnizR;sd lkexzh ds mQij ls iwjh vkSj lVhd lwpuk fey tk, rks ml {ks=k esa xzaFkkRed fu;a=k.k dks mÙkeekuk tk,xkA ijarq okLrfod O;ogkj esa lHkh lkexzh ij xzaFkkRed fu;a=k.k dkiQh dfBu gS D;ksafd geu dsoy izdkf'kr lkexzh ;k eqfnzr lkexzh ls gh lacaf/r gksrs gSa cfYd lkexzh ds va'k] if=kdkvksads vkys[kksa rFkk dksbZ vU; izdkj dh izdkf'kr ;k vizdkf'kr lkexzh ls Hkh lacaf/r gksrs gSaA

xzaFkkRed fu;a=k.k okLro esa dsoy f}rh; fo'o ;q¼ ds ckn ;wusLdks ds iz;klksa }kjk gh iQyksRiknd:i esa izdV gqvk vkSj ;wusLdks }kjk gh izR;sd ns'k ds fy, jk"Vªh; xzaFklwph ds izdk'ku ij tksj fn;kx;kA bÝyk (IFLA) }kjk lu~ 1974 esa ;wuholZy fcfCy;ksxzkfiQd daVªksy (Universal BibliographicControl) dks vius ,d eq[; dk;ZØe ds :i esa ?kksf"kr djuk xzaFkkRed fu;a=k.k ds bfrgkl esa ,d;qxkUrdkjh ?kVuk gSA fiNys n'kd esa vkWuykbu daI;wVhÑr (Online Computerrised) xzaFkkRedvfHkys[kksa ds iz;ksx ds dkj.k xzaFkkRed fu;a=k.k dh dqN lhekvksa ;k ck/kvksa esa deh vkbZ gSA

xzaFkkRed fu;a=k.k esa eq[; dkjd rRo gS% fo"k;] Lo:i (HkkSfrd ,oa lkfgfR;d)] LFkku] lEk;]foLrkj&{ks=k (xzaFklwph p;ukRed ;k O;kid gks ldrh gS) vkSj izR;sd izfof"V es fn, x, fooj.k dhek=kkA bl izdkj] ;fn LkHkh fo"k; {ks=kksa dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gS rks xazFklwfp;ksa dh la[;k dkiQhgks tk,xhA ysfdu O;kogkfjd :i esa] bl dk;Z dh vusd lhek,¡ gSa rFkk ,slh xzaFklwfp;ksa dk mi;ksxvlaHko gksxkA blfy, mi;ksfxrk dh n`f"V ls vusd fo"k;ksa ij cM+h la[;k esa y?kq xzaFklwfp;k¡ rS;kjdh tkrh gSa rkfd budk lqfo/kiwoZd mi;ksx fd;k tk ldsA

7.1 xzaFklwfp;ksa dh xzaFklwph

;s xzaFklwfp;ksa dh lwfp;k¡ gksrh gSa tks mi;ksDrk dks xzaFklwfp;ksa ds p;u esa lgk;rk djrh gSSaA ;sxzaFklwfp;ksa dks <¡w<us esa Hkh lgk;rk iznku djrh gSaA xzaFklwfp;ksa ds xzaFkkRed fu;a=k.k esa dbZ dfBukbZ;k¡gSaA bldk eq[; dkj.k iz;ksx esa yh tkus okyh xzaFklwfp;ksa dh foiqy la[;k gSA blds vfrfjDr] ;g[kkstuk Hkh dkiQh dfBu gS fd fn;s x, izdj.k ij mi;ksDrk fo'ks"k ds fy, mi;qDr xzaFklwph miyC/gS ;k ugha] ;k ;fn ,slh xzaFklwph iqLrdky; ds ladyu esaa ugha gS rks D;k blds e¡xkus dk vkSfpR;gSA ,d vafre dkj.k bldk ewY; gS D;ksafd izeq[k xzaFklwfp;ksa dks [kjhnuk dkiQh eg¡xk iM+rk gSA

NOTES



52

bl izdkj] xzaFklwfp;ksa ds xzaFkkRed fu;a=k.k dk dk;Z dqN fo"ke gSA csLVjeSu (Besterman) dk vfrizfl¼ izdk'ku oYMZ fcfCy;ksxziQh vkWiQ fcfCy;ksxzkfiQt (World Bibliography of Bibliogra-phies) vc v|ru ugha gS vkSj vizpfyr gks pqdk gSA vr% mi;ksDrk ds ikl ,d ek=k puko ,pMCyw foYlu (H.W. Wilson) }kjk izdkf'kr v/Zok£"kd izdk'ku fcCyvksxzkdfiQd baMsDl] 1937(Bibliogaphic Index, 1937-) gSA vkt iz;qDr izeq[k xzaFklwfp;ksa esa okYiQksMZ~l xkbM Vw jsiQjsaleVsfj;Yl (Walford dh Guide to Reference Materials) 'ksyht xkbM Vw jsiQjsal cqDl (Sheehydk Guide to Reference Book) dk mYys[k fd;k tk ldrk gSA fudV Hkfo"; esa] vius dbZxzaFkkRed lanHkZ ds iz'uksa dks iw.kZ :i ls vkWuykbu MsVkcsl (Online databases) }kjk larq"V fd;ktk ldrk gSA

7.2 lkoZHkkSfed xzaFkkRed fu;a=k.k

lkoZHkkSfed xzaFkkRed fu;a=k.k (UBC : Universal Bibliographic Control) ls rkRi;Z gS] vUrjjk"Vªh;Lrj ij izys[kksa dk xzaFkkRed fu;a=k.kA ;g dk;Z lnk ls gh leL;kxzLr jgk gSA fiNys ik¡p n'kdksa esaizdk'kuksa dh la[;k rFkk izdkjksa esa rhoz o`f¼ ds dkj.k ;g leL;k Hkh fodjky gksrh gk jgh gS vkSjiqLrdky;dehZ Hkh blls vlEi`Dr ugha jg ldrsA

lkoZHkkSfed xzaFklwph ds ladyu dh fn'kk esa fd;s x, iz;klksa ds ckjs esa igys gh crk;k tk pqdk gSvkSj ge bl ckr dks tku pqds gSa fd bl izdkj dh] dksbZ Hkh Kkr lkoZHkkSfed xzaFklwph ugha gSA ysfduf}rh; fo'o;q¼ ds ckn ;wusLdks us bl fn'kk esa usr`Ro laHkkyk vkSj bl ckr ij cy fn;k fd ;fnlHkh jk"Vª viuh&viuh lkef;d jk"Vªh; xzaFklwfp;k¡ rS;kj djrs jgs rks izHkkoh :i ls lkoZHkkSfedxzaFkkRed fu;a=k.k ds y{; dks ik;k tk ldrk gSA ijUrq dbZ o"kks± ds chrus ds ckn Hkh vkt bl fn'kkesa dksbZ Bksl miyfC/ ugha gks ikbZ gSA

lkoZHkkSfed xzaFkkRed fu;a=k.k (UBC) dk;ZØe dks 1974 esa bÝyk (IFLA) }kjk iz;ksftr fd;kx;k FkkA ;g okLrfodrk ls dkiQh nwj gS D;ksafd ;g bl rF; dh LohÑfr ij vk/kfjr gS fdizHkkodkjh xzaFkijd fu;a=k.k izR;sd ns'k esa 'kq: gksuk pkfg, vkSj ;g fd ;fn fofHkUu ns'kksa ds chpxzaFkkRed fooj.k ds mQij varjjk"Vªh; lgefr gks tk, rHkh buds chp xzaFkkRed lwpuk dk fofue;laHko gSA

UBC dk;ZØe dks IFLA ds ,d vU; dk;ZØe] International MARC ds lkFk feyk fn;k x;kgSA vkSj vc bls UBCIMP ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA IFLA ,oa UNESCO bl laca/ esa ijLijlg;ksx djrs gSa vkSj buds iz;klksa ls vusd dk;ZØe pyk, tk jgs gSa] tSls International StandrardBibliographic Description (ISBD), Internatioal Serials Data System (ISDS), Catalogu-ing-in-Publication (CIP) rFkk Union Lists of Serials.

7.3 Hkkjr esa xzaFkkRed xfrfof/;k¡

vkt Hkkjr esa] vusd laxBu fofHkUu Lrjksa ij xzaFkkRed lsok,¡ iznku djus esa yxs gq, gSa] tSls jk"Vªh;Lrj ij jk"Vªh; iqLrdky;] dydÙkk foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh ds {ks=k esa bUlMkWd (INSDOC)vk;q£oKku laca/h lwpuk ds fy, us'kuy esfMdy ykbczsjh (National Medical Library); rFkklkekftd foKku ds {ks=k esa uSlMkWd (NASSDOC) fofHkUu xzaFkkRed xfrfof/;k¡ pyk jgs gSa ftuesajk"Vªh; ,oa varjjk"Vªh; lwpuk Ïksr 'kkfey gSA

NOTES


53

xzaFklwfp;ksa ds izdkj1957 ls jk"Vªh; iqLrdky; }kjk Indian National Bibliography (INB) dk izdk'ku fd;k tk jgkgSA vr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd gekjh ljdkj us jk"Vªh; Lrj ij xzaFkkRed fu;a=k.k ds egRo dks igpkukgSA Hkkjrh; {ks=kh; Hkk"kkvksa esa iqLrdksa dh xzaFklwfp;ksa dks Hkh INB }kjk ladfyr fd;k x;k gSA

1957 ls gh Association of Indian Universities (AIU) }kjk Hkkjrh; fo'ofo|ky;ksa }kjk LohÑr'kks/ izca/ksa ij xzaFklwfp;k¡ Üka[kyk :i esa izdkf'kr dh tk jgh gSaA ;s xzaFklwfp;k¡] bl izdkj] 'kks/izcaèkksaij xzaFkkRed fu;a=k.k iznku djrh gSA

uSlMkWd (NASSDOC) us lkekftd foKku esa fofHkUu fo"k;ksa] lays[kksa ij xzaFklwfp;ksa dk izdk'kufd;k gS rFkk bl {ks=k esa vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k lsok,¡ Hkh iznku dj jgk gSA

bUlMkWd (INSDOC) viuh yksdfiz; if=kdk Indian Science Abstracts ds vfrfjDr Hkkjr dsfofHkUu {ks=kksa ls Union Catalogue of Scientific Serials Hkh izdkf'kr dj jgk gSA bUlMkWd dsfofHkUu dEI;wVj vk/kfjr MsVkcsl fofHkUu izdkj ds oSKkfud ,oa rduhdh (S&T) izdk'kuksa dsxzaFkkRed fu;a=k.k dk dk;Z djrs gSaA Hkkjr ds fof'k"V iqLrdky;ksa esa NISSAT Sectoral Informa-tion Centres and Documentation Centres esa vius&vius mi;ksDrkvksa ds fy, le;≤ ijxzaFklwfp;ksa dk ladyu fd;k tkrk gSA Hkkjrh; {ks=kh; Hkk"kkvksa esa Hkh iqLrdksa dh xzaFklwfp;k¡ ladfyrdh xbZ gSaA bl ds izeq[k mnkgj.k ejkBh Hkk"kk esa feyrs gSaA lu~ 1832 ls 1960 dh vof/ dh ejkBhxzaFklwph (Marathi Grantha Suchi) dks 'kadj x.ks'k nkrs (Shankar Ganesh Date) }kjk nks Hkkxksa esaladfyr ,oa izdkf'kr fd;k x;kA S.G. Date dh e`R;q ds i'pkr~ S.D. Date Suchi Mangal iq.ksesa LFkkfir fd;k x;k gSA blds }kjk Hkh N% [kaMksa esa ejkBh Hkk"kk esa izdkf'kr vkys[kksa dh xzaFklwphrS;kj dh xbZ gSA vU; Hkk"kkvksa esa Hkh xzaFklwfp;ksa dks ladfyr djus ds iz;kl fd, tk jgs gSaA

8. lkj& la{ksi

tSlk fd fofHkUu vuqHkkxksa esa igys crk;k x;k gS] xzaFklwfp;k¡ vfuok;Z lgk;d midj.k gSa rFkk fofHkUuizdk'kuksa dh [kkst ,oa igpku djus esa ekxZn£'kdk dk dk;Z djrh gSA ;s izdk'kuksa esa ls lwpuk dh[kkst esa Hkh lgk;rk djrh gSA xzaFklwfp;ksa dks rS;kj djus esa dkiQh] le; rFkk /u yxrk gSA vr% ;sdkiQh eg¡xh gks tkrh gSaA ,d vkSj ckr Hkh è;ku esa j[kuh pkfg, fd bUgsa vf/drj laLFkkvksa }kjkgh [kjhnk tkrk gSA blfy, dqN O;kolkf;d izdk'kd gh xzaFklwfp;k¡ izdkf'kr djrs gSa vkSj bl izdkjds izdk'kuksa esa fo'ks"kKrk j[kus okys izdk'kd cgqr de gSaA

;s 'kks/drkZvksa gsrq vius 'kks/ dk;ks± dks tkjh j[kus ds fy, rFkk iqLrdky;ksa ds fy, ;s vR;UregRoiw.kZ gksrh gSaA buds vU; mi;ksx gSa% izys[kksa dh igpku djus rFkk mudh vofLFkfr (miyC/gksus dk LFkku) dk irk yxkus esa vkSj iqLrdky;ksa esa izys[kksa dk p;u djus esa lgk;d gksukA bl izdkjbUgsa laiw.kZ gksuk pkfg, rFkk fofHkUu Lo:iksa&tSls lkoZHkkSfed] jk"Vªh;] O;kikfjd rFkk fo"k; xzaFklwfp;ksaesa miyC/ gksuk pkfg,A

,d vU; izdkj dh xzaFklwph] ftldh ppkZ bl bdkbZ ds fdlh vuqHkkx esa ugha dh tk ldrh gS]ys[kd xzaFklwph gSA bl izdkj dh xzaFklwph ij izk;% mi;ksDrkvksa ,oa iqLrdky;ksa }kjk T;knk è;ku ughafn;k tkrkA lkekU;r% bUgsa iqLrd laxzkgdksa (Book collectors) ds fy, rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA iqLrdlaxzkgd ,sls mi;ksDrk gSa tks iqjkru iqLrdksa esa jQfp j[krs gSa] vFkok iqjkrfud iqLrd O;kikjh gksrs gSaAdbZ thouhdkj ,oa vkykspd bUgsa vius dk;Z ds fy, Hkh egRoiw.kZ ikrs gSaA ,d vPNh ys[kd xzaFklwphvius {ks=k&foLrkj esa dkiQh O;kid gksuh pkfg, ftldk vFkZ gS fd ys[kd fo'ks"k dk izR;sd izdk'kublesa 'kkfey fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

NOTES



54

dqN xzaFklwfp;k¡ c`gnkdkj gksrh gSa rFkk lanHkZ ds flok mudk dksbZ vU; mi;ksx ugha gksrkA i;kZIr èkuds vHkko rFkk dYiuk'khyrk dh deh ds dkj.k xzaFklwfp;k¡ cgq/k =kqfViw.kZ jg tkrh gSaA vr% xzaFklwfp;ksadk ladyu djrs le; izdk'ku frfFk] vk[;k ds forj.k rFkk izdk'kd ds uke dh 'kq¼rk ds izfrladyudrkZ dks fo'ks"k lko/kuh cjruh pkfg,A ,d mÙke xzaFklwph dks fo"k; oxhZdj.k ij vk/kfjrgksuk pkfg, rFkk mlds v/hu izfof"V;ksa dks ys[kdksa ds uke ds varxZr O;ofLFkr gksuk pkfg,A bldslkFk gh] ys[kd&vuqØe.kh nsuk vR;ar mi;ksxh gksrk gSA

varr% xzaFkkRed fu;a=k.k dh vko';drk fooknkLin ugha gSA izdk'kuksa esa Hkkjh ek=kk esa gqbZ o`f¼ dsdkj.k lkfgR; foLiQksV* gks pqdk gSA ,d vPNs mi;ksDrk dks viuh vko';drk ds izys[kksa dk mi;ksxdjus esa dkiQh dfBukbZ vkrh gSA izdk'kuksa dk xzaFkkRed fu;a=k.k lwwpuk dks le; ls] rhoz xfr ls rFkkizHkkoh :i ls iznku djus esa lgk;d gksrk gSA

9. Lo& izxfr ijh{k.k iz'uksa ds mÙkj

1- xzaFklwph dh lanHkZ ,oa lwpuk vfHkxe midj.kksa dh ,d izeq[k dksfV gSA ;g vfHkys[kksa dh]lqfu;ksftr jhfr ls rS;kj dh xbZ] ,d fooj.kkRed lqph gSA xzaFklwph in dk iz;ksx O;kid vFkZesa fd;k tkrk gS D;ksafd blds varxZr xzaFkfoKku ds lHkh i{kksa&tSls HkkSfrd rRo] mldk bfrgkl]cnyrk Lo:i] lkexzh rFkk blds fuekZ.k dh fof/;k¡&lfEefyr gksrs gSaA xzaFklwph dss fuekZ.k dksdyk rFkk foKku nksuksa ekuk tkrk gS D;ksafd bl dk;Z esa bu nksuksa dh fof/;ksa dk mi;ksx fd;ktkrk gSA

2- xzaFklwph dk eq[; dk;Z gS okafNr lwpuk ds Ïksr dks 'kh?kz <w¡<+us esa mi;ksDrkvksa dh ;Fkk laHkoenn djuk gSA xzaFklwph ds dqN dk;Z fuEufyf[kr gSa%

(d) ;g fdlh fo"k; ds mQij miYkC/ lkfgR; dh lqfu;ksftr lan£'kdk gS_

([k) ;g fdlh fn;s x, fo"k; ij izys[kksa dkss <¡<us esa lgk;d gS rFkk muds xzaFkkRed fooj.k(ys[kd] izdk'kd] izdk'ku o"kZ rFkk izdk'ku LFkku bR;kfn) ls voxr djkrh gS_

(x) ;g iqLrdky; ds fy, izys[kksa ds vf/xzgj.k djus esa izys[k p;u Ïksr dk dk;Z djrh gS_

(?k) ;g fdlh ys[kd ds ckjs esa rFkk mldh lkjh Ñfr;ksa ij lwpuk izkIr djus esa lgk;d gS_

(Ä) ;g 'kks/drkZvksa ds le; rFkk Je dh cpr djrh gS D;ksafd ;g izys[kksa ds fo'kky ,oafoLrr txr~ esa ls mi;qDr ,oa fof'k"V izys[kksa dk p;u djus esa lgk;rk djrh gSA

3- fo'ys"k.kkRed (Analytical) xzaFklwph dk laca/ izys[kksa ds foLr`r fooj.k rFkk vè;;u ls gSAbuesa izys[kksa ds HkkSfrd vfHky{k.kksa] rFkk HkkSfrd lÙkk ds :i esa buds bfrgkl dk ijh{k.k fd;ktkrk gSA HkkSfrd lÙkk ls vfHkizk; gS] izys[k dh lajpuk dk foLr`r fo'ys"k.k rFkk blds Lo:idk fooj.kA ;g mRikn ds 'kq: ls ysdj var ikB ds lgh lapkj ls lacaf/r gSA blfy, bl izdkjdh xzaFklwph izys[kksa] fo'ks"kdj eqfnzr iqLrdksa] ds HkkSfrd rRoksa dk fooj.k iznku djus dk iz;kldjrh gSA dkxt ,oa eqnz.k ds bfrgkl ij Hkh blesa fopkj fd;k tkrk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa eas]fo'ys"k.kkRed xazFklwph ,slh xzaFklwph gS ftlesa ys[kdRo] ladsr&'kCnksa] okVjekdZ bR;kfn dkijh{k.k dj] bl ijh{k.k ds vk/kj ij fudkys x, fu"d"kks± dks LohÑr :i esa vfHkysf[kr djlacaf/r izdk'ku ds ckjs esa vk¡dM+s rFkk fu/kZfjr fd, tkrs gSaA

NOTES


55

xzaFklwfp;ksa ds izdkj4- fooj.kkRed (Descriptive) xzaFklwph ,d ,slh xzaFklwph gS ftlesa iqLrd ds ckjs esa rF;kRedtkudkjh nh tkrh gS] tSls mlds ys[kd dk iwjk uke] mldh lVhd vk[;k] izdk'ku dk LFkku]izdk'ku o"kZ] izdk'kd rFkk eqnzd dk uke] vkdkj] i`"B la[;k] NikbZ] fp=kksa rFkk eY; dkfooj.k] rFkk iqjkuh iqLrdksa ds fy, vU; vfHky{k.kksa] tSls dkxt ds izdkj] ftYnlkth bR;kfndk fooj.kA bl izdkj] fooj.kkRed xzaFklwph dk eq[; m¼s'; izys[k ds xzaFkkRed fooj.k dkvfHkys[ku gS ftls fo'ys"kk.kkRed xzaFklwph izfØ;k dh vof/ esa fuf'pr dj fy;k tkrk gSAfooj.kkRed xzaaFklwph dqN ekudksa rFkk rduhdksa dks viukrh gS vkSj fo'ys"k.k ds ifj.kkeksa dk,d ekud Lo:i esa vfHkys[ku djrh gSA vkt ds le; esa fooj.kkRed xzaFklwph dk egRo degks x;k gS D;ksafd iqLrdksa ds eqnz.k esa O;ogkfjd ekudksa dks ikyu fd;k tkrk gSA

10. eq[; 'kCn

vuqØef.kdk % ys[kdksa] LFkkuksa] O;fDr;ksa] fo"k;ksa] izdj.kksa bR;kfn dh vkuqo£.kd(Index) lwph tks mudh vofLFk (izys[k esa muds miyC/ gksus dk

LFkku) Hkh fu£n"V djrh gSA

xzaFkijd fooj.k % lkfgR;d ;k laxhrkRed Ñfr dk fooj.k] ftlesa Ñfr ds(Bibliographic Description) ys[krRo] vk[;k] laLdj.k] izdk'ku o"kZ RkFkk LFkku bR;kfn ds

fooj.k fn, tkrs gSaA

xzaFklwfp;ksa dh xzaFklwph % ;s xzaFklwfp;ksa dh lwfp;k¡ gSa vkSj tks xzaFklwfp;ksa ds p;u esa(Bibliography of Bibliographies) mi;ksDrkvksa dh lgk;rk djrh gSA

p;fur xzaFklwph % ;g lwph ,d fo"k; ;k izdj.k ij dqN fo'ks"k pquh gqbZ(Select Bibliography) lkexzh dh lwph gS ftls fo'ks"k dksfV ds O;fDr;ksa dh

vko';drk ds vuq:i rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA

iwoZO;kih xzaFklwph % ;g xzaFklwph fiNys o"kks± esa izdkf'kr iqLrdksa dh lwph gSA(Retrospective ;g lkekftd xzaFklwph] tks uohu izdkf'kr iqLrdksa dh lwphBibliography) gS] ls fHkUu gSA

izlwph % izlwph dk vFkZ gS] iqLrdky; ds izys[k laxzg ;k mlds ,d(Catalogue) Hkkx ;k dqN iqLrdky;ksa ds lewg ds izys[k laxzg dh

O;ofLFkr lwphA iqLrdky;ksa ds lewg ds izys[k laxzg dhlwph la?k izlwph dgykrh gSA

jk"Vªh; xzaFklwph % ;g fdlh ns'k esa ;k ns'k ds ckjs esa ;k ns'k dh Hkk"kk esa(National Bibliography) izdkf'kr iqLrdkas ;k Ñfr;ksa dh lwph gSA

ys[kd xzaFklwph % ys[kd xzaFklwph ,d ys[kd dh lkjh Ñfr;ksa ;k ys[kksa dh(Author Bibliography) ,d laiw.kZ lwph gksrh gSA blesa ys[kd ds mQij fy[ks x,

izys[kksa dh lwph Hkh 'kkfey dh tkrh gSA

la?k izlwph % ;g dbZ iqLrdky;ksa esa miyC/ lkexzh dh ,d izlwph gS(Union Catalogue) rFkk bls varj&iqLrdky; ½.k ;k lalk/u lgHkkfxrk esa

lgk;rk djus ds fy, izdkf'kr fd;k tkrk gSA

NOTES



56

11. vH;kl& iz'u

1. xzaFklwph D;k gS\ blds dk;Z rFkk mi;ksx dk o.kZu dhft,A

2. xzaFklwph dh fofHkUUk 'kk[kkvksa dh foLr`r foospuk dhft,A

3. jk"Vªh; ,oa O;kikfjd xzaFklwfp;ksa dh mi;ksfxrk ij izdk'k Mkfy,A

4. lkoZHkkSfed ,oa lkaf[;dh; xzaFklwfp;ksa ds egRo dk mYys[k dhft,A

5. xzaFkkRed fu;a=k.k D;k gS\ blds pkjksa igyqvksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A

12- lanHkZ xzaFk lwph

Davinson, Donald (1981). Bibliographic Control. 2nded. London: Clive Bingley. Guha,B. (1983). Documentation and Information : Services, Trchniqes and Systems. 2nded.Calcutta : The World Press.

Robinson, A.M. Lewin (1979). Systematic Biblioraphy. 4thed. London: Clive Bingley.

NOTES


57

vu qØe.k hdj.k ,o alkjdj.k if=kdk,¡



2- ifjp;

3- ifjHkk"kk] dk;Z ,oa vko';drk

3-1- ifjHkk"kk

3-2- dk;Z

3-3- vko';drk

3-4- xq.k

4- fo"k;&foLrkj ,oa izLrqrhdj.k

4-1 fo"k;&foLrkj

4-2 izLrqrhdj.k

5- izdkj

5-1 O;kid lsok,¡

5-2 mn~/j.k vuqØef.kdk,¡

5-3 djsUV dkWUVsUV~l

5-4 HkkSxksfyd {ks=k vk/kfjr lsok,¡

5-5 fof'k"V fo"k; vk/kfjr lsok,¡

5-6 izys[kksa ds izdkjksa ij vk/kfjr lsok,¡

6- vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k if=kdkvksa ds mi;ksx

6-1 miyC/ lsok,¡

6-2 p;u

6-3 mi;ksx

7- lkj& la{ksi


9- eq[; 'kCn

10- vH;kl&iz'u


vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k if=kdk,¡

vè;k;&4

NOTES



58


bl vè;k; esa ge vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k if=kdkvksa dh ppkZ lwpuk vfHkxe midj.k ds :iesa djsaxsA bl vè;k; dks i<+us ds mijkUr vki%

vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k (l&A) if=kdkvksa dh ifjHkk"kk ns ldsaxs_

blds fo"k;&foLrkj ,oa mi;ksfxrk dk o.kZu dj ldsaxs_

fofHkUu izdkj dh vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k if=kdkvksa dh mnkgj.k lfgr ifjx.kuk djldsaxs_ rFkk

vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k if=kdkvksa ds egRo ,oa mi;ksfxrk dh O;k[;k dj ldsaxsA

2- ifjp;

bl [k.M ds izFke rhu vè;k; lanHkZ Ïksrksa ds vè;;u ls lacaf/r gSA buesa lanHkZ ,oa lwpuk vfHkxemidj.kksa] fofHkUu izdkj ds lanHkZ xzaFkksa vkSj vusd izdkj dh xzaFklwfp;ksa dh ppkZ dh xbZ gSA [kaMdh bl bdkbZ esa ge vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k if=kdkvksa] tks fdlh fo"k; ;k fdlh fo"k; dh'kk[kk esa u;s lkfgR; ds vfHkxe ds fy, lanHkZ midj.k gksrh gSa] dk vè;;u djsaxsA

vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k if=kdk,¡ f}rh;d izdk'ku dgyrh gSaA ;s igys gh izdkf'kr gks pqdsizkFkfed izys[kksa tSls& lekpkj i=kksa rFkk if=kdkvksa esa izdkf'kr vkys[k&i=k] 'kks/ i=k] izfrosnu],dLo] lEesyuksa dh dk;Zokfg;k¡ rFkk blh izdkj ds vU; izys[kksa ds fy, vfHkxe midj.k gksrh gSaAbUgsa vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k lsok Hkh dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd budk mi;ksx lwpuk lsok,¡ iznku djusds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

if=kdkvksa esa izdkf'kr lkfgR; dh ek=kk esa gqbZ o`f¼ ds dkj.k vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k if=kdk,¡izpqj ek=kk esa izdkf'kr gksrh gSaA blds ifj.kkeLo:i lwpuk rFkk Kku ds fujarj c<+rs fo'o esa xzaFkijdfu;a=k.k ,oa lwpuk ds ljy vfHkxe dh vko';drk Hkh c<+ x;h gSA fdlh O;kid fo"k; {ks=k esamRikfnr lkfgR; dks O;ofLFkr djuk dfBu gks x;k gSA bl fLFkfr ls fuiVus ds fy, vuqØe.khdj.k,oa lkjdj.k if=kdkvksa dk izdk'ku vc xgu ,oa fof'k"V fo"k; {ks=kksa esa gks jgk gSA u dsoyvuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k if=kdkvksa dh la[;k esa yxkrkj o`f¼ gks jgh gS cfYd bu if=kdkvksa esalekfgr ys[kksa ,oa izys[kksa dh la[;k esa Hkh o`f¼ gks jgh gSA

vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k if=kdkvksa dk izdk'ku djus ds fy, lkfgR; dks ,d cM+s iSekus ije'khu iBuh; Lo:i esa ,df=kr] izfØ;kÑr] O;ofLFkr ,oa Hk.Mkfjr fd;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj lsHkaMkfjr lwpuk MsVkcsl (Database) ds uke ls tkuh tkrh gS] ftldk mi;ksx lwpuk dh [kkst ,oaiquizkZfIr esa fd;k tkrk gSA ;s fofHkUu lapkj ekè;eksa ,oa HkkSfrd vk:iksa eas miyC/ gS] tSls& ÝykihfMLd (Floppy Disk), ekbØksiQkWeZ (Microform), lh Mh&jkse (CD-ROM), fMftVy olsZVkby fMLd(DVD: Digital Versatile Disk) bUVjusV (Internet) ij Hkh budk vfHkxe fd;k tk ldrk gSA

bl bdkbZ esa ge vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k if=kdkvksa ds fofHkUu igyqvksa] buds mi;ksxksa] dk;ks±izdkjksa rFkk budh xq.koÙkk ,oa vko';drk dk vè;;u djsaxsA

3. ifjHkk"kk] dk;Z ,oa vko';drk

vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k if=kdkvksa dks f}rh;d izdk'kuksa ds :i esa Js.khc¼ fd;k tkrk gSA ;sf}rh;d izdk'ku izkFkfed izys[kksa ls laca¼ lkexzh ds rhoz ,oa ljy vfHkxe gsrq mudks rkfydkcè;

NOTES


59


lkfgR; dk izfrosnu djrh gS] lkFk gh ;s iwoZO;kih [kkst esa Hkh lgk;d gS rFkk ;s LFkk;h mi;ksxds fy, gksrh gSA ;s lkef;d tkx:drk lsokvksa] ftudk mi;ksx vLFkk;h rFkk lkef;d lkfgR; dsrhoz izfrosnu ij cy nsrk gS] ls fHkUu gksrh gSA

3.1 ifjHkk"kk

vaxzsth Hkk"kk ds 'Index' 'kCn dh O;RifÙk ySfVu Hkk"kk ds 'kCn 'Indicare' ls gqbZ gS ftldk vFkZgS ^funsZ'k djuk* ;k ^crkuk*A 'Index' dk fgUnh vFkZ vuqØekf.kdk ;k vuqØe.kh gSA ,dvuqØe.khdj.k if=kdk] if=kdkvksa esa izdkf'kr lkfgR; dh Øec¼ O;ofLFkr rkfydk gksrh gSA ;gizkFkfed izys[kksa esa izdkf'kr lkexzh ds fy, vfHkxe midj.k dk dk;Z djrh gS rFkk mudk iw.kZxzaFkkRed fooj.k iznku djrh gSA izfof"V;ksa dks lqfo/ktud <ax ls <¡<us ds fy, bls lqO;ofLFkr :iesa izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA ;g o.kZØekuqlkj] oxhZÑr Øe esa] dkyØekuqlkj] HkkSxksfyd Øe esa] ;kla[;kuqlkj O;ofLFkr gks ldrh gSA fdlh fo'ks"k if=kdk esa izdkf'kr ok¡fNr lwpuk dks igpkuus rFkk<¡<us ds fy, ;g ,d vfHkxe Ïksr dk dk;Z djrh gSA

ALA Glossary (1983) ds vuqlkj lkj (Abstract) ^fdlh Ñfr dk laf{kIr rFkk lVhdizLrqrhdj.k gS] ftlesa ewy dk;Z ds xzaFkkRed lanHkZ gksrs gSa tc blls ;s i`Fkd~ :i ls izdkf'kr gksrsgSaA vkerkSj ij buesa O;k[;k ,oa vkykspuk ls cpk tk ldrk gSA* ,d lkjdj.k if=kdk]vuqØe.khdj.k if=kdkvksa ds mijksDr y{k.kksa ls ;qDr gksrh gS rFkk blds vfrfjDr izkFkfed izys[kksads var£o"k; dh lwpuk dks Hkh laf{kIr :i esa iznku djrh gSA cgq/k ;g ewy izkFkfed izdk'ku dhlaf{kIr izfrÑfr ds :i esa dk;Z djrh gS] tSls dsfedy ,sClsVªSDV~l (Chemical Abstracts) esaA

la{ksi esa] vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k lsokvksa ds eè; vUrj muds Lo:i ,oa var£o"k; esa yf{krgksrk gSA vuqØe.khdj.k if=kdk,¡ xazFkijd fooj.k lfgr] mi;ksDrk eS=khiw.kZ Øe esa O;ofLFkr ys[kksadh lwph iznku djrh gSa okafNr lwpuk ljyrk rFkk rhozrk ls <¡w<us esa mi;ksDrk dh lgk;rk djrhgSaA lkjdj.k if=kdk,¡ u dsoy xzaFkkRed fooj.k dh lwph iznku djrh gSa cfYd fdlh fof'k"V {ks=k;k fdlh fof'k"V fo"k;&{ks=k ds lewg esa izys[kksa ds lkj Hkh iznku djrh gSa vkSj bl izdkj ikBd}kjk viuh ilan ds ys[k ;k jpuk ds p;u esa lgk;d gksrh gSaA

3.2 dk;Z

vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k if=kdkvksa ds izeq[k dk;Z fuEufyf[kr gSa%

(i) 'kks/drkZvksa ,oa lwpuk ds mi;ksxDrkZvksa dks mudh :fp ds lkfgR; ds {ks=k esa lkef;dtkudkjh iznku djukA ;s yksx vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k if=kdkvksa ds vadksa dslw{eoh{k.k }kjk ykHk mBk ldrs gSaA bls ¶lkef;d mi;ksx dk;Z dgk tk ldrk gS_

(ii) vko';drk ds le; lacaf/r fo"k;&{ks=k ds lkfgR; ds mQij lwpuk izkfIr dk lqfuf'prdjukA fnu izfrfnu ds lanHkZ ,oa xzaFkijd dk;Z esa iqLrdky; ,oa lwpukd£e;ksa ds fy,vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k if=kdk,¡ eq[; midj.k gksrh gS] rFkk 'kks/drkZ Hkh budkmi;ksx foLrkj esa djrs gSaA bls ¶iwoZO;kih [kkst dk;Z dgk tk ldrk gS_ rFkk

(iii) ;fn vuqØe.khdj.k ;k lkjdj.k lsokvksa dk y{; foLr`r lwpuk miyC/ djkuk gks rks ns'k;k fo"k; ;k lkexzh ds izdkj ij vk/kfjr izdkf'kr lkfgR; dk xzaFkkRed fu;a=k.k iznkudjukA bls ¶O;kid mi;ksx dk;Z dgk tk ldrk gSA

NOTES



60

blds vU; ;k xkS.k dk;Z fuEufyf[kr gSa%

(i) lkjdj.k if=kdkvksa ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa] Hkk"kk vojks/ dks nwj djus esa mi;ksDrkvksa dh lgk;rkdjuk_

(ii) fdlh izdkj dk lansg gksus dh fLFkfr esa] lkfgR; dh fo'ks"k lkexzh dk lgh ,oa iw.kZxzaFkkRed fooj.k izkIr djuk_

(iii) fdlh izdj.k ij ,slh lwpuk [kkstuk tks fdlh iqLrd bR;kfn }kjk izkIr ugha dh tk ldsa_

(iv) oSKkfudksa ;k 'kks/drkZvksa dh Ñfr;ksa dh tkudkjh nsuk_

(v) lkfgR; dh o`f¼ vkSj Lo:i ds mQij lkaf[;dh;] xzaFkferh; ,oa lekt'kk=kh; vè;;uksa dkslapkfyr djus ds fy, Ïksr ds :i esa dk;Z djuk] ftlls muls lacaf/r 'kks/ ,oa fodkldh fn'kk esa fd, tk jgs iz;klksa dh lwpuk fey lds_ rFkk

(vi) vU; Ïks=kksa esa fc[kjh lwpuk izkIr djus esa mi;ksDrkvksa dh lgk;rk djukA

3.3 vko';drk

Ulrich's International Periodicals' Directory ds vuqlkj fo'o esa vc rd izdkf'kr gqbZ 'kks/if=kdkvksa dh la[;k 130]000 ls vf/d gSA bu if=kdkvksa esa izdkf'kr ys[kksa dh la[;k n'ky{kksa esagks ldrh gSA vr% fo'ks"k:i ls if=kdkvksa esa izdkf'kr ys[kksa ds dkj.k izkFkfed lkfgR; ds vkdkjesa o`f¼ rhoz xfr ,oa nj ls c<+ jgh gSA blfy, 'kks/drkZvksa ds fy, viuh :fp ds izys[kksa ds ckjsesa tkudkjh j[kuk vlaHko gks tkrk gSA lwpuk ds fc[kjko ,oa izokg ds dkj.k] fdlh fo'ks"k fo"k;ij vutku Ïksrksa esa dbZ ns'kksa ls izdkf'kr lkfgR; ls ml fo"k; ds fo}ku Hkh vufHkK jg tkrs gSaAnw'kjh vksj ;g fo}ku dsoy miyC/ lkfgR; ls larq"V ugha gks ldrss D;ksafd mUgsa Kku ds cnyrsvk;keksa xfr ds LkkFk pyuk iM+rk gSA bl izdkj dh tfVy ifjfLFkfr esa] fo}kuksa dks lwpuk Ïksrksa dsfo'kky laxzg esa ls lwpuk dkss [kkstus ,oa izkIr djus esa le; ,oa Je dh cpr gsrq dqN lgk;rkdh vko';drk gksrh gSA

vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k (I&A) if=kdk,¡ bl laca/ esa fo}kuksa dh lgk;rk djrh gSa rFkk mudhfo'ks"k :fp ds lkfgR; ij ljyrk ,oa rhozrk ls fogaxe n`f"Vikr ds fy, lqqxe midj.k ds :i esadk;Z djrh gSaA izkFkfed lkfgR; ds :i esa ;=k&r=k fc[kjh gqbZ lwpuk ds fo'kky HkaMkj dks ;s if=kdk,¡FkksMs iUuksa esa izLrqr djrh gSaA lkjdj.k if=kdk,¡ izkFkfed Ïksrksa dh lwpuk dk laf{kIr fooj.k nsdjlwpuk ds Øec¼ [kkst esa fd, tkus okys iz;kl dks de djrh gSaA

vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k if=kdk,¡ ,sls fo}kuksa dh vko';drk dks Hkh iwjk djrh gSa ftUgsa viusvè;;u ;k 'kks/dk;Z esa fdlh fo"k; ij yh xbZ leL;k ij iqjkus lkfgR; ls lwpuk ds voyksdudh vko';drk gksrh gSA

vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k if=kdk,¡ lanHkZ ds midj.k ds :i esa dk;Z djrh gSa vkSj iqLrdky;ksa,oa lwpuk dsUnzks esa fujarj budk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA iqLrdky;ksa esa fofHkUu fo"k;ksa ijvuqØe.khdj.k rFkk lkjdj.k (I&A) if=kdk,¡ mi;ksDrkvksa dh ek¡x dh iw£r ds fy, [kjhnh tkrhgSaA bu if=kdkvksa dk mi;ksx ,sls izys[kksa dh igpku djus] ftuesa mi;ksDrkvksa }kjk iwNs tkus okysfofHkUu iz'uksa ds mÙkj iznku djus fy, fof'k"V lwpuk gksrh gS] rFkk fdlh fof'k"V izdj.k ij;Fkk&oLrqfLFkfr leh{kk ds fy,] vFkok xzaFklwph ladfyr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA iqLrdky;,oa lwpuk dsnzksa }kjk vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k if=kdkvksa esa lfEefyr lkexzh ij vk/kfjr dbZlsok,¡ pykbZ tkrh gSa rFkk dbZ mRikn izLrqr fd, tkrs gSaA

NOTES


61


3.4 xq.k

O;kidrk% mijksDr dk;ks± dh iw£r ds fy, vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k if=kdkvksa esa izfrosfnrlkfgR; dks] tgk¡ rd lEHko gks lds] foLr`r gksuk pkfg,l rkfd ,d O;kid lwpuk Ïksr ds :iesa budh fo'oluh;rk cuh jgsA if=kdk ds fo"k;&foLrkj dh O;kidrk rFkk mlds viuk, x, ekunaMdk vo'; gh Li"V 'kCnksa esa mYys[k dj nsuk pkfg, rFkk muesa ,d:irk cukbZ j[kh tkuh pkfg,ftlls mi;ksDrk dks ;g irk py lds fd bl if=kdk esa mls D;k fey ldrk gSA

le; varjky% vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k if=kdkvksa dks] ekSfyd izdk'ku ds ckn de ls delaHko le; esa] lkfgR; dk izfrosnu djuk pkfg, rkfd mi;ksDrk dks vf/d uohu rFkk lkef;dlwpuk miyC/ gks ldsA

vuqØef.kdk,¡% vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k if=kdkvksa esa vf/dkf/d iquizkZfIr dks lqfuf'pr djusdk xq.k gksuk pkfg, ftlds fy, buesa vuqØef.kdk dk izko/ku gksuk pkfg,A buds ekè;e ls [kkstesa okafNr lwpuk dk vkSfpR; rFkk b"Vre Lej.kh;rk ds xq.k gksus pkfg,A

xzaFkijd fooj.k% m¼j.kksa dks ifj'kq¼ rFkk LFkkfir ekud O;ogkj d vuqlkj gksuk pkfg,A lkj dksmPp xq.koÙkk iw.kZ gksuk pkfg, ftls blds ikB ds oSKkfud izLrqrhdj.k esa izfrfcafcr gksuk pkfg,A

voyksdu dh lqfo/k% vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k if=kdk,¡ voyksdu djus esa ljy] lqfo/ktudrFkk lRoj gksuh pkfg,A

izfof"V;ksa ds HkkSfrd mRiknu ds lkFk&lkFk muds izLrqrhdj.k ,oa O;oLFkkiu ij Hkh lko/kuhiwoZdè;ku nsuk pkfg,A vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k if=kdkvksa dh vko';drk] dk;Z] ,oa buds vko';dxq.kksa dh ppkZ djus ds ckn vc ge bl ckr dk o.kZu djsaxs fd vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k if=kdk,¡vius izLrqrhdj.k ,oa vU; xq.kksa ds }kjk vius mís';ksa dh iw£r dSls djrh gSA

4. fo"k;&foLrkj ,oa izLrqrhdj.k

vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k if=kdk,¡ dsoy fon~;eku lwpuk ds Ïksr ds c<krh gSa] buesa okLrfodlwpuk ugha gksrhA vuqØje.khdj.k if=kdk,¡ dsoy izkFkfed Ïksrksa dk xzaFkijd fooj.k nsrh gSaA vr%;s ewy izys[kksa dk fodYi izLrqr ugha djrh gSaA ;fn fdlh izys[k dh iw.kZ foLr`r vk[;k ugha nhtkrh rks vuqØe.khdj.k if=kdkvksa esa miyC/ xzaFkijd lwpuk Hkze esa Mky ldrh gSA nwLkjh rjiQ]izys[kksa dk lkjdj.k mi;ksDrkvksa dks izys[kksa ds vr£o"k; ds ckjs esa vuqeku yxkus esa rFkk 'kks/dk;Zesa budh izklafxdrk fl¼ djus esa enn djrk gSA dbZ ckj ;s ewy izys[kksa ds fodYi ds :i esa gekjhlgk;rk bl :i esa djrh gSa fd ;s buls lacaf/r fofHkUu igyqvksa] tSls O;kidRo] izfof"V;ksa dkO;oLFkkiu] buesa nh xbZ vuqØef.kdkvksa rFkk buds vU; y{k.kksa] tSls O;kidRo] izfof"V;ksa dkO;oLFkkiu] buesa nh xbZ vuqØef.kdkvksa rFkk buds vU; y{k.kksa rFkk xq.kksa dh tkudkjh feyrh gSAbldh ppkZ bl bdkbZ esa dh xbZ gSA


1- vuqØ.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k if=kdkvksa ds izeq[k dk;Z crkb;sA

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NOTES



62

4.1 fo"k;&foLrkj

vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k if=kdk,¡ de laHko le; esa lkef;d lkfgR; dks lfUufgr djus dkiz;kl djrh gSaA buds mRiknu esa yxus okys le; rFkk Je ds dkj.k lkfgR; dk lRoj izfronsu buif=kdkvksa ds fy, bruk egRoiw.kZ ugha gksrk ftruk egRoiw.kZ lkef;d tkx:drk ls lacaf/r izdk'kuksads fy, gksrk gSA

vius mís'; ds vk/kj ij vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k if=kdk,¡] lekfo"V lkfgR; ds O;kidRo dslanHkZ esa] foLr`r ;k p;kukRed gks ldrh gSA vuqØe.khdj.k if=kdkvksa dk izdk'ku vU; mRiknksa dhrqyuk esa vklku gksrk gS] vr% os O;kdRo esa foLr`r gks ldrh gSaA lkjdj.k if=kdkvksa dksfo"k;&foLrkj esa vko';d :i ls p;fur gksuk pkfg, D;ksafd lkjdj.k ds fy, lHkh izys[k mudhfo"k; oLrq dh n`f"V ls mi;qDr ugha gks ldrsA bl izdkj dqN fLFkfr;ksa esa] lkjdj.k if=kdk,¡] izys[kksads xzaFkijd fooj.k ds lkFk dsoy lwpukRed lkj dks 'kkfey djrh gSaA

vuØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k if=kdkvksa esa lHkh izdkj ds izkFkfed izys[kksa tSls& iqLrdksa] 'kks/ys[kksa]iSIiQysV] cqysfVu] izfrosnuksa] ,dLoksa] fof'k"V ekudksa bR;kfn dks 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA dqN fLFkfr;ksaesa dqN if=kdkvksa esa dqN if=kdkvksa esa dsoy fof'k"V izdkj ds izys[kksa dks gh lfEefyr fd;k tkrkgSA dqN vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k if=kdk,¡ ,slh Hkh gSa tks vizdkf'kr lkfgR; ,oa Ïksrksa] tSls 'kks/izfrosnuksa] fo'ofo|ky; 'kks/ ,oa y?kqizc/ksa] ,oa lEesyuksa dh dk;Zokfg;ksa] laxksf"B;ksa rFkk cSBdksa dhdk;Zokfg;ksa bR;kfn dks Hkh 'kkfey djrh gSaA

4.2 izLrqrhdj.k

vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k if=kdkvksa esa ozfo"V;ksa ds izLrqrhdj.k esa izfof"V;ksa ds xzaFkkRed fooj.kesa vkfn ls var rd ,d:irk rFkk lqlaxrrk cuk, j[kuk egRoiw.kZ gSA izys[kksa dh igpku rFkkLFkku&fu/kZj.k ds fy, izR;sd izys[k dk izpqj xzaFkijd fooj.k fn;k tkrk gSA blds fy, dke lsde ys[kd] vk[;k RkFkk LFkku (tgk¡ izys[k izdkf'kr gqvk gS) dk fooj.k vo'; nsuk pfg,AvuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k if=kdk,¡ bl dk;Z ds fy, izk;% LFkkfir ekudksa dk ikyu djrh gSaAdqN vfrfjDr fooj.kksa esa ml laLFkku dk uke tgk¡ dk;Z dk izfrosnu fd;k x;k gS] ys[kd dk irk]vuwfnr vk[;k rFkk ewy izys[k dh Hkk"kk dks 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA dqN if=kdkvksa }kjk fdlhoxhZdj.k i|fr ds vuqlkj izfof"V;ksa dks oxZ la[;k nh tkrh gSA izfof"V;k¡ lr~r Øela[;k dks ysdjpyrh gSa tks fd vuqØef.kdk la[;k ds :i esa dk;Z djrh gSaA bl izdkj ;g Li"V gS fd lkj]lkjdj.k if=kdkvkas dk ,d vfrfjDr y{k.k gSA lkj ds izLrqrhdj.k esa Hkh ekud i|fr dk ikyufd;k tkrk gSA lkj fofHkUu izdkj ds gksrs gSa tSls& lalwpd (Indicative), lwpukRed (Informative),oa foLr`r (Detailed) lkjA lkj dh izÑfr vkSj izdkj dk fu/kZj.k uhfr dk ekeyk gksrk gSA

vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k if=kdkvksa esa izfof"V;ksa ds O;oLFkkiu dh nks fof/;k¡ izpfyr gSa%izfof"V;ksa dks muds O;kid fo"k; ds vuqlkj oxhZÑr dj mUgsa iqu% ys[kdØe ;k dkyuqØe esa j[kukrFkk mi;ksDrkvksa dh lgk;rk ds fy, ,d var£o"k; lkj.kh] vusd vuqØef.k;k¡ rFkk fo"k;&'kh"kZdksadh o.kkZuqØfed lkj.kh nsukA dqN fLFkfr;ksa esa] oxhZÑr O;oLFkk j[kh tkrh gSA lkef;d tkx:drklwfp;ksa esa] izfof"V;ksa ds izLrqrhdj.k ,oa O;oLFkkiu ds dbZ rjhds gksrs gSaA ;g vko';d ugha fd;s lkjh O;oLFkk,¡ vuqØe.khdj.k if=kdkvksa ds mís'; ij vk/kfjr gksa vkSj mlds fy, izklafxd gksaA

NOTES


63


dqN vuqØe.khdj.k if=kdk,¡ fo'ks"k :i ls ,slh if=kdk,¡ tks fo"k; 'kh"kZdksa ds O;oLFkkiu dkvuqlj.k djrh gSa] vad&nj&vad izfof"V;ksa dks lapf;r djrh jgrh gSa rkfd os izR;sd ,d ;k nkso"kks± ds varjky ls if=kdk dk ok£"kd bR;kfn [kaM fudky ldsaA

fofHkUu izdkj dh vuqØef.kdk,¡ nsdj vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k if=kdk,¡ iquizkZfIr dh viuh{kerk dks c<+krh gSaA blfy, vuqØef.kdkvksa ds fuekZ.k ds fo'ks"k lko/kuh cjrh tkrh gSSA ys[kd]fo"k; ;k eq[; 'kCn ds fy, vuqØef.kdk,¡ lkekU;r;k lkjh if=kdk,¡ rS;kj djrh gSa rFkk buesa lsdqN vk[;k vuqØef.kdk Hkh nsrh gSA dbZ if=kdkvksa esa fof'k"V vuqØef.kdk,¡ tSls& isVs.VvuqØef.dk rFkk iQkewZyk vuqØef.kdk] fjax (Ring) vuqØef.kdk] VsDlksukWfed (Texonomic)vuqØef.kdk rFkk HkkSxksfyd vuqØef.kdk Hkh nh tkrh gSA lwpuk iquizkZfIr esa budk fof'k"V egRogksrk gSA izR;sd vad esa vuqØef.kdk,¡ iznku dh tkrh gSa rFkk budk lap;u [kaM@o"kZ ds vuqlkj fd;ktkrk gSA izeq[k lsokvksa] tSls dsfedy ,sClVªSDV~l (Chemical Abstracts) esa vusd [kaMkas ds fy,Hkh ,d vuqØef.kdk nh tkrh gSA

vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k if=kdkvksa ds dqN vU; mi;ksxh y{k.k gSa% foLr`r vUr£o"k; i`"B]lfEefyr if=kdkvksa dh lwph] iz;qDr ekud laf{kIrk{kjksa dh lwph rFkk if=kdk dk dSls iz;ksx djsa ,oablesa ls lwpuk dSls <¡w<sa& bl ij O;k[;kRed funsZ'kA

dqN vuqØe.khdj.k if=kdkvksa] tSls lkbdksykWftdy ,sClVªSDV~Lk (Phychological Abstracts), dsmRiknd (izdk'kd bR;kfn) lfEefyr lkexzh dh iQksVks&izfr lsok nsus dh O;oLFkk dj ldrs gSaAbldk mYys[k if=kdk ds izkjafHkd i`"Bksa esa gh dj fn;k tkrk gSA

vuqØef.kdk ,oa lkjdj.k if=kdkvkas dh le;ko`fÙk vf/drj ml fo"k; bR;kfn ij izdkf'kr lkfgR;dh ok£"kd ek=kk ij fuHkZj djrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, dsfedy ,sClVªSDV~l (Chemical Abstracts)izfr lIrkg ,d pØ ds lkFk izdkf'kr gksrk gS tcfd bafM;u lkbal ,ClVªSDV~l (Indian ScienceAbstracts) v/Zekfld :i esa izdkf'kr gksrk gSA

5. izdkj

laiw.kZ fo'o esa izzdkf'kr lkfgR; ds fy, cgq iz;kstu lsok ,d vlaHko dk;Z gSA blfy, bl y{;dks izkIr djus dk iz;kl ugha fd;k tkrkA mi;ksDrkvksa dh n`f"V ls Hkh ,sls iz;kl dh vko';drkugha gSA vr% vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k lsokvksa dk fo"k;&foLrkj fdlh fo'ks"k ;k izys[k&izdkjrd lhfer gksrk gSA fo"k;&foLrkj dk fu/kZj.k ml if=kdk ds mís'; }kjk gksrk gSA fofHkUu dhvuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k if=kdkvksa esa fo"k;ksa dh vfrO;kfIr lkekU; :i esa ns[kus dks feyrh gSvkSj bldk fu;a=k.k djuk Hkh vklku ugha gksrkA


2- vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k if=kdkvksa dh mi;ksfxrk dk mYys[k dhft,A

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NOTES



64

5.1 O;kid lsok,¡

dbZ ns'kksa] tSls USSR, izQkal] tkiku vkSj phu esa dsUnzh; ,stsfUl;k¡ gSa ftuds }kjk fOkKku ,oaizkS|ksfxdh ds laiw.kZ {ks=k esa lHkh izdkj ds lkfgR; dks lfEefyr djus ds fy, O;kid vuqØe.khdj.krFkk lkjdj.k if=kdkvksa ;k lsokvksa dk izdk'ku fd;k tk jgk gSA bldk eq[; mís'; gS] vius oSKkfudksadks fo'o dh lwpuk] ftldk vf/dre Hkkx fons'kh Hkk"kkvksa esa gksrk gS] dk vfHkxe iznku djus dslanHkZ esa vkus okys Hkk"kk&vojks/ ij fot; izkIr djukA ;s lsok,¡ dsUnzh; ,tsUlh }kjk izdkf'kr dhtkrh gSaA mRiknu dh n`f"V ls buds vkdkj&izdkj dks lqfo/ktud cukus rFkk mi;ksDrkvksa dh n`f"Vls buds mi;ksx dks vklku cukus ds fy, bu if=kdkvksa dk izdk'ku dbZ eq[; oxks± ijvk/kfjr Üka[kyk ;k xzaFkekyk ds :i esa i`Fkd~&i`Fkd~ fd;k tkrk gSA

5.2 m¼j.k vuqØef.kdk,¡

rduhdh n`f"V ls m¼j.k vuqØef.kdk,¡ (Citation Indexes) vizfre gksrh gSaA ;s lkef;d izys[kksaesa fn, m¼j.kksa ij vk/kfjr gksrh gSaA m¼j.kksa ds ekè;e ls izys[kksa ds fo"k;&laca/ dks <¡w<us dh ubZi¼fr dk buesa mi;ksx gksrk gSA fo"k;ijd lwpuk dh iquizkZfIr ds fy, bUgsa mi;ksxh midj.k ekuktkrk gSA ALA Glossary of Libray and Information Science (1983) dh ifjHkk"kk ds vuqlkjm¼j.k vuqØef.kdk vfuok;Zr% ,d ,slh vuqØef.kdk gS tks fdlh vU; ijorhZ Ñfr esa mn~/`rÑfr;ksa dh lwph gksrh gS vFkok ,slh Ñfr;ksa dh lwph gS ftuesa ls m¼j.kksa dk laxzg fd;k x;k gSA

m¼j.k vuqØef.kdk (Citation Index) "Institute for Scientific Information" (ISI),Philadelphia, USA ds Eugene Garfield dh nsu gSA

mnkgj.k

(i) Science Citation Index

(d) Science Citation Index (SCI), Philadelphia, IsI, 1965-

;g lHkh fo"k;ksa esa fo'o dh 3300 izeq[k foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh fo"k;d if=kdkvksa dkvfHkxe iznku djrh gSA bles if=kdkvksa ds vfrfjDr dqN iqLrdsa Hkh lfEefyr dhtkrh gSaA ;g vuqØef.kdk fofHkUu HkkSfrd vk:iksa esa ,oa lapkj ekè;eksa ij miyC/gSA eqfnzr Lo:i ,d o"kZ esa 53 ckj izdkf'kr gksrk gSA lu~ 1965 ls vkt rd ds izfro"kZ] ik¡p o"kZ rFkk nl o"kZ ds fiNys lap;h vad ISI, Philadelphia ls izkI; gSACD-ROM laLdj.k 1988 ls o"kZ esa 4 ckj izdkf'kr gksrk gS ftldh pkSFkh fMLdok£"kd leqPp; gSA lh Mh&jkse ij fiNys [kaM 1980 ls miyC/ gSA bldh lkexzhdbZ Hkkxksa esa izLrqr dh tkrh gS] tSls Citation Index, Source Index, PermutermSubject Index rFkk Corporate Index.

bldk Citation Index iw.kZ xzaFkijd vk¡dMksa dk vfHkxe iznku djrk gSA ;g mn~/`rys[kdksa ds vk/kj ij o.kkZuqØekuqlkj O;ofLFkr gksrk gSA m¼j.k o"kZ] if=kdk dk uke][kaM la[;k rFkk i`"B la[;k dh lwpuk blesa nh tkrh gSA mn~/`r ys[kd ds vUrxZr]ys[kd dk uke] if=kdk dk uke] m¼j.k o"kZ] [kaM la[;k rFkk i`"B la[;k nh tkrh gSA

bldk Source Index mn~/`r ys[kdksa ds lkFk lg ys[kdksa dh o.kkZuqØfed lwph gSAblesa Ïksr lkexzh ds ekud xzaFkijd fooj.k& tSls] if=kdk dk uke] [kaM ,oa vadla[;k] izdk'ku o"kZ] lUnHkks± dh la[;k] ISI ds izys[k laxzg esa fn, x, izys[k dhifjxzg.k la[;k] Hkk"kk bR;kfn fn, tkrs gSaA

NOTES


65


bldk Permuterm Subject Index ys[kksa dh fo"k;ijd vuqØekf.kdk gS tks ys[kksadh vk[;k esa iz;qDr vFkZxfHkZr inksa ij vk/kfjr gSA

bldk Corporate Index laxBuksa ds uke ds vUrxZr O;ofLFkr gSA blesa fdlh laxBuls lacaf/r rFkk vof/ fo'ks"k esa izdkf'kr lHkh lkefxz;ksa ds m¼j.k miyC/ gSaA

([k) Science Citation Index with Abstracts, 1992- Monthly.

CD-ROM iQkWesZV 11 lap;h vadksa esa miyC/ gS ftls vn~;ru fd;k tkrk gS rFkkftldk ok£"kd lap;h vad Hkh izdkf'kr gksrk gSA blds fiNys [kaM 1991 lsmiyC/ gSaA

(x) Science Citaion Index-Journal Citation Reports (JCR), 1974- Annual. ;gizdk'ku ,d vf}rh; m¼j.k fo'ys"k.kkRed mRikn (Cito-analytical Product) gSvkSj lalkj dh lHkh egRoiw.kZ oSKkfud ,oa rduhdh if=kdkvksa dh lwpukvksa dh [kkugSA ;g m¼j.k vuqØef.kdk ldy m¼j.kksa] izHkko rRo] lRoj vuqØef.kdkvksa ds }kjkif=kdkvksa dh lwph rFkk fiNys nks o"kks± ds lanHkZ esa mn~/`r m¼j.kksa dh rkfydk iznkudjrh gSA ;g ISI if=kdkvksa dh] muds izHkko ds vuqlkj Js.khc¼ rkfydk Hkh iznkudjrh gSA if=kdk ds Half-life Package Section esa m¼j.kksa dk lap;h dkykuqØfedforj.k fn;k x;k gS tks m¼j.k nsus okyh if=kdk ls mn~/`r if=kdk ij vk/kfjr gSAfofHkUu o"kks± esa if=kdkvksa dh lwph Hkh nh tkrh gSA JSR ok£"kd :i esa lh Mh&jkseesa rFkk ekbØksfiQ'k Lo:i esa Hkh miyC/ gSA

(2) Social Sciences Citation Index

(d) Socical Sciences Citation Index (SSCI). Philadelphia: ISI, 1973-.

;g m¼j.k vuqØekf.kdk lkekftd foKku ls lacaf/r iwjs fo'o dh 1700 vxz.khif=kdkvksa ds leLr ys[kksa dk iw.kZ vfHkxe rFkk oSKkfud ,oa rduhdh fo"k;ksa lslacafèkr iwjs fo'o dh 3300 vxz.kh if=kdkvksa ds p;fur ys[kksa dk vkaf'kd vfHkxeiznku djrh gSA blesa dqN eksuksxzkiQ (monograph) Hkh 'kkfey gksrs gSaA bldhvuqØef.kdk,¡ ISI dh rjg gSaA ;g fofHkUu HkkSfrd Lo:iksa esa ,oa ekè;eksa ij miyC/gSA eqfnzr Lo:i esa bldk izdk'ku o"kZ esa rhu ckj] ok£"kd rFkk cgqok£"kd lap;h dslkFk fd;k tkrk gSA lu~ 1989 ls izkjaHk gqvk bldk CD-ROM ,d o"kZ esa pkj ckjizdkf'kr gksrk gSA pkSFkh lh Mh ok£"kd lap;h gksrh gSA fiNys [kaM 1981 lsmiyC/ gSaA

([k) Social Sciences Citation Index with Abstract, 1992-. Monthly. (12 issuesper year).

CD-ROM Lo:i esa X;kjg lap;h vad izdkf'kr gksrs gSa rFkk ckjgoha fMLd ok£"kdlap;h gksrh gSaA fiNys [k.M 1992 ls miyC/ gSaA

(x) Social Sciences Citation Index- Journal Citation Raports (JSR)

JSR ds ok£"kd izdk'ku lh Mh&jkse rFkk ekbØksfiQ'k Lo:i eas Hkh miyC/ gSA

NOTES



66

bu nksuksa mnkgj.kksa esa m¼j.kksa esa m¼j.k vuqØef.kdk 1 (d) rFkk 2 (d) iw.kZ xzaFkkRed lwpukdk vfHkxe iznku djrh gSA lkj ds lkFk m¼j.k vuqØef.kdk esa vuqØef.kdk ds vfrfjDrys[kd }kjk iznÙk lkj 'kkfey gksrs gSa vkSj dsoy CD-ROM Lo:i esa miyC/ gksrs gSaA blm¼j.k vuqØef.kdk ds tuZy lkbVs'ku fjiksV~Zl (JCRs) mn~/`r if=kdkvksa ds lkisf{kd egRodks] lqfu;ksftr ,oa mís';ijd jhfr ls fuEufyf[kr ifjizs{; esa lwfpr djrs gSa%

● fdlh if=kdk dks mn~/`r fd, tkus dh ckjackjrk] vFkkZr ;g fdruh tYn mn~/`r dh xbZ_

● fdlh if=kdk dks fdu&fdu if=kdkvksa }kjk mn~/`r fd;k x;k_

● vius izdk'ku ds fdrus le; ckn vkSj fdrus rd fdlh if=kdk dks mn~/`r fd;k x;k_

● fdlh fo'ks"k if=kdk }kjk fdu if=kdkvksa dks mn~/`r fd;k x;kA

(3) Arts and Humanities Citation Index. Philadelphia: ISI, 1978.

;g vuqØef.kdk dyk ,oa ekufodh {ks=k dh 1150 ls vf/d if=kdkvksa rFkk foKku ,oalkekftd foKku laacaf/r 6800 ls vf/d if=kdkvksa ls vyx&vyx p;fur mi;qDr lkexzhdk vfHkxe iznku djrh gSA eqfnzr LOk:i ,d o"kZ esa 6 ckj rFkk CD-ROM ,d o"kZ esa rhuckj izdkf'kr gksrk gSA CD-ROM dk igyk vad 1992 esa izLrqr fd;k x;kA fiNys [kaM 1980ls ISI, fiQykMsyfiQ;k (Philadelphia) ls miyC/ gSA

5.3 djsUV dkWUVsUV~l

lRoj :i esa lkef;d tkx:drk lsok iznku djus ds fy, djsUV dkWUVsUV~l (CC: CurrentContents) esa fofHkUu fo"k;ksa dh egRoiw.kZ if=kdkvksa ds vUr£o"k;&i`"B fn, tkrs gSA ;g ,dlkIrkfgd lsok ;k izdk'ku gS ftlds }kjk mi;ksDrk rd lwpuk rhozrk ls ig¡qpk;h tkrh gSA bldkizdk'ku Institute for Scientific Information (ISI), Philadelphia, USA }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA blesaNg fHkUu fo"k; {ks=kksa ls lacaf/r fo"k;ksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA

mnkgj.k

(1) Current Contents with Abstracts: Agriculture, Biology and Envitonmental Sci-ences, 1970.

(iwoZ esa CC: Agricultural, Food and Veterinary Sciences) blesa bu fo"k;ksa ij yxHkx975 egRoiw.kZ if=kdkvksa ds vUr£o"k;&i`"Bksa dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA

(2) Current Contents with Abstracts: Clinical Medicine, 1973,

(iwoZ esa CC: Clinical Practice). blesa jksxfo"k;d (Clinical) 1,000 izeq[k if=kdkvksa dsvUr£o"k;&iz"Bksa dh rkfydk dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA

(3) Current Contents with Abstracts: Engineering, Computing and Technology.

(iwoZ esa CC: Engineering and Techology and Applied Sciences) blesa dbZ fo/kvksaesa fo'o dh yxHkx 1030 izeq[k if=kdkvksa esa ls var£o"k;ksa dh lkj.kh nh tkrh gSA

(4) Current Contents with Abstracts: Life Sciences, 1985-.

(iwoZ esa CC: Chemical Pharmaco-Medical and Life Sciences) blesa tho foKku esafo'o dh izeq[k 1370 if=kdkvksa ds var£o"k;&i`"Bksa dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA

NOTES


67


(5) Current Contents with Abstracts: Physical/Chemical, and Earth Sciences, 1961( igys CC: Physical and Chemical Science, tks CC: Physical Sciences rFkk CC:Chemical Sciences nksuksa dks lfEefyr dj fu£er gqbZA blesa bu fo"k;ksa esa fo'o dh 925egRoiw.kZ if=kdkvksa ds var£o"k; dh rkfydk gksrh gSA

(6) Currents Contents with Abstracts: Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1969-.

(iwoZ esa CC: Behavioral, Social and Education Sciences). blesa vusd fo"k;ksa esayxHkx 1]570 fo'o dh izeq[k if=kdkvksa ds var£o"k; dh lkj.kh dks izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA

lHkh fo"k;ksa ds Currents Contents (CC) rFkk Current Contents with Abstracts(CCA) fofHkUu HkkSfrd vk:iksa esa miyC/ gSaA CCs dk izdk'ku izfr lIrkg eqfnzr rFkkfMLdsV~l (Diskttes) Lo:iksa esa gksrk gSA CCAs fMLdV~l rFkk CD-ROM Lo:i esamiyC/ gSaA CCs rFkk CCAs ds izR;sd vad esa vUr£o"k;&lkj.kh gksrh gSA buesa ,d fo"k;dh fofHkUu if=kdkvksa dh var£o"k;&lkj.kh dks laxfBr] iquO;ZofLFkr rFkk iqu£ufer fd;ktkrk gS rkfd Øeoh{k.k vklkuh ls gks ldsA izR;sd vad esa fn, x, izdj.k ij ys[kksa dks<w¡<us ds fy, vk[;k 'kCn vuqØef.kdk* (Title word Index) gksrh gSA ys[kd vuqØef.kdk*(Auther Index) rFkk ys[kdksa ds irs dh funsZf'kdk }kjk ikBdksa dks ys[kdksa dk irk Kkrgksrk gS ftlls os ys[kdksa ls laidZ dj ys[kksa dh iqueqZfnzr izfr izkIr dj ldrs gSaA eqfnzr:i esa miyC/ vuqØef.kdk ds }kjk foxr pkj ekl dh vof/ esa izdkf'kr vadksa dhlkexzh <¡w<us esa ikBdksa dks lgk;rk feyrh gSA


3- vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k if=kdkvksa esa izfof"V;ksa ds O;oLFkkiu dh fof/;k¡ crkb;sA

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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5.4 HkkSxksfyd {ks=k vk/kfjr lsok,¡

dqN ,slh vuqØe.khdj.k rFkk lkjdj.k if=kdk,¡ ;k lsok,¡ gS tks fdlh ,d ns'k ds lkfgR; rd ghlhfer gksrh gSaA dbZ ns'kksa esa jk"Vªh; vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k lsokvksa dk izdk'ku ?kjsyw lkfgR;ij xzaFkijd fu;a=k.k izkIr djus ds fy, ,oa muds izlkj dks è;ku esa j[kdj fd;k tkrk gSA p¡fd,d if=kdk esa lHkh fo"k;ksa dk foLr`r O;kidRo dfBu gksrk gS] vr% dqN fo"k; fo'ks"khÑr lsok,¡gksrh gSa ftudk O;kidRo fof'k"V ns'k rd lhfer gksrk gSA dqN vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k lsok,¡,d ns'k esa izdkf'kr fo'ks"k izdkj ds izys[kksa rd Hkh lhfer gksrh gSaA

fofHkUu fo"k;ksa esa jk"Vªh; vuqØe.khdj.k rFkk lkjdj.k (I&A) lsok,¡

mnkgj.k

(1) Indian Science Abstracts. New Delhi: Indian National Scientific DocumentationCentre, 1965-. Fortnightly.

NOTES



68

(2) Indian Psychological Abstracts and Reviews. New Delhi: Sage PublicationsIndia, 1972.

(3) Indian Literary Index. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi, 1988-. Semi-annual.

(4) Indian Management Abstracts. Calcutta: Information Resrarch Academy, 1972-4 vad izfr o"kZA

(5) Canadian Business Index. Toronto: Micromedia Limited. 1975-. 12 vad izfr o"kZA

(6) Korean Science Abstracts. Corean Institute of Economics and Technology, 1969.6 vad izfr o"kZA

(7) Romanian Scientific Abstracts. Bucharest: Academia de Stilntc Sociale Si Politica.Intrarea Ministenuui, 1973-. 12 vad izfr o"kZA

(8) Sri Lanka Science Abstracts. Colombo: Natural Resources, Energy and Sci-ence Authority, 1977-. 4 vad izfr o"kZA

(9) Abstracts of Hungarian Econimic Literature. Budapest: Vilaggaz DasagiTudomanyos Tanacs, 1971-. 6 vad izfr o"kZA

(10) Australian Family and Society Abstracts. Melbourne: Australian Institute ofFamily Studies, 1984-. Annual. ioZ uke Australian Family Studies Database. vc;g vkWuykbu (online) rFkk CD-ROM vk:i (format) esa miyC/ gSA eqfnzr laLdj.k1991 ls can gSA

5.5 fof'k"V fo"k; vk/kfjr lsok,¡

fo"k;&vk/kfjr vuqØe.khdj.k lsokvksa dh mi;ksfxrk Hkh lokZf/d gksrh gSA igys buesa O;kid fo"k;ksadks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk Fkk] ijUrq fdlh ,d fo"k; ij Hkh foiqy ek=kk esa lkfgR; miyC/ gksusds dkj.k vc ;s lsok,¡ fof'k"V ,oa lw{e fo"k;ksa ij vf/d dsfUnzr gks jgh gSaA vuqØe.khdj.k ,oalkjdj.k lsokvksa esa fo'o ds lHkh Hkkxksa ls izdkf'kr lkfgR; rFkk lHkh izdkj ds izys[kksa dks lfEefyrfd;k tk jgk gS vkSj lkfgR; [kkst esa budk O;kid mi;ksx gks jgk gSA

mnkgj.k

(1) Agriculrural and Environmental Biotechnology Abstracts. Bethesda, US: CambridgeScientfic Abstracts, 1993-.

blesa thojlk;u rFkk tho HkkSfrdh fo"k;ksa dk fooj.k feyrk gSA bldk eqfnzr Lo:i 1993 ls7 vad izfr o"kZ rFkk bUVjusV laLdj.k 1994 ls 12 vad izfr o"kZ dh nj ls izdkf'kr gksrk gSA

fofHkUu vko';drkvksa vkSj fodYiksa ds fy, bldh dher Hkh fuEufyf[kr ds vuqlkj fHkUugksrh gS%

● dsoy bUVjusV laLdj.k&uohu vad$ laiw.kZ iqjkus vad

● eqfnzr laLdj.k $ bUVjusV dk uohu vad $ ,d o"kZ ds iqjkus vad

● eqfnzr laLdj.k $ bUVjusV dk uohu vad $ ik¡p o"kZ ds iqjkus vad

NOTES


69


(2) Biological Abstracts. Philadelphia: Biosciences Information Service, 1926-. Semi-monthly.

blesa lEiw.kZ fo'o esa izdkf'kr tho foKku laca/h (biological) rFkk tSo vkS"k/h;(biomedical) if=kdkvkas esa izdkf'kr uohu 'kks/ lkfgR; ds lkj rFkk vuqØekf.kdk dks izLrqrfd;k tkrk gSA ;g eqfnzr izdk'ku ds :i esa rFkk eSXusfVd Vsi ij ck;ksfll (BIOSIS) MsVkcsl(Database) ds Hkkx ds :i esa vkWuykbu (Online) ij Hkh miyC/ gSA eq[; Hkkx esa lkjo.kZØekuqlkj fo"k; 'kh"kZd ds varxZr izfof"V la[;k }kjk O;ofLFkr fd, tkrs gSaA izR;sd vadesa ys[kd vuqØef.kdk] ck;ksflLVsesfVd (Biosystematic) vuqØekf.kdk] O;kid (Generic)vuqØef.kdk] vo/kj.kk (Concept) vuqØef.kdk rFkk fo"k; (Subject) vuqØef.kdk Hkh nhtkrh gSA izR;sd izfof"V esa izfof"V la[;k] ys[kd] laLFkku lacn~/rk ,oa irk] ys[k dh vk[;k]laf{kIr if=kdk vk[;k] [kaM ,oa vad la[;k] i`"B la[;k] izdk'ku o"kZ] ewy Hkk"kk ;fn og vaxzsthu gks] rFkk lwpukRed lkj dk mYys[k gksrk gSA ns; 'kqYd ;k vfHknku jkf'k }kjk ekbØksfiQYe(microfilms) rFkk ekbØksfiQ'k (microfiche) laLdj.k Hkh miyC/ gSaA

(3) Chemical Abstracts and Indexes. Columbus, US: Chemical Abstracts Service,1907-Weekly.

blesa jlk;u rFkk leoxhZ fo"k; 'kkfey gksrs gSaA blesa 'kkfey izys[kksa esa if=kdkvksa ds vkys[k],dLo (isVs.V)] leh{kkvksa] rduhdh izfrosnu] eksuksxzkiQ] laxksf"B;ksa vkSj lEesyuksa dhdk;Zokfg;ksa] 'kks/ fucU/ rFkk iqLrdksa dk uke fy;k tk ldrk gSA eq[; Hkkx esa lkj] izfo"Vla[;k ds vuqlkj ik¡pk O;kid fo"k; oxks± ds 80 miHkksxksa esa] O;ofLFkr fd, tkrs gSaA izR;sdvad esa eq[; 'kCn vuqØef.kdk] ,dLo vuqØef.kdk] rFkk ys[kd vuqØef.kdk nh tkrh gSAN% ekg ds lap;h [kaM esa lkekU; fo"k; vuqØef.kdk] jlk;u fo"k; vuqØef.kdk] iQkewZykvuqØef.kdk] fjax (Ring) vuqØef.kdk] ys[kd vuqØef.kdk rFkk ,dLo vuqØef.kdk nh tkrhgSA gj [kaM dh vuqØef.kdk dks izR;sd ik¡p o"kZ ds varjky ls dsfedy ,sCLVªSDV~l dh lkewfgdvuqØef.kdk (Collective Index) ds :i esa lapf;r fd;k tkrk gSA eqfnzr laLdj.k o"kZ esa 52ckj izdkf'kr gksrk gSA 1996 ls izdkf'kr CD-ROM laLdj.k o"kZ esa 12 ckj izLrqr fd;k tkrkgSA ekbØksfiQ'k vk:i] o"kZ esa 52 ckj] eqfnzr laLdj.k ds lkFk izdkf'kr fd;k tkrk gSA

(4) Index Medicus. 1979-. Monthly Bethesda: National Library of Medicine.

1960 ls Index Medicus dh ubZ Üka[kyk dk izdk'ku gqvkA blesa 2250 tSo vkS"k/h;(biomedical) if=kdkvksa esa izfro"kZ izdkf'kr 150]000 ys[kksa dk muds ys[kd rFkk vk[;k dsvuqlkj&vuqØe.khdj.k fd;k tkrk gS rFkk izR;sd izfof"V ds varxZr m¼j.k (Citation) Hkh nh,tkrs gSaA bldk eqfnzr laLdj.k baMsDl esfMdl ds uke ls rFkk vkWuykbu MsVkcsl laLdj.kesMykbu (MEDLINE) ds uke ls miyC/ gSA buds vfrfjDr bldk laf{kIr laLdj.kAbridged Index Medicus ds uke ls rFkk ,d o"khZ; lap;h] 'Cumulated Index Medicus'ds uke ls vyx izdkf'kr fd, tkrs gSaA bl vuqØef.kdk dks dEI;wVj vk/kfjr esMyklZ iz.kkyh(MEDLARS System) }kjk rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA

(5) Library and Information Science Abstracts (LISA). Ticeherst, Great Britain: WorldWide Subscription Services, 1969-. Monthly

blesa iqLrdky; ,oa lwpuk foKku dh yxHkx 600 if=kdk,vksa esa izdkf'kr ys[kksa] rFkk iqLrdksa,oa vU; lkfgR; dks lkjc¼ fd;k tkrk gSA eq[; Hkkx esa lkj dks fo"k;uqlkj oxhZÑr fd;k x;k

NOTES



70

gSA izR;sd vad esa foLr`r fo"k; vuqØef.kdk] ys[kd ,oa O;fDrokpd uke dh vuqØef.kdkrFkk if=kdk vuqØef.kdk Hkh nh tkrh gSA lu~ 1992 ls Library and Information ScienceAbstracts dks CD-ROM vk:i esa LISA Plus dh vk[;k ls Bowker Saur, EastFrinstead, Freat Britain ds }kjk izdkf'kr fd;k tk jgk gSA bldk izdk'ku ,d o"kZ esa pkjckj gksrk gSA

(6) Linguistics and Language Behaviour Abstracts and Cumulative Index (LLBA)

;g vusd :iksa esa miyC/ gS% LLBA Disc-Language and Linguistics Behabiour.CD-ROM (1993-) o"kZ esa nks ckj izdkf'kr gksrk gSA LLBA fMLd Disk ,dy ikBd rFkkLAN ij 2&4] 5&8 vkSj 9&12 mi;ksDrkvkas ds fy, miyC/ gSA LLBA Disc Internet dksSilver Platter Information BV- Amesterdam-NC }kjk lky esa nks ckj izdkf'kr fd;k tkrkgSA ;g ,dy&mi;ksDrk :i esa] 2&4 mi;ksDrkvksa] 5&8 mi;ksDrkvksa ,oa 9&12 mi;ksDrkvksa dsfy, miyC/ gSA

(7) General Science Index. Bronx, US: H.W. Wilson Co, 1963-.

;g vusd :iksa esa miyC/ gSa] tSls%

eqfnzr vk:i (1963&)(,d o"kZ esa 10 ckj)

CD-ROM - 1984-. (,d o"kZ esa 12 ckj) blesa ok£"kd lap;h Hkh 'kkfey gSA

CD-ROM ,oa bUVjusV (Internet) 1984-. (,d o"kZ esa 12 ckj) Silver Platter Informa-tion BV- Amsterdam, NL }kjk izLrqrA

;g vaxzsth Hkk"kk dh 139 if=kdkvksa esa izdkf'kr HkkSfrd] tho rFkk LokLF; foKku ij lkef;dlwpuk dh lan£'kdk gSA

(8) General Science Abstracts.

(d) General Science Abstracts,

;g fUkEufyf[kr vk:iksa esa miyC/ gSa%

● CD-ROM (1984-) ,d o"kZ esa 12 ckj (igyk vad 1992 esa) OvidTechnologies, Amsterdam NC }kjk izLrqrA ;g ,d] nks ;k rhu mi;ksDrkvksads fy, ,d lkFk miyC/ gSA

● CD-ROM ,oa bUVjusV (Internet) (1984-) ,d o"kZ esa 12 ckj (igyk vad1995 esa) Silver Platter Information BV-Amsterdam, NL }kjk izLrqrA

([k) General Science Abstracts Including Index (1984+) ,d o"kZ esa 12 ckj (igykvad 1994 eas) H.W. Wilson Co. Bronx, US, }kjk izLrqrA izfro"kZ blds pkSFks] uosrFkk ckjgosa vad dks v|ru fd;k tkrk gSA

(9) Social Science Index.

bls rhu fofHkUu izdk'kdksa }kjk izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA bu rhuksa ds izdk'ku HkkSfrdvk:i] v|ru fd, tkus dh la[;k rFkk LAN }kjk le{kf.kd mi;ksx ds vk/kj ijfHkUu gSaA

NOTES


71


Wilson Social Science Index esa vaxzsth Hkk"kk dh fo'o dh 350 ls vf/dif=kdkvksa ds ys[kksa ds m¼j.k rFkk iqLrd leh{kkvksa dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSAbldh O;kfIr lkekftd foKku ds fo"k;ksa rd lhfer gS rFkk blesa vusd cgqvk;kRed,oa var£o"k;h fo/kvksa dh lwpuk nh tkrh gSA blds MsVkcsl esa dqy 47]500 fjdkMZgSa vkSj izfro"kZ 40]900 u, izys[kksa dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA

(d) H.W. Wilson Co, Bronx, U.S.

eqfnzr Lo:i (,d o"kZ esa 12 ckj) ok£"kd lap;h ds lkFkA

CD-ROM (1983-) (,d o"kZ esa 12 ckj)] igyk vad 1987 esa izdkf'krA

([k) Orid Technologies Amsterdam, NL.

CD-ROM (1983-) ,d o"kZ eas 12 ckj] igyk vad 1994 eas izdkf'krA ;g ,dymi;ksDrk :i esa rFkk LAN ij nks ;k rhu mi;ksDrkvksa ds fy, miyC/ gSA

(x) Silver Platter Information BV-Amsterdam: NL

CD-ROM ,oa bUVjusV (Internet) (1983-), ,d o"kZ esa 12 ckjA ;g ,dy&mi;ksDrk:i esa rFkk LAN ij 2-4, 5-8 ,oa 9-12 mi;ksDrkvksa ds fy, miyC/ gSA

(10) Social Science Abstracts

(d) Social Science Abstracts

CD-ROM (1983-), ,d o"kZ esa 12 ckjA igyk vad 1996 eas Silver PlatterInformation BV- Amsterdam, NL }kjk izdkf'krA ;g ,dy&mi;ksDrk :i esa rFkkLAN ij 2-4, 5-8 rFkk 9-12 mi;ksDrkvksa ds fy, miyC/ gSA

([k) Socicl Science Abstracts including Index (1983-), ,d o"kZ esa 12 ckjA izFkevad esa 1995 esa H.W. Wilson Co.- Bronx, US }kjk izdkf'krA izfro"kZ bldk pkSFkk]uok¡ rFkk ckjgok¡ vad v|ru fd;k tkrk gS tks fofHkUu dherksa ij miyC/ gSaA

(11) Humanities Index

bls Hkh rhu fofHkUu izdk'kuksa }kjk izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA bu rhuksa ds izdk'ku HkkSfrd vk:i]v|ru fd, tkus dh la[;k rFkk LAN }kjk le{kf.kd mi;ksx ds vk/kj ij fHkUu gSaA WilsonHumanities Index, vaxzsth Hkk"kk dh fo'o dh 350 ls vf/d if=kdkvksa esa izdkf'kr 2]84]800izys[kksa ,os vkys[kksas dh vuqØef.kdk gSA blesa iQhpj ys[k] lk{kkRdkj] xzaFklwfp;k¡] py&fp=kksa dhleh{kk,¡] xhfr&ukV~; (Operas), u`R;&ukVd] y?kq&dFkk,¡] ukVd] dfork,¡ rFkk iqLrd leh{kk,¡lfEefyr dh tkrh gSaA

H.W. Wilson Co, Bronx, US.

eqfnzr laLdj.k o"kZ esa pkj ckj ok£"kd lap;h ds lkFkA CD-ROM (1983-), ,d o"kZ esa 12ckjA ;g ,dy&mi;ksDrk :i esa rFkk 2 vkSj 3 mi;ksDrkvksa ds fy, Hkh miyC/ gSA

Silver Platter Information B.V. Amsterdam, NL

CD-ROM rFkk bUVjusV (1984&)] ,d o"kZ ea 12 ckjA ;g ,dYk&mi;ksDrk :i esa rFkk 2&4]5&8 ,oa 9&12 mi;ksDrkvksa ds le{kf.kd mi;ksx ds fy, LAN ij miyC/ gSA

NOTES



72

(12) Social work Abstracts Plus

blesa lkekftd dk;Z ,oa ekuo lsokvksa ls lacaf/r lwpuk feyrh gS bl MsVkcsl esa vaxzsthHkk"kk dh 450 ls vf/d if=kdkvksa esa izdkf'kr lacaf/r O;olk; ds izR;ds {ks=k dhlS¼kfUrd] O;ogkfjd] fofHkUu lsok&{ks=kksa] lkekftd eqn~nksa rFkk leL;kvksa ds mQij lwpukfeyrh gSA

● eqfnzr Lo:i (1965) (,d o"kZ esa pkj ckj) National Association of SocialWorkers, Annapolis JCT, US

● CD-ROM rFkk bUVjusV (1977-) (,d o"kZ esa nks ckj) CD-ROM laLdj.k1992 eaas Silver Platter Information B.V. Amsterdam, NL }kjk izdkf'krA

5.6 izys[kksa ds izdkjksa ij vk/kfjr lsok,¡

dqN vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k if=kdk,¡ fof'k"V izdkj ds izys[kksa&tSls if=kdkvksa esa izdkf'krvkys[kksa] lEesyuksa dh dk;Zokfg;ksa] ,dLoksa] 'kks/izcU/ksa] vuqoknksa] 'kks/ izfrosnuksa rFkk lekpkj i=kksa&ds fy, le£ir gksrh gSaA ;s ;k rks vUrjjk"Vªh; ;k jk"Vªh; Lrj dh gks ldrh gSa] rFkk ;k rks lHkhfo"k;ksa vFkok ,d fof'k"V fo"k; dks lefo"V djrh gSaA

(1) ,dLo (Patent)

(d) Indian Chemical Patents. Pune: National Chemical Laboratory.

([k) German Patents Gazette. London: Derwent Publications, 1968. ,d o"kZeas 26 vadA Hkkx 1 esa jklk;fud ,dLo (Patents) gSaA

(x) Patents preview and Specifications. London: Derwent Publications.CD-ROM ,d o"kZ esa 52 ckjA blesa fof/] vkS"k/ foKku ,oa fo"k&foKku lslacafèkr fo"k; 'kkfey fd, tkrs gSaA

(?k) Patents Abstracts of Japan. Kyoto, Japan: Japan Patent InformationOrganisation, 1976. ,d o"kZ esa 12 ckjA cqd@iQkbYl (Book/Files) 1976 lsdsoy CD-ROM vk:i esa gh miyC/ gSaA blesa dkuwu ,oa izkS|ksfxdh ls lacafèkrfo"k; lfEefyr fd, tkrs gSaA

(2) vuqokn

(d) National Index of Translations. New Delhi: Indian National ScientificDocumentation Centre (INSDOC), 1982- ,d o"kZ esa 12 ckjA

bldk izdk'ku vc cUn gks x;k gSA fiQj Hkh] fiNys vad iwoZO;kih lwpuk ds fy,mi;ksxh gSaA

([k) British Reports, Translations, Theses. Boston Spa: British LibraryBibliographic Division (1971-) ,d o"kZ esa 12 ckjA

(x) World Translations Index, Delft: International Translations Centre, 1978-,d o"kZ esa 10 ckjA

NOTES


73


(3) 'kks/izca/@ y?kq 'kks/izca/

(d) Dissertation Abstracts bls fofHkUu HkkSfrd vk:iksa esa rhu izdk'kdksa }kjk izLrqrfd;k tkrk gSA

(i) University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, US

Dissertation Abstracts International -A, B & C

eqfnzr laLdj.k&,d o"kZ eas 28 ckjA

CD-ROM (1993-), (o"kZ esa pkj ckj)] izFke vad 1986 eas izdkf'krA 1861-1981, 1982-1987 ds iqjkus vad viyC/A ;g ,dy&mi;ksRkk :i esa rFkk LANij 2&3 rFkk 4&6 mi;ksDrkvksa ds fy, miyC/ gSA

(ii) OVID Technologies- Amsterdam, NL.

CD-ROM (1990-) (o"kZ esa ckjg ckj) 1993 eas igyk vad izdkf'krA ;g,dYk&mi;ksDrk:i esa rFkk LAN ij 2-3 rFkk 4-6 mi;ksDrkvksa ds fy, miyC/gSA

(iii) Silver platter Information BV-Amsterdam, NL

CD-ROM & Internet (1861- rFkk 1981-) (o"kZ eas 12 ckj)] izFke vad1996 eas izdkf'krA

;s ,dy&mi;ksDrk :i esa rFkk LAN ij 2-4, 5-8 rFkk 9-12 mi;ksDrkvksa dsfy, miyC/ gSA

([k) Indian Dissertation Abstracts. New Delhi: Indian Council of SocialScience Research (ICSSR), 1973. o"kZ esa pkj ckjA

(x) Bibliography of Doctoral Dissertations of Indian Universities. New DelhiAssociation of Indian Universities. Annual.

(4) if=kdk lkfgR;

(d) Australian Periodical Index. Sydney: New South Wales Public Library,1950-.

;g 1956 ls bl iqLrdky; dh ekfld lwph ds iwjd ds :i esa izdkf'kr gksrhgSA blesa vkLVsªfy;k] U;wthySaM] ,l- MCyw- iSflfiQd vkSj ,uVkjfVd ns'kksa dks'kkfey fd; tkrk gSA

([k) Index to Indian Medical Periodicals. New Delhi: National MedicalLibrary DGHS. 1959-. o"kZ esa 4 ckjA

(x) Canadian Periodicals Index. Ottawa: Canadian Library Association 1948-o"kZ esa 12 vadA

(?k) Guide to Indian periodical Literature. Gurgaon: Indian DocumentationService (1964-). o"kZ esa 4 ckjA ok£"kd lap;h :i esa miyC/A

NOTES



74

(5) lekpkj i=kksa dh vuqØef.kdk,¡

(d) ,d lekpkj i=k dk vuqØe.khdj.k

(v) Index to Financial Times. London: Financial Times BusinessInformation. 1981 Annual.

(c) Index to Times of India. Bombay: Bennet, Coleman, 1973-. o"kZ esa 3ckjA bldk ladyu ekbØksfiQYe ,oa vuqØef.kdk lsok lanHkZ foHkkx }kjk fd;kx;k FkkA dqN vadksa ds ckn bldk izdk'ku can gks x;kA

(l) New York Times Index. New York: New York Times 1913-. o"kZ esa 24vadA 1948 ls ok£"kd lap;h miyC/A

([k) vusd lekpkj i=kksa dk vuqØe.khdj.k

(v) Canadian News Index. Toronto: Micromedia 1977-. o"kZ esa 12 vad]ok£"kd lap;h ds lkFkA

(c) Newspaper Index. Wooster, Ohio: Bell & Howell, 1972-. o"kZ esa 12vad] ok£"kd lap;h ds lkFkA

(l) The African Newspaper Index. Longley Park: Current Dicumentsand Information, 1981-. o"kZ esa 2 vadA

(n) Indian Press Index. Delhi: Delhi Library Associaton, 1968-. o"kZ esa 12ckjA

(6) lEesyuksa dh dk;Zokfg;k¡

(v) Index to Conference Proceeding. Boston Spa: UK British Library Bibliographic Division, (1970-)

(c) Directory of Published Proceeding and Proceedings in Print (1968-)

o"kZ esa 10 vadA

(l) Conference Paper Index. Cambridge Scientfic Abstracts, Bethesda,OS. bUVjusV laLdj.k ,d o"kZ esa 12 ckjA izFke vad 1974 esa izdkf'kr gqvkAiqjkuh iQkbysa (files) dsoy bUVjusV ij fofHkUu fodYiksa ,oa ewY;ksa ij miyC/gSa tSls orZeku$laiw.kZ iqjkuh iQkbysaA

iqjkuh iQkbysa eqfnzr :i esa ,oa bUVjusV ij orZeku iQkbyksa ds lkFk miyC/ gSaA

Current+ Five Years Back file

(n) Forthcoming International Conference on Military Science and Tech-nology. Delhi. DESIDOC.

(7) izfrosnu lkfgR;

(v) Report Index. Leatherhead, Great Britain : Longley Associates. eqfærlaLdj.k (1979)- o"kZ esa 6 ckjA

NOTES


75


CD-ROM, o"kZ esa 3 ckj

blesa vkfFkZd fLFkfr ,oa fl¼kUr ls lacaf/r ds fo"k; 'kkfey fd, x, gSaA

(c) Index to Business Reports. Yorkshire : Quarry Press, (1978-). o"kZ esanks ckjA

6. vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k if=kdkvksa ds mi;ksx

tSlk fd igys crk;k x;k gS fd] vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k lsok,¡ iqLrdky; ,oa lwpuk dfeZ;ksads lkFk gh lwpuk ds mi;ksDrkvksa ds fy, Hkh mi;ksxh gksrh gSaA budk dq'ky mi;ksx de ls delaHko le; esa vf/d izklafxdrk ds lkFk okafNr lkfgR; ds Js"B vuqLej.k dks izkIr djus dh n`f"Vls egRoiw.kZ gSA iqLrdky; ,oa lwpuk dfeZ;ksa ds fy, vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k if=kdkvksa dsmi;ksx esa dq'kyrk izkIr djuk muds O;kolkf;d izf'k{k.k dk ,d Hkkx gSA blds ckn Hkh viusvuqHko ds vk/kj ij mudh dq'kyrk esa vkSj Hkh o`f¼ gksrh gSA lwpuk ds mi;ksDrkvksa dksvuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k lsokvksa ds b"Vre mi;ksx ds fy, fo'ks"k izf'k{k.k ,oa vfHkeq[khdj.kdk;ZØeksa dh vko';drk gksrh gSA ikBd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØeksa eas bldk è;ku j[kk tkrk gSA

6.1 miyC/ lsok,¡

vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k lsokvksa dh vusd lsokvksa ds miyC/ gksus ds dkj.k] fdlh fo'ks"kftKklk dk mÙkj izkIr djus ds fy, lcls igyk dne mi;qDr Ïksr dk p;u djuk gSA bl dk;Zeas vusd r`rh;d Ïksr gekjh lgk;rk djrs gSaA buds dqN mnkgj.k fuEufyf[kr gSa %

(i) US National Federation of Abstracting and Indexing Services : A World Guideto Abstracting and Indexing Services. Washington : NFAIS, 1963.

(ii) International Federation for Documentatin : Abstracting Services, Vol. 1. Sci-ence, Technology, Medicine and Agriculture, Vol. 2. Social Science, Humani-ties. The Hauge, 1969.

(iii) Ulrich's International Periodicals Directory (blesa izkFkfed Ïksrksa ds vfrfjDr lkjdj.k,oa vuqØe.khdj.k lsokvksa dh lwph Hkh nh tkrh gSA)

6.2 p;u

nwljk egRoiw.kZ fcUnq gSμ D;k fdlh O;kid foLrkj okys Ïksr ;k midj.k dk p;u fd;k tk,]vFkok fdlh vYi&O;kid ;k ftKklk (iz'u) ds fof'k"V fo"k; ls lacaf/r Ïksr dk p;u fd;ktk, vFkok nksuksa izdkj ds Ïksrksa dk p;u fd;k tk,A bu nksuksa izdkj ds Ïksrksa (O;kid fo"k; lslacaf/r] vFkok fof'k"V fo"k; ls laacaf/r) ds vius&vius ykHk gSaA ijarq] ftKklk ;k iz'u dh izÑfrrFkk [kkst dk;Z ds vuqHko ds vk/kj ij Ïksrksa dk p;u djuk vf/d ykHkizn gksrk gSA ftKklk ds'keu ;k iz'u ds mÙkj ds fy, dbZ ckj dsoy ,d Ïksr dh i;kZIr ugha gksrkA ,slh fLFkfr esa dbZÏksrksa dk voyksdu djus dh vko';drk gksrh gSA vuqØe.khdj.k rFkk lkjdj.k if=kdkvksa dk p;udjrs le; buesa lfEefyr lkfgR; dh O;kfIr rFkk okafNr lwpuk dh i;kZIr miyC/rk ij è;ku nsukpkfg,A lkekU;r;k bu if=kdkvksa ds izkjafHkd i`"Bksa esa ¶dSls mi;ksx djsa ls lacaf/r vuqPNsn gksukpkfg,A pw¡fd fons'kksa esa izdkf'kr lkjdj.k djus ds fy, ,sls vU; iqLrdky;ksa ij fuHkZj jgrs gSa tgk¡;s if=kdk,¡ miyC/ gksrh gSaA Hkkjr esa uxj iqLrdky; usVodZ (City Library Network) dh LFkkiukls lalk/u lgHkkfxrk ds ,sls dk;ZØdeksa dks izksRlkgu feyk gSA

NOTES



76

6.3 mi;ksx

vuqØef.kdk,¡] vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k if=kdkvksa ds mi;ksx ds fy, eq[; vk/kj gksrh gSA budsvHkko esa bu if=kdkvksa dk voyksdu&dk;Z dfBu ,oa vfuf'pr gksrk gSA fdlh fof'k"V mikxe dsckjs esa vius vki dks rS;kj djus ds ckn] vkidks lwpuk <w¡<us ds fy, vf/d mi;qDr izdkj dhvuqØef.kdk dk voyksdu djuk pkfg,A fdlh fo"k; ij lwpuk dh [kkst ds fy, vkids }kjk fy,x, eq[; 'kCn@in] rFkk mlh fo"k; ds fy, vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k if=kdkvksa esa iz;qDr eq[;'kCnksa@inksa esa fHkUurk gks ldrh gSA blfy,] vkidks vuqØef.kdk&inksa rFkk fo"k; 'kh"kZdksa ds dbZfodYi ns[kus ds fy, rS;kj jguk pkfg,A ,d gh lkjdj.k ;k vuqØe.khdj.k if=kdk ds fofHkUu[kaMksa esa iz;qDr vuqØef.kdk&inksa@fo"k;&'kh"kZdksa esa Hkh fHkUurk gks ldrh gSA bls è;ku esa j[kuk pkfg,A;fn cgq&[kaMh; lap;h vuqØef.kdk,¡ miyC/ gksa rks budk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA blls [kkstesa le; dh cpr gksrh gSA

lkfgR; esa izdk'ku ds ckn mudk izfrosnu fo'ks"kdj lkjdj.k if=kdkvksa esa foyac ls gksrk gSA vr%vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k if=kdkvksa dk visf{kr v|ru ugha gks ikrk vkSj izk;% le;&varjky N%ekg ;k vf/d dk gksrk gSA vuqØe.khdj.k if=kdkvksa esa lfEefyr dbZ izys[kksa dh vk[;k,¡ mu izys[kksads varfoZ"k; dks Li"V ugha dj ikrha] vr% vuqØe.khdj.k if=kdkvksa dk mi;ksx lhfer gks tkrk gSAbl igyw dk Hkh è;ku esa j[kuk pkfg,A [kkst dh laiw.kZrk ds fy, dqN izeq[k izkFkfed if=kdkvksa]tSls ^djsUV dkWUVsaV~l* (Current Contents) dk voyksdu Hkh vo'; djuk pkfg,A


4- m¼j.k vuqØef.kdk dk ifjp; nhft,A

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7. lkj&la{ksi

bl vè;k; esa vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k if=kdkvksa dk ifjp;kRed vè;;u izLrqr fd;k x;k gSAfoiqy ek=kk esa mRiUu lkfgR; rFkk Kku dh izuizkZfIr dks lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, vuqØe.khdj.k ,oalkjdj.k if=kdkvksa dk mn~Hko vkSj fodkl gqvkA ;g lR; gS fd budh vko';drk ,oa egRo dsdkj.k bldh la[;k esa yxkrkj o`f¼ gks jgh gSA iqLrdky; ,oa lwpuk dfeZ;ksa dks lkfgR; [kkst dsfy, lkjdj.k ,oa vuqØe.khdj.k if=kdkvksa dk Kku ,oa muds xq.kksa dk izHkkoiw.kZ mi;ksx djuk vkukpkfg,A vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k if=kdkvksa esa fufgr lkexzh ds vk/kj ij iqLrdky; vusd lwpuklsok,¡ lapkfyr dj ldrs gSa rFkk vusd mRikn izLrqr dj ldrs gSaA lkef;d lwpuk ls fHkK gksusds fy, fo}kuksa }kjk budk cgqr mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

NOTES


77


8. izxfr ijh{k.k iz'uksa ds mÙkj

1- vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k if=kdkvksa ds izeq[k dk;Z fuEufyf[kr gSa%

(i) 'kks/drkZvksa ,oa lwpuk ds mi;ksxDrkZvksa dks mudh :fp ds lkfgR; ds {ks=k esa lkef;dtkudkjh iznku djukA ;s yksx vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k if=kdkvksa ds vadksa dslw{eoh{k.k }kjk ykHk mBk ldrs gSaA bls ¶lkef;d mi;ksx dk;Z dgk tk ldrk gS_

(ii) vko';drk ds le; lacaf/r fo"k;&{ks=k ds lkfgR; ds mQij lwpuk izkfIr dklqfuf'pr djukA fnu izfrfnu ds lanHkZ ,oa xzaFkijd dk;Z esa iqLrdky; ,oalwpukd£e;ksa ds fy, vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k if=kdk,¡ eq[; midj.k gksrh gS]rFkk 'kks/drkZ Hkh budk mi;ksx foLrkj esa djrs gSaA bls ¶iwoZO;kih [kkst dk;Z dgktk ldrk gS_ rFkk

(iii) ;fn vuqØe.khdj.k ;k lkjdj.k lsokvksa dk y{; foLr`r lwpuk miyC/ djkuk gks rksns'k ;k fo"k; ;k lkexzh ds izdkj ij vk/kfjr izdkf'kr lkfgR; dk xzaFkkRed fu;a=k.kiznku djukA bls ¶O;kid mi;ksx dk;Z dgk tk ldrk gSA

2- vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k if=kdk,¡ ,sls fo}kuksa dh vko';drk dks Hkh iwjk djrh gSa ftUgsavius vè;;u ;k 'kks/dk;Z esa fdlh fo"k; ij yh xbZ leL;k ij iqjkus lkfgR; ls lwpuk dsvoyksdu dh vko';drk gksrh gSA

vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k if=kdk,¡ lanHkZ ds midj.k ds :i esa dk;Z djrh gSa vkSj iqLrdky;ksa,oa lwpuk dsUnzks esa fujarj budk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA iqLrdky;ksa esa fofHkUu fo"k;ksa ijvuqØe.khdj.k rFkk lkjdj.k (I&A) if=kdk,¡ mi;ksDrkvksa dh ek¡x dh iw£r ds fy, [kjhnhtkrh gSaA bu if=kdkvksa dk mi;ksx ,sls izys[kksa dh igpku djus] ftuesa mi;ksDrkvksa }kjk iwNs tkusokys fofHkUu iz'uksa ds mÙkj iznku djus fy, fof'k"V lwpuk gksrh gS] rFkk fdlh fof'k"V izdj.kij ;Fkk&oLrqfLFkfr leh{kk ds fy,] vFkok xzaFklwph ladfyr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSAiqLrdky; ,oa lwpuk dsnzksa }kjk vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k if=kdkvksa esa lfEefyr lkexzh ijvk/kfjr dbZ lsok,¡ pykbZ tkrh gSa rFkk dbZ mRikn izLrqr fd, tkrs gSaA

3- vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k if=kdkvksa esa izfof"V;ksa ds O;oLFkkiu dh nks fof/;k¡ izpfyr gSa%izfof"V;ksa dks muds O;kid fo"k; ds vuqlkj oxhZÑr dj mUgsa iqu% ys[kdØe ;k dkyuqØeesa j[kuk rFkk mi;ksDrkvksa dh lgk;rk ds fy, ,d var£o"k; lkj.kh] vusd vuqØef.k;k¡ rFkkfo"k;&'kh"kZdksa dh o.kkZuqØfed lkj.kh nsukA dqN fLFkfr;ksa esa] oxhZÑr O;oLFkk j[kh tkrh gSAlkef;d tkx:drk lwfp;ksa esa] izfof"V;ksa ds izLrqrhdj.k ,oa O;oLFkkiu ds dbZ rjhds gksrs gSaA;g vko';d ugha fd ;s lkjh O;oLFkk,¡ vuqØe.khdj.k if=kdkvksa ds mís'; ij vk/kfjr gksa vkSjmlds fy, izklafxd gksaA

4- rduhdh n`f"V ls m¼j.k vuqØef.kdk,¡ (Citation Indexes) vizfre gksrh gSaA ;s lkef;dizys[kksa esa fn, m¼j.kksa ij vk/kfjr gksrh gSaA m¼j.kksa ds ekè;e ls izys[kksa ds fo"k;&laca/ dks<¡w<us dh ubZ i¼fr dk buesa mi;ksx gksrk gSA fo"k;ijd lwpuk dh iquizkZfIr ds fy, bUgsa mi;ksxhmidj.k ekuk tkrk gSA ALA Glossary of Libray and Information Science (1983) dhifjHkk"kk ds vuqlkj m¼j.k vuqØef.kdk vfuok;Zr% ,d ,slh vuqØef.kdk gS tks fdlh vU;ijorhZ Ñfr esa mn~/`r Ñfr;ksa dh lwph gksrh gS vFkok ,slh Ñfr;ksa dh lwph gS ftuesa ls m¼j.kksadk laxzg fd;k x;k gSA

NOTES



78

9. eq[; 'kCn

vfHkxe (Access) : lwpuk rd igq¡pus ds fcUnqA

MsVkcsl (Database) : fdlh fo"k; ;k izdj.k ds mQij lacaf/r lwpuk&lkexzh dkleqPpf;r :i tks fdlh ,d fo"k; i{k ds fy, vfHkys[k cutkrk gSA ;g lkekU;r;k dEI;wVj mRikn gksrk gSA

f}rh;d izys[k : ,slk izys[k tks izkFkfed izys[kksa ds vUrfoZ"k;ksa dks laf{kIr :i(Secondary Document) esa izLrqr djrk gS ;k mUgsa lgk;d Øe esa lwphc¼ djrk gS]

rkfd izkFkfed izys[kksa ds vfLrRo ls yksx fHkK gks ldsa rFkkmudk vklkuh ls vfHkxe dj ldsaA

iqu%Lej.k (Recall) : lwpuk ds fdlh Hk.Mkj ls fdlh iz'u dk mÙkj nsus ds fy,mi;qDr lkexzh dks iqu% izkIr djukA

izkFkfed izys[k : ,slk izys[k ftlesa fdlh izs{k.k] ijh{k.k] fopkj bR;kfn ls(Primary Document) lacafèkr uohu ;k ekSfyd lwpuk dk izfriknu fd;k x;k gksA

izklafxdrk (Relevance) : lwpuk ds fdlh Hk.Mkj ls fdlh iz'u dk mÙkj nsus ds fy,mi;qDr lkexzh dks iqu% izkIr djukA

fc[kjko (Scatter) : fofHkUu LFkkuksa ij fo[kjk gksuk_ ,d lkFk u gksukA

;a=k&iBuh; : bysDVªksfud (Electronic) ekè;e esa@ij lax`ghr lwpuk tSlsμ(Machine-Readable) pqEcdh; Vsi (Tape), fMLd (Disk) vkSj CD-ROMA

fjlko (Seepage) : fjluk ;k /hek fdUrq vuojr izokgA

lkef;d psruk : uohu lkfgR; esa miyC/ lkef;d fodkl@izxfr ls voxr(Current Awarencess) djkukA

10. vH;kl&iz'u

1. vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k if=kdkvksa dh mi;ksfxrk dk o.kZu dhft,A

2. vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k if=kdkvksa ds xq.kksa ij izdk'k Mkfy,A

3. vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k if=kdkvksa ds fo"k;&foLrkj dks Li"V dhft,A

4. vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k if=kdkvksa ds izLrqrhdj.k dks le>kb;sA

5. fof'k"V fo"k;&vk/kfjr vuqØe.khdj.k lsokvksa dk lksnkgj.k o.kZu dhft,A


Guha, B. (1983). Documentation and Information : Services, Techniques and Systems.2nd ed. Calcutta : The World Press.

National Federation of Abstracting and Indexing Services, Philadelphia (1973). NFAISReport No 6 : Member Service Description.

Ranganathan, S. R. (1963). Documentation and Its Facets. Bombay : Asia PublishingHouse. Chapter B1.

NOTES


79

leh{kk,¡] ;Fkk&oLrqfLFkfrizfrosnu] izofÙk izfrosnu bR;kfn


1. vè;;u ds mís';

2. ifjp;

3. mís'; ,oa izLrqrhdj.k


4.1 leh{kk,¡ ,oa losZ{k.k

4.2 fodkl ,oa izxfr fooj.k

4.3 izo`fÙk izfrosnu


6. ewY;kadu

7. lkj&la{ksi


9. eq[; 'kCn

10. vH;kl&iz'u


leh{kk,¡] ;Fkk&oLrqfLFkfr izfrosnu]izo`fÙk izfrosnu bR;kfn

vè;k;&5

NOTES



80

1- vè;;u ds mís';

fiNys vè;k; esa geus vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k if=kdkvksa ds fo"k; esa ppkZ dh gSA bUgsa lwpukds O;kid mikxe dks iwjk djus ds fy;s izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA bl vè;k; esa ge ;Fkk&oLrqfLFkfrizfrosnuksa dh ppkZ djasxsA ;s izfrosnu izkFkfed izys[kksa dh vksj funsZf'kr ugha djrs] cfYd fdlh fo"k;dk fogaxe n`'; izLrqr djrs gSaA bl vè;k; dk vè;;u djus ds i'pkr~ vki %

;Fkk&oLrqfLFkfr izfrosnuksa ds fo"k;&foLrkj rFkk mís';ksa dk o.kZu dj ik,¡xs_

fofHkUu izdkj ds ;Fkk&oLrqfLFkfr izfrosnuksa dh igpku dj ldsaxs_

fofHkUu izdkj ds ;Fkk&oLrqfLFkfr izfrosnuksa ds eè; varj dj ldsaxs_

buds fuekZ.k esa lfEefyr ewy izfØ;k dks le ldsaxs_ rFkk

Ïksrksa ds :i esa ;Fkk&oLrqfLFkfr izfrosnuksa ds izHkkoh mi;ksx }kjk mi;ksDrkvksa dks lsok,¡iznku dj ldsaxsA

2- ifjp;

lekt dHkh fLFkj ugha jgrk gSA lkekftd&vkfFkZd rU=k esa gq, fodklksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i fujUrj ,oamís';iw.kZ lkekftd ifjorZu gq, gSaA Hkfo"; esa fodkl ds fy;s lekjkRed ifjfLFkfr;k¡ mRiUu djusds fy;s dbZ Ïksrksa dh vko';drk gksrh gSA lwpuk ,d egRoiw.kZ oLrq gS vkSj vU; Ïksrksa ds vfrfjDrfodkl ds fy, ijeko';d gSA fdlh eq[; mi;ksDrk rd lwpuk dh igq¡p rHkh lEHko gS tc oglaxfBr ,oa la?kfVr :i esa miyC/ gksrh gSA fiQj Hkh] lwpuk ds liQyre mi;ksx esa dbZ ck/k,¡ vkrhgSa tks fuEufyf[kr gSa %

lwpuk dk rhoz foLiQksV_

Hkk"kkvksa dh vufHkKrk ds dkj.k lwpuk dks le>us esa leL;k_

inkofy;k¡] ikjEifjd <k¡pk ;k vk:i ftlesa lwpuk miyC/ gksrh gS_ rFkk

lwpuk dh fo'oluh;rk ,oa oS/rk esa la'k;A

bu leL;kvksa ds lek/ku ds fy, le;≤ ij fofHkUu izdkj dh lwpuk lsok,¡ izLrqr dh tkrhgSaA bl izdkj dh lsokvksa dk laca/ oxhZdj.k] vuqØe.khdj.k] lkjdj.k] fofHkUu Hkk"kkvksa esa vuqoknrFkk xzaFkkRed O;oLFkkiu ls gksrk gSA lwpuk dh vfHkxerk esa lq/kj ds fy, fofHkUu mikxeksa dk iz;ksxfd;k x;k gSA

fiNys nks vè;k;ksa esa] geus vkidks fofHkUu izdkj dh xzaFklwfp;ksa rFkk vuqØe.khdj.k vkSj lkjdj.kif=kdkvksa ls voxr djk;k gSA ;s f}rh;d lanHkZ Ïksr gSa tks mi;ksxh izkFkfed izys[kksa dks [kkstrs gSa]ftuesa ekSfyd lwpuk fufgr gksrh gSA bl vè;k; esa gekjk mís'; fofHkUu izdkj ds ;Fkk&oLrqfLFkfrizfrosnuksa ls vkidk ifjp; djkuk gS rFkk buds mís';] lajpuk ,oa dk;ks± dh ppkZ djuk gSA blhvè;k; esa lwpuk Ïksrksa ds ewY;kadu ds fy, ekun.Mksa dh ppkZ Hkh dh xbZ gSA

3- mís'; ,oa izLrqrhd.k

;Fkk&oLrqfLFkfr izfrosnu dbZ izdkj ds gksrs gSaA buesa varfoZ"k; ds izLrqrhdj.k ds vk/kj ij ekewyhvarj gksrk gSA fiQj Hkh budk izeq[k mís'; fofHkUu Lo:iksa esa miyC/ lesfdr lwpuk dks izLrqr djukvkSj mi;ksDrkvksa ds mi;ksx ds fy, mldk iquosZ"Bu (Repackage) djuk gSA bl izdkj ds Ïksrksadk ijke'kZ djus dh vko';drk rc gksrh gS tc dksbZ fof'k"V mi;ksDrk fdlh fof'k"V {ks=k ds fodklds ckjs esa tkuuk pkgrk gS ftlds ckjs esa tkuus dks og vc rd bPNqd ugha FkkA blds fy, ewyr%

NOTES


81


lesfdr dk;Z (Consolidation Work) dh vko';drk gksrh gSA lwpuk lesdu ds ewy mís'; blizdkj gSA %

lwpuk gLrkarj.k dh izHkko'khyrk esa o`f¼ djuk_

loZ=k iQSyh gqbZ lwpuk ds xgu iz;ksx dks fodklkRed fØ;kdykiksa ds fy, izksRlkgu nsuk_rFkk

lwpuk dks ewY;kafdr rFkk la'ysf"kr :i esa iquosZf"Br dj mi;ksDrkvksa dh vko';drk dhiwfrZ djukA

bl izdkj ds lanHkZ Ïksr (vFkkZr~ ;Fkk&oLrqfLFkfr izfrosnu) lkekU;r;k Øfed izdk'ku gksrs gSa ijUrqmuds HkkSfrd Lo:i rFkk izdk'kuksa dh le;ko`fÙk esa fHkUurk gksrh gSA buesa fdlh dk fof'k"V {ks=kesa lke;fd ,oa fodkl dh egRoiw.kZ izo`fÙk;ksa ls lacaf/r vkys[k gksrs gSaA budks izkFkfed Ïksrksa lsladfyr fd;k tkrk gS vkSj budh O;oLFkk lqfu;ksftr gksrh gSA ;s vf/d laxfBr ,oa lqfu;ksftrrjhds ls izdkf'kr Kku ls laaca/ j[krs gSaA izkFkfed Ïksr dh rqyuk esa izk;% budks vf/d i<+k tkrkgS D;ksafd ;s mi;ksxh iSdst esa laxfBr ,oa lesfdr lwpuk iznku djrs gSaA

la{ksi esa dgk tk ldrk gS fd ;s (;Fkk&oLrqfLFkfr izfrosnu) oLrqr% rduhdh if=kdkvksa rFkkgSaMcqd ;k eksukxzkiQksa ds chp fLFkr gksrs gSaA fo"k;ijd if=kdkvksa esa fofHkUu ys[kksa esa ml fo"k; ds{ks=k esa gq, uohu fodklksa vFkok 'kks/ dk;ks± ds ifj.kkeksa ds izdkf'kr fd;k tkrk gSA dqN o"kks± ckn,d fo"k; ls lacaf/r lkjs ys[kksa ;k ifj.kkeksa dks bdV~Bk dj ,d O;kid iqLrd] Ïksr] eksuksxzkiQ ;kxzaFk ds :i esa izdkf'kr fd;k tkrk gSA bu nksuksa izdkj ds izdk'kuksa ds mRiknu ds chp tks 'kwU; vktkrk gS mls ;Fkk&oLrqfLFkfr izfrosnu (tSls leh{kk,¡] rduhdh fooj.k] losZ{k.k] izo`fÙk] izfrosnubR;kfn) Hkjrs gSaA 'kks/ rFkk O;ogkj ds }kjk gqbZ izxfr dk fo'ys"k.k izLrqr djus ds fy, budk izdk'kufofHkUu le;ko`fÙk ds lkFk gksrk jgrk gSA


lqfo/k n`f"V ls ;Fkk&oLrqfLFkfr izfrosnuksa dks rhu Jsf.k;ksa esa foHkDr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

leh{kk,¡ ,oa losZ{k.k_

fodkl ,oa izxfr fooj.k_ vkSj

izo`fÙk izfrosnuA

lanHkZ Ïksrksa dh bu Jsf.k;ksa esa varj U;wure gSA buesa fdlh fo"k; ds fujUrj izxfr'khy {ks=k dslkef;d egRo ds izdj.kksa dks 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA ;s mi;ksDrkvksa ds fy, le;karjky ij fo'ks"k{ks=k ds fofo/ i{kksa ls lEcfU/r vkys[kksa dks ,d lkFk ykrh gSA ;s izdkf'kr gq, lkfgR; ijleh{kkRed ys[kksa] losZ{k.kksa] 'kks/ esa izxfr rFkk fodkl dh izo`fÙk;ksa dk izdk'ku djrs gSaA bUgsa fofHkUu{ks=kksa ds fo'ks"kKksa ds fy, rS;kj fd;k tkrk gS %

'kks/ ,oa fodkl fØ;kdykiksa esa layXu oSKkfud] vfHk;ark vkSj O;olk;h_

y?kq ,oa cM+s O;olk;] okf.kT;] foi.ku rFkk m|ksxksa esa layXu izcU/d] vFkZ'kkL=kh rFkkO;olk;h m|eh_

dkjhxj] i;Zos{kd rFkk laizs"k.kdrkZ_ vkSj

'kklu esa uhfr fuekZrk O;fDrA

bu ys[kksa dks fy[kus okys euksuhr ys[kd] varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ds [;kfr izkIr fo'ks"kK gksrs gSaA ;s la{ksiesa] rduhdh ys[kksa ds 'kks/ ,oa lkjka'kksa ds ifj.kkekssa dks izLrqr dj fofHkUu {ks=kksa ds fo'ks"kKksa ds fy,

NOTES



82

#fpdj rFkk cks/xE; cukrs gSaA ;s ml fo"k; dh izxfr esa eq[; Hkwfedk dk fuokZg djrs gSa ftudh;s leh{kk djrs gSaA ;s uohu fodklksa ds izLrqrhdj.k ds fy, fofHkUu izdkj ds rjhdksa dks iz;ksx esaykrs gSaA

4.1 leh{kk,¡ ,oa losZ{k.k

fdlh lqfuf'pr le;kof/ ds fy, fdlh fof'k"V {ks=k ds izkFkfed ,oa ekSfyd lkfgR; ds losZ{k.kdks leh{kk dgrs gSaA bls f, x, fo"k; ;k mlds mifo"k; esa Kku dh O;k[;k ;k izxfr leh{kkRedla'ys"k.k :i esa ekuk tk ldrk gSA vU; 'kCnksa esa] leh{kkvksa ,oa losZ{k.kksa (Reviews and Surveys)fdlh fo'ks"k fo"k; ;k izdj.k ij lwpuk rFkk lkfgR; dk lehdj.kkRed ijh{k.k fd;k tkrk gSA bUgsalwpuk dk mPp Lrjh; okSf¼d iqu% izfØ;kdj.k ekuk tkrk gSA fo'ks"kKksa }kjk dh xbZ vkykspuk ;kewY;kafdr leh{kk ;k losZ{k.k 'kks/ {ks=kksa eas fjfDr;ksa ij izdk'k Mkyrs gSa vkSj uohu 'kks/ ds u, ekxZfn[kkrs gSaA blesa u dsoy iwoZ izdkf'kr lkexzh lfEefyr dh tkrh gS cfYd buds }kjk fopkjksa dksHkh izsfjr fd;k tkrk gSA


1- lwpuk lesdu ds ewy mís'; crkb,A

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leh{kk,¡ nks izdkj dh gksrh gSa % (1) izFke] xzaFkijd leh{kk,¡& tks fdlh fo"k; ds Øec¼ ewY;kaduesa xzaFkijd mikxe ;k fo"k;ksUeq[kh mikxe ij tksj nsrh gSa] rFkk (2) f}rh;] tks fdlh fo'ks"k oSKkfud;k rduhdh leL;k ,oa mlds lek/ku ij dsfUnzr gksrh gSA vf/drj lHkh leh{kk,¡ bu nksuksa i{kksadks 'kkfey djrh gSaA

leh{kk,¡ fofHkUu Lo:iksa ,oa ifjorhZ vko`fÙk esa izdkf'kr gksrh gSA fofHkUu fof'k"V fo"k; {ks=kksa dhokf"kZd Ja[kyk,¡ vR;f/d izpfyr gSaA Annual Review Inc. California, US ,d ,slk izdk'kd gStks foKku&fo"k;d izxfr esa #fp j[krk gSA blus 25 ls vf/d eq[; fo"k;ksa tSls& HkkSfrd ,oaizkÑfrd foKku] vk;qfoZKku ,oa lacaf/r foKku] dEI;wVj foKku] lekt 'kkL=k] euksfoKku]tuLokLF; bR;kfn esa mPp dksfV ds okf"kZd leh{kk [kaMksa dks leqfpr ewY; ij izdkf'kr fd;k gSA

[kaMksa dks laikndksa ,oa laikndh; lfefr;ksa }kjk O;ofDFkr fd;k tkrk gS tks izR;sd eq[; fo"k; esaegRoiw.kZ fodklksa dh leh{kk djus ds fy, izfrf"Br ys[kdksa dks ;ksxnku djus ds fy, vkeaf=kr djrsgSaA ;s leh{kk,¡ =kSekfld ;k ekfld leh{kk if=kdkvksa esa Hkh izdkf'kr gksrh gSa rFkk izkFkfed if=kdkvksaesa vkys[kksa ds :i esa Hkh feyrh gSaA bu lanHkZ Ïksrksa dh vk[;k bl izdkj dh gksrh gS % Reviewof......, Annual Review of........., World Review of....., International Review of....., Re-view of Research.... bR;kfnA

^leh{kkvksa* ds dqN mnkgj.k fuEufyf[kr gSa %

1. Annual Review of Information Science and Technology (ARIST).

2. Macromolecular Reviews. ed. by A. Peterlin et. Wiley, 1982.

3. Reviews of Environmental Continuation and Toxicology. ed. by G.W. Ware.Springer, 1991.

NOTES


83


4. Annual Review of Psychology.

if=kdkvksa esa ukeksa esa leh{kk,¡ %

1. Review of Plant Pathology (fofHkUu HkkSfrd Lo:iksa esa miyC/) Wallingford.Great Britain : CAB International :

Paper – 1922&o"kZ esa 12 ckj

Diskette – 1922&o"kZ esa 12 ckj

Internet – 1996&o"kZ esa 12 ckj

2. Review of Higher Education Baltimore : John Hopkins University Press.



3. Review of Fish Biology and Fisheries. Andover, Great Britain : Chapman andHall.




2- ;Fkk&oLrqfLFkfr izfrosnu dks fdu&fdu Jsf.k;ksa esa foHkDr fd;k tk ldrk gS\

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;g è;ku nsuk pkfg, fd ^leh{kk* in dk vFkZ ^iqLrd leh{kk* Hkh gks ldrk gSA iqu%] izk;% ,slkik;k tkrk gS fd dbZ Ñfr;ksa esa 'kCn leh{kk* mudh vk[;k esa gksrk gS ijUrq os lnk lanHkZ Ïksr ughagksrhA

bl fuEufyf[kr mnkgj.kksa ds }kjk le>k;k tk ldrk gS %

Review of Research in Education. Itasca : F.E. Peacock, 1973. ;g okf"kZd gS]tcfd Review of Educational Research ,d =kSekfld if=kdk ds :i esa AmericanEducational Research Association, Washington }kjk izdkf'kr gSA

Mathematical Reviews ,d lkjdj.k if=kdk gS vkSj Review of Scientific Instru-ments rFkk Physical Review nksuksa 'kks/ if=kdk,¡ gSa_ ftUgsa okf"kZd ;k vfu;ferle;ko`fÙk ls izdkf'kr fd;k tkrk gSA

^losZ{k.kksa* ds dqN mnkgj.k bl izdkj gSa %

1. Concer Surverys : Advances and Prospects in Clinical, Epidemiologicaland Laboratory Oncology/edited by John Tooze, New York : Cold Spring Harbor,1982. Irregular.

NOTES



84

2. National Readership Survey. London : National Readership Surveys Ltd., 1989.Annual.

3. Fifht Survey of Research in Education.

4. OECD Economic Surveys. Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation andDevelopment.

Paper – okf"kZd 25 [k.M

CD-ROM – 1994&75] okf"kZdA

losZ{k.k] if=kdkvksa ds :i esa

mnkgj.k %

1. General Social Surveys. Chicago : National Opinion Research Centre, 1972-(o"kZ esa nks ckj) ;g ekbØksfiQ'k (Microfiche) vk:i esa Hkh miyC/ gSA

2. Surveys and Reviews in Gerontology, Isreal : Isreal Gerontologicas Society,1969-. (o"kZ esa 4 ckj) (Text in Hebrew) (1995 ls igys bls Israel GerontologicalSociety Information Bulletin ds uke ls tkuk x;k)A

3. Surveys in High Energy Physics: An Internatioinal Journal Amesterdam,Netherlands : Gordon & Breach, 1980-. (o"kZ esa 2 ckj)A

4. Internet Surveys (o"kZ esa 12 ckj) ;g dsoy vkWuykbu (Online) ij miyC/ ,dU;wtysVj (Newsletter) gSA

4.2 fodkl ,oa izxfr fooj.k

lanHkZ Ïksrksa dh ;s Jsf.k;k¡ izk;% Øfed izdk'ku gksrh gSa] ysfdu ;s varfoZ"k; dh vis{kk vk:i ,oavko`fÙk esa ^leh{kkvksa* ,oa losZ{k.kksa* ls fHkUu gksrh gSaA bu lHkh inksa dk mi;ksx lanHkZ iqLrdksa dhfujUrj Üka[kykvksa ds fy, lekukFkhZ :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA blfy, bu inkofy;ksa dk mi;ksx vR;fèkdHkze dk dkj.k curk gSA dqN feykdj] ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd vk[;kvksa esa Advances in..., Progressin...., Recent Progress in...., Report on Progress in...., Survey Progress.... bR;kfn* dkmi;ksx gksrk gSA ;s lHkh lekukFkhZ gSaA

1. Advances in Librarianship. New York : Seminar Press, 1971-.

2. Advances in Biophysics. Biophysical Society of Japan. (Elsevier Science Ire-land Ltd., Ireland }kjk izdkf'kr)A 1968-. Annual.

3. Advances in Horitculture and Forestry. Jodhpur : India Annual Scientific Pub-lishers.

4. Advances and Technical Standards in Neurosurgery / ed. by Kraytenbuhi H.et.al. Vienna, Austria : Springer Verlag. Annual.

5. Advances in Computers. New York : Academic Press, 1960-. Annual.

izxfr if=kdkvksa ds mnkgj.k

1. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, vaxjsth ,oa phuh Hkk"kkvksa esa miyC/A ChineseCommittee of Meteorology and Beijing Atmospheric Physics, China: 1984 (o"kZesa 4 ckj)A

NOTES


85



3- leh{kkvkas ds izdkjksa dk mYys[k dhft,A

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4.3 izo`fÙk izfrosnu

izo`fÙk izfrosnuksa (Trend Reports) dk eq[; mís'; ,d fo'ks"k ds fof'k"V ikBd dh fof'k"V lwpukvko';drk dh iwfrZ djuk gSA ;g ,d fo"k; esa 'kks/ ds lkekU; funsZ'k dk C;kSjk nsrk gS tks izys[kksaesa lkekf;d fodkl dh izdkf'kr leh{kk ij vk/kfjr gksrk gSA izo`fÙk izfrosnu ,d vR;ar mi;ksxhlwpuk fo'ys"k.k rFkk lesfdr (IAC : Information Analysis and Consolidation) mRikn gS] tksfo'ks"kKksa dks muds 'kks/dk;ks± esa lgk;rk iznku djrk gSA fdlh fo'ks"k ij rnFkZ izys[k gks ldrs gSa;k dHkh&dHkh Øfer izdk'ku Hkh gks ldrs gSaA

;s fdlh ns'k ;k lEiw.kZ fo'o esa fd, tk jgs 'kks/ ,oa fodkl dk;ks± ds ckjs esa izkFkfed lwpuk dkslesfdr Lo:i esa izLrqr djrs gSaA ;s 'kks/drkZ ds le; dh cpr djrs gSa ftldk 'kks/ dk;ks± esaizHkkiw.kZ :i esa mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA izo`fÙk izfrosnu dk fuekZ.k lkekU;r% 'kks/ ,oa fodkllaxBuksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA

izo`fÙk izfrosnuksa dk fuekZ.k varjkZ"Vªh; laxBuksa tSls fo'o cSad] ;wusLdks] [kk| ,oa Ñf"k laxBu (FAO)bR;kfn ,oa vU; O;kolkf;d izdk'kdksa }kjk Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA izo`fÙk izfrosnuksa ds mnkgj.k %

1. Trends in Banking in OECD Countries. (1985). Paris : OECD.

2. Trends in Solid Mechanics/ed. by J.F. Basseling A.M.and Van Der Heijden(1987) Khunwar Academic. 256 p.

3. Trends in Food Science and Technology. Mysore : Association of Food Sci-ence and Technology (1989).

4. Trends in Cancer Research. New York : World Health Organisation (1996).

;wusLdks (UNESCO) }kjk ,d ubZ Üka[kyk "New Trends in Teaching of Different ScienceSubjects" dk izdk'ku fd;k tkrk gSA ;g izdk'ku lkef;d Kku ,oa vH;kl ds {ks=k esa lkexzh vkSjfopkjksa dh foLr`r O;k[;k dh lEiw.kZ leh{kk dks lksnkgj.k izLrqr djrk gSA

;s Üka[kyk,¡ fuEufyf[kr vk[;k ds varxZr izdkf'kr dh tkrh gSa %

1. New Trends in Biology Teaching.2. New Trends in Chemistry Teaching.3. New Trends in Mathematics Teaching.4. New trends in Integrated Science Teaching.


lwpuk foLiQksV ds dkj.k] 'kks/drkZ dks vius {ks=k esa izdkf'kr lEiw.kZ ,oa 'kks/ dh uohu izo`fÙk;ksa dsckjs esa tkudkjh j[kuk dfBu gks x;k gSA vuqØe.khdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k lsok,¡ fof'k"V ikBdksa dh

NOTES



86

fof'k"V fo"k; dh vko';drkvksa dks iwjk ugha dj ldrhaA fdlh fof'k"V fo"k; ij ;Fkk&oLrqfLFkfrizfrosnuksa (State-of-the-Art Reports), leh{kkvksa izo`fÙk izfrosnuksa bR;kfn }kjk lesfdr lwpuk iznkudj bl leL;k dk lek/ku fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,sls izdk'ku nks izdkj ls mi;ksxh gksrs gSa % izzFke]fo"k; ds ,sfrgkfld fodkl ds n`f"Vdks.k ls] vkSj nwljk] O;fDrxr 'kks/drkZ ds n`f"Vdks.k lsA,sfrgkfld dk;ks± ds n`f"Vdks.k ls] ;s izdk'ku fuEufyf[kr lwpuk iznku djrs gSa %

1- izdkf'kr lkfgR; dk ewY;kadu_

2- fofHkUu Ïksrksa ls lwpuk dk laxzg_

3- vko';d lwpuk ds lkj_ vkSj

4- mHkjrs fo'ks"kKksa dh igpkuA

mi;ksDrk ds n`f"Vdks.k ls fuEufyf[kr dk;Z fd, tkrs gSa %

1- izdkf'kr lkfgR; dh foKfIr_

2- fo"k; vkSj lacaf/r {ks=kksa esa ckjs esa lkef;d tkx:drk_ vkSj

3- Hkfo"; esa [kkst djus gsrq lkfgR; ds fy, cSd&vi (Backup)A

6. ewY;kadu

vU; lanHkZ Ïksrksa dh Hkk¡fr] ;Fkk&oLrqfLFkfr izfrosnukas rFkk leku izdk'kuksa ds ewY;kadu ds ekun.MfuEufyf[kr gSa %

1- lwpuk dh xq.koÙkk ds laca/ esa %

;FkkFkZrk ,oa ifj'kq¼rk

izkekf.kdrk

Ïksrksa dh fo'oluh;rk

vfHkuork

2- fo"k;&foLrkj ,oa O;kidrk ds lanHkZ esa %

lwpuk dh lEiw.kZrk

lfEefyr fo"k; ;k izdj.k dh O;kidrk

3- mi;qDrrk ds lanHkZ esa %

vko';drk ,oa ek¡x

vuko';d ,oa vR;f/d lwpuk nsus ls cpuk

lq:fpiw.kZrk ,oa Hkk"kk dk mi;qDr Lrj

4- fuckZ/ gksus ds lanHkZ esa %

izdk'ku vof/ esa foyEc ugha] vFkkZr~ fu;fer varjky ls izdkf'kr

vfHkxe esa lqxerk

5- ewY; ds lanHkZ esa] tSls %

lsok izkIr djus dk izR;{k ewY;

izfØ;kdj.k ds mijkar vizR;{k ewY;A

NOTES


87



4- loZs{k.kksa ds dqN mnkgj.k izLrqr dhft,A

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mijksDr lkekU; ekun.Mksa ds vykok ;Fkk&oLrqfLFkfr] izfrosnuksa ,oa leku izdk'kuksa dh xq.koÙkk dkewY;kadu djus gsrq dqN fo'ks"k ekun.Mksa dh vko';drk gksrh gS tks fuEufyf[kr gSa %

1- O;kidrk % lkfgR; dk O;kid lekghdj.kA

2- fo"k; ds ifjizs{k.k % bls fn, x, fo"k; dh vksj funsZf'kr gksuk pkfg,A

3- fo'ys"k.k % bls fo"k; ds xgu fo'ys"k.k ls ;qDr gksuk pkfg,A

4- la'ys"k.k % blesa nh xbZ lkexzh l?ku (Compact) Lo:i esa mRikfnr gksuhpkfg,A

5- ewY;kafdr % bls lwpuk MsVkcsl (Database) esa ;ksx ds :i esa dk;Z djukpkfg,A

6- mi;ksfxrk % bls cgqeq[kh mís';ksa dks iw.kZ djus esa l{ke gksuk pkfg,A

7. lkj&la{ksi

lwpuk foLiQksV ,oa fofHkUu Hkk"kkvksa eas lwpuk dh miyC/rk ,oa Lo:i ls blds izHkko'kkyh mi;ksxesa leL;k mRiUu gksrh gSaA fdlh lhek rd lwpuk lesdu ,oa iquosZ"Bu }kjk bl leL;k dk lekèkkugks ldrk gSA ;Fkk&oLrqfLFkfr izfrosnu] izo`fÙk izfrosnu] leh{kk,¡ izxfr&fooj.k] bR;kfn lwpuklesdu ,oa iqu%losZ"Bu ds mnkgj.k gSa ftuds }kjk lwpuk ds mi;ksx esa vkus okyh ck/kvksa ij fot;izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA bl bdkbZ esa vusd Jsf.k;ksa ds ;Fkk&oLrqfLFkfr izfrosnuksa mudh mi;ksfxrk],oa muds ewY;kadu ds fy, ekun.Mksa dh ppkZ dh xbZ gSA


1- lwpuk lesdu ds ewy mís'; bl izdkj gSa %

lwpuk gLrkarj.k dh izHkko'khyrk esa o`f¼ djuk_

loZ=k iQSyh gqbZ lwpuk ds xgu iz;ksx dks fodklkRed fØ;kdykiksa ds fy, izksRlkgunsuk_ rFkk

lwpuk dks ewY;kafdr rFkk la'ysf"kr :i esa iquosZf"Br dj mi;ksDrkvksa dh vko';drkdh iwfrZ djukA

2- lqfo/k n`f"V ls ;Fkk&oLrqfLFkfr izfrosnuksa dks rhu Jsf.k;ksa esa foHkDr fd;k tk ldrk gS%

leh{kk,¡ ,oa losZ{k.k_

fodkl ,oa izxfr fooj.k_ vkSj

izo`fÙk izfrosnuA

NOTES



88

3- leh{kk,¡ nks izdkj dh gksrh gSa % (1) izFke] xzaFkijd leh{kk,¡& tks fdlh fo"k; ds Øec¼ewY;kadu esa xzaFkijd mikxe ;k fo"k;ksUeq[kh mikxe ij tksj nsrh gSa] rFkk (2) f}rh;] tksfdlh fo'ks"k oSKkfud ;k rduhdh leL;k ,oa mlds lek/ku ij dsfUnzr gksrh gSA vf/drj lHkh leh{kk,¡ bu nksuksa i{kksa dks 'kkfey djrh gSaA

4- ^losZ{k.kksa* ds dqN mnkgj.k bl izdkj gSa %

1. Concer Surverys : Advances and Prospects in Clinical, Epidemiologi-cal and Laboratory Oncology/edited by John Tooze, New York : ColdSpring Harbor, 1982. Irregular.

2. National Readership Survey. London : National Readership Surveys Ltd.,1989. Annual.

3. Fifht Survey of Research in Education.

4. OECD Economic Surveys. Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperationand Development.

Paper – okf"kZd 25 [k.M

CD-ROM – 1994&75] okf"kZdA

9. eq[; 'kCn

lwpuk dk iquosZ"Bu % fdlh mi;ksDrk ds dk;Z dks lqxe cukus gsrq fofHkUu(Repackaging of Information) Ïksrksa ,oa fofHkUu Lo:iksa ls lwpuk dk laxzg dj mls

fdlh vU; Lo:i esa ,d lkFk j[kdj izLrqr djukA

lwpuk dk lesdu % fdlh fo"k; ds lHkh izkFkfed izys[kksa dh [kkst dj(Consolidation of Informationa) muesa izdkf'kr lwpuk laxzg] fo'ys"k.k ,oaizekf.kdrk dh tk¡p ds ckn izlkj ds fy, mudk lesdudjukA

10. vH;kl&iz'u

1- lwpuk ds liQyre mi;ksx esa vkus okyh ck/kvksa rFkk muds fujkdj.k ds mik;ksa dk o.kZudhft,A

2- ;FkkoLrq fLFkfr izfrosnu ds fofo/ izdkjksa ,oa mís';ksa dk foospu dhft,A

3- ;FkkoLrq fLFkfr izfrosnu ds izLrqrhdj.k dh O;k[;k dhft,A

4- leh{kkvksa ,oa losZ{k.kksa dh mi;ksfxrk ij izdk'k Mkfy,A

5- izo`fÙk izfrosnu dk vk'k; Li"V djrs gq, blds dqN mnkgj.k izLrqr dhft,A

11. lanHkZ xzaFk lwph

Atherton, Pauline (1977). Handbook for Information Systems and Services. Paris :Unesco.

IGNOU. Information Products. Unit-11- State-of-the Art Reports and Trends Reports.MLIS- 04, Block 3 pp. 27-40.

Saracevic, Tefko (1996). A Course in Information Consolidation : A Handbook forEducatin and Training in Analysis, Synthesis and Repackaging of Information.Paris : Unesco PGI- 86/WS/14.

NOTES


89

'kCndks'k

vè;k; esa lfEefyr gS %1. vè;;u ds mís';

2. ifjp;

3. 'kCndks'k dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa foLrkj&{ks=k

3.1 'kCndks'k ds oSdfYid uke

3.2 'kCndks'k ,oa vU; lanHkZ Ïksrksa dk lfEeJ.k


4.1 lkekU; Hkk"kk 'kCndks'k

4.2 fof'k"V 'kCndks'k

4.3 vuqokn ds fy, mi;ksxh 'kCndks'k

4.4 fo"k; dks'k


5.1 'kCndks'kksa dh leL;k,¡


7. lkj&la{ksi


9. eq[; 'kCn

10. vH;kl&iz'u


'kCndks'k

vè;k;&6

NOTES



90

1- vè;;u ds mís';

bl vè;k; dk vè;;u djus ls vki brus le{k gks tk;saxs fd %

'kCndks'kksa ds fo"k; esa dqN iafDr;ksa esa fy[k ldsa_

'kCndks'kksa dks fofHkUu Jsf.k;ksa esa oxhZÑr dj ldas_

iz'uksa dk mÙkj iznku djus ds fy, mi;qDr ,oa fof'k"V izdkj ds 'kCndks'kksa dh igpku djldsaA

2- ifjp;

bl vè;k; esa izR;sd izdkj ds 'kCndks'k ds vUrxZr rkfydkc`¼ vusd 'kCndks'kksa dh fo"kn~ foospukdh xbZ gS] ;|fi miyC/ ,oa iz;qDr 'kCndks'kksa dh ;g iw.kZ rkfydk ugha gSA ek=k dqN egRoiw.kZ,oa fo'ks"k mYys[kuh; rFkk vR;f/d iz;qDr 'kCndks'kksa dk gh o.kZu fd;k x;k gS ftUgsa izk;% vkins[krs jgrs gSaA

'kCndks'k ds ladyu&foKku dks dks'kjpuk&foKku dgrs gSaA 'kCndks'kdkj ('kCndks'kjpuk oSKkfud)'kCndks'kksa ds ladyu ,oa jpuk esa Hkk"kkvksa] Hkk"kkfoKku rFkk vusd fo"k;ksa vkSj egkfo"k;ksa ds vusdi{kksa dks n`f"Vxr j[krs gq, vusd mUur fof/;ksa dk mi;ksx ,oa vuqlj.k djrs gSaA fofHkUu izdkj ds'kCndks'kksa dh fo'ks"krkvksa ls vkidks ifjfpr ,oa voxr djkus gsrq dqN xfrfof/;ksa dks lEiUu djusdk funsZ'k bl vè;k; ds var esa fn;k x;k gSA

3- 'kCndks'kksa dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa foLrkj&{ks=k

'kCndks'k lokZf/d yksdfiz; ,oa mi;ksx esa yh tkus okyh lanHkZ Ñfr;k¡ gSaA izk;% lHkh f'kf{kr ?kjksaesa 'kCndks'k gksrs gSaA lHkh fo|ky;ksa esa Nk=kksa dks 'kCndks'kksa dk mi;ksx djuk f[kk;k tkrk gS ftllsos 'kCnksa dk vFkZ ,oa mi;ksx djuk lh[k ldsa vkSj LorU=k :i ls Lo;a vius fo"k; dk vè;;u djldsaA 'kCndks'k ,d ,slh lanHkZ dh iqLrd gksrh gS ftldk lHkh yksx thoui;ZUr mi;ksx djrs gSaA

^fMD'kujh (Dictionary) 'kCn dh mRifÙk eè;dkyhu ySfVu 'kCn ¶fMD'kusfj;e¸ (Dictionarium)ls gqbZ gS ftldk vfHkizk; ^'kCnksa dk ladyu* gksrk gSA ^fMD'kusfj;e* 'kCn ¶fMD'ku¸ (Diction)'kCn ls O;qRiUu gqvk gS] ftldk vfHkizk; ¶vfHkO;fDr dh fof/¸ gSA 'kCndks'k lkekU;r% lkekU;'kCnksa ds ladyu ls lacaf/r gksrs gSa vkSj fdlh Hkk"kk vFkok fdlh fo"k; fo'ks"k ds inksa ds laxzggksrs gSaA

3.1 'kCndks'k ds oSdfYid uke

(v) ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh

bls vaxjsth esa XykWljh (Glossary) dgrs gSa tks ySfVu 'kCn ds ¶XykWlfj;e¸ (Glossarium) lsmRiUu gqvk gS ftldk vfHkizk; ¶fdlh fo'ks"k Kku {ks=k ds 'kCnksa dk laxzg¸ gksrk gS bl 'kCnkokyhdh izR;sd izfof"V dks vaxjsth esa XykWl* (Gloss) dgrs gSa ftldk vFkZ 'kCn fVIi.kh] O;k[;k vFkokfuokZpu gksrk gSA ;g inksa dh ,d o.kkZuqØfed lwph gksrh gS tks izk;% fof'k"V vFkok rduhdh izÑfrds 'kCnksa dh O;k[;k ds lkFk ladfyr ,oa fufeZr dh xbZ gksrh gS] tSls&dEI;wVj dh ikfjHkkf"kd'kCnkoyh] oSKkfud ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh bR;kfnA dHkh&dHkh bldk laca/ fdlh ewyikB dh'kCnkokfy;ksa ls Hkh gksrk gS tSls& vaxjsth miU;klksa esa Hkkjrh; inksa dh 'kCnkoyhA iqLrd ds vUresa ifjf'k"Vksa ds :i esa Hkh ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh nh tkrh gSA tks O;fDr ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh dkladyudrkZ gksrk gS mls ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh fo'ks"kK dgrs gSaA dsUnzh; fgUnh funs'kky;] Hkkjrljdkj us vusd ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkofy;ksa dk izdk'ku fd;k gSA buds dqN n`"VkUr fuEufyf[kr gSa&

NOTES


91

'kCndks'kTechnical Glossaries : Glossary of Indian Religious Terms and Concepts/NarendraNath Bhattacharyya. Columbia : South Asia Pub. 1990.

blesa fofHkUu Hkkjrh; /kfeZd lEiznk;ksa ,oa vkLFkkvksa dh fo'ks"krkvksa ds |ksrd vusd inksa ,oavoèkkj.kkvkas ds egRo dh O;k[;k dh xbZ gSA

Glossary of India Medicinal Plants. New Delhi : CSIR 1956; a Supplement brought outin 1968.

blesa ikniksa ds oSKkfud ukeksa rFkk muds i;kZ;okph ukeksa dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gS vkSj vk;qfoZKkuds ifjizs{; esa izR;sd ikni ds egRo ij izdk'k Mkyk x;k gSA

A shakespeare Glossary/C.T. Onions; enlarged and revised by Robert D. Eagleson.Oxford; Harendon Press, 1986.

;g 'ksDlfi;j ds ukVdksa ,oa Ñfr;ksa eas of.kZr inksa dh 'kCnkoyh gSA izR;sd in dh ifjHkk"kk ds lkFkfdlh ukVd vFkok dfork ds m¼kj.kksa dks Hkh fn;k x;k gSA

The A.L.A. Glossary of Library and Information Science Terms / edited by H. Young.Chicago : American Library Association, 1983.

blesa iqLrdky; ,oa lwpuk foKku ds inksa dh ifjHkk"kk nh xbZ gS ftlls mu inksa dk vfHkizk; Kkrgks tkrk gSA

mnkgj.k %

English-Chinese Lexicon of Women Law / ed. by Sharon K. Hom and Xin Chunying.Paris: Unesco, 1995.

Elsevier's Russian-English Dictionary/Paul Marcura. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1990. 4V.

'kCnkofy;ksa dh ;g ,d c`gr~ ,oa foLr`r lwph gS tks ekufodh] lkekftd foKkuksa rFkk yfyrdykvksa ds {ks=kksa dk v|ru 'kCn&laxzg gSA

Greek-English Lexicon / by Henry George Liddell and Robert Scott. 9t ed.; revised byHenry Stuart Jones and Roderick Mcenzie. Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1925-40. Issuedin 10 pts. between 1925-1940.

vktdy 'kCn&laxg dk {ks=k vR;f/d O;kid gks x;k gSA nks izdkj ds 'kCn&laxzg vf/d izpfyrgks jgs gSa %

1- fdlh Hkk"kk fo'ks"k vFkok cksfy;ksa ds 'kCn&laxzg] vkSj

2- ys[kdksa vFkok Ñfr&fo'ks"k ds 'kCn&laxzgA

fdlh Hkk"kk vFkok cksyh dk laxzg mlds vFkZfoKku rFkk 'kCnksa dh O;RifÙk ls lacaf/r gksrk gSA fdlhHkh Hkk"kk ds 'kCn&laxzg dks rS;kj djus esa ,d tfVy iz.kkyh viukuh gksrh gSA blds 'kCnksa dks,d&nwljs ls lac`¼ fd;k tkrk gS vkSj mudh èofu dks Hkh egRo fn;k tkrk gS& tSlsJqfrle&fHkUukFkZd 'kCn vkSj ,d gh /krq&:i ls mRiUu ,oa ,d gh èofu okys 'kCn] rFkk vfHkizk;,oa vFkZ dh n`f"V ls i;kZ;okph 'kCn vkSj fcykse 'kCnA bu 'kCnksa lewgksa ls fo"k;kRed lewgksa dkfuekZ.k gksrk gS& mnkgj.kkFkZ& ,d gh ifjokj ds in] vfHkO;fDr;ksa ds lk/u ds :i esa iz;qDr inbR;kfnA fdlh Hkk"kk ds 'kCn&laxzg esa fofHkUu Ïksrksa ls O;qRiUu 'kCnksa dks] rFkk vU; Hkk"kkvksa ls fy,x, vkSj u, x<+s ,sls 'kCnksa dks Hkh lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gS ftUgsa yksxksa ds ijLij laca/ ds vkèkkjij ml Hkk"kk }kjk xzg.k dj fy;k x;k gksA

NOTES



92

Longman Lexicon of Contemporary English / ed. by M.C. Arthur. London Longman,1981.

ys[kdksa ,oa O;fDrxr Ñfr;ksa dk 'kCn&laxzg 'kSyhfoKku ,oa dkO;'kkL=k dk fo"k; gksrk gSA blesa udsoy LokHkkfod 'kCnksa dks gh lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gS cfYd vizpfyr 'kCnksa dks Hkh lfEefyrfd;k x;k gksrk gSA blds vUrxZr mu 'kCnksa dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gS tks ,sfrgkfld 'kCn gksrs gSavkSj fcYdqy gh iz;ksx esa ugha yk;s tkrs gSaA fcYdqy gh uohu 'kCnksa vkSj izkphu 'kCnksa] ftudkvfHkizk; uohu gksrk gS] mudks Hkh ,sls 'kCn&laxzgksa esa lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA

Roget's International Thesaurus. 3rd ed. New Delhi : Oxford and IBH, 1978.

Samanatar Kosh/by Arvind Kumar and Kusum Kumar. New Delhi : NBT, 1996. 2V.

;g lekukUrj dks'k fgUnh dk izFke fFklkjl gS ftlds varxZr 1]60-850 vfHkO;fDr;ksa dks 1100'kh"kZdksa ,oa mi'kh"kZdksa ds varxZr O;ofLFkr fd;k gSA

The Original Roget's Thesaurus of English Words and Phrase. revised and modernisednew edition/by Robert A. Dutch. New York : St. Martins, 1965.

Longman Pocket Roget's Thesaurus, Harlow : Longman, 1986.

The Oxford Children's Thesaurus. Oxford : University Press, 1986.

orZeku dqN o"kks± ls fFklkjl 'kCn ds vFkZ esa vusd ifjorZu mRiUu gq, gSaA vktdy vusd fo"k;ksads fFklkjlksa@'kCn&laxzgksa dks ladfyr fd;k tk jgk gS] tks i;kZ;okph 'kCndks'kksa dh gh Hkk¡fr izrhrgksrs gSaA buds ladyu dk mís'; gksrk gS % (v) vuqØef.kdkdkjksa ,oa [kkstus okyksa dks mi;qDr fo"k;'kh"kZdksa dh lwph lqyHk djuk rFkk (c) yksxksa ,oa gLrpkfyr vFkok dEI;wVj MsVk Hk.Mkj.k iz.kkfy;ksads chp esa ,d izHkkodkjh baVjiQsl (Interface) Hkk"kk iznku djukA iqLrdky;ksa esa lwpuk iquizkZfIreas ,sls 'kCn&laxzg i;kZIr mikns; fl¼ gq, gSaA

Unesco : IBE Education Thesaurus. 5th ed. Paris : Unesco, 1991.

f'k{kk&fo"k; ds {ks=k esa og ,d inksa dh cgqHkk"kh; lwph gS tks vuqØef.kdkdj.k vkSj izys[kksa ,oa MsVkdh iquizkfIr esa i;kZIr mikns; gSA

Spines Thesaurus : A Controlled and Structured Vocabulary for Information Pro-cessing in the field of Technology for Development. 2nd ed. Paris : Unesco, 1988.2V.


1- ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,A

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

'kCn&Hk.Mkj

vaxjsth 'kCn ¶odSC;wyjh¸ (Vocabulary) dh mRifÙk eè;dkyhu ySfVu 'kCn ¶odSC;wysfj;e(Vocabularium)¸ ls gqvk gSA blesa fdlh ,d Ñfr esa ;k fdlh ,d ys[kd }kjk iz;qDr 'kCnksa dhlaf{kIr O;k[;k vkSj vFkZ fn, x, gksrs gSaA blesa izfof"V;k¡ izk;% o.kkZuqØe esa O;ofLFkr dh xbZ gksrh gSA

NOTES


93

'kCndks'kbldk ladyu fonsf'k;ksa dks Hkk"kk dk Kku vftZr djus esa lgk;rk iznku djus ds mís'; ls fd;kx;k gSA

Consolidated Basic Hindi Vocabulary fgUnh dk 'kCn&Hk.Mkj gS tks lkr fo}kuksa ,oa fo'ks"kKksa dsvuqla/ku ,oa xgu vè;;u ij vk/kfjr gSA ;g d{kk 1 ls d{kk 8 rd Nk=kksa ds fy, ladfyr fd;kx;k gSA blesa fgUnh Hkk"kk dh ekSfyd] foLr`r vkSj ifjiw.kZ 'kCnkoyh dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSAvusd Lrjksa ds Nk=kksa dh cks/xE;rk vkSj le>us Lrj ij dfBukbZ mRiUu gksrh gS mldk Hkh ladasrfd;k x;k gSA vè;kidksa] ys[kdksa vkSj Ldwy ds Nk=kksa dks mn~cksf/r djus okys fo'ks"kKksa ds fy, ;g'kCn&Hk.Mkj vR;Ur mi;ksxh gSA

3.2 'kCndks'k ,oa vU; lanHkZ Ïksrksa dk lfEeJ.k

cgqla[;d yksxksa ds chp vf/d ls vf/d izfr;ksa dh fcØh lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, vusd izdk'kd,sls 'kCndks'kksa dk izdk'ku dj jgs gSa ftlesa (v) fo'odks'k] (c) i;kZ;dks'k] (l) vFkok gS.Mcqddh fo'ks"krk,¡ lfEefyr gksrh gSaA ,slh fo'ks"krkvksa ds lekos'k ls vusd izdkj ls 'kCnksa dh tkudkjhizkIr gks tkrh gSA ifj.kker% fuEukfdar izdkj ds izdk'kuksa dks izksRlkgu izkIr gqvk gS bUgsa mikns; Hkhik;k tk jgk gS %

v) 'kCndks'k&lg&fFklkjl

c) fo'odks'kh; 'kCndks'k

l) 'kCndks'k&lg&gS.McqdA

v) 'kCndks'k&lg&fFklkjl %

dksfyUl uked izdk'kd ds }kjk nks vifjgk;Z ,oa egRoiw.kZ lanHkZ iqLrdksa dks ,d esa lekfgrdj 'kCndks'k ds :i esa ladfyr fd;k x;k gSA ;s nks lanHkZ iqLrdsa gSa] dksfyUl bafXy'k fMD'kujh(Collins English Dictionary) rFkk U;w dksfyUl fFklkjl (New Collins Thesaurus)A blizdk'ku dk xzaFkkRed fooj.k fuEufyf[kr gSa %

The Collins Dictionary and Thesaurus in One Volume/ed. by William T. Mcleod.London : Collins, 1986.

c) fo'odks'kh; 'kCndks'k %

fo"k; vk/kfjr fo'odks'kh; 'kCndks'k Hkh cktkj esa miyC/ gSA

Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Mathematics/ed. by Kiyosi Ito. 2nd ed. Combridge:MIT Press, 1986.

bls tkikuh xf.kr ifj"kn~ (Mathematical Society of Japan) us rS;kj fd;k gSA bldk izFkelaLdj.k 1976 esa izdkf'kr fd;k x;k FkkA f}rh; laLdj.k iw.kZr% la'kksf/r ,oa ifjof/Zr gSA blesavf/drj iz;qfDr xf.kr ds fo"k;ksa dks lfEefyr fd;k gSA vr% ;g v|ru fo'odks'kh;'kCndks'k gSA blds fo'odks'kh; i{k dks vf/d foLr`r fd;k x;k gS vkSj fof'k"V lwfp;ksa]ifjHkk"kkvksa] thoupfjr ,oa HkkSxksfyd ukekssa] vkfo"dkjksa] izeq[k Hkk"kkvksa] eki&rkSy] jlk;fudrRoksa ,oa ;kSfxdksa rFkk fp=kys[kksa dks i;kZIr la[;k esa lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA

'kCndks'kksa ,oa fo'odks'kksa esa iw.kZr% foHksn LFkkfir djuk dfBu gksrk gSA dqN Dykfldy(Classical) 'kCndks'k fdlh Hkh izdkj ls fo'odks'kksa ls de ugha gSa cfYd fo'odks'k dk dk;Zdjrs gSaA blh izdkj y?kq fo'odks'k esa 'kCnksa dk gh fooj.k fn;k x;k gksrk gS tcfd fo'odks'kksaesa izeq[k izdj.kksa ,oa fo"k;ksa ij foLr`r lwpuk lqO;ofLFkr <ax ls nh xbZ gksrh gSA

NOTES



94

l) 'kCndks'k&lg&gS.Mcqd %

Dictionary and Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Clinical Imaging/by MarioPolturalde. Bocaraton, Fla. CRCP. 1990.

bldk izFke Hkkx laf{kIr ifjHkk"kkvksa dk dks'k gSA blds lkFk tks gS.Mcqd dk Hkkx gS og fo"k;ksadh lkj.kh gS&tSls&rRoksa rFkk vkblksVksiksa ds xq.k/eZ] jsfM;ks/ehZ vi{k;A


;|fi 'kCndks'kksa dks 'kCnksa ,oa okD;ka'kksa dh lanHkZ Ñfr ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gS] ysfdubuds varxZr fofo/ vfHk#fp ,oa fo"k; ds {ks=k fufgr gksrs gSaA 'kCndks'kksa dh O;kid Üka[kyk gS rFkkbuds vkSj vusd izdkj gksrs gSaA fo"k;&oLrq ,oa izÑfr ds vuqlkj bUgsa vusd Jsf.k;ksa esa foHkDr fd;ktkrk gSA izk;% iqLrdky;kè;{kksa }kjk bUgsa pkj fuEukafdr lewgksa esa Js.khc`¼ fd;k tkrk gSA D;ksafd bluslanHkZ ladyu ds O;oLFkkiu esa lqfo/k gksrh gSA

fof'k"V 'kCndks'k vuqokn 'kCndks'k

'kCndks'k

lkekU; Hkk"kk 'kCndks'k fo"k; 'kCndks'k

vc mi;qZDr pkj izdkj ds 'kCndks'kksa esa ls izR;sd dk foLr`r o.kZu fd;k tk,xkA bUgsa vusdmi&izdkjksa esa foHkDr fd;k x;k gS vkSj muds mi;qDr mnkgj.k Hkh fn, x, gSaA

4.1 lkekU; Hkk"kk 'kCndks'k

bUgsa lkekU; 'kCndks'k dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd blesa fdlh Hkk"kk ds lkekU; 'kCnksa ds fooj.k fn, x,gksrs gSaA ,sls 'kCndks'k vR;Ur yksdfiz; gSa vkSj lokZf/d vklkuh ls mi;ksx esa yk;s tkrs gSaA budsmís';ksa ds vuqlkj bUgsa rhu lewgksa esa oxhZÑr fd;k tk ldrk gS ftlesa vkdkj] [kaMksa ,oa mi;ksDrkdh vk;q dks Hkh è;ku esa j[kk tkrk gSA

,sls 'kCndks'kksa dk ladyu ,oa izdk'ku nks eq[; mís';ksa dh iwfrZ ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS %

(i) 'kCnksa dh orZuh] mPpkj.k] vFkZ ,oa mi;ksx ds izkekf.kd ekud fu/kZfjr djus ds fy,]vFkok

(ii) fdlh Hkk"kk ds 'kCnksa dks mudh orZuh] mPpkj.k] vFkks±] vfHkizk;ksa ,oa mi;ksx gsrq vfHkysf[krdjus ds fy,A

izFke izdkj ds mís'; ds fy, ladfyr ,oa izdkf'kr 'kCndks'kksa dks vkns'kkRed@funsZ'kkRed 'kCndks'kdgrs gSaA ,sls 'kCndks'kksa esa ek=k ekud ,oa LohÑr ;k ekU; fd, x, 'kCnksa dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrkgS tks mi;ksx esa yk;s tkus ;ksX; gksrs gSaA buesa x¡obZ 'kCnksa x<+s gq, 'kCnksa vFkok vU;=k ls yh xbZvfHkO;fDr;ksa dks lfEefyr ugha fd;k tkrk gSA MkW- lSeqvy tkWulu (Dr. Samuel Johnson) dk"Dictionary of the English Language" bl izdkj ds 'kCndks'k dks ToyUr mnkgj.k gSA

fooj.kkRed 'kCndks'kksa dks f}rh; mís'; gsrq ladfyr ,oa izdkf'kr fd;k tkrk gSA buesa mu lHkh'kCnksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gksrk gS ftUgsa ladyu dh vof/ rd ekU; ,oa Lohdkj fd;k x;kgksrk gSA buds 'kCnksa dks ledkyhu lkfgR; ds Ïksrksa tSls& yksdfiz;] lkfgfR;d ,oa rduhdhif=kdkvksa] eSXthuksa] lekpkj&i=kksa ls ladfyr dj vfHkys[kc`¼ fd;k tkrk gSA "Oxford English

NOTES


95

'kCndks'kDictionary" rFkk "Webster's Third New International Dictionary" fooj.kkRed 'kCndks'kksa dhJs.kh ds 'kCndks'k gSaA

vkdkjksa] [kaMksa rFkk fdlh vk;qoxZ ds ikBdksa ds mi;ksx dh n`f"V ls fuEukafdr 'kCndks'k fo'ks"kmYys[kuh; gS %

i) Oxford Family of English Dictionaries. Oxford : Clarendon Press.

ii) Webster Family of American Dictionaries. Springfield, Massachusetts: G. C.Merriam.

Cassell's New Latin-English, English-Latin Dictionary/by D.P. Simpson. London:Cassell, 1959.

Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Persian, Arabic and English/by Francis Johnson. NewDelhi: Commonwealth Pub., 1990. 3 V.

;g 1852 esa izdkf'kr ewy laLdj.k dk Hkkjrh; iqueqZfnzr laLdj.k gSA blesa vjch vkSj iQkjlh 'kCnksadks ,d gh vuqØe esa lwphc`¼ fd;k x;k gS ftuds fy, vaxjsth 'kCn vFkok O;k[;kRed fooj.kHkh fn, x, gSaA

o;Ldksa ds fy, Oxford English Dictionary 2nd Webster's Third Newc`gr~ cgq[k.Mh; ed..ed. by John Simpson and International Dictionary of'kCndks'k Edmond Weiner, 1989, 20 V. the English Language, 1981.

nks [k.Mksa dk l?ku laLdj.k Hkh (uohu 'kCnksa ds 48 i`"Bksa dklqyHk gS (Compacted 2 V.) ifjf'k"V Hkh gSA)

v/Z&laf{kIr New Shorter Oxford English Webster's Ninth New Colle-vFkok MsLd dks'k Dictionalry/ed. by Brown giate Dictionary [1983].

Lesley. 1993. 2 V. ConciseOxford Dictionary of CurrentEnglish/ed. by R.E. Allen. 8thed. 1990.

laf{kIr vFkok Pocket Oxford Dictionary of Webster's Vest PockerikdsV 'kCndks'k] Current English/ed. by Della Dictionary, 1981. Webster'sfd'kksjksa ds fy, Thomson. 8th ed. 1992. Oxford Ninth New Collegiate

Mini Dictionary/ed. by J.M. Dictionary 8th ed. 1983.Mawkins 3rd. ed. 1995. Webster's Internet

Dictionary, 1977.

Ldwy 'kCndks'k Oxford Illustrated Junior Webster's New Secondaryckydksa ds fy, Dictionary/ed by R. Sansome School Dictionary, 1961.

and Reid, 1991. Webster's School Dictionary,1980. Webster's ElementaryDictionary, 1971.

mUur dEI;wVj izkS|ksfxdh dh lgk;rk ls 'kCndks'k dks fo'ks"k :i ls vaxjsth ds f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa vkSjf'k{kdksa ds fy, fodflr rFkk ladfyr fd;k x;k gSA lfEefyr lwpuk ds izdkj] xq.koÙkk rFkkizLrqrhdj.k ds dkj.k ;g 'kCndks'k vU; lkekU; 'kCndks'kksa ls fcYdqy vyx gSA ewy ikB ds lkFkgh lkFk vfrfjDr fVIi.kh LrEHk esa 'kCnksa ds Lo:i ,oa vFkks± dks fn;k x;k gSA

NOTES



96

Cassell's Spelling Dictionary/comp. by Mary Waddington, 1969.

blesa 'kCnksa dk O;oLFkkiu o.kkZuqØfed gSA blesa lacaf/r 'kCn dh O;qRifÙk dks 'kCn ds varxZr fn;kx;k gSA Vaddksa (Typists) ds fy, ;g vR;Ur mi;ksxh orZuh dks'k gSa D;ksafd blesa ,d ewy 'kCnesa O;qRiUu lkjs 'kCn ,d LFkku ij fey tkrs gSaA

Dictionary of Spelling: British and American/by Michael West. Longmans, 1964.

tSlk fd bldh vk[;k ls LI"V gS] bl dks'k esa vaxjsth Hkk"kk dh orZuh dk vesfjdh oSfHkU; fn;kx;k gSA blesa 'kCnksa dk O;oLFkkiu vkuqof.kZd gSA

Awful Spellers Dictionary/ed. by Oliver Stoner Wolfe, 1964.

;g ,sls 'kCnksa dk NksVk&lk dks'k gS ftudh orZuh djus esa ;k ftUgsa fy[kus esa ge cgq/k =kqfV djtkrs gSaA blesa 'kCnksa dh v'kq¼ orZuh dks o.kkZuqØe esa O;ofLFkr fd;k x;k gS vkSj muds lkeus 'kq¼orZuh nh xbZ gSA iqLrd ds vUr esa 'kq¼ orZuh ds varxZr 'kCnksa dh vuqØef.kdk o.kkZuqØ.k esa nhxbZ gSA orZuh dh leL;k ds rRdky funku ds fy, ;g vR;Ur mi;ksxh orZuh dks'k gSA

i;kZ;okph ,oa foykse 'kCnksa ds 'kCndks'k (Dictionary of Synonyms and Antonyms)

iwoZ esa ¶fFklkjl¸ dh foospuk dh xbZ gS vkSj lkFk gh vU; 'kCndks'kksa ds oSdfYid Hkkxksa dk mYys[kfd;k x;k gSA i;kZ;okph 'kCnksa ds fy, ¶fFklkjl¸ ,d yksdfiz; Ïksr gSA lkekU; dks'kksa esa Hkhi;kZ;okph ,oa foykse 'kCn lfEefyr fd, tkrs gSaA bu nksuksa izdkj ds 'kCnksa (i;kZ;okph rFkk foykse)ds fy, vusd dks'k gSaA ,sls dks'k] 'kCn&igfy;ksa ds jpf;rkvksa rFkk iwfrZdrkZvksa ds fy, i;kZIrmi;ksxh gksrs gSaA 'kCn Hk.Mkj ds Kku dks c<+kus ds fy, Hkh ,sls 'kCndks'k mikns; gksrs gSaA ysfdu budkmi;ksx lko/kuhiwoZd djuk pkfg, vkSj vFkks± ds vfHkizk; dh fHkUurk vU; 'kCndks'kksa ls tk¡p ysuhpkfg,A

Webster's New Dictionary of Synonyms : A Dictionary of Discriminated Synonymswith Antonyms and Analogous and Contrasted Word/ed. by G. C. Merriam Co.,1980.

;|fi bl dh vk[;k esa i;kZ;okph 'kCnksa dk gh mYys[k gS] rFkkfi blesa foykse 'kCnksa dks HkhlfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA 'kCnksa dh izeq[k izfof"V esa ml 'kCn dk vFkZ] mlds mi;ksx dh fof/ vkSjmlds i;kZ;okph 'kCn fn, x, gSaA i;kZ;okph 'kCnksa ds fofHkUu vFkks± ,oa vfHkizk;ksa rFkk muds foHksnksadks bl dks'k esa iw.kZr% Li"V fd;k x;k gSA blesa lwfDr;k¡ Hkh nh xbZ gSa rFkk mudh fo'ks"krkvksa dksLi"V fd;k gSA izR;sd izfof"V ds vUr esa foykse 'kCn Hkh fn, x, gSa vkSj lkFk gh rkjkadu ds lkFkleku HkkokFkhZ ,oa fojks/kHkk"kh 'kCnksa dk mYys[k Hkh fd;k x;k gSA 'kCn Kku ds Hk.Mkj dks c<+kusdh n`f"V ls ;g dks'k i;kZIr mi;ksxh gSA

fgUnh i;kZ;okph dks'k@ladyudrkZ % HkksykukFk frokjhA fnYyh % izHkkr izdk'ku] 1990A

cgqmís'kh; c`gr~ i;kZ;okph dks'k@laiknd % HkksykukFk frokjhA fnYyh % fdrkc egy] 1990A


2- 'kCndks'k ,oa fo'odks'k esa D;k vUrj gS\

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NOTES


97

'kCndks'kiz;ksx 'kCndks'k (Usage Dictionaries)

dqN c`gr~ ,oa mPpLrjh; 'kCndks'kksa esa 'kCnksa ds fofHkUu iz;ksxksa dks Hkh ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gksrkgS vkSj okD;ksa rFkk lwfDr;ksa ds :i esa mnkgj.k Hkh fn, x, gksrs gSaA iz;ksx 'kCndks'k oLrqr% O;kdj.k]okD; foU;kl 'kSyh eqgkcjksa vkSj mi;qDr 'kCnksa ds iz;ksx ls lacaf/r fu;ekas dh O;k[;k djrs gSaAysfdu ;sbu iz;ksxksa ,oa izca/uksa dk ys[ku lgh crkrs gSaA Hkk"k.k ys[ku =kqfV;ksa dh Hkh foospuk djrsgSaA vr% blls 'kCnksa ds iz;ksx dk Kku izkIr gksrk gSA

A Dictionary of Modern English Usage/by H.W. Fower. 3rd ed./ed by Robert WilliamBirchfield, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996.

fgUnh 'kCnkoyh vkSj iz;ksx@la- lhrkjke 'kkL=kh vkxjk % dsUnzh; fgUnh laLFkku 1979@2 Hkkx@vfgUnh&Hkk"khf'k{kkfFkZ;ksa ds fy, fufeZr ;g ,d dk;ZØec¼ 'kCndks'k gSA

O;qRifÙk ,oa ,sfrgkfld 'kCndks'k (Etymological and Historical Dictionaries)

vaxjsth ds 'kCn ¶bVheksykWth¸ (Etymology) dk vfHkizk; 'kCnksa dh O;qRifÙk vkSj bfrgkl ds foKkuls gksrk gSA O;qRifÙk 'kCndks'kksa esa 'kCnksa ds bfrgkl muds fodkl ,oa mRifÙk rFkk fdlh Hkk"kk esa mudsizHkko bR;kfn dk fooj.k gksrk gSA 'kCnksa ds vFkZ ,oa iz;ksx esa le;≤ ij gq, ifjorZu rFkk dqNigyqvksa dks vfHkO;Dr djus ds fy, iz;qDr fons'kh Hkk"kk ds 'kCn ;k x<+s gq, 'kCn Hkh buesa fn, tkrsgSa rFkk yksxksa dh Hkk"kk] lH;rk rFkk lkaLÑfr dk bfrgkl Hkh blesa feyrk gSA

The Barnhart Dictionary of Etyomology/ed. Robert K. Barnhart. N.Y. : H.W. Wilson,1988.

vk/qfud vaxjsth ds ewy 'kCnksa dh O;qRifÙk dk fooj.k blesa fn;k x;k gSA blesa 30,000 izfof"V;k¡gSa ftlesa Hkk"kkvksa ds ukeksa] Hkk"kkoSKkfud inksa vkSj lkfgfR;d Ñfr;ksa ds inksa dh O;qRifÙk nh xbZ gSA

dqN izeq[k 'kCnksa dh mRifÙk rFkk muds vFkZ ds bfrgkl ,oa fodkl dk Li"V fooj.k blesa fn;kx;k gSA

Origins : A Short Etymological Dictionary of Medern English/by Eric Partridge. 4thed. London : Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1966.

4.2 fof'k"V 'kCndks'k

fof'k"V 'kCndks'kksa dk laca/ fof'k"V 'kCn lewgksa ,oa oxks± ls gSA ;s 'kCn lkekU; 'kCndks'kksa esa HkhlfEefyr gks ldrs gSa ;k ugha Hkh gks ldrs gSaA ,sls 'kCndks'k vusd izdkj ds gksrs gSaA dqN ,sls izeq[k'kCndks'kksa dk mYys[k ;gk¡ fd;k x;k gSA

i) x¡obZ&Hkk"kk dks'k (Dictionary of Slang Words) :

ftu 'kCnkas dks lk/kj.kr;k fe=kksa] lg;ksfx;ksa rFkk lgdfeZ;ksa ds lkFk fuR;izfr okrkZyki esa mi;ksxesa ykrs gSa] tks vkSipkfjd lEizs"k.k dh n`f"V ls mi;qDr ugha gksrs gSa vkSj ftUgsa Js"B izdkj dsys[ku ds fy, iz;ksx esa ugha yk;k tkrk gS mUgsa x¡obZ&Hkk"kk 'kCn (Slang Words) dgrs gSaA

x¡obZ&Hkk"kk ds 'kCnksa dks 'kCndks'kksa esa lfEefyr u djus dh iqjkuh ifjikVh ,oa izo`fÙk cM+h rsthls cny jgh gSA vkWDliQksMZ bafXy'k fMd'kujh (Oxford English Dictionary) ds ifjf'k"V dslEikndkas }kjk Hkh bl izdkj ds ifjorZu dks Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA ysfdu dqN ,sls izeq[k'kCndks'k ik;s tkus gSa ftuesa ek=k x¡obZ&Hkk"kk ds gh 'kCnksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gksrk gSA buesa,sls 'kCnksa dh ifjHkk"kk blds m¼kj.k rFkk lwfDr;k¡ rFkk mudh mRifÙk ls lacaf/r foLr`r lwpukiznku dh xbZ gksrh gSA vusd {ks=kksa ,oa O;olk;ksa ds fo'ks"k yksxksa }kjk iz;qDr 'kCnksa dks Hkh ,sls'kCndks'kksa esa lfEefyr fd;k x;k gksrk gSA

NOTES



98

Americanisms as have Naturalised/by Eric Partridge and Paul Beale. LondonRoutledge & Kegan Paul, 1984.

Oxford Dictionary of Modern Slang/ed. by John Simpson and John Ayto. Oxford:Oxford University Press, 1993.

New Dictionary of American Slang/ed. by Robert L. Chapman. New York : Harperand Row, 1986.

ii) vizpfyr 'kCnksa ds 'kCndks'k (Dictionary of Obsolete Words)

,sls 'kCn vHkh Hkh ik;s tkrs gSa ftudk iz;ksx igys dHkh fd;k tkrk Fkk ysfdu vc os Hkk"kkds orZeku iz;ksx ,oa izpyu ls izk;% yqIr gks x, gSa ;k vizpfyr gks x, gSaA ,sls 'kCnksa dksvizpfyr ,oa iqjkus 'kCnksa dh laKk ls tkuk tkrk gSA vr% vk/qfud vaxjsth 'kCndks'kksa esa mUgsalfEefyr ugha fd;k tkrk gSA ftu 'kCndks'kksa esa esa budks lfEefyr ,oa ladfyr fd;k x;k gksrkgS mUgsa vizpfyr 'kCnksa dk 'kCndks'k dgk tkrk gSA blls vaxjsth lkfgR; dh fdlh vof/ fo'ks"kdks Hkk"kk ,oa lkfgR; dh izo`fÙk;ksa ,oa fLFkfr dh tkudkjh izkIr djus esa Nk=kksa ,oa vè;kidksadks cM+h lgk;rk izkIr gksrh gSA bUgsa vkfndkyhu 'kCndks'k Hkh dgk tkrk gSA

Dictionary of Early English/by Shipley. New York : Philosophical Library, 1955.

Dictionary of Archaic and Provincial Words, Objsolete Phrases, Proverbs andAncient Customs from the 4th Century 13th ed. London : Routledge and KeganPaul, 1989. 2 Vols. vkfndkyhu fgUnh 'kCndks'k la- HkksykukFk frokjh ,oa fjlky flag] fnYyh% izHkko izdk'ku

iii) {ks=kh; cksyh 'kCndks'k (Dialect Dictionaries)

{ks=kh; cksyh ,d izdkj dh Hkk"kk gksrh gS tks fdlh {ks=k&fo'ks"k esa cksyh tkrh gS rFkk mlds 'kCn]mPpkj.k rFkk okD;&foU;kl esa Lrjh; cksyh ls dqN fHkUurk gksrh gSA ,sls 'kCndks'k tks {ks=kh;Hkk"kk ds 'kCnksa ls lacaf/r gksrs gSa mUgsa {ks=kh; cksyh 'kCndks'k dh laKk nh tkrh gSA

English Dialect Dictionary : Being the Complete Vocabulary of All DialectWords Still in Use/is known to have been in use during the last 200 years. / ed.by J. Wrifht. London : Oxford University Press, 1981 (Reprint). 6 V.

bl dks'k esa cksyh ds 'kCnksa dk mPpkj.k] O;qRifÙk rFkk okLrfod HkkSxksfyd {ks=k tgk¡ og cksyhcksyh tkrh gS dk fooj.k fn;k x;k gSA blesa xzsV fczVsu esa cksys tkus okys vesfjdh vkSj mifuos'kh'kCnksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA blesa m¼j.kksa ,oa lwfDr;ksa }kjk n`"Vkar Hkh fn, x, gSaA

American Dialect Dictionary/by Harold Wentworth. New York : Crowell, 1944.

blesa {ks=kh; cksyh ds ,sls 'kCnksa ftUgsa LFkkuh; ,oa {ks=kh;okn ds :i esa iz;qDr fd;k tkrk gS]dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA blesa 'kCnksa ds iz;ksx ds n'kkZus ds fy, 60]000 m¼j.kksa dkslfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA

iv) uohu 'kCnksa dk 'kCndks'k (Dictionary of New Words)

'kCndks'kksa dks v|ru j[kus ds fy, mUgsa le;≤ ij la'kksf/r fd;k tkrk jgrk gSA vusdu, 'kCn vDlj x<+s tkrs gSa vFkok nwljh Hkk"kkvksa ls ysdj fdlh Hkk"kk ds 'kCnkoyh esa tksM+s tkrsgSaA dqN 'kCndks'kksa esa ,sls uohu inksa@'kCnksa dks Hkh lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gS] tks iqjkus 'kCndks'kksaesa miyC/ ugha gksrsA ,sls uohu 'kCnksa vkSj muds vFkks± dk vfHkys[k j[kus ds fy, ckuZgufMD'kujh dkEisfu;u (Barnhan Dectionary Companion) dks izkjEHk fd;k x;k FkkA ,sls'kCnksa dks lfEefyr djus ds fy, osClVlZ FkMZ U;w bUVjus'kuy fMD'kujh (Webster's Third

NOTES


99

'kCndks'kNew International Dictionary) }kjk Hkh le;≤ ij ifjf'k"V izdkf'kr fd;s tkrs gSaA"12,000 Words : A Supplement to WTND" dk izdk'ku lu~ 1986 esa fd;k x;k FkkA

Dictionary of New Words/by Berg. London : Allen and Unwin 1953.

v) ukeksa] dqyukeksa ,oa miukeksa ds dks'k (Dictionary of Names, Surnames andNickames)

O;fDrxe ukeksa] miukeksa vFkok dqyukeksa dks lfEefyr djus okys 'kCndks'kksa dks uke&dks'k dgktkrk gSA miuke ,d oSdfYid uke vFkok laf{kIr uke gksrk gS tks okLrfod uke dh vis{kkvf/d mi;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gSA

The Penguin Book of Hindu Names/by Maneka Gandhi. New Delhi : Viking, 1992.

izR;sd uke ds vFkZ dh O;k[;k djus ds lkFk bl iqLrd esa 'kCnksa ds ewy Ïksr dh lwph Hkhnh xbZ gSA

Complete Book of Muslim and Parsi Names/by Maneka Gandhi and Ozair Hussain.New Delhi : Indus Pub., 1994.

Oxford Dictionary of English Christian Names/comp. by E. G. Withycombe 2nd.Oxford. Clarendon Press, 1950.

Oxford Mini Dictionary of First Names/ed. by Hanks and Hodges. Oxford: Ox-ford University Press, 1986.

vaxjsth Hkk"kh {ks=kksa esa lkekU; iz;ksx esa yk;s tkus okys nks gtkj ukeksa dh mRifÙk vkSj vFkZ dhlanf'kZdk dk dk;Z ;g 'kCndks'k djrk gSA

Dictionary of British Surnames/by Percy Hide Reaney. London : Routledge andKegan Paul, 1958.

dsoy vaxzsth ds dqyukeksa dks gh bl dks'k esa lfEefyr fd;k x;k gS vkSj mu dqyukeksa dksNksM+ fn;k x;k gS tks fdlh LFkku ds Hkh uke gSaA

American Nicknames, Thei Origin and Significance/by George Earlie Shankie.2nd ed. New York : Wilson, 1955.

blesa vesfjdk ds yksxksa ds miukeksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA bu ukeksa dh mRifÙk ,oa egRodk Hkh mYys[k blesa fd;k x;k gSA

vi) 'kCn igsyh dks'k (Dictionary of Crossword Puzzles)

'kCn igsfy;ksa esa vfHk#fp j[kus okys ykxksa ds fy, ;s dks'k vR;ar mi;ksxh gSaA buesa 'kCnksa dksmuesa lfUufgr v{kjksa dh la[;k ds vk/kj ij O;ofLFkr fd;k tkrk gS vkSj 'kCnksa dh laf{kIrifjHkk"kk Hkh nh tkrh gSA

Gem dictionary for Crossword Puzzles, London : Collins.

vii) ifjofrZr o.kZekyk dks'k (Dictionary of Anagrams)

ifjofrZr o.kZekyk ds 'kCn os 'kCn gksrs gSa ftUgsa o.kZekyk ds v{kjksa dks ifjofrZr dj fufeZr fd;ktkrk gS& Male-lame.

Longman Anagram Dictionary/ed. by R. J. Edwards. Harlow : Longman, 1985.

blesa ifjofrZr o.kZekyk ds 2]00]000 'kCnksa ,oa okD;ka'kksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gS ftUgsao.kkZuqØe esa muds 'kCnksa dh yEckbZ ds vk/kj ij O;ofLFkr fd;k x;k gSA ;g dEI;wVj }kjkladfyr ,d c`gnkdkj ,oa foLr`r ifjofrZr o.kZekyk 'kCndks'k gSA ifjofrZr o.kZekyk] foijhr

NOTES



100

o.kZekyk ds 'kCnksa] 'kCn&leL;kvksa ,oa ew<+ 'kCn igsfy;ksa dh leL;kvksa dks lqy>kus ds fy,;g ,d vkn'kZ 'kCndks'k gSA ;g "Longman Crossword Key" rFkk "The LongmanCrossword Solver's Dictionary" dh vkn'kZ lgpjh Ñfr gSA

viii) laf{kIrk{kjksa ,oa ifjo.khZ 'kCnksa dk 'kCndks'k (Dictionary of Abbreviations andAcronyms)

cMs+&cM+s vFkok yEcss 'kCnksa ds laf{kIr ,oa NksV&NksVs Lo:iksa dks laf{kIrk{kj dgrs gSa& tSls"e.g. = for example". ifjo.khZ 'kCn (Acronyms) ,sls 'kCn vFkok uke gksrs gSa tks ukeksa dsizkjfEHkd v{kjksa dks feykdj fufeZr fd, tkrs gSaA mnkgj.kkFkZ& WHO = World HealthOrganisation.

vusd c`gr~ dks'kksa] fo'odks'kksa] iapkaxkaas] vCndks'kksa] gS.Mcqd bR;kfn eas Hkh laf{kIrk{kjksa rFkkifjorhZ 'kCn dks Hkh lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA ysfdu lanHkZ lsok Ïksr ,oa midj.k dk n`f"Vls ,sls dksl tks dsoy buls gh lacaf/r gksrs gSa] vf/d mikns; ekus tkrs gSaA

Acronyms, Initialism and Abbreviations Dictionary. 18th ed./ed. by JanniferMossman. Detroit, 1993. 3V.

v.1. Acronyms. Initialism and Abbreviations Dictionary.

v.2. New Acronyms. Initialism and Abbreviations, Inter-edition Supplement.

v.3. Reverse Acronyms, Initialism and Abbrevations Dictionary.

laf{kIrk{kjksa ds fy, ;g cqfu;knh lanf'kZdk gSA bldk izk;% la'kks/u gksrk jgrk gS] vr% ;gv|ru gksrk jgrk gSA blesa izfof"V;ksa dks o.kkZuqØe esa O;ofLFkr fd;k x;k gSA laf{kIrk{kjksa ,oaifjo.khZ 'kCnksa ds vfrfjDr uke ds LFkku ij iz;qDr vk|k{kj iqdk: uke] laf{kIr uke] ladqfpruke bR;kfn dks Hkh lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA

ix) fpUgksa ,oa izrhdksa ds 'kCndks'k (Dictionary of Signs and Symbols)

bl izdkj ds fof'k"V 'kCndks'k 'kCnksa ls lacaf/r ugha gksrs gSa ysfdu bUgsa Hkh Hkk"kk 'kCndks'k ghekuk tkrk gS D;ksafd fpUgksa ,oa izrhdksa ds Hkh vFkZ gksrs gSa rFkk budk iz;ksx fdlh vfHkO;fDrds fy, fd;k tkrk gS tks Hkk"kk dk dk;Z gksrk gSA

The Book of Signs/by Rudolph Koch. New Edition. Constable 1955.

blesa us dsoy fpUgksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gS cfYd ,sls izrhdksa dks Hkh blesa lfEefyrfd;k x;k gS tks eè;dkyhu ;qx ds iwoZ ls vkfnokfl;ksa vkSj izkphu bZlkbZ;ksa }kjk iz;ksx esa fy,tkrs FksA


3- vizpfyr 'kCnksa ds 'kCndks'k ls D;k vk'k; gS\

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101

'kCndks'kfof'k"V vCndks'kksa ds r`rh; lewg esa ,sls dks'kksa dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gS tks fo'ks"k izdkjds O;fDr;ksa dh vko';drk dh iwfrZ djrs gSa] tSls& dfo ,d ys[kdA ,sls 'kCndks'k Hkk"kk dhvis{kk lkfgfR;d i{k ls vf/d lacaf/r gksrs gSaA bl lewg ds dqN 'kCndks'k fuEukafdr izdkjds gksrs gSa %

i) lwfDr dks'k ii) dgkor dks'k

iii) fons'kh inksa ds dks'k iv) okD;ksa'kksa dks'k

v) eqgkojksa ,oa O;aX; ds dks'k vi) y;kRed 'kCndks'k

vii) f?klh&fiVh ckrkssa ds 'kCndks'k viii) 'kCnkuqØef.kdk

ix) dkO; dks'k

i) lwfDr dks'k (Dictionary of Quotations)

¶lwfDr;k¡ vFkok m¼j.k ,d vFkok nks okD;kda ds izHkko'khy 'kCn lewg gksrs gSa tks fdlh fo}ku,o avf}rh; O;fDrRo okys O;fDr }kjk fyf[kr ;k O;k[;ku ds le; nh xbZ fdlh fo'ks"k izdkjdh vfHkO;fDr vFkok vfHker ls lacaf/r vPNs opu gksrs gSaA ,sls opuksa ;k vfHkO;fDr;ksa esa,d Vkbi* ds :i esa O;fDr dh fdlh ifjfLFkfr ;k vfHky{k.k dk o.kZu gksrk gS ftldk] lekuifjfLFkfr ;k O;fDr dk o.kZu djus ds fy, vU; yksxksa }kjk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA iqLrdky;ksaesa ,sls vusd ikBd vkrs gSa] tks fdlh O;fDr ;k lanHkZ ls lacaf/r lwfDr;ksa ;k ?kVkd 'kCnksa]lanHkksa rFkk O;fDr;ksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh pkgrs gSaA¸

lwfDr dks'k fdlh lanHkZ&ladyu ds vR;ar mi;ksxh midj.k gksrs gSaA fdlh lwfDr vFkok m¼j.kdh iqf"V djus ds fy, ikBd bldk voyksdu djrs gSaA fdlh fo'ks"k volj ds fy, fdlhfo'ks"k fo"k; ij rFkk fdlh fo'ks"k ys[kd dk m¼j.k blesa <w¡<k tk ldrk gSA

Concise Oxford Dictionary of Quotations. New ed. Oxford University Press,1982.Macmillan Dictionary of Political Quotations/ comp. by Lewis D. Eigen andJonathan P. Siegel. New York : Macmillan. 1993.

;g fo'k;ksa ds varxZr o.kkZuqØfd :i esa O;ofLFkr gS] tSls& Bureaucracy, DemocracybR;kfnA

The New Quotable Women/ comp. by Elaine Partnow. New York : Facts on File1992.

;g fo'; dh 2500 fo[;kr efgykvksa dks Ñfr;ksa ;k oDrO;ksa ls mn~/`r 1500 izlaxksa dk laxzggSA blesa O;oLFkk dkykuqØfed gS rFkk lacaf/r efgyk dh dkykof/ ij vk/kfjr gSA blesaefgyk uke vuqØef.kdk rFkk fo"k; ds varxZr O;ofLFkr m¼j.kksa dh vuqØef.kdk nh xbZ gSA

Oxford Dictionary of Quotations/ed. by A.J. Augarde. London : Oxford Univer-sity Press, 1991.

Famillar Quotations : A Collection of Passages, Phrases and Proverbs/by JohnBaniett, revised by Fmily Morison Beck. 15th ed. Boston : Little Brown, 1980.

Bloomsbury Dictionary of Quotations. London : Bloomsbury, 1986.

blesa fofo/ izdkj ds vusd {ks=kksa dh lwpukizn ,oa #fpdj lwfDr;k¡ ladfyr dh xbZ gSaA ;glqfo/ktud mi;ksxh vkSj lVhd lwfDr;ksa dk vR;Ur izkekf.kd lanHkZ xzaFk gSA bldh izfof"V;k¡ys[kdkuqlkj o.kkZuqØe esa O;ofLFkr dh xbZ gSA izeq[k 'kCnksa ds vk/kj ij ,d lqfoLr`rvuqØef.kdk Hkh o.kkZuqØe esa nh xbZ gSaA

NOTES



102

ii) yksdksfdR;ksa@dgkorksa ds 'kCndks'k (Dictionary of Proverb)

bu dks'kksa esa fofo/ {ks=kksa esa izpfyr dgkorksa dk ladyu fd;k tkrk gSA dgkorksa dk O;oLFkkiumuesa iz;qDr izFke egRoiw.kZ 'kCn ds vk/kj ij gksrk gS rFkk blesa vU; egRoiw.kZ 'kCnksa ds vU;ksU;lanHkZ Hkh fn;s tkrs gSaA

Concise Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs/comp. by Hohn Simpson and JenniferSpeak. 2nd ed. London : O. U. P., 1993.

teZu&fgUnh dgkor dks'k@la- xqykc HkkVh] tks/iqj % teZu fo|kihB iz-] 1991A

A World Treasury of Proverbs from Twenty Five Languages. N.Y. Random, 1946.

The Prentice-Hall Encyclopaedia of World Proverbs : A Treasury of Wit andWisdom through the Ages. Englewood Cliff, N.J. : Prentice-Hall, 1986.

blesa fo'o ds lHkh ns'kkas dh 18]500 dgkorksa dks ladfyr fd;k x;k gSA blesa dgkorsa vaxjsthHkk"kk esa nh xbZ gSa rFkk izR;sd ds lkFk mlds ns'k dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA

iii) fons'kh inksa ds 'kCndks'k (Dictionary of Foreign Terms)

,sls 'kCndks'kksa esa mu fons'kh 'kCnksa ,oa dgkorksa dks ladfyr fd;k x;k gksrk gS] tks izk;%vaxjsth Hkk"kk esa iz;ksx esa yk, tkrs gSaA lanHkZ Ïksr ,oa midj.k ds :i esa ,sls dks'k i;kZIrmikns; gksrs gSaA

A Dictionary of Foreign Words and Phrases in Current English/by Alan JosephBliss. N.Y. : Dutton, 1966.

blesa fons'kh ewy ds 'kCnksa rFkk dgkorksa vkSj okD;ka'kksa dh laf{kIr ifjHkk"kk nh xbZ gS vkSj lacafèkrns'kksa dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA

iv) okD;ka'kkssa ds 'kCndks'k (Dictionary of Phrases)

Brewer's Dictionary of Phrases and Fables/by E.C. Brewer. 14th ed./ed. by IvonH. Evans N.Y. : Harper and Row, 1989.

v) eqgkojk 'kCndks'k (Dictionary of Idioms)

eqgkojksa ds vfHkizk;] mís'; vkSj iz;ksx dks lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, ,sls dks'k vfr ykHknk;d,oa lqfo/ktud gksrs gSaA buesa izR;sd eqgkojs dh ifjHkk"kk nh tkrh gS rFkk okD;ksa }kjk mudk iz;ksxcrk;k tkrk gSA

A Book of English Idioms/by V.H. Collins. Longman, 1956.

A second Book of English Idoms. Longman, 1956.

A Third Book of English Idoms. Longman, 1960.

bu dks'kksa esa eqgkojksa rFkk okD;ka'kksa dks izeq[k 'kCnksa ds vk/kj ij o.kkZuqØe esa O;ofLFkr fd;kx;k gSA

The Oxford Dictionary of Current Idiomatic English/by A.P. Cowie and R MackinLondon : Oxford University Press, 1975-83.Vol. 1. Verbs with Prepositions and Articles, 1975.

Vol. 2. Phrase. Clause and Sentence Idioms, 1983.

mPpLrjh; Nk=kksa ,oa vè;kidksa ds fy, ;g dks'k vfr mi;ksx lanHkZ Ñfr gSA ;g i;kZIr foLr`rgS rFkk chloha lnh dh fofo/ fo"k;d izeq[k Ñfr;ksa esa ls m¼j.k nsdj eqgkojksa dh okD;lajpuk Li"V dh xbZ gSA

NOTES


103

'kCndks'kvi) rqdkUr 'kCnksa ds 'kCndks'k (Dictionary of Rhyming words)

dfo;ksa ds fy, ,sls dks'k vR;Ur mi;ksxh ,oa jpukRed gksrs gSaA vU; lkekU; 'kCndks'kksa vkSjbuesa vUrj gksrk gS] D;ksafd buds O;oLFkkiu ,oa izÑfr esa foHksn gksrk gSA buesa leku rqd ;ky; okys 'kCnksa dks ,d lkFk lewgc¼ fd;k tkrk gSA

The Poet's Manual and Rhyming Dictionary/by France Stillman. New York :Crowell, 1965.

The Complete Rhyming Dictionary and Poet's Craft/ed. by Clement Wood; re.by Ronald J. Bogus. N.Y. : Doubleday, 1990.

vii) f?klh&fiVh ckrksa dk 'kCndks'k (Dictionary of Cliches)

f?klh&fiVh ckrsa os vfHkO;fDr;k¡ ,oa fopkj/kjk,¡ gksrh gSa tks] mudk vf/d mi;ksx dj fy,tkus ds dkj.k] vizpfyr ,oa iqjkuh gks xbZ gSaA ;s vfHkO;fDr;k¡ vR;f/d vyaÑr ;k yPNsnkjgksrh gSa rFkk cksyus dh vis{kk fy[kus esa budk vf/d iz;ksx gksrk gSA

A Dictionary of Cliches with An Introductory Essay/by Eric Partridge. 5th ed.London : Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1978.

bl dks'k esa ,slh ckrsa lfEefyr dh xbZ gSa tks vR;Ur iqjkuh iM+ xbZ gSa ;k tks vusd ckj mi;ksxesa yk, tkus ls f?klh&fiVh&lh gks xbZ gaSA bls Li"V djrs gq, iSfVªt us dgk gS fd] ¶,slh ckrsavc lkekU;r;k vizpfyr ,oa yqIr gks xbZ gSaA ,slh ckrsa laf{kIr okD; ,oa okD;ka'k gksrh gSa tksbruh iqjkuh iM+ xbZ gSa fd dksbZ Hkh izcq¼ oDrk vkSj ;ksX; ys[kd budk mi;ksx djuk ilUnugha djrk gS vkSj os ,slk vuqHko djrs gSa fd muds Jksrkvksa] ikBdksa vFkok yksxksa ds fy, ,slhckrksa dk mi;ksx djuk mudk vieku gSA¸

viii) 'kCnkuqØef.kdk (Concordance)

;g ,d izdkj dh mu izeq[k ,oa egRoiw.kZ 'kCnksa dh o.kkZuqØfed vuqØef.kdk gksrh gSa tksfdlh Ñfrfo'ks"k esa iz;qDr fd;s x, gksrs gSaA buesa 'kCn ls lacaf/r okD;ka'k dks Hkh mn~/`rfd;k tkrk gSA

A Concordance of the Quran/by Hanna E. Kassis. London : University of Califor-nia Press, 1983.

buesa fofHkUu 'kCnksa dks mu 'kCnksa ds vUrxZr O;ofLFkr fd;k x;k gS ftuls mudh mRifÙk gqbZ gSA

Critical Word Index to Bhagavadgita/by Prohlad C. Divanji. Delhi : MushiramManoharlal, 1993.

lu~ 1946 ds laLdj.k dk ;g iqu% eqfnzr laLdj.k gSA ;g rhu Hkkxksa esa foHkDr gS % izeq[k'kCnkuqØef.kdk] xkS.k 'kCnkuqØef.kdk] lHkh 'kCnksa dh lkekU; vuqØef.kdkA

ix) dkO;'kCn dks'k (Dictionary of Gradus)

¶xzsMl¸ (Gradus) 'kCn dk mi;ksx ,sls 'kCndks'ksa ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS tks izeq[kr% dforkvksads jpf;rkvksa ds fy, ,d lgk;d midj.k dk dk;Z djrs gSaA

4.3 vuqokn ds fy, mi;ksxh 'kCndks'k

¶fdlh ,d Hkk"kk ls fdlh nwljh Hkk"kk@Hkk"kkvksa esa 'kCnksa dk vFkZ iznku djus okys 'kCndks'kksa dks}SHkkf"kd vFkok cgqHkkf"kd 'kCndks'k dgrs gSaA vaxjsth&fgUnh] vaxjsth&rfey vFkok vaxjsth&mnwZdks'kksa ls ge lHkh ifjfpr gSaA fdlh fons'kh Hkk"kk dks lh[kus esa ,sls dks'kksa ls lgk;rk izkIr gksrh gSvkSj budks ,d lgk;d midj.k ds :i esa iz;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA fons'kh ewy dh Hkk"kk dh iqLrdksa

NOTES



104

bR;kfn dk LFkkuh; Hkk"kk esa vuqokn djus vFkok LFkkuh; Hkk"kk ls fdlh fons'kh Hkk"kk esa vuqokn djusesa budk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

cgqHkkf"kd dks'kksa esa fdlh ,d Hkk"kk ds 'kCn ds vFkZ ,d ls vf/d vU; Hkk"kkvksa esa fn;s tkrs gSa_tcfd }SHkkf"kd 'kCndks'kksa esa fdlh ,d Hkk"kk ds 'kCn dk vFkZ fdlh ,d vU; Hkk"kk esa fn;k tkrkgSA }SHkkf"kd 'kCndks'kksa esa dHkh&dHkh vFkZ ds lkFk O;k[;k Hkh nh tkrh gS rFkk dbZ ckj ;s O;k[;k,¡,d okD; ls vf/d LFkku ysrh gSaA cgqHkkf"kd 'kCndks'kksa esa izk;% ,d Hkk"kk ls nwljh Hkk"kkvksa esaewyHkk"kk ds 'kCnksa ds led{k ,oa leku inksa dks gh iznku fd;k x;k gksrk gSA fdlh fo"k; 'kh"kZdds vfHkiz.k rFkk ml Hkk"kk ds led{k 'kh"kZdksa dks izku djus ds fy, ,sls 'kCndks'kksa dk mi;ksx fd;ktkrk gSA bUgsa rqyukRed Hkk"kk foKku dk ,d Hkkx Hkh ekuk tkrk gSA¸ bl izdkj] cgqHkkf"kd 'kCndks'kksadks fuEukafdr lewgksa esa Js.khc`¼ dj ldrs gSa %

v) }SHkkf"kd 'kCndks'k ftlesa fdlh Hkk"kk ds 'kCnksa ds vFkZ vU; ,d ;k nks Hkk"kkvksa esa fn,tkrs gSaA

c) cgqHkk"kh; 'kCndks'k ftuesa fdlh Hkk"kk ds 'kCnksa ds vFkZ vU; rhu ;k vf/d Hkk"kkvksa esafn, tkrs gSaA

v) }SHkkf"kd 'kCndks'k (Bilingual Dictionaries)

fons'kh Hkk"kk dks lh[kus rFkk mldk Kku izkIr djus ds fy, gh izk;% ,sls 'kCndks'ksa dk ladyufd;k tkrk gSA ,sls 'kCndks'k vusd vkdkjksa esa miyC/ gSa vFkkZr~ ikdsV lkbZt ls ysdu vusd[k.Mksa ds lsV ds :i esa miyC/ gksrs gSaA fczVsu ds dqN izeq[k izdk'kdksa] tSls& dksfyUl] dSfEczt;wfuoflZVh iszl] dSlsy rFkk vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izsl (Collins, Cambridge UniversityPress, Cassell, Oxford University Press)– us vusd }SHkkf"kd 'kCndks'kksa dk izdk'ku fd;kgSA vaxjsth Hkk"kk ds 'kCnksa ds vFkZ vU; ;wjksih; Hkk"kkvksa esa nsus okys }SHkkf"kd 'kCndks'kksa dsizdk'ku esa la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk dk izdk'ku gSjZi (Harrap) Hkh vxz.kh gSA

v¡xjsth Hkk"kk ds fdlh ,d izfrfuf/ 'kCndks'k ds izFke Hkkx esa igys fons'kh Hkk"kk ds 'kCn nsdjckn esa v¡xjsth Hkk"kk ds led{k 'kCn fn, tkrs gSa rFkk f}rh; Hkkx esa ;g izfØ;k foijhr gkstkrh gS vkSj v¡xjsth in izFke rFkk muds led{k fons'kh Hkk"kk ds in rRi'pkr~ fn, tkrs gSaA,sls 'kCndks'k vusd vkdkjksa ,oa [k.Mksa esa miyC/ gSaA izQsUp ,oa v¡xjsth 'kCndks'kksa ds izdk'kuds fy, yUnu ds gSjZi uked izdk'ku rFkk U;w;kdZ ds LØhcuj (Scribner) uked izdk'kd dksizpqj [;kfr feyh gSA

Part 1: French into English 2 Vols.

Part 2: English into French 2 Vols.

Harrap's Modern College French and English Dictionary/by J.E. Mansion; com-pletely revised and enlarged edition in one volume by M. Ferlin and P. Forbes andedited by D.M. Ledesert and R.P.L. Ledesert. : New York : Scribner, 1972.

Harrap's Concise Student French and English Dictionary/by J.E. Mansion. Newed/by P.H. Collin and others, 1978.

Harrap's Pocket Student French and English Dictionary. New York : Scribner,1957.

dSlsy xzaFkekyk ds }SHkkf"kd 'kCndks'k dks i;kZIr yksdfiz;rk izkIr gqbZ gSa bl xzaFkekyk ds vusd}SHkkf"kd dks'k vusd ;wjksih; Hkk"kkvksa esa myC/ gSa& tSls izQsUp] teZu] bVSfy;u] LiSfu'k] ySfVubR;kfnA bUgsa vesfjdk esa eSdflyu (Macmillan) }kjk vkSj baXyS.M esa dSlsy }kjk izdkf'kr fd;k

NOTES


105

'kCndks'kx;k gSA "Cassell's New Latin Dictionary : Latin-English/English-Latin" ds vesfjdulaLdj.k dk izdk'ku iQad ,.M okxuYl (Funk and Wagnalls) }kjk 1960 esa fd;k x;kA buesals dbZ la'kksf/r Hkh gks pqds gSaA Lrjh; }SHkkf"kd MsLd&'kCndks'kksa dks izdkf'kr djus esa dSlydks cgqr [;kfr feyh gSA

vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izsl ,oa dksfyUl dks ;wjksih; ,oa vU; Hkk"kkvksa es }SHkkf"kd 'kCndks'kksa dksizdkf'kr djus esa [;kfr feyh gS tks czgr~ ,oa laf{kIr nksuksa vkdkjksa ,oa laLdj.kksa esa miyC/ gSA

dHkh&dHkh o.kZu] O;k[;k vkSj fVIi.kh dh vis{kk fp=kksa }kjk lwpuk dh vfHkO;fDr djuk ,oale>kuk ljy gksrk gSA "Oxford-Duden Pictorial Bilingual Dictionaries" }kjk 28]000oLrqvksa ;k lÙkkvksa dh igpku dh xbZ gS ftUgsa fp=kksa }kjk O;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gSA fofo/lÙkkvksa ds fy, nksuksa Hkk"kkvksa esa uke rFkk fp=k fn, x, gSaA blesa foKku] izks|ksfxdh\ m|ksx]okf.kT;] vfHk;kfU=kdh] vk;qfoZKku] dyk] okLrqdyk] vodk'k ,oa izfrfnu ds mi;ksx dhoLrqvksa dk c`gr~ 'kCnHk.Mkj fufgr gSA Nk=kksa] i;ZVdksa] vuqokndksa] O;kikfj;ksa bR;kfn ds fy, budks'kksa dh mikns;rk vf/d gSA ijke'kZ djus esa Hkh ;s lqfo/ktud gSaA ,sls vusd'k% 'kCndks'klqyHk gSa] tSls& izQsUp&bafXy'k] teZu&bafXy'k] Lisfu'k&bafXy'k] Mp&bafXy'k] bafXy'k&tkikuhbR;kfnA

vkWDliQksMZ ds }SHkkf"kd 'kCndks'k dksfyUl ds }SHkkf"kd 'kCndks'k

The Oxford Harrap Standard Collins Klett German-English/German English-Germa : English-GermanDictionary, 5 vols. Dictionary, 2 vols.

rFkk rFkk

The Pocket Oxford German Collins Pocket GermanDictionary Dictionary

vusd ;wjksih; ,oa vU; Hkk"kkvksa esa c`gr~ dksfyUl us c`gr~ ,oa laf{kIr laLdj.k dsvkSj laf{kIr 'kCndks'kksa dk izdk'ku izQsUp] bVkfuy;u vkSj LiSfu'k 'kCndks'kksavkWDliQksMZ }kjk fd;k x;k gS] tSls& izQasp] dks ,d [k.M esa Hkh izdkf'kr fd;k gSAbVkfy;u] :lh] xzhd] VfdZ'k ,oa phuhbR;kfn Hkk"kkvksa esaA

laLÑr ds fo}kuksa esa lj eksfu;j&fofy;El (Sir Monier-Williams) dk uke vf/d yksdfiz;gSA mUgksaus 1851 esa bafXy'k&laLÑr vkSj laLÑr&bafXy'k 'kCndks'kksa dk ladyu fd;k FkkA

A Dictionary of English and Sanskrit/by Sir Monier-Williams-Lucknow : AkhilBhartiya Sanskrit Parishad, 1956.

bldk izdk'ku izFke ckj 1851 esa fd;k x;k FkkA izFke laLdj.k ds i`"Bksa ls bldk iqueqZnz.k Hkkjresa yhFkksxzkiQh (Lithographically) }kjk fd;k x;k FkkA

A Sanskrit-English Dictionary : Etymologically and Philologically, Arrangedwith Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages/by Sir MonierWilliams. New edition greatly improved and enlarged in collaboration with Prof. E.Lehmann, Prof. C. Cappeller and others. Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1999.

fnYyh ls eksrhyky cukjlhnkl us lu~ 1963 esa bldk iqueqZnz.k fd;kA

The Student's English-Sanskrit Dictionary/by Apte Vaman Shivram. 3rd ed. NewDelhi : Motilal Banarasidass, 1920. (Reprinted 1987).

NOTES



106

The Student's Sanskrit-English Dictionary/ by Apte Vaman Shivram. 2nd ed. Delhi: Motilal Banarasidas, 1970. Reprinted 1993. (1st ed. 1890).

fgUnh ds }SHkkf"kd 'kCndks'kksa ds mnkgj.k fuEufyf[kr gSa %

c`gr~ bafXy'k&fgUnh fMD'kujhA gjnso ckgjhA rhljk laLdj.kA okjk.klh % Kkue.My] 1969 2[k.MA

An English-Hindi Dictionary (v¡xjsth&fgUnh dks'k)@ iQknj dkfey cqYdsA ubZ fnYyh %,l pkan] 1981A

Practical English-Hindi Dictionary / egsUnz prqosZnh rFkk HkksykukFk frokjhA fnYyh %us'kuy] 1970A

laf{kIr fgUnh&bafXy'k fMD'kujh@egsUnz prqosZnh ,oa HkksykukFk frokjhA fnYyh % us'kuy 1972A

,d cgqHkkf"kd ns'k gksus ds dkj.k Hkkjr esa vusd }SHkkf"kd ,oa =kSHkkf"kd 'kCndks'kksa dk ckgqY;gSA buesa fgUnh vFkok v¡xjsth dks izFke Hkk"kk ds :i ekU; fd;k x;k gSA vU; Hkk"kk esa bu 'kCnksads led{k 'kCn fn, x, gSaA blh izdkj vU; Hkk"kkvksa ds Hkh 'kCndks'k fgUnh vkSj v¡xjsth esaladfyr fd, x, gSaA

Hkk"kk lh[kus okyksa ,oa vuqokndksa dks bu 'kCndks'kksa ls cM+h lgk;rk izkIr gksrh gSA dsUnzh; fgUnhfuns'kky; (laLÑfr foHkkx] Hkkjr ljdkj) us 20 ls vf/d }SHkkf"kd 'kCndks'k dks izdkf'krfd;k gSA buesa ls vk/s ls vf/d fgUnh ij vk/kfjr gSa vkSj 'ks"k lHkh {ks=kh; Hkk"kkvksa ls lacafèkrgSaA ,sls 'kCndks'k vuqokn dk;Z gsrq vR;f/d mi;ksxh gksrs gSaA

bu funs'kky; }kjk fgUnh vk/kfjr fons'kh ,oa Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa ds 'kCndks'kksa vkSj fons'kh Hkk"kkvksaij vk/kfjr fgUnh 'kCndks'kksa dk Hkh izdk'ku fd;k x;k gSA

fgUnh&phuh dks'k] 1988

fgUnh&izQkUlhlh dks'k] 1988

geZu&fgUnh dks'k] 2 Hkkx] 1990

Hindi-English Dictionary of Common Words, 1983.Hindi-Gujrati-English, 1984Gujrati-Hindi-English, 1988Hindi-Marathi-English, 1988Marathi-Hindi-English, 1988

}SHkkf"kd 'kCndks'kksa ds fuEukafdr vU; mnkgj.k Hkh gSa %

An English-Hindi Dictionary/Kamil Bulke. 3rd ed. New Delhi : S. Chand, 1981.

Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary/by R.S. McGregor. London : Oxford UniversityPress. 1993.


4- 'kCnkuqØef.kdk dks mnkgj.k lfgr ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A

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NOTES


107

'kCndks'kc) cgqHkkf"kd 'kCndks'k (Multilingual Dictionaries)

vuqokn ds fy, mi;ksxh f}rh; izdkj ds 'kCndks'kksa dks cgqHkkf"kd 'kCndks'k dgk tkrk gSAv¡xjsth esa bUgsa ¶ikWyhXykV fMD'kujh¸ (Polyglot Dictionary) Hkh dgrs gSaA ewy Hkk"kk ds 'kCnkds fy, vU; rhu vFkok rhu ls vf/d Hkk"kkvksa ds led{k 'kCnksa dks ,sls 'kCndks'kksa esa fn;kx;k gksrk gSA ,sls 'kCndks'kksa ds O;oLFkkiu esa ,d:irk dk vHkko gksrk gS vkSj izfof"V;ksa dsO;oLFkkiu dh i¼fr dk ekudhdj.k ugha gks ik;k gSA

buesa 'kCnkssa dks izeq[k Hkk"kk ds o.kkZuqØe esa O;ofLFkr fd;k x;k gksrk gS vkSj vU; Hkk"kkvksa dsled{k 'kCnksa dks lkjf.k;ksa esa fn;k x;k gksrk gSA vUr esa ifjf'k"Vksa esa lacaf/r Hkk"kkvksa dksi`Fkd~&i`Fkd~ 'kCndks'kksa esa nh xbZ gksrh gSA

Twenty-one Language Dictionary/by H.L. Ouseg-Owen, 1962.

;g ,d cgqHkkf"kd dks'k gS ftlesa 21 Hkk"kkvksa ds leku 'kCnksa ;k vfHkO;fDr;ksa dks lhfer ek=kkesa lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA v¡xjsth 'kCnksa ds varxZr bls o.kkZuqØe esa O;ofLFkr fd;k x;k gSvkSj vU; 20 Hkk"kvksa ds led{k 'kCnksa dks rRi'pkr~ fn;k x;k gSA blesa 20 ifjf'k"V gSa tksvyx&vyx 20 Hkk"kkvksa dks lefiZr gSaA izR;sd ifjf'k"V esa lacaf/r Hkk"kk ds 'kCnksa dks o.kkZuqØeesa O;ofLFkr fd;k x;k gS vkSj muds led{k v¡xjsth ds 'kCnksa dks muds lkFk fn;k x;k gSA

Hkkjrh; O;ogkj dks'k@lafo'oukFk fnudj ujckM+sA cEcbZ % f=kos.kh laxe] 1961A

fuR;izfr ds mi;ksx ds fy, 15 Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa rFkk v¡xjsth Hkk"kk ds lk/kj.k ,oa lkekU; 'kCnksadks bl Hkkjrh; O;ogkj dks'k esa lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA v¡xjsth ds vfrfjDr vU; Hkk"kkvksa ds'kCnksa dk ukxjh fyfi esa foLFkkUrj.k fd;k x;k gSA

tSlk fd mQij mYys[k fd;k tk pqdk gS] cgqHkkf"kd 'kCndks'k esa ewy Hkk"kk ds vfrfjDr vU;Hkk"kk ds led{k 'kCn fn, tkrs gSaA dEI;wVj ds vkxeu ,oa mi;ksx ds ckn ,sls 'kCndks'kksa dsladyu vkSj fuekZ.k dk dk;Z vkSj Hkh ljy gks x;k gSA vElVjMe ds izdk'kd ,Ylhfo;j }kjkvusd cgqHkkf"kd 'kCndks'kksa dk izdk'ku fd;k x;k gSA fo"k;&'kCndks'kksa esa ,sls dks'k gksrs gSaA ,sls'kCndks'k lkekU;r;k fdlh ,d fo"k; fo'ks"k rd lhfer gksrs gSa rFkk foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh ds{ks=k ds fy, vR;f/d izpfyr gSaA

Yogarasmi's Illustrated English Malayalam, Tamil, Hindi, Arabic DictionaryTrvandrum : Yogarasmi Pub. Co. 1988.

4.4 fo"k; dks'k

fdlh fo"k; fo'ks"k ds inksa ls lacaf/r 'kCndks'kksa dks fo"k; dks'k (Subject Dictionary) dgrs gSaAKku ds lHkh {ks=kksa esa rhozxfr ls fodkl gksus ds dkj.k fo"k; dks'kksa ds ladyu dh vko';drk dkvuqHko loZ=k fd;k tkus yxk gSA ;s fdlh fo'ks"k fo"k;] O;olk; vkSj dk;Z{ks=k bR;kfn rd gh lhfergksrs gSaA foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh es cM+h rhczrk ls fodkl gksus ds dkj.k ;g vko';d Hkh izrhr gksrkgSA lkekU; 'kCndks'kksa esa vf/dka'kr% mu inksa ,oa 'kCnksa dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gS tks ekufodhds fo"k;ksa esa lacaf/r gksrs gSaA fo'ks"kKrk ds u,&u, {ks=kksa ds foLrkj ds lkFk&lkFk oSKkfud 'kCndks'kksads ladyu dh fn'kk esa Hkh vf/d è;ku fn;k tkus yxkA lkekU; 'kCndks'kksa vkSj fo"k; dks'kksa esafuEukfdar Hksn ;k varj gksrk gS %

NOTES



108

1) fo"k; dks'k esa fdlh fo"k; fo'ks"k ls lacaf/r fof'k"V ;k rduhdh inksa dks gh lfEefyrfd;k tkrk gSSA ,sls 'kCn lkekU; 'kCndks'kksa esa lkekU;r;k izkIr ugha gksrs gSaA ;s rduhdh 'kCnlacaf/r fo"k; ds fo'ks"kKksa ,oa fo}kuksa }kjk x<+s ;k fufeZr fd, tkrs gSa ;k vU; Hkk"kkvksa lsysdj viuk fy, tkrs gSa vkSj rRi'pkr~ bUgsa ,sls 'kCndks'kksa esa lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA

2) bu dks'kksa esa lfEefyr 'kCnksa dk foLr`r o.kZu gksrk gSA inksa ,oa 'kCnksa dh ifjHkk"kk ds lkFkgh mudh O;k[;k ,oa fVIi.kh Hkh ,sls dks'kksa esa nh xbZ gksrh gSA

dqN fo"k; dks'k lkekU; yksxksa ds fy, gksrs gSa tcfd vf/dka'k dk izdk'ku fo"k;&fo'ks"kKksa vkSj NK+kksads fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ,sls dks'k] vusd vkdkjksa [k.Mksa] Hkk"kkvksa vkSj Lo:iksa esa miyC/ gksrs gSa] tSls&

i) c`gnkdkj ;k laf{kIr

ii) ,dyHkkf"kd

iii) }SHkkf"kd ,oa cgqHkkf"kd

i) c`gnkdkj vFkok laf{kIr fo"k; dks'k (Unabridged or Abridged)

dqN ,dyHkkf"kd fo"k; dks'k c`gr~ vkdkj ds gksrs gSa] rFkkfi dqN laf{kIr fo"k; dks'k HkhmiyCèk gSaA

The McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Modern Economic : A Handbook of Termsand Organizations/by Greenwald. 4th ed. N.Y. : McGraw-Hill, 1983.

ii) ,dyHkkf"kd fo"k; dks'k (Unilingual Dictionary)

The American Dictionary of Economics/ed by Douglas A.L. Auld and others.N.Y. : Facts on File, 1983.

Revised edition of the Penguin Dictionary of Economics/by Bannokc etc.

Pustakalaya Vigyan Paribhasa Kosh. New Delhi : Central Hindi directorate,1988.

Dictionary of Information Science and Technology/comp. by Walters. London :Academic Press, 1992.

c`gr~ ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCn laxzg % foKku [k.MA ubZ fnYyh % dsUnzh; fgUnh laLFkku 1996A 2 [k.MA

A Dictionary of the Social Sciences/by Julins Gould and William L. Kolb. N.Y. :Free Press, 1964.

Harrod's Libraries Glossary and Reference Book/Complied by Ray Prytherch.6th ed. Hauts, England : Gower Publishing, 1987.

Dictionary of Library and Information Science : English-Hindi, Hindi-English.New Delhi : ESS ESS Publications, 1986. By Pandey S.K. Sharma and O.P. Gupta.

iii) }SHkkf"kd ,oa cgqHkkf"kd fo"k; dks'k (Bilingual and Multilingual Dictionaries)

German-English Technical and Engineering Dictionary/by L. DeVries and T.M.Herrmann. 2nd ed. N.Y. : McGraw-Hill, 1968.

English-German and Technical and Engineering Dictionary/by L. DeVries andT.M. Herrmann. 2nd ed. New York : McGraw-Hill, 1968.

NOTES


109

'kCndks'kElsevier's Dictionary of Television, Radar and Antennas in Six Languages/byW.E. Clason. Amsterdam, Elsevier, 1955.

dsoy fo"k;&{ks=kksa ds fo"k; dks'k gh ugha] cfYd vusd izdj.kksa ;k lhfer fo"k;&{ks=kksa ds fo"k;dks'k Hkh miyC/ gSaA

Dictionary of Clocks and Watches/by E. Bruton Arco, 1962.

Tobacco Dictionary/by R. John. N.Y. : Philosophical Library, 1954.

The Diamond Dictionary/by L.L. Copeland Los Angeles : Geological Institute ofAmerica, 1960.

vusd ,sls fo[;kr izdk'ku gS ftUgksaus fofHkUu fo"k;ksa ds 'kCndks'kksa dk izdk'ku fd;k gSA budks'kksa esa rduhdh inksa dh lVhd ifjHkk"kk ,oa O;k[;k feyh gSA fo[;kr fo"k; fo'ks"kKksa dsthoupfjr vkSj fc"k;&{ks=k ls lacaf/r ,tsfUl;ksa ,oa laLFkkuksa ds ukeksa ,oa irs Hkh bu dks'kksa esafey tkrs gSaA ,sls fo"k; dks'k fo'odks'kh; fo'ks"krkvksa ls lEiUu gksrs gSa D;ksafd buesa fp=k vkSjfooj.kkRed lwpuk nh bbZ gksrh gSA pw¡fd u,&u, rduhdh ;k izkfof/d in fufeZr gksrs jgrsgSa] ;k vU; Hkk"kkvksa ls ysdj xzg.k dj fy, tkrs gSa] vr% fo"k; dks'k cgqr gh tYn iqjkus iM+usyxrs gSaA blfy,] mUgsa m|ru j[kus ds fy, le;≤ ij la'kksf/r dj fu;fer :i lsizdkf'kr fd;k tkrk gSA fo'ks"kK izk;% 'kCndks'kksa dk voyksdu djus ds iwoZ mlds izdk'ku o"kZdks loZizFke ns[krs gSaA

fof'k"V iqLrdky;ksa vkSj 'kSf{kd {ks=kksa esa ,sls dks'k vR;Ur yksdfiz; gSa ,oa lokZf/d mi;ksx esayk, tkrs gSaA

;wjksih; Hkk"kkvksa dh rqyuk esa gekjs ns'k esa fo"k; dks'kksa ds ladyu ,oa izdk'ku dh ijEijkdetksj gSA dqN 'kkldh; izk;ksftr ,tsfUl;k¡] tSls dsUnzh; fgUnh funs'kky;] C;wjks iQkWj izkseks'kuvkWiQ mnwZ (Bureau for Promotion of Urdu), bl dk;Z esa #fp ys jgh gSa ijUrq O;fDrxr Lrjij fo'ks"k fo"k; dks'kksa ds izdk'ku ds {ks=k esa vf/d è;ku nsus dh vko';drk gSA


iwoZ vuqPNsn ds vUrxZr geus vusd izdkj ds 'kCndks'kksa dh ppkZ dh gSA bl ppkZ ds nkSjku geus mudhmi;ksfxrk ,oa mi;ksx ij Hkh izdk'k Mkyus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA 'kCndks'kksa dh mi;ksfxrk ,oa iz;qØrkcgqr lhek rd muds izdkj ij fuHkZj djrh gSA 'kCndks'kksa dk mi;ksx 'kCnksa ds mPpkj.k] orZuh] vFkZvkSj iz;ksx dks tkuus rFkk mudh iqf"V djus ds fy, izk;% fd;k tkrk gSA ysfdu budk ;g mi;ksxlkekU; mi;ksx gSA lanHkZ Ïksr ds :i esa 'kCndks'kksa dk mi;ksx vusd vU; mís';ksa ,oa vfHkizk;ksa ls fd;ktkrk gSA bu vuqPNsn esa ge izR;sd izdkj ds 'kCndks'k dh mi;ksfxrk dh ppkZ djsaxsA

v) lkekU; Hkk"kk 'kCndks'k (General Language Dictionaries)

lkekU; Hkk"kk 'kCndks'kksa dk mi;ksx izk;% pkj izeq[k mís';ksa ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS %

i) ,d Rofjr lanHkZ midj.k ds :i esa_

ii) Hkk"kk ds ekudhdj.k ds fy,_

iii) Hkk"kk vfHkys[ku ds :i esa_ rFkk

iv) 'kCn Hk.Mkj dh o`f¼ ds fy,A

NOTES



110

i) Rofjr lanHkZ midj.k ds :i esa 'kCndks'k(Dictionary as a Quick Reference Tool)

'kCndks'k Rofjr lanHkZ midj.k dk dk;Z djrs gSa D;ksafd budk voyksdu ,oa mi;ksx orZuhfoHkktu (Syllabications) ds lRoj lR;kiu ,oa tkudjh ds fy, izk;% fd;k tkrk gSA vr%'kCndks'k izkekf.kd xzaFk dk dk;Z djrs gSaA 'kCnksa dh O;qRifÙk] iz;ksx ,oa O;kdj.k ds vuqlkj'kCnksa dh fLFkfr dh iw.kZ lwpuk 'kCndks'kksa ls gh izkIr gksrh gSA buds vfrfjDr] bluesaladsrk{kjksa rFkk ifjo.khZ 'kCnksa] eki&rkSy dh lkj.kh] vusd ns'kksa dh eqnzk,¡ bR;kfn Hkh nh tkrhgSaA dqN 'kCndks'kksa esa vU; fof'k"V lwpuk,¡ Hkh miyC/ gksrh gSa] tSls Jqfrle fHkUukFkZd]i;kZ;okph rFkk foykse 'kCnksa dh lwphA vusd c`gr~ dks'kksa esa HkkSxksfyd ,oa thoupfjrkRedlwpuk Hkh feyrh gS ftlls LFkkuksa ,oa O;fDr;ksa ds fooj.k Hkh Kkr gksrs gSaA

ii) Hkk"kk ds ekudhdj.k ds fy, 'kCndks'k (Dictionary as a Language Standardiser)

'kCnksa dh orZuh] mPpkj.k] vfHkizk; ,oa vFkZ rFkk iz;ksx ds ekudhdj.k dh n`f"V ls 18ohalnh esa vfn'kkLed vFkok funsZ'kkRed 'kCndks'kksa dks ladfyr ,oa izdkf'kr djus dhlkekU; ijEijk izpfyr gqbZA 20oha lnh esa Hkh dks'k&foKku ,oa bldh jpuk esa blds vusdmís';ksa esa ekudhdj.k dks Hkh izkFkfedrk nh xbZA ysfdu 'kCndks'kksa ds ladyu dh i¼fr,oa fof/;ksa esa vUrj jgk gSA 18oha lnh esa ekudhdj.k dk vk/kj ladyudrkZ ds O;fDrxrvfHker vkSj fu.kZ; gqvk djrs Fks tcfd vktdy bldk fu.kZ; ,oa fu/kZj.k Hkk"kk dsvfHkfyf[kr Ïksrksa rFkk oDrkvksa ds iz;ksx ds izek.kksa dks laxzg dj vkSj rRi'pkr~ 'kCnksa dkstk¡p lwfp;ksa ls lko/kuhiwoZd lR;kfir djus ds ckn gh fd;k tkrk gSA blls orZuh vkSj'kCnksa ds iz;ksxksa ds oSfHkU; dks nwj djus esa lgk;rk izkIr gksrh gSA fczfV'k vkSj vesfjdh 'kCnksadh orZuh esa Hkh vUrj gksrk gSA

iii) Hkk"kk&vfHkys[kd ds :i esa 'kCndks'k (Dictionary as a Language Recorder)

lkekU; c`gr~ 'kCndks'k tSls vkWDliQksMZ bafXyl fMD'kujh Hkk"kk ds vfHkys[kd ds dk;Z djrsgSaA Hkk"kk dh izo`fÙk;ksa ds fodklkRed fLFkfr dk 'kCndks'kksa ds }kjk Li"V fd;k tkrk gSAbuls le;≤ ij 'kCnksa ds vfHkizk;] vFkZ ,oa mi;ksx esa tks ifjorZu mRiUu gksrs gSaAmudk ,sfrgkfld vfHkys[k izkIr gksrk gSA budk ladyu fooj.kkRed n`f"Vdks.k ls fd;ktkrk gSA

iv) 'kCn&Hk.Mkj dh o`f¼ ds fy, 'kCndks'k (Dictionary as a Vocabulary Builder)

'kCndks'k dk fu;fer ,oa Øec`¼ :i ls mi;ksx djus ls 'kCnksa dh orZuh] vfHkizk; ,oavFkZ Li"V gksrs gSa rFkk mi;ksx ls lacaf/r Hkze nwj gksrs gSaA 'kCn Hk.Mkj ds fuekZ.k dh {kerkc<+kus esa rFkk mi;qDr ifjizs{; ,oa izlax esa mi;qDr 'kCnksa ds mi;ksx djus esa 'kCndks'k lsizpqj lgk;rk feyrh gS vkSj blls Hkk"kk ds Kku ,oa 'kCnksa ds O;fDrxr Hk.Mkj dh vfHko`f¼gksrh gSA

c) fof'k"V 'kCndks'k (Special Dictionaries)

fof'k"V 'kCndks'kksa dks rhu izeq[k Jsf.k;ksa esa lewgc¼ fd;k tkrk gS ftudk laca/ fuEufyf[krls gksrk gS %

i) 'kCnksa ds Hkk"kkoSKkfud i{k (Linguistic aspects of words)

NOTES


111

'kCndks'kii) 'kCnksa ds fo'ks"k oxZ (Special class of words)

iii) 'kCnksa ds lkfgfR;d i{k (Literary aspects of words)

i) Hkk"kk ds fof'k"V i{kksa ls lacaf/r fof'k"V 'kCndks'kksa ls 'kCnksa ds mPpkj.k] orZuh] vFkZ iz;ksx]O;qRifÙk bR;kfn dh tkap Fkk iqf"V esa lgk;rk izkIr gksrh gSaA buls foykse] i;kZ;okph rFkklekukFkhZ 'kCnksa dh tkukdjh izkIr djus esa Hkh lgk;rk izkIr gksrh gSA

ii) fof'k"V 'kCndks'kksa& ftuesa fof'k"V 'kCn lewgksa ,oa oxks± dks lfEefyr ,oa ladfyr fd;kx;k gksrk gS& esa laf{kIrk{kjksa ds iw.kZ Lo:iksa@ukeksa] ifjo.khZ 'kCnksa ds iwjs ukeksa ,oa Lo:iksa]fpUgksa ,oa izrhdksa ds vFkZ ,oa vfHkizk; bR;kfn dks le>us ,oa Kkr djus esa cM+h lgk;rkizkIr gksrh gSA buesa x¡obZ Hkk"kk] vizpfyr 'kCnksa vkSj LFkkuh; cksyh ds 'kCnksa dks Hkh lfEefyrfd;k x;k gksrk gS tks izk;% lkekU; 'kCndks'kksa esa lfEfyr ugha fd;s x, gksrs gSaA ,sls'kCndks'kksa esa uohu] fufeZr ,oa vU; Hkk"kkvksa ls fy, x, 'kCnksa dks fo'ks"k :i ls lfEefyrfd;k x;k gksrk gSA dfBu ftKklk;qDr ,oa nq#g 'kCnksa dks Hkh bu 'kCndks'kksa esa lfEefyrfd;k x;k gksrk gSA buesa yksxksa ds ukeksa] miukeksa dqyukeksa] LFkkuksa ds ukeksa rFkk ns'k fo'ks"kds LFkkuksa ds ukeksa dks Hkh lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA

iii) Hkk"kk ds lkfgfR;d i{kksa ls lacaf/r fof'k"V 'kCndks'kksa ls mi;qDr dgkorksa] m¼j.kksa]lwfDr;ksa] eqgkojksa] okD;ka'kksa rFkk fons'kh inksa bR;kfn dks izkIr ,oa Kkr djus esa lgk;rk izkIrgksrh gSA buesa fdlh ys[kd fo'ks"k }kjk iz;qDr vFkok fdlh Ñfr fo'ks"k esa iz;qDr 'kCnksa dksHkh lfEefyr fd;k x;k gksrk gSA

l) }SHkkf"kd ,oa cgqHkkf"kd 'kCndks'k (Bilingual and Multilingual Dictionaries)

fons'kh Hkk"kkvksa ,oa fof'k"V fo"k;ksa ds vusd ,sls 'kCndks'k gSa ftUgsa vuqokndks'k dgk tkrk gSA}SHkkf"kd ,oa cgqHkkf"kd 'kCndks'k foiqy la[;k esa miyC/ gSaA ,sls 'kCndks'kksa ls fons'kh Hkk"kkvksads 'kCnksa ds mi;qDr led{k 'kCn vklkuh ls izkIr gks tkrs gSa ftuls fof'k"V fo"k;ksa dh Ñfr;ksadk ,d Hkk"kk ls nwljh Hkk"kk esa] vuqokn djus esa lgk;rk izkIr gksrh gSA i;ZVd yksx Hkh ,sls'kCndks'kksa dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA Hkkjr esa vusd Hkk"kk,¡ cksyh vkSj fy[kh tkrh gSaA ,sls 'kCndks'kksadk miU;klksa] dforkvksa rFkk vU; Ñfr;ksa dk ,d Hkk"kk ls nwljh Hkk"kk@Hkk"kkvksa esa vuqokn djusds fy, mi;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gSA dqN c`gr~ ,oa iw.kZ }SHkkf"kd 'kCndks'kksa ls iqLrdky; dfeZ;ksa]Nk=kksa] 'kks/Nk=kksa ,oa vuqokndksa dks cM+h lgk;rk izkIr gksrh gSA fons'kh Hkk"kkvkas dks lh[kus esa Hkh,sls 'kCndks'k mi;ksxh gksrs gSaA

n) fo"k; dks'k (Subject Dictionaries)

,sls dks'k fdlh fo"k; fo'ks"k ls lacaf/r 'kCnksa] okD;ka'kksa] ikfjHkkf"kd ,oa rduhdksa inksa ds dks'kgksrs gSaA bu izkfof/d ;k rduhdh ,oa ikfjHkkf"kd inksa dks lkekU; Hkk"kk 'kCndks'kksa esa lfEefyrugha fd;k x;k gksrk gSA blesa lfEefyr inksa dk mi;ksx fo"k; fo'ks"kKksa ,oa Nk=kksa }kjk fd;k tkrkgSA ,sls vUrj&Hkkf"kd fo"k; 'kCndks'k vuqokndksa vkSj fo"k; fo'ks"kKksa ds fy, mÙke ,oa mi;qDrlwpuk Ïksr dk dk;Z djrs gSaA

5.1 'kCndks'kksa dh leL;k,¡

,d vuqekfur vkdyu ds vuqlkj ¶jfookj lfgr izR;sd fnu ds izR;sd feuV esa N% yksx vkWDliQksMZ'kCndks'k dk Ø; djrs gSaA¸ blls ,d lanHkZ Ïksr ds :i esa 'kCndks'k dh mi;ksfxrk ,oa mikns;rk

NOTES



112

dk vkHkkl gksrk gSA rFkkfi] fdlh 'kCndks'k ls iw.kZ lgk;rk izkIr djus ds fy, fofHkUu 'kCndks'kksadh izÑfr ,oa fo'ks"krkvksa ls ifjfpr gksuk vko';d gSA

orZuh % fdlh 'kCndks'k ds mi;ksx esa izeq[k dfBukbZ dk lkeuk rc djuk iM+rk gSa tc ge fdlh'kCn dks xyr orZuh ls <w¡<rs gSaA okLrfod orZuh vkSj Le`fr ds vk/kj ij Kkr orZuh esa FkksMh lhHkh fHkUurk gksus ij dfBukbZ mRiUu gks tkrh gS vkSj 'kCn dks <w¡<us djus esa le; u"V gksrk gSA

vFkZ % fdlh Hkh 'kCn ds ,d ls vf/d vFkZ gks ldrs gSa& dqN izkphu vkSj nwljk lkekU;A dqN'kCndks'kksa esa lkekU; vFkZ dks loZizFke fn;k x;k gksrk gS tcfd dqN 'kCndks'kksa esa fofHkUu o"kks± dksdkyØekuqlkj fn;k x;k gksrk gSA

fdlh 'kCn ds nks foijhr vFkZ gks ldrs gSa (tSls& Chiffed : pleased, displeased)A NksVs ,oalkèkkj.k 'kCndks'k esa ek=k ,d gh vFkZ fn;k x;k gks ldrk gSA

;fn fdlh 'kCn dk yksdfiz; vFkZ vkSj rduhdh vFkZ nksuksa dks fn;k x;k gks rks 'kCndks'k dks ns[kusds iwoZ 'kCn ds iz;ksx ds izlax dks fu/kZfjr dj ysuk pkfg,A

uohu 'kCn % ekuo lekt dh Hkk¡fr gh Hkk"kkvkas esa Hkh fujUrj ifjorZu gksrs jgrs gSaA uohu 'kCnksa dksizfrfnu i<kuk fufeZr fd;k tkrk gSA

iz;ksx % 'kCnksa ds vFkZ Hkh cnyrs jgrs gSaA iz;ksx Hkk"kk dk lokZf/d uktqd vfHky{k.k gSA lkekftdlewgksa] HkkSxksfyd {ks=kksa] lekt fojks/h rRoksa ds lekt] rFkk oxZ fo'ks"k ds yksxksa }kjk 'kCnksa ds vFkZizHkkfor gksrs jgrs gSaA vr% 'kCnksa dk mi;ksx izlax ,oa lanHkZ ds ifjizs{; esa djus ds fy, xzkeh.k]vkyadkfjd Hkk"kk] lkekU; cksypky dh Hkk"kk bR;kfn ls lacaf/r mi;qDr 'kCndks'k dk gh mi;ksxdjuk pkfg,A

'kCndks'kksa ds mi;ksDrkvksa ds vijEijkxr mikxe dks larq"V djus ds fy, uoizorZu'khy ladyuksa dsiz;kl fd, x, gSaA "Ologies and isms" (Detroit, Gale, 1986) ,d ,slk 'kCndks'k gS ftlesa15000 'kCnksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gS] ftudk vUr ology, ism, ics, graphy, metry, archy,cide, philia, phobia, mancy bR;kfn ls gksrk gSA mu mi;ksDrkvksa ds fy, ;g 'kCndks'k mi;ksxh gStks fdlh fopkj/kjk vFkok fl¼kUr dk vFkZ ,oa vfHkizk; tkuuk pkgrs gSaA ,slh fLFkfr;ksa esa"Benrtein's Reverse Dictionary vFkok Roget's Thesaurus" tSls dks'k Hkh mi;qDr gksrs gSaA


bl vè;k; ds vUrxZr iwoZ vuqPNsnksa esa fofHkUu izdkj ds 'kCndks'kksa rFkk mudh mi;ksfxrk ls vkidksifjfpr djk;k x;k gSA bl vuqPNsn esa ge muds ewY;kadu ds mu izeq[k ekun.Mksa dh ppkZ djsaxstks vkids fy, fdlh Hkh 'kCndks'k ds egRo ,oa mi;ksfxrk dk ewY;kadu djus esa lgk;d fl¼ gksaxsAfo'ks"k:i ls tc vki vius O;fDrxr mi;ksx ds fy, vFkok fdlh iqLrdky; ds lanHkZ ladyuds fuekZ.k ds fy, 'kCndks'kksa dk Ø; djuk pkgrs gSa rks vkidks bu ekun.Mksa dk è;ku vo'; j[kukpkfg,A

'kCndks'k jpuk foKku ds {ks=k esa foxr dqN n'kdkssa esa vR;f/d izxfr gqbZ gS ftlds ifj.kkeLo:ii;kZIr la[;k esa uohu 'kCndks'kksa dk izdk'ku fd;k x;kA lkFk gh iqjkus 'kCndks'kksa dk la'kks/u Hkhfd;k tkrk jgk gSA bUgsa v|ru dj] vR;f/d 'kq¼rk ,oa mi;qDrrk ds lkFk uohu laLdj.kksa dksfoLr`r lwpuk ds lkFk uohu vkdkjksa esa izdkf'kr Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA lHkh miyC/ 'kCndks'kksa dkvfèkxzg.k djuk fdlh Hkh iqLrdky; ds fy, lEHko ugha gSA

NOTES


113

'kCndks'klkFk gh] fdlh Hkh 'kCndks'k dks iw.kZr% mi;qDr ,oa ifjiw.kZ Hkh ekuk ugha tk ldrk gSA 'kCndks'kfoKku ds fo[;kr fo}ku MkW- (Dr. Johnson) us 'kCndks'kksa dh rqyuk ?kfM+;ksa ls djrs gq, dgkFkk fd ¶fdlh Ïksr ds u gksus ls fdlh vuqi;ksxh Ïksr dk gh gksuk vPNk gS vkSj tks loksZÙke gSog Hkh iw.kZr;k 'kq¼ ,oa Lo;a esa ifjiw.kZ ugha gks ldrk gSA¸ T;ksa&T;ksa uohu 'kCnksa dk xzg.k djvkSj viukdj mi;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gS R;ksa&R;ksa Hkk"kk esa ifjorZu mRiUu gksus yxrk gS vkSj iqjkus'kCn vizpfyr gks tkrs gSaA 'kCndks'kksa ds ewY;kadu ds fy, fuEukafdr ekun.Mksa dks fu/kZfjr fd;kx;k gS %

i) izkekf.kdrk

ii) fo"k;&foLrkj ,oa mís';

iii) 'kCnksa dk O;oLFkkiu ,oa iz.k;u

iv) vkdkj&Lo:i

v) fof'k"V fo'ks"krk,¡

i) izkekf.kdrk (Authority)

fdlh Hkh 'kCndks'k dh izkekf.kdrk mlds ladyudÙkkZ ,oa vU; lg;ksfx;kssa rFkk izdk'kdksa dhLFkfr ,oa yksdfiz;rk ds vk/kj ij lqfuf'pr dh tkrh gSA izk;% Hkk"kk oSKkfud vFkoklekt'kkL=k&mPpkj.k] orZuh O;qRifÙk rFkk vU; fo"k;ksa ds fo'ks"kKksa dh lgk;rk ls& fdlh'kCndks'k dh jpuk djrs gSa vkSj rRi'pkr~ mldk izdk'ku fd;k tkrk gSA ladyudÙkkZ ,oafo'ks"kKksa dh izkekf.kdrk dk ewY;kadu mudh ;ksX;rk ,oa vius fo"k;&{ks=k esa muds ;ksxnku dsvk/kj ij fd;k tkrk gSA

fdlh 'kCndks'k ds ewY;kadu esa ml 'kCndks'k ds izdk'ku dk bfrgkl Hkh mldh izkFkfedrk dk,d egRoiw.kZ vk/kj gksrk gSA T;ksa&T;kass Hkk"kk esa uohu 'kCnksa dks fufeZr dj vFkok vU;=k ls xzg.kdj lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gS rFkk vizpfyr 'kCnksa dks fudky fn;k tkrk gS] R;ksa&R;ksa mlesa ifjorZumRiUu gksrk jgrk gSA vizpfyr 'kCnksa dks fudky fn;k tkrk gSA le;≤ ij 'kCndks'kksa dksla'kksf/r djuk Hkh vko';d gksrk gSA vr% ftu 'kCndks'kksa dks dqN n'kdksa esa fu;fer :i lsla'kksf/r vkSj v|ru fd;k tkrk jgrk gS mudh izkekf.kdrk ,oa fo'oluh;rk cuh jgrh gSA th-,.M lh- esfj;e] iSazQd ,.M okXuy eSdxzkfgy] la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk esa vkSj vkWDliQkWMZ ;wfuoflZVhizsl] ykaxeSu] dSlsy rFkk dSfEczt fczVsu esa vR;Ur yksdfiz; ,oa [;kfrizkIr izdk'kd gSa ftUgksaus'kCndks'kksa ds izdk'ku esa fo'ks"kKrk vftZr dh gSA bUgksaus vusd izdkj ds 'kCndks'kksa dk izdk'kufd;k gS vkSj fuf'pr vofèk esa mudks la'kksf/r ,oa v|ru dj muds uohu laLdj.kksa dk izdk'kufd;k gSA ,Ylhfo;j vkSj isaxqbu us Hkh vusd fo"k; dks'kksa dk izdk'ku fd;k vkSj foxr dqN n'kdksaesa bu fn'kk esa i;kZIr [;kfr ,oa yksdfiz;rk vftZr dh gSA

ii) fo"k;&foLrkj ,oa mís'; (Scope and Purpose)

'kCndks'k ds fo"k;&foLrkj dk ewY;kadu ladyudÙkkZ }kjk 'kCnksa ds p;u ds vk/kj vkSj 'kCnHk.Mkj ds vkdkj dk ijh{k.k dj fd;k tk ldrk gSA fdlh 'kCndks'k fo'ks"k ds fo"k;&{ks=k ,oamís'; dk ewY;kadu mlds izkDdFku vkSj Hkwfedk dk voyksdu ,oa vè;;u djds fd;k tkldrk gSA ftl Js.kh ds vUrxZr 'kCndks'k dh x.kuk dh tkrh gS vkSj ftl izdkj ds ikBdksads fy, mldk ladyu fd;k x;k gS mlds vk/kj ij ml 'kCndks'k ds mís'; dks lqfuf'prfd;s tkus esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA

NOTES



114

iii) 'kCn&O;oLFkkiu ,oa iz.k;u (Word Arrangement and Word Treatment)

vf/dka'k 'kCndks'kksa esa 'kCnkdsa dks o.kkZuqØe esa O;ofLFkr fd;k tkrk gSA 'kCnkoyh dks v{kj'k%vFkok 'kCn'k% O;ofLFkr fd;k tk ldrk gSA izk;% ikBdj.k bl ijEijk ls voxr gksrs gSa vkSj'kCndks'kksa dk vklkuh ls mi;ksx dj ldrs gSaA fiQj Hkh vPNs <ax ls vfHkdfYir 'kCndks'k osgksrs gSa ftUgsa mi;ksx dh lanf'kZdk ds lkFk ladfyr fd;k x;k gksrk gSA ;s gh lanHkZ gsrqmi;ksDrkvksa ds fy, lqfo/ktud fl¼ gksrs gSaA laf{kIrk{kjksa dh dqath rFkk 'kCnkssa ds mPpkj.k dsladsr dh fof/ Lor% Li"V gksuh pkfg,A izfof"V;ksa ds Lo:i Øe rFkk O;oLFkkiu esa lqlaxrrkgksuh pkfg,A

lkekU;r% lHkh 'kCndks'kksa esa orZuh] mPpkj.k rFkk O;kdj.k dh n`f"V ls izR;sd 'kCn ds fy,ladsr] 'kCn&foU;kl] ifjHkk'kk] iz;ksx] i;kZ;okph ,oa foykse 'kCnksa dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gksrkgSA mPpkj.kksa dks lkekU;r% Hkk"kk&fpUgksa dh lgk;rk ls Li"V fd;k tkrk gSA budh fHkUurkvksadks Li"V Hkh fd;k x;k gksrk gSA

fo'ks"k èofu;ksa ds izrhdksa ls O;Dr fd, x, mPpkj.k dks mlh èofu ek=k ls ladsfrr fd;k tkukpkfg,A

fofHkUu ns'kksa ds yksxksa }kjk iz;qDr orZuh dh fHkUurkvksa dk 'kCndks'k esa Li"V :i ls mYys[kfd;k tkuk pkfg,A

'kCnksa dh O;qRifÙk ,oa bfrgkl dk mYys[k 'kCnkas ds vFkZ vkSj iz;ksx esa ifjorZu dh vof/ dslkFk fd;k tkuk pkfg, ftlls mi;ksDrk mlls fHkK gks ldsaA

'kCn&foU;kl dks fufnZ"V djus ds fy, iz;qDr laf{kIrk{kjksa dks Lor% O;Dr gksuk pkfg,Alaf{kIrk{kjksa dh dqath dks izkjEHk vFkok vUr esa fn;k tkuk pkfg, ftlls mi;ksDrk dks lanHkZ esalqfo/k gks ldsA

iv) vkdkj&Lo:i (Format)

'kCndks'k dk HkkSfrd vkdkj dq'kyrk ,oa ljyrkiwoZd mi;ksx djus esa vuqdwy gksuk pkfg,A'kCndks'k dk Ø; djrs le; vkdkj] ftYnlkth] iz;qDr dkxt] eqnz.k rFkk mlds vkd"kZdLo:i ij è;ku nsuk pkfg,A ;s 'kCndks'k ds ewY;kadu ds egRoiw.kZ fcUnq ,oa ekun.M gksrs gSaA

vkdkj 'kCndks'k dh yEckbZ] pkSM+kbZ] eksVkbZ bR;kfn dks ladsfrr djrk gS vkSj lfEefyr 'kCnksa,oa izfof"V;ksa dh la[;k ij Hkh fuHkZj djrk gSA l?ku vkSj ek=k ,d [kaMh; 'kCndks'k dkscgq[kaMh; 'kCndks'k dh rqyuk esa ojh;rk iznku djuh pkfg,A yEck vkSj iryk ,d[kaMh;'kCndks'k gYdk gksrk gS vkSj bldk mi;ksx lqfo/ktu gksrk gSA eksVs vkSj NksVs vkdkj ds 'kCndks'kvis{kkÑr vlqfo/ktud gksrs gSaA

ftYnlkth % 'kCndks'kksa dk mi;ksx iqLrdky;ksa esa lanHkZ ds fy, lokZf/d fd;k tkrk gSA vr%;g vko';d gS fd vPNh vkSj fVdkmQ ftYnlkth okys 'kCndks'kksa dks iqLrdky;kè;{kksa ,oaikBdksa }kjk ojh;rk iznku djuh pkfg,A

dkxt % 'kCndks'kksa ds fy, vikjn'khZ ijUrq irys dkxt dk mi;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg,A eksVsdkxt dk mi;ksx djus ls budk Hkkj vf/d gks tkrk gS vkSj eksVkbZ c<+rh gS ftlls budk mi;ksxvlqfo/ktud gks tkrk gSA

NOTES


115

'kCndks'keqnz.k % 'kCndks'k ds ewY;kadu dh n`f"V ls mlds eqnz.k ds ekun.M ij fopkj djuk Hkhvko';d gksrk gSA vr% lacaf/r rduhdh ,oa ;kaf=kd fcUnqvksa ij Hkh è;ku nsuk pkfg,] tSls eqnz.kdk vkdkj] eksVs v{kjksa esa NikbZ] 'kCnksa ds eè; dk LFkku] eqnz.k dh Li"Vrk] vuqØe.kh] lanf'kZdkdqath] lgk;d izko/kuksa dh izpqjrk] ;qfDr;k¡] lkjf.k;k¡] vkdkjkuqlkj fp=kys[k bR;kfn Hkh ,slsfopkj.kh; rRo gksrs gSa tks 'kCndks'k dh fo'ks"krkvksa ds |ksrd gksrs gSaA

vkd"kZd Li:i % 'kCndks'kksa dh fØ;kRed izzHkko'khyrk vkSj lqfo/ktud mi;ksx ls lacafèkrmifjfyf[kr ekun.Mksa ds lkFk ;g Hkh ns[k ysuk pkfg, fd 'kCndks'k dk Lo:i n'kZuh; gks]vFkkZr~ euksgkjh ,d vkd"kZd gksA

v) fof'k"V fo'ks"krk,¡

dqN lkekU; ,oa fo"k; 'kCndks'k fo'odks'kh; 'kCndks'k dh fo'ks"krkvksa ls ;qDr gksrs gSaA bufo'ks"krkvka ds dkj.k 'kCndks'k dk ewY; c<+ tkrk gS vkSj ;s lqfo/ktud Rofjr lanHkZ midj.kdk dk;Z djrs gSaA ;s fof'k"V fo'ks"krk,¡ fuEufyf[kr gSa %

foHkUu LFkkuksa ds HkkSxksfyd ,oa ,sfrgkfld fooj.k ftlesa vkdkj tula[;k ,oa tux.kukds vkdM+s Hkh lfEefyr gSaA

fofHkUu {ks=kksa ds izeq[k O;fDr;ksa ds thoupfjr dk o.kZuA

izeq[k ,oa fo[;kr lkekftd] jktuhfrd] vkfFkd] /kfeZd] 'kS{kf.kd] laLFkkvksa] laxBuksa]laLFkkuksa ,d la?kksa ds ukeA

ekufp=k 'kCnksa ds fp=kys[k rFkk ,sls 'kCnksa dk fooj.k ftldh O;oLFkk dfBu gksA

iQwyks] iQyks] ouLifr;ksa] dksVks] i'kq&if{k;ksa] Lopfyr ;a=kksa ,oa eksVjdkjksa ds fp=kksa ds lkFkmuds izkÑfrd jax vkSj vkuqikfrd vkdkj bR;kfnA

eki vkSj uki&rkSy dh lkj.khA

okD;ka'k rqdkUr 'kCn] eqgkcjksa rFkk muds iz;ksx bR;kfn dks Hkh lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA bl izdkjc`gr~ 'kCndks'k Rofjr lanHKZ ds fy, okafNr ,oa vko';d lHkh izdkj dh lwpuk lqyHk djrs gSaAmi;qZDr tkap ds fcUnqvksa ds vk/kj ij iqLrdk;kè;{kksa dks lanHkZ d{k esa j[kus ;ksX; 'kCndks'kksa dkewY;kadu dj ysuk pkfg,A

7. lkj&la{ksi

bl vè;k; esa geus 'kCndks'k dh ppkZ ,d vR;Ur mi;ksxh ,oa egRoiw.kZ lanHkZ midj.k ds :i esadh gSA geus vki dks 'kCndks'kksa dh eq[; fo'ks"krkvksa ls Hkh ifjfpr djk;k gS tks vusd oSdfYidukeksa ls tkus tkrs gSa] tSls& ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh] 'kCn&laxg] fFklkjl] 'kCnHk.Mkj rFkk 'kCn&iqLrdAfFklkjl vFkok fo'odks'k vkSj 'kCndks'k tSls nks dksfV ds lanHkZ Ïksr ds xq.kksa dks feykdj fdlh,d lanHkZ Ïksr dk ladyu djus ds ckjs esa Hkh geus o"kkZ dh gSA blds i'pkr~ pkj izeq[k izdkj dsdks'kksa ;k 'kCndks'kksa rFkk mudh mi;ksfxrkvksa ls geus vkidks ifjfpr djk;k gSA vkidks vusd izdkjds 'kCndks'kksa ls Li"V :i ls voxr djkus dh n`f"V ls geus lkekU;] fof'k"V] vuqokn ,oa fo"k;'kCndks'kksa ds i;kZIr mnkgj.kksa dks mYys[k fd;k gSA 'kCndks'kksa ds egRo ,oa mins;rk dk ewY;kadudjus ds fy, rFkk mudh tk¡p djus ds fy, izeq[k fcUnqvksa ,oa ekun.Mksa dh :ijs[kk Hkh iznku dhxbZ gSA bl fooj.k dh lgk;rk ls bl vè;k; ds vUr esa fn, x, fØ;kdykiksa ds fy, vc vki

NOTES



116

dks iz;kl djuk gS vkSj 'kCndks'kksa ds vusd n`"VkUrksa ,oa mnkgj.kksa dks [kkstuk gS vkSj vusd 'kCndks'kksals iwNs x, iz'uksa ds mÙkj dks lqfuf'pr djuk gSA blls ikBdksa }kjk iwNs x, fdlh Hkh izdkj ds iz'uksadk mÙkj nsus esa vkidks i;kZIr n{krk vkSj {kerk izkIr gksxhA


1- ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh % bls vaxjsth esa XykWljh (Glossary) dgrs gSa tks ySfVu 'kCn ds¶XykWlfj;e¸ (Glossarium) ls mRiUu gqvk gS ftldk vfHkizk; ¶fdlh fo'ks"k Kku {ks=kds 'kCnksa dk laxzg¸ gksrk gS bl 'kCnkokyh dh izR;sd izfof"V dks vaxjsth esa ^XykWl*(Gloss) dgrs gSa ftldk vFkZ 'kCn fVIi.kh] O;k[;k vFkok fuokZpu gksrk gSA ;g inksa dh,d o.kkZuqØfed lwph gksrh gS tks izk;% fof'k"V vFkok rduhdh izÑfr ds 'kCnksa dhO;k[;k ds lkFk ladfyr ,oa fufeZr dh xbZ gksrh gS] tSls&dEI;wVj dh ikfjHkkf"kd'kCnkoyh] oSKkfud ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh bR;kfnA dHkh&dHkh bldk laca/ fdlh ewyikBdh 'kCnkokfy;ksa ls Hkh gksrk gS tSls& vaxjsth miU;klksa esa Hkkjrh; inksa dh 'kCnkoyhA iqLrdds vUr esa ifjf'k"Vksa ds :i esa Hkh ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh nh tkrh gSA

2- 'kCndks'kksa ,oa fo'odks'kksa esa iw.kZr% foHksn LFkkfir djuk dfBu gksrk gSA dqN Dykfldy(Classical) 'kCndks'k fdlh Hkh izdkj ls fo'odks'kksa ls de ugha gSa cfYd fo'odks'kdk dk;Z djrs gSaA blh izdkj y?kq fo'odks'k esa 'kCnksa dk gh fooj.k fn;k x;k gksrk gStcfd fo'odks'kksa esa izeq[k izdj.kksa ,oa fo"k;ksa ij foLr`r lwpuk lqO;ofLFkr <ax ls nhxbZ gksrh gSA

3- vizpfyr 'kCnksa ds 'kCndks'k (Dictionary of Obsolete Words) : ,sls 'kCn vHkhHkh ik;s tkrs gSa ftudk iz;ksx igys dHkh fd;k tkrk Fkk ysfdu vc os Hkk"kk ds orZekuiz;ksx ,oa izpyu ls izk;% yqIr gks x, gSa ;k vizpfyr gks x, gSaA ,sls 'kCnksa dks vizpfyr,oa iqjkus 'kCnksa dh laKk ls tkuk tkrk gSA vr% vk/qfud vaxjsth 'kCndks'kksa esa mUgsa lfEefyrugha fd;k tkrk gSA ftu 'kCndks'kksa esa esa budks lfEefyr ,oa ladfyr fd;k x;k gksrk gSmUgsa vizpfyr 'kCnksa dk 'kCndks'k dgk tkrk gSA blls vaxjsth lkfgR; dh fdlh vof/fo'ks"k dks Hkk"kk ,oa lkfgR; dh izo`fÙk;ksa ,oa fLFkfr dh tkudkjh izkIr djus esa Nk=kksa ,oavè;kidksa dks cM+h lgk;rk izkIr gksrh gSA bUgsa vkfndkyhu 'kCndks'k Hkh dgk tkrk gSA

Dictionary of Early English/by Shipley. New York : Philosophical Library,1955.

Dictionary of Archaic and Provincial Words, Objsolete Phrases, Proverbsand Ancient Customs from the 4th Century 13th ed. London : Routledge andKegan Paul, 1989. 2 Vols.

vkfndkyhu fgUnh 'kCndks'k@la- HkksyukFk frokjh ,oa fjlkyflag] fnYyh % izHkkr izdk'ku

4- 'kCnkuqØef.kdk (Concordance)

;g ,d izdkj dh mu izeq[k ,oa egRoiw.kZ 'kCnksa dh o.kkZuqØfed vuqØef.kdk gksrh gSatks fdlh Ñfrfo'ks"k esa iz;qDr fd;s x, gksrs gSaA buesa 'kcn ls lacaf/r okD;ka'k dks Hkhm¼j.k fd;k tkrk gSA

A Concordance of the Quran/by Hanna E. Kassis. London : University ofCalifornia Press, 1983.

NOTES


117

'kCndks'kbuesa fofHkUu 'kCnksa dks mu 'kCnksa ds vUrxZr O;fLFkr fd;k x;k gS ftlls mudh mRifÙkgqbZ gSA

Critical Word Index to Bhagavadgita/by Prohlad C. Divanji. Delhi : MushiramManoharlal, 1993.

lu~ 1946 ds laLdj.k dk ;g iqu% eqfnzr laLdj.k gSA ;g rhu Hkkxksa esa foHkDr gS % izeq[k'kCnkuqØef.kdk] xkS.k 'kCnkuqØef.kdk] lHkh 'kCnksa dh lkekU; vuqØef.kdkA

9. eq[; 'kCn

vFkZiw.kZ 'kCnka'k (Morpheme) : lcls NksVk rFkk vFkZiw.kZ 'kCnka'k ;k vè;k; ftlesa fdlh'kCn dks foHkDr fd;k tkrk gSA "un-likely" esa rhu'kCnka'k gSaA

f?klsfiVs (Cliche) : okD;ka'k vFkok fopkj tks cgqr vf/d iz;ksx esa vkus dsdkj.k vFkZfoghu gks x, gSaA

uO; 'kCnokn (Neologisms) : fdlh Hkk"kk dk ,d uohu 'kCn ;k vfHkO;fDr vFkok dksbZ,slk iqjkuk 'kCn ;k vfHkO;fDr ftls vc uohu vFkZ esaiz;ksx esa yk;k tk jgk gSA

i;kZ;okph 'kCn (Synonyms) : ,d gh Hkk"kk esa leku vFkZ dks O;Dr djus okys fHkUu'kCnA ;|fi mudh 'kSyh] O;kdj.k rFkk rduhdh iz;ksx esafHkUurk gks ldrh gSA

ifjofrZr o.kZekyk (Anagram) : fdlh ,d 'kCn vFkok okD;ka'k ds v{kjksa dks iquO;ZofLFkrdj fufeZr fd, x, ,d ;k vusd 'kCnksa vFkok okD;ka'kdks v¡xjsth esa ^,suxzSe* dgrs gSa tSls& "Cart House"okD;ka'k "Orchestra" dks iquO;ZofLFkr dj fufeZr fd;kx;k gSA ,sls 'kCnksa ds Hkh 'kCndks'k gksrs gSaA

ifjo.khZ 'kCn (Acronyms) : 'kCnksa ds fdlh lewg ds izkjfEHkd v{kjksa ls fufeZr 'kCndks v¡xjsth esa ^,Øfue* dgrs gSa] tSls& IGNOUA

iqjkrRoh; (Archaisms) : iqjkru ;k vkfnedky dk 'kCn ;k vfHkO;fDr vFkok ,sls'kCn ;k vfHkO;fDr ftudk iz;ksx vc ugha gks jgk gksA

izR;; (Inflections) : 1) tks izR;; fdlh 'kCn dks n`< djus ds fy, iz;qDrfd, tkrs gSa tSls& "ed', "-ing"A

2) ftl izdkj ls vki cksyrs gSa] mnkgj.kkFkZ& tc vkifdlh 'kCn ij tksj nsrs gSaA

cgqHkkf"kd (Polyglot) : vusd Hkk"kkvksa esa] vusd Hkk"kkvksa dk Kkrk] iz;ksDrk] ,slkys[kd ;k ÑfrA

foykse (Antonyms) : os 'kCn tks fdlh vU; 'kCn ds fcYdqy foijhr vFkZ dsgksrs gSaA bUgsa v¡xjsth esa "Antonym" vkSj fgUnh esa foykse'kCn* dgrs gSaA

NOTES



118

10. vH;kl&iz'u

1- 'kCndks'k dh ifjHkk"kk nsrs gq, blds foLrkj&{ks=k ij izdk'k Mkfy,A

2- lkekU; Hkk"kk 'kCndks'kksa dh mnkgj.k lfgr foospuk dhft,A

3- fof'k"V 'kCndks'kksa ds fofo/ izdkjksa dk lksnkgj.k o.kZu dhft,A

4- vuqokn ds fy, mi;ksxh fofo/ 'kCndks'kksa dh fo'ks"krk,¡ crkb,A

5- 'kCndks'kksa dh mi;ksfxrk ,oa leL;kvksa ij ,d y?kq fucU/ fyf[k,A


Cheney, Grances Neet (1980) Fundamental Reference Sources 2nd ed. Chicage :American Library Association.

Higgens, Gavid (ed) 1980). Printed Reference Material. New Delhi : Oxford and IBH.

Krishan Kumar (1996). Reference Service. 5th ed. New Delhi : Vikas.

Sheehy, Eugene P. (1996). Guide to Reference Books. 10th ed. Chicago : AmericanLibrary Association.

Whittaker, Kenneth (1996). Dictionaries. London : Clive Bingley.

NOTES


119

fo'odks'k

vè;k; esa lfEefyr gS %1- vè;;u ds mís';

2- ifjp;

3- fo'odks'kksa dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa foLrkj&{ks=k

4- fo'odks'kksa dk bfrgkl

5- fo'odks'kksa ds fofo/ izdkj

5-1 lkekU; fo'odks'k

5-2 fof'k"V vFkok fo"k; fo'odks'k



8- lkj&la{ksi


10- eq[; 'kCn

11- vH;kl&iz'u


fo'odks'k

vè;k;&7

NOTES



120

1- vè;;u ds mís';

fiNys vè;k; esa vusd izdkj ds 'kCndks'kksa ,oa mudh mi;ksfxrk ls vkidks ifjfpr djk;k x;kAogha 'kCndks'kksa dk ewY;kadu djus esa lgk;d dqN fn'kkfunsZ'kksa dk lq>ko geus fn;k FkkA

bl vè;k; dk vè;;u djus ds mijkar vkidks izkphudky ls vk/qfud ;qx rd fo'odks'kksa dsfodkl dh izo`fÙk;ksa dk i;kZIr vkHkkl gks tk;sxk vkSj vki brus l{ke gks tk,axs fd %

● fo'odks'kksa dh fo'ks"krkvksa ,oa mudh mi;ksfxrk dk o.kZu dj ldsa_

● lkekU; ,oa fof'k"V fo'odks'kksa ds chp varj dks Hkyh&Hkk¡fr le> ldsa_

● fdlh ikBd }kjk iwNs x, iz'uksa dk mÙkj iznku djus gsrq fdlh fo'odks'k&fo'ks"k dkslqfuf'pr dj ldsa_ rFkk

● fdlh Hkh uohu fo'odks'k ds egRo ,oa mi;ksfxrk dk ewY;kadu dj vius lanHkZ&ladyuds fy, mldh mi;qDrrk lqfuf'pr dj ldsaA

2. ifjp;

bl vè;k; esa gekjk y{; ,d vR;Ur lkekU; vkSj yksdfiz; lanHkZ ,oa lwpuk Ïksr ls vkidks ifjfprdjkuk gS ftls fo'odks'k (Encyclopaedia) dgrs gSaA ;gk¡ gekjs mís'; fuEukafdr gSa %

● fo'odks'kksa ds ,sfrgkfld fodkl dk [kkdk mifLFkr djuk_

● fofHkUu izdkj ds fo'odks'kksa dk lksnkgj.k o.kZu djuk_

fofHkUu izdkj ds fo'odks'kksa dh fo'ks"krkvksa dh O;k[;k djus ds fy, bl vè;k; esa dqN mnkgj.kksadks uewus ds :i esa fn;k x;k gSA ysfdu fo'odks'kksa ds fo'kky txr dk fo'ys"k.k djus ds fy,os i;kZIr ugha gSaA fo'odks'kksa ds fofHkUu izdkjksa dh tkudkjh ds fy, vkidks izR;sd Js.kh dsfo'odks'kksa ds uewuksa dks [kkstus ds fy, iqLrdky;ksa esa tkuk gksxk vkSj izdk'kdksa dh lwfp;ksa] iqLrdp;u ds midj.kksa rFkk lanHkZ Ïksrksa dh lanf'kZdkvksa bR;kfn ls mUgsa [kkstuk gksxkA

bl vè;k; ds vUr dh xfrfof/;k¡ vkidks bl ;ksX; cuk nsaxh fd ikBdksa }kjk ek¡x fd, tkus ijfdlh Hkh izdkj dh lwpuk dks iqLrdky; ds lanHkZ foHkkx esa miyC/ fofHkuu izdkj ds fo'odks'kksals lqfuf'pr dj mUgsa miyC/ djk ldsaxsA ;fn okafNr fo'odks'k iqLrdky; esa miyC/ ugha gS rksml fLFkfr esa vki vU; fo'odks'kksa ;k 'kCndks'kksa dk crk ldrs gSaA blls ikBdksa dks fdlh vU;iqLrdky; ls mUgsa izkIr dj mudk mi;ksx djus esa lgk;rk feysxh ,oa ekxZn'kZu izkIr gks ldsxkA

3. fo'odks'kksa dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa foLrkj {ks=k

fo'odks'k dk vaxzsth :ikUrj bUlkbDyksihfM;k* xzhd 'kCn "enkyklios paideia" ls O;qRiUu gqvk gSftldk vfHkizk; ^lkekU; f'k{kk* gSA bldk vFkZ KkueaMy (Circle of Knowledge) vFkok ¶KkudsUæ¸ vFkok ¶fo|k dk dsUæ¸ vFkok ¶Kku dh iw.kZ iz.kkyh¸ (a complete system of learning)Hkh gksrk gSA blds yEcs bfrgkl ls ;g izrhr gksrk gS fd blds vfHkizk; ,oa vFkZ esai;kZIr ifjorZugqvk gSA vc fo'odks'k in dk vuqiz;ksx fdlh Hkh ,d [kaMh; vFkok cgq[kaMh; lanHkZ Ñfr;ksa dsfy, fd;k tkrk gS ftlesa izk;% ekuo Kku dh lHkh 'kk[kkvksa vFkok fdlh fo"k; fo'ks"k dh 'kk[kkls lacaf/r ikafMR;iw.kZ ,oa izekf.kd vkys[kksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gks vkSj tks lkekU;r;k o.kkZuqØeesa O;ofLFkr gksA izR;sd vkys[k ds var esa iw.kZ xzaFklwfp;ksa vFkok lanHkks± dks izLrqr fd;k x;k gksrk

NOTES


121

fo'odks'kgS ftlesa lacaf/r ys[kdksa ds uke Hkh gksrs gSaA fo'odks'kksa esa izpqj fp=kys[k] n`"VkUr] js[kkfp=k]Nk;kfp=k] fo[;kr O;fDr;ksa ds o`rkar] LFkku vFkok vU; lkexzh Hkh nh xbZ gksrh gS ftlesa mi;ksDrkdks lacaf/r fo"k; dks le>us esa i;kZIr lqfo/k izkIr gksrh gSA izfr funsZ'kksa lfgr foLr`r vuqØef.kdkHkh nh xbZ gksrh gS ftlls vkys[kksa esa fc[kjh lwpuk dks ljyrkiwoZd 'kh?kzkfr'kh?kz izkIr dj fy;ktkrk gSA

vk/qfud fo'odks'kksa dk mís'; lkef;d ,oa vko';d lwpuk dks la{ksi ljy ,oa Øec¼ :i esalkekU; yksxksa dh okafNr tkudkjh ds fy, izLrqr djuk gSA fo'odks'kksa dks f}rh;d lwpuk Ïksrksa dhJs.kh esa j[kk tkrk gSA ;s lkekU; O;fDr ds fy, lkekU; lwpuk ds Ïksr gksrs gSa vkSj fo'ks"kKksa ds fy,fo"k; ls lacaf/r lwpuk ds Ïksr gksrs gSaA ,sls fo'odks'kksa dks ¶lkbDyksihfM;k¸ (Cyclopaedia) Hkhdgk tkrk gS tks ek=k fdlh fo"k; rd gh lhfer gksrs gSaA

4. fo'odks'kksa dk bfrgkl

fo'odks'kksa dk ,d mRid"kZiw.kZ vkSj izkphu vrhr gSA vius Kku dks vfHkysf[kr dj mls viuslelkef;d yksxksa rFkk Hkkoh ih<+h ls ck¡Vus dh cyorh bPNk ekuo eu esa lnk ls fo|eku jgh gSA;|fi vjLrq vkSj IysVks (Aristotle and Plato) rRdkyhu miyC/ leLr Kku dks lqlac¼ :i iznkudjus esa vxz.kh jgs gSa] rFkkfi izFke fo'odks'k ¶fgLVksfj;k uspqjfyl¸ (Historia Naturalis) dks rS;kjdjus dk Js; fIyuh nh ,YMj (Pliny, The Elder) dks fn;k tkrk gS ftlus lu~ 77bZ- esa blfo'odks'k dk ladyu fd;k FkkA blesa vusd fo"k;ksa ds fooj.k dk ladyu fd;k x;k Fkk ftudsizdj.k ouLifr foKku] izkf.k foKku] /krq 'kks/u] txr foKku] [kxksy'kL=k vk;qfoZKku] tknw] yfyrdykvksa bR;kfn ls lacaf/r FksA ;g 37 [kaMksa esa FkkA blesa izfof"V;ksa dks oxhZÑr Øekuqlkj O;ofLFkrfd;k x;k FkkA bldk vaxzsth Hkk"kk eas vuqokn ¶uspqjy fgLVªh¸ (Natural History) dh vk[;k ls 10[kaMksa esa fd;k x;k FkkA

eè;dkyhu ;qx dh vof/ esa vusd ikf.MR;iw.kZ ,oa fo'ks"k mYys[kuh; fo'odks'k izÑfr dh Ñfr;k¡rS;kj dh xb±A buesa ekDlZ VsjsfU'k;l okjks ds ¶fMflIyhusfj;e fyczh IX" (Marcus TerentiusVarro's Disciplinarium Bibri IX) ls ysdj cks,fFk;l] dSfl;ksMksjl rFkk vkbflMksj vkWiQ flfoys(Boethius, Cassiodorus and Isidore of Seville) dh Ñfr;ksa dk mYys[k ;gk¡ fd;k tk ldrk gSAphu vkSj vjc esa Hkh ,sls iz;kl fd, x, FksA vkbflMksj dh bVkseksykWtht vkSj vksfjftUl (Isidore'sEtymologies or Origins) rFkk folsUV vkWiQ O;wokbl dk Lisdwye etwl&fn xzsVj fejj (Vincentof Beauvais's Speculum Majus-The Grater Mirror) eè;dky ds vR;Ur fo[;kr~ fo'odks'kFksA ysfdu ¶bulkbDyksihfM;k¸ 'kCn dk loZizFke mi;ksx Ñfr Encyclopaedias Seu OrbisMethodical esa iky Ldsfyp (Paul Scalich) us fd;k FkkA

17oha lnh ds fo[;kr fo'odks'k fo'ks"kKksa esa yqbl eksjsjh (Louis Moreri) rFkk fi;sjs ck;y(Pierre-Bayle) vxz.kh FksA yqbl eksjsjh dh Le grand Dictionnaire Historique (1674) ls izsfjrgksdj ck;y (Pierre bayle) us ,d vkykspukRed Ñfr Dictionnaire Historique at Critique dhjpuk dh ftls ;wjksi ds vkykspukRed ,oa nk'kZfud lkfgR; ds bfrgkl esa dhfrZeku xzaFk ekuk tkrkgSA tkWu gsufjp vYLVsM (Johann Heinrich Alsted) us ¶bUlkbDyksihfM;k¸ in dk mi;ksx vk/qfudifjizs{; esa loZizFke viuh Ñfr Encyclopaedia Septem Tomis Distincta (1630) esa fd;k Fkkftlesa mUgksaus vUrfoZ"k; dks lkr oxhZÑr 'kh"kZdksa esa O;ofLFkr fd;k FkkA bls 35 [kaMksa esa fo"k;kuqlkjizLrqr fd;k x;k FkkA

NOTES



122

fo'odks'kksa ds mRiknu ,oa fodkl esa 18oha lnh dks Lof.kZe;qx ekuk x;k gSA 1701 esa foUlsuksa ekfj;kdkjusyh (Vinceno Maria Coronelli) us izFke bVkfy;u fo'odks'k dh jpuk dh FkhA blsBiblioteca Universale Sacraprofana dh vk[;k ls tkuk tkrk gSA blesa izdj.kksa dks o.kkZuqØe esaO;ofLFkr fd;k x;k FkkA tku gSfjl (John Harris) }kjk ladfyr o.kZØekuqlkj O;ofLFkr izFkefo'odks'k dks lu~ 1704 esa izdkf'kr fd;k x;kA gSfjl dk iz;kl bl fn'kk esa fo'ks"k mYys[kuh; gSD;ksafd mlus loZizFke bl fo'odks'k ds vkys[kksa dks fo"k;&fo'ks"kKksa }kjk fy[kok;k Fkk ftlesaxzaFklwfp;k¡ Hkh nh xbZ FkhaA blds ckn Ephrain Chambers' cyclopaedia dh vk[;kUrxZr nks [kaMksaesa 1728 esa ,d fo'odks'k izdkf'kr fd;k x;kA blesa igyh ckj vU;ksU; lanHkZ fn, x, rFkk vusdfopkj/kjk ds fo'ks"kKksa ds vfHkerksa ,oa n`f"Vdksa.kks dks Hkh lfEefyr fd;k x;kA

vaxzsth Hkk"kk ds bu iz;klksa ds vfrfjDr vU; ns'kksa esa Hkh fo'odks'kksa ds izdk'ku ,oa mRiknu dkmYys[kuh; iz;kl fd;k x;kA tWu feYl (John Mills) us Ephraim Chambers' Cyclopaedia dkvuqokn ÚsUp esa fd;k FkkA vusd teZu fo'odks'kksa esa ls tksgku gsufjp tsMyj (Johann HeinrichZedler) dk Grosses Vollstandiges Universal Lexicon ,d fo'kkyre ,oa loksZÙke fo'odks'kjgk gS tks 60 [kaMksa (1732&50) esa FkkA Msful fMMjksV (Denis Diderot) us vius fo'odks'kEncyclopaedie du xviii Siecle dk lEiknu fd;k Fkk tks ,d fo[;kr fo'odks'k FkkA blesa fMMjksVus fo[;kr fo'ks"kKksa ds vkys[kksa dks lfEefyr fd;k Fkk ftlesa okYVs;j (Voltaire), :lks(Rousseau), ekuVsLD;w (Montesquieu), ciQu (Buffon), dk.MhykWd (Condillace) bR;kfn dsvkys[kksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k FkkA fo'ofo[;kr fo'odks'k Encyclopaedia Britannica ds izFkelaLdj.k dks rhu [kaMksa esa ,fMucxZ ls 1771 eas izdkf'kr fd;k x;kA vaxzsth Hkk"kk&Hkk"kh ns'kksa esa bldkvR;f/d Lokxr fd;k x;k vkSj rRdky bls ekU; dj fn;k x;kA 18oha lnh esa blds nks ifjofèkZrlaLdj.k Hkh izdkf'kr fd, x,A 1796 esa Brocheus' Konversations Lexikon dk izdk'k teZuhesa fd;k x;k ftlesa lk/kj.k vkSj ljy vkys[kksa dks la{ksi esa izdkf'kr fd;k x;k FkkA 19oha lnh esabl fo'odks'k dks ,d lEekfur fo'odks'k ekuk tkrk FkkA

19oha lnh eas izdk'ku ds :i esa fo'odks'kksa dks i;kZIr yksdfiz;rk feyhA EncyclopediaAmerianna ds izFke laLdj.k dk izdk'ku 1829 esa fd;k x;k tks vesfjdk ds fo'odks'kksa dsbfrgkl esa ,d dhfrZeku jgk gSA eqæ.k izkS|ksfxdh ds {ks=k esa mUur midj.kksa ,oa fof/;ksa ds mi;ksxds dkj.k fo'odks'kksa dk izdk'ku vR;f/d la[;k esa fd;k tkus yxk tks foØ; dh laHkkouk ds dkj.kykHknk;h fl¼ gqvk gSA The Metropolotana (1817-45) rFkk The Penny Cyclopaedia (1833-43) vk[;kvksa ds varxZr nks fo'odks'k izdkf'kr fd, x,A ;s fczVkfudk ds mÙkjkf/dkjh ds :i esabaXyS.M esa izdkf'kr fd, x,A

Chamber's Encyclopaedia dk izFke laLdj.k (1850-68), ftldk ladyu ,.Mª;q fiQUMysVj(Andrew Findlater) us fd;k Fkk] ,d vU; egRoiw.kZ fczfV'k fo'odks'k ekuk tkrk gSA ÚkUl esafi;js ykjkmls (Pierre Larousse) rFkk vxfLVu cksoj (Augustin Bover) us The CrandDictionnaire Universal du xix Siecle (1975-76) dk izdk'ku fd;k ftlesa 'kCndks'k ,oafo'odks'k nksuksa dh fo'ks"krk,¡ lfEefyr FkhaA

20oha lnh esa vusd izdkj ds vusd fo'odks'k izdkf'kr fd, x,A budk ladyu vusd mikxeksa]foLr`r {ks=kksa] mUur Lrjksa ,oa vusd izdkj ds vè;srkvksa dks n`f"Vxr j[krs gq, fd;k x;k FkkA TheGreat Soviet Encyclopaedia 1926-47 dk izdk'ku 65 [kaMksa eas fd;k x;k FkkA EncyclopaediaBritannica rFkk Encyclopedia Americana ds Hkh vusd laLdj.k izdkf'kr fd, x, vkSj bUgksausvHkwriwoZ [;kfr vftZr dhA ckydksa ds fy, Hkh vusd fo'odks'k izdkf'kr fd, x,A The Book

NOTES


123

fo'odks'kof Knowiedge, World Book Encyclopaedia, Compton's Pictured Encyclopedia rFkkBritannica Junior Encyclopaedia bR;kfn bl Lrj ds yksdfiz; ,oa mi;ksxh fo'odks'kksa dsmnkgj.k gSaA

ik'pkR; i¼fr ij vk/kfjr fo'odks'kksa ds ladyu dk iz;kl Hkkjr esa Hkh 19oha lnh ds eè;dkyesa vkjEHk gqvk FkkA chloha lnh ds izFke nks n'kdksa esa ¶KkupØ ;kuh xqtjkrh balkbDyksihfM;k¸ dkizdk'ku lu~ 1918 esa 9 [kaMksa esa fd;kA Lokra=k;ksÙkj Hkkjr esa fo'odks'kksa ds ladyu ,oa izdk'ku dhxfrfof/ esa ck<+ lh vkbZ rFkk fofHkUu Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa tSls fganh] rfey] caXyk] ejkBh rFkk ey;kyeesa Hkkjr esa rFkk mnwZ esa ikfdLrku esa lkekU; fo'odks'kksa dk izdk'ku fd;k x;kA vU; Hkk"kkvksa ds dqNfo'odks'k fuEukafdr gSa %

fganh fo'odks'k] okjk.klh % ukxjh izpkfj.kh lHkk] 1960&70 13 [k.MA

Vigyanam. Tiruananthpuram : Balan Prakashan, 1956-69 6 vols.

ejkBh fo'odks'k] cacbZ % egkjk"Vª jkt;lkfgR; laLÑfr e.My] 1973A

Sankhsipta Odia Jnanakosh : Encyclopaedia Orissana. Cuttack : New Students Store,1963-65 4Vols.


1. fo'odks'k D;k gS\ Li"V dhft,A

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5. fo'odks'kksa ds fofo/ izdkj

fiNys vuqPNsn esa geus fo'odks'kksa dh ppkZ ,d vR;Ur yksdfiz; lanHkZ Ïksrksa ds :i esa dh gS vkSjmuds vkfoHkkZo] mRifÙk ,oa fodl dk losZ{k.k fd;k gSA lHkh NksVs&cM+s iqLrdky;ksa esa fo'odks'kksadks lanHkZ ladyu esa j[kk tkrk gS vkSj ikBdksa ds iz'uksa dk mÙkj iznku djus ds fy, iqLrdky; dksmu ij fuHkZj gksuk iM+rk gSA 20oha lnh esa Kku ds lHkh {ks=kksa esa vR;f/d fodkl gksus ds dkj.k vusdizdkj ds fo'odks'kksa dh la[;k esa izpqj o`f¼ gqbZ gSA bl vuqPNsn esa ge vkidks fofo/ izdkj dsfo'odks'kksa ls ifjfpr djk,axsA lanHkZ ladyu dh O;oLFkk dks izHkko'kkyh cukus ds fy,] foLrkj&{ks=k]mís'; rFkk O;kidRo dh n`f"V ls fo'odks'k dks nks izeq[k Jsf.k;ksa esa foHkDr fd;k tkrk gS % lkekU;fo'odks'k vkSj fof'k"V vFkok fo"k;&fo'odks'kA

lkekU; ,oa fof'k"V fo'odks'kksa ds foLrkj&{ks=k ,oa O;kidRo dk vUrj Li"V gSA lkekU; fo'odks'kksaesa ftu vkys[kksa dk ladyu fd;k x;k gksrk gS os Kku dh lHkh 'kk[kkvksa ls lacaf/r vko';d lwpukiznku djrs gSaA os fo"k;ksa vFkok ukeksa ds vuqlkj o.kkZuqØfed :i esa vFkok oxhZÑr ØekuqlkjO;ofLFkr fd, tkrs gSaA budk mís'; lkekU; ikBdksa ds fy, okafNr lwpuk iznku djuk gSA lkekU;r%fo'odks'kksa dks v|ru j[kus ds fy, buds iwjd [kaMksa ds izdk'ku dh izFkk izpfyr gSA ysfdule;≤ ij buds la'kksf/r laLdj.kksa dk izdk'ku Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA izkekf.kd ,oa O;kid lkekU;fo'odks'kksa dk izdk'ku djuk dfBu gksrk gS D;ksafd ;g vR;ar [kphZyk ,oa c`gr dk;Z gksrk gSA blds

NOTES



124

fcYdqy foijhr] fof'k"V vFkok fo"k;&fo'odks'k mu vkys[kksa ds ladyu gksrs gSa tks fdlh {ks=kfo'ks"k ds fof'k"V fo"k; rd gh lhfer gksrs gSaA os Hkh izk;% fo"k;kuqlkj vFkok ukeksa ds vuqlkjo.kkZuqØe esa O;ofLFkr fd, tkrs gSaA bu fo'odks'kksa dk y{; ,oa vfHkdYi fo"k; fo'ks"k ds fo'ks"kKksadh vfHk#fp ,oa vko';drk dh iwfrZ djuk gksrk gSA yxHkx lHkh fo"k;ksa esa budk izdk'ku i;kZIrla[;k esa fd;k tk jgk gS ftldk eq[; dkj.k lHkh fo"k;ksa ds lkfgR; esa fuR;izfr vikj o`f¼ dkgksuk gSA ,sls fof'k"V fo'odks'kksa dh ek¡x Hkh c<+rh tk jgh gSA buds fo"k;&{ks=k lhfer gksrs gSaA vr%buds izdk'ku dk O;; Hkh vis{kkÑr de gksrk gSA

fo'odks'kksa dks fuEukafdr fo'ks"krkvksa ds vk/kj ij iqu% vusd Jsf.k;ksa esa foHkDr fd;k tkldrk gS %

(i) vkdkj vFkok [kaM % ,d vFkok nks [kaMksa dk lsV ;k cgq[kaMh; lsV _

(ii) mi;ksDrk dh vk;q % o;Ld] fd'kksj] ckyd_

(iii) lfEefyr HkkSxksfyd {ks=k % lkoZHkkSfed vFkok {ks=kh;@jk"Vªh;_

(iv) Hkk"kk ds vuqlkjA

fdlh ,d fo'odks'k esa Hkh mi;qZDr fo'ks"krkvksa esa ls ,d ls vf/d fo'ks"krk,¡ gks ldrh gSaAcgq[kaMh; lsV o;Ldksa vFkok ckydksa ds fy, gks ldrk gSA blh izdkj fdlh cky fo'odks'k dk{ks=k fdlh ns'k fo'ks"k rd Hkh lhfer gks ldrk gS vFkok bldk {ks=k foLr`r Hkh gks ldrk gSμ tSlsHkkjr vFkok nf{k.kh ,f'k;kA

5.1 lkekU; fo'odks'k

(v) lkekU; fo'odks'kksa esa ekuo Kku ds lHkh {ks=kksa ,oa 'kk[kkvksa ds fo"k;ksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;kgksrk gSA ,sls fo'odks'k vf/d yksdfiz; gksrs gSa vkSj lanHkZ Ïksr ds :i esa lokZf/d mi;ksx esa yk;stkrs gSaA bUgsa vusd Jsf.k;ksa esa foHkDr fd;k tkrk gS tks buds vkdkj] mi;ksDrk ds vk;q lewg] {ks=k dhlhek] Hkk"kk bR;kfn ds vuqlkj gksrh gSaA dqN vR;Ur yksdfiz; 'kCndks'kksa dk mYys[k ;gk¡ izLrqr gSA

bUlkbDyksihfM;k fczVkfudk dk izFke laLdj.k rhu [kaM+ksa esa 1768&1771 esa izdkf'kr fd;k x;k FkkA14oka laLdj.k 1929 esa izdkf'kr fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj 1973 esa bldks iquZO;ofLFkr fd;k x;k FkkA1974 esa blds 15osa laLdj.k dk izdk'ku New Encyclopaedia Britannica dh vk[;k ls 30[kaMksa esa fd;k x;k gS ftlds rhu Hkkx gSa %

(i) Propaedia (izksihfM;k)&1 [kaM

(ii) Micropaedia (ekbØksihfM;k)&10 [kaM

(iii) Macropaedia (eSØksihfM;k)&19 [kaM

(i) izksihfM;k μ ;g iwjs lsV dh lanf'kZdk gS tks Kku dh :ijs[kk iznku djrh gSA eSØksihfM;kesa lfEefyr vkys[kksa dk lqfu;ksftr ifjp; blesa mifLFkr fd;k x;k gSA

(ii) ekbØksihfM;k μ ;g ,d vè;;u lanf'kZdk gSA blesa Rofjr lanHkZ ds fy, laf{kIr lwpukiznku dh xbZ gSA og iwjs lsV ds fy, ,d foLr`r vuqØef.kdk dk dk;Z djrh gSAeSØksihfM;k ds varxZr izLrqr fd, x, vkys[kksa ds [kaM ,oa i`"B la[;k dk ladsr blesa fn;kx;k gSA blds nlksa [kaMksa esa mnkjrkiwoZd vU;ksU; lanHkZ ls fn, x, gSaA lrgh tkudkjh dsfy, vè;srk lw{e rF;ksa ,oa foLr`r vk;keksa dh tkudkjh pkgrs gSa os eSØksihfM;k dkvoyksdu dj foLr`r lwpuk izkIr dj ldrs gSaA

NOTES


125

fo'odks'k(iii)eSØksihfM;k μ blesa foLr`r ,oa xgu Kku dks foLr`r vkys[kksa ds :i esa izLrqr fd;k x;kgSA blesa ekuo vfHk:fp ,oa fo"k;ksa ds izeq[k izdj.kksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gS vkSjbldh jpuk xaHkhj ,oa mPp Lrjh; ikBdksa ds fy, dh xbZ gSA blesa lfEefyr vkys[kksa dhjpuk [;kfr izkIr fo"k; fo'ks"kKksa us dh gSA vkys[kksa ds lkFk p;fur ,oa O;k[;kRedxzaFklwfp;k¡ Hkh iznku dh xbZ gSaA bldk mikxe ,oa fo"k;&{ks=k varjkZ"Vªh; ,oa lkoZHkkSfed gSAbl fo'odks'k dks v|ru j[kus ds fy, 1938 ls izR;sd o"kZ Britannica Book of theYear dk izdk'ku fd;k tk jgk gSA blds fujUrj la'kks/u dh uhfr dk Hkh vuqlj.k fd;ktkrk gSA

(iv)iwjs lsV dh vuqØef.kdk miyC/ u gksus ds dkj.k bl uohu laLdj.k* dh cM+h vkykspukgqbZA vr% 1985 ds iqueqZfær laLdj.k esa nks [kaMksa dh vuqØef.kdk Hkh nh xbZA bl izdkjbl fo'odks'k dk orZeku lsV 32 [kaMksa dk gks x;k gSA blds [kaMksa dks fuEufyf[kr :iesa iquO;ZofLFkr Hkh dj fn;k x;k gSA

izksihfM;k (Propaedia) - 1 [kaM

ekbØksihfM;k (Micropaedia) - 12 [kaM

eSØksihfM;k (Macropaedia) - 17 [kaM

vuqØef.kdk (Index) - 2 [kaM

Encyclopedia Americana New York : Groiler, 1976, 30 volumes

bldk izFke laLdj.k 16 [kaMksa esa 1903-1904 esa izdkf'kr fd;k x;k FkkA bldk 1912 dk laLdj.kek=k vesfjdkuk dh vk[;k ls izdkf'kr gqvk FkkA

lHkh fof'k"V fo"k;ksa ds laf{kIr vkys[kksa dks blds vf/dka'k [kaMksa esa lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA ;gfo'odks'k vesfjdh uxjksa vkSj dLcksa dh lwpuk iznku djus esa ,d foLr`r fo'odks'k gSA bldk iw.kZr%la'kksf/r laLdj.k 1918&20 esa izdkf'kr fd;k x;k Fkk tks ckn ds lHkh laLdj.kksa dk vk/kj cukjgk gSA

;g ,d mÙke dksfV dk cgq[kaMh; lkekU; fo'odks'k gSA blds vf/dka'k% vkys[kksa ds lkFk mudsys[kdksa dk uke Hkh fn;k x;k gSA ysfdu bldh xazFklwfp;ksa dks v|ru ugha j[kk x;k gSA ;g fo'odks'klrr~ la'kks/u uhfr dk vuqlj.k djrk gSA ;|fi izR;sd o"kZ vkys[kksa dks la'kksf/r fd;k tkrk gS]ysfdu uohu laLdj.k izdkf'kr ugha fd;k tkrk gSA

1923 ls Americana Annual : An Encyclopedia of Events dks blds ,d iwjd vad ds :iesa izdkf'kr fd;k tk jgk gS ftlesa foxr o"kZ dh ?kVukvksa dk fooj.k izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA

Chamber's Encyclopaedia. New rev. ed. London : International Learning Systems Cor-poration, 1973, 15 Volumes.

bldk loZizFke izdk'ku 1850-1867 esa fd;k x;k FkkA ;g czks[kkSl (Brokhaus) ij vk/kfjr FkkAbldk fujUrj la'kks/u fd;k tkrk jgk vkSj lu~ 1950 esa bls iw.kZr% v|ru dj fn;k x;kA blds cknds lHkh laLdj.k 1950 ds la'kksf/r laLdj.k ds la'kks/u gSaA blds vkys[k laf{kIr gSa vkSj fo'ks"kKksa}kjk fy[ks x, gSaA vkys[kksa ds var esa fo"k; fo'ks"kKksa ds laf{kIr uke Hkh fn, x, gSaA bldk {ks=kvarjkZ"Vªh; gSA lHkh vkys[kksa esa xzaFklwfp;k¡ ugha nh xbZ gSaA 15osa [kaM esa ekufp=kokyh] xtsfV;j vkSjoxhZÑr Øe esa vkys[kksa dh vuqØef.kdk iznku dh xbZ gSA

lu~ 1968 ls Chamber's Encyclopaedia Yearbook dk izdk'ku gks jgk gSA

NOTES



126

Funk and Wagnalls New Encyclopedia. New York : Funk and Wagnalls, 1983. 27 Vol-umes.

;g fo'odks'k NksVs iqLrdky;ksa ds fy, vR;qÙke gS vkSj futh ladyu esa Hkh j[kus ;ksX; gSA bldhlwpuk lkexzh v|ru vkSj lqO;ofLFkr gSA bldh vuqØef.kdk mi;ksxh gS vkSj blesa izpqj fp=kys[kHkh fn, x, gSaA

(c) o;Ldksa ds fy, yksdfiz; cgq[kaMh; fo'odks'k

,sls fo'odks'k ekè;fed fo|ky;ksa rFkk egkfo|ky;ksa ds Nk=kksa ds fy, mi;ksxh gSaA budh Hkk"kk ljygksrh gS vkSj bUgsa yksdfiz; 'kSyh esa fy[kk x;k gksrk gSA tulkekU; ds fy, Hkh ;s i;kZIr mi;ksxh ,oalwpukizn gksrs gSaA

Collier's Encyclopedia with Bibliography and Index/by William D. Halsay. New YorkMachilian, 1982 24 volumes.

bldk izdk'ku izFke ckj 1949 esa 20 [kaMksa esa fd;k x;kA bls fujarj la'kksf/r fd;k tkrk jgk gSAblesa 5000 ys[kdksa vkSj laikndksa ds 25000 gLrk{kfjr vkys[kksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA jpukvksads lkFk xzaFklwfp;k¡ nh xbZ gSaA blesa fp=kys[k ,oa ekufp=k Hkh fn, x, gSaA vuqØef.kdk esa izfof"V;k¡mÙke jhfr ls O;ofLFkr gSaA

Collier's Encyclopedia Yearbook. 1968 esa fiNys o"kZ dh ?kVukvksa dks o.kkZuqØe eas fn;k x;k gSA

The Macmillan Family. Encyclopaedia. 2nd rev. and updated ed. London : Macmillan1982. 21 volumes.

(l) fd'kksjksa ,oa ckydksa ds fy, cgq[kaMh; fo'odks'k

fd'kksjksa ,oa ckydksa ds Lrj ds fo'odks'kksa dk Hkh ckgqY; gS D;ksafd budk mi;ksx fo|ky; ds Nk=kksa}kjk vf/d fd;k tkrk gS ;|fi ;s o;Ldksa ds fy, Hkh #fpdj ,oa lwpukizn gksrs gSaA

Oxford Junior Encyclopaedia. Rev. ed. London : OUP 1961. 12 volumes.

bldk izFke laLdj.k 1961 esa izdkf'kr gqvk FkkA bls 10 o"kks± ls vf/d vk;q okys cPpksa dh ftKklk,oa iz'uksa dks è;ku esa j[kdj fojfpr ,oa izdkf'kr fd;k x;k gSA izR;sd [kaM ,d fo"k; fo'ks"k lslacaf/r gS vkSj o.kkZuqØe esa O;ofLFkr gSA blesa xzaFklwfp;ksa dk vHkko gSA vkys[kksa dks ljy Hkk"kk esafy[kk x;k gSA

Children's Britannica. London : encyclopaedia Britannica, 1981. 19 volumes.

bldk izdk'ku 1960 esa izFke ckj gqvk FkkA blds vesfjdh laLdj.k dh vk[;k Britannica JuniorgS ftlls ;g vf/d izfl¼ gSA bldk fujUrj la'kks/u gksrk jgrk gSA bldh Hkk"kk ljy ,oa jkspdgSA bldk eqæ.k vkd"kZd gS vkSj fp=kys[k Hkh fn, x, gSaA bldh dher de gksus ds dkj.k vf/dka'k?kjksa esa Hkh ;g miyC/ gSA

New Book of Knowledge. New York : Groiler. 21 volumes.

Ldwy tkus ds iwoZ ds ckydksa ds fy, rS;kj fd, x, fo'odks'k esa ;g fo'odks'k lokZf/d fo[;krgSA 1912 esa bldk izdk'ku loZizFke The Book of Knowledge dh vk[;k ls gqvk FkkA 1966 esavk[;k esa ifjorZu dj bldk orZeku uohu uke j[kk x;k ftlls vc tkuk tkrk gSA ;g 7&14 o"kZds vk;q ds ckydksa ds fy, mi;qDr gSA vU; ckyksi;ksxh fo'odks'kksa dh rqyuk esa ;g vf/d foLr`r

NOTES


127

fo'odks'kizkekf.kd uohu rFkk oLrqfu"B gSA bldk {ks=k vR;Ur foLr`r gSA

Young Students Encyclopaedia. Rev. ed. Middletown : Xerox Education Publications.1980. 21 volumes.

;g fo'odks'k 7&13 o"kZ ds vk;q ds ckydksa ds fy, rS;kj fd;k x;k gSA blesa NksVs&NksVs vkys[kgSa vkSj ;g lfp=k ckyksi;ksxh fo'odks'k gSA

New Caxton Encyclopaedia 5th ed. London : Caxton, 1979. 20 volumes.

blds vkys[k gLrk{kfjr ugha gSa ij jaxhu fp=kksa ls ;qDr gSaA bldk ewyikB i;kZIr ugha gS vkSj xzaFklwfp;k¡ugha nh xbZ gSaA bldh dher Hkh vf/d gSA

The World Book Yearbook : ;g ,d okf"kZd izdk'ku gS ftlds }kjk fiNys o"kZ dh ?kVukvksa dkfooj.k nsdj World Book Encyclopaedia dks v|ru j[kk tkrk gSA

Compton's Pictured Encyclopedia and Fact Index. Chicago : Compton, 1981. 24 vol-umes

bldk izFke laLdj.k 1922 esa Compton's Pictured Encyclopedia dh vk[;k ls izdkf'kr fd;kx;k FkkA ;g ,d lqO;ofLFkr twfu;j fo'odks'k gS ftls ekè;fed fo|ky;ksa ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy,rS;kj fd;k x;k gSA ysfdu ;g o;Ld ftKklqvksa ds fy, Hkh mi;ksxh gSA iQSDV bUMsDl esa O;kidfo"k;ksa ls lacaf/r yEcs vkys[kksa ds mifoHkkxksa dks izLrqr fd;k x;k gS tks o.kkZuqØe esa O;ofLFkrgSA blesa laf{kIr thoupfjr Hkh gSA

Merit Students Encyclopedia. New York : Macmillan, 20 vols.

bldk izFke ckj izdk'ku 1967 esa gqvk FkkA blds lHkh vkys[k gLrk{kfjr gSa rFkk cM+s&cM+s vkys[kksads lkFk xzaFklwfp;k¡ Hkh nh xbZ gSaA ;g vesfjdh fo|ky;ksa ds Nk=kksa ds fy, mi;ksxh gS tks vesfjdhikB~;Øeksa dk vuqlj.k djrs gSaA blds 20osa [kaM esa 125000 lanHkks± ds lkFk vuqØef.kdk nh xbZgS ijarq buesa vU;ksU; lanHkZ de la[;k esa gSaA

(n) ,d o nks [kaMh; o;Ld ,oa twfu;j fo'odks'k

foxr ik¡p n'kdksa ls ,d ;k nks [kaMksa ds fo'odks'kksa ds izdk'ku dh fn'kk esa izdk'kdksa }kjk iz;klfd;k tk jgk gS ftlds eq[; dkj.k gSa % izdk'ku ij vf/d O;;&Hkkj rFkk foi.ku dh leL;k gSA,sls fo'odks'kksa esa o.kkZuqØfd O;oLFkk dh tkrh gSA ftlls vuqØef.kdk dh vko';drk ugha gksrhAbuesa fo'oO;kih lwpuk izLrqr dh tkrh gS tks laf{kIr ijUrq fo'oluh; gksrh gSA ;s fo'oluh;]ferO;;h ,oa mi;ksx esa lqfo/ktud gksrs gSaA

The New Columbia Encyclopedia/ed. by W. H. Harris and J. S. Levy. 4th ed New York: Columbia University Press, 1975.

bldk izFke izdk'ku 1935 esa dksyfEc;k balkbDyksihfM;k dh vk[;k ls fy;k x;k FkkA ;g ,d l?ku[kaM esa gS vkSj bls Rofjr lanHkZ ds fy, vfHkdfYir fd;k x;k gSA blesa 59]000 laf{kIr vkys[kksadks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gS tks NksVs iqLrdky;ksa ds fy, mi;ksxh gS vkSj ifjokjksi;kxh HkhA blesalaf{kIr thoupfjr rFkk HkkSxksfyd lwpuk Hkh lfEefyr dh xbZ gSA vkys[kksa esa nks ;k rhu vkys[kksa dhlaf{kIr xzaFklwfp;k¡ Hkh nh xbZ gSaA blesa ekufp=k rFkk fp=k Hkh izLrqr fd, x, gSaA

The Ranadom House Encyclopedia. New Rev. ed. New York : Random House, [1983]

fo'odks'kksa ds {ks=k esa ;g ,d uohu iz;kl gSA ;g nks Hkkxksa esa gSμ dyjihfM;k (Colorpedia) rFkk

NOTES



128

vYiQkihfM;k (Alphapedia)A

dyjihfM;k esa laf{kIr vkys[kksa dks lkr vuqHkkxksa esa lewgc¼ fd;k x;k gSA blesa pkj jaxksa ds fp=kvkSj Mªkbax gSA izR;sd vuqHkkx O;kid fo"k; ls lw{e fo"k; dh vksj vxzlj gksrk gSμ tSls μ txr(Universe) ls ekuo ,oa e'khu (Man and Machine)A

bldk izFke laLdj.k 1947 esa izdk'kfr gqvk FkkA blesa laf{kIr vkys[kksa ds lkFk 'osr&';ke fp=k Hkhfn, x, gSaA blesa laf{kIrk{kjksa] irs rFkk eki&rkSy bR;kfn fn, x, gSa rFkk 31 i`"Bksa esa HkkSxksfyd&fo'odh jaxhu Hkwfp=kkoyh nh xbZ gSA 14 ls vf/d vk;q ds ckydksa ds fy, ,d [;kfrizkIr fo'odks'kgSA

The Lincoln Library of Essential Information. 43rd ed. Ohio : The Frontier Press, 1985.2 volumes.

Pear's Encyclopaedia : A Book of Reference and background Information for EveryDay Use. Bamgary, Sufflocks : Pelham Books, 1968-69.

NksVs iqLrdky;ksa ,oa ikfjokfjd mi;ksx ds fy, ;s nksuksa fo'odks'k i;kZIr lwpukizn vkSj l?kufo'odks'k gSaA

lkekU; fo'odks'k μ fganh ,oa vaxzsth&brj vU; Hkk"kkvksa ds fo'odks'k

vaxzsth Hkk"kk ds fo'odks'k ls ge i;kZIr :i ls ifjfpr gks pqds gSaA vU; ;wjksih; Hkk"kkvksa esa HkhlkekU; fo'odks'k dk izdk'ku djus dh laiUu ijEijk izpfyr gSA oLrqr% teZu Hkk"kk ds fo'odks'kus dkykUrj esa vaxzsth Hkk"kk ds fo'odks'kksa ds fy, ,d vkn'kZ dk dk;Z fd;k gSA

Encyclopaedia Universalis. Paris : Encyclopaedia Universalis, 1968-74. 20 volumes.

volumes 1-16 A-Z lkekU; izfof"V;k¡ (General Entries)

Volume 17 lkj (Organum)

Volumes 18-20 fFklkjl vFkok fo'oys"k.kkRed vuqØef.kdk (Thesaurus or AnalyticalIndex)

;gk¡ ¶vkxZue¸ (Organum) dk vfHkizk; ekuo Kku dk lkj vFkok bldk flagkoyksdu gSA vkys[kcgqr yEcs gSa tks O;kid 'kh"kZdksa ds vUrxZr fn, x, gSaA

Bolshaia Sovetskaia Entsiklopedia. 3rd ed. Moskva, 1970-77. 30 volumes.

bldk vuqokn :lh Hkk"kk ls vaxzsth esa Great Soviet encyclopaedia dh vk[;k ls eSdfeyu }kjkizdkf'kr fd;k x;k gSA ;g lokZf/d iw.kZ lksfo;r fo'odks'k gSA

Der Grosse Brokhaus. 16th ed. Wiesbadedn : Brockhaus, 1952-63. 14 volumes.

;g ,d teZu fo'odks'k dk vR;Ur uohu] iw.kZ vkSj ekud laLdj.k gSA blds iwoZ ds laLdj.kksa usfo'o ds vusd ns'kksa esa fo'odks'kksa dh jpuk i¼fr dks izHkkfor fd;k gSA

fganh fo'odks'kA okjk.klh % ukxjh izpkfj.kh lHkk] 1960&71- 12 [kaMA

fganh esa ;g vdsyk O;kid fo'odks'k gS] ysfdu larqfyr ugha gSA blesa xzaFklwfp;k¡ ugha nh xbZ gSaA

NOTES


129

fo'odks'kjk"Vªh; ,oa {ks=kh; fo'odks'k

lkekU;r% izR;sd ns'k ds ukxfjdksa ds ykHkkFkZ jk"Vªh; rFkk {ks=kh; Hkk"kkvksa esa jk"Vªh; ,oa {ks=kh;fo'odks'k dk gksuk vko';d gSA ,sls fo'odks'kksa esa lacaf/r ns'k ds bfrgkl] Hkwxksy] dyk] izpyu,oa ifjikfV;ksa] laLÑfr rFkk lkekftd] jktuhfrd ,oa vkfFkZd fLFkfr;ksa vkSj ml ns'k dk fooj.kizk;% vU; ns'kksa dh rqyuk esa vf/d gksrk gS vkSj vU; ns'kksa ds lkekU; rF;ksa@?kVukvksa bR;kfn dk o.kZumlesa ugha gksrk gS vkSj izeq[k i{kksa dk o.kZu Hkh la{ksi esa fd;k x;k gksrk gSA fdlh ns'k ds fo"k;esa ;fn vf/d tkuus dh vko';drk gks rks lkekU; jk"Vªh; ,oa {ks=kh; fo'odks'k vf/d lwpukizngksrs gSaA vr% vaxzsth Hkk"kk esa izdkf'kr jk"Vªh; fo'odks'k vFkok lacaf/r ns'k dh jk"Vªh; Hkk"kk esaizdkf'kr fo'odks'k ml ns'k ds ckjs esa tkudkjh ds fy, vf/d lwpukizn gksrs gSaA vaxzsth Hkk"kk dsjk"Vªh; ,oa {ks=kh; fo'odks'kksa ds dqN mnkgj.kksa dk mYys[k ;gk¡ fd;k x;k gSA

"Encyclopaedia Britannica", "Encyclopedia Americana", Encyclopaedia Francaise" esa viusns'kksa dh lwpuk lokZf/d gS tcfd vU; ns'kksa ds lkekU; fo'odks'kksa esa ,slk ugha gS] ;|fi bufo'odks'kksa dk foLrkj&{ks=k varjkZ"Vªh; gSA

Cambridge Encyclopaedia of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Srilanka, Nepal, Bhutan andMaldives/ed. by Francis Robinson. Cambridge; University Press, 1989.

Encyclopaedia of India/ed. by P.N. Chopra and Prabha Chopra. Delhi : Agam Prakashan,1987, 2 volumes.

Hkkjr ls lacaf/r lHkh i{kksa dk o.kZu djus dk iz;kl bu fo'odks'kksa esa fd;k x;k gS rFkk Hkkjr dsfuokfl;ksa dh thou iz.kkyh] ouLifr;k¡ ,oa tho&tUrq] HkkSfrd jpuk] esyksa ,oa R;kSgkjksa] /eZ] lkfgR;]fo[;kr yksxksa bR;kfn ls lacaf/r lwpuk iznku dh xbZ gSA vUr esa Hkkjr dk xtsfV;j Hkh fn;k x;kgSA ?kVukvksa dk foLr`r dkypØ izkphudky ls ysdj orZeku le; rd fn;k x;k gSA

Cambridge Encyclopaedia of the Middle East and North Africa. Cambridge : CambridgeUniversity Press, 1988.

The Oxford Encyclopaedia of the Modern Islamic World/ed. by John L. Esposto. Ox-ford: Oxford University Press, 1955. 4 volumes.

blesa 750 vkys[kksa dks ik¡p Jsf.k;ksa esa O;ofLFkr fd;k x;k gS tks bLyke dh i¼fr;ksa] fopkj/kjkvksa]bLyke ,oa jktuhfr] eqfLye leqnk; ,oa lekt] bLyke ,oa lekt vkSj bLyke ds vè;;u lslacafèkr gSA dqN vkys[k cM+s gSa ftUgsa 10]000 'kCnksa rd esa izLrqr fd;k x;k gS vkSj dqN vkys[klaf{kIr Hkh gSa ftUgsa 500&1000 'kCnksa esa fy[kk x;k gSA


2. lkekU; ,oa fof'k"V fo'odks'kksa esa vUrj Li"V dhft,A

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130

5.2 fof'k"V vFkok fo"k;&fo'odks'k

19oha lnh esa dqN lhfer fo"k;ksa ds fy, lhfer la[;k esa fo"k;&fo'odks'k gqvk djrs FksA ysfduvc fo"k;&fo'odks'k izk;% lHkh fo"k;ksa esa miyC/ gSaA loZizFke n'kZu'kkL=k ,oa /eZ'kkL=k esafo"k;&fo'odks'kksa dh jpuk dh xbZA jsUMksYiQ vkbLyj (Rendolf Eisler) us 1889 esa viusfo"k;&fo'odks'k dks Worterbuch der Philosophischen Segriffe dh vk[;k ls izdkf'kr fd;kx;k FkkA lu~ 1908&27 ds nkSjku Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics dk izdk'ku fd;k x;ktks vkt Hkh vius fo"k;&{ks=k dk ,d izkekf.kd fo"k;&fo'odks'k gSA bu fo"k;ksa dks lkekU;fo'odks'kksa esa Hkh lfEefyr fd;k x;k gksrk gSA ysfdu budh lw{e ,oa foLr`r foospuk lkekU;fo'odks'kksa esa ugha feyrh tcfd fo"k;&fo'odks'k fo"k;&fo'ks"kKksa ds fy, rS;kj fd, tkrs gSaA vr%muesa mi&fo"k;ksa dks Hkh foLrkjiwoZd izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA

igys ds fo"k;&fo'odks'k cgq[kaMh; lsV esa gksrs Fks vkSj fdlh O;kid fo"k; {ks=kksa dks lefiZr gksrsFksμ tSls foKku] lkekftd foKku] izkS|ksfxdh bR;kfnA ysfdu vkt izR;sd fo"k; ds fo'odks'kizdkf'kr gks jgs gSa vkSj ek=k ,d ;k nks [kaMksa esa gh gksrs gSaA fof'k"V iqLrdky;ksa esa budh mi;ksfxrkgSA ;s dher esa de gksrs gSa vkSj de LFkku ?ksjrs gSaA vr% fof'k"V iqLrdky;ksa esa cgq[kaMh; lkekU;fo'odks'kksa dh vis{kk budh [kjhn dks izkFkfedrk nh tkrh gSA

fdlh izdkj dh lwpuk izkIr djus ds fy, fdlh lanHkZ iqLrdky; vFkok ikBd ds fy, lkekU;fo'odks'k dk mi;ksx djuk ,d vke ckr gSA ysfdu fdlh fo"k; fo'ks"k dh xgu ,oa foLr`r lwpukdh izkfIr ds fy, fdlh fo"k;&fo'odks'k dk gh mi;ksx djuk vko';d gksrk gSA gS.Mcqd ek=kdke&pykmQ midj.k gksrs gSaA buls mi;ksDrk dks dke yk;d rF;ksa ,oa MsVk dks izkIr djus esa lqfoèkkgksrh gS tcfd fo"k;&fo'odks'kksa ls lacaf/r fo"k; dh iw.kZ i`"BHkwfe bR;kfn dh foLr`r ,oa xgulwpuk izkIr gksrh gSA blls ikBdksa dks Lo;a fo"k; dh tkudkjh rFkk mudk iw.kZ Kku izkIr djus esalgk;rk rks izkIr gksrh gS lkFk gh mUgsa vius dks Hkh f'kf{kr djus dk volj izkIr gksrk gSA

lHkh fo"k;ksa esa miyC/ lHkh fo'odks'kksa dk ;gk¡ mYys[k djuk laHko ugha gS fiQj Hkh fo'ofo|ky;,oa fof'k"V iqLrdky;ksa esa miyC/ dqN izeq[k ,oa yksdfiz; fo'odks'kksa dks ;gk¡ lwpukFkZ rkfydkc¼fd;k x;k gSA

(v) cgq[kaMh; fo"k;&fo'odks'k

McGraw-Hill Encyclopaedia of Science and Technology. 6th ed. New York : McGraw-Hill, 1987. 20 volumes.

International Encyclopedia of Social Science / Ed. by Devid macmillan and Free Press1968-8018 volumes.

;g Encyclopaedia of Social Sciences dk ek=k la'kks/u ugha gS] cfYd iw.kZr% ,d uohufo'odks'k gSA blesa ftu izeq[k fo"k;ksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gS os gSa % ekuo'kkL=k] vFkZ'kkL=k]Hkwxksy] bfrgkl] fof/] jktuhfr foKku] euksfoKku] ekufld mipkj] lekt'kkL=k] lkaf[;dh bR;kfnAblds 18osa [kaM ds :i esa izdkf'kr [kaM esa 215 lkekftd foKkuksa ds fo'ks"kKksa ,oa izorZdksa ds foLr`rthoupfjr dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA bl [kaM dks 1980 esa izdkf'kr fd;k x;kA

NOTES


131

fo'odks'kEncyclopedia of Library and Information Science/ed. by Allen Kent and Harold Lancour.N. Y. : Dekker, 1968-69. 35 Vols. + Supplements. Volumes 34 and 35 are Author andSubject Index respectively.

blds iwjd [kaM Hkh izdkf'kr gks jgs gSa ftUgsa vkys[kksa dks v|ru j[kus ds fy, vfHkdfYir fd;kx;k gSA bu iwjd [kaMksa esa u, izdj.k tksM+s tkrs gSa gky esa fnoxar gq, iqLrdky;ksa ls lacaf/r O;fDr;ksadh thouh nh tkrh gS rFkk eq[; lsV esa ftu izdj.kksa dks lfEefyr ugha fd;k tk ldk Fkk mUgsalfEefyr djus dh Hkh O;oLFkk dh tkrh gSA izR;sd iwjd [kaM dks i`Fkd&i`Fkd o.kkZuqØe esaO;ofLFkr fd;k x;k gSA

Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. N.Y. : Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1972-75. 13 vol-umes.

V1 : Lower Animals; V2 : Mollasks and echinoderms; V; 3-5 Fishes; V6 : Reptiles; V7-9 : Rirds; V 10-13 : Mammals. izR;sd [kaM esa dbZ vè;k; gSa ftUgsa varjkZ"Vªh; fo}kuksa ds cM+s nyus rS;kj fd;k gSA

bl fo'kky Ñfr dks rS;kj djus esa 120 ns'kksa ds 6700 fo}kuksa us ;ksxnku fn;k gSA blesa vkfndkydh xqiQkvksa dh fp=kdyk ls ysdj efYVehfM;k }kjk LFkkfir dke&ØhMk laca/h dykvksa dkslfEefyr djus dk nkok fd;k x;k gSA blds ewy ikB dks 26 Hkk"kkvksa ls vuqfnr fd;k x;k gSA

The New Palgrave : A Dictionary of Economics./ed. by J. Eatwell (et al.). London :Macmillan, 1988. 4 volumes.

bls 900 fo'ks"kKksa ,oa fo}kuksa ds lfEefyr ;ksxnku ,oa iz;kl ls rS;kj fd;k x;k gSA blesa 2000gLrk{kfjr izfof"V;k¡ gSaA

Marshall Cavendish Illustrated Encyclopaedia of Discovery and Exploration, 1990. 17volumes.

izR;sd [kaM esa leqæ&;k=kk ds vusd fn'kkvksa esa vfHk;kuksa dk o.kZu gS ftUgsa dkyØekuqlkj O;ofLFkrfd;k x;k gSA izFke [kaM esa of.kZr izFke [kkst ls ysdj 16osa [kaM esa paæek rd igq¡pus dk fooj.kfn;k x;k gSA 19ok¡ [kaM vuqØef.kdk gSA

Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature/ed. by Amaresh Datta [et al.]. New Delhi : SahityaAkademi, 1987-92. 6 volumes.

blesa lkfgfR;d vkanksyuksa ,oa izo`fÙk;ksa dk losZ{k.k izLrqr fd;k x;k gS rFkk ew/ZU; Hkkjrh; ys[kdksaij fVIi.kh miyC/ gSaA lkFk 25 Hkk"kkvksa dh egRoiw.kZ iqLrdksa dk Hkh fooj.k lfEefyr fd;kx;k gSA

Encyclopaedia of Indian Culture/by R.N. Saletore. New Delhi Sterling, 1981-85. 5 vol-umes.

blesa izkphu dky ls 19oha lnh rd dh Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ds bfrgkl dks 400 vkys[kksa ds }kjk ik¡p[kaMksa esa izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA izR;sd izdj.k dh rhu n`f"Vdksa.ksa ls foospuk dh xbZ gS μ czkãf.kd]ckS¼ vkSj tSuA

NOTES



132

(c) ,d ls rhu [kaMh; fo"k;&fo'odks'k

Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dks'k@lfPpnkuan HkV~Vkpk;Z Kkupaæ tSu bR;kfn }kjk vuqokfnrA y[kumQ % mÙkj izns'kfganh laLFkku] 1989A

blesa Hkkjr ds izkphu] eè;dkyhu ,oa vk/qfud bfrgkl dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA LFkkuksa fuokfl;ksarFkk ,sfrgkfld n`f"V ls egRoiw.kZ ?kVukvksa dk blesa o.kZu gSA

Encyclopaedia of Indian Archeaology/ed. by A. Ghose. Lieden : Brill, 1990.

Hkkjrh; bfrgkl 'kks/ ifj"kn~ (Indian Council of Historical Research) ds rRoko/ku esa ladfyrA

Dictionary of Modern Indian History, 1707-1947/by Purshottam Mehra. New Delhi :Oxford University Press, 1987.

blesa o.kkZuqØe esa O;ofLFkr 400 izfof"V;k¡ gSa ftuesa LFkkuksa] ?kVukvksa] usrkvksa] jktuhfrd nyksa bR;kfndk o.kZu gSA Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds dkypØ dh lkj.kh] Hkkjrh; inksa dh ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh rFkk1774&1947 dh vof/ esa inklhu Hkkjr ds xoZuj tujyksa dh lwph ifjf'k"Vksa esa nh xbZ gSA

Golden Treasury of Science and Technology. 2nd ed. New Delhi : Council of Scientificand Industrial Research, 1993.

;g ,d ,slh Ñfr gS ftlesa oSKkfudksa] oSKkfud [kkstksa] oSKkfud inksa ,oa ?kVukvksa dks o.kkZuqØe esaO;ofLFkr fd;k x;k gS vkSj ljy Hkk"kk esa mudk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA blesa vkB ifjf'k"V gSa ftudklaca/ fuEufyf[kr ls gS %

(i) 1993 rd ds ukscqy iqjLdkj fotsrkvksa dh lwph (List of Nobel Laureates upto1993).

(ii) O;qRiUu bdkb;k¡ (Derived units).

(iii) xq.ku[kaMksa dk xq.kuiQy (Maltiplication Factors).

(iv) xq.ku[kaMksa dk :ikUrj.k (Conversion factors).

(v) xzhd o.kZekyk (Greek Alphabets).

(vi) HkkSfrd fu;rkad (Physical Constants).

(vii) mi&v.kqfod d.k (Sub-atomic Particles). rFkk

(viii) ,feuks vEy (Amino Acid)A

A Conceptual Encyclopaedia of Guru Garanth Sahib/by S.S. Kohli, Delhi Manohar. 1992.

blesa flD[k /eZ dh vo/kj.kkvksa dh O;k[;k ,oa rqyuk vU; /eks± ds vfHkizk;ksa ds ifjizs{; esa dhxbZ gSA

Social Encyclopedia/by Adam Kuper and Jessica Kuper. New York : Koutledge andKegan Paul, 1989.

blesa 25 ns'kksa ds 500 fo"k; fo'ks"kKksa ,oa fo}kuksa ds 700 gLrk{kfjr vkys[kksa dks ladfyr fd;k x;kgS ftuesa lkekftd foKku ds izeq[k fo"k;ksa] lkekftd foKku ds fo'ks"kKksa rFkk fl¼karfonksa dsthoupfjr ls lacaf/r lwpuk dks foLr`r fucU/ksa ds :i esa izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA izR;sd izfof"V esalaf{kIr xzaFklwph Hkh nh xbZ gSA

NOTES


133

fo'odks'kCambridge Encyclopaedia of English Language/by David Crystal. London : CambridgeUniversity Press 1965.

blesa vaxzsth Hkk"kk ds bfrgkl] lajpuk] oSfoè; ,oa fo'oLrjh; iz;ksx dk fooj.k gSA


3. bUlkbDyksihfM;k fczVkfudk dk laf{kIr ifjp; nhft,A

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iwoZ vuqPNsn esa geus fofHkUu izdkj ds fo'odks'kksa dk losZ{k.k fd;k gSA bl vuqPNsn esa ge fo'odks'kksadh mi;ksfxrk dh ppkZ djsaxsA fo'odks'k Kku ds vkxkj gksrs gSa vkSj lHkh fo"k;ksa dh lwpuk iznku djrsgSaA iqLrdky; esa lanHkZ lsok iznku djus esa fo'odks'k es#n.M dk dk;Z djrs gSa] vFkkZr~ ;s lanHkZ dk;Z,oa lsok ds eq[; vk/kj gksrs gSaA vf/dka'k lanHkZ iz'uksa dk mÙkj budh lgk;rk ls iznku fd;k tkldrk gSA vf/dka'k ikBd lanHkZ dh vU; iqLrdksa vkSj fo'odks'kksa ds varj dks le>s fcuk gh vU;izdkj dh iqLrdksa dks fo'odks'k eku ysrs gSaA ;|fi iqLrdky; esa lanHkZ dh vusd iqLrdsa gksrh gSarFkkfi iqLrdky;kè;{k lwpuk izkIr djus ds fy, loZizFke fo'odks'kksa dk voyksdu djrs gSaA izkphule; eas fo'odks'kksa dk mi;ksx lekt dk mQ¡pk rcdk gh djrk Fkk] ijarq vktdy lHkh izdkj dslkekU; yksx Hkh budk mi;ksx djrs gSaA fo|kfFkZ;ksa ,oa 'kks/kfFkZ;ksa esa fo'odks'k vf/d yksdfiz; gSvkSj budk mi;ksx Hkh os vf/d djrs gSaA

(i) fo'odks'kksa dk voyksdu fdlh fo"k; dh laf{kIr] ljy ,oa lqikfpr tkudkjh ,dLFkku ij izkIr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

(ii) fo'odks'kksa ds voyksdu dh rc Hkh vko';drk gksrh gS tc fdlh vR;Ur lhferfo"k; ij tkudkjh pkfg, ftlds fy, iqLrdky; esa dksbZ iqLrd miyC/ ugha gSA

(iii) fo'odks'kksa ls lkekU;r% fu"i{k ,oa iwokZxzgjfgr lwpuk izkIr gksrh gS vkSj lacaf/r fo"k;ij lHkh n`f"Vdksa.kksa ls laf{kIr lwpuk lkexzh izkIr gks tkrh gSA

(iv) blesa lacaf/r izdj.k ;k fo"k; ds mQij ,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe lfgr lwpuk lkexzh izkIrgksrh gSA

(v) fo'odks'k cgq/k thoupfjr ls lacaf/r lwpuk ds izeq[k Ïksr gksrs gSaA pw¡fd ekuothoupfjr dks'kksa ls Hkh dHkh&dHkh lw{e rF;ksa dk mYys[k ugha feyrk gSA fo"k; fo'ks"kdh ,slh rRdkyhu tkudkjh iqjkus laLdj.kksa ls gh izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA tks ckn dslaLdj.kksa ls gVk nh xbZ gksA bUlkbDyksihfM;k fczVkfudk ds 9osa ,oa 11osa laLdj.kksa dksmuds ikf.MR;iw.kZ vkys[kksa ds fy, izk;% mn~/`r fd;k tkrk gSA

NOTES



134

(vi) fo'odks'kksa ds eq[; Hkkx esa ftu fo"k;ksa] eqíksa ;k izdj.kksa dk fo'ks"k fo"k;&'kh"kZdksa ds:i esa o.kZu ugha fd;k x;k gks] muds ckjs esa lwpuk izkIr djus ds fy, vuqØef.kdkdk viuk egRo gksrk gSA fo'odks'kksa esa vuqØef.kdkvksa ls izkIr fo"k; fo'ys"k.k dhfdruh foLr`r tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gS bldk vuqeku fuEufyf[kr lkj.kh ls yxk;k tkldrk gS %

fo'odks'k izfof"V;ksa dh la[;k vuqØef.kdk esaizfof"V;ksa dh la[;k

Encyclopedia Americana 53,120 3,53,000

Collier Encyclopaedia 25,000 4,00,000

(vii) fo'odks'kksa esa fp=kys[kksa] Mk;xzkeksa ,oa ekufp=kksa dk Hkh vR;f/d egRo gksrk gSA jaxhuIysVksa] fp=kksa] 'osr&';ke Nk;kfp=kksa ,oa js[kkfdar vkÑfr;ksa ls fo'odks'kksa ds lkS"Bo vkSjlq:fpiw.kZrk esa rks fu[kkj vkrk gh gS] lacaf/r izdj.k ds o.kZu ,oa izLrqrhdj.k dksle>us esa Hkh buls i;kZIr lgk;rk feyrh gSA

(viii) fo"k; ds ikf.MR;iw.kZ ,oa ikzekf.kd fooj.k dks fo'odks'kksa ds laiknd vf/d egRonsrs gSaA bl rF; ij lansg fd, fcuk fd fo'odks'kk; Ñfr;ksa ij iw.kZr% fo'okl ughadjuk pkfg,] izR;sd fooj.k dks la'k;kRed ekuuk pkfg, vkSj mldh iqf"V dj gh mlsLohdkj djuk pkfg,A bl ckr ls bUdkj ugha fd;k tk ldrk fd ekuo tkfr }kjkmRikfnr loksZÙke fopkjksa ,oa tfVyre Kku dks tkuus vkSj le>us ds fy, fo'odks'k Kkutxr~ ds izos'k }kj dk dk;Z djrs gaA tSlk fd xzksxu (Grogan) us Li"V fd;k gS fdU;w fczVkfudk dh jpuk esa 4300 fo}kuksa ,oa fo'ks"kKksa rFkk ukscqy iqjLdkj fotsrkvksa&feYVu]fÚMeSu vkSj yhul ikfyax (Multon, Friedman, Linus Pauling) dh lsokvksa dkmi;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA

vc ge fofHkUu izdkj ds fo'odks'kksa dh mi;ksfxrk dh ppkZ djsaxs μ

(i) lkekU; fo'odks'kksa dk mi;ksx fdlh Hkh fo"k; ij i`"BHkwfe lwpuk izkIr djus ds fy,fd;k tkrk gSA gekjs fy, vKkr fo"k;ksa dh lwpuk izkIr djus ds fy, vFkok tkudkjhdks rktk djus ds fy, mudk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA vkys[kksa ds var esa nh xbZ xazFklwphls ikBdksa dks lacaf/r fo"k; dk foLr`r vè;;u djus esa lgk;rk izkIr gksrh gSA

fdlh O;fDr ds lkekU; Kku dh vfHko`f¼ esa rFkk fdlh lkekU; O;fDr dks Lo;af'kf{kr djus esa fo'odks'kksa ls lgk;rk feyrh gSA fdlh Hkh lkekU; O;fDr ds fy,ekxZn'kZd rFkk f'k{kd ,oa f'k{kkFkhZ ds eè; ,d lrr~ dM+h dk dk;Z Hkh fo'odks'k djrsgSa vkSj bUgsa fcuk fdlh f>>d ds mi;ksx esa yk;k tk ldrk gSA buls rF;ksa] fp=kys[kksa]thoupfjr] HkkSxksfyd ,oa ,sfrgkfld lwpuk dks izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl izdkjlkekU; fo'odks'kksa esa mu lHkh izdkj dh lwpukvksa dks ,d LFkku ij lfEefyr fd;kx;k gksrk gS ftUgsa vU; lanHkZ Ïksrksa esa i`Fkd&i`Fkd ik;k tkrk gS] tSls μ 'kCndks'k] vCndks'k iapkax] funsZf'kdk] thoupfjr ,oa HkkSxksfyd Ïksr] Hkwfp=kkoyh] tux.kuk izfrosnu]xtsfV;j] gS.Mcqd] eSU;qvy bR;kfnA fo'odks'kksa esa cgqvk;keh lwpuk lqyHk gksus dsdkj.k mUgsa i;kZIr yksdfiz;rk izkIr gqbZA

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135

fo'odks'k(ii) lkekU; fo'odks'k % vaxzsth Hkk"kk μ vaxzsth ds vfrfjDr vU; ;wjksih; Hkk"kkvksa dsfo'odks'kksa dh mi;ksfxrk dk laf{kIr o.kZu fuEukafdr :i esa fd;k tk ldrk gSμ

● fo'ofo|ky;] egkfo|ky; rFkk fo|ky; iqLrdky;ksa esa fons'kh Hkk"kk ds fo'odks'kksadk ladyu djus ls fons'kh Hkk"kk ds f'k{kdksa ,oa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks cM+h lqfo/kgksrh gSA

● ,sls fo'odks'k mu yksxksa ds fy, mi;ksxh gksrs gSa tks vaxzsth Hkk"kk esa izoh.krk ,oadq'ky ugha gSaA

● fons'kh Hkk"kk lh[kus okyksa dks bldh vko';drk gksrh gSA f}Hkk"kh; 'kCndks'kksa dhlgk;rk ls budk mi;ksx dj lacaf/r ns'k ds fo"k; esa vf/d tkudkjh izkIr dhtk ldrh gS vkSj ml Hkk"kk esa n{krk Hkh vftZr dh tk ldrh gSA

● fdlh ns'k ds fuokfl;ksa dh thou&'kSyh dk vuqeku yxkus esa Hkh ;s mi;ksDrkvksadh lgk;rk djrs gSaA

(iii) {ks=kh;@jk"Vªh; fo'odks'k μ iqLrdky;ksa esa vaxzsth Hkk"kk ds vU; jk"Vªksa fo'odks'kksa dkladyu gksrk gS ysfdu vaxzsth Hkk"kk ds vfrfjDr vU; Hkk"kkvksa esa Hkh c`gr ,oa egRoiw.kZjk"Vªh; fo'odks'k miyC/ gS tks lwpuk dh n`f"V ls i;kZIr le`¼ ,oa lwpukizn gksrs gSaAbudh vogsyuk ugha djuh pkfg,A fdlh Hkh ns'k dk jk"Vªh; fo'odks'k ml ns'k dsbfrgkl] lkfgR;] laLÑfr] jhfr&fjoktksa ,oa vkpkj&O;ogkj] R;kSgkjksa] HkkSxksfyd fooj.k]lkekftd] jktuhfrd rFkk vkfFkZd fLFkfr bR;kfn dh izpqj lwpuk iznku djrs gSaA

● fdlh ns'k ds fdlh i{k fo'ks"k ls lacaf/r foLr`r] lVhd ,oa rF;kRed lwpukfons'kh jk"Vªh; fo'odks'kksa ls izkIr gksrh gS tks {ks=kh; lkekU; fo'odks'kksa esa mruhek=kk esa lqyHk ugha gksrh gSA

● lkekU; fo'odks'kksa esa dqN fo'ks"k izdj.kksa] tSls μ fo[;kr ,oa egRoiw.kZ O;fDr;ksadk thoupfjr rFkk NksVs ns'kksa ls lacaf/r ,sfrgkfld] HkkSfrd ,oa HkkSxksfyd]lkaLÑfrd lkekftd] vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd fLFkfr dh lwpuk ;k rks iw.kZ ugha gksrhgS vFkok vR;Ur vYi gksrh gS ftlls mi;ksDrk dh lwpuk dh vko';drk dh iwfrZugha gks ikrh gSA vr% bl izdkj dh foLr`r rFkk lVhd lwpuk lacaf/r ns'k dsjk"Vªh; fo'odks'kksa ls gh izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA

(iv) fof'k"V fo"k; % fo'odks'k μ ;g ,d lkekU; rF; gS fd iqLrdky; ds lanHkZdfeZ;ksa ds ikl fof'k"V fo"k;[email protected]@rF;ksa ls lacaf/r tkudkjh izkIr djus ds fy,ikBdx.k vkrs jgrs gSaA ,sls iz'uksa dk mÙkj iznku djus ds fy, fo"k;&fo'odks'kksa dks ghmi;ksx esa tkuk iM+rk gS tks buds fy, izeq[k lwpuk Ïksr dk dk;Z djrs gSaA izk;%ikBdx.k fdlh fo"k; fo'ks"k ij dqN fooj.k vFkok ml fo"k; dk foLr`r fooj.k izkIrdjus ds fy, iqLrdky; esa vkrs gSaA os dHkh&dHkh ek=k fo"k;ksa ds MsVk vFkok rF;ksa dksgh ugha izkIr djuk pkgrs gSa cfYd lacaf/r fo"k; vFkok izdj.k dh iw.kZ ,oa lqO;ofLFkrlwpuk vuqla/ku ds mís'; ls izkIr djuk pkgrs gSaA ikBdksa dks lacaf/r fo"k; vFkokizdj.k dh mi;qDr :ijs[kk] mldk ifjp; vFkok lqO;ofLFkr laf{kIr o.kZu izkIr djusds fy, lkekU; fo'odks'kksa dk gh vè;;u djuk iM+rk gS] ftlls mUgsa lacaf/r fo"k;

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136

ls lqifjfpr gksus ds fy, vko';d lwpuk izkIr gks tkrh gSA blls vf/d foLr`r ,oafof'k"VhÑr lwpuk izkIr djus ds fy, fof'k"V fo"k;&fo'odks'k dk mi;ksx djukiM+rk gSA

fo"k;&fo'odks'k fo"k; fo'ks"kKksa ds thou&pfjr ds fy, Hkh vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ lanHkZÏksr dk dk;Z djrs gSa D;ksafd buesa lfEefyr izdj.k cgq/k os izdj.k gksrs gSa tksvUrjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij vf/d yksdfiz; ugha gksus ds dkj.k lkekU; fo'odks'kksa esa lfEefyrugha gks ikrsA ,sls fo"k;&fo'ks"kKksa dk ;ksxnku lacaf/r fo"k; fo'ks"k {ks=k esa egRoiw.kZ gksrkgS vr% mUgsa fo"k;&fo'odks'kksa esa LFkku iznku fd;k tkrk gSA


4. fo"k; fo'odks'kksa dk laf{kIr ifjp; nhft,A

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fiNys vuqPNsn esa geus ik;k fd lanHkZ Ïksrksa ds :i esa iqLrdky;ksa esa fo'odks'kksa dks lokZf/d mi;ksxesa yk;k tkrk gSA fdlh Hkh cM+s iqLrdky; esa lkekU; ,oa fof'k"V fo'odks'kksa dk ladyu lanHkZ dk;Zdk es#n.M gksrk gS vkSj lanHkZ dk;Z esa buls izpqj lgk;rk izkIr gksrh gSA iqLrdky;ksa esa vaxzsth ,oavU; Hkk"kkvksa ds lkekU; vkSj fof'k"V fo'odks'kksa dk fo'kky laxzg lanHkZ lsok dks dq'kyrkiwoZdfu"ikfnr djus esa lgk;d fl¼ gksrk gSA bl vuqPNsn esa ge vusd ,sls tk¡p fcUnqvksa dh foospukdjsaxs ftuls fo'odks'kksa dk vf/xzg.k djus ls iwoZ muds p;u ,oa ewY;kadu esa gesa lgk;rk feysxhA

fdlh fo'odks'k ds lsV dks izdkf'kr djuk vR;f/d O;olkè; dk;Z gSA bldks rS;kj djus esa bldkiw.kZ fu;kstu djuk] vkys[kksa dks fy[kus ds fy, fo'ks"kKksa dh fu;qfDr djuk] O;kid ,oa mi;qDrvuqØef.kdkvksa dks rS;kj djus ds fy, dq'ky vuqØef.kdkdkjksa dk p;u djuk] mi;qDr fp=kys[kksa,oa Mk;xzkeksa ds fy, iQksVksxzkiQjksa ,oa dykdkjksa dh lgk;rk ysuk] dq'ky ,oa ;ksX; lEiknd e.Mydk xBu djuk] 'kq¼ ,oa =kqfV jfgr eqæ.k ,oa izwiQ jhfMax dh O;oLFkk djuk] if=kdkvksa esa leh{kkvksads :i esa fo'odks'k dks foKkfir djuk] iqLrd foØsrkvksa dks lwphi=k rFkk izpkj&lkexzh }kjk lwfprdjuk] iqLrdky;ksa esa lwpukRed fooj.k Hkstuk bR;kfn vko';d gksrk gSA bu dk;ks± ds fy, vkfFkZdfLFkfr dk lqn`<+ gksuk vko';d gSA fo[;kr ,oa mPpdksfV ds izdk'kd vius vuqHko ds vk/kj ijbu lHkh leL;kvksa ls ifjfpr gksrs gSa vkSj izekf.kd Ñfr dks izdkf'kr djus esa l{ke gksrs gSa ftllsmUgsa vkfFkZd ykHk Hkh gksrk gSA

izekf.kd ,oa c`gr fo'odks'kksa dh dher Hkh vf/d gksrh gS] D;ksafd izdk'kdksa dks buds izdk'ku ijvf/d O;; djuk iM+rk gSA vr% iqLrdky;kè;{k dks muds Ø; esa lko/kuh cjruh pkfg,Afo'odks'kksa ds p;u vkSj vf/xzg.k ds le; vkSj LFkku vkSj /ujkf'k nksuksa dh miyC/rk ij fopkj

NOTES


137

fo'odks'kdj ysuk pkfg,A ikBdksa dh vko';drkvksa ,oa Lrj dks Hkh è;ku esa j[kuk pkfg,A bu fcUnqvksa dslqfopkfjr mi;ksx }kjk vf/d ykHk mBk;k tk ldrk gSA lHkh n`f"Vdksa.kksa ls fcYdqy gh ifjiw.kZlVhd vkSj foLr`r fo'odks'kksa dks izdkf'kr djuk laHko ugha gS D;ksafd lHkh izdkj dh miyC/ lwpukdks lfEefyr djuk dfBu dk;Z gksrk gSA vr% vius iqLrdky; ds fy, dksbZ fo'odks'k [kjhnus lsiwoZ iqLrdky;kè;{k dks mlds xq.k&nks"k dk ewY;kadu dj ysuk pkfg,A

fo'odks'kksa ds ewY;kadu ds izeq[k tk¡p fcUnq fuEufyf[kr gSa μ

(d) izkekf.kdrk ([k) foLrkj&{ks=k ,oa mís';

(x) iz.k;u (?k) O;oLFkkiu

(Ä) vkdkj&Lo:i (p) la'kks/u

(N) lhek,¡ (t) fof'k"V fo'ks"krk,¡

(d) izkekf.kdrk

fdlh Hkh fo'odks'k dh izkekf.kdrk dk ewY;kadu mld lEikndksa ,oa lEikndh; e.My dh [;kfr,oa ;ksX;rk] lykgdkjksa ,oa ;ksxnkudÙkkZvksa dh [;kfr rFkk miyfC/;ksa ds vk/kj ij] mudh 'kS{kf.kd;ksX;rk ,oa iwoZ izdk'kuksa ds vuqHkoksa ds vk/kj ij lqfuf'pr fd;k tkrk gSA izdk'kdksa dh [;kfr ,oalk/u&lEiUurk rFkk laikndh; e.My ij Hkh fo'odks'kksa dh liQyrk ,oa izkekf.kdrk vk/kfjr gksrhgSA blesa izwiQ jhMjksa] vuqØef.kdkdkjksa] dykdkjksa] iQksVksxzkiQjksa bR;kfn dk Hkh ;ksxnku gksrk gS tksfo'odks'kksa dks 'kq¼ rFkk mi;ksx esa yk;s tkus ;ksX; ,oa vkdf"kZr cukus esa mi;qDr Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA

izdk'kd dh fo'oluh;rk ,oa izkekf.kdrk muds }kjk mlds iwoZ Hkh fo'odks'kksa dks liQyrkiwoZdizdkf'kr djus ds vuqHkoksa ij vk/kfjr gksrh gSA mUgsa fo'odks'kksa ds la'kks/u ,oa ifjorZu ds lkFkizR;sd laLdj.k dks v|ru dj izdk'ku djus ds fy, iz;Ru'khy gksuk iM+rk gS ftlls fo'odks'k&txresa muds uke dk mYys[k ,d mnkgj.k ds :i esa fd;k tk ldsA laikndh; e.My ,oa dkfeZdksadks i;kZIr l{ke ,oa dq'ky gksuk pkfg, ftlls os vius nkf;Ro dk fuokZg n{krkiwoZd dj ldsaA vPNs,oa izkekf.kd fo'odks'k dks rS;kj djus ds fy, ;g vko';d gS fd ,sls dfeZ;ksa dk lewgizfrLièkkZRed] vuqHkoh vkSj dq'ky gksA fo'odks'k dk mRiknu ,oa izdk'ku djuk ek=k ,d O;fDr dkdke ugha gSA blesa vusd izdkj ,oa Lrjksa ds O;fDr;ksa dk ;ksxnku gksrk gSA

([k) foLrkj&{ks=k ,oa vè;;u

lkekU;r% fo'odks'k ds laiknd fo'odks'k ds izkDdFku ,oa Hkwfedk esa blds {ks=k ,oa mís'; dkmYys[k djrs gSaA budk leqfpr fo'ys"k.k ,oa voyksdu dj rFkk dqN [kaMksa esa izLrqr dqN rF;ksa dkfujh{k.k ,oa tk¡p dj ;g lqfuf'pr dj ysuk pkfg, fd blesa mís';ksa dh iwfrZ fdl lhek rd gksikbZ gSA fdlh Hkh fo'odks'k ds foLrkj&{ks=k ds ewY;kadu ds varxZr fu;kstu O;kfIr rFkk izdj.kksa dsp;u dk vè;;u fd;k tkrk gSA

(i) fu;kstu % fo'odks'k ds dk;Z dh ,d lqfuf'pr ;kstuk gksuh pkfg,A fofHkUu vkys[kksa dsfooj.k ,oa foLrkj esa le:irk rFkk larqyu gksuk pkfg, vkSj laikndh; i;Zos{k.k fujUrjgksrs jguk pkfg, ftlls lkexzh dks ;kstukc¼ <+ax ls izLrqr fd;k tk ldsA

NOTES



138

(ii) O;kfIr % blesa izdj.kksa dh O;kfIr mís'; ds vuqlkj iw.kZ gksuh pkfg,A mi;ksDrkvksa dhvko';drk ds vuqlkj bldh O;kfIr Hkh ifjofrZr gksrh jgrh gSA fo'odks'kksa esa fn, x,rF;ksa dks lVhd] fo'oluh; rFkk izkekf.kd gksuk pkfg,A

(iii)p;u % izdj.kksa ds p;u esa lUrqyu gksuk pkfg, vkSj fofHkUu ?kVukvksa] fo"k;ksa rFkk ns'kksabR;kfn dk o.kZu Hkh larqfyr <+ax ls fd;k x;k gksuk pkfg,A

(x) iz.k;u

fo'odks'kksa esa izdj.kksa ds iz.k;u dh xq.koÙkk dks tk¡pus ds fy, iBuh;rk] oLrqfu"Brk vkSj 'kSyh rhuizeq[k ekun.M gSaA

(i) iBuh;rk % fo'odks'kksa eas fufgr izdj.k dks iBuh; vFkkZr~ ljyrkiwoZd le>us ;ksX; gksukpkfg,A fooj.k ,slk gksuk pkfg, fd ikBd fdlh fo"k; ls fHkK ugha gks rc Hkh mlds ckjsesa i<+dj mls iw.kZr;k le> ldsA vkys[kksa dh dksfV ,oa xq.koÙkk ikBdksa dh vko';drkds vuqlkj gksuh pkfg, vkSj fo}kuksa rFkk lk/kj.k yksxksa dks ,d leku cks/kxE; gksuh pkfg,A

(ii) oLrqfu"Brk % vkys[kksa dks fdlh izdkj ds jk"Vªh; vkSj /kfeZd iwokZxzg ls xzflr u gksdjoLrqfu"B gksuk pkfg, ,oa rF;ksa ij vk/kfjr gksuk pkfg,A jk"Vªh; fo'odks'kksa esa jk"Vªh;izdk'kdksa dk o.kZu gksuk pkfg, ysfdu fooj.k esa fdlh izdkj dh iwokZxzgjfgr gksuk pkfg,A

(iii)'kSyh % bldk igys gh mYys[k fd;k tk pqdk gS fd fo'odks'k fofo/ vk;q lewg dsfofo/ izdkj ds ikBdksa ds fy, gksrs gSa vkSj muds fo"k;&foLrkj dk {ks=k Hkh i;kZIr O;kidgksrk gSA budh 'kSyh Hkh fofHkUu izdkj dh gksrh gS % fo}rkiw.kZ 'kSyh mPpdksfV ds fo}kuksads fy, gksrh gS vkSj lkekU; yksxksa rFkk dkWyst ds Nk=kksa ds fy, yksdfiz; ,oa ljy 'kSyhviukbZ tkrh gSA cky&fo'odks'kksa dh 'kSyh ljy] jkspd ,oa :fpdj gksuh pkfg,A vr%iqLrdky;kè;{k dks ikBdksa dh vko';drk rFkk mudh dksfV ;k Lrj dks è;ku esa j[krsgq, fo'odks'kksa dk p;u djuk pkfg,A

(?k) O;oLFkkiu

fo'odks'kksa ds vkys[kksa dks o.kkZuqØe ;k oxhZÑr vuqØe ds vuqlkj O;ofLFkr fd;k tkrk gS tksvkys[kksa dh izÑfr ,oa vkdkj rFkk laikndh; ;kstuk ij vk/kfjr gksrk gSA dqN fo'odks'kksa ds vkys[ki;kZIr nh?kZ ,oa foLr`r gksrs gSa tcfd dqN fo'odks'kksa ds vkys[k NksVs ,oa laf{kIr gksrs gSaA vr%vkys[kksa dk O;oLFkkiu rFkk Øe bl izdkj dk gksuk pkfg, ftlls mi;ksDrk fo'odks'k ds ewyikBls lwpuk dks ljyrkiwoZd 'kh?kz izkIr dj ldsaA

vkys[kksa dks lkekU;r;k o.kkZuqØe esa v{kj'k% vFkok 'kCn'k% O;ofLFkr fd;k tkrk gSA lkFk gh]o.kkZuqØfed :i ls O;ofLFkr vuqØef.kdk Hkh gksrh gS ftlesa vf/d ls vf/d lkekU; ,oaNksVs&NksVs fo"k;ksa ,oa izdj.kksa dks Hkh lfEefyr fd;k x;k gksrk gSA blesa ^nsf[k,* rFkk ^Hkh nsf[k,*ds vU;ksU; lanHkZ Hkh fn, tkrs gSaA izdj.kksa dks rkfydkc¼ djus okyh varfoZ"k; dh lwph ,slh gksuhpkfg, ftlls mi;ksDrk okafNr lwpuk rd igq¡p ldsA dqN ,dy&[kaMh; fo'odks'kksa dh varfoZ"k;dh lwph foLr`r ,oa O;kid gksrh gS ysfdu muesa vuqØef.kdk dk vHkko gksrk gSA cgq[kaMh;fo'odks'kksa ds lsV ds vafre [kaM esa O;kid ,oa foLr`r vuqØef.kdk izfrfunsZf'kdkvksa ds lkFk esa nhxbZ gksrh gSA

NOTES


139

fo'odks'k(Ä) vkdkj&Lo:i

fo'odks'kksa dk vkdkj&Lo:i mudh HkkSfrd jpuk ,oa vkÑfr ij vk/kfjr gksrk gS tks lkekU;r% (i)lkekU; :i&jax (ii) vkys[kksa] fp=kys[k] Mk;xzke ekufp=kkofy;ksa ,oa lkjf.k;ksa bR;kfn dk izLrqfrdj.k](iii) dkxt dh xq.koÙkk (iv) eqæ.k] i`"B&la;kstu (v) ftYnlkth bR;kfn ls lacaf/r gksrk gSA

(i) HkkSfrd vkÑfr ;k :i&jax dk vFkZ gS] ftl :i esa fo'odks'k fn[kkbZ iM+rk gS mldkvkoj.k i`"B] eqæ.k bR;kfn ns[kus esa yqHkkous ,oa vkd"kZd gksus pkfg,A [kaMksa dk vkdkjlqfo/ktud gksuk pkfg,A

(ii) vkys[kksa dk izLrqrhdj.k lqfu;ksftr gksuk pkfg,A fp=kys[kksa] IysVksa] ekufp=kksa] lkjf.k;ksa] fp=kksa]Mk;xzkeksa] Nk;kfp=kksa bR;kfn dks fcYdqy 'kq¼ gksuk pkfg, rFkk LokHkkfod jaxksa esa gksukpkfg,A ewyikB esa mudk LFkku bl izdkj gksuk pkfg, ftlls mi;ksDrk dks fo"k;&oLrq rFkkizdj.k dks le>us esa lqfo/k gks ldsA ekufp=kksa vkSj vuqØef.kdk dks izk;% vfUre [kaM esafn;k tkrk gSA ijarq] ikBdksa ds fy, ,d lkFk nks [kaMksa dk voyksdu djuk vlqfo/ktudgksrk gSA vr% lacaf/r ekufp=k dks ewyikB ds lkFk gh fn;k tkuk mfpr gSA ekufp=kkoyhdks vuqØef.kdk ds lkFk fn;k tk ldrk gS ij ekufp=kksa dks ns'kksa ds fooj.k ds lkFk fn;ktkuk mÙke ekuk x;k gSA

(iii) dkxt u rks cgqr eksVk vkSj u gh cgqr iryk gksuk pkfg,A

(iv) eqæ.kdyk (Typography) dks lqLi"V ,oa iBuh; gksuk pkfg,A fo'odks'kksa esa vf/d lsvfèkd lwpuk&lkexzh dks lekfgr djus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gSA vr% ;g vko';d gS fdeqæ.kk{kj NksVs rks gksa ysfdu i<+us esa Hkh lqfo/ktud vkSj Li"V gksaA blls fo'odks'k dkvkdkj Hkh NksVk gksrk gS vkSj mlds mRiknu ij O;; Hkh de gksrk gSA 'kh"kZdksa ,oa mi'kh"kZdksadks eksVs v{kjksa esa eqfær gksuk pkfg, ftlls mudh vksj è;ku vkdf"kZr gks ldsA lHkh fdukjksaij i;kZIr gkf'k;k vkSj LraHkksa rFkk v{kjksa ds chp leqfpr LFkku dk varj j[kuk pkfg,A

(v) fo'odks'kksa ds [kaM eksVs gksrs gSa vkSj fuR;izfr mi;ksx esa yk;s tkrs gSaA vr% budh ftYnlkthvPNh vkSj fVdkmQ gksuh pkfg,A peM+s] Vsjhu vFkok dSfydks bR;kfn dh ftYn fVdkmQgksrh gSA blls fo'odks'k dh lqj{kk gksrh gS vkSj mi;ksx djus ls vDlj iQV tkus vFkok{kfrxzlr gksus dh lEHkkouk de jgrh gSA fo'odks'kksa ds izR;sd [kaM dh iqLrd&ihB ijfo'odks'k dh vk[;k] [kaM la[;k bR;kfn Li"Vr;k eqfær gksus pkfg,A

(p) la'kks/u

izkekf.kd ,oa fo'oluh; fo'odks'kkas ds rS;kj dj izdkf'kr djuk okLro esa ,d dfBu ,oa O;olkè;dk;Z gSA Kku dh xR;kRed ,oa fodkl'khy izÑfr ds dkj.k vYi le; esa gh ;s vlkef;d ,oaiqjkus iM+us yxrs gSaA vr% bUgsa le;≤ ij la'kksf/r djuk rFkk v|ru j[kuk vfr vko';d gksrkgSA buds la'kks/u ds fy, fofo/ fof/;k¡ gSa tSls μ

(i) vkfFkZd ifjf'k"V [kaM dk izdk'ku % dqN izdk'kd fo'odks'kksa dks v|r j[kus ds fy,izR;sd o"kZ ds rF;ksa ds fy, ifjf'k"V dk izdk'ku djrs gSaA blesa ml o"kZ dh egRoiw.kZ?kVukvksa dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA vr% ifjf'k"V [kaM ds O;oLFkkiu dks ewy lsV dsO;oLFkkiu ls feyku djus dh vko';drk gksrh gSA

NOTES



140

(ii) lkof/d la'kks/u % dqN ,sls Hkh izdk'kd gksrs gSa tks dqN fu/kZfjr o"kks± ds i'pkr~fo'odks'kksa ds laiw.kZ lsV dk iw.kZ la'kksf/r vkSj iquO;ZofLFkr laLdj.k izdkf'kr djrs gSaA iw.kZla'kksf/r uohu laLdj.k dk izdk'ku dj Kku lkexzh dks v|ru dj fn;k tkrk gSA

(iii) fujUrj la'kks/u uhfr % dqN izdk'kd la'kks/u dk;Z ds fy, LFkk;h lEikndh; dkfeZdksadh fu;qfDr djrs gSa tks vkys[kksa dh fo"k;&lkexzh ds ifjorZuksa dks muesa lfEefyr djmudh lqO;ofLFkr ,oa Øec¼ <+ax ls la'kksf/r djrs jgrs gSaA egk}hiksa] jkT;ksa] 'kgjksa] dLcksa]xk¡oksa esa tks ifjorZu vusd dkj.kksa ls gksrs jgrs gSa muls lacaf/r vkys[kksa dks fu;fer :ils v|ru fd;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj uohu fodklksa ,oa ifjorZuksa dks lacaf/r vkys[kksa esalfEefyr dj fy;k tkrk gS vkSj 'ks"k vkys[k cus jgrs gSaA

fo'odks'kksa ds rFkkdfFkr uohu lsV dk ijh{k.k djus esa lanHkZ iqLrdky;kè;{k dks lpsrjguk pkfg,A buds izdk'kd fo'odks'k ds iw.kZ la'kks/u dk izpkj ,oa nkok djrs gSa ysfduokLrfod la'kks/u dj mls v|ru djus rFkk izpkj ,oa nkok djus esa vUrj gksrk gSA ,slkizk;% ns[kk tkrk gS fd foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh ds {ks=kksa esa ifjorZuksa dks lfEefyr dj fy;ktkrk gS vkSj vU; fo"k;ksa dh iw.kZ mis{kk dj nh tkrh gSA

(N) lhek,¡

lHkh fo'odks'kksa ds lsV esa dqN lhek,¡ ,oa dfe;k¡ gksrh gSaA iqLrdky;kè;{kksa dks bu lhekvksa ds izfrlko/ku jguk pkfg, tSls μ

(i) fo'odks'k ,d izdkj ls lwpuk dh ek=k i`"BHkwfe iznku djrs gSaA foLr`r lwpuk dks izkIr djusds fy, ikBd dks fof'k"V fo'odks'kksa vkSj vkys[kksa ds lkFk nh x;h xzaFklwfp;ksa dkvoyksdu djuk pkfg,A

(ii) ifjf'k"V dk izdk'ku dj fo'odks'k esa Kku ds izR;sd {ks=k ds lkfgR; dks lfEefyr ughafd;k tk ldrk u gh bl izdkj izfro"kZ mls v|ru j[kuk laHko gSA

(iii) jk"Vªh; fo'odks'kksa esa oLrqfu"Brk ds fu;e dk ikyu ugha gks ikrk vkSj os iwokZxzg ls xzflrgksrs gSaA vr% ek=k vius ns'k dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk lfoLrkj mYys[k djus vkSj vU; ns'kksa dsfodklksa dk Li"V ,oa izR;{k fooj.k u iznku djus ds dkj.k lkekU;r;k fo'odks'kksa dhyksdfiz;rk de gks tkrh gSA

(iv) lkekU; fo'odks'kksa esa lHkh {ks=kksa ds lHkh izdkj ds fodklksa dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSijarq lHkh izdkj ds izdj.kksa dks ,d leku izLrqr ugha fd;k tkrk vkSj fofHkUu vkys[kksa dsfooj.k esa fHkUurk gksrh gSA vr% vf/dkf/d fo"k; fo'odks'kksa dks izdkf'kr djuk vko';dgks tkrk gS ftlls fof'k"V fo"k;ksa dh foLr`r lwpuk iznku dh tk ldsA

(t) fof'k"V y{k.k

dqN fuEufyf[kr fo'ks"k y{k.kksa ,oa fo'ks"krkvksa ls ;qDr gksus ls fo'odks'kksa dh izfr"Bk esa i;kZIr o`f¼gksrh gS μ

(i) fo'odks'kksa ds izeq[k vkys[kksa ds lkFk] vfrfjDr vè;;u gsrq xzaFklwph vo'; iznku dh tkrhgSA dqN fo'odks'kksa esa xzaFklwfp;ksa dks oxhZÑr :i esa vafre [kaM esa fn;k tkrk gSA izR;sd

NOTES


141

fo'odks'kfo"k; dh lkef;d] ifjiw.kZ vkSj v|ru xzaFklwph ikBdksa ds fy, vfr mi;ksxh gksrh gSA

(ii) ifjf'k"V ,oa uki&rkSy dh lkj.kh bR;kfn ls ikBdksa dks iBu ,oa 'kks/ dk;Z esa vkxs c<+usesa lgk;rk feyrh gSA rkfydk,¡] laf{kIrk{kj] mPpkj.k] 'kqf¼i=k bR;kfn fo'odks'k ds egRodks c<+k nsrs gSa vkSj lwpukRed n`f"V ls bUgsa mi;ksxh cukrs gSaA

(iii) fo'odks'k dk ,d vf}rh; y{k.k ,oa fo'ks"krk mldh foLr`r vuqØef.kdk gksrh gS ftlesa^nsf[k,* ^Hkh nsf[k,* dh izfrfunsZf'kvksa dk izko/ku gksus ls ikBdksa dks 'kh?kzkfr'kh?kz okafNrlwpuk izkIr djus esa lqfo/k gksrh gSA

(iv) iQksVksxzkiQksa@Nk;kfp=kksa] js[kkfp=kksa] ekufp=kksa] pkVks±] lkjf.k;ksa bR;kfn dks vkys[kksa ds lkFkmi;qDr LFkkuksa ij n`"VkUr ds :i esa gksus ls fo'odks'k dh cks/xE;rk ,oa yksdfiz;rk esao`f¼ gksrh gSA

(v) izkDdFku ,oa Hkwfedk esa izR;sd [kaM dh fo"k;&oLrq vkSj izR;sd [kaM dk mi;ksx djus dhtkudkjh nsuk fo'odks'k dh ,d egRoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk gksrh gSA blls lwpuk dks lqfuf'pr djusesa lqfo/k gksrh gSA

lanHkZ foHkkx ds fy, fo'odks'kksa dk vf/xzg.k djus ds iwoZ iqLrdky;kè;{kksa dks mi;qZDr ekun.Mksa,oa fcanqvksa ij fopkj vo'; djuk pkfg,A vusd f}rh;d Ïksrksa esa budk ewY;kadu fd;k tkrk gSAif=kdkvksa esa izdkf'kr fo'odks'kksa dh leh{kkvksa dk Hkh voyksdu fd;k tk ldrk gS ftlls mi;qDrlsV dks [kjhnus esa lgk;rk izkIr gks ldsA dqN lafnX/ izdk'kd Hkh gksrs gSa tks fo'odks'kksa dks izdkf'krdjus ds fy, vU; izdk'kdksa ds fo'odks'kksa ds lsV dh iqujko`fÙk djrs gSaA ,sls dqN mnkgj.k gSa μ

vjsVs ifCyf'kax dEiuh (Arete Publishing Company) us ,d fo'odks'k ds lsV dks mPpekè;fed fo|ky;ksa ,oa egkfo|ky;ksa ds Nk=kksa ds fy, 1980 esa izdkf'kr fd;k FkkA ;g fo'odks'krhu izdk'kdksa }kjk rhu fofHkUu vk[;kvksa ls izdkf'kr fd;k x;k gS %

● The Macmillan Family Encyclopaedia. 2nd fully revised and updated ed.London : Macmillan, 1982. 21 volumes.

● Academic American Encyclopedia. Danbury : Groiler, 1983. 21 volumes.

● Lexicon Universal Encyclopedia. new York : Lexicon, 1984. 21 volumes.

blh izdkj dk ,d vU; cgq[kaMh; fo'odks'k Hkh gS ftldk izdk'ku nks fofHkUu izdk'kdksa us nksfofHkUu vk[;kvksa ls fd;k gS %

● Encyclopedia International. New York : Lexicon, 1982. 20 volumes.

● The Webster Family Encyclopaedia. Webster : 1984. 20 volumes

yanu esa jk;Mu ifCyf'kax daiuh (Roydon Publishing Company) us Hkh ,dy [kaMh; fo'odks'kdk izdk'ku fd;k gS tks mlh o"kZ nks vk[;kvksa ls izdkf'kr gqvk gS %

● The College Encyclopaedia. London : Roydon, 1985.

● The University Encyclopaedia. London : Roydon. 1985

NOTES



142

fo'odks'k i;kZIr dherh gksrs gSaA lanHkZ iqLrdksa ds fy, ctV esa lhfer /ujkf'k dk izko/ku gksus lsbudk Ø; djuk vklku ugha gksrk gSA vr% iqLrdky;kè;{kksa dks buds ewY;kadu esa lko/kuh cjruhpkfg, ftlls vuko';d iqujko`fÙk vkSj O;; ls cpk tk ldsA

8. lkj&la{ksi

bl vè;k; esa geus vkidk ifjp; vR;Ur yksdfiz; ,oa izk;% fuR;izfr iz;ksx esa yk;s tkus okys lanHkZÏksr&vFkkZr fo'odks'k ls djk;k gSA fo'odks'kksa ds foLrkj&{ks=k ,oa mís';ksa rFkk dk;ks± dh Hkh ppkZgeus dh gSA izkphu dky ls ysdj vk/qfud dky rd ds fo'odks'kksa ds vkfoHkkZo ,oa fodkl rFkkmudh o`f¼ dk losZ{k.k Hkh geus fd;k gS vkSj fofHkUu Hkk"kkvksa ds fo'odks'kksa ds dqN mnkgj.kksa dksizLrqr fd;k gSA geus vkidk ifjp; fofHkUu izdkj ds fo'odks'kksa] mudh fo'ks"krkvksa ,oa mi;ksfxrkvksals Hkh djk;k gSA var esa] lanHkZ foHkkx ds ladyu ds fy, fo'odks'k dk vf/xzg.k djus ls iwoZ mldsewY;kadu ls lacaf/r dqN izeq[k fn'kk&funsZ'kksa dk Hkh geus mYys[k fd;k gSA


1- fo'odks'k dk vaxzsth :ikUrj ^bUlkbDyksihfM;k* xzhd 'kCn "enkyklios paideia" ls O;qRiUugqvk gS ftldk vfHkizk; ^lkekU; f'k{kk* gSA bldk vFkZ KkueaMy (Circle of Knowledge)vFkok ¶Kku dsUæ¸ vFkok ¶fo|k dk dsUæ¸ vFkok ¶Kku dh iw.kZ iz.kkyh¸ (a completesystem of learning) Hkh gksrk gSA blds yEcs bfrgkl ls ;g izrhr gksrk gS fd blds vfHkizk;,oa vFkZ esai;kZIr ifjorZu gqvk gSA vc fo'odks'k in dk vuqiz;ksx fdlh Hkh ,d [kaMh; vFkokcgq[kaMh; lanHkZ Ñfr;ksa ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS ftlesa izk;% ekuo Kku dh lHkh 'kk[kkvksa vFkokfdlh fo"k; fo'ks"k dh 'kk[kk ls lacaf/r ikafMR;iw.kZ ,oa izekf.kd vkys[kksa dks lfEefyr fd;kx;k gks vkSj tks lkekU;r;k o.kkZuqØe esa O;ofLFkr gksA izR;sd vkys[k ds var esa iw.kZ xzaFklwfp;ksavFkok lanHkks± dks izLrqr fd;k x;k gksrk gS ftlesa lacaf/r ys[kdksa ds uke Hkh gksrs gSaA fo'odks'kksaesa izpqj fp=kys[k] n`"VkUr] js[kkfp=k] Nk;kfp=k] fo[;kr O;fDr;ksa ds o`rkar] LFkku vFkok vU;lkexzh Hkh nh xbZ gksrh gS ftlesa mi;ksDrk dks lacaf/r fo"k; dks le>us esa i;kZIr lqfo/k izkIrgksrh gSA izfr funsZ'kksa lfgr foLr`r vuqØef.kdk Hkh nh xbZ gksrh gS ftlls vkys[kksa esa fc[kjhlwpuk dks ljyrkiwoZd 'kh?kzkfr'kh?kz izkIr dj fy;k tkrk gSA

2- lkekU; ,oa fof'k"V fo'odks'kksa ds foLrkj&{ks=k ,oa O;kidRo dk vUrj Li"V gSA lkekU;fo'odks'kksa esa ftu vkys[kksa dk ladyu fd;k x;k gksrk gS os Kku dh lHkh 'kk[kkvksa ls lacafèkrvko';d lwpuk iznku djrs gSaA os fo"k;ksa vFkok ukeksa ds vuqlkj o.kkZuqØfed :i esa vFkokoxhZÑr Øekuqlkj O;ofLFkr fd, tkrs gSaA budk mís'; lkekU; ikBdksa ds fy, okafNr lwpukiznku djuk gSA lkekU;r% fo'odks'kksa dks v|ru j[kus ds fy, buds iwjd [kaMksa ds izdk'ku dhizFkk izpfyr gSA ysfdu le;≤ ij buds la'kksf/r laLdj.kksa dk izdk'ku Hkh fd;k tkrk gSAizkekf.kd ,oa O;kid lkekU; fo'odks'kksa dk izdk'ku djuk dfBu gksrk gS D;ksafd ;g vR;ar[kphZyk ,oa c`gr dk;Z gksrk gSA blds fcYdqy foijhr] fof'k"V vFkok fo"k;&fo'odks'k muvkys[kksa ds ladyu gksrs gSa tks fdlh {ks=k fo'ks"k ds fof'k"V fo"k; rd gh lhfer gksrs gSaA osHkh izk;% fo"k;kuqlkj vFkok ukeksa ds vuqlkj o.kkZuqØe esa O;ofLFkr fd, tkrs gSaA bu fo'odks'kksadk y{; ,oa vfHkdYi fo"k; fo'ks"k ds fo'ks"kKksa dh vfHk:fp ,oa vko';drk dh iwfrZ djukgksrk gSA yxHkx lHkh fo"k;ksa esa budk izdk'ku i;kZIr la[;k esa fd;k tk jgk gS ftldk eq[;dkj.k lHkh fo"k;ksa ds lkfgR; esa fuR;izfr vikj o`f¼ dk gksuk gSA ,sls fof'k"V fo'odks'kksa dh

NOTES


143

fo'odks'kek¡x Hkh c<+rh tk jgh gSA buds fo"k;&{ks=k lhfer gksrs gSaA vr% buds izdk'ku dk O;; Hkhvis{kkÑr de gksrk gSA

3- bUlkbDyksihfM;k fczVkfudk dk izFke laLdj.k rhu [kaM+ksa esa 1768&1771 esa izdkf'kr fd;k x;kFkkA 14oka laLdj.k 1929 esa izdkf'kr fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj 1973 esa bldks iquZO;ofLFkr fd;kx;k FkkA 1974 esa blds 15osa laLdj.k dk izdk'ku New Encyclopaedia Britannica dhvk[;k ls 30 [kaMksa esa fd;k x;k gS ftlds rhu Hkkx gSa %

(i) Propaedia (izksihfM;k)&1 [kaM

(ii) Micropaedia (ekbØksihfM;k)&10 [kaM

(iii) Macropaedia (eSØksihfM;k)&19 [kaM

4- 19oha lnh esa dqN lhfer fo"k;ksa ds fy, lhfer la[;k esa fo"k;&fo'odks'k gqvk djrs FksAysfdu vc fo"k;&fo'odks'k izk;% lHkh fo"k;ksa esa miyC/ gSaA loZizFke n'kZu'kkL=k ,oa /eZ'kkL=kesa fo"k;&fo'odks'kksa dh jpuk dh xbZA jsUMksYiQ vkbLyj (Rendolf Eisler) us 1889 esa viusfo"k;&fo'odks'k dks Worterbuch der Philosophischen Segriffe dh vk[;k ls izdkf'krfd;k x;k FkkA lu~ 1908&27 ds nkSjku Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics dk izdk'kufd;k x;k tks vkt Hkh vius fo"k;&{ks=k dk ,d izkekf.kd fo"k;&fo'odks'k gSA bu fo"k;ksa dkslkekU; fo'odks'kksa esa Hkh lfEefyr fd;k x;k gksrk gSA ysfdu budh lw{e ,oa foLr`r foospuklkekU; fo'odks'kksa esa ugha feyrh tcfd fo"k;&fo'odks'k fo"k;&fo'ks"kKksa ds fy, rS;kj fd,tkrs gSaA vr% muesa mi&fo"k;ksa dks Hkh foLrkjiwoZd izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA

10. eq[; 'kCn

dks'k (Kosh) : vaxzsth Hkk"kk ds ^fMD'kujh* (Dictionary) 'kCn dkfganh :ikUrjA

fo'odks'k (Vishwakosh) : vaxzsth Hkk"kk ds balkbDyksihfM;k* (Encyclopaedia)'kCn dk fganh :ikUrjA

lkbDyksihfM;k (Cyclopaedia) : fo'odks'k dk i;kZ;okph 'kCnA bl in dk iz;ksx mlfLFkfr esa gksrk gS tc fo'odks'k ,d fo"k; fo'ks"krd gh lhfer gksrk gSA

11. vH;kl iz'u

1. fo'odks'kksa ds bfrgkl dk laf{kIr foospu dhft,A

2. fo'odks'kksa ds fofo/ izdkjksa dk mnkgj.kksa lfgr mYys[k dhft,A

3. lkekU; fo'odks'kksa ,oa fof'k"V fo'odks'kksa esa vUrj Li"V dhft,A

4. fo'odks'kksa dh mi;ksfxrk ij izdk'k Mkfy,A

5. fo'odks'kksa ds ewY;kadu gsrq fofo/ vk/kj fcUnqvksa dk foospu dhft,A

NOTES



144


Bibliography of Dictionaries and Encyclopaedias in Indian Languages. Calcutta. Na-tional Library, 1964.

Cheney, Frances Neel (1992). Fundamental Reference Sources 2nd ed. Chicago : Ameri-can Library Association.

Grogan Denis (1992). Science and Technology. An Introduction to Literature 4th ed.New York. McGraw-Hill.

Krishan Kumar (1996) Reference Service. 5th ed. New Delhi. Vikas.

NOTES


145

gS.Mcqd] fu;e iqfLrdk,¡]'kCndks'k bR;kfn


2. ifjp;

3. Rofjr lanHkZ lzksrksa ds fofHkUu izdkj

3.1 vCndks'k

3.2 iapkax

3.3 funsZf'kdk,¡

3.4 gS.Mcqd] fu;e&iqfLrdk,¡ ,oa lanf'kZdk,¡


5. Rofjr lanHkZ lzksrksa dk ewY;kadu

6. lkj&la{ksi


8. vH;kl&iz'u


gS.Mcqd] fu;e iqfLrdk]vCndks'k bR;kfn

vè;k;&8

NOTES



146

1- vè;;u ds mís';

fiNys nks vè;k;ksa esa geus vkidk ifjp; fofHkUu izdkj ds 'kCndks'kksa ,oa fo'odks"kksa ls djk;k gSA,sls midj.k lanHkZ ladyu ds vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ Hkkx gksrs gSa vkSj lanHkZ lsok ds vk;kstu esa es#n.Mdk dk;Z djrs gSaA

bl vè;k; dk mn~ns'; vkidks vusd izdkj ds Rofjr lanHkZ lzksrksa ls Hkyh&Hkk¡fr ifjfpr djkuk gSAbuds dqN lqfuf'pr] foLrkj&{ks=k dk;Z] mn~ns'; rFkk mi;ksx gSaA

bl vè;k; ds vè;;u ds i'pkr~ vki

fofHkUu izdkj ds Rofjr lanHkZ lzksrksa ds chp varj dj ik,¡xs_

okafNr lwpuk dks [kkstdj izkIr djus ds fy, mi;qDr Rofjr lanHkZ lzksr dh igpku dj ldsaxs_rFkk

vius iqLrdky; ds fy, vf/xzg.k djus ls iwoZ ,sls lanHkZ midj.kksa dk ewY;kadu dj ldsaxsA

bl vè;k; ds vUr esa nh xbZ xfrfof/;ksa ls vki vusd fo"k;&{ks=kksa ls lacaf/r vusd izdkj ds RofjrlanHkZ lzksrksa dk dq'kyrkiwoZd voyksdu dj ldsaxsA blls iwNs x, iz'uksa dk mÙkj izkIr djus ds fy,mi;qDr izdkj ds midj.k dk p;u djus vFkok mi;ksx djus esa vkidks lgk;rk feysxhA

2- ifjp;

bl vè;k; esa gekjk y{; vusd izdkj ds Rofjr lanHkZ lzksrksa (Ready Reference Sources) lsvkidks ifjfpr djuk gSA buesa eq[;r% vCndks'k iapkax] funsZf'kdk,¡] gS.Mcqd] fu;e&iqfLrdk,¡lanf'kZdk,¡ bR;kfn fofo/ mYys[kuh; gSaA buds Rofjr lanHkZ lzksr dh laKk nh xbZ gSA

'kCndks'k ds ladyu&foKku dks dks'kjpuk&foKku dgrs gSaA 'kCndks'kdkj ('kCndks'kjpuk oSKkfud)'kCndks'kksa ds ladyu ,oa jpuk esa Hkk"kkvksa] Hkk"kkfoKku rFkk vusd fo"k;ksa vkSj egkfo"k;ksa ds vusdi{kksa dks n`f"Vxr j[krs gq, vusd mUur fof/;ksa dk mi;ksx ,oa vuqlj.k djrs gSaA fofHkUu izdkj ds'kCndks'kksa dh fo'ks"krkvksa ls vkidks ifjfpr ,oa voxr djkus gsrq dqN xfrfof/;ksa dks lEiUu djusdk funsZ'k bl vè;k; ds var esa fn;k x;k gSA

rF;kUos"k.k lsok (Face Finding Service) dks Rofjr lanHkZ lsok Hkh dgk tkrk gSA Rofjr lanHkZ lzksrksadks rF;&iqfLrdk ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA ;s iw.kZr% vn~;ru gksrh gSA

Rofjr lanHkZ lzksrksa dks izfro"kZ izdkf'kr fd;k tkrk gSA ;s cgq/k vCndks'k (Yearbooks) ds uke lstkus tkrs gSaA bu esa foxr o"kZ ds vafre rhu eghuksa vkSj nwljs o"kZ ds izFke ukS eghuksa dh lwpuklfEefyr dh xbZ gksrh gS vkSj orZeku o"kZ ds izkjaHk esa budks izdkf'kr fd;k tkrk gSA ysfdu dqN,sls Hkh lzksr gksrs gSa ftuesa mlh le;kof/ ds rF;ksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gksrk gS ftls le;kof/dk ladsr vk[;k i`"B ij fd;k x;k gksrk gSA

mnkgj.k %

Manorama Year Book, 1998. 33rd ed. Kottayam :Malayala Manorama, 1998.

vk[;k esa eqfnzr o"kZ 1998 blds izdk'ku o"kZ dks bafxre djrk gSA blesa nh xbZ lwpuk ds o"kZ dksughaA lu~ 1998 esa bls tkjh djus ds fy, bls lu~ 1997 ds vDVwcj ekl esa izsl esa eqnz.k ds fy,Hkstuk gksrk gSA vr% blesa 1996 ds vafre rhu eghuksa vkSj 1997 ds izFke ukS eghuksa dk fooj.klfEefyr gksxkA mnkgj.kkFkZ& India : A Reference Annual, 1996. New Delhi : PublicationDivision, 1997A blesa 1996 dh ?kVukvksa dk mYys[k gSA

NOTES


147


Rofjr lanHkZ lzksr lwpuk ls lacaf/r lzksr gSA ,sls lwpuk ,oa lanHkZ lzksr fo'odks'kksa ds iwjd ,oavfrfjDr lwpuk ds lzksr gksrs gSaA bl izdkj vusd vCndks'kksa dk izdk'ku dj fo'odks'kksa esa miyC/iwoZ lwpuk dks vn~;ru ,oa iw.kZ djus ds mn~ns'; ls egRoiw.kZ lwpuk dks izk;% le;≤ ij izdk'kesa yk;k tkrk gSA vr% ;s muds iwjd dk dk;Z djrs gSaA blls mUgsa vn~;ru iw.kZ vkSj la'kksf/r vkSjifj"Ñr djus esa lgk;rk izkIr gksrh gSA rFkkfi] Rofjr lanHkZ lzksrksa ds dqN ,sls lzksr gksrs gSa ftuesa fufgrlwpuk fo'odks'kksa dh lwpuk ls fcYdqy fHkUu gksrh gSA bl izdkj funsZf'kdk,¡] izxfr;k¡] lanf'kZdk,¡u dsoy lwpuk dks vn~;ru cukrh gS] cfYd uohu lwpuk Hkh miyC/ djkrh gSA

3- Rofjr lUnHkZ lzksrksa ds fofHkUu izdkj

Rofjr lanHkZ lzksrksa ds vusd izdkj gksrs gSaA bu lzksrksa ls rF;kUos"k.k ls lacaf/r iz'uksa ds mÙkj izkIrfd, tkrs gSa vFkok dHkh&dHkh fdlh fo"k; ds Åij lwpukRed lkexzh Hkh <w¡<+h tkrh gSA budksN% ls ysdj ckjg eq[; oxks± esa lewgc¼ fd;k tk ldrk gSA

Rofjr lanHkZ lzksr

vCndks'k thoupfjr lzksr 'kCndks'k fo"k; dh izxfr] leh{kk,¡

iapkax xazFklwfp;k¡ fo'odks'k gS.Mcqd

lkaf[;dh; HkkSxksfyd lzksr funsZf'kdk,¡ fu;e iqfLrdklzksr (xtsfV;j]

ekufp=k bR;kfn)

bl vè;k; esa ge 'kCndks'kksa] iapkaxksa] funsZf'kdkvksa] fu;e&iqfLrdkvksa rFkk gS.Mcqdksa ds foLr`rvè;;u rd gh lhfer jgsaxs vkSj budh ifjHkk"kk] foLrkj&{ks=k] mn~ns';ksa rFkk dk;ks± dh foospukdjsaxsA

3.1 vCndks'k

vCndks'kksa (Yearbook) dks okf"kZdh (Annuals) Hkh dgrs gSaA tSlk fd blds 'kkfCnd vFkZ ls Li"VgS] vCndks'k ,d /kjkokfgd izdk'ku gS ftldk izdk'ku izR;sd o"kZ fd;k tkrk gSA bls laf{kIrdh(Compendium) Hkh dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd blesa fdlh O;kid fo"k; dk foLr`r fooj.k laf{kIr :iesa iznku fd;k x;k gksrk gSA bleas ,d vFkok ,d ls vf/d fo"k;ksa dks lkef;d lwpuk fufgr gksrhgS tks laf{kIr] fooj.kkRed] lkaf[;dh; ,oa vk¡dM+ksa ds :i esa gksrh gSA vCndks'kksa dk izdk'ku Lora=kizdk'kuksa ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gS vFkok fdlh fo'odks'k ds iwjd ds :i esa Hkh fd;k tkrk gSAvr% vCndks'kksa dks nks eq[; lewgksa esa foHkDr fd;k tk ldrk gS %

(v) vCndks'k

(c) fo'odks'kksa ds iwjd [kaM

v) vCndks'k

vCndks'kksa dk eq[; iz;kstu ,oa dk;Z fdlh HkkSxksfyd {ks=k] fdlh fo"k;&{ks=k vFkok fdlh laLFkkdh okf"kZd izxfr dks vfHkys[kc¼ djuk gksrk gSA HkkSxksfyd {ks=k ds lekos'k dh n`f"V ls vCndks'kfuEukafdr izdkj ds gks ldrs gSa %

NOTES



148

v) varjjk"Vªh;

c) jk"Vªh;@{ks=k

varjjk"Vªh; rFkk jk"Vªh;@{ks=kh; nksuksa izdkj ds vCndks'kksa dks muds foLrkj&{ks=k ds vuqlkj vxzfyf[krlewgksa esa j[kk tk ldrk gS % i) lkekU;] ii) fo"k;xr] iii) laLFkkxrA

varjjk"Vªh; vCndks'k&lkekU;

lkekU; izdkj ds vUrjkZ"Vªh; vCndks'k vkdkj&Lo:i esa vR;Ur lqfo/ktud vkSj gYds gksrs gSaA ;sfo'o ds lHkh ns'kksa dh fo'oLrjh; izkekf.kd o.kZukRed rFkk lkaf[;dh; lwpuk la;qDr jk"Vª la?k(United Nations Organization), jk"Vªdqy ns'kksa (Commonwealth Countries) vFkok lkdZ(SAARC) ls lacaf/r lwpuk bR;kfnA izR;sd ns'k ds fooj.kkRed ,oa lkaf[;dh; losZ{k.k dks ,slsvCndks'kksa esa lfEefyr fd;k x;k gksrk gS] tSls& bldk HkkSxksfyd foÙk] izfrj{kk] lkekftd dY;k.k]ifjogu] i;ZVu] 'kSf{kd ,oa lkaLÑfrd laLFkk,¡ bR;kfnA ns'k ls lacaf/r vU; lanHkZ Hkh buesalfEefyr gksrs gSaA varjkZ"Vªh; :i ls fo[;kr ,oa izHkko'khy O;fDrRo okys O;fDr;ksa dk laf{kIrthou pfjr Hkh buesa fn;k x;k gksrk gSA

Europa Year Book : A World Survey, London : Eurpoa Publications, 1959. Annual 2Volumes.

bldk izdk'ku 1929 esa izkjEHk gqvk FkkA 1959 ls bls blds orZeku Lo:i esa 2 [kaMksa esa izdkf'krfd;k tk jgk gSA ;g vCndks'k fo'o ds lHkh ns'kksa dh i;kZIr lwpuk iznku djrk gSA

International Yearbook and Statesman's Who's Who. East Grinstead, W. Sussex ReedInformation Service, 1953. Annual.

Stateman's Yearbook : Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World.London, Macmillan, 1864. Annual.

varjkZ"Vªh; vCndks'k&fo"k;xr

lkekU; vUrjkZ"Vªh; vCndks'ksa ls fo"k;xr vCndks'k fHkUu gksrs gSa tks fdlh fo"k;&fo'ks"k ls lacafèkrgksrs gSa vkSj ml fo"k; ls lacaf/r laiw.kZ fo'o ds fodkl dks lfEefyr djrs gSaA buesa lacaf/rlaxBuksa ds fØ;kdykiksa] fo"k; ls lacaf/r lwpukRed lkexzh] fo"k; fo'ks"k esa vuqla/ku dh eq[;izo`fÙk;ksa bR;kfn dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gksrk gSA

World Armament and Disarmament, SIPRI Yearbook. Stockholm : Stockholm Interna-tional Peace Research Institute, 1968-69. Annual

fo'o ds lSU; O;;] gfFk;kjksa ,oa 'kL=kksa ds mRiknu] ukfHkdh; j.kuhfr ds gfFk;kj] lsVykbV ,oavL=k&'kL=kksa ds O;kikj bR;kfn dh iw.kZ lwpuk dks blesa lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA izR;sd vCndks'kesa fo'ks"k izdkj ds vkys[kksa dks Hkh izLrqr fd;k x;k gksrk gSA

Green Globe Yearbook of International Cooperation on Environment and Development.Oxford : University Press for the Fridtj of Nansen Institute, Norway, 1992. Annual.

i;kZoj.k ds izksRlkgu] fodkl vkSj laj{k.k ls lacaf/r fooknksa] erHksnksa rFkk dfBukbZ;ksa dks blesa Li"V:i lls o.kZu fd; x;k gS tks oLrqfu"V gS ,oa rF;ksa ij vk/kfjr gSA

varjkZ"Vªh; vCndks'k&laLFkkxr

Yearbook of the United Nations. N.Y. : United Nations, Dept. of Public Information,1946/47. Annual.

NOTES


149


la;qDr jk"Vª dh dk;Zokfg;k¡] fØ;kdykiksa] fu.kZ; bR;kfn ds lkj blesa izdkf'kr fd, tkrs gSaA blesala;qDr jk"Vª dh ,tsfUl;kas vkSj lac¼ varjkZ"Vªh; laxBuksa dh xfrfof/;k¡ Hkh lfEefyr gksrh gSA

lkFk gh blesa lkaf[;dh; rF;ksa dk mYys[k fd;k tkrk gSA bl fooj.k esa lacaf/r HkkSxksfyd {ks=k]{ks=kiQy] tula[;k] 'kklu iz.kkyh] lafo/ku] iz'kklu] vkfFkZd O;oLFkk] lekt dY;k.k] O;kikj]lapkj rFkk vU; izeq[k lsokvksa dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA buesa okf"kZd ?kVukvksa ,oa fØ;kdykiksarFkk jk"Vªh; dk;ZØeksa dks Hkh lfEefyr fd;k x;k gksrk gSA jk"Vªh; 'kCndks'k cgq/k 'kkldh; izdk'kugksrs gSaA

India : A Reference Annual. Delhi : Publications Division, 1953. Annual.

bls 1998 ls India 1998 dh vk[;k ls izdkf'kr fd;k tk jgk gSA (izR;sd o"kZ vk[;k esa o"kZ la[;kdks vn~;ru fd;k tkrk gSA)

Britain : An Official Handbook, London : Statistical Office, 1948. Annual.


1- vCndks'k (okf"kZdh) fdls dgrs gSa\

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

jk"Vªh;@{ks=kh; vCndks'k&fo"k;xr

Yearbook on India's Foreign Policy/ed. by Satish Kumar. New Delhi : Sage, 1982. An-nual.

Family Welfare Programme in India Yearbook. New Delhi : Ministry of Health andFamily Welfare.

jk"Vªh;@{ks=kh; vCndks'k&laLFkkxr

Library Association Yearbook, London : Library Association. Annual.

fczVsu ds iqLrdky; la?k dh lfefr;ksa ,oa milfefr;ksa ds vfHkys[kksa dk blesa fooj.k fn;k tkrkgSA blesa la?k ds inkf/dkfj;ksa ,oa lnL;ksa bR;kfn dh lwph Hkh lfEefyr gksrh gSA

American Baptist Churches in the U.S.A. Yearbook, Valley Forge, Pa. 1973. Annual.

blesa la?k dh vèkZokf"kZd cSBdksa ds vfHkys[kksa rFkk jk"Vªh; ifj"kn~ ds fØ;kdykiksa ds izfrosnuksa dkslfEefyr fd;k x;k gksrk gS &

The ALA Yearbook : A Review of Library Events. Chicago : ALA, 1986. Annual

c) fo'odks'kksa ds iwjd [kaM

foxr N% n'kdksa ls fo'odks'kksa ds lsV ds vxz.kh izdk'kdksa us vCndks'kksa dk izdk'ku djuk izkjEHkdj fn;k gS % bUgsa ¶fo'odks'kksa ds iwjd[kaM@ifjf'k"V¸ (Supplements to Encyclopaedias) Hkhdgrs gSaA bl izdkj dk vCndks'k bUlkbDyksihfM;k vesfjdkuk ds fy, 1923 esa izdkf'kr fd;k x;kFkkA bu okf"kZd iwjd [kaMksa ;k ifjf'k"Vkas ds izdk'ku dk ewy mn~ns'; fuEukafdr gS %

ewy lsV dks vn~;ru djuk_

NOTES



150

lacaf/r o"kZ dh izeq[k ?kVukvksa dk lkj rS;kj djuk_

xzkgdksa dks euksoSKkfud vuqHkwfr djkuk fd uohure fodklksa dks lsV esa lfEefyr dj mlslnSo vn~;ru j[kk tkr gS ftlls fo'odks'k Hkh fcØh dks izksRlkgu izkIr gks ldsA

iwjd [kaMksa dk iz/ku dk;Z eq[; lsV dks vn~;ru j[kuk gSA ysfdu lR; rks ;g gksrk gS fd ,slkuke ek=k ds fy, dgk tkrk gS fd vCndks'k fo'odks'k ls lacaf/r gksrs gSaA oLrqr% fdlh vCndks'kdk izdk'ku foxr o"kZ dh izeq[k ?kVukvksa dks lwfpr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA vejhdkuk ,sU;qvyesa O;kid 'kh"kZdksa ds varxZr vkys[kksa dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gS] tcfd fczVkfudk cqd vkWiQ nhbZ;j ls lacaf/r o"kZ dh ?kVukvksa vkSj fo'ks"k :i ls i`Fkd~ thoupfjr vkSj dkypØ bR;kfn ijrqyukRed n`f"V ls i;kZIr la[;k esa vkys[kksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gksrk gSA blesa vuqØef.kdkfoLr`r gksrh gS vkSj ¶nsf[k,¸ ¶Hkh nsf[k,¸ ds lanHkks± vkSj foLr`r lnf'kZdkvksa dks Hkh fn;k x;k gksrkgSA blls izdj.k@lwpuk dks [kkstus esa lqfo/k gksrh gSA

izk;% ,slh lwpuk lkexzh dks fo'odks'kksa ds la'kksf/r laLdj.kksa esa lfEefyr ugha fd;k tkrk gS] ftUgsaiwjd [kaMksa esa lfEefyr fd;k x;k gksrk gSA iwjd [kaMksa ds lHkh [kaMksa ls mi;ksDrkvksa vkSj iqLrdky;dfeZ;ksa dks vusd o"kks± dh ?kVukvksa dh foLr`r lwpuk lkexzh izkIr gksrh gSA vr% cM+s iqLrdky;ksaesa lHkh iwjd [kaMksa dks fu;fer :i ls vf/xzg.k dj ladfyr djrs jguk pkfg,A

;gk¡ fo'odks'kksa ds izeq[k ,oa egRoiw.kZ iwjd [kaMksa ds mnkgj.kksa dh ppkZ bUgsa rhu Jsf.k;ksa esa lewgc¼dj dh xbZ gS %

v) o;Ldksa ds fo'odks'k ds iwjd [kaM

c) cky fo'odks'k ds iwjd [kaM

l) fo"k;&fo'odks'k ds iwjd [kaM

v) o;Ldksa ds fo'odks'k ds iwjd [kaM

o;Ldksa ds fy, fo'odks'kksa ds iwjd [kaM ,d okf"kZdh dk dk;Z djrs gSa &

Americana Annual : An Encyclopedia of Events. New York : Americana Corporation,1923. Annual.

Britannica Book of the Year. Chicago : Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1938. Annual.

Chamber;s Encyclopaedia Yearbook, London : International Learning Systems, 1938Annual.

lu~ 1952-65 ds nkSjku bldk izdk'ku Newnes, London }kjk Chamber's EncyclopaediaWorld Survey dh vk[;k ls fd;k Fkk ftldk izdk'ku lekIr dj bls 1968 ls uohu vk[;kChamber's Encyclopaedia Yearbook dh vk[;k ds varxZr izdkf'kr fd;k tk jgk gSA

c) cky fo'odks'k ds iwjd [kaM

cky fo'odks'kksa ds Hkh okf"kZd iwjd [kaMksa dk izdk'ku fd;k tkrk gS tks ckydksa] Nk=kksa ,oa r#.kksads fy, mi;ksxh gksrs gSaA

l) fo"k; fo'odks'k ds iwjd [k.M

fo'o&fo'odks'kksa ds iwjd [kaM vfr mi;ksxh ,oa lwpukizn gksrs gSa vkSj fo'o fo'ks"kKksa ds fy, uohulwpuk iznku djrs gSaA fo"k; ds o"kZ fo'ks"k ls lacaf/r egRoiw.kZ fodkl ,oa miyfC/;ksa dk buesamYys[k gksrk gSA

NOTES


151


McGraw-Hill Yearbook of Science and Technology. New York : McGraw-Hill, 1962.Annual.

;g McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology dk iwjd [kaM gS vkSj nkslaLdj.kksa ds izdkf'kr gksus ds chp ds le; esa bl fo'odks'k dks vn~;ru j[krk gSA ;g ,degRoiw.kZ Rofjr lanHkZ midj.k gS ftlls oSKkfudksa] vfHk;kaf=kdh] foKku ds vè;kidksa ,oa Nk=kksa dksi;kZIr lwpuk izkIr gksrh gSA

The American Library Association, Yearbook. Chicago: American Library Association,1976. Annual.

;g ALA World Ecyclopedia of Library and Information Services dk iwjd [kaM gSA blvCndks'k ,oa fo'odks'k ds foLrkj&{ks=k esa vUrj gSA fo'odks'k esa iw.kZ txr dks lfEefyr fd;kx;k gS tcfd vCndks'k vesfjdk ds fooj.k rd lhfer gSA ysfdu ;g ,d vfr mi;ksxh lanHkZmidj.k gS ftlls iqLrdky; oSKkfudksa] lwpuk oSKkfudksa] Nk=kksa ,oa iqLrdky; foKku ds f'k{kdksadks izpqj lgk;rk feyrh gSA

3.2 iapkax

vCndks'kksa dh gh Hkk¡fr iapkax Hkh Rofjr lanHkZ lzksrksa ds :i esa lkof/d izdk'ku gksrs gSaA¶vkWyeud¸ dk 'kkfCnd vfHkizk; eghuksa ,oa fnuksa dk frfFk&i=k gksrk gS vkSj ;g ,d izdkj dkdSys.Mj (Calendar) gSA blesa [kxksyh; ,oa leqnzh lwpuk (Astronomical and NauticalInformation), tks lw;Z] pUnzek] Tokj] okf"kZd mRlo ls lacaf/r gksrh gS] dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrgSA ;g ,d okf"kZd iapkax gksrk gS ftlesa vusd izdkj ds fooj.k tSls fd % [kxksyh; ?kVukvksa]T;ksfr"k lacf/r Hkfo";ok.kh] ?kVukvksa bR;kfn dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA ysfdu ¶vkWyeud¸'kCn dk vfHkizk; vktdy cny x;k gSA vius izpfyr ,oa lkekU; Lo:i esa ;g lkef;d rFkkiwoZizHkkoh lkaf[;dh; fooj.k rFkk rF;ksa dh laf{kIr okf"kZdh gSA blesa fdlh fo"k;&fo'ks"k vFkokHkkSxksfyd {ks=k dk fooj.k lfEefyr gks ldrk gS vFkok fdlh fo'ks"k ns'k vFkok jkT; dkA ShorterOxford English Dictionary esa bldh ifjHkk"kk bl izdkj nh xbZ gS& ¶okf"kZd lkj.kh dh iqfLrdkftlesa eghuksa ,oa fnuksa dh frfFk;k¡ izk;% [kxksyh; fooj.k ,oa lwpuk lfgr nh tkrh gSA¸ gSjksM~lXyksljh (Harrod's Glossary) ds vuqlkj ;g izk;% ,d ¶okf"kZd izdk'ku gS ftlesa lkaf[;dh; ,oavU; izdkj ds fofo/ rF;ksa dh lwpuk gksrh gSA¸ iqLrdky;kè;{k izk;% bldk mi;ksx lkaf[;dhds ,d Rofjr lanHkZ lzksr ds :i esa djrs gSaA

;gk¡ 'kCndks'kksa vkSj iapkaxksa dh fofHkUurkvksa ,oa lekurkvksa dh ppkZ Hkh gksuh pkfg,A ;|fi] nksuksanks izdkj dh lanHkZ Ñfr;k¡ gSa rFkkfi foLrkj&{ks=k ,oa mi;ksfxrk esa nksuksa gh ,d leku ,oa ijLijlacaf/r gSaA nksuksa gh Rofjr lanHkZ ds lzksrksa ds :i esa ,d gh lkFk lewgc¼ fd, tkrs gSaA fu/kZfjrle;kof/ ds varxZr budk okf"kZd izdk'ku fd;k tkrk gSA ij nksuksa ds chp eq[; vUrj lwpuklekos'k esa le;kof/ dh fHkUurk ,oa Lo:i ds dkj.k gksrk gSA vCndks'k esa foxr o"kZ ls lacafèkrlkaf[;dh; lwpuk izdkf'kr dh tkrh gS] tcfd iapkaxksa esa iwoZO;kih lwpuk dks Hkh lfEefyr fd;ktkrk gSA 'kCndks'k izR;sd o"kZ izdkf'kr fd, tkrs gSa] ysfdu iapkaxksa dh izdk'ku vof/ esa fHkUurkgksrh gS] mnkgj.kkFkZ& Congressional Quarterly Almanac vFkok Almanac of AmericanPolitics (Biennial), Almanac of Famous People (Irregular)A

foLrkj&{ks=k] mn~ns'; ,oa dk;Z rFkk lwpuk&lekos'k dh n`f"V ls iapkaxksa dks rhu i`Fkd Jsf.k;ksa esalewgc¼ fd;k tkrk gS %

NOTES



152

iapkax (Almanacs)

[kxksyh; (Astronomical) fo"k;kRed (Topical)

lwpukRed (Informational)

v) [kxksyh; iapkax

izk;% lHkh ns'kksa }kjk izfro"kZ [kxksyh; iapkaxksa dk izdk'ku fd;k tkrk gSA buesa vkxkeh o"kZ ls lacafèkr[kxksy'kkL=kh; ,oa T;ksfr"k laca/h x.kuk nh tkrh gSA

Indian Ephemeries and Nautical Almanac. Delhi : Controller of Publication, 1957Annual.

Astronomical Almanae Londer : HMSO, 1989 Annual

c) lwpukRed iapkax

lwpukRed iapkax ewyr% lkekU; iapkax gksrs gSaA lkaf[;dh; lwpuk ds fy, bUgsa iw.kZr% 'kkldh; lzksrksaij fuHkZj jguk iM+rk gSA la'kksf/r lwpuk ds lkFk buds izdk'ku dh ,d fo"k;xr i¼fr ,oa :ijs[kkgksrh gSA budh dher de gksrh gS vkSj vf/dka'k iqLrdky; budk vf/xzg.k vius lanHkZ foHkkxds fy, djrs gSaA lkekU; yksx ,oa Nk=k Hkh budk Ø; viuk lkekU; Kku c<+kus vkSj izfrLi/kZRedijh{kkvksa esa mÙkh.kZ gksus ds fy, djrs gSaA

World Almanac and Book of Facts. N.Y. : World Telegram, 1868. Annual. (vk[;k vkSjizdk'kd cnyrs jgrs gSaA)

Information Please Almanac. Atlas and Yearbook. N.Y. : Simon and Schuster, 1947.Annual (vk[;k&izdk'kd cnyrs jgrs gSaA)

Whitaker's Almanac. London : Whitaker, 1869. Annual.

The Reader's Digest Almanac and Yearbook. N.Y. : W.W. Norton, 1966. Annual.(izdk'kd cnyrs jgrs gSaA)

l) fo"k;kRed iapkax

bl izdkj ds iapkaxksa dks fo"k;kRed iapkax (Topical Almanacs) dgk tkrk gS] D;ksafd buds vUrxZrdqN O;kid fo"k;ksa dks Hkh lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA izk;% ,sls iapkax okf"kZdh gksrs gSa vFkok f}o"khZ;izdk'ku Hkh gksrs gSaA vr% bUgsa 'kCndks'k (Yearbook) vFkok laf{kIrdh (Compendia) dgrs gSaA

The Sportsman's Almanac/by Carley Farquhar. New York : Harper, 1985.

Almanac of Business and Industrial Financial Ratios : Englewood Cliffs, N.J. :Prentice-Hall, 1971. Annual.

The Almanac of American Politics : The Senators, the Representatives, Their Records,States, Districts/comp. by Michael Barone [et al]. Boston : Gambit, 1972. Biennial.

3.3 funsZf'kdk,¡

funsZf'kdk Hkh Rofjr lanHkZ lzksrksa dh ,d vU; Js.kh gS ftlesa mi;ksDrkvksa }kjk ek¡x dh tkus okyhizpqj lwpuk fufgr gksrh gSA funsZf'kdk ls lacaf/r i;kZIr iz'uksa dks izR;sd iqLrdky; esa iwNk tkrkgSA vr% lanHkZ iqLrdky;kè;{k ds fy, fofHkUu izdkj dh funsZf'kdkvksa dk vf/xzg.k djuk

NOTES


153


vko';d gksrk gS rkfd buls lacaf/r iz'uksa ds mÙkj larks"kiw.kZ <ax ls fn;s tk ldsA funsZf'kdk,¡r`rh;d lanHkZ lzksr gSa ftuls mi;ksDrkvksa dks izkFkfed vkSj f}rh;d lzksrksa dk mi;ksx djus esalgk;rk izkIr gksrh gSA

funsZf'kdk,¡ laLFkkxr Hkh gks ldrh gS tks lacaf/r laLFkk ds ckjs esa fofo/ izdkj dh lwpuk,¡ iznkudjrh gSa] tSls laLFkk dk uke] Lo:i] dk;Z{ks=k] mn~ns';ksa] fØ;kRed xfrfof/;ksa] irk] inkf/dkjh]lnL;ksa dk fooj.k bR;kfnA O;fDr;ksa dh Hkh funsZf'kdk,¡ gksrh gSa ftuds vUrxZr lacaf/r O;fDr;ksads uke] irs] in] 'kS{kf.kd ;ksX;rk] O;olk;] vuqHko] lac¼rk bR;kfn dh lwpuk lfoLrkj nh xbZgksrh gSA funsZf'kdkvksa esa izfof"V;ksa dks Øec¼ <ax ls O;ofLFkr fd;k x;k gksrk gSA tks O;oLFkkoxhZÑr vFkok o.kkZuqØfed gksrh gSA ¶Mk;jsDVªh¸ (Directory) in dk iz;ksx] ?kVukvksa dh rkfydk]lekpkj&i=kksa dh lwph] if=kdkvksa dh lwph bR;kfn ds fy, Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA buds izdkj]foLrkj&{ks=k] mn~ns'; rFkk vkdkj esa varj gksrk gSA

vCndks'kksa vkSj iapkaxksa esa Hkh funsZf'kdk ds :i esa ,d i`Fkd Hkkx gksrk gSA buds vfrfjDr bl izdkjdh lwpuk fo'odks'kksa] thoupfjr lzksrksa HkkSxksfyd lzksrksa rFkk dqN 'kkldh; ,oa laLFkkxr izdk'kuksa lsHkh izkIr dh tk ldrh gS] ysfdu lanHkZ iqLrdky; dehZ loZizFke funsZf'kdkvksa dk gh mi;ksx djukJs;"dj le>rs gSa D;ksafd muls okafNr lwpuk izkIr djus ds izfr os vk'oLr gksrs gSaA dHkh&dHkh mUgsabl izdkj dh lwpuk dks izkIr djus ds fy, vU; lzksrksa dk Hkh mi;ksx djuk iM+rk gSA

funsZf'kdk,¡ vusd izdkj dh gksrh gSA ;g vko';d ugha gS fd lkjh funsZf'kdkvksa dh vk[;k lsfunsZf'kdk (director) in Hkh lfEefyr gksA mnkgj.kkFkZ&

World of Learning. London : Europa Publications, 1947. Annual.

bl funsZf'kdk esa fon~or~ ifj"knksa] 'kks/ laLFkkuksa] fo'ofo|ky;ksa] iqLrdky;ksa] laxzgy;ksa bR;kfn dhlwph nh tkrh gSA blesa buds laLFkkiuk o"kZ] ladk;&lnL;ksa] ofj"B iz'kklfud ,oa 'kS{kf.kd dfeZ;ksabR;kfn dk mYys[k gksrk gSA ;wusLdks] varjjk"Vªh; ifj"knksa ,oa fofHkUu laxBuksa dks Hkh ,d i`Fkd~vuqHkkx esa lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA

National Register of Social Scientists in India/by N.K. Nijhawan. New Delhi : Con-cept (for ICSSR), 1983.

;g lkekftd oSKkfudkas dh funsZf'kdk gS ftlesa 7500 fo'ks"kKksa dk mYys[k gSA blesa mudh 'kSf{kdi`"BHkwfe] vuqla/ku dk {ks=k] orZeku in ,oa fLFkfr rFkk muds orZeku irs iznku fd, x, gSaA Hkkjrh;lkekftd oSKkfudksa dh ;g ,d izeq[k funsZf'kdk gSA

vusd ,slh Hkh funsZf'kdk,¡ gSa ftudh vk[;k esa "Encyclopaedia". "Yearbook", "Handbook","Register" rFkk "Guide" bR;kfn in lfEefyr gksrs gSaA ysfdu oLrqr% ;s funsZf'kdk,¡ gh gSaA ,slhdqN vk[;kvksa dk mYys[k ;gk¡ fd;k x;k gSA

Vol. 1 – ;g lHkh izdkj ds jk"Vªh; ,oa vUrjkZ"Vªh; laxBuksa dh funsZf'kdk gSA

Vol. 2 – blesa HkkSxksfyd vuqØef.kdk gS ftlesa izfof"V;ksa dk O;oLFkkiu jkT; rFkk 'kgj ds vuqlkjfd;k x;k gSA blesa ,d dk;Zdkjh vuqØef.kdk Hkh gS ftlds vUrxZr izFke [kaM esa rkfydkc¼laxBuksa ds izeq[k iz'kklfud vf/dkfj;ksa dh vuqØef.kdk dks o.kkZuqØe esa O;ofLFkr fd;k x;k gSA

Vol. 3 – bl [kaM esa uohu la?kkas ,oa ifj"knksa dh lwpuk nh xbZ gS vkSj mudh vusd ifj;kstukvksadk mYys[k fd;k x;k gS ftUgsa bl fo'odks'k ds nks laLdj.kksa ds chp dh vof/ esa izkjEHk fd;kx;k gSA

NOTES



154

Yearbook of International Organisations. Brussels : Union of international Associa-tions, 1948. Annual.

orZeku esa lfØ; varjjkZ"Vªh; laxBuksa ,oa la?kksa dh ;g ,d c`gr~ funsZf'kdk gSA bldk izdk'ku vaxzsth,oa izsQUp esa gksrk gSA

Universities Handbook : India. Delhi : Association of Indian Universities, 1995.Annual.

Hkkjrh; fo'ofo|ky;ksa ,oa fo'ofo|ky;or~ laLFkkuksa dh ;g c`gr~ ,oa i;kZIr lwpukizn funsZf'kdkgSA

American Register of Exporter and Importers. New York : American Register ofExporters and Importers corporation, 1946. Annual.

blesa 25,000 ls vf/d vk;krdrkZvksa ,oa fu;kZrdrkZvksa dh lwph nh xbZ gSA blesa mRiknkas dhvuqØef.kdk vaxzsth] izsQUp] Lisfu'k vkSj teZu esa nh xbZ gSA

Guide to Coalfields/ed. by R.C. Sansom. Fuel and Metallurgical Journals Ltd., 1986.

blesa dks;ys dh [kkukas dh foLr`r lwpuk iznku dh xbZ gSA bl fo"k; ij tkudkjh dk ;g ,d mÙkelanHkZ lzksr gSA

bl fooj.k ls ;g Li"V gks tkrk gS fd funsZf'kdk,¡ i;kZIr la[;k esa miyC/ gSa] vkSj cgqr&lhfunsZf'kdkvksa dh vk[;kvksa esa ^Mk;jsDVªh*] in vfuok;Zr% lfEefyr ugha gksrk gSA blds LFkku ij^balkbDyksihfM;k*] ^bZ;jcqd*] ^gS.Mcqd*] ^jftLVj* rFkk ^xkbM* bR;kfn dk Hkh iz;ksx gksrk gSA

;s funsZf'kdk,¡ izeq[kr% varjjk"Vªh;] jk"Vªh; {ks=kh; rFkk LFkkuh; gksrh gSA bUgsa nks izeq[k Jsf.k;ksa esalewgc¼ fd;k tk ldrk gSA

funsZf'kdk,¡

lkekU; fof'k"V

'kgjksa ,oa uxjksa VsyhiQksu laLFkkxr O;olk; O;kolkf;drFkk dLcksa dh VsyhxzkiQ ,oa funsZf'kdk,¡ laca/h ,oa O;kikfjdLFkykÑfrd VsysDl dh funsZf'kdk,¡ funsZf'kdk,¡funsZf'kdk,¡ funsZf'kdk,¡

uxjksa ,oa 'kgjksa dh LFkykÑfrd funsZf'kdk,¡

VsyhiQksu] VsyhxzkiQ ,oa VsysDl funsZf'kdk,¡

uxjksa ,oa 'kgjksa dh LFkykÑfrd funsZf'kdk,¡

bUgsa LFkkuh; ,oa uxj funsZf'kdk,¡ (Local or City Directories) Hkh dgrs gSaA buesa ls vf/dka'k'kkldh; izdk'ku gksrh gSA buesa Mkd[kkuksa] lsuk vkSj ukS lsuk] LFkkuksa] 'kgjksa bR;kfn dh lwpuk fufgrgksrh gSA 'kgjksa dh tkudkjh ds fy, ,slh funsZf'kdk,¡ vR;Ur mi;ksxh lwpuk lzksr gksrh gSA

Directory of Cities and Towns in India/by O.P. Sharma. Dehli : Kripa, 1989.

NOTES


155


4023 'kgjksa] dLcksa ,oa uxjksa ds HkkSxksfyd {ks=k] tula[;k] 'kgj dh vofLFkfr] uke] lacaf/rtuin@ftyk bR;kfn dh lwpuk blesa nh xbZ gSA

Cities of the World, a compilation of current information of cultural, geographi-cal and political conditions in the countries and cities of six containents basedupon U.S. Dept of State's Post/reported by Monica M. Hubbard and Beverly Baer.4th ed. Detroit : Gale, 1993. 4 volumes.

Great Britain Post Office : Post Office Guilde. London : Statistical Office, 1859-.

lu~ 1856 ls 1879 rd bls fczfV'k iksLVy xkbM dgk tkrk FkkA bldh izdk'kuof/ cnyrh jghgS] ysfdu lkekU;r% ;g ,d okf"kZdh funsZf'kdk jgh gS vkSj blds ijd vad Hkh fudkys tkrs gSaA1937 ls blls laca¼ nks [kaMksa Post Offices in the United Kingdom rFkk London PostOffices and Streets dk izdk'ku vfu;fer vof/ esa fd;k tk jgk gSA

Thacker's Indian Directory. Calcutta : Thacker's Press and Directories, 1870. (99thedition in 1971).

;g ,d foLr`r ,oa vn~;ru funsZf'kdk gS ftlesa 'kklu rFkk blds vf/dkfj;ksa] O;kikjksa] 'kSf{kdlaLFkkvksa] ifj"knksa bR;kfn dh iw.kZ lwpuk jkT;ksa ds vuqlkj nh xbZ gSA

Hkkjrh; uxjksa dh dqN funsZf'kdk,¡ fuEufyf[kr gSa %

Assam Directory and Tea Areas Handbook. Calcutta : Assam Review Pub. Co.,

Comprehensive Calcutta City Guide and Directory. Calcutta : Newman and Co., 1959.

Kerala City Guide and Directory/compiled by Esjeays. 2nd ed. Madras : G.S.S. Iyer andSons, 1966.


2- iapkax dk vFkZ Li"V dhft, rFkk bldh ifjHkk"kk Hkh nhft,A

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VsyhiQksu] VsyhxzkiQ ,oa VsysDl funsZf'kdk,¡

VsyhiQksu funsZf'kdk,¡

fgUnh esa bUgsa nwjHkk"k funsZf'kdk (Telephoe Directory) Hkh dgk tkrk gSA izR;sd ns'k] jk"Vª] jkT;]uxj dh VsyhiQksu funsZf'kdk gksrh gS ftlesa VsyhiQksu /kjdksa dh nwjHkk"k la[;k rFkk iwjk irk gksrkgSA

budk ladyu ,oa izdk'ku izk;% jk"Vªh; vFkok jkT; ljdkj ds iksLV ,oa VsyhxzkiQ foHkkx }kjk fd;ktkrk gSA bls /kjd ds uke ds o.kkZuqØe esa O;ofLFkr fd;k tkrk gSAThe National Directory of Addresses and Telephone Numbers. New York : BantamBooks, 1977, Irregular.la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk (USA) esa csy ,oa gkosy (Bell and Howell) ekbØksfiQ'k :i esa 360 izeq[kcsy VsyhiQksu daiuh dh funsZf'kdkvksa dk ladyu rFkk mRiknu djrs gSa tks uxj fuokfl;ksa rFkkla;qDr jkT; vesfjdk ds {ks=kh; VsyhiQksu ls lacaf/r gSaA dqN 'kgjh funsZf'kdkvksa esa foi;Z; VsyhiQksu

NOTES



156

la[;k laok,¡ gksrh gSa] dqN o.kkZuqØe esa fuokfl;ksa] /kjdksa ,oa O;kikjksa dh lwfp;k¡ gksrh gSa] dqN esaO;kikjksa ,oa edku ekfydksa dh lwph muds lM+dksa@ekxks± ds lkFk o.kZØekuqlkj 'kCndks'kh; Øe esaHkh nh xbZ gksrh gSa rFkk dqN esa VsyhiQksu la[;k dh la[;kRed rkfydk Hkh nh xbZ gksrh gS tks èkkjdksads ukeksa rFkk irksa dks ladsfrr djrh gSA vkj-,y-iksYd daiuh] MsVjk;V (R.I. Polk Company,Detroit) ftldh LFkkiuk 1870 esa dh xbZ Fkh] us ,slh 800 funsZf'kdkvksa dk izdk'k fd;k gSA blizdk'ku laLFkk us cSadksa ,oa izR;{k i=kpkjksa dh Hkh funsZf'kdk izdkf'kr dh gSA

Hkkjr esa izR;sd uxj dh viuh LFkkuh; funsZf'kdk gSA ;g funsZf'kdk,¡ jkT; ljdkjksa rFkk ,tsfUl;ksa}kjk fu;fer vUrjky ls izdkf'kr dh tkrh gSA

Delhi Telephone Directory : 1999. New Delhi : Mahanagar Telephone Nigam, 199. 3volumes.

;g funsZf'kdk rhu Hkkxksa esa gS ftldk lkekU; Hkkx o.kkZuqØe esa gSA blesa uhys jax ds i`"Bksa esa jkT;,oa dsUnzh; ljdkjksa dh VsyhiQksu la[;k,¡ gSa vkSj ihys i`"Bksa esa 1600 oxhZÑr fofHkUu mRiknuksa vkSjlsokvksa dh VsyhiQksu la[;k,¡ gSaA

VsyhiQksu la[;kvksa] irksa] laxBuksa] ukeksa] fnYyh esa fLFkfr dk;kZy;ksa ds ukeksa ,oa inksa dks Kkr djusds fy, ;g funsZf'kdk ,d vko';d ,oa egRoiw.kZ lanHkZ lzksr gSA ;g i;kZIr izkekf.kd ,oa mi;ksxhlwpuk lzksr gSA

VsyhxzkfiQd ,oa VsysDl funsZf'kdk,¡

,slh funsZf'kdk,¡ tks VsyhxzkfiQd VsysDl irksa vFkok iSQDl la[;kvksa dh lwpuk iznku djrh gSa] osHkh Rofjr lanHkZ lzksrksa ds :i esa mi;ksxh midj.k gSaA budk {ks=k varjkZ"Vªh;] {ks=kh;] jk"Vªh; vFkokLFkkuh; gks ldrk gSA

Jaequer and Waldmann World Telex. Darmstadt : Telex-Verlag Jaequer and Walumann.

bldk izdk'ku izfro"kZ 4 [kaMksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA blds =kSekfld iwjd Hkh izdkf'kr fd, tkrs gSaAizFke nks [kaMksa esa izfof"V;ksa dk o.kkZuqØfed O;oLFkkiu gSA igyk [kaM ;wjksih; ns'kksa ds fy, gS vkSjnwljk fo'o ds vU; ns'kksa ds fy,A rhljk [kaM fØ;kdykiksa ds vuqlkj oxhZÑr gS rFkk pkSFkk [kaMmÙkj;qDr dksM vuqØef.kdk dk gSA bl funsZf'kdk dh izfr"Bk vf/d gS vkSj bldk O;kidRo Hkhi;kZIr foLr`r gSA

Marcon's International Register. New York : Telegraphic Cable and Radic Registry

bldk foLrkj&{ks=k varjkZ"Vªh; gSA blesa VsysDl la[;k] izR;qÙkj ds dksM rFkk dscy (Cable)

All India Telegraphic Address Directory Baroda. Indian Export Trade Journal, 1969.Irregular.

;g jk"Vªh; VsyhxzkiQ Mk;jsDVjh gSA

c) fof'k"V funsZf'kdk,¡

fof'k"V funsZf'kdk,¡ Hkh varjkZ"Vªh;] jk"Vªh; rFkk LFkkuh; {ks=kuqlkj gks ldrh gSA bUgsa rhu eq[; lewgksaesa j[kk tk ldrk gS %

laLFkkxr funsZf'kdk,¡

NOTES


157


O;olk; laca/h funsZf'kdk,¡

O;kikj ,oa O;olk; funsZf'kdk,¡

laLFkkxr funsZf'kdk,¡

vuqPNsn 3.1 esa pfpZr dqN vCndks'kksa dks ;kn djsaA mnkgj.kkFkZ& "Europa Yearbook"."Statesman's Yearbook" rFkk "Yearbook of the United Nations" esa varjkZ"Vªh; laxBuksadh lwph muds fooj.k ds lkFk izLrqr dh xbZ gSA iqu% bl vuqPNsn esa geus dqN lwpuk lzksrksa dhfoospuk dh gS tks oLrqr% laLFkkxr funsZf'kdk,¡ gSaA ysfdu budh vk[;k esa u rks ^Mk;jsDVjh* indk mYys[k fd;k x;k gS u gh 'Yearbook', 'book', 'Encyclopaeida' ' Guide' rFkk 'Register'inksa dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gSA ;gk¡ ge vkidk ifj{k.k dqN vU; 'kCnkdks'kksa vkSj funsZf'kdkvksa lsdjk;saxs tks i`Fkd~ :i ls laLFkkuksa (institutions) dh foLr`r lwpuk iznku djrh gSA buesa mudsLo:i] dk;ks±] mn~ns';ksa] fØ;kdykiksa] irs] inkf/dkjh e.My] lnL;ksa bR;kfn dh lwpuk iznku dhxbZ gksrh gSA ysfdu buesa fofHkUu laLFkkuksa rFkk la?kksa bR;kfn dh lwpuk Hkh iznku dh tkrh gSA

laLFkkxr funsZf'kdkvksa ds dqN mnkgj.k fuEufyf[kr gSa %

Commonwealth Universities Yearbook : Directory of the Commonwealth and Hand-book of their Associations. London : Association of Commonwealth Universities, 1914.Annual.

bldk izdk'ku "Yearbook of the Universities of the Empire" dh vk[;k ls 1941-46 rddh vof/ esa fd;k x;k FkkA 1948-57 dh vof/ esa "Yearbook of the Universities of theCommonwealth" dh vk[;k ls bldk izdk'ku fd;k x;kA

jk"Vªdqy ns'kksa (Commonwealth Countries) ds fo'ofo|ky;ksa ds laca/ esa blesa foLr`r lwpukdk mYys[k feyrk gSA ;g ,d vfr mi;ksxh lwpuk ,oa lanHkZ dk midj.k gSA bldk izdk'ku vc4 [kaMksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA ns'kksa dks oxkZuqØe esa O;ofLFkr fd;k x;k gSA izR;sd ns'k ds varxZrfo'ofo|ky;ksa dks Hkh muds ukekuqlkj o.kkZuqØe esa O;ofLFkr fd;k x;k gSA blesa LFkkiuk o"kZ] izeq[kvf/dkjh e.My] ladk;&lnL;] egRoiw.kZ iz'kklfud dkfeZd] laca¼ laLFkkuksa] iqLrdky; dhlkaf[;dh; lwpuk] ikB~;Øeksa dk fooj.k] izos'k fu;eksa] mikf/;ksa] Nk=ko`fÙk;ksa ,oa vodk'k bR;kfndh foLr`r lwpuk nh xbZ gSA

Directory of Scientific Research Institutions in India, 1989, New Delhi : INSDOC,1989, 6 volumes.

Vol 1. – CSIR, ICMR, DRDO, ICAR

Vol. 4 – vk;qfoZKku vfHk;kfU=kdh] Ñf"k foKku ds laLFkku]

Vol. 5 – lkoZtfud miØe {ks=k] futh miØe {ks=k] varjkZ"Vªh; ,oa vU; laLFkku]

Vol. 6 – lap;h vuqØef.kdkA

Directory of Educational Research Institutions in the Asian Region. 2nd ed. Bangkok :UNESCO Regional Office for Education in Asia, 1970.

blesa 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku ls lacaf/r 170 laLFkkuksa dks ns'kksa ds vuqlkj lwphc¼ fd;k x;k gSA 'kSf{kdvuqla/ku in dk iz;ksx O;kid vfHkizk; esa fd;k x;k gS ftlesa fodkl vkSj izlkj nksuksa dks gh

NOTES



158

lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA blesa egRoiw.kZ lwpuk dh n`f"V ls laLFkkuksa dk uke] irk] vè;{k dk in]LFkkiuk o"kZ] 'kkldh; foHkkx] iw.kZ dh xbZ vuqla/ku ifj;kstukvksa dh p;fur rkfydk] orZekuifj;kstuksa dh lwph] if=kdk,¡ pqus gq, izdk'kuksa dh rkfydk] pqus gq, izdk'kuksa dk lkjka'k bR;kfn fn,x, gSaA var esa ,f'k;k esa py jgh 'kSf{kd ifj;kstukvksa dh vuqØef.kdk Hkh nh xbZ gSA 'kSf{kdfu;kstudrkZvksa ,oa 'kks/drkZvksa ds fy, ;g fo'oluh; ,oa mís'; lanHkZ lzksr gSA

Directory of Indian Public Libraries : A Selected List of Libraries assisted byRRRL Foundation/ed. by B.P. Barua. Calcutta : Noya Prakash, 1986.

blesa Hkkjr ds 6000 lkoZtfud iqLrdky;ksa ds ukeksa ,oa irksa dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gS ftUgsa jktkjkeeksgu jk; ykbczsjh iQkmUMs'ku }kjk 1972-73 ls 1984-85 rd lgk;rk iznku dh xbZA ;g ifjiw.kZlwph ughas gSA

Women's Studies in India : A Directory of Research Institutions/ by Gulnaz A. Khan.Delhi : Ashish, 1993.

O;kolkf;d funsZf'kdk,¡

foxr pkj n'kdksa esa varjjk"ZVªh; rFkk LFkkuh; O;olkf;;ksa ds la?kksa dh la[;k esa i;kZIr o`f¼ gqbZ gSftuds ekè;e ls fdlh {ks=k fo'ks"k ds fo'ks"kKksa ,oa fo}kuksa dk lewg ,d eap ij ,df=kr ,oa laxfBrgksdj vius Kku ds {ks=k ds fodkl esa izksRlkgu iznku djrk gSA os vius {ks=k ds ckSf¼d ,oaO;kogkfjd Kku dks mUur cukus] fodkl dks izksRlkfgr djus vkSj viuh xfrfof/;ksa dks foLr`r djusds fy, lEesyuksa] xksf"B;ksa] dk;Z'kkykvksa dk vk;kstu] vuqla/ku ifj;kstukvksa dk fu"iknu]if=kdkvksa] cqysfVuksa] lekpkj if=kdkvksa] laxksf"B;ksa dh dk;Zokfg;ksa] eksuksxzkiQksa rFkk vuqla/kuizfrosnuksa dk izdk'ku fu;fer :i ls djrs gSaA bu la?kksa }kjk vius lnL;ksa dh funsZf'kdk,¡ Hkhizdkf'kr dh tkrh gSaA bu funsZf'kdkvksa }kjk ;ksX; ,oa izfrHkk'kh fo}kuksa dk irk yxkus rFkk mulslaidZ djus esa izpqj lgk;rk izkIr gksrh gSA

World Directory of Mathematics. International Mathematical Union. 1979.

blesa xf.kr ds {ks=k ds 20,000 fo'ks"kKkas dh lwpuk iznku dh xbZ gSA

International Directory of Marine Scientists. Rome : Food and Agriculture Organisation,1977.

blesa 93 ns'kksa ds 10,000 fo'ks"kKksa dks lwphc¼ fd;k x;k gS tks bl {ks=k ds fo[;kr fo'ks"kK gSa%

blds izFke pkj laLdj.kksa dk izdk'ku 1938-67 dh vof/ esa fofHkUu fudk;kas }kjk fd;k x;k gSAblesa 43,000 ekuo'kkL=k fo'ks"kKksa ds thoupfjr dh lwpuk nh xbZ gSA blesa HkkSxksfyd] dkyØfedrFkk fo"k;xr vuqØef.kdk Hkh gSA

International Directory of Philosophy and Philosophers. 2nd ed. Ohio : PhilosophyDocumentation Centre, Bouling Green University, 1966.

bldk izFke laLdj.k ;wusLdksa dh lgk;rk ls izdkf'kr gqvk FkkA fn~orh; laLdj.k dk izdk'kuDirectory of American Philosophers ds lg;ksxh [kaM ds :i esa fd;k x;k Fkk] tks nks Hkkxksaesa FkkA izFke Hkkx esa varjkZ"Vªh; nk'kZfud laxBuksa ,oa Hkkx nks esa egkfo|ky;ksa] fo'ofo|ky;ksa]laLFkkuksa] 'kks/dsUnzksa] nk'kZfud la?kksa] if=kdkvksa rFkk n'kZu'kkL=k dh Ñfr;ksa ds izdk'kdksa dk fooj.kfn;k x;k gSA blesa lfEefyr laxBukas ds lnL;ksa dh lwph Hkh izLrqr dh xbZ gSA

NOTES


159


International Directory of Translators and Interpreters. London : Pond Press, 1967.

blesa fo'o ds lHkh LFkkuksa ds pqus gq, 2100 vuqokndksa rFkk nqHkkf"k;ksa dh lwpuk izLrqr dh xbZ gSA

bu funsZf'kdkvksa dk laca/ fdlh u fdlh fo'ks"k fo"k; ;k O;olk; ls gSA ysfdu budk O;kidRovarjkZ"Vªh; gSA vc ge mu funsZf'kdkvksa ds mnkgj.k izLrqr djsaxs tks fdlh O;olk; fo'ks"k dsfo'ks"kKksa ds lkFk gh fdlh ns'k&fo'ks"k] laxBu fo'ks"k rFkk ifj"kn~ fo'ks"k ls laca¼ gSA

American Architects Directory. 3rd ed. New York : Bowker, 1970.

Directory of Members of Royal Institute of British Architects

American Medical Directory. American Medical Institute. 2 volume.

A.L.A. Membrship Directory. Chicago : American Library Association, 1950. Annual.

Directories of Libraries and Who's Who in Library profession in Delhi/ed. by N.K. Goel[et al.]. New Delhi : Delhi Library Association, 1950 Annual.

O;kikj ,oa O;olk; funsZf'kdk,¡

lHkh ns'kksa esa vius O;kikj] O;olk;] mís';ksa] m|ksxifr;ksa] mRikndksa bR;kfn dh funsZf'kdk,¡ i;kZIrla[;k esa izdkf'kr dh tkrh gSa ftuls bu {ks=kksa dh lwpuk le;kuqlkj izkIr gksrh jgrh gSA lkekU;vUrjkZ"Vªh; funsZf'kdkvksa esa ;g lEHko ugha gks ikrk gS fd muesa O;kikj] O;olk; ,oa m|ksxksa ,oamuds mRiknksa dh iw.kZ lwpuk dks lfEefyr fd;k tk,A vr% buesa izeq[k ,oa lhfer izdj.kksa dksp;ukRed <ax ls lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA ysfdu fo"k; ,oa O;kolkf;d funsZf'kdkvksa esa] tks {ks=kfo'ks"k ,oa fo"k; fo'ks"k rFkk O;olk;ksa ls lacaf/r gksrh gS] izeq[k izdj.kksa ij foLr`r lwpuk lfEefyrdh xbZ gksrh gSA ;s funsZf'kdk,¡ lw{ere] egu ,oa foLr`r lwpuk izkIr djus ds fy, vius {ks=k dsizeq[k lanHkZ lzksr ,oa midj.k dk dk;Z djrh gSA

bldk izdk'ku nks [kaMksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA izFke [kaM esa fczVsu] mÙkjh vk;jyS.M] vk;jyS.MfjifCyd bR;kfn dks vkSj f}rh; [kaM esa ;wjksi] vesfjdk] ,f'k;k] vizQhdk rFkk vksflfu;k(Oceania) bR;kfn dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA bldh izfof"V;ksa dks o.kkZuqØe ,oa oxhZÑr vuqØenksuksa ds vuqlkj O;ofLFkr fd;k tkrk gSA ;g ,d o`gr~ vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kolkf;d ,oa O;kikj funsZf'kdkgSA

Directory of American Firms Operation in Foreign Countries/compiled by JuvenalL. Ange. 7th ed. New York : World Trade Academy Press, 1967. Irregular.

bldk izFk laLdj.k 1955 esa izdkf'kr fd;k x;k FkkA blesa vesfjdk ds 3200 fuxeksa dk mYys[kgS tks 15,000 O;kikfjd m|eksa dk lapkyu fons'kksa esa djrs gSaA izFke Hkkx esa vesfjdh fuxeksa dho.kkZuqØfed vuqØef.kdk gS vkSj Hkkx nks esa izR;sd ns'k ds vuqlkj varjkZ"Vªh; fuxeksa dho.kkZuqØfed lwph iznku dh xbZ gSA

American Register of Exporters and Importers. New York : American Register ofExporters and Importers Corporation, 1946. Annual.

blesa vesfjdk ds 25,000 vk;kr ,oa fu;kZr laxBuksa ,oa iQeks± (Firms) dks lwphc¼ fd;k x;k gSAblesa mRiknksa dh vuqØef.kdk Hkh vaxzsth] izsQUp] Lisfu'k vkSj teZu esa izLrqr dh xbZ gSA

NOTES



160

Kothari's Industrial Directory of India. Madras : Kothari Enterprises, 1936. Annual.

Hkkjrh; vkS|ksfxd funsZf'kdkvksa esa dksBkjh funsZf'kdk vR;f/d yksdfiz; gSA ;g laLdj.k iw.kZr%la'kksf/r gS vkSj bldk vkdkj Hkh lqfo/ktud gSA besa vkfFkZd fodkl] tula[;k] jkstxkj] vkS|ksfxdxfrfof/;ksa ds fu;e] vè;kns'k ,oa fof/ izfØ;k] O;kikj ,oa m|ksxksa dh uhfr;ksa ds ifjorZuksa]1988-91 rd vk;kr&fu;kZr dh uhfr;ksa bR;kfn dk lfoLrkj mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA Hkkjrh; vkfFkZdfLFkfr ds lHkh vko';d igyqvksa ,oa lkoZtfud rFkk futh {ks=kksa dh lEiw.kZ fLFkfr dk blesa mYys[kfd;k x;k gSA izeq[k inkFkks± ;k ftUlksa ds vuqlkj blesa lHkh izdkj ds m|ksxksa dk losZ{k.k HkhlfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA bl laLdj.k esa 'Electronics' rFkk 'Learning Finance and Investment'dks Hkh lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA

lu~ 1995 ds laLdj.k dks nks Hkkxksa esa foHkDr fd;k x;k gSA izFke Hkkx esa Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dhlkekU; lwpuk rFkk f}rh; Hkkx esa izeq[k m|ksxksa dk fooj.k fo"k;kuqlkj gS] tSls cSad] lhes.V]jklk;fud m|ksx ,oa mRikn bR;kfnA

PHD Chamber of Commerce and Industry : Directory of Members, 1988. 15th ed.New Delhi : PHD House, 1988.

PHDCCI funsZf'kdk ,d egÙoiw.kZ lanHkZ eSU;qvy dk dk;Z djrh gSA Hkkjr ds mÙkjh {ks=k esaeSuqiSQDpfjax vkSj fu;kZrdh {kerk dh iw.kZ lwpuk blls izkIr gks tkrh gSA blesas N% jkT;ksa vkSj nksdsUnz&'kkflr vf/{ks=kksa dh lwpuk izeq[kr% lfEefyr dh xbZ gS ftlesa mÙkj izns'k] iatkc] jktLFkku]gfj;k.kk] fgekpy izns'k] tEew ,oa d'ehj] fnYyh rFkk p.Mhx<+ lfEefyr gSaA blesa lnL;ksa dkso.kkZuqØe vkSj oxhZÑr vuqØeksa esa lnL; la[;k ds lkFk O;ofLFkr fd;k x;k gSA blesa lnL;ksa dsckjs esa foLr`r fooj.k fn;k x;k gSA

All India Book Trade Directory : 1986-87. 2nd ed. Delhi : Modern Publications,1987.

izdk'kuksa ds izfrfuf/;ksa] Fkksd ,oa iqQVdj foØsrkvksa] iqLrdky; vkiwfrZdrkZvksa] dkxt O;kikfj;ksa]eqnzdksa rFkk Hk.Mkj.k djus okyksa dks tuinksa ds vuqlkj lwphc¼ fd;k x;k gSA tuinksa esa mudsLFkku&irs] fiudksM] HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr] jsy ekxks± dk ladsr] cSfdax lqfo/kvksa] ekfydksa ds ukeksa]LFkkiuk o"kZ] Mkd ds irs] VsyhxzkfiQd irk] VsyhiQksu ,oa VsysDl la[;k] izdk'kuksa dh Hkk"kk] iqLrdvkiwfrZ dh fo'ks"kKrk bR;kfn dk foLr`r fooj.k blesa fn;k x;k gSA

Directory of Publishers Registered under the ISBN System/compiled by K.P. Rajora,New Delhi : Saraswati B.K., 1993.

ekpZ 31, 1993 rd ISBN vkcafVr yxHkx 1600 Hkkjrh; izdk'kdksa dh ;g funsZf'kdk gSA


3- laLFkkxr funsZf'kdkvksa ds dqN mnkgj.k nhft;sA

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NOTES


161


3.4 gS.Mcqd] fu;e&iqfLrdk,¡ ,oa lanf'kZdk,¡

bl izdkj ds Rofjr lanHkZ lzksrksa dk ,d c`gr~ lewg gS ftlesa gS.Mcqd (Handbook), fu;e&iqfLrdk,¡(Manuals) lzksr iqfLrdk,¡ (Source books) ,oa lanf'kZdk,¡ (Guide books) bR;kfn izeq[k gSaA buesaLi"V foHksn LFkkfir djuk cM+k dfBu dk;Z gS] D;ksafd buds foLrkj&{ks=k vkSj m~ns'; rFkk dk;Z ,dizdkj ds gksrs gSaA bu inksa dks i;kZ;okph 'kCnksa ds :i esa Hkh mi;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gS] D;ksafd budhfo'ks"krk,¡ Hkh ,d&lh gksrh gSA bUgsa ^dEisfM;k* ;k laf{kfIrdh Hkh dgk tkrk gS] D;ksafd buesalacafèkr Kku {ks=k dk xgu ysfdu foLr`r fooj.k fn;k x;k gksrk gSA

gS.Mcqd 'kCn teZu Hkk"kk ds 'kCn gS.Mcqp (handbuch) ls fy;k x;k gS] ftldk vFkZ gS mi;ksxhrFkk miyC/ djkus okyh ,d laf{kIr iqLrd vFkok ÑfrA ^eSU;qvy* Hkh feyrh&tqyrh iqfLrdkgSA ;g 'kCn ySfVu Hkk"kk ds 'kCn ^eSU;qvYl* (Manuals) ls cuk gSA bldk vfHkizk; lanf'kZdk(guide book) gSA bldk vFkZ laf{kfIrdh] laf{kIr gS.Mcqd] laf{kIr Ñfr Hkh gS ftldk mi;ksxfdlh dk;Z ;k dyk ds vè;;u vFkok lh[kus esa ekxZn'kZu izkIr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ,slhÑfr;k¡ Rofjr lanHkZ lzksrksa dh vko';d Ñfr;k¡ gksrh gSaA buls fdlh dk;Z ds fu"iknu esa lgk;rkizkIr gksrh gSA vr% bUgsa vuqns'kkRed iqfLrd (Instruction book) Hkh dgrs gSaA

izk;% ,sls lanHkZ midj.k ,d [kaMh; gksrs gSaA lHkh gS.Mcqdksa esa yksdfiz; ,oa lkekU; vfHk:fp okysrF;ksa dk lekos'k ugha gksrk gSA ,sls fo"k;&gS.Mcqdksa dh la[;k vR;f/d gS ftuesa vuqla/kuksa dsizfrosnuksa ij vk/kfjr vkys[k fn, x, gksrs gSaA budks iw.kZr% le>us ds fy, ;g vko';d gksrk gSfd ewy fo"k; dk Kku ikBd dks gksuk pkfg,A buesa laf{kIr lwpuk dks l?ku :i ls izLrqr fd;kx;k gksrk gS] ysfdu fo'ks"k cks/xE;rk ds fy, fp=kys[kksa] Mk;xzke] xzkiQ] MsVk] lehdj.k] lw=kksa]fl¼karksa] izrhdksa] lkjf.k;ksa rFkk fof/;ksa bR;kfn dks Hkh fn;k x;k gksrk gSA budk foLrkj&{ks=k Hkhlhfer gksrk gS D;ksafd buesa fo'ks"kKksa ;k ikBdksa ds lhfer lewg ds fy, mi;ksxh fof'k"V fo"k;ksa]izdj.kksa rFkk rduhdh leL;kvksa ds lw{e fooj.k fn, x, gksrs gSaA budk egÙo blfy, vf/d gksrkgS D;ksafd buesa lw{e fo"k; ij lwpuk dh xgurk vf/d gksrh gSA

gS.Mcqdksa vkSj fu;e&iqfLrdkvksa dh la[;k esa fuR;izfr o`f¼ gks jgh gS vkSj izR;sd fo"k; esa ;svxf.kr la[;k esa miyC/ gS% Kku esa o`f¼ dh xfr rhoz gksus ds dkj.k lanHkZ dh ;s Ñfr;k¡ 'kh?kzgh iqjkuk vkSj viw.kZ gksrh tkrh gSa vkSj vn~;ru djus ds fy, bUgsa la'kksf/r djuk iM+rk gSA ,slhÑfr;k¡ lanHkZ midj.k ds :i esa iqLrdky;ksa ds fy, mi;ksxh ,oa vko';d gksrh gSA bUgsa fuEukafdrlewgksa esa j[kk tk ldrk gS %

gS.Mcqd rFkk fu;e iqfLrdkvksa ds izdkj %

(i) lkekU; gS.Mcqd] (v) 'kkldh; gS.Mcqd

(ii) lkaf[;dh; gS.Mcqd] (vi) lkj.kh

(iii) ,sfrgkfld gS.Mcqd] (vii) O;kogkfjd gS.Mcqd

(iv) lkfgfR;d gS.Mcqd] (viii) fo"k; gS.McqdA

gS.Mcqd] eSU;qvy] fu;ekoyh iqfLrdkvksa] lanf'kZdk&iqfLrdkvksa vFkok lzksr iqfLrdkvksa ds dqNmnkgj.kksa dk mYys[k ;gk¡ fd;k x;k gS %

NOTES



162

i) lkekU; gS.Mcqd

lkekU; gS.Mcqd ls lHkh izdkj ds loksZÙke vkSj izFke rF;ksa dks izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA Kku ds lHkh{ks=kkas ds ikBdksa dh lwpuk vko';drk dh iwfrZ ds fy, vko';d lwpuk nsus okys gj {ks=k ds gS.McqdmiyC/ gSA lwpuk ,oa vU; izeq[k fcUnqvksa dks lqfuf'pr djus dh nf"V ls fo"k;&oLrqvksa dk O;oLFkkiufo"k;kuqlkj gksrk gS vkSj foLrr vuqØef.kdk Hkh nh xbZ gksrh gS] tks vf/d mikns; gksrh gSA

Famous First Facts/by Joseph N. Kane. 4th ed. New York. Wilson, 1981.

;g ,d egÙoiw.kZ lanHkZ midj.k gSa tks u dsoy lkekU; Kku dks c<+kus esa mi;ksxh gS&

Awards Honours and Prizes/ed. by Gita Siegman. 78th ed. Detroit : Gale Research,1987. 2 volumes.

blesa vusd {ks=kksa ds iqjLdkjksa] lEekuksa ,oa ikfjrksf"kdksa dk fooj.k fn;k x;k gSA vesfjdh]dukMk ds vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; iqjLdkjksa dks muds uke ,oa fo"k; ds varxZr o.kkZuqØe esa O;ofLFkrfd;k x;k gSA iqjLdkjksa@ikfjrksf"kdksa ds izk;kstdksa ds ukeksa ,oa irksa dk Hkh blesa mYys[k fd;kx;k gSA blesa fo"k; ,oa HkkSxksfyd vuqØef.kdk Hkh izLrqr dh xbZ gSA ysfdu iqjLdkj fotsrkvksads ukeksa dk Yys[k blesa ugha fd;k tkrk gSA

Awards, Honours and Prizes : Recipients/ed. by Gita Siegman. Detroit : GaleResearch, 1988.

blesa iqjldkjksa] lEekuksa rFkk ikfjrksf"kdksa ds izkIrdrkZvksa@fotsrkvksa dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA

Guiness Book of World Records. New York : Sterling, 1955, Annual

bl lanHkZ ,oa lwpuk lzksr dh Ñfr esa varfj{k dykvksa] oSKkfud txr] tUrq&txr] ikni&txrbR;kfn ds {ks=k esa ekuo mifC/;ksa ds egÙoiw.kZ rF;ksa dks vfHkys[kc¼ fd;k x;k gSA Rofjr [kkstds fy, foLr`r vuqØef.kdkvksa vkSj fo"k;&oLrq dk fooj.k blesa izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA blizdk'ku dh liQyrk ,oa yksdfiz;rk bl rF; ls fl¼ gks tkrh gS fd vusd lanHkZ Ñfr;k¡"Guiness Family of Books" xzaFkekyk ds varxZr izdkf'kr dh xbZ gSA tSls& "GuinessBook of Surprising Accomplishments", "Guiness Book of Extraordinary Ex-ploits", "Guiness Sports Record Book" bR;kfnA (Guiness Book of World Records)ds laLdj.k iPphl (25) Hkk"kkvksa esa miyC/ gSaA

Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar Prizes for "Science and Technology : Awardeesand Citations, 1985-1984. New Delhi : CSIR, 1986.

Hinduja Foundation Encyclopaedia of Nobel Laureates, 1901-1987/compiledby A.K. Bagchi. New Delhi : Konarak Publication, 1988.

National Teachers Award and Those Who Received it : 1958- to date/compiledby S.S. Gandhi. New Delhi : The Defence Review, 1987.

(ii) lkaf[;dh; gS.Mcqd

lkaf[;dh; gS.Mcqd ds varxZr vusd igyqvksa ls lacaf/r la[;kRed lwpuk lekfgr dh xbZ gksrhgSA vusd ns'kksa dh ljdkjksa }kjk Hkh ,sls la[;kRed fooj.k rS;kj fd, tkrs gSaA ;s vkdkj esalqfoèkktud gksrs gSa vkSj oSKkfudksa] lkekftd oSKkfudksa rFkk 'kks/kfFkZ;ksa ds fy, mi;ksxh gksrs gSaA

NOTES


163


Handbook of Labour Statistics. Shimla : Labour Bureau, 1991.

European Historical Statistics : 1930-1975/by B.R. Mitchell, 2nd. rev. ed. NewYork : Facts on File, 1980.

(iii) lkfgfR;d gS.Mcqd

,dy[kaMh; lkfgfR;d gS.Mcqd Hkh izpqj la[;k esa miyC/ gSaA buls Rofjr lanHkZ lkfgR; ls lacafèkrvusd iz'uksa dk mÙkj iznku fd;k tkrk gSA buls lkfgfR;d Ñfr;ksa] lkfgfR;d izdk'kuksa dh frfFk;ksa]ys[kdksa bR;kfn dh lwpuk vkSj {ks=k xzaFkksa ,oa Js"Bre Ñfr;ksa ds lkj Hkh izkIr gks tkrs gSaA

The Oxford Companion to American Literature/by James. D. Hait, 5th ed. : Ox-ford University Press, 1983.

vkWDliQksMZ dh bl izdkj dh lanHkZ Ñfr;k¡ vaxzsth] izsQUp] teZu rFkk LiSfu'k ,oa DykfldylkfgR; ds {ks=k esa Hkh miyC/ gSaA

The Cambridge Guide to English Literature. Cambridge : Cambridge UniversityPress, 1983.

Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dks'k@la- uxsUnzA ubZ fnYyh % us'kuy ifCyf'kax gkml] 1981A

Victorian Life and Victorian Fiction : A Companion for the American Reader/by Jo McMurty Hamden : Archon, 1979.

A Chronological Outline of British Literature/ by Samuel J. Rogat, Westport :Greenwood, 1980.

(iv) fo"k; gS.Mcqd

vusd fo"k; {ks=kksa esa vxf.kr fo"k; gS.Mcqd miyC/ gSaA os lacaf/r fo"k;&{ks=k ds fo'ks"kKksa ,oaf'k{kkfonksa ds fy, cM+s gh mi;ksxh ,oa lwpukizn gksrs gSaA vktdy uohu vuqla/kuksa vkSj fodklksads dkj.k ,slh lanHkZ dh Ñfr;k¡ iqjkuh iM+us yxrh gSaA buesa ls dqN dk la'kks/u fu;fer :i lsgksrk jgrk gS] ijUrq dqN dk fu;fer la'kks/u ugha gks ikrk gSA

Handbook of Special Librarianship and Information Work/ed. by Patti DossettLondon : ASLIB 1992.

Handbook for Members of Rajya Sabha. New Delhi Rajya Sabha. Secretariat.1996.

Electronics Applications Sourcebook/ed. by Harry L. Helms. N.Y. McGrawHill,1986. 2 volumes.

Oxford Handbook of Criminology/ed. by Mike Maguire [et.al.]. Oxford ClarendonPress, 1994.

The American Movies Reference Book : The Sound Era/by Paul Michael.Englewood Cliff; N.J. Printice-Hall, 1969.

The Third World Economic Handbook/by S. Sinclair. 2nd ed. London : Euro MonitorPublications, 1989.

NOTES



164

vi) O;kogkfjd gS.Mcqd

mu gS.Mcqdksa rFkk eSuqvyksa dks O;kogkfjd dgk tkrk gS ftuesa fdlh fo'ks"k izdkj ds dk;Z dks djus]lh[ksu] fØ;kfUor djus] fdlh oLrq dks cukus bR;kfn ds fy, lVhd vuqns'k ;k Li"V funsZ'k fn,x, gksaA bUgsa vuqns'kkRed fu;ekoyh iqfLrdk (Instruction Manual) Hkh dgrs gSaA bUgsa fuEukafdrlewgksa esa iqu% oxhZÑr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

v) ifjokj LokLF;] izkFkfed mipkj gS.Mcqd

c) ?kjsyw ns[kHkky] gS.Mcqd

l) f'k"Vkpkj ,oa ln~O;ogkj gS.Mcqd (Etiquette and Manners Handbook)

n) Fkksd'kkL=k fof/ gS.Mcqd

i) euksjatu] gLrdyk rFkk gkWch gS.Mcqd

iQ) Lof'k{kk ,oa Lo;a lh[ksa gS.Mcqd

c) miLdj ,oa ?kjsyw midj.k gS.Mcqd

vusd dksfV ds vusd O;kogkfjd gS.Mcqd cktkj esa miyC/ gSaA izR;sd o"kZ ,slh vusd Ñfr;k¡izdkf'kr gksrh jgrh gSaA dqN mnkgj.kksa dk ;gk¡ mYys[k fd;k x;k gS %

v) ifjokj LokLF; rFkk izkFkfed mipkj gS.Mcqd

LokLF; lanf'kZdkvksa ,oa izkFkfed mipkj ds gS.Mcqdksa dk izpyu vf/d gSA ifjkj ds fy, ;smi;ksxh lanHkZ midj.k gSaA buls vusd jksxksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gS rFkk muds y{k.kksa]muls cpus ds mik;ksa] x`g mipkj] izkFkfed fpfdRlk ds funsZ'k] dqN chekfj;ksa dh jksd&Fkke dhfof/;ksa bR;kfn dk fooj.k ,slh Ñfr;ksa ls izkIr gksrk gSA

Where There is No Doctor : : A Village Health Care Handbook/ by David Werner,California : Hesperian Foundation, 1977.

blds pkSFks Hkkjrh; laLdj.k dk la'kks/u Hkkjrh; LoSfPNd LokLF; la?k] (Voluntary HealthAssociation of India) ubZ fnYyh }kjk 1937 esa fd;k x;k gSA

Your Guide to Health/ by C.R. Anderson Poona : Oriental Watchman, 1976.

Listen to Your Body : A Head to Toe Guide to more than 400 Symptoms, TheirCauses and Best Treatment/ by Elien Michaud [et at.] Bombay, Rajendra Publish-ing House, 1992.

c) ?kjsyw ns[kHkky gS.Mcqd

budk foLrkj&{ks=k vR;Ur O;kid gksrk gSA buesa vkUrfjd ltkoV] ckxokuh vusd izdkj ds oL=kksadh ns[kHkky] x`gLFkh ds vusd igyqvksa ,oa mudh ns[kHkky bR;kfn dh lwpuk fufgr gksrh gSAx`fgf.k;ksa ds fy, ,slh l[kh&lgpjh dk dk;Z djrh gSaA

Women's Home Companion Household Book/ed. by Henry Humphrey. New Yori: Colier, 1948.

NOTES


165


101 things for Housewife to Do : A Practical Handbook for the Home/ by LillieB. and Arthur Hourth. Piladelphia : Lippincott, 1954.

Around the House Like Magic/by Jean E. Laird New York : Harper & Row, 1967.

l) f'k"Vkpkj ,oa ln~O;ogkj gS.Mcqd

f'k"Vkpkj gS.Mcqd esa dqyhu lekt esa vkSipkfjd laca/ksa vFkok fdlh oxZ] lekt ;k O;olk;&fo'ks"kds O;fDr;ksa ds chp fouez vkpkj&O;ogkj ls lacaf/r fu;e gksrs gSaA buesa lkekftd jhfr fjokt]vknrksa] vkpkj&fopkj ,oa ekuo ds ikjLifjd laca/ksa ls lacaf/r lwpuk izkIr gksrh gSA cM+s&cqtqxks±]ckydksa] uo;qodksa] uo;qofr;ksa ,oa efgykvksa ds fy, i`Fkd~&i`Fkd~ gS.Mcqd gksrs gSa ftuls izR;sdJs.kh ds yksxksa dks vius vkpkj&O;ogkj dks rn~uqlkj fu;fer ,oa leqUur cukus esa ekxZn'kZu izkIrgksrk gSA

Eliquette, the Complete Modern Guide for Day-to-Day Living and CorrectWay/by Frances Benton; co-edited by General Federation of Women's Clubs. NewYork : Random House, 1956.

The Random House Best Pocket Handbook of Etiquette. New York : RandomHouse, 1962.

Business Etiquette Handbook. Englewood Cliff : Prentice-Hall, 1965.

A Young People's Guide to Manners/ by John Barclay and Leila Hanley. NewYork : Random House. 1967.

n) ikdfon~;k gS.Mcqd

vusd ns'kksa ds Lokfn"V idokuksa vkSj O;atuksa dks idkus ,oa cukus ls lacaf/r vusd ikd'kkL=kh;gS.Mcqd Hkh izdkf'kr fd;s x;s gSa tks jlksbZ?kj ds fy, i;kZIr mi;ksxh gSaA muls 'kkdkgkjh ,oaekalkgkjh [kk| inkFkks± ,oa O;atuksa dks rS;kj djus dh fof/;k¡ Kkr gksrh gSaA buesa ikSf"Vd vkgkj dhoLrqvksa ds p;u vkSj Ø;] dSyksjh ;qDr oLrqvksa ds uki&rkSy] Vscqyksa ds ltkus rFkk fofHkUu izdkjdh [kk| lkexzh dh lwpuk bR;kfn Hkh gks tkrh gSA

Vegetables Delights : A Collection of 640 Recipes/ by Malini Bisen. Bombay :Wilco, 1969.

Nutrition Cookbook Hawthorne : Culinary Arts Institute, 1975.

The Working Women's Cookbook/ by Vimla Patel New Delhi, India Book House,1979.

101 Jams, Pickles, Candies and Squashes/ by Babata Lal. New Delhi : Vikas,1986.

i) euksjatu ,oa gkWch ls lEcfU/r gS.Mcqd

bl Js.kh ds O;kogkfjd gS.Mcqdksa dks i;kZIr la[;k esa izdk'ku fd;k x;k gSA vodk'k ds le; esaeuksjatu ds fy, vusd izdkj dh gLrdykvksa] [ksyksa rFkk gkWch ls lacaf/r fu;e ,o fof/;ksa dsfy, budk voyksdu fd;k tk ldrk gSA buesa dqaHkdkjh] dk"Bdyk] cqukbZ&drkbZ ds dk;Z] flykbZ]cqukbZ] dlhnkdkjh] ckxokuh] iwQyksa dh ltkoV] iQksVksxzkiQh] fp=kdkjh] LVkEi laxzg] eqnzk ladyu]vusd izdkj ds [ksyksa bR;kfn ls lacaf/r fooj.k izkIr gksrs gSaA

NOTES



166

Crafts for Your Leisure years/ by Cora Bodkin [et. al]. Boston : Houghton Miffilin,1976.

Crafts and Hobbies New York : Arco Pub., 1964.

Creative Embroidery : A Complete Guide/ by Anne Spence. New York. Harcourt,Brace. Javonovich, 1970.

Stich by Stich Needle Work for Beginners/ by Carolyn Meyer. New York : Harcourt,Brace, Javonovich, 1970.

Ikebana of Japan : Heika Style/by Houn Oara. Tokyo; Shufunotomo, 1970.

Carol Curtis' Complete Book of Knitting and Crocheting with An intrduction/by Eloise Davison. (Carol Curtis, Pseudonym). New York Pocket Books, 1954.

Knit to Fit : A Comprehensive Guideto Hand and Machine Knitting/ by Ida,Duncan. New York : Liveright Pub. Corp., 1963.

Handbook of Greek Pottery : A Guide for Amateurs/ by Robert S. Folsom.Greenwich : New York Graphic Society, 1967.

ABC of Potted Plant/ by Gay Nightingale, New York : Arco, 1974.

Today's Guide to Green House Gardening/ by Bob Price, London : Lugcombe,1916.

(iQ) ^Lof'k{kk* vFkok ^Lo;a lh[kas* gS.Mcqd

vusd ,sls Hkh gS.Mcqd gSa tks bl izdkj dh lwpuk ,oa vuqns'k iznku djrs gSa] tSls fdlh dk;Z fo'ks"kdks dSls fd;k tk;s] fdlh oLrq dks dSls fufeZr fd;k tk,] dSls fdlh izfØ;k fo'ks"k dks lh[kktk,A budk laca/ izk;% ,sls dk;ks± ;k Lrj ls gksrk gS] ftuesa fdlh O;fDrxr lgk;rk vuqns'k] ;kf'k{k.k&izf'k{k.k dh vko';drk ugha gksrk gSA bUgsa Lovuqns'ku (Self Instructional) dh lkexzh Hkhdgrs gSaA bUgsa izk;% Lof'k{kk vFkok Lo;a lh[ksa gS.Mcqd (Self Taught or Learn Yourself) Hkhdgk tkrk gSA budk mi;ksx Hkk"kk dks lh[kus ds fy, Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA laxhr ds midj.kksa dks ctkusvFkok [ksyksa dks [ksyus e'khuksa dks pkyw djus bR;kfn ds fy, Hkh ,sls gS.Mcqd vuqns'kkRed ,oalwpukizn gksrs gSaA

Learn Hindi in 30 days/K. Shrinivasachari. Madras : Balaji Pub., 1970.

Learn Kannada through English/Ranga Rao. 2nd ed. Madras : Balaji Pub. 1972.

Learn Tamil the Easy Was/Rev. Soumya 2nd ed. Madras : Swadesarnitran. 1966.

Learn Electronics in 5 Minutes 37 Seconds/ M. Cuffold, Bombay : Taraporevala,1969.)

Learn to Play on Harmonium/ Ram Avtar. New Delhi : Pankaj Pub., 1984.

Learn Magic/Henry Hay. Dover,. 1975.

Learn to Play Gold the Simple Way/ Jaffrey K. Smith. Cartton, 1986.

Learn to Drive/ rev. ed. by George Hansel. Warner Bks, 1987.

Learn to Cook Without Preservatives : Try Swayam Singh's Grourmet Cook-ing/Swayam P. Singh; ed. by B.K. Singh, 1979.

Learn to Make Children's Clothes/Sue Locke, 1987.

NOTES


167


c) miLdj ,oa ?kjsyw midj.k gS.Mcqd

izk;% lHkh izdkj ds bysDVªksfud dk;Z&midj.k rFkk ?kjsyw midj.kksa ds Hkh vius eSuqvy gksrs gSa]tks muds lapkyu ,oa mi;ksx djus dh fof/;ksa dh O;k[;k djrs gSaA vusd gS.Mcqd] eSU;qvy ,oafu;e&iqfLrdk,¡ ,slh gksrh gSa tks vk/qfud ;a=kksa rFkk midj.kkas ds lS¼kfUrd ,oa O;kogkfjd i{kksadh O;k[;k djrh gSa vkSj mudh leL;kvksa dks nwj djus vFkok mudh ejEer djus dh fof/;ksadh tkudkjh nsrh gSA ,slh Ñfr;k¡ mi;ksxh] ifjiw.kZ ,oa ljy lanHkZ midj.k dk dk;Z djrh gSaA bulsoSKkfudksa vkSj rduhdhf'k;uksa rFkk lk/kj.k O;fDr;ksa ds chp dh nwjh de gksrh gSA ,slh lanHkZ dhÑfr;k¡ lwpukizn rks gksrh gSa] lkFk gh ;g Hkh Li"V djrh gSa fd ;a=kksa oa ekuo thou ds chpvlhfer dfM+;k¡ gSaA

Car Repairs Properly Explained : Maintenance and Adjustment/ by B.C.Macdonald. 7th ed. Surrey : Elliot right Way Books.

vii) lkjf.k;k¡

,sls Hkh gS.Mcqd i;kZIr ek=kk esa gSa ftuesa la[;kRed ,oa ifjek.kkRed lkjf.k;k¡ nh xbZ gksrh gSaAxf.kr] HkkSfrdh] vfHk;kaf=kdh rFkk izkS|ksfxdh bR;kfn fo"k;ksa esa ifjek.kksa ,oa la[;kvksa dk mi;ksxlokZf/d gksrk gSA vr% oSKkfud gS.Mcqdksa esa lkfj.kha ds :i esa la[;kRed lwpuk iznku dh xbZ gksrhgSaA la[;kRed MsVk dks lkjf.k;ksa ds :i esa izLrqr djus ls lwpuk&laizs"k.k esa Hkk"kk&vojks/ nwj gkstkrk gSA lkj.kh ds :i esa fn, x, MsVk dks mi;ksDrkvksa }kjk le>us esa lqfo/k gksrh gSA DoFkukad,oa xyukad (boiling and melting points), ?kuRo] v.kqHkkj] ?kqyu'khyrk] nSfud osruksa dh xf.krh;x.kuk] djk/ku bR;kfn ls lacaf/r oSKkfud ,oa rduhdh MsVk dks lkjf.k;ksa esa vPNs <ax ls izLrqrfd;k tk ldrk gSA

International Tables for X-ray Crystallography. Birmingham : Kyoch Press, 1952-62. 3 volumes.

Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants/ by G.W.C. Kaya and T.H. Laby,14th ed. Longman, 1973.

Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1931-1960/ by MeterorologicalDept, Government of India, New Delhi, 1983.

Nuclear Tubles/by W. Kunz and J. Schintimeister N.Y. : Pergamon, 1963.

Industrial Engineering Tables/ by S. Eilen N.Y. Vin Nostrand. 1962.

Penguin-Honeywell Book of Tables/ by F.W. Kellaway. Harmondsworth : Pen-guin, 1969.

Logarithm and other Tables with Useful Data : General and Chemicall com-piled/by V.L. Pradhan. 2nd ed. Poona : Dastane Bros., 1958.

viii) 'kkldh; gS.Mcqd

dsUnzh; ,oa jkT; ljdkj ds dk;kZy;ksa esa ljdkjh fu;eksa ds vuqikyu esa laxrrk cuk, j[kus gsrqfofHkUu dk;ks± ,oa fo"k;ksa ls lacaf/r fu;e rFkk fofu;e cuk, x, gSaA bu fu;eksa rFkk fofu;eksa dks'kkldh; gS.Mcqd ds :i esa izdkf'kr fd;k tkrk gSA ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa }kjk budk cgqr mi;ksxfd;k tkrk gSA

NOTES



168

Swamy's Handbook 1990 for Central Government Servants/ by Muthuswamyand V. Brinda 16th ed. Swamy Publishers, 1989. Annual

Lokeh ds izdk'ku ljdkjh fu;eksa ds fofo/ igyqvksa ij izdkf'kr fd, x, gSa] ftuesa ls dqNfuEufyf[kr gSa %

Fundamental Rules and Supplemntary Rules– 5 Parts

Pt. I General Rules

Pt. II T.A. Rules

Pt. III Central Civil Serivces Leave) Rules

Pt. IV D.A. With Rates and Ready Reckoners

Pt. V HRA and CCA

General Financial Rules

House Building Advance Rules

General Provident Fund Rules

Staff Car Rules

Leave Travel Concession Rules

Reservations and Concessions for S.C. and S.T., etc.

Chaudhri's Compilation of the Civil Service Regulations : Main Rules (Cor-rected upto Ist April, 1986)/ by S. Lakhi Singh Chaudhri and Satya Chaudhri.Hoshiarput : Chauhri Publishers 1986. 5 volumes

Volume I – Fundamental Rules

Volume II – Supplementary Rules

Volume III – Civil Service Regulations

Volume IV – Civil Service Regulations

Volume V – Civil Service Regulations

vc ge vkidks dqN vR;f/d izpfyr fu;e&iqfLrdkvksa rFkk lanf'kZdvksa (manuals and guides)ls ifjfpr djk,axsA

Manual of Law Librarianship : The Use and Organisation of Legal Literature/ed. by E.M. Moys. London : British and Irish Association of Lw Librarians, 1976.

To-day's Librarian : A Practical Manual for Academic Librarians/ by S.Morgan and M. Heery. London : Aslib, 1996.

A Manual of Style : For Authors, Editors and Copywriters. 12th ed. Chicago:University of Chicago, 1969.

McGraw-Hill Style Manual/ed. by M. Longyear New York : McGraw Hill, 1983.

NOTES


169


lanf'kZdk,¡

Guide to Current National bibliographics in the Third World/ by G.E. Gormenand J.J. Mills. 2nd ed. London : Zell, 1987.

The World Guide to Performing Art Periodicals/ed. by C. Edwards. London :International Theatre Institute, 1982.

E Mail for Librarians/by Simmon Pride. London : Aslib, 1994.

Engineer's Guide to Product Information : Sources and Use/ed. by RaymondWall. London : Aslib, 1992.


4- gS.Mcqd ,oa fu;e&iqfLrdkvksa ds izdkjksa dk mYys[k dhft,A

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vuqPNsn 8.2 esa geus vusd izdkj ds Rofjr lanHkZ lzksrksa dk losZ{k.k fd;k gS] tSls& vCndks'k] iapkax]fo'odks'k ds iwjd [kaM] gS.Mcqd] lanf'kZdk] lzksr iqfLrdk,¡ bR;kfnA bUgsa vusd vk[;kvksa ,oa ukeksals tkuk tkrk gS] D;ksafd muds fo"k;&foLrkj ,oa iz;ksx esa fHkUurk gksrh gSA vCndks'kksa] fo'odks'kkads iwjd [kaMksa rFkk iapkaxksa dks izk;% ¶rF; lzksr¸ vFkok ¶izo`fÙk lzksr¸ Hkh dgk tkrk gS D;ksafdmudk mi;ksx ,oa voyksdu laf{kIr] Bksl vkSj rF;kRed fooj.kksa ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS vkSj ;sekuo dh izxfr ,oa miyfC/;k¡ n'kkZrk gSA ;|fi vCndks'k ,oa iapkax lac¼ lzksr gksrk gS ftudkvoyksdu rFkk mi;ksx laf{kIr rF;ksa dks izkIr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS ftuls lkef;d ,oarRdkyhu izo`fÙk;ksa ls lacaf/r iz'uksa dk mÙkj iznku vFkok izkIr fd;k tk lds] rFkkfi nksuksa esa i;kZIrvUrj gksrk gSA ijEijkxr iapkaxksa dk mi;ksx lkekU; lzksrksa ds :i esa fd;k tkrk Fkk vkSj vCndks'kksadks fdlh fo"k; fo'ks"k ds ifjizs{; esa mi;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA ysfdu vc vusd fo"k;&iapkaxksa dkizpy c<+k gS tks lkekU; ,oa fof'k"V vCndks'k gksrs gSa tks foLrkj&{ks=k esa mlh izdkj O;kid gksrsgSa] tSls lkekU; iapkax gksrs gSaA nksuksa esa vfuok;Z vUrj ;g gS fd vCndks'kksa esa fdlh o"kZ fo'ks"k dsfodklksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gksrk gS] tcfd iapkaxksa esa lkef;d ,oa iwoZ O;kih nksuksa izdkj dhlwpuk dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gksrk gSA

blds vfrfjDr vusd vCndks'kksa ,oa iapkaxksa esa funsZf'kdk esa /kj.k djus ;ksX; lwpuk Hkh lfEefyrdh tkrh gSA ysfdu ;g lwpuk] lacaf/r fo"k; ds dqN egÙoiw.kZ laxBuksa ,oa izfl¼ O;fDr;ksa dkslfEefyr djus rd gh lhfer gksrh gS] D;ksafd ,slh lwpuk ds fy, buesa lhfer LFkku gksrk gSAfunsZf'kdk,¡ ,d fo'ks"k izdkj ds midj.k ;k lzksr ds :i esa gksrh gS] tks laLFkkxr ,oa O;fDrxrlwpuk ds fy, gh gksrh gSA vr% buesa budh foLr`r ,oa O;kid lwpuk gksrh gSA ;|fi iapkax rFkkvCndks'k lkaf[;dh; MsVk dh laf{kIr Ñfr;k¡ gksrh gSa] rFkkfi fof'k"V lkaf[;dh; lzksrksa ls 'kq¼ ,oafo'oluh; lwpuk izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA

NOTES



170

vuqPNsn 8.2.4 esa geus fofo/ izdkj ds Rofjr lanHkZ lzksrksa dk losZ{k.k fd;k gSA gS.Mcqdfu;e&iqLrdk,¡ rFkk lanf'kZdk,¡ izk;% ,dy&[kaMh;] gYdh lanHkZ dh Ñfr;k¡ gksrh gSa ftuesalqLFkkfir Kku dk mYys[k gksrk gS] lkef;d fodkl ;k izxfr dk ughaA buesa fo'ks"kKksa ds fy,vkys[kksa dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gS rFkk lkekU; yksxksa ds fy, yksdfiz; vfHk#fp ds rF;ksa dkmYys[k fd;k tkrk gS % lanHkZ iqLrdky;kè;{k ds fy, bu lHkh izdkj ds Rofjr lanHkZ lzksrksa dki;kZIr Kku vko';d gSA vc ge bu lzksrksa ds foLrkj&{ksl] O;kidRo rFkk mi;ksx dh ppkZ djsaxsA

1) vCndks'k ,oa iapkax

fofHkUu ns'kksa ds Åij Hkk¡fr&Hkk¡fr dh lwpuk dh [kkst ds fy, budk voyksdu fd;k tkrk gSA budkladyu lacaf/r o"kZ fo'ks"k ds lHkh {ks=kksa dh izeq[k izxfr ,oa miyfC/;ksa] fØ;kdykiksa rFkklkaf[;dh dks lfEefyr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA buesa fuEukafdr fooj.kka dks lfEefyr fd;ktkrk gSA

foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh ds {ks=k esa izeq[k fodkl ,oa miyfC/;k¡]

o"kZ fo'ks"k ds lkef;d jktuhfrd] lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd ?kVukvksa dk laf{kIr o.kZu_

vusd {ks=kksa&fo'ks"kdj vFkZ'kkL=k] okf.kT;] O;kikj] m|ksx] ifjogu] lapkj] i;ZVu] izfrj{kkbR;kfn dh lkaf[;dh; lwpuk_

egRoiw.kZ okf"kZd ?kVukvksa dh dkyØfed lwph_

vusd fo"k; {ks=kksa ls lacaf/r [ksyksa] miyfC/;ksa] iqjLdkjksa] lEekuksa ls lacaf/r xfrfof/;ksa ,oaizeq[k ?kVukvksa dk laf{kIr lkj_

vusd {ks=kksa ds fo[;kr~ ,oa egRoiw.kZ O;fDr;ksa ds thoupfjr rFkk fo[;kr O;fDr;ksa ds fu/u lekpkj_

fo'o ds jk"Vªksa dh jkt/kfu;ksa] {ks=kiQy] tula[;k] Hkk"kk,¡] /eZ] eqnzk ds fooj.k

fofHkUu fo"k;ksa dh lkef;d izo`fÙk;k¡] vuqla/ku ,oa fodkl] rFkk

fo'odks'kksa ds iwjd ds :i esa iz;ksX; acaf/r o"kZ dh uohu lwpukA

2) funsZf'kdk,¡

funsZf'kdkvksa esa laxBuksa] laLFkkvksa] muds lnL;ksa ,oa vf/dkfj;ksa vkSj dfeZ;ksa rFkk fo'o ds vusd{ks=kksa ds fo[;kr ,oa fof'k"V O;fDrRo okys O;fDr;ksa dh lwpuk lfEefyr dh xbZ gksrh gSA buesafuEukafdr fooj.k lfEefyr fd, tkrs gSa %

laxBuksa vFkok O;fDr;ksa dh o.kkZuqØfed vFkok oxhZÑr vuqØe esa O;ofLFkr lqfu;ksftr lwph_

laxBuksa vkSj O;fDr;ksa ds ukeksa ,oa irksa bR;kfn ds lkFk mudh VsyhiQksu la[;k] iSQDl la[;k]VsyhxzkfiQd vkSj VsysDl irs]

laxBuksa ds dk;ks] mís';ksa rFkk fØ;kdykiksa dk fooj.k_

lnL;ksa ,oa inkf/dkfj;ksa] muds dk;kZy;ksa rFkk fuokl LFkkuksa ds irs] in] ;ksX;rk] dk;Z djusdk vuqHko] miyfC/;k¡ rFkk izdk'kuksa bR;kfn dh lwphA

NOTES


171


3) gS.Mcqd] fu;e&iqfLrdk,¡] lzksr iqfLdk,¡ rFkk lanf'kZdk&iqfLrdk,¡

;s vusd Lo:iksa esa miyC/ gSa vkSj fdlh fo'ks"k fo"k; ;k {ks=k ls lacaf/r gYds] ,dy [kaMh; ,oalqfo/ktud Rofjr lanHkZ ds egRoiw.kZ lwpuk lzksr gSaA buls lqLFkkfir Kku dk fooj.k izkIr gksrk gSAbuesa fuEukafdr fooj.k lfEefyr fd, tkrs gSa &

laf{kIr Lo:i esa rF;ksa dk ladyu ftlesa js[kkfp=kksa@Mk;xzkeksa] xzkiQksa@vkjs[kksa] lkjf.k;ksa]lehdj.kksa] lw=kks] fl¼kUrksa] fof/;ksa rFkk vuqns'kksa bR;kfn dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gksrk gS %

ikfjokfjd LokLF; ,oa izkFkfed mipkj ds fy, funsZf'kdk,¡ gksrh gSa_

'kkldh; dfeZ;ksa ds fy, fu;ekoyhnsrh gSa] rFkk

lkfgfR;d ,oa ,sfrgkfld lwpuk rFkk vusd fo"k; fo'ks"kKksa ds fy, gS.Mcqd dk dk;Z djrhgSaA

5- Rofjr lanHkZ lzksrksa dk ewY;kadu

vusd izdkj dh lwpuk ds miyC/ gksus ds dkj.k Rofjr lanHkZ lzksrksa dk vR;f/d egRo ,oa budk mi;ksxfujUrj c<+rk tk jgk gSA ,slh Ñfr;k¡ lcds fy, ,d lanHkZ&lzksr ;k midj.k dk dk;Z djrh gSaA Nk=kksals ysdj 'kks/kfFkZ;ksa ,oa izkè;kidksa] rFkk lkekU; ikBdksa ls ysdj O;kikfj;ksa] ,oa iz'kkldksa& tks rF;ksa ,ovU; lwpukRed lzksrksa dh vko';drk dk vuqHko djrs gSa_ xgf.k;k¡ rFkk lsokfuoÙk yksx& tks vius le;dk lnqi;ksx dj mu xfrfof/;ksa esa layXu gksuk pkgrs gSa] tgk¡ mUgsa larks"k ,oa izlUurk dk vuqHko gkslds_ bR;kfn dks Hkh ,sls midj.kksa ;k lanHkZ lzksrksa dh vko';drk gksrh gSA fo'o ds lHkh ns'kksa esami;ksDrkvksa dh ek¡x dh iwfrZ djus ds fy, vusdkusd izdkj ds Rofjr lanHkZ lzksrksa dk izdk'ku i;kZIrla[;k esa fd;k tk jgk gSA ysfdu lhfer vkfFkZd lalk/uksa ds dkj.k iqLrdky; esa lHkh Ñfr;ksa dk vf/xzg.k gS vkSj bu ij vkorhZ O;; djuk iM+rk gSA vR;f/d yksdfiz; ,oa lwpukizn /kjkokfgd izdk'kuksadks muds izdk'ku ds ckn vfoyEc izkIr djus ds fy, vusd iqLrdky;ksa }kjk LFkk;h vkns'k izsf"kr fd;ktkrk gSA lanHkZ iqLrdky;kè;{k dks ,slh Ñfr;ksa dk vf/xzg.k djus dh vf/d mRlqdrk gksrh gS vkSjT;ksa gh muds foekspu dh lwpuk feyrh gS vFkok muds vkoj.k izkIr gksrs gSa] mldh mRlqdrk vkSj c<+tkrh gSA ysfdu iqLrdky; ds izdkj] izÑfr] vko';drk] mi;ksDrkvksa dh izÑfr ,oa Lrj rFkk lwpukdh vko';drkvksa bR;kfn ds vkèkkj ij gh ,sls lwpukizn lzksrksa dk lko/kuhiwoZd p;u djuk iM+rk gSAfo'ofo|ky; iLrdky;ksa dh vko';drk lkoZtfud iqLrdky;ksa ls fHkUu gksrh gSA lkekftd foKkuksa dslaLFkkuksa ds iqLrdky;ksa dh vko';drk foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh ds fof'k"V iqLrdky;ksa ls fHkUu gksrh gSAvr% lanHkZ ladyu ds fy, Ø; djus ds iwoZ lanHkZ lzksrksa dk ewY;kadu djuk vfr vko';d gksrk gSAbrus izdkj ds vusd Jsf.k;ksa ds Rofjr lanHkZ lzksrksa dh fo'kky la[;k dh nf"V ls muds ewY;kadu dsekun.Mksa esa izeq[kr% izkekf.kdrk] foLrkj&{ks=k] O;oLFkkiu] iz.k;u] vkdkj&Lo:i fof'k"V fo'ks"krk,¡vuqØef.kdk rFkk xzaFklwfp;k¡ bR;kfn fopkj.kh; fcUnq gksrs gSaA

ge bu ekun.Mksa dh foLr`r ppkZ djsaxsA

i) izkekf.kdrk

Rofjr lanHkZ lzksrksa dh izekf.kdrk dks lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, tks vk/kj ekus x, gSa muesa izdk'kdksadh [;kfr ,oa yksdfiz;rk] fo'oluh;rk ,oa vuqHko] ladyudrkZvksa rFkk laikndksa dh ;ksX;rk ,oavuqHko bR;kfn izeq[k gSaA lzksrksa dks vn~;ru] lVhd ,oa fo'oluh; gksuk pkfg,A

NOTES



172

ii) foLrkj&{ks=k

Ñfr ds foLrkj&{ks=k ls mlds mn~ns';ksa dks Hkh lqfuf'pr fd;k tk ldrk gSA budk mYys[k Ñfrds izkDdFku vkSj Hkwfedk esa fd;k x;k gksrk gSA mudk foLrkj&{ks=k O;kid vFkok p;ukRed]lkef;d vFkok iwoZO;kih] jk"Vªh;] {ks=kh; vFkok LFkkuh;] fdlh fo"k;&fo'ks"k vFkok O;olk;&fo'ks"kbR;kfn ls lacaf/r gks ldrk gSA

iii) O;oLFkkiu

fHkUu&fHkUu lanHkZ lzksrksa dk O;oLFkkiu Hkh ,d&nwljs ls fHkUu gksrk gSA budk O;oLFkkiu o.kkZuqØfed]dkykuqØfed] HkkSxksfyd vFkok oxhZÑr gks ldrk gSA O;oLFkkiu dh fof/ dqN Hkh gks ldrh gSAysfdu blesa Øec¼rk] lqO;oLFkk vkSj lqlaxrk gksuh pkfg,A tks mi;ksDrkvksa ds fy, lqfo/ktud gksuhpkfg, ftlls okafNr lwpuk dks 'kh?kzkfr'kh?kz ljyrkiwoZd [kkstk ,oa izkIr fd;k tk ldsA

iv) iz.k;u

fu;fer izdk'kukof/ esa /kjkokfgd :i esa izdkf'kr Rofjr lanHkZ lzksrksa& tSls vCndks'k] iapkax]fo'odks'kksa ds iwjd [kaM& dh 'kq¼rk] iw.kZrk] fo'oluh;rk] ljyrk vkSj mn~ns';iw.kZrk rFkk vn~;rugksus bR;kfn dk voyksdu ,oa fujh{k.k vo'; dj fy;k tkuk pkfg,A fodklksa ;k izxfr ls lacafèkrlzksrksa ,oa fo"k; ds gS.Mcqdksa dh 'kSyh dk fon~oÙkkiw.kZ gksuh pkfg,] tcfd fu;e&iqfLrdkvksa ,oaO;kogkfjd gS.Mcqdksa dh 'kSyh ljy ,oa yksdfiz; gksuh pkfg,A

v) vkdkj&Lo:i

Rofjr lanHkZ lzksrksa ds fuEukafdr i{kksa dks lR;kfir djus ij gh muds vkdkj Lo:i dk ewY;kadufd;k tk ldrk gS %

v) vkdkj % izk;% ,dy [kaMh; gksrh gSA dqN gS.Mcqd cgq[kaMh; Hkh gksrs gSaA bUgsa mi;ksxesa lqfo/ktud gksuk pkfg,A

c) eqnz.kdyk % eqnz.kk{kjksa dk vkdkj rFkk Lo:i Li"V ,oa iBuh; gksuk pkfg,A v{kjksa 'kCnksa]iafDr;ksa rFkk LraHkksa bR;kfn ds chp leqfpr LFkku gksus ds dkj.k ,sls lzksrksa dhiBuh;rk c<+ tkrh gSA 'kh"kZdksa ,oa mi'kh"kZdksa ds fy, eksVs v{kjksa dk iz;ksxfd, tkus vFkok fofHkUu izdkj ds vkdkj ds v{kjksa dk mi;ksx djus ls budkmi;ksx djus esa ljyrk gksrh gSA

l) dkxt % Ñfr ds fVdkÅiu gsrq vPNs izdkj dk dkxt iz;ksx esa ykuk pkfg,A iryk ,oavikjn'khZ dkxt dk iz;ksx djus ls Ñfr dk Hkkj de gks tkrk gSA blls lanHkZlzksr dk vkdkj ?kV tkrk gS vkSj mi;ksx djus esa lqfo/ktud gksrk gSA

n) ftYnlkth % peZ ftYnlkth dks mÙke ekuk tkrk gSA jsDlhu vFkok dSfydks ds vkoj.k dksHkh ojh;rk nh tkrh gSA ftYn otu esa de rks gks] ysfdu etcwr vo';gksftlls iqLrd ds fujarj mi;ksx ls ftYn ds {kfrxzLr gksus dh laHkkouk degksA

;) HkkSfrd % lzksr dh HkkSfrd cukoV ,oa Lo:i vkd"kZd ,oa euksgkjh gksA mi;ksx djus esa

Lo:i lqfo/ktud gks] v{kjksa dk eqnz.k lqugyh ;k xgjh lqUnj L;kgh ls gksA

NOTES


173


bu lzksrksa dks rF;kRed vFkok izo`fÙk;ksa ls lacaf/r iz'uksa dk mÙkj iznku djus ds fy, ns[kk tkrkgSA vr% T;ksgh mudk vxyk laLdj.k izdkf'kr gks tkrk gS fiNyk laLdj.k Lo;a iqjkuk gks tkrk gSAblfy, ;g vko';d gS fd mudk ijh{k.k bu ekun.Mksa ds vk/kj ij muds vf/xzg ds iwoZ djfy;k tk,A

(v) uohurk % Rofjr lanHkZ lzksrksa dk mi;ksx ml izdkj dh lwpuk dks izkIr djus ds fy, fd;ktkrk gS ftldk laca/ o"kZ@frfFk] ?kVukvksa] O;fDr;ksa] laxBuksa vFkok fo"k; fo'ks"k ls gksrk gSAvr% mudh uohurk dh iqf"V vo'; gh dj yh tkuh pkfg,A bldk Hkh fujh{k.k dj ysukpkfg, fd foxr o"kZ ls lacaf/r egRoiw.kZ ?kVukvksa] ifjofrZr irksa] fof'k"V O;fDr;ksa dhfu;qfDr;ksa] egRoiw.kZ frfFk;ksa] vkfo"dkjksa] vFkok fo'ks"k izdkj dh egRoiw.kZ miyfC/;ksabR;kfn dks mlesa lfEefyr fd;k x;k gS vFkok ughaA

(c) laf{kIrrk % bu lanHkZ lzksrksa dk voyksdu lkekU; Kku dh o`f¼ gsrq fd;k tkrk gSA vr%budh lwpuk lkexzh laf{kIr] rFkk rF;kRed Lo:i esa izLrqr dh xbZ gksuh pkfg, ftlls mUgsalqfuf'pr vkSj ;kn djus esa lqfo/k gks ldsA yEcs ,oa foLr`r vkys[k xgu vè;;u ds fy,gksrs gSaA

(l) fodkl dh izo`fÙk;k¡ % Rofjr lanHkZ lzksrksa esa fodkl dh izo`fÙk;ksa dk vkys[k ,oa ladsr gksukpkfg,A fodkl pkgs fdlh Hkh {ks=k esa gks& tSls] oSKkfud izxfr] lekt'kkL=kh; 'kks/]jktuhfrd ?kVuk,¡] izeq[k O;fDrRo ;k laxBu bu lzksrksa ds ekè;e ls fodkl dh izo`fÙk;ksaesa fujUrjrk iznf'kZr gksuh pkfg,A

(n) ladyu dh fof/;k¡ % ;s lzksr fofo/ izdkj ds gksrs gSa vkSj bu fofHkUu lzksrksa dh izÑfr]foLrkj&{ks=k rFkk O;kidRo esa Hkh fofHkUurk gksrh gSA vr% buds ladyu esa tu fof/;ksa dkmi;ksx fd;k x;k gS mudk Hkh fujh{k.k djuk vko';d gSA MsVk rFkk lwpuk lkexzh dkladyu ekSfyd vFkok f}rh;d lwpuk lzksrksa ls gksuk pkfg,A dHkh&dHkh] tux.kuk vFkoklosZ{k.k fof/ dk mi;ksx Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA

vii) vuqØef.kdk,¡

fdlh Rofjr lanHkZ lzksr dk eq[; mn~ns'; mlh le; lekIr gks tkrk gS tc mi;ksDrk okafNr lwpukdks lqfuf'pr ,oa izkIr djus esa foiQy gks tkrk gS ;k 'kh?kzfr'kh?kz vklkuh ls lwpuk dks izkIr djusesa dfBukbZ dk vuqHko djrk gSA vr% ;g vko';d gS fd Ñfr esa foLr`r] O;kid ,oa iw.kZvuqØef.kdk,¡ izLrqr dh tk,¡A ,slh vuqØef.kdk,¡ dkyØfed] o.kkZuqØfed] oxhZÑr rFkkHkkSxksfyd gks ldrh gSA nsf[k, vkSj ^Hkh nsf[k,* izfrfunsZf'k;ksa ;k vU;ksU; lanHkks± dks Hkh izpqj ek=kkesa fn;k x;k gksuk pkfg,A blds vfrfjDr mn~/j.kksa ,oa izeq[k 'kCnksa dh vuqØef.kdk Hkh gksuhpkfg,A vuqØef.kdkvksa ls fdlh Hkh okafNr lwpuk dks lqfu'pr ,oa izkIr djus esa mi;ksDrk dksekxZn'kZu izkIr gksrk gS vkSj] ;fn mUgsa mlls vf/d lwpuk dh vko';drk gks rks] izkFkfed lzksrksadks Hkh Kkr djus esa lgk;rk izkIr gksrh gSA

viii) xzaFklwfp;k¡

lanHkZ ,oa xzaFklwfp;k¡ ftUgsa gS.Mcqdksa ds vkys[kksa ds var esa fn;k x;k gksrk gS] fo'ks"kKksa ds fy, brjiBu gsrq cM+h gh mi;ksxh ,oa lwpukizn gksrh gSA pw¡fd ;s fn~orh;d vFkok dHkh&dHkh r`rh;dlwpuk lzksr gksrh gS] vr% muls izkFkfed lzksrksa dk ladsr izkIr gks tkrk gS ftulss izkekf.kd MsVk ,oalwpuk lkexzh izkIr gksrh gSA

NOTES



174

bu fn'kkfunsZ'kksa ds vuqlkj bu lzksrksa ;k midj.kksa dk iw.kZ fo'ys"k.k djus ls lanHkZ iqLrdky;kè;{kdks mu lzksrksa esa fufgr ,oa miyC/ lwpuk dk iw.kZ Kkr izkIr gks tkrk gS vkSj okafNr tkudkjh iznkudjus esa og ikjaxr gks tkrk gSA

6- lkj&la{ksibl vè;k; esa geus Rofjr lanHkZ lzksrksa ds izdkjksa ,oa Jsf.k;ksa dk o.kZu fd;k gS vkSj buls lacafèkrmnkgj.k Hkh fn;k gSA rF;kRed iz'uksa dk mÙkj iznku djus esa ;s vR;ar mi;ksxh gSA Rofjr lanHkZ iz'uksadk mÙkj iznku djus ds fy, lanHkZ iqLrdky;kè;{k vkSj iqLrdky; mi;ksDrkvksa dks bUgha ij fuHkZjgksuk iM+rk gSA iqLrdky; ds ladyu ds fy, budk Ø; djus dh vko';drk gksrh gSA

lanHkZ lzksrksa ds fofo/ izdkjksa dh fp=kkRed izLrqfr uhps nh x;h gS %

lkekU;

fo'odks'kksa ds iwjd [kaM

vUrjkZ"Vªh;

jk"Vªh;

laxBukRed

fo"k;

o;Ld

ckyd

fo"k;

vCndks'k

[kxksy'kkL=kh;

vUrjkZ"Vªh;

fo"k;d

iapkax

lkekU;

fof'k"V

izkÑfrd

VsyhiQksu@VsyhxzkiQ

@VsysDl

laLFkku

O;olk;

O;kikj ,oa O;olk;

funsZf'kdk,¡

NOTES


175

gS.Mcqd] fu;e iqfLrdk,¡]'kCndks'k bR;kfngS.Mcqd] fu;e&iqfLrdk] lzksr&iqfLrdk] lanf'kZdk&iqfLrdk,¡

lkekU; ,sfrgkfld fo"k; Lej.kh

lkaf[;dh; lkfgfR;d O;kogkfjd 'kkldh;


1- vCndks'kksa (Yearbook) dks okf"kZdh (Annuals) Hkh dgrs gSaA tSlk fd blds 'kkfCnd vFkZ lsLi"V gS] vCndks'k ,d /kjkokfgd izdk'ku gS ftldk izdk'ku izR;sd o"kZ fd;k tkrk gSA blslaf{kIrdh (Compendium) Hkh dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd blesa fdlh O;kid fo"k; dk foLr`rfooj.k laf{kIr :i esa iznku fd;k x;k gksrk gSA bleas ,d vFkok ,d ls vf/d fo"k;ksa dkslkef;d lwpuk fufgr gksrh gS tks laf{kIr] fooj.kkRed] lkaf[;dh; ,oa vk¡dM+ksa ds :i esa gksrhgSA vCndks'kksa dk izdk'ku Lora=k izdk'kuksa ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gS vFkok fdlh fo'odks'k dsiwjd ds :i esa Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA vr% vCndks'kksa dks nks eq[; lewgksa esa foHkDr fd;k tkldrk gS %

(v) vCndks'k

(c) fo'odks'kksa ds iwjd [kaM

2- vCndks'kksa dh gh Hkk¡fr iapkax Hkh Rofjr lanHkZ lzksrksa ds :i esa lkof/d izdk'ku gksrs gSaA¶vkWyeud¸ dk 'kkfCnd vfHkizk; eghuksa ,oa fnuksa dk frfFk&i=k gksrk gS vkSj ;g ,d izdkjdk dSys.Mj (Calendar) gSA blesa [kxksyh; ,oa leqnzh lwpuk (Astronomical and NauticalInformation), tks lw;Z] pUnzek] Tokj] okf"kZd mRlo ls lacaf/r gksrh gS] dks lfEefyr fd;ktkr gSA ;g ,d okf"kZd iapkax gksrk gS ftlesa vusd izdkj ds fooj.k tSls fd % [kxksyh;?kVukvksa] T;ksfr"k lacf/r Hkfo";ok.kh] ?kVukvksa bR;kfn dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA ysfdu¶vkWyeud¸ 'kCn dk vfHkizk; vktdy cny x;k gSA vius izpfyr ,oa lkekU; Lo:i esa;g lkef;d rFkk iwoZizHkkoh lkaf[;dh; fooj.k rFkk rF;ksa dh laf{kIr okf"kZdh gSA blesa fdlhfo"k;&fo'ks"k vFkok HkkSxksfyd {ks=k dk fooj.k lfEefyr gks ldrk gS vFkok fdlh fo'ks"k ns'kvFkok jkT; dkA Shorter Oxford English Dictionary esa bldh ifjHkk"kk bl izdkj nh xbZgS& ¶okf"kZd lkj.kh dh iqfLrdk ftlesa eghuksa ,oa fnuksa dh frfFk;k¡ izk;% [kxksyh; fooj.k ,oalwpuk lfgr nh tkrh gSA¸ gSjksM~l Xyksljh (Harrod's Glossary) ds vuqlkj ;g izk;% ,d¶okf"kZd izdk'ku gS ftlesa lkaf[;dh; ,oa vU; izdkj ds fofo/ rF;ksa dh lwpuk gksrh gSA¸iqLrdky;kè;{k izk;% bldk mi;ksx lkaf[;dh ds ,d Rofjr lanHkZ lzksr ds :i esa djrs gSaA

3- laLFkkxr funsZf'kdkvksa ds dqN mnkgj.k fuEufyf[kr gSa %

Commonwealth Universities Yearbook : Directory of the Commonwealth andHandbook of their Associations. London : Association of Commonwealth Uni-versities, 1914. Annual.

bldk izdk'ku "Yearbook of the Universities of the Empire" dh vk[;k ls 1941-46rd dh vof/ esa fd;k x;k FkkA 1948-57 dh vof/ esa "Yearbook of the Universitiesof the Commonwealth" dh vk[;k ls bldk izdk'ku fd;k x;kA

NOTES



176

jk"Vªdqy ns'kksa (Commonwealth Countries) ds fo'ofo|ky;ksa ds laca/ esa blesa foLr`rlwpuk dk mYys[k feyrk gSA ;g ,d vfr mi;ksxh lwpuk ,oa lanHkZ dk midj.k gSA bldkizdk'ku vc 4 [kaMksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA ns'kksa dks oxkZuqØe esa O;ofLFkr fd;k x;k gSA izR;sdns'k ds varxZr fo'ofo|ky;ksa dks Hkh muds ukekuqlkj o.kkZuqØe esa O;ofLFkr fd;k x;k gSAblesa LFkkiuk o"kZ] izeq[k vf/dkjh e.My] ladk;&lnL;] egRoiw.kZ iz'kklfud dkfeZd] laca¼laLFkkuksa] iqLrdky; dh lkaf[;dh; lwpuk] ikB~;Øeksa dk fooj.k] izos'k fu;eksa] mikf/;ksa]Nk=ko`fÙk;ksa ,oa vodk'k bR;kfn dh foLr`r lwpuk nh xbZ gSA

Directory of Scientific Research Institutions in India, 1989, New Delhi : INSDOC,1989, 6 volumes.

Vol 1. – CSIR, ICMR, DRDO, ICAR

4- gS.Mcqd rFkk fu;e iqfLrdkvksa ds izdkj %

(i) lkekU; gS.Mcqd] (v) 'kkldh; gS.Mcqd

(ii) lkaf[;dh; gS.Mcqd] (vi) lkj.kh

(iii) ,sfrgkfld gS.Mcqd] (vii) O;kogkfjd gS.Mcqd

(iv) lkfgfR;d gS.Mcqd] (viii) fo"k; gS.McqdA

8- vH;kl&iz'u

1. vCndks'k (okf"kZdh) dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, blds fofo/ izdkjksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

2. iapkax ds fofo/ izdkjksa dk o.kZu djrs gq, bldh mi;ksfxrk ij izdk'k Mkfy,A

3. funsZf'kdkvksa (Directories) ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ ;s fdrus izdkj dh gksrh gSa\

4. lkfgfR;d gS.Mcqd] fo"k; gS.Mcqd rFkk O;kogkfjd gS.Mcqd dk o.kZu dhft,A

5. lanHkZ lzksrksa dh mi;ksfxrk ,oa ewY;kadu ds ekun.Mksa dk foospu dhft,A

9- lanHkZ&xzaFk lwph

Cheney, Frances Nell (1980). Fundamental Reference Sources. 2nd ed. Chicago: AmericanLibrary Association.

Grogan, Denis (1992). Science and Technology : An Introduction to the Literature. 4thed. London : Clive Bingley.

Katz, Willian A. (1982). Introduction to Reference Work. Vol. 1 : Basic InformationSources, 4th ed. N.Y. : McGraw-ill.

Krishan Kumar (1984). Reference Service. 4th ed. New Delhi : Vikas Publication.

Stevens, Rolland and Smith, Linda C. (1986). Reference Work in the UniversityLibrary. Littleton : Library Unlimited.

NOTES


177

ekud] isVs.V ,oa O;kikfjdizdk'ku lwfp;k¡ bR;kfn


1. vè;;u ds mís';

2. ifjp;

3. ekud

3.1 ekudksa ds fy, lwpuk lzksr

4. isVs.V

4.1 lwpuk ds lzksr ds :i esa isVs.V

4.2 isVs.V lwpuk ds lzksr


5.1 okf.kfT;d mís'; ls izdkf'kr xzaFklwfp;k¡ rFkk O;kikfjd izdk'ku lwfp;k¡

5.2 jk"Vªh; xzaFklwfp;k¡

5.3 ljdkjh izdk'kuksa dh O;kikfjd izdk'ku lwfp;k¡

6. lkj&la{ksi

7. Lo&izxfr ijh{k.k iz'ukas ds mÙkj

8. eq[; 'kCn

9. vH;kl&iz'u

10. lanHkZ xzaFk&lwph


vè;k;&9

NOTES



178

1- vè;;u ds mís';

fiNys vè;k;ksa esa xzaFklwfp;ksa] fo'odks"kksa rFkk 'kCndks'kksa bR;kfn ls lacaf/r lanHkZ lzksrksa dk vè;;ufd;k x;k gSA ;s yxHkx lkjs iqLrdky;ksa esa miyC/ gksrs gSaA bl vè;k; esa ge dqN vU; izdkjds izys[kksa dh ppkZ djsaxs ftUgsa ekud] isVs.V bR;kfn dgrs gSaA buls vR;Ur cgqewY; lwpuk izkIrgksrh gS tks vU; lzksrksa ls izkIr ugha dh tk ldrh gSA

bl vè;k; dk vè;;u djus ds i'pkr~ vki brus l{ke gks tk,¡xs fd %

ekudksa ds egRo dks le> ldsa vkSj ekudksa ds fy, lwpuk lzksr lqfuf'pr dj ldsa_

isVs.V dks ,d lwpuk lzksr ds :i esa of.kZr dj ldsa_

isVs.V laca/h lwpuk gsrq vusd lzksrksa dh ifjx.kuk dj ldsa] rFkk

O;kikfjd izdk'ku lwfp;ksa ,oa xzaFklwfp;ksa ds egRo dh foospuk dj ldsaA

2- ifjp;

izeq[kr% f}rh; fo'o ;q¼ ds i'pkr~ vkSj foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh ds {ks=k esa vR;f/d fodkl ,oaizxfr ds ifj.kkeLo:i Kku txr esa uohu izdkj ds lwpuk lzksrksa dk vkfoHkkZo gqvkA buesa isVs.V,oa ekud fo'ks"k mYys[kuh; gSaA bu lanHkZ lzksrkas dk lcls vf/d vf/xzg.k vkSj ifjj{k.k vuqlaèkkuij fodkl laxBuksa] Hkkjrh; oSKkfud ,oa vkS|ksfxd vuqla/ku ifj"kn dh iz;ksx'kkykvksa }kjk fd;ktkrk gSA

blls mRiknksa ds mRiknu esa ,d:irk] vuq:irk] lH;rk vkSj xq.koÙkk ykus esa lgk;rk izkIr gksrh gSA

ekud rFkk isVs.V rduhdh lwpuk ds vf}rh; Ïksr gSaA budk laca/ izfrfnu mi;ksx esa vkus okyhlkefxz;ksa] fdlh dsfedy vFkok fon~;eku izfØ;kvksa] mRiknksa ;k ;a=kksa ds mRiknu] fuekZ.k vFkoklkS"Bo ls lacaf/r izFke fooj.k izLrqr djus ls gSA

izdk'ku mn~;ksx }kjk tkjh dh xbZ muds izdk'kuksa dh O;kikfjd lwfp;ksa ls uohure izdk'kuksa dhtkudkjh izkIr djus esa cM+h gh lqfo/k gksrh gSA bUgsa vktdy vf/d mi;ksxh ekuk tk jgk gS D;ksafdfo'o esa izdk'kdksa }kjk izdkf'kr dh tk jgh Ñfr;ksa dh la[;k bruh fo'kky gksrh tk jgh gS ftudhtkudkjh buds vHkko esa laHko ugh gSA

vr% bl bdkbZ esa Nk=kksa dks ekudksa] isVs.Vksa vkSj O;kikfjd izdk'ku lwfp;ksa ls lacaf/r lwpuk Ïksrksals ifjfpr djk;k tk jgk gSA

3- ekudekud gekjs nSfud thou esa mi;ksx gksus okys mRiknksa dh xq.koÙkk ls lacaf/r gksrs gSaA buds varxZru dsoy ?kjsyw lkefxz;ksa dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gS cfYd bl txr~ esa thfor jgus ds fy,vko';d lHkh lkexzh ,oa mRikn Hkh lfEefyr gksrs gSa tSls [kkn~; inkFkZ] edku] diM+s] ifjogu]fon~;qr&la;=k ,oa lkexzh] lapkj ftudk laca/ ekuo thou ds fofo/ i{kksa ls gSA vUrjjk"Vªh; ekudlaLFkku (ISO : International Standard Organisation) ds vuqlkj ,sls ekud] foKku ,oaizkSn~;ksfxdh }kjk iq"V vkSj vuqHkoksa ij vk/kfjr ,dhd`r ifj.kke gksrs gS ftudk y{; leqnk; dsvf/dkf/d fodkl] mUu;u] ykHk vkSj dY;k.k dks lqfuf'pr djuk gksrk gS vkSj budks ekU;rk izkIr,oa izkekf.dk jk"Vªh;] {ks=kh; vFkok vUrjjk"Vªh; Lrj ds fdlh laxBu ,oa fudk; }kjk LohÑr fd;kx;k gksrk gSA

NOTES


179


xq.koÙkk ds fu;a=k.k ,oa izek.khdj.k ds fy, ekudksa dh vfr vko';drk gksrh gSA dqN ekudksa esai;kZIr lwpuk Hkh fufgr gksrh gS ftldh vko';drk Hkh gksrh gSA os mRiknksa ds fy, fofunsZ'ku ghugha iznku djrs gSa] cfYd fofo/ fØ;kdykiksa ds {ks=kksa esa vUrjjk"Vªh; O;kikj ls ysdj fuR;izfrmi;ksx esa yk, tkus okys ;U=kksa vkSj midj.kksa dh tk¡p esa lgk;rk iznku djrs gSaA buesa ls dqN rksmPp xq.koÙkk;qDr ikB~;Øe dh iqLrdksa dk dk;Z Hkh djrs gSa ysfdu fuekZrkvksa ,oa mRikndksa }kjklqyHk dh tk jgh miHkksDrkvksa }kjk mi;ksx esa yk;h tk jgh oLrqvksa ds fy, ekudksa ds vuqlj.kek=k ls gh mudk oS/kfud nkf;Ro iwjk ugha gksrk gSA ekudksa dk vuqlj.k LoSfPNd gksrk gS ysfdutc mudk vuqlj.k djuk oS/kfud dj fn;k tkrk gS rks mudk mi;ksx djuk vkns'kkRed gksrk gSvkSj mudh vogsyuk djuk voS/kfud gks tkrk gSA LokLF; ,oa lqj{kk dh vko';drk dh n`f"V lsbUgsa funsZ'kkRed vkSj vè;kns'kkRed iz.kkyh dk vax ekuk tkrk gSA br% budk vuqlj.k djuk vfuok;Zgksrk gS tks lkoZtfud ykHk ds fy, gksrk gSA

mnkgj.kkFkZ% lkbfdy ds jhe vkSj Vk;j dk ,d gh ifjeki gksrk gSA vr% fdlh Hkh fuekZrk }kjkfufeZr Vk;j dk mi;ksx fdlh Hkh lkbfdy ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk gSA cSVjh ds lsy dk fuekZ.kvusd fuekZrkvksa ,oa dEifu;ksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA fdlh dEiuh vFkok fuekZrk }kjk fufeZr lsy dkmi;ksx fdlh dSejk (Camera) vFkok ?kM+h esa fd;k tk ldrk gSA

vUrjjk"Vªh; Lrj ds nks izeq[k fudk;ksa esa bUVjus'kuy vkxZukbts'ku iQkWj LVS.MMkZbts'ku (ISO :International Organisation for Standardisation), tsusok] fLoV~tjyS.M_ rFkk b.Vjus'kuybysDVªks&VsfDudy deh'ku (IEC : International Electro-Technical Commission) fo'ks"k :ils fo[;kr gSaA vkbZ ,l vks ,d fof'k"V vUrjjk"Vªh; ,tsUlh gS ftlesa fo'o ds 95% vkSn~;ksfxdmRiknu dk izfrfuf/Ro djus okys 87 ns'k lfEefyr gSaA bldh LFkkiuk 1947 esa dh xbZ Fkh ftldkeq[; mn~ns'; fofHkUu jk"Vªh; ekudksa dks vUrjjk"Vªh; ekudksa }kjk izfrLFkkfir djuk gSA vkblksusV(ISONET) vkb ,l vks (ISO) dk lwpuk usVodZ gS tks jk"Vªh; ekud lwpuk dsUnzksa dk vUrjjk"Vªh;ekud lwpuk usVodZ gSA

bUVjus'kuy bysDVªks&VsfDudy deh'ku dh LFkkiuk 1906 esa dh xbZ Fkh tks fo'o ds O;kikj txr~dh izkfof/d dfBukb;ksa dks nwj djus esa viuh vge Hkwfedk vnk djrk gSA izR;sd ns'k esa mldhviuh ,d ekudhdj.k ,tsUlh gksrh gS] tSls& ANSI, DIN, ASTM bR;kfnA

Hkkjr esa ekudksa dh lw=kcn~rk ,oa izek.khdj.k dh xfrfof/;k¡ i;kZIr le; ls fØ;k'khy gSA bf.M;uLVS.MMZ~l bULVhV~;w'ku (ISI : Indian Standards Institution) dh LFkkiuk 1947 esa ,d iathÑrfudk; ds :i esa dh xbZ FkhA 1952 esa ,d vf/fu;e ds varxZr bls oS/kfud vf/dkj iznku fd;kx;kA bl vf/fu;e dks b.M;u LVS.MMZ~l bULVhV~;w'ku (lfVZfiQds'ku ekDlZ) ,sDV 1952 (IndianStandard Institution (Certification Marks) Act, 1952) ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA vizSy 1987ls ;g C;wjks vkWiQ bf.M;u LVS.MMZ~l (ubZ fnYyh) ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA bldk laf{kIr ukech vkbZ ,l (BIS : Bereu of Indian Standards) gSA bl C;wjks ds xBu esa ljdkj m|ksx] izkbosVlaLFkkuksa] miHkksDrk fudk;ksa ds izfrfuf/ vkSj lkaln lfEefyr fd, x, gSa tks fofHkUu n`f"Vdks.kksa ,oai{kksa dk izfrfuf/Ro djrs gSaA blds {ks=kh; dk;kZy;ksa dk usVodZ Hkh gS tks eqEcbZ] dksydkrk]p.Mhx<+ vkSj psUubZ esa LFkkfir fd, x, gSaA bldh 'kk[kk,¡ vgenkckn] caxyksj] Hkksiky] Hkqous'oj]xqokgkVh] gSnjkckn] t;iqj] iVuk] iwuk] fr#ouUriqje~ esa Hkh dk;Zjr gSaA iqLrdky; foKku] lwpukfoKku vkSj ziys[ku ls lacaf/r ekudhdj.k ds fy, lsD'kuy dfeVh ,e ,l Mh 5 (izys[ku ,oalwpuk foHkkxh; lfefr) (Sectional Committee-MSD 5 (Documentation and InformationSectional Committee)) ds uke ls xfBr dh xbZ gSA

NOTES



180

ekudksa dk dk;Z fo'ks"kKksa }kjk fu"ikfnr fd;k tkrk gSA bu fo'ks"kKksa dh lfefr;ksa }kjk loZizFkeekudksa dh :ijs[kk rS;kj dh tkrh gSA bu ekudksa dh :ijs[kk dks fo'ks"kKk laLFkkuksa] vkSn~;ksfxdlaLFkkuksa] mn~;ksxksa rFkk vuqla/ku iz;ksx'kkykvksa esa forfjr fd;k tkrk gSA muls lwpuk rFkk vfHkerizkIr djus ds i'pkr~ mudk la'kks/u dj mUgsa vafre :i iznku fd;k tkrk gSA bu ekudksa dks chvkb ,l gS.Mcqd (BIS Handbook) esa lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gS ftls C;wjks vkWiQ bf.M;uLVS.MMZ~l rS;kj djrk gSA

3.1 ekudksa ds fy, lwpuk Ïksr

Standards : A Resource and Guide for Identification, Selection and Acquisitional PatriciaRicci and Lind Perry St. Paul, Minn : Stirtz Bernardo, 1990.

ljdkjh vkSn~;ksfxd] jk"Vªh; ,oa varjjk"Vªh; laxBuksa }kjk fodflr fd, tkus okys ekudksa vkSjfofunsZ'kksa dh ;g ,d foLr`r ,oa lqfo/ktud tk¡p lwph gSaA blesa iqLrdky;ksa ds foØsrkvksa] ekudksads ijke'kZnkrkvksa] lekpkj cqysfVuksa rFkk ekudksa dks xzaFklwfp;ksa dks Hkh lwphcn~/ fd;k x;k gSA

Index and Directory of Industry Standards. Colorando, USA : Information HandlingServices, 1991. 7 volumes.

Vol. 1 — US Standards (subject-wise)

Vol. 2 — US Standards (numeric index)

Vol. 3-4 — International and non-US Standards (subject-wise)

Vol. 5 — International and non-US Standards (numeric index)

Vol. 6 — DIN German Standards (subject-wise)

Vol. 7 — DIN German Standards (numeric index)

blesa 1]38]000 ekudksa dks lwphc¼ fd;k x;k gS tks 400 jk"Vªh; ,oa varjjk"Vªh; laxBuksa }kjkfodflr fd, x, gSaA

US National Bureau of Standards dk uke vc US National Institute of Standards andTechnology gks x;k gS vkSj ;g ,d okf"kZdh dk izdk'ku "Publications of the NationalInstitute of Standards and Technology" dh vk[;k ls djrk gSA American Society forTesting and Materials (ASTM) }kjk dk izdk'ku "Annual Book of ASTM Standards" dhvk[;k ls izdkf'kr fd;k tkrk gSA

varjjk"Vªh; laLdj.k ,tsfUl;ksa }kjk Hkh ekudksa dh i`Fkd~ rkfydk,¡ lkjdj.k if=kdkvksa esa izdkf'krdh tkrh gSa] tSls "Chemical Abstracts (CA)" esa ekudksa dk fooj.k iznku fd;k tkrk gSA"Engineering Index" rFkk "Index Mechanics" esa isVs.Vksa rFkk ekudksa dh ,d i`Fkd~ rkfydknh tkrh gSa dsfedy ,sCLVªSDV~l }kjk isVs.Vksa ,oa ekudksa dh vuqØef.kdk Hkh izdkf'kr dh tkrh gSA;g vU; ns'kksa ds led{k isVs.Vksa] vkosfnr isVs.Vksa rFkk vuqefr&izkIr isVs.Vksa dh lwpuk iznku djrkgSA

C;wjks vkWiQ bf.M;u LVS.MM~Zl (BIS), ubZ fnYyh }kjk rhu lwpuk cqysfVuksa dk izdk'ku fd;k tkrkgS&

Standards World Govt Monthly Addition

blesa laLFkku ds iqLrdky; esa izfrekg vkus okys 2000 ekudksa dh oxhZÑr lwpuk fufgr gksrh gSblesa 835 fo"k; lewgksa ds ekud gksrs gSaA

NOTES


181


Current Published Information on Standardization ,d ekfld lkjdj.k cqysfVu gS ftlesaekudhdj.k rFkk blls lEc¼ izdj.kksa ij lwpuk lfEefyr dh xbZ gksrh gSA

Standards Monthly Addition : bl ekfld cqysfVu esa uohu rFkk la'kksf/r Hkkjrh; ekudksa] vkbZ ,lvks ds ekudksa] Hkkjrh; ekudksa ds izk:i rFkk GATT-TBT dh foKfIr;ksa dh tkudkjh nh tkrh gSA

BIS Handbook : blesa 13]000 Hkkjrh; ekudksa dks rkfydkc¼ fd;k x;k gSA bldk izdk'kufu;fer <ax ls fd;k tkrk gSA blesa o.kkZuqØfed vuqØef.kdk Hkh lfEefyr dh xbZ gSA

ekud lanfHkZdk ;g ,d dEI;wVjhÑr lsok gS ftlesa 2000 fons'kh ekudksa dks eSxusfVd Vsih ijvfHkys[kc¼ fd;k tkrk gSA 1]70]000 ls vf/d vfHkys[kksa dks vHkh rd rS;kj fd;k tk pqdk gSAC;wjks }kjk cM+s gh de ewY; ij fo"k; vk/kfjr xzaFklwfp;k¡ miyC/ djkbZ tkrh gSA


1- ekudksa dh vko';drk ij ,d laf{kIr fVIi.kh fyf[k,A

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4. isVs.VisVs.V (Patent) ftls fgUnh esa ,dLo dgk tkrk gS] ¶,d izdkj dk vkns'k gksrk gS ftls jkT; }kjk,d izek.k i=k ds :i esa fdlh vkfo"dkj dh ?kks"k.kk djus ds fy, iznku fd;k tkrk gS ftlds}kjk ml vkfo"dkj ds Lokeh (,dLoh) dks fdlh lhfer vof/ ds fy, ml vkfo"dkj ls lacaf/r dqN iw.kkZf/dkj ;k ,dkf/dkj iznku fd, tkrs gSaA fdlh izdkj dh laifÙk dh Hkk¡fr gh isVs.Vdk Hkh Ø;] foØ;] gLrkarj.k bR;kfn fd;k tk ldrk gSA ^isVs.V dh vof/* dh vfHkO;fDr mlle;kof/ ;k le;&lhek dks fufnZ"V djrh gS ftlds vanj ,dE;h ;k iw.kkZf/dkj dk ,dN=kmi;ksx dj ldrk gSA bl izdkj dh le;kof/ fHkUu&fHkUu ns'kksa esa vyx&vyx gksrh gSA fdlhvkfo"dkj ds fy, isVs.V dk vkns'k mlds oSKkfud ,oa izkfof/d fooj.k ij vk/kfjr gksrk gS tkslacaf/r izys[k esa fufgr gksrk gS ftls fofunsZ'ku (Specification) dgrs gSaA

,dLokf/dkj ds fofunsZ'ku esa vkfo"dkj dk iw.kZ o.kZu bl izdkj fd;k x;k gksuk pkfg, ftls lacafèkrdyk esa n{k ;k fuiq.k O;fDr vFkok lacaf/r rduhdh {ks=k esa dk;Zjr vkSj ml fo"k; dk ewy Kku j[kusokyk O;fDr] mls fu"ikfnr dj ldsA fofunsZ'ku esa lacaf/r {ks=k dh iwoZ dh Ñfr;ksa vkSj dk;ks± dk iw.kZo.kZu gksuk pkfg,] igys dh Ñfr;ksa vkSj dk;ks± dh =kqfV;ksa vkSj nqcZyrkvksa dk mYys[k gksuk pkfg, vkSjizLrqr vkfo"dkj esa fd, x, mUu;u ,oa lq/ku dk Li"V ladsr fd;k x;k gksuk pkfg,A blesa vkfo"dkjdk mnkgj.k vFkok js[kkafdr fp=kys[k vo'; fn;k x;k gksuk pkfg,A vkosnd }kjk] var esa] ,d ;k nksnkos izLrqr fd, tkus pkfg, ftlessa ek¡x fd, x, ,dkf/dkj ds vkSfpR; dk o.kZu gksuk pkfg,Avkfo"dkj ds isVs.V dk tks nkok fd;k tkrk gS og mlds fuekZ.k ;k mRiknu ls lacaf/r gksrk gS] fdlhfl¼kUr rFkk fopkj ls ughaA bl oS/kfud izfrcU/ ds dkj.k fdlh ,d O;fDr vkfn ds vkfo"dkj dknq#i;ksx dksbZ nwljk ugha dj ldrkA ysfdu isVs.V esa bldk vk'oklu ugha fn;k tk ldrk gS fdvkfo"dkj dk dksbZ O;kikfjd egRo gS vFkok mldh xq.koÙkk vf/d gSA 'kklu ;k ljdkj }kjk Hkh isVs.Vdh ekU;rk ;k izkekf.kdrk dh dksbZ xkj.Vh ugha yh tkrhA

NOTES



182

isVs.V dks Li"V :i ls le>us ds fy, ;g vko';d gS fd bl in ls lacaf/r vU; inksa ds Hksndks lqfuf'pr fd;k tk,] tSls&VªsMekdZ (Trademark), fMtkbu (Design), dkWihjkbV (Copyright)AVªsMekdZ ,d izdkj dk fn[kkbZ iM+us okyk izrhd ;k n`'; izrhd gksrk gS tks 'kCnksa (Words), midj.k(Device), vFkok yscqy (Label) ds :i es agks ldrk gS ftls mRikn ij eqfnzr ;k fpfUgr fd;ktkrk gS ftlls fuekZ.k dh mRifÙk dk ladsr feyrk gS vkSj fdlh vU; fuekZrk }kjk fufeZr mlh oLrq;k inkFkZ ls ml mRikn ds varj dks Li"V gksrk gSA fMtkbu ftls fgUnh esa vfHkdYi dgrs gSa& ,dfopkj vFkok vo/kj.kk gS tks vkdkj] la:i.k] uewuk vFkok vyadj.k ls lacaf/r gS ftldk iz;ksxfdlh oLrq ;k inkFkZ ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA dkWihjkbV }kjk lkfgfR;d] ukV~;kRed] laxhrkRed]dykRed Ñfr;ksa] pyfp=kd fiQYeksa] vfHkys[kksa] izlkj.k rFkk daI;wVj lkWÝVos;j ds izfrfyfidj.kds ,dkf/dkj dks fufnZ"V fd;k tkrk gSA fdlh ykHk ds fy, ewy jpf;rk ;k iz.ksrk ds vfrfjDrfdlh vU; ds }kjk budk izfrfyfidj.k voS/kfud ekuk tkrk gSA isVs.V] fMtkbu] VªsMekdZ ckSf¼dlEifÙk gSaA ckSf¼d laifÙk ds bu Lo:iksa vkSj dkWihjkbZV ds ckSf¼d laifÙk ,dkf/dkj (IPR :Intelictual Property Rights) ds varxZr fufnZ"V fd;k tkrk gSA

isVsUV ;k ,dLokf/dkj ds 'kklukns'k eè;dkyhu ;qx esa Hkh fn, tkrs FksA 1594 esa xSyhfy;ks(Galileo) dks flapkbZ ds ,d midj.k ds fy, isVs.V dk vf/dkj iznku fd;k x;k FkkA isVs.Vksa ds,dLokf/dkj dh iz.kkyh dh ijEijk fczVsu esa lcls iqjkuh gS vkSj vkt Hkh ;g ykxw gSA izFkevfHkys[kc¼ isVs.V 1917 esa Lohdkj fd;k x;k FkkA

vktdy izk;% lHkh jk"Vªksa esa isVs.V iz.kkfy;ksa dk lapkyu fd;k tk jgk gSA blesa vkosnd dks mldsisVs.V ds vkfo"dkj ds fy, 'kklu }kjk ,dkf/dkj iznku fd;k tkrk gS rkfd dksbZ vU; mldkokf.kfT;d mi;ksx dj u ldsA isVs.V ds iathdj.k ds fy, vkfo"dkj dk iw.kZ fooj.k] mldh izÑfr,oa fo'ks"krkvksa ds lkFk izLrqr djuk iM+rk gS ftlls lkoZtfud Kku dh o`f¼ gks ldsA Hkkjr esaisVs.V ds iw.kZ ,dkf/dkj dk le; 14 o"kZ ds fy, gksrk gS tks isVs.V ,sDV (Patent Act) 1970vkSj isVs.V :y (Patent Rule) 1972 ds vk/hu iznku fd;k tkrk gSA fczVsu esa ;g le;kof/ 20o"kks± ds fy, gksrh gSA isVs.Vksa dh lokZf/d la[;k la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk es gSA

izR;sd isVs.V&izys[k dks ,d isVsUV&la[;k nh tkrh gS ftlesa fuEufyf[kr fufgr gksrs gSa % bls nhxbZ de la[;k_ tkjh djus dh vFkok ojh;rk frfFk] vkosnu dh frfFk] vkfo"dkj dh vk[;k],dLoh dk uke] isVs.V ds jk"Vªh; dk;kZy; dh oxhZdj.k iz.kkyh ds vuqlkj oxhZdj.k la[;k rFkkfyf[kr ,oa fp=kfyf[kr :i esa vkfo"dkj ls lacaf/r foLr`r rduhdh lwpukA

isVs.Vksa dks fuEukafdr oxks± ds lewgc¼ fd;k tkrk gS %

(i) ijEijkxr isVs.V

(ii) la'kks/uksa ds isVs.V % fon~;eku isVs.Vks esa gq, la'kks/u ;k muesa fd, x, lq/kj]

(iii) xksiuh; isVs.V % izfrj{kk ls lacaf/r ;U=kksa] midj.kksa ;qn~/ksidj.k bR;kfn ls lacaf/r isVs.V


2- isVsUV (Patent) dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,A

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NOTES


183


4.1 lwpuk ds Ïksr ds :i esa isVs.V

isVs.V&izys[k rduhdh lwpuk ds vf}rh; ,oa egRoiw.Z Ïksr gSaA buesa miyC/ lwpuk vU;=k izkIrugha gksrhA fuEukafdr dkj.kksa ls lwpuk Ïksr ds :i esa isVs.V vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ ekus tkrs gSa &

(1) vf/drj isVs.V lwpuk ds izkekf.dk Ïksr gksrs gSa ftuesa oSKkfud ,oa izkSn~;ksfxdh; fodkl,oa vkfo"dkjksa dh izFke lwpuk nh tkrh gSA isVs.V ds ,dLokf/dkj dh LohÑfr ds fy,;g vko';d gS fd mlds fooj.k dks iwoZ esa vU;=k izdkf'kr u fd;k x;k gksA

(2) isVs.V ds fofunsZ'ku dh lwpuk esa iw.kZ:i ls vko';d fp=k vkSj uewus lfEefyr gksrs gSaAbl izdkj dk fooj.k vU; if=kdkvksa@iqLrdksa esa miyC/ fooj.k dh vis{kk vf/d ifjiw.kZ,oa Li"V gksrk gSA

(3) dqN ekeyksa esa isVs.V gh lwpuk ds ,dek=k Ïksr gksrs gSaA fdlh Hkh isVs.V ds iathdj.k dsfy, vkosnu i=k dks vkfo"dkj] tks izFken`"V~;k mi;ksxh gks] ds ckn rRdky izLrqr fd;ktkrk gSA bldh okLrfod mikns;rk vkSj mi;ksfxrk rHkh Li"V gksrh gs] tc bldk mi;ksxO;kikfjd dk;Z ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

(4) ,d izdkj ds fo"k; ls lacaf/r lkjs vkfo"dkjksa dh lwpuk ,d gh oxhZÑr 'kh"kZd dsvarxZr izkIr gksrh gS D;ksafd isVs.Vksa dk izdk'ku rFkk lewghdj.k oxhZÑr Øekuqlkj fd;ktkrk gSA

,slk vuqeku yxk;k tkrk gS fd fo'o esa foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh ds {ks=k esa tks Hkh lwpuk mRikfnrgksrh gS mldk ,d frgkbZ dsoy ekudksa ls lacaf/r izys[kksa esa gksrk gSA izR;sd o"kZ fo'o esa 500]000ls ysdj750]000 isVs.Vksa dh LohÑfr ds 'kklukns'k iznku fd;s tkrs gSaA ysfdu fdlh Hkh vkfo"dkjdks isVs.V dh vuqefr iznku djus ds fy, vko';d gksrk gS fd vkfo"dkj iw.kZr% uohu gks ftlesavkfo"dkjkRed iz;kl fd, x, gksa vkSj vkS|ksfxdh; vuqiz;ksx ds fy, ;g mi;qDr ,oa ykHkizn gksA

4.2 isVs.V lwpuk ds Ïksr

(v) vf/Ñr Ïksr

isfjl dUosa'kuy iQkWj izksVsD'ku vkWiQ b.MfLVª;y izksiVhZ (Paris Convention for Protection ofIndustrial Property) (1983) ftls le;≤ ij la'kksf/r Hkh fd;k tkrk gS] ds lHkh lnL;ns'kksa ls ;g vis{kk dh tkrh gS fd os ,d vf/Ñr if=kdk tkjh dj lHkh izdkj ds isVs.Vksa vkSjVªsMekdZ dh foLr`r lwpuk nsrs jgsaA ,slh vf/Ñr if=kdkvksa dks lkekU;r;k izdkf'kr fd;k tkrk gSA

The Official Journal (1854-) Published at weekly interval by the British Patent Office.blesa fczVsu ds uohu isVs.Vksa dh lwpuk lfoLrkj izlkfjr dh tkrh gSA

Official Gazette (1872-) of the US Patent Office dk izdk'ku lkIrkfgdh ds :i esa vesfjdkesa fd;k tkrk gS tks fczVsu ds vkWiQhf'k;y tuZy ds leku gSA

Hkkjrh; isVs.Vksa dk izdk'ku Gazette of India, Part III, Sec 2 ls izR;sd lIrkg fd;k tkrk gSAIndian Chemical Patent Index, esa jlk;u foKku ds lHkh isVs.Vksa dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSAbldk izdk'ku us'kuy bUiQkWesZ'ku lsUVj iQkWj dsfeLVªh ,.M dsfedy VsDuksykWth] us'kuy dsfedyyscksjsVjh (National Information Centre for Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Na-tional Chemical Laboratory), iwuk }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA

;wjksfi;u isVs.V vkWfiQl (Europien Patent Office) }kjk vaxjsth] izsUp rFkk teZu Hkk"kkvksa esa ,dlkIrkfgd cqysfVu izdkf'kr fd;k tkrk gSA

NOTES



184

fo,uk esa fLFkfr bUVjus'kuy isVs.V MkWD;wesUVs'ku lsUVj (INPADOC : International PatentDocumentation Centre) fo'o ds 60 ns'kksa vkSj {ks=kh; isVs.V izdkf'kr djus okys izkf/dj.kksa lsisVs.Vksa dh lwpuk dk laxzg djrk gS vkSj mudk izdk'ku djrk gSA blds }kjk rS;kj fd;s x, MsVkcsl]tks vkWuykbu ij lqyHk gS] esa 1973 ls ysdj vc rd ds 130 yk[k isVs.Vksa dk xzaFkkRed fooj.kfn;k x;k gSA

Hkkjr esa isVs.V dk eq[; dk;kZy; dksydkrk esa gS ftldh 'kk[kk,¡] psUubZ] eqEcbZ vkSj fnYyh esa gSAbuds iqLrdky;ksa }kjk isVs.Vksa ds mi;ksx dh lqfo/k lqyHk dh tkrh gSA The Patent OfficeJournal bldk okf"kZd izdk'ku gSA blds dksydkrk fLFkfr dk;kZy; esa la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk] fczVsu]:l] vkLVªsfy;k] U;wthyS.M] uhnjyS.M~l rFkk teZuh ds fofunsZ'kksa dks Hkh ladfyr fd;k tkrk gSAblds iqLrdky; esa World Patents Abstracts (Derwent) dks Hkh fu;fer :i ls e¡xk;k tkrkgSA

isVsUV bUiQkWesZ'ku flLVe PIS : Patent Information System) dh LFkkiuk ukxiqj esa 1980 esa dhxbZ gSA blesa 50 ls vf/d ns'kksa dh isVs.V&lwpuk dk laxzg 1968 ls fd;k x;k gS ftls daI;wVjiBuh; :i esa j[kk x;k gSA bf.M;u isVs.V vkWfiQl (Indian Patent Office) esa ftu isVs.Vksa dkslafpr fd;k tkrk gS muds isVs.Vksa dh [kkst djus dh O;oLFkk dh tkrh gSA bl dsUnz esa 70 yk[k50 gtkj fons'kh isVs.V izys[kksa dk ladyu fd;k x;k gS vkSj fofHkUu ns'kksa ds isVs.V ls lacaf/rlkj izdk'kuksa dks Hkh bl fo'kky laxzg esa lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA

us'kuy bUiQkWesZfVDl lsUVj (NIC : National Informatics Centre) ds isVs.V ,.M uks&gkmQbUiQkWesZ'ku fMohtu (Patent and Know-how Information Division) ds }kjk vkWuykbu rFkkvkWiQykbu nksuksa izdkj dh lsokvksa dks lqyHk fd;k tkrk gSA vkWiQykbu lsok }kjk xzaFkkRed [kkst]lkj vkSj iwjs isVs.Vksa dh lwpuk iznku dh tkrh gSA us'kuy bUiQkWesZfVDl lsUVj (NIC) us US PatentOffice ds Patnet CASSIS dk Hkh vf/xzg.k fd;k gS ftlds varxZr vusd lsokvksa dk vk;kstufd;k tkrk gS tSls& CASSIS/BIB (1969 + bimonthly,) CASSIS/ASSIGN (1980 + Quar-terly), CASSIS/CLASS (1990 + bimonthly) rFkk CASSIS/ASSIST (quarterly)A ;s lHkhlsok,¡ lhMh&jkse :i esa Hkh lqyHk gSaA

bUlMkWd (INSDOC) ds varxZr jk"Vªh; foKku iqLrdky; (National Science Library) esa tkikuvkSj vkLVªsfy;k ds isVs.Vksa dk laxzg fd;k x;k gSA bUlMkWd ifjlj ls oSKkfud ,oa vkS|ksfxdvuqlU/ku ifj"kn~ (CSIR) ds ckSf¼d laifÙk izcU/u foHkkx (Intellectual Property Manage-ment Division) dks Hkh lapkfyr fd;k tkrk gSA bl foHkkx dk dke ifj"kn~ }kjk izkIr lHkh isVs.Vksadk vfHkys[ku rFkk izfØ;kdj.k djuk gSA


3- lwpuk ds Ïksr ds :i esa isVs.V ds egRo dk mYys[k dhft,A

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(c) O;kikfjd Ïksr

Patent Throughtout the World/ed. by Alan J. Jacobs. 4th ed. New York : Trade Activities.

NOTES


185


;g ,d [kaMh; vcn~/ izdk'ku gS ftls lwpuk dks vn~;ru djus ds fy, o"kZ esa rhu ckj] bldsi`"Bksa dks la'kksf/r dj] izdkf'kr fd;k tkrk gSA

varjjk"Vªh; ,tsafl;ksa ds fy, isVs.Vksa] fMtkbu] VªsMekdZ bR;kfn dks vfHkys[kcn~/ djrs gSaA blesaisVs.V iz.kkfy;ksa ds ,sfrgkfld fodkl dk fooj.k fn;k x;k gS rFkk ledkyhu vf/fu;eksa ,oaizdk'kuksa dk Hkh o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA

World Directory of Sources of Patents Geneva : World Intellectual Property Organisation,1985.

Information Sources in Patents/ed. by P. Anger. New Providence, N.J. : Bowker Saur,1992.

Patent Information and Documentation Handbook. Geneva : World Intellectual Prop-erty Organisation.

World Information and Documentation Handbook. Geneva : World Intellectual PropertyOrganization, 1981.

v¡xjsth rFkk izsQUp Hkk"kkvksa dh cgq[kaMh [kqys i`"Bksa dh Ñfr gS ftls le;≤ ij i`"Bksa dkcnydj vn~;ru fd;k tkrk gSA

isVs.V lwpuk ds dqN /kjkokfgd izdk'ku Hkh gS ftuesa izeq[k gS %

World Patent Index, London : Derwent, 1975-, updated weekly and monthly.

blesa nks Hkkx gSa& Current Patent Index vkSj Electrical Patent Index A ;g ,d c`gr isVs.Vlkjdj.k lsok if=kdk gSA blesa izk;% lHkh ;wjksih; ns'kksa }kjk izdkf'kr isVs.Vksa dks lkjc¼ fd;k tkrkgSA buds vfrfjDr phu] tkiku] nf{k.kh dksfj;k] btjkby rFkk la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk ds isVs.Vksa dksHkh lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA

lkIrkfgd vkSj fo"k;ksUeq[k if=kdk gSA ;g vjlk;fud izkSn~;ksfxdh dks lkjdj.k if=kdk gSA

World Patent Information. Oxford : Pergamon (for European Community and WorldIntellectual Property Organisation, 1979-, Quarterly.)

blesa isVs.V ls lacaf/r izys[ku] oxhZdj.k] lkaf[;dh bR;kfn dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gS vkSj blesavkys[kksa] laf{kIr lwpuk rFkk cSBdksa vkSj lkfgR; leh{kkvksa dks Hkh izdkf'kr fd;k tkrk gSA

bUlMkWd us oSKkfud ,oa vkSn~;ksfxd vuqlU/ku ifj"kn ds ckSf¼d laink foHkkx ds lg;ksx lsHkkjrh; isVs.Vksa dk ,d MsVkcsl rS;kj fd;k gS tks lh Mh jkse ds :i esa buiSV (INPAT) dh vk[;kls miyC/ gSA ;g xzaFkkRed MsVkcsl gS ftlesa Hkkjr esa 1972 ls fnlEcj 1998 rd vknsf'kr52]000 isVs.V dh lwpuk lqyHk dh xbZ gSA bl MsVkcsl esa isVs.Vksa dh vk[;k] vkosnd vkSjvkfo"dkjd dk uke] isVs.V ,oa vkosnu la[;k] vkosnu ,oa izdk'ku frfFk] vUrjjk"Vªh; oxhZdj.kdksM rFkk ns'k dk mYys[k Hkh fd;k x;k gSA


4- isVs.V bUiQkWjes'ku flLVe (PIS) dk laf{kIr ifjp; nhft,A

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NOTES



186


O;kikfjd izdk'ku lwph vFkok O;kikfjd xzaFklwph ¶fdlh ns'k esa izdkf'kr ,oa eqfnzr iqLrdksa vkSjizk;% fons'kksa esa izdkf'kr dh tkus okyh mu iqLrdksa] ftuds fy, ns'k ds izdk'kd@,tsaV dk dk;Zdjrs gSa] dh lwph gS¸& gjksM~l ykbczsfj;Ul XykWljh (Harrod's Librarians Glossary)A fo'o dslHkh ns'kksa esa ogk¡ dh ljdkjsa lcls cM+s izdk'kd ds :i esa gksrh gSA vr% 'kkldh; ;k ljdkjhizdk'kuksa dh lwfp;k¡ Hkh blh Js.kh ds varxZr vkrh gSA

jk"Vªh; xzaFklwfp;k¡ ¶fdlh ns'k esa izdkf'kr ,oa eqfnzr iqLrdksa dh lwph gksus ds dkj.k¸ O;kikfjdxzaFklwfp;ksa dh O;kid Js.kh ds varxZr vkrh gSaA O;kikfjd xzaFklwfp;ksa dh Hkk¡fr iqLrdky;ksa esa iqLrdp;u ds Ïksr ds :i esa budk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA fu;fer :i ls le;kuqlkj ;fn budk izdk'kugksrk jgs rks ;s vR;ar lwpukizn gksrh gSaA

fons'kh izdk'kuksa ,oa forjdksa }kjk izdkf'kr O;kikfjd xzaFklwfp;ksa esa izdk'kuksa ds iw.kZ xzaFkkRed fooj.kiznku fd, tkrs gSaA buesa vUrjjk"Vªh; ekud xzaFk la[;k (ISBN) dk mYys[k gksrk gS vkSj ys[kdrFkk vk[;k vuqØef.kdk Hkh i`Fkd~ ls nh xbZ gksrh gSaA mnkgj.kkFkZ& McGrawHill, John Wiley,Academic Press vFkok Oxford University Press bR;kfn }kjk tkjh dh xbZ O;kikfjd izdk'kulwfp;ksa esa iqLrdksa dh foLr`r lwpuk iznku dh xbZ gksrh gS vkSj bldk Hkh ladsr fd;k x;k gksrkgS fd fdl izdkj ds ikBdksa ds fy, iqLrdsa mi;ksxh ,oa lwpukizn gSaA

Hkkjrh; izdk'kdksa }kjk tkjh dh xbZ O;kikfjd izdk'ku lwfp;ksa esa dHkh&dHkh dqN xzaFkkRed fooj.kksadk vHkko gksrk gS] tSls&i`"Bksa dh la[;k] ys[kdksa dk iwjk uke] rFkk izdk'ku o"kZA

5.1 okf.kfT;d mn~ns'; ls izdkf'kr xzaFklwfp;k¡ rFkk O;kikfjd izdk'kuxzaFklwfp;k¡

(v) O;kikfjd izdk'ku xzaFklwfp;k¡

Cumulative Book Index : A World List of Books in English Language. New York :Wilson, 1898 to date Monthly

;g CBI ds uke ls izfl¼ gSA blesa izfof"V;k¡ o.kkZuqØe esa ys[kd] vk[;k rFkk fo"k; 'kh"kZdksa dsvarxZr vuqlkj ,d Øe esa O;ofLFkr gksrh gSaA blds izR;sd eghus ds vad ds vUr esa izdk'kdksa ,oaforjdksa dh funsZf'kdk Hkh nh xbZ gksrh gSA blds fo"k;&'kh"kZdksa dks ykbczsjh vkWiQ dkaxzsl (Libraryof Congress) dh fo"k;&'kh"kZd&rkfydk (List of Subject Headings) ls fy;k tkrk gSA tqykbZ,oa vxLr esa blds vad izdkf'kr ugha gksrs gSaA 1969 ls bldk okf"kZd lap;h [kaM Hkh izdkf'krfd;k tk jgk gSA

Publishers Weekly, the Book Industry Journal. New Your : R.R. Bowker, 1872-Weekly

blds lap;h ekfld vad dks vesfjdu cqd ifCyf'kax fjdkMZ (ABPR : American BookPublishing Record) dh vk[;k ls izdkf'kr fd;k tkrk gSA blds okf"kZd lap;h vkSj iapo"khZ;lap;h vad Hkh izdkf'kr fd, tkrs gSaA

Bookseller, the Organ of Book Trade 1909. London : J. Whitaker.

bldk izkjEHk 1858 esa ,d ekfld izdk'ku ds :i esa fd;k x;k FkkA ;g Publishers Weekly.tks vesfjdu iqLrd O;olk; dk lkIrkfgd izdk'ku gS] dh Hkk¡fr ;g fczVsu ds iqLrd O;olk; dh

NOTES


187


lwpuk nsrk gSA blesa vf/lwpuk] lekpkj rFkk iqLrd O;olk; ij vkysd izdkf'kr fd;s tkrs gSaAbldk ekfld lap;h vad ÞohVsdlZ cqd vkWi nh eUFk ,.M cqDl Vw de (Whitaker's Booksof the Month and Books to Come) dh vk[;k ls lu~ 1970 ls izdkf'kr fd;k tk jgk gSA blds=kSekfld lap;h [kaM dks ÞohVsdlZ D;wewysfVo cqdfyLV (Whitaker's Cumulative Book List)dh vk[;k ls izdkf'kr fd;k tkrk gSA budk okf"kZd lap;h [kaM Hkh izdkf'kr fd;k tkrk gS ftlsÞohVsdlZ D;wewysfVo cqdfyLV (Whitaker's Cumulative Booklist) dgrs gSaA

Hkkjr ds iqLrd O;olkf;;ksa }kjk vHkh rd mi;qZDr izdkj dh O;kikfjd xzaFklwfp;ksa (CBI rFkkABPR) dh Hkk¡fr fu;fer :i ls xzaFk O;olk; foojf.kdk,¡ izdkf'kr ugha dh xbZA isQMjs'ku vkWiQifCyllZ ,.M cqdlsylZ ,lksfl,'ku vkWiQ bf.M;k (Federation of Publishers and BooksellersAssociation of India) us ,d ,slh ifj;kstuk pykbZ Fkh vkSj 1975 ls ,d =kSekfld izdk'ku lwphdk izdk'ku fjlsUV bf.M;u cqDl (Recent Indian Books) dh vk[;k ls izkjEHk fd;k FkkA ysfdubls pyk ugha ldsA oSls Hkh ;g ek=k vaxjsth ds izdk'kuksa rd gh lhfer FkkA cM+s&cM+s izdk'kdvius izdk'kuksa dh lwph izdkf'kr ,oa forfjr djrs gSaA blesa vaxjsth Hkk"kk ds izdk'kuksa ds lkFklhfer la[;k esa dqN O;kikfjd vk[;kvksa dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA

iqLrd foØsrkvksa dh iqLrd lwfp;k¡

fo[;kr~ ,oa yksdfiz; iqLrd foØsrk tks Hkkjr ,oa fons'kksa esa iqLrd O;olk; esa layXu gSa] viuhmiyC/ Ñfr;ksa dh lwph izdkf'kr djrs gSa] ftuesa izdk'kuksa dh uohu dhersa Hkh nh xbZ gksrh gSaAxzaFk p;u ds fy, ,slh lwfp;k¡ mi;ksxh fl¼ gksrh gSaA fo[;kr] iqLrd foØsrkvksa }kjk rS;kj dh xbZlwfp;k¡ fo"k; fo'ks"k ds fy, ekud xzaFklwfp;ksa dk dk;Z djrh gSaA iqLrdky; dfeZ;ksa ds fy, Hkh,slh lwfp;k¡ lwpukizn ,oa mi;ksxh gksrh gSa D;ksafd muesa fo'o Hkj ds izdk'kuksa dh iqLrdsa lfEefyrgksrh gSaA izdk'kdksa dh iqLrd lwfp;k¡ ek=k muds gh izdk'kuksa dh lwpuk iznku djrh gSA vr% iqLrdfoØsrkvksa dh lwfp;k¡ izdk'kdksa dh lwfp;ksa ls vf/d O;kid gksrh gSaA

dqN iqLrd foØsrk vyH; ,oa xrkof/d iqLrdksa ds foØ; O;kikj esa fo'ks"k :i ls layXu gSa] tSls&xqM+xkao ch- ,p- CySdoy vkWDliQksMZ bR;kfnA buds lwphi=k izys[k&laxzg fuekZ.k ds fy, vR;aregRoiw.kZ gksrs gSaA

(c) okf.kfT;d mn~ns'; ls izdkf'kr xzaFklwfp;k¡

okf"kZd [k.M esa mUgha Ñfr;ksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gksrk gS tks ml le; cktkj esa miyC/ gksrhgSaA ,sls mi;qZDr lap;h [kaMks esa& Books in Print. New York L R.R. Bowker, 1948- Annual,Books in Print 1957- ,d gh izdk'kd }kjk izdkf'kr xzaFklwfp;k¡ gSa vkSj vesfjdu izdk'kuksa ds Ø;gsr i;kZIr tkudkjh iznku djrh gSaA buls ys[kd] vk[;k] xzaFkekyk rFkk fo"k; ds vuqlkj tkudkjhizkIr gksrh gSA iqLrdksa dh iw.kZ xzaFkkRed lwpuk] dhersa] ftYnlkth dh fLFkfr vkSj izdk'kukfn fooj.kHkh buls izkIr gks tkrk gSA 1973 ls Books in Print dk iwjd izdkf'kr fd;k tk jgk gSA lu~ 1973ls gh ,d vU; izdk'ku Hkh bl izdkj dh tkudkjh ds fy, izkjEHk fd;k x;k ftldk uke gS %Publishers Trade List Annual A bldk izdk'ku izR;sd o"kZ flrEcj esa fd;k tkrk gSA ;g la;qDrjkT; vesfjdk ds izdk'kdksa dh izdk'ku lwfp;ksa dk ladyu gSA

Books in Print Plus ;g Book in Print dk e'khu iBuh; :i gS rFkk lh- Mh- jkse Lo:i esamiyC/ gSA bls 1979 ls izkjaHk fd;k rFkk f}ookf"kZd :i esa bldks vn~;ru fd;k tkrk gSA

NOTES



188

Whitaker's Books in Print fczfV'k izdk'kuksa dh okf"kZd O;kikfjd xzaFklwph gS ftls 1974 esafczfV'k cqDl bu fizUV dh vk[;k ls izkjEHk fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj lu~ 1988 ls bldh vk[;k dks bldsorZeku uke esa ifjorZu dj fn;k x;kA bls pkj [kaMks esa izdkf'kr fd;k tkrk gS ftuesa ls nks ys[kdksavkSj nks vk[;kvksa dks lefiZr gSA 1979 ls bls okf"kZd izdk'ku ds :i esa fudkyk tk jgk gS vkSjml le; ls bls rhu [kaMksa esa izdkf'kr fd;k tk jgk gSA izFke [kaM&ys[kd] f}rh; [kaM&vk[;krFkk r`rh; [kaM&fo"k; rkfydk ,oa izdk'kdksa dh funsZf'kdk gSA lEikndksa dk nkok gS fd blsvn~;ru j[kk tkrk gS vkSj uohu laLdj.kksa esa ubZ dherksa] iqjkuh vk[;kvksa dh miyfC/ rFkk uohuizdk'ku dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA

5.2 jk"Vªh; xzaFklwfp;k¡

fofHkUu ns'kksa ls izdkf'kr jk"Vªh; xzaFklwfp;ksa }kjk lacaf/r jk"Vª esa uo&izdkf'kr iqLrdksa dh tkudkjhfeyrh gS rFkk iqLrdksa dk p;u djus esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA fczfV'k us'kuy fcfCy;ksxzkiQh (BritishNational Bibliography), ;w ds esa izdkf'kr uohure Ñfr;ksa dh tkudkjh ds fy, ,d mÙkemidj.k gSA

5.3 ljdkjh izdk'kuksa dh O;kikfjd izdk'ku lwfp;k¡

(v) Hkkjr

fdlh Hkh ns'k dh ljdkj ,d egRoiw.kZ rFkk izeq[k izdk'kd gksrh gSA izdk'ku foHkkx (PublicationsDivision), tks ubZ fnYyh esa ifV;kyk gkml esa fLFkr gS] vc rd 8000 iqLrdksa dk izdk'ku dj pqdkgSA okf"kZd cqDl bu fizUV (Books in Print) (ubZ fnYyh % izdk'ku foHkkx] lwpuk ,oa izlkj.k eU=kky;)tkjh dj ;g viuh uoizdkf'kr ,oa miyC/ iqLrdksa dh vn~;ru lwpuk iznku djrk gSA vius izdk'kuksads vfrfjDr] ;g oSKkfud ,oa vkSn~;ksfxdh vuqlU/ku ifj"kn] Hkkjrh; ,sfrgkfld vuqlU/ku ifj"kn~]Hkkjrh; lkaLÑfrd laca/ ifj"kn~] lkfgR; vdkneh] jk"Vªh; laxzgky;] jk"Vªh; vk/qfud dyk ohfFkdkbR;kfn Lok;Ùk'kklh laxBuksa ds izdk'kuksa ds foi.ku dh O;oLFkk Hkh djrk gSA

India : Catalogue : Publications and Periodicals Corrected upto 1993 (Delhi Controllerof Publications)

;g Hkkjr ljdkj ds fofHkUu eU=kky;ksa ,oa foHkkxksa }kjk izdkf'kr vf/Ñr izdk'kuksa dh ,d lwphgSA bls okf"kZd ,oa ekfld iwjdksa }kjk vn~;ru djus dk nkok fd;k tkrk gSA

List of Fresh Arrvals of Government of India Publications and Periodicals ReleasedDuring the Month. (Delhi : Dept. of Publications) ;g ,d fefe;ksxzkiQ Lo:i esa tkjh dh xbZekfld rkfydk gS tks Hkkjr ljdkj ds 'kkldh; izdk'kdksa dh lwpuk iznku djrh gSA

Government of India and United Nations Publications Catalogue (New Delhi : Bookwell) rFkk Monthly JBA News (New Delhi : Jain Book Agency ;s nksuksa lwfp;ksa mifjfyf[krnks iQeks± }kjk tkjh dh tkrh gSaA ;s nksuksa iQes± Hkkjr ljdkj ds izdk'kuksa ds foØ; gsrq ,tsUV gSA bldsdqN Lok;Ùk'kk"kh foHkkxksa ds izdk'kuksa dks Hkh lfEefyr fd;k x;k gS& tSls pquko vk;ksx] yksd lHkk]jkT; lHkk lfpoky;] mPpre U;k;ky; bR;kfnA

Jain Book Agency, Connaught Place, New Delhi ljdkjh izdk'kuksa dk fo'kky Hk.Mkj j[kusrFkk mudh vkiwfrZ djus ds fy, fo[;kr gSA ;g miyC/ iqLrdksa dh lwph fudkyrk gS rFkk mudhmiyfC/ n'kkZus ds fy, lekpkj i=kksa dk foKkiu Hkh tkjh djrk gSA

NOTES


189


jkT; ljdkjksa ds izdk'ku % jkT; ljdkjksa }kjk Hkh fofo/ izdkj ds izdk'ku tkjh fd, tkrs gSaftuesa iqLrdksa] izfrosnuksa] lkaf[;dh] vf/fu;e ,oa fu;ekofy;ksa] gS.Mcqd] uhfr;ksa] fu.kZ;ksa rFkkvU; fØ;kdykiksa bR;kfn ls lacaf/r Ñfr;k¡ lfEefyr gSaA ,sls izdk'ku v¡xjsth ,oa {ks=kh; Hkk"kkvksaesa gksrs gSa vkSj i;kZIr lwpukizn gksrs gSaA budh lwfp;k¡ jkT; ljdkjksa }kjk Hkh izdkf'kr dh tkrh gSaftuesa izdk'kuksa rFkk mudh dherksa rFkk dwV la[;k vFkkZr~ cqd fMiks dk mYys[k gksrk gSA ,slsizdk'kuksa dh dher vR;Ur de gksrh gS vkSj ;a vkd"kZd rFkk lfp=k Hkh gksrs gSaA buesa vf/dka'kizkFkfed gksrs gSaA

eqEcbZ ds [;kfr izkIr izdk'kd ,u-,e- f=kikBh }kjk Hkkjr rFkk fons'kksa ls izdkf'kr fof/ fo"k;diqLrdksa ds fy, ,d cqysfVu dk izdk'ku fd;k tkrk gSA

(c) ;wukbVsM fdaxMe

fczVsu esa 'kkldh; izdk'kuksa dks HMSO (Her Majesty's Stationery Office) }kjk izdkf'kr fd;ktkrk gSA xzaFkkRed fu;U=k.k ds fy, HMSO }kjk Daily List, Monthly Catalogue, AnnualCatalogue rFkk Index to Annual Catalogue dk izdk'ku fd;k tkrk gSA lu~ 1988 esa HMSOdks Lora=k ,tsUlh ds :i esa izfrLFkkfir dj fn;k x;k gS tks Vªstjh ds izfr mÙkjnk;h gSA vc 50%fczfV'k ljdkjh izdk'kuksa dks HMSO ugha izdkf'kr djrk gSA ,sls izdk'kuksa dh tkudkjh ds fy,Chadwick-Healey's Catalogue of British Official Publications not Published by HMSO,d izeq[k Ïksr midj.k gSA ;g ,d ikf{kd izdk'ku gS ftlesa ys[kd ,oa fo"k; vuqØef.kdk rFkkeq[; 'kCn vuqØef.kdk Hkh iznku dh tkrh gSA Catalogue of United Kingdom OfficialPublications in CD-ROM esa 12 izeq[k vUrjjk"Vªh; laxBuksa ds 1980 ls ysdj vkt rd dsizdk'kuksa dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA

Monthly Catalogue of United States Government Publications, 1895- (Washington :Government Printing Office) : ;g la;qDr jkT; }kjk tkjh fd, x, uohu 'kkldh; izdk'kuksadh ,d c`gr~ lwph gSA bls 1976 esa izkjEHk fd;k x;k FkkA ;g Nekgh izdk'ku gSA bldh okf"kZdrFkk Nekgh vuqØef.kdk esa ys[kdks] vk[;kvksa] izeq[k 'kCnksa] fo"k;ksa ,oa izys[kksa dh igpku esalgk;d rRoksa dh rkfydk nh tkrh gSA foØ; ds fy, miyC/ vk[;kvksa dh tkudkjh ds fy,ekbØksfiQ'k Lo:i esa 1977 ls vc rd ekfld izdk'ku ds :i esa fudkyh tkus okyh foojf.kdkGPO Sales Publication Reference File, 1977 dk voyksdu ,oa mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSAblh izdkj] lu~ 1982 ls izdkf'kr U.S. Government Books lokZf/d foØ;ksUeq[k iqLrdksa]iqfLrdkvksa rFkk iksLVjksa dh tkudkjh iznku djrk gSA ;g fp=kys[k ;qDr foojf.kdk gSA bldk=kSekfld la'kks/u Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA bu nksuksa dk izdk'ku Hkh la;qDr jkT; ds xouZes.V fizfVaxvkWfiQl (U.S. Government Printing Office) }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA

6. lkj&la{ksibl vè;k; esa fuEufyf[kr igyqvksa dh ppkZ dh xbZ gS %

(i) O;kikfjd izdk'ku lwfp;ksa ,oa xzaFklwfp;k¡ Hkh uohure izdk'kuksa dh tkudkjh ds fy, mi;ksxh,oa lgk;d Ïksr gSaA

(ii) isVs.Vksa }kjk uohu vkfo"dkjksa dh tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gSA bUgsa ijEijkxr isVs.V leqUur isVs.V]xksiuh; isVs.V rFkk ojh;rk isVs.V ds lewg ds vUrxZr Js.khc¼ fd;k tk ldrk gSA isVs.Vlwpuk ds fy, vusd 'kkldh; ,oa okf.kfT;d Ïksr miyC/ gSaA

NOTES



190

(iii) ekudksa }kjk vusd izdkj ds mRiknksa esa xq.koÙkk vkSj le:irk lqfuf'pr dh tkrh gSA ekudksadks lwpuk vusd ns'kksa ds ekud laLFkkuksa }kjk izdkf'kr dh tkrh gSA

(iv) O;kikfjd izdk'ku lwfp;ksa dks fuEukafdr Jsf.k;ksa ds vUrxZr j[kk tk ldrk gS %

● okf.kfT;d mn~ns'; ls rS;kj ,oa izdkf'kr dh xbZ xzaFklwfp;k¡ rFkk O;kikfjd izdk'kulwfp;k¡]

● jk"Vªh; xzaFklwfp;k¡]

● ljdkjh izdk'kuksa dh O;kikfjd izdk'ku lwfp;k¡A


1- xq.koÙkk ds fu;a=k.k ,oa izek.khdj.k ds fy, ekudksa dh vfr vko';drk gksrh gSA dqN ekudksaesa i;kZIr lwpuk Hkh fufgr gksrh gS ftldh vko';drk Hkh gksrh gSA os mRiknksa ds fy,fofunsZ'ku gh ugha iznku djrs gSa] cfYd fofo/ fØ;kdykiksa ds {ks=kksa esa vUrjjk"Vªh; O;kikjls ysdj fuR;izfr mi;ksx esa yk, tkus okys ;U=kksa vkSj midj.kksa dh tk¡p esa lgk;rk iznku djrsgSaA buesa ls dqN rks mPp xq.koÙkk;qDr ikB~;Øe dh iqLrdksa dk dk;Z Hkh djrs gSa ysfdufuekZrkvksa ,oa mRikndksa }kjk lqyHk dh tk jgh miHkksDrkvksa }kjk mi;ksx esa yk;h tk jghoLrqvksa ds fy, ekudksa ds vuqlj.k ek=k ls gh mudk oS/kfud nkf;Ro iwjk ugha gksrk gSA ekudksadk vuqlj.k LoSfPNd gksrk gS ysfdu tc mudk vuqlj.k djuk oS/kfud dj fn;k tkrk gSrks mudk mi;ksx djuk vkns'kkRed gksrk gS vkSj mudh vogsyuk djuk voS/kfud gks tkrkgSA LokLF; ,oa lqj{kk dh vko';drk dh n`f"V ls bUgsa funsZ'kkRed vkSj vè;kns'kkRed iz.kkyhdk vax ekuk tkrk gSA br% budk vuqlj.k djuk vfuok;Z gksrk gS tks lkoZtfud ykHk ds fy,gksrk gSA

2- isVs.V (Patent) ftls fgUnh esa ,dLo dgk tkrk gS] ¶,d izdkj dk vkns'k gksrk gS ftls jkT;}kjk ,d izek.k i=k ds :i esa fdlh vkfo"dkj dh ?kks"k.kk djus ds fy, iznku fd;k tkrkgS ftlds }kjk ml vkfo"dkj ds Lokeh (,dLoh) dks fdlh lhfer vof/ ds fy, mlvkfo"dkj ls lacaf/r dqN iw.kkZf/dkj ;k ,dkf/dkj iznku fd, tkrs gSaA fdlh izdkj dhlaifÙk dh Hkk¡fr gh isVs.V dk Hkh Ø;] foØ;] gLrkarj.k bR;kfn fd;k tk ldrk gSA ^isVs.Vdh vof/* dh vfHkO;fDr ml le;kof/ ;k le;&lhek dks fufnZ"V djrh gS ftlds vanj,dE;h ;k iw.kkZf/dkj dk ,dN=k mi;ksx dj ldrk gSA bl izdkj dh le;kof/ fHkUu&fHkUuns'kksa esa vyx&vyx gksrh gSA fdlh vkfo"dkj ds fy, isVs.V dk vkns'k mlds oSKkfud ,oaizkfof/d fooj.k ij vk/kfjr gksrk gS tks lacaf/r izys[k esa fufgr gksrk gS ftls fofunsZ'ku(Specification) dgrs gSaA

3- isVs.V&izys[k rduhdh lwpuk ds vf}rh; ,oa egRoiw.kZ Ïksr gSaA buesa miyC/ lwpuk vU;=kizkIr ugha gksrhA fuEukafdr dkj.kksa ls lwpuk Ïksr ds :i esa isVs.V vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ ekus tkrsgSa &

(1) vf/drj isVs.V lwpuk ds izkekf.dk Ïksr gksrs gSa ftuesa oSKkfud ,oa izkSn~;ksfxdh;fodkl ,oa vkfo"dkjksa dh izFke lwpuk nh tkrh gSA isVs.V ds ,dLokf/dkj dhLohÑfr ds fy, ;g vko';d gS fd mlds fooj.k dks iwoZ esa vU;=k izdkf'kr u fd;kx;k gksA

NOTES


191


(2) isVs.V ds fofunsZ'ku dh lwpuk esa iw.kZ:i ls vko';d fp=k vkSj uewus lfEefyr gksrsgSaA bl izdkj dk fooj.k vU; if=kdkvksa@iqLrdksa esa miyC/ fooj.k dh vis{kk vf/d ifjiw.kZ ,oa Li"V gksrk gSA

(3) dqN ekeyksa esa isVs.V gh lwpuk ds ,dek=k Ïksr gksrs gSaA fdlh Hkh isVs.V ds iathdj.kds fy, vkosnu i=k dks vkfo"dkj] tks izFken`"V~;k mi;ksxh gks] ds ckn rRdky izLrqrfd;k tkrk gSA bldh okLrfod mikns;rk vkSj mi;ksfxrk rHkh Li"V gksrh gs] tc bldkmi;ksx O;kikfjd dk;Z ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

(4) ,d izdkj ds fo"k; ls lacaf/r lkjs vkfo"dkjksa dh lwpuk ,d gh oxhZÑr 'kh"kZd dsvarxZr izkIr gksrh gS D;ksafd isVs.Vksa dk izdk'ku rFkk lewghdj.k oxhZÑr Øekuqlkjfd;k tkrk gSA

4- isVsUV bUiQkWesZ'ku flLVe PIS : Patent Information System) dh LFkkiuk ukxiqj esa 1980esa dh xbZ gSA blesa 50 ls vf/d ns'kksa dh isVs.V&lwpuk dk laxzg 1968 ls fd;k x;k gS ftlsdaI;wVj iBuh; :i esa j[kk x;k gSA bf.M;u isVs.V vkWfiQl (Indian Patent Office) esa ftuisVs.Vksa dks lafpr fd;k tkrk gS muds isVs.Vksa dh [kkst djus dh O;oLFkk dh tkrh gSA bldsUnz esa 70 yk[k 50 gtkj fons'kh isVs.V izys[kksa dk ladyu fd;k x;k gS vkSj fofHkUu ns'kksads isVs.V ls lacaf/r lkj izdk'kuksa dks Hkh bl fo'kky laxzg esa lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA

8. eq[; 'kCn

DIN : teZu LVS.MlZ bULVhV~;w'ku (DNA : Deutscher Normenausschuss)}kjk izdkf'kr ekudksa dh igpku ds fy, vadksa ds iwoZ iz;qDr v{kjA

IPDC : bUVjus'kuy isVs.V MkWD;wes.Vs'ku lsUVj (International Patent Docu-mentation Centre) dk laf{kIr :iA bls WIPO ds lg;ksx lsvkLVªsfy;k dh ljdkj }kjk lu~ 1972 esa LFkkfir fd;k x;k FkkA ;g lu~1970 esa okf'kaxVu esa lEiUu gq, jktuf;d lEesyu esa isVs.V dkvkWijs'kuVªhVh (PCT : Patent Corporation Treaty) ds vuqcU/ dk izfriQygSA

ISO : fo'o ;qn~/ ds iwoZ dk;Zjr bUVjus'kuy isQMjs'ku vkWiQ us'kuy LVS.MMkZbftax,lksf'k,'ku (ISA : International Federation of National Stan-dardizing Association) rFkk ;wukbVsM us'kUl LVS.MlZ dksvkWijs'kudesVh ds LFkku ij bls ,d uohu laxBu ds :i esa vDVwcy 1986esa yUnu esa vè;kns'k }kjk xfBr fd;k x;kA bls bUVjus'kuy vkxsZukbts'kuiQkWj LVS.MMkZbts'ku ;k blds laf{kIr uke vkbZ ,l vks (ISO :International Organization for Standardisation) ls tkuk tkrk gSAbldk mn~ns'; fo'o esa ekudksa ds fodkl dks izkRlkfgr djuk gS ftllsoLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa ds vUrjjk"Vªh; fofue; esa vkSj ckSfn~/d] oSKkfud]izkSn~;ksfxdh; ,oa vkfFkZd xfrfof/;ksa esa ikjLifjd lg;ksx dks l'kDrcuk tk ldsA

NOTES



192

9. vH;kl&iz'u

1- ekudksa ls vki D;k le>rs gSa \ ekudksa ds lwpuk Ïksrksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

2- isVs.V lEcU/h lwpukvksa esa vf/Ñr ,oa O;kikfjd Ïksrksa dk ifjp; nhft,A

3- O;kikfjd izdk'ku lwfp;ksa ,oa xzUFklwfp;ksa dh foospuk dhft,A

4- okf.kfT;d mn~ns'; ls izdkf'kr xzUFklwfp;ksa dh mi;ksfxrk ij izdk'k Mkfy,A

5- ljdkjh izdk'kuksa dh O;kikfjd izdk'ku lwfp;ksa dk foLr`r o.kZu dhft,A


Cramford, Walt (1986). Technical Standards : An Introduction for Libraries New York :Knowledge Industry Publications

Van Dulken, S. (ed.) (1990). Introduction to Patent Information. Boston Spa : BritishLibrary.

Wittman, A. [et al.] (1979). Patent Dcumentation. London : Sweet and Maxwell.

NOTES


193

HkkSxksfyd lzksr


2. ifjp;

3. HkkSxksfyd lwpuk lzksrksa ds izdkj

3.1 lkekU; lanHkZ lzksr

3.2 HkkSxksfyd lanHkZ lzksr

4. ekufp=k] ekufp=kkoyh] Xyksc

4.1 ifjHkk"kk ,oa fo"k;&foLrkj

4.2 mi;ksfxrk

4.3 ewY;kadu

4.4 izdkj ,oa mnkgj.k

5. xtsfV;j


5.2 mi;ksfxrk

5.3 ewY;kadu


6. ;k=kk&lanf'kZdk,¡


6.2 mi;ksfxrk

6.3 ewY;kadu


7. HkkSxksfyd lwpuk lzksrksa ds p;u ds midj.k

8. lkj&la{ksi


10. eq[; 'kCn

11. vH;kl&iz'u


HkkSxksfyd lzksr

vè;k;&10

NOTES



194

1- vè;;u ds mís';

blds igys ds [k.M (CykWd) esa geus 'kCndks'k] fo'odks'k rS;kj ;k cus cuk;s lanHkZ lzksrksa tSls fdgSaMcqDl eSuqvYl funsZf'kdk bR;kfn vkSj isVsUV~l (,d Lo&vf/dkj) ,oe~ LVS.MMZ bR;kfn ijfopkj&foe'kZ fd;kA bl [k.M ;kuh CykWd esa ge HkkSxksfyd lwpuk] ck;ksxzkfiQdy lwpuk] lka[;dh;lwpuk vkSj orZeku ;k lelkef;d ?kVukvksa ds fy, lzksrksa ds fopkj&foe'kZ djrs jgsaxsA bl bdkbZ esage HkkSxksfyd lwpuk ds lzksrksa ds ckjs esa fopkj foe'kZ dj jgs gSa %

bl vè;k; dk vè;;u djus ds mijkar vki fuEufyf[kr fo"k;&oLrqvksa dks le> ikus esa l{ke gksaxs%

fofo/ rjg ds HkkSxksfyd lwpuk lzksrksa dh igpku dj ik,axsA

egRoiw.kZ ,Vylksa vFkkZr~ ekufp=kkofy;ksa] HkkSxksfyfd;ksa ;kuh Hkwxksy dks'kksa vkSj fofHkUu ns'kksa }kjkizdkf'kr ;k=kk foojf.kdk (VªSoy bykbMk) dh ifjx.kuk dj ldsaxsA

fofHkUu rjg ds HkkSxksfyd lwpuk lzksrksa dk mudh mi;ksfxrk ds lEcU/ esa ewY;kadu dj ldsaxs_vkSj

HkkSxksfyd lwpuk lzksrksa ds fy, dqNsd egRoiw.kZ mRÑ"V ;k p;u djus ;ksX; midj.kksa dk o.kZudj ldasxsA

2- ifjp;

vc rd vkius fofo/ izdkj ds lkekU; lanHkZ midj.kksa tSls 'kCndks'kksa] fo'odks'kksa] ekxZnfof/vksabR;kfn dk vè;;u fd;kA bl bdkbZ esa ge lanHkZ midj.kksa ds oSls fof'k"VhÑr lewgksa dk fu"iknudjsaxs tks fof'k"V {ks=kh; Hkwxksy ls lEcfU/r gSaA tSlk vki tkurs gSa] Hkwxksy i`Foh dh lrg (èkjkry)dh ifjppkZ djrk gS] ftlesa lalkj dks egk}hiksa vkSj ns'kksa esa foHkkfr djds mYys[k fd;k x;k gSAtyok;q] ouLifr] i'kq] izkÑfr lalk/uksa] yksx vkSj m|ksx&/a/s HkkSxksfyd vè;;u ds fgLlksa dsLo:i gSaA gky ds fnuksa esa ;g lkekftd vè;;u ds vUrxZr egRoiw.kZ LokHkkfod ifj.kke Hkwxksyds lwpuk lzksrksa ds fy, ek¡x gSA

vf/la[; iqLrdky;ksa ds fy, HkkSxksfyd lanHkZ midj.k cqfu;knh lanHkZ laxzg dk ,d egRoiw.kZ[k.M ;k flxesUV gSA lanHkZ iqLrdky;ksa }kjk vla[; gksrs gSa] ftuesa 'kgjksa o uxjksa esa lwpuk,¡] ioZrksa]>hyksa] ufn;ksa] taxyksa bR;kfn dh lwpukvksa dh ekax gksrh gS] ftlesa muds o.kZu] mudh vofLFkfrvkSj vU; fooj.k vkfn dk lEcU/ gksrk gSA fofHkUu izdkj ds lwpuk lzksr gqvk djrs gSa tks bl fdLeds iz'uksa ds mÙkj nsus esa lgk;rk djrs gSaA bl rjg ds lzksrksa dk vè;;u lanHkZ dk;Z ds fy, egRoiw.kZcu tkrk gSA bl bdkbZ ds vè;;u ds njE;ku vkidks lHkh egRoiw.kZ HkkSxksfyd lwpuk lzksrksa lsokfdiQ djk;k tk,xkA

3- HkkSxksfyd lwpuk lzksrksa ds izdkj

ge HkkSxksfyd lwpuk lzksrksa dks nks Jsf.k;ksa esa foHkkft dj ldrs gSa &

(i) lkekU; lanHkZ lzksr (HkkSxksfyd lwpuk dks vkPNkfnr ;k foLrkfjr djrs gq,) vkSj

(ii) HkkSxksfyd lanHkZ lzksr (fof'k"V lzksr)

3.1 lkekU; lanHkZ lzksr'kCndks'k] fo'o dks'k okf"kZdh] iapkax ;kuh frfFki=k bR;kfn vkSj oSls lzksrksa] ftUgsa geus bl ikB~;Øeds iwoZ [k.M esa vè;;u fd;k gS] dks lkekU; lanHkZ lzksr ds :i esa Js.khc¼ fd;k tk ldrk gSa

NOTES


195

HkkSxksfyd lzksr;s lHkh lanHkZ iqLrdsa Hkwxksy ds fy, lwpuk lzksr ds :i esa lgk;d gksrh gSa] fdUrq ;s vU; {ks=kksads lEcU/ esa Hkh <sj lkjh vU; lwpuk /kj.k djrh gSA

fo'odks'k ds ekeys dks nsf[k;sA ;s fo'odks'k ns'kksa] jkT;ksa (izkarksa) uxjksa bR;kfn ds lEcU/ esa mi;ksxhlwpuk,¡ /kj.k djrs gSaA fofHkUu ns'kksa ds ekufp=kksa dk Hkh buesa LFkku izkIr gSA blh rjg] okf"kZdh]iapkax] 'kCndks'k] lka[;dh; lzksr bR;kfn fofHkUu ns'kksa ij o.kZukRed vkSj lka[;dh; lwpuk miyC/djkrs gSa vkSj bUgsa lgtrk ls HkkSxksfyd lwpuk lzksrksa ds :i esa oxhZÑr fd;k tk ldrk gSAck;ksxzkfiQdy (thou o`ÙkkRed) lwpuk lzksrksa esa HkwxksyosÙkkvksa vkSj ekufp=kdkjksa ds mi;ksxhthou&o`Ùk vUrfoZ"V jgrs gSaA fdUrq bu lHkh lzksrksa dk {ks=k HkkSxksfyd lwpuk ds ijs tkrk gSA vr%;s lkekU; lanHkZ iqLrd dgykrs gSa ftuesa mi;ksxh HkkSxksfyd MkVk (vk¡dM+s) vUrfoZ"V gSA

geus bdkbZ 6, 7 vkSj 8 esa lkekU; lanHkZ lzksrksa ds lEcU/ esa vè;;u fd;k gSA bl bdkbZ esa gefoLrkj esa fof'k"VhÑr HkkSxksfyd lanHkZ midj.kksa ds lEcU/ esa vè;;u djsaxsA

3.2 HkkSxksfyd lanHkZ lzksr

,d fof'k"VhÑr HkkSxksfyd lwpuk lzksrksa dks_ tks lanHkZ dk;ks± esa O;ogr gksrs gSa_ rhu Jsf.k;ksa esamifoHkkftr dj ldrs gSa] tSls fd uD'ks] ekufp=k vkSj Hkwe.My ;kfu XyksCl] xtsfV;lZ(HkkSxksfydh) vkSj ;k=kk ekxZ nf'kZdkvksaA bu fof'k"VhÑr HkkSxksfyd lanHkZ midj.kksa ds Li"V iQk;ns;k budh lqfo/k,¡ gSa %

(i) ;s NksVs&NksVs ;wfuV~l (bdkbZ;ksa) ds fy, lwpuk,¡ nsrs gSa tks lkekU; lanHkZ iqLrdksa esa ugha ik;stkrs gSaA

(ii) vDlj rks lwpuk,¡ nh xbZ gksrh gSa] os T;knk lqLi"V vkSj ;FkkrF; gksrs gSa_ vkSj

(iii) os fdlh ,d {ks=k ds fy, lhfer gksrs gSa vkSj lkFk gh O;ogkj ;k vuqiz;ksx ds fy, vis{kkÑrT;knk lgt gksrs gSaA

HkkSxksfyd lanHkZ lzksr

uD'ks] ,sVysl] XyksCl xtsfV;lZ ;kuh HkkSxksfydh ;k=kk ekxZnf'kZdk

;s lzksr iqu% fuEufyf[kr ds vUrxZr mifoHkkftr fd;s tk ldrs gSa %

eSi] ,sVylsl

lkekU; vFkok VksiksxzkfiQd

LFkkuh; ;k LFkkfud (LFkykÑfrd)

[kkl ;k fo'ks"k vFkok fo"k;d ;k dF;ijd

xtsfV;lZ

;kuh HkkSxksfyd

Vªsoy xkbM~l ;kuh

;k=kk dk;Z nf'kZdk,¡

vUrjkZ"Vªh; ;k fo'o HkkSxksfydh

jk"Vªh;] {ks=kh; ;k LFkkfud

fljht esa

oS;fDrd

NOTES



196

HkkSxksfyd lanHkZ lzksrksa dh ifjppkZ esa] tks fd lkekU; lanHkZ lzksrksa ls fcYdqy fof'k"V gSa] HkkSxksfydlwpuk,¡ vUrfoZ"V gSa] ge lkekU; :i ls blds {ks=k (Ldksi) dks dsoy eSi~l vkSj ,sVysll]xtsfV;lZ vkSj Vªsoy xkbM~l rd lhfer djrs gSa vkSj Hkwxksy ds {ks=k esa fo'odks'k] 'kCndks'k] ,oe~gSaMcqDl dk cfg"dj.k djrs gSaA bl mikxe esa v.Mjykbax (v/%'kk;h) dYiuk ;k ekU;rk ;g gSfd ;s fo'odks'kksa] 'kCndks'kksa vkSj gS.McqDl dh ifjppkZ ds vurxZr lanHkZ lzksr dh Js.kh ;k oxZdh rjg vkPNkfnr ;k foLrkfjr jgrs gSaA ;g vè;;u gsrq ykHkizn ckr Hkys gh] ;fn ;g laHko gksrks] ;s lHkh fo"k;oLrq mi;qZDr Jsf.k;ksa ds vUrxZr foLrkfjr ugha FksA

fo'odks'k] 'kCndks'k ,oe~ gLr iqfLrdk,¡

A Glossary of geographical terms/ed. by dud ley stamp and fudrey N. Clark. 3rd ed.London : Longwan 1979.

foKku ds mUu;u gsrq fczfV'k vlksfl,'ku ds rRok/ku ds vUrxZr rS;kj fd;k x;k] ;g fofHkUu lanHkZlzksrksa vkSj VsDLV~l (ikB;&lkefxz;ksa) ls HkkSxksfyd 'kCnksa dh rqyukRed ifjHkk"kk,¡ miyC/ djkrkgSA vusd ekeyksa esa ifjHkk"kkvksa dh ekSfyd vkSj Lrjh; lzksrksa ls izkIr dksVs'kUl (vorj.kksa vFkokfuosfnr Hkkoksa) ls lefFkZr fd;s x, gSaA

A Dictionary of Human Geography/ W. by R.J. Jhonstan, 2nd ed. oxford : Blackwell,1986.

;s yxHkx 18 fo}kuksa ds }kjk vaxzsth Hkk"kk&'kCn fpfÉr (bafxr) fd;s x,s vkfVZfdy (ys[k) gSaAdqN ys[k 4 ls 5 i`"Bksa ea O;kid xzaFk&lwf=kd lwf=kd lnHkks± ls O;kIr gSaA vusd ekeyksa esa ys[kksavkSj fuca/ksa ds lkFk n`"VkUr vkSj Mkbxzke (js[kk fp=k) Hkh fn;s x, gSaA

Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Physical Geography ed. by Andrew Candle Eet all. 2nd ed.Oxforx Blackwell. 1994.

ekuo Hkwxksy dk 'kCndks'k ds fy, dEisfuvu okWY;we vFkkZr~ laxr iqLrd gksus ds dkj.k bls is'ksojHkwxksyosÙkkvksa vkSj i`Foh] okrkoj.k ,oa tho foKkfu;ksa ds fy, rS;kj fd;k x;k gSA 2000 ls T;knkizfof"V;k¡ blesa 'kkfey dh xbZ gSa] buesa ls dqNsd yEcs fuca/ksa ds tSls gSa ftuesa vkxs vfrfjDrvè;;u djus gsrq lanHkks± ,oe~ lykgksa dksHkh ns fn;k x;k gSA

Modern Geography : and Encyclopaedic Surway/ ed. by Gary S.Dunbar, New York :Garland, 1990.

blesa yxHkx 400 fpfÉr ;k bafxr izfof"V;k¡ O;fDr;ksa laLFkkuksa] o`gr vo/kj.kkvksa] mi&Hkw{ks=kksa(lc&fiQYM~l) vkSj 1890 ls vc rd Hkwxksy ds f'k{k.k lk/uk ds fodkl 'kkfey gSaA

Rand McNally Encyclopaedia of world Rivers/ed.3 by J. Gorden Brewer. Chicago :Rand Mc. Nally, 1980.

blesa oSlh ufn;ksa ds lanHkZ 'kkfey gSa tks viuh yach nwjh] izkÑfrd lkSUn;Z vkSj HkkSxksfyd egRo ds fy,Kkr gSaA blesa ,slh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSa fd o.kZØe esa ns'kksa ds uke ds lkFk mudh ufn;ksa ds uke Hkh fn;sx, gSaA vkarfjd uD'ks eq[; ufn;ksa ds fy, fn;s x, gSa] ftudh foospuk cM+h xgjkbZ ls dh xbZ gSA

4- ekufp=k] ekufp=kkoyh ,oe~ Xyksc

uD'ks] ekufp=kkoyh vkSj XyksCl (Hkwe.My) HkkSxksfyd lwpukvksa ds eq[; lzksr gSaA uD'ks fdlhlery Hkwlrg ij i`Foh dh fof'k"V lhek js[kkvksa dk izfr:i gS] ftlesa ns'kksa tyeaMyksa] uxjksabR;kfn n'kkZ;s x, gSaA ,Vyl eSIl (uD'kksa) VªsoYl] pkVZ~l bR;kfn dk laxzg gS] tcfd Xyksc i`Fohdk ,d rjg dk csyukdkj izfr:i.k ;k fu:i.k gSA

NOTES


197

HkkSxksfyd lzksr4.1 ifjHkk"kk ,oe~ fo"k;&foLrkjuD'ks % iqLrdky; vkSj lwpuk foKku (1983) ds ALA Glossary ds vuqlkj uD'kk lkekU; :i lsfdlh Ldsy ij [khapk x;kA ,d izfr:i gS tks fdlh eSVsfj;y ds lsysD'ku ds ÝySV ekè;e ij;k fdlh ,sClVªSDV iQhpjksa ij ;k buds vkilh lEcU/ksa ds vk/kj ij] i`Foh dh lrg ij ;k vU;fdlh [kxksyh; fi.Mksa dk [khapk x;k ,d izfr:i gSA

fczfV'k E;wft;e ds eSi :e ds HkwriwoZ lqifj.Vs.MsUV vkj- ,- LdsyVu }kjk nh xbZ ifjHkk"kk dsvUrxZr eSi ,d ,slk xzkfiQd nLrkost gS] ftlesa fdlh LFkku o fi.M oxSjg dh (vo) fLFkfr]foLrkj vkSj fn'kk fyf[kr 'kCnksa dh rqyuk esa T;knk vf/d Li"V vkSj ;Fkk rF; ifjHkkf"kr fd;stk ldrs gSaA bldh cukoV xf.krh; izfØ;k vuqlkj gksrh gS ftldk cM+h l[rh ls ekiu vkSjifjdyu }kjk fu;a=k.k fd;k tkrk gSA

eSi dks O;kid :i esa ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, ykbczsjh vkWiQ dkaxzsl dk fopkj gS fd lHkh rjg dsdkVksZxzkfiQd inkFkZ lkekU; :i ls iqLrdky; ds laxzg ds fy, ,sM (tksM+k tkuk) fd;s tkrs gSa]ftlesa 'kkfey gSa ÝySV eSIl vkSj pkVZ~l] ,sVyl iQkWeZ esa uD'kksa dk laxzg] HkwHkkx vkSj XyksCl bR;kfnA

ekufp=kkoyhμ yxHkx pkj lkS o"kZ ls T;knk chr pqds gSa] tc ejDosVj us igys igys ,Vyl 'kCndk fuekZ.k ;k xBu fd;k FkkA ,Vyl dk o.kZu djrs gq, bUgksaus fy[kk gS fd ekufp=kkoyh uD'kksadk laxzg gS] ftls fdlh iqLrd (okWY;we) esa vUrfoZ"V fd;k x;k gksrk gSA ;g 'kCn lksygoha 'krkCnhds Hkwxksyfonksa ds chp T;knk yksdfiz; gqvkA rcls bl fn'kk esa cM+s rhoz izxfr gqbZA mUuhloha 'krkCnhds vkus rd ,Vyl ds mRiknu dk Ldksi ({ks=k) vk'p;Ztud :i ls dkiQh foLrkfjr gqvkA vHkhorZeku esa] izdk'kdksa ds fy, ;g laHko gks ldrk gS fd os yxHkx ,d ntZu fofo/ rjg ds lkekU;,sVyl cktkj ds fofHkUu lsDVlZ ({ks=k) ds fy, izdkf'kr dj ldrs gSa ftlesa bldh ikB~; lkefxz;ksavkSj LVkbYl ds la;kstu esa dqNsd vUrj ek=k gks ldrs gSaA

ALA Glossary ds vuqlkj ,sVyl] uD'ks IysV~l] buxzsfoaXl vkSj VªsoYl bR;kfn ,d ,slh iqLrd(okWY;we) gS tks fMlfØfIVo ysVj izsl ds lkFk ;k jfgr gqvk djrh gSA ;g Lora=k izdk'ku lkexzhHkh gks ldrh gS vFok bls VsDLV dh ,d ;k ,d ls vf/d okWY;we (iqLrd) ds lkFk tkjh fd;kx;k gks ldrk gSA

Xykscμ uD'ks vkSj Xyksc esa Lo:i dk vUrj gSA uD'kk i`Foh dk dksbZ Hkh HkkSxksfyd fp=k gks ldrkgS ftls fdlh lery lrg ij fdlh Hkh Ldsy esa [khapk x;k gksrk gS] tcfd Xyksc i`Foh dh lrgdk csyukdkj izfr:i gSA ;g /krq dk [kks[kyk ckWy ln`'k gksrk gS] ftldh lrg ij oYMZ eSi gksrkgS vkSj tks fdlh ,sDly ;kfu /wjh ij vk:<+ jgrk gS tks bl ?kw.kZu djus dh vuqefr nsrk gS] Xyksc*VeZ oYMZ ;k i`Foh dk lekukFkZd 'kCn gSA ;fn ekufp=kkoyh esa i`Foh dk Ldsy ekWMy dgykrkgSA Xyksc dk izFke ekWMy lu~ 1492 esa teZuh esa uDlsecxZ esa cuk;k x;k FkkA

4.2 mi;ksfxrkuD'ks vkSj ekufp=kkoyh lkekU; O;fDr;ksa }kjk O;ogkj fd;s tkrs gSa] lkFk&lkFk fo'ks"kKksa }kjk viuslEcfU/r dk;ks± vkSj vius vkRelarks"k ds fy, O;ogkj fd;s tkrs gSaA uD'ks vkSj ekufp=kkofy;ksa dsvyx&vyx O;ogkj muds izdkjksa ds fdLe ij fuHkZj djrk gSA ge ;gk¡ lcls igys fofo/ rjgds uD'kksa (eSIl) dk o.kZu djsaxs vkSj mlds ckn muds mi;ksx dh O;k[;k djsaxsA

(i) HkkSfrd uD'ks μ HkkSfrd uD'ks dk vfHkizk; gS ;k{kq"k vofLFkfr ls vFkkZr~ og uD'kk ftldhvofLFkfr dks ge vk¡[kksa ls ns[k ldsa vkSj fo'o] ns'k] {ks=k uxj ;k 'kgj] ioZr] unh] >hy] lkxj]egklkxj [kkM+h] fdukjk] e:LFky ;k vU; fdlh HkkSxksfyd Lo:i dh igpku dj ldsaA

NOTES



198

(ii) LFkykÑfrd uD'ksμ ;s uD'ks HkwxHkZ ds foLrkj dk] feV~Vh] taxy vkSj vU; cqfu;knh ;kvkèkkjHkwr lwpuk dk irk yxkrs gSa vkSj ,sfrgkfld] vkfFkZd jktuhfrd vFkok vU; rjg ds fodkldh lwpuk iznku djrs gSaA budk bLrseky Hkw&mi;ksx] Hkw&LokfeRo] lapkj vkSj ;krk;kr br;kfn dsfofo/ rjhdksa dks n'kkZus gsrq gksrk gSA

(iii) ekxZ ekufp=k (Route Map)μ lM+dksa] jsyksa] lsrqvksa rFkk vU; izdkj ds ekxks± dks ;s iznf'kZrdjrs gSaA

(iv) jktuhfrd ekufp=k (Political Map)μ ;s lk/kj.kr;k jktuhfrd lhekvksa& tks vusd ns'kksa]{ks=kksa] jkT;ksa] uxjksa vkSj dLcksa bR;kfn ls lacaf/r gksrh gSa] & dks fu:fir djrs gSaA

(v) ,sfrgkfld ekufp=k (Historical Map)μ fdlh ;q¼LFky vFkok ?kVuk rFkk bldh izxfrvkSj foLrkj ds pkVZ ds izokg dks ;s fpf=kr djrs gSaA ;q¼ksa ds i'pkr~ nks vFkok vusd ns'kksa }kjkeè;LFkrk }kjk lqfuf'pr dh xbZ ns'kksa dh lhekvksa ds lek;kstu dk Hkh vfHkKku buls izkIr gksrkgSA blds vfrfjDr varjkZ"Vªh; laxBuksa ds rRok/ku esa lacaf/r ns'kksa dh lhekvksa&ftUgsa ;q¼ksijkarlqfuf'pr fd;k tkrk gS& dk Hkh ladsr buls izkIr gksrk gS] tSls la;qDr jk"Vª U;kl vf/{ks=kA

(vi) vkfFkZd ,oa okf.kfT;d ekufp=kkofy;k¡ (Economic and Commercial Atlases)μbuesa O;kikfjd rF;ksa ls lacaf/r lwpuk ds ,sls vfHkys[k izLrqr fd;s tkrs gSa] ftuesa Ñf"k ls lacafèkrfooj.k] lapkj ds lk/u] ifjogu ,oa vkokxeu ds lk/u rFkk ekxZ] iqQVdj O;kikj] vk;kr&fu;kZrbR;kfn dh lwpuk feyrh gSA

LFkykÑfrd ekufp=kksa ,oa fo"k;xr ekufp=kksa dk mi;ksx O;kolkf;d yksxksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gSAdsUnzh; ,oa LFkkuh; 'kklu ds dfeZ;ksa dks iz'kklfud dk;ks± ds fy, budh vko';drk gksrh gS& tSlsuxj ,oa ns'k ds fu;kstu bR;kfn ds fy,A O;kikfjd ,oa vkS|ksfxd izfr"Bkuksa }kjk budh vko';drkifjogu] vkokxeu] dkj[kkuksa ,oa m|ksxksa dh LFkkiuk ,oa lapkyu] laxzg.k ,oa dk;kZy;ksa dh LFkkiukdh n`f"V ls gksrh gSA Nk=kksa] 'kksèkkfFkZ;ksa] HkwxksyosÙkkvksa] bfrgklksa bR;kfn dks budh vko';drk Hkwxksy]bfrgkl] HkwfoKku] tula[;k] Hkw[k.Mksa ds mi;ksx] iqjkrRo] izkÑfrd o.kZu bR;kfn ls lacaf/r lwpukdks izkIr djus ds fy, gksrh gSA

d{kkvksa esa vè;;u dk;Z ds fu"iknu ,oa iwjd lkexzh ds :i esa Hkh ekufp=kksa ,oa Xyksc dk mi;ksxfd;k tkrk gSA fo|ky;ksa esa Hkwxksy ,oa bfrgkl ds vè;kiu dk;Z esa n`';kRed izn'kZu ds fy,ekufp=kksa] ekufp=kkofy;ksa ,oa Xyksc dk mi;ksx vf/d fd;k tkrk gS tks Nk=kksa ds Kkuo/Zd esalgk;d fl¼ gksrs gSaA iqLrdky;ksa esa buls vusd HkkSxksfyd iz'uksa dk mÙkj iznku djus esa lgk;rkizkIr gksrh gSA ikBdksa dks viuh ;k=kkvksa dks lqfuf'pr djus vkSj vU; mi;ksDrkvksa ds HkkSxksfyd Kkuds o/Zu ds fy, budk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj] ekufp=kksa ,oa ekufp=kkofy;ksa esa vusdizdkj dh foLr`r tkudkjh fufgr gksrh gS tks lekt ds lHkh lnL;ksa ds fy, lwpukizn gksrh gSA

4.3 ewY;kadu

lanHkZ midj.kka dk ewY;kadu djus ds fy, dqN ekun.M fu/kZfjr fd, x, gSa ftuls vkidks voxrgksuk pkfg,A ;s gSa % izkekf.kdrk] fo"k;&foLrkj] O;oLFkkiu] uohurk] fof'k"V xq.k bR;kfnA ysfduekufp=kksa ,oa ekufp=kkofy;ksa ds ewY;kadu gsrq ekufp=k foKku dh izfof/;k¡ tSls&iSekuk] vkdkj]iz{ksi.k] LFkku fu/kZj.k lwpd v{kka'k&ns'kkUrj] izkÑfrd n'kk] jaxksa ds mi;ksx bR;kfn dks Hkh n`f"ViFkesa j[kk tkrk gSA bu dh ge vc foLr`r ppkZ djsaxsA

(v) izkekf.kdrk (Authority) – ekufp=kksa rFkk ekufp=kkofy;ksa dh fo'oluh;rk ,oa izkekf.kdrkoLrqr% lEikndh; dfeZ;ksa vkSj ekufp=k foKkuosÙkkvksa dh ;ksX;rk] vuqHko ,oa fo"k; dh xgu

NOTES


199

HkkSxksfyd lzksrtkudkjh ij fuHkZj djrh gSA izdk'kd dh [;kfr Hkh leku :i ls egRoiw.kZ gS D;ksafd ,sls izdk'kuksadh izkekf.kdrk rFkk egRo izdk'kd ds nh?kZdkyhu vuqHko ij vk/kfjr gksrs gSa tks bl izdkj dhlanHkZ Ñfr;ksa dk izdk'ku djus esa yksdfiz;rk izkIr dj pqds gksaA vU; lanHkZ midj.kksa dh rqyukesa ,sls lanHkZ dh Ñfr;ksa ds izdk'ku esa i;kZIr O;; gksrk gSA ifj.kker% vf/dka'k ns'kksa esa mudh viuhekufp=kfoKku losZ{k.k ,tsfUl;k¡ gksrh gSaA Hkkjr esa losZ vkWiQ bf.M;k (Survey of India) bl izdkjdh ,tsUlh gSA us'kuy fjeksV lsfUlax ,tsUlh (National Remote Sensing Agency), us'kuy,Vyl ,.M fFkesfVd eSfiax vxsZukbts'ku (National Atlas and Thematic Mapping Organisation),dksydkrk Hkh bl izdkj dh ,tsfUl;k¡ gSaA

la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk (USA) vkSj ;w ds (UK) esa ekufp=kksa ,oa ekufp=kkofy;ksa dk vf/dka'kr%izdk'ku O;kikfjd izdk'kdksa us fd;k gS ftuesa dqN izeq[k gSa& la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk esa RandMcNally & Co., C.S. Hammond & Co., rFkk National Geographic Society vkSj ;w ds esaG. Barthelmew rFkk Oxford University Press.

(c) fo"k;&foLrkj (Scope) : lacaf/r Ñfr ds izkDdFku ls mldk fo"k;&foLrkj rFkkHkkSxksfyd foLrkj Kkr gksrk gS& tSls laiw.kZ fo'o] egk}hi] jk"Vª] jkT;] uxj bR;kfnA ekufp=kksa dsvusd izdkj gksrs gSa] tSls& LFkykÑfrd vkSj fo"k;xr] izkÑfrd n'kk] jktuhfrd] HkkSfrd]HkwxHkZ'kkL=kh;] okf.kfT;d] ,sfrgkfld rFkk Hkk"kk&'kkL=kh; bR;kfnA lanHkZ xzaFkksa ds fo"k;&foLrkj dkfooj.k v{kka'k&ns'kkUrj js[kkvksa] tula[;k] okf.kfT;d] tkrh; {ks=k] [kxksyh; MsVk] ifjogu ,oavkokxeu ds lk/u bR;kfn ls lacaf/r lwpuk dks lfEefyr fd, tkus ls Li"V gksrk gSa izkDdFkuesa bu fcUnqvksa ij of.kZr rF;ksa dk lR;kiu lanHkZ iqLrdky;kè;{k dks dj ysuk pkfg,A

(l) O;oLFkkiu (Arrangement) % ekufp=k rHkh mi;ksxh fl¼ gksrs gSa] tc muesa lwpuk dhO;oLFkk ns'kkuqlkj vFkok fo"k;kuqlkj gksA blds vfrfjDr O;kid vuqØef.kdk vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ gksrhgS ftldk izko/ku vo'; gksuk pkfg,A vuqØef.kdk esa ekufp=k esa fn, x, LFkkuksa ds ukeksa dk Li"VmYys[k o.kkZuqØe esa fd;k tkuk pkfg, vkSj ekufp=k ds ftl i`"B ij lwpuk gks mldk rFkkv{kka'k&ns'kkUrj js[kkvksa dk lqLi"V mYys[k gksuk pkfg,A ekufp=kkofy;ksa dh vuqØef.kdk rks ,dizdkj ls xtsfV;j dk dk;Z djrh gSA mPpkj.k] fyI;Urj.k rFkk orZuh&oSfHkUU; ds vU;ksU; funsZ'kbR;kfn dh lwpuk Hkh vuqØef.kdk ds lgk;d midj.k ds leku gSA

(n) uohurk (Currency) : jktuhfrd] izkÑfrd rFkk LFkykÑfrd ifjorZuksa ds dkj.k i`Foh ds/jkry ,oa {ks=k Hkh ifjofrZr gks tkrs gSaA bu ifjorZuksa ls voxr gksus ds fy, ;g vko';d gS fdekufp=kksa vkSj ekufp=kkofy;ksa dks le;≤ ij la'kksf/r ,oa vn~;ru fd;k tk;sA vkidks lanHkZiqLrdky;kè;{k ds :i esa ,slh lanHkZ dh Ñfr;ksa ds dkWihjkbV (Copyright)/ eqnz.k dh frfFk dklR;kiu dj ysuk pkfg, vkSj ;g lqfuf'pr dj ysuk pkfg, fd lacaf/r Ñfr vn~;ru gSA

(i) fof'k"V xq.k (Special Features) : mÙke izdkj dh ekufp=kkofy;ksa esa xzaFklwfp;k¡] pkVZ]fp=kys[k] lkj.kh] rFkk lkaf[;dh; lwpuk vo'; fn, x, gksrs gSaA ekufp=kksa ,oa ekufp=kkofy;ksa dsfof'k"V xq.kksa ds vk/kj ij muds p;u ,oa ewY;kadu esa lqfo/k gksrh gSA

ekufp=kksa ,oa ekufp=kkofy;ksa ds ewY;kadu esa fuEufyf[kr fof'k"V ekun.M lgk;d fl¼ gksrs gSa %

(iQ) iSekuk (Scale) : tc ekufp=kksa ls lacaf/r iz'uksa dks larq"V djuk gks rks lanHkZ iqLrdky;kè;{kds fy, ;g vko';d gksrk gS fd og iSekus ds egRo ls ifjfpr gksA ekufp=kksa dks izk;% muds iSekusds vk/kj ij oxhZÑr fd;k tkrk gSA iSekuk {ks=kiQy ds vkdkj ds izLrqrhdj.k dks bafxr djrk gSAmnkgj.kkFkZ& ekufp=k esa 1¸ dk Ldsy (scale) 200 ehy i`Foh ds /jkry ds cjkcj gksrk gSA Ldsyftruk cM+k gksxk] ekufp=k dk vkdkj mruk gh NksVk gksxkA ;fn vki è;ku ls ns[ksa rks ik,¡xs fd vusd,Vylksa esa ,d ekufp=k ls nwljs ekufp=k esa fHkUu Ldsy dk mi;ksx gksrk gSA

NOTES



200

(c) izkstsD'ku (Projections) : i`Foh xksykdkj gS] tcfd ekufp=k lery lrg ij cuk, tkrsgSaA i`Foh dh xksykdkj lrg dks lery lrg ij fp=kkafdr djus ds fy, izkstsD'ku&fof/ (mHkkjn'kkZus dh fof/) dk mi;ksx i`Foh ds vkdkj esa foÑfr cpkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA bl laHkkforfoÑfr ls cpus ds fy, vusd izdkj dh izkstsDV'ku fof/;ksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ftllsfoÑfr dh fLFkfr dks de&ls&de fd;k tk ldsA

(Hk) vofLFkfr lwpd@fxzM iz.kkyh (Location Key/Grid System) : v{kka'k vkSj ns'kkUrjjs[kk,¡ ekufp=k esa fdlh LFkku dh vofLFkfr n'kkZus ds fy, vko';d gksrh gSaA bUgsa va'k] feuV vkSjlsd.M esa O;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA bl iz.kkyh ls ;g ykHk gksrk gS fd 'kq¼rk cuh jgrh gSA vf/drjekufp=kksa dks ^fxzM* esa vFkok oxkZdkj lanHkZ lwpdksa (key reference squares) esa foHDr fd;kx;k gksrk gSA fxzM iz.kkyh ls ekufp=kksa ds ewY;kadu esa lgk;rk izkIr gksrh gSA

(e) Vkbi isQl (Type Face) : ekufp=kksa esa ukeksa ds fy[kus ds fy, iz;qDr Vkbi isQl ekufp=kds ewY;kadu ds fy, egRoiw.kZ gksrs gSaA izk;% cM+s LFkkuksa dks cM+s Vkbi isQl vkSj NksVs LFkkuksa dks NksVsVkbi isQl esa eqfnzr fd;k x;k gksrk gSA

(;) LFkykÑfr (Topography) : LFkykÑfrd fp=kkadu dk vfHkizk; ml fof/ ls gksrk gS ftllsizkÑfrd fo'ks"krkvksa vkSj Å¡pkbZ&uhpkbZ ds vUrj dks Li"V fd;k tkrk gS& tSls ufn;k¡] igkM+] eSnkuhHkkx] ouLifr;k¡ bR;kfnA Å¡pkbZ dks mHkjh gqbZ js[kkvksa ls fn[kk;k tkrk gSA bl fof/ esa /jkry ds mufcUnqvksa dks tksM+ fn;k tkrk gS ftudh Å¡pkbZ leku gksrh gSA jaxksa dh vusd ijrksa rFkk vkHkk dk mi;ksxleqnz&Lrj ds uhps dh xgjkbZ rFkk Åij dh Å¡pkbZ dks vfHkO;Dr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA blsjs[kkPNknu dh fof/ (hachures), ftlesa <ykuksa ds nqjkjksg (steepness of slopes) rFkk mudh fn'kkdks n'kkZus ds fy, NksVh js[kkvksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] }kjk Hkh n'kkZ;k tk ldrk gSA

(j) jaxksa dk mi;ksx % LFky vkSj ty] fofHkUu egk}hiksa] ns'kksa vkSj jkT;ksa bR;kfn dks ,d&nwljsls i`Fkd~ fn[kkus ds fy, fofHkUu jaxksa dk iz;ksx djuk Hkh ekufp=kksa ,oa ekufp=kkofy;ksa ds ewY;kadudk ,d eq[; vk/kj gSA

(y) ftYnlkth % ekufp=kkofy;ksa dh ftYnlkth etcwr vkSj vPNh gksuh pkfg,A gesa ;g è;kuesa j[kuk pkfg, fd tc ge ekufp=kkoyh dks [kksyrs gSa rks mu i`"Bksa ij eqfnzr ekufp=k Li"Vr;kvkSj fcuk fdlh O;o/ku ds utj vkuk pkfg,A ,slk ugha gksus ij ftYnlkth dks =kqfViw.kZ le>ukpkfg,A fdlh Hkh ekufp=kdk vf/xzg.k djus ds iwoZ l ckr dk fujh{k.k djuk vko';d gSA


1- LFkykÑfrd ,oa fo"k;xr ekufp=kksa ds mi;ksx ij izdk'k Mkfy,A

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ekufp=kksa vkSj ekufp=kkofy;ksa dks fuEukafdr lewgksa esa foHkDr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

(d) lkekU; vkSj LFkykÑfrd] rFkk

([k) fof'k"V vFkok fo"k;kRedA

NOTES


201

HkkSxksfyd lzksr(d) lkekU; vkSj LFkykÑfrd ekufp=k ,oa ekufp=kkofy;k¡

ekufp=k ds foLrkj&{ks=k ds vk/kj ij lkekU; vkSj LFkykÑfrd ekufp=kksa vkSj ekufp=kkofy;ksa dksrhu Jsf.k;ksa esa foHkDr fd;k tk ldrk gS %

(i) varjkZ"Vªh;

(ii) jk"Vªh;

(iii) LFkkuh;

varjkZ"Vªh; ekufp=k ,oa ekufp=kkofy;k¡

(v) The Times Atlas of the World. 8th comprehensive ed. London : Times Newspa-pers, 1990.

ek=k ,d gh [kaM dk la'kksf/r laLdj.k 1967 esa loZizFke izdkf'kr fd;k x;k FkkA blds uohulaLdj.k esa 47 i`"Bksa ds izkDdFku esa egRoiw.kZ lwpuk nh xbZ gSA blesa egk}hiksa ds xzkiQ vkdkj dsrqyukRed ekufp=k] leqnzksa@lkxjksa] ufn;ksa rFkk mudh fudkl ?kkfV;ksa] }hiksa] tyk'k;ksa vkSj vkB i`"Bksads fo"k;kRed ekufp=kksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA xzsV fczVsu ds fy, bldk iSekuk 1:850,000dk vkSj fo'o ds 'ks"k ns'kksa ds fy, 1:2500,000 dk gSA bldh vuqØef.kdk] tks ukeksa dhvuqØef.kdk gS vkSj ftls Hkkx 3 esa fn;k x;k gS] esa 210,000 izfof"V;k¡ gSaA

bldk 1955-59 dk laLdj.k 5 [kaMksa esa FkkA bldk foLr`r laLdj.k Hkh izdkf'kr gks pqdk gSA buik¡p [kaMksa esa fo'o ds fuEukafdr {ks=kksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gS %

V.1. fo'o] vkWLVsªfy;k vkSj iwohZ ,f'k;k

V.2. nf{k.kh&if'peh ,f'k;k vksj :l

V.3 mÙkjh ;wjksi

V.4 nf{k.kh ;wjksi vkSj vizQhdk

V.5. vesfjdk

(c) National Geographic Atlas of the World. 6th ed. Washington : National GeographicSociety, 1990.

iwohZ ;wjksi esa O;kid ifjorZu vkSj ;w ,l ,l vkj ds fc[kjus ds ifj.kkeLo:i tks fLFkfr mRiUugqbZ gS] mlds i'pkr~ dh] fo'o ds lHkh ns'kksa dh] orZeku fLFkfr bl ekufp=kkoyh esa lfEefyrdh xbZ gSA besa jkWfcUlu izkstsD'ku (Robinson Projection) uked uohu fof/ dks ekU; djrs gq,pkj i`"Bksa dk fo'o dk ekufp=k lfEefyr fd;k x;k gS vkSj i`Foh rFkk xzgksa dh ^Lisl ØkV*(Space Craft) izfrek,¡ nh xbZ gSaA bldh vuqØef.kdk esa izfof"V;ksa dh la[;k 125,000 ls c<+dj150,000 gks xbZ gSA

(l) The New International Atlas. Chicago : Rand McNally, 1991.

1980 ds la'kksf/r :ikUrj esa ekufp=kksa dks ik¡p Ük`a[kykvsa esa vfHkdfYir fd;k x;k gS %

(i) egk}hiksa dks 1:24,00,000 ds iSekus esa fp=kkafdr fd;k x;k gS ftlesa egklkxj Hkh lfEefyrgSA

(ii) fo'o ds izeq[k jktuhfrd foHkktu lfgr ekufp=kksa dks 1:12000,000 ds iSekus ds vk/kj ijfp=kkafdr fd;k x;k gSA

NOTES



202

(iii) i`Foh dh laiw.kZ vkcknh dk {ks=kiQy 1:6000,000 ls 1:3000,000 ds iSekus ij fp=kkafdr fd;kx;k gSA

(iv) izR;sd egk}hi ds izeq[k {ks=kksa dks 1:1000,000 ds iSekus ij fp=kkafdr fd;k x;k gSA

(v) fo'o ds izeq[k uxjh; {ks=kiQy dks 1:300,000 ds iSekus ij fp=kkafdr fd;k x;k gSA

blesa HkkSxksfyd inksa dh ikfjHkkf"kd inkoyh] fo'o&lwpuk dk lkjf.k;k¡ ({ks=kiQy] tula[;k]jkthufrd bdkb;k¡) rFkk fo'o ds izeq[k uxjksa dh O;kid rkfydk bR;kfn Hkh nh xbZ gSA bldhvuqØef.kdk esa 160,000 ls vf/d izfof"V;k¡ gSaA

dqN vU; varjk"Vªh; ekufp=kkofy;k¡ fuEufyf[kr gSa %

n) Prentice-Hall's Great International Atlases. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Prentice-Hall,1981.

i) Peter's Atlas of the World/ by Arno Peter. New York : Harper Row, 1990.


2- LFkykÑfrd fp=kkadu dk vfHkizk; Li"V dhft,A

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jk"Vªh; ekufp=k ,oa ekufp=kkofy;k¡

vUrjjk"Vªh; ekufp=kksa vkSj ekufp=kkofy;ksa dh ppkZ djus ds i'pkr~ vc ge jk"Vªh;] ekufp=kksa ,oaekufp=kkofy;ksa dk o.kZu djsaxsA izk;% izR;sd ns'k esa ,d jk"Vªh; ekufp=k&foKku ,tsUlh gksrh gSA ;gekufp=kksa dks jk"Vªh; fofunsZ'ku ds vuqlkj fufeZr djrh gSA Hkkjr esa vf/Ñr ekufp=kkoyh laxBu"Survey of India" vkSj "National Atlas and Thematic Mapping Organization" rFkk "Geo-logical Survey of India" gSaA ;s losZ{k.k dk dk;Z djrs jgrs gSa] lacaf/r lwpuk ,ao MsVk dk laxzdjrs gSa] ekufp=kksa dks rS;kj djrs gSa vkSj mudk izdk'ku djrs gSaA O;kikfjd ,oa O;fDrxr laxbuksa}kjk Hkh lanHkZ dh ,slh Ñfr;ksa dk izdk'ku fd;k tkrk gSA ysfdu buesa lHkh izkekf.kd ugha Hkh gksldrh gSA jk"Vªh;] {ks=kh; ,oa LFkkuh; ekufp=kkofy;k¡ fdlh ns'k&fons'k] fo'o ds fdlh {ks=k fo'ks"kvFkok jkT;] tuin] uxj bR;kfn ls lacaf/r gksrh gSaA ,slh ekufp=kkofy;ksa dk vk/kj os ekufp=kgksrs gSa ftuesa izkÑfrd n'kk vFkok fo"k;xr lwpuk dk lekos'k gksrk gSA budk izdk'ku jk"Vªh; ifjos'kds Åij lkekU; tkudkjh nsus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA buesa fofHkUu fo'ks"krk,¡ n'kkZbZ tkrh gSa& tSlsizkÑfrd] vkS|ksfxd] lkekftd&vkfFkZd] ,sfrgkfld] vkfFkZd bR;kfnA blds fy, lko/kuhiwoZdfu;kstu djuk iM+rk gS vkSj 'kq¼ rFkk fo'oluh; ,oa izkekf.kd ekufp=kksa dks fufeZr djus ds fy,o"kks± iz;kljr jguk iM+rk gSA

fuEukafdr varjkZ"Vªh; ,tsfUl;k¡ lHkh ns'kksa dks jk"Vªh;] {ks=kh; ,oa LFkkuh; ekufp=kkofy;ksa ds fuekZ.kds fy, izksRlkgu iznku dj jgh gSa ftlds fy, eq[; ekufp=kksa dh fo"k;&oLrq esa lkE;rk]lekuq:irk] rFkk ekudhdj.k dks viukus ds fy, fofunsZ'ku Hkh iznku djrh gSaA ;s ekufp=kksa dsfuekZ.k esa layXu laxBuksa dks vusd izdkj dh lgk;rk Hkh iznku dj jgh gSa %

(i) United Nations Commission on National Atlases.

(ii) International Geographical Union : Commission on National Atlases.

NOTES


203

HkkSxksfyd lzksrjk"Vªh; ekufp=kkofy;ksa ds dqN mnkgj.k fuEufyf[kr gSa %

(v) The National Atlas of United States of America, Washington : U.S. GeologicalSurvey, 1970.

blesa 765 ekufp=kksa vkSj 41,000 vuqØef.kdkvksa dh izfof"V;ksa vkSj lwpuk lzksrksa dks lfEefyrfd;k x;k gS ftudk fof'k"V fo"k;d ekufp=k ds fy, mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

bldk vfHkdYi O;kogkfjd mi;ksx ds fy, fd;k x;k gS ftls fu;kstdksa] O;kikfjd vkSj'kkldh; foHkkxksa ds fu.kkZ;dksa rFkk 'kks/kfFkZ;ksa }kjk mi;ksx esa yk;k tk ldrk gSA

(c) National Atlas of China/ed. by Chin-yun Cha. Taiwan : National War College,1960-67. 3V.

blds [kaM 2 vkSj 3 dk izdk'ku "Atlas of the Republic of China" dh vk[;k ls fd;kx;k gSA

V 1. Taiwan (2nd ed. 1967)

V 2. Haitsang (Tibet), Sinkiang and Mongolia (1st ed. 1960)

V 3. North China (14st ed. 1961)

LFkkuksa ds uke phuh Hkk"kk vkSj jkseu v{kjksa esa eqfnzr gSaA vU; [kaM] tks nf{k.kh phu vkSj phu dslkekU; ekufp=k ls lacaf/r gSa] izdk'ku dh izfØ;k esa izxfr dj gSaA

(l) Atlas of Britain and Northern Ireland/planned and directed by D.P. Bickmoreand M.A. Shaw. Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1963.

blesa baXyS.M] LdkWVyS.M] osYl rFkk mÙkjh vk;jyS.M dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA buesaize[kqr% tksj izkÑfrd vkSj vkfFkZd ekufp=kksa ij fn;k x;k gS tks 20oh lnh ds eè; dkydh fLFkfr dks iznf'kZr djrh gSA rqyukRed lkaf[;dh] izkf/dj.kksa] vf/lwpukvksa ,oa lzksrksa dksHkh blesa fn;k x;k gSA bldh vuqØef.kdk esa 16,000 izfof"V;k¡ gSaA ;|fi ;g 'kkldh;izdk'ku ugha gS] rFkkfi vU; ns'kksa dh ekufp=kkofy;ksa dh Hkk¡fr ;g fo'oluh; ,oa izkekf.kdekufp=kkRed lanHkZ lzksr gSA

(n) An Atlas of India. New Delhi : Oxforc University Press, 1990. (with 212 maps).

;g Hkkjr dh ,d vR;Ur ekufp=kkoyh gS ftlesa izR;sd jkT; ds ,oa 9 dsUnz 'kkflr izns'kksads ekufp=k gSaA vf[ky Hkkjr ds ekufp=kksa esa izkÑfrd] jktuhfrd] tyok;q] Hkwfe] ÅtkZifj;kstukvksa] /kfeZd forj.k lk{kjrk {ks=k rFkk tula[;k dk fp=kkadu fd;k x;k gSA blesa ik¡plkjf.k;k¡ gSa] tks o"kkZ] tula[;k] iQlyksa dk mRiknu] [kfut mRiknu vkSj vkS|ksfxd LFkkuksa lslacaf/r gSaA

(i) National Atlas of India. Calcutta : National Atlas and Thematic Mapping Organi-zation, 1980. 2 Vol.

Hkkjr dh ;g vR;Ur O;kid ekufp=kkoyh gS ftlesa 264 IysV (Plates) lfEefyr fd, x,gSaA izFke [kaM esa 109 IysV lfEefyr fd;s x; gSa tks iz'kklfud] izkÑfrd] taxy] lalnh;{ks=kksa] HkkSfrd foHkktu ,oa iz[k.Mksa dks iznf'kZr djrs gSaA ns'k ds izeq[k uxjksa ds Hkh vkarfjdekufp=k gSa] tSls& fnYyh] y[kuÅ] dksydkrk] eqEcbZ] f=kosUnze bR;kfnA f}rh; [kaM ds IysVksadks 110 dh la[;k ls izkjaHk fd;k x;k gS ftuesa vU; izdj.kksa lfgr tula[;k] ifjogu] i;ZVu

NOTES



204

dsUnz] Mkd vkSj nwjlapkj] m|ksx] [kk|kUu] gLrdyk,¡ ,oa nLrdkjh] Hkk"kk rFkk LokLF; dkslfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA

(iQ) National Atlas of India. Calcutta : National Atlas and Thematic MappingOrganisation, 1984.

;g ,d vR;ar O;kid Ñfr gS ftlds fuekZ.k esa 25 o"kZ yxs gSaA blesa 8 yEcs [kqys i`"B gSa&1. lkekU; ,oa jktuhfrd ekufp=k] 2. izkÑfrd ,oa HkkSxksfyd] 3. tyok;q ,oa tSo&HkkSxksfyd]4. tula[;k ,oa ifjogu] 5. Hkwfe ,oa vkS|ksfxd {ks=k] 6. Ñf"k ,oa vkfFkZd] 7. lkekftd ,oa{ks=kh;] 8. ,sfrgkfld rFkk lkaLÑfrdA

LFkkuh; ekufp=k vkSj ekufp=kkofy;k¡

ns'k ds ekufp=kksa vkSj ekufp=kkofy;ksa ds vfrfjDr lHkh ns'kksa esa LFkkuh; ekufp=kksa dks Hkh rS;kj fd;ktkrk gS ftuls izkÑfrd n'kk vkSj fo"k;xr fofunsZ'ku dh fLFkfr Kkr gksrh gSA ;gk¡ dqNekufp=kkofy;ksa dk n`"VkUr fn;k x;k gS ftUgsa Hkkjr ds fofHkUu jkT;ksa dh ljdkjksa us izdkf'kr fd;kgSA vkidks ;g Kkr gks tk;sxk fd buesa ls vf/dka'kr iqjkuh gSa vkSj budk egRo Hkh lhfer gSA

(v) Eicher City Map : Delhi, including Faridabad, Gaziabad, Gurgaon, NOIDA,New Delhi : Eicher-Good Earth. 1996.

vkb'kj flVh eSi dh lkekU; vk[;k ls fo'o ds izeq[k uxjksa ds ekufp=kksa dks fofHkUu [kaMksaesa A ls A ds Øe esa O;ofLFkr dj izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA ;g [kaM ^fnYyh* dks lefiZr gSAblesa uxj dh ,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe Hkh iznku dh xbZ gSA blesa 175 i`"B gSa ftuesa bl uxj dkfooj.k rFkk {ks=kiQy fn;k x;k gSA fnYyh ds vklikl ds LFkkuksa dks Hkh n'kkZ;k x;k gS tgk¡ls fnYyh dh lhek vU; 'kgjksa ls feyrh gS vkSj jk"Vªh; jkt/kuh {ks=k esa lfEefyr gksrh gSAizR;sd tuin dh o.kkZuqØfed vuqØef.kdk Hkh nh xbZ gS tks i`Fkd~&i`Fkd~ gSA izR;sd tuinds varxZr vU; O;kid lewgksa ds vuqlkj m|ksxksa] dkWyksfu;ksa] Hkouksa] laLFkkuksa bR;kfn dhvuqØef.kdk i`Fkd~ ls izLrqr dh xbZ gSA vkb'kj ekufp=kksa dks eq[;r% i;ZVdksa ,oa ;kf=k;ksa dhlqfo/k ds fy, rS;kj fd;k x;k gSA

(c) Hyderabad in Maps. Hyderabad : Bureau of Economics and Statistics, Govt. ofAndhra Pradesh, 1953.

(l) Bengal in Maps : A Geographical Analysis of Resources Distribution in West Ben-gal and East Pakistan. Calcutta : Orient Longman, 1949.

(n) Bihar in Maps/ with explanatory text by P. Dayal. Patna, Kusum Prakasha, 1954.

(i) Madhya Bharat in Maps. Indore : Department of Economics Intelligence and Sta-tistics, 1951.

(iQ) Maharashtra in Maps/ by K.R. Dikshit; assisted by Charulata Patil. Bombay :Maharashtra State Board for Literature and Culture. 1986. 245p.

;g ,d lanHkZ Ñfr gS ftlesa 67 ekufp=k gSa tks iz'kklfud ftyksa] phuh dh feyksa] i;ZVu LFkyksa]tula[;k bR;kfn dh izkekf.kd lkaf[;dh; lwpuk iznku djrh gSA

A Greater London Street Atlas, (3rd ed.) published by London Automobile Associationin 1981.

,d mÙkj izdkj dh LFkkuh; ekufp=kkoyh gSA lHkh izdkj ds mi;ksDrk bldk mi;ksx dj ldrs gSaA

NOTES


205

HkkSxksfyd lzksr([k) fof'k"V vFkok fo"k;kRed ekufp=k

fo"k;kRed ekufp=k fdlh fo"k; fo'ks"k dks iznf'kZr djrs gSa] tSls& fdlh izdkj dk fodkl]vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd] Hkwfe ds mi;ksx dk losZ{k.k] o"kkZ] jsy@lM+d@ok;q ds ;k=kk&ekxZ] [kfut inkFkZ]tyok;q] iQlyksa dk mRiknu] Hkk"kk] tula[;k] /eZ bR;kfnA ,sls fo"k; bl izdkj ds ekufp=kksa esaiznf'kZr fd, x, gksrs gSaA fo"k;kRed ekufp=kksa esa fdlh fo"k; fo'ks"k ls lacafèkr mi;ksxh lwpuk gksrhgSA ysfdu bUgsa vn~;ru j[kus dh vko';drk gksrh gSA

fo"k;kRed ekufp=kksa ds dqN mnkgj.k fuEufyf[kr gSa %

,sfrgkfld ekufp=kkofy;k¡

,sfrgkfld ekufp=kkofy;k¡ fo'o dh ifjorZu'khy] jktuhfrd lhekvksa dh tkudkjh izkIr djus dsfy, izkekf.kd lwpuk lzksr gSaA fofHkUu dkyksa] izeq[k ;q¼ksa ,oa laxzkeksa dh fLFkfr] vkSj [kkst djusokyksa }kjk viuk;s x, ekxks± dh tkudkjh ,slh gh ekufp=kkofy;ka ls izkIr gksrh gSA

Muir's Historical Atlas : Ancient, Medieval and Modern/ed. by R.F. Treherne andH. Fullard. 10th ed. London : Philip, 1976 (2 Vol. in one).

blesa 7 izeq[k foHkkxksa esa ekuo bfrgkl dks izkjafHkd dky ls ysdj fo'o lH;rk ds dky rd ,dØfed fooj.k ds :i esa fpf=kr fd;k x;k gSA bldh le;kof/ ds dkypØ dks vn~;ru Hkh fd;kx;k gS vkSj 1989 rd dh ?kVukvksa dks LFkku fn;k x;k gSA

Atlas of Modern World History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989.

blesa fn, x, fooj.k bVyh ds ,dhdj.k ds le; ls izkjaHk gksrs gSa] ysfdu bldk eq[; y{; 20ohalnh dh fLFkfr dks fpf=kr djuk jgk gSA

Historical Atlas/ by William Robert Shepherd. 9th ed. NY : Barnes and Nobles, 1964.

1450 bZ- iw- ls 1964 rd dh vof/ esa ?kfVy ,sfrgkfld ifjorZu blesa lfEefyr fd, x, gSaA,sfrgkfld ekufp=kkofy;ksa dh n`f"V ls bldk mi;ksx vR;f/d gksrk gSA

Maps of Mughal India/drawn by J.B.J, Gentil; ed. by Susan Gole. New Delhi : Manohar.1988.

;g ekufp=kkoyh 1785 esa izFke ckj isfjl esa izdkf'kr gqbZ Fkh ftldk ;g iqueqZnz.k gSA 1770 esaiSQtkckn esa uokc 'kqtkmn~nkSyk ds njckj esa izQkalhlh ljdkj ds ,tsUV us bls cuk;k FkkA blesas 21ekufp=k gSa tks eqxy jkT; ds 21 lwcksa dks fpf=kr djrs gSaA

James Rennell's Memiors of a Map of Hindustan or the Mughal Empire and hisBengal Atlas/ed. by Brahmadev Prasad Ambashthya. Patna : N.V. Publications, 1975.

bldk ewyr% izdk'ku 1788 esa yUnu esa gqvk FkkA ;g fgUnqLrku* dk ekufp=k gS ftlds izkDdFkuesa 18oha lnh dh vfUre vof/ dh ns'k dh fLFkfr ,oa blds laHkkxksa vkSj Hkwxksy dk fp=k.k fd;kx;k gSA caxky dh ekufp=kkoyh] ftldk izdk'ku 1781 esa fd;k x;k Fkk] vkSj ftls izFke oSKkfudekufp=k gksus dk nkok fd;k tkrk gS] ds }kjk ge eqxydkyhu Hkkjr ds Hkwxksy dk voyksdu djldrs gSaA

A Historical Atlasc of South Asia/ed. by Joseph E. Schwartzberg. Chicago : Univer-sity of Chicago Press, 1978.

NOTES



206

;g ekufp=kkoyh nf{k.kh ,f'k;k (eq[;r% Hkkjr) dk O;kid ekufp=kkRed vfHkys[k izLrqr djrhgSA blesa 100 i`"Bksa esa Hkkjr dk ,d lqO;ofLFkr o.kZu gS tks izkphu dky ls ysdj orZeku dkyds bfrgkl dk |ksrd gSA blds i`"Bksa esa Hkkjr ds 3000 bZ- iw- ls ysdj 1975 rd ds vk/qfud;qx ds dkypØ dk fooj.k izLrqr gS tks Kku ds vYi fodkl] lkaLÑfrd vkSj lkekftd fodkl]nf{k.kh ,f'k;k ds ckgj rd laca/ksa rFkk fo'o ds bfrgkl ls lacaf/r gSA vUr esa 1000 Ñfr;ksa dhxzaFklwph izLrqr dh xbZ gS] tks Hkkjr ds ekufp=kksa ,oa ekufp=kkofy;ksa ds izeq[k lzksr gSaA blds vfrfjDrns'k ds bfrgkl ,oa Hkwxksy ds vU; lanHkZ lzksrksa dks Hkh blesa lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA

vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd ekufp=kkofy;k¡

1983 World Bank Atlas : Gross National Product, Population and Growth Rates.Washington, D.C. : World Bank, 1983.

bl ekufp=kkoyh esa tula[;k] ldy jk"Vªh; mRikn (GNP), rFkk fo'o ds yxHkx lHkh ns'kksa dkizfr O;fDr ldy jk"Vªh; mRikn (vesfjdk Mkyj esa) dk mYys[k gSA bldk izdk'ku fu;fer :ils gks jgk gSA 1983 ds laLdj.k esa 1980-81 dh lwpuk lfEefyr dh xbZ gSA bl fo"k;kRedekufp=kkoyh esa tula[;k ds okf"kZd fodkl vkSj izfr O;fDr ldy jk"Vªh; mRikn dh 1979-80dh lwpuk Hkh nh xbZ gSA

A Social and Economic Atlas of India/ ed. by S. Muthaiah. Delhi : Oxforc UniversityPress, 1987.

bl ekufp=kkoyh esa Hkkjr dh vkcknh] lekt] rFkk vFkZO;oLFkk] dk vn~;ru fooj.k ekufp=kksa] pkVks±vkSj lkjf.k;ksa ds }kjk iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA blesa Hkkjr dh Hkwfe vkSj yksxksa] miyC/ lalk/uksa] rFkkbu lk/uksa dk mi;ksx djus gsrq fodflr volajpuk dk foLr`r fooj.k fuEufyf[kr] vuqHkkxksa esaizLrqr fd;k x;k gS % (i) Hkwfe] (ii) fuoklh (iii) tyok;q] (iv) izkÑfrd laink] (v) volajpuk](vi) mRikn] (vii) i;ZVu ifjn`';] (viii) jk"Vªh; vFkZO;oLFkk] (ix) vUrjkZ"Vªh; lehdj.kA

mDr ukS izdj.kksa ls lacaf/r lwpuk izkekf.kd] xq.kkRed ,oa ifj.kkRed MsVk ij vk/kfjr gSA bl izdkjdh lwpuk dk vusd lzksrksa ls laxzg fd;k x;k gS vkSj bldh O;k[;k Hkh dq'ky ekufp=kdkjksa }kjknh xbZ gSA

vU; mnkgj.kksa esa fuEukafdr fo'ks"k mYys[kuh; gSa %

Basic Resource Atlas of Tamil Nadu/ed. by A. Ramesh and P.S. Tewari. Madras :Dept. of Geography, University of Madras, 1983.

Planning Atlas of U.P. Lucknow : Govt. of U.P., 1987.

tulkaf[;dh; ekufp=kkofy;k¡

India. Census Atlas : National Volume. 1981. New Delhi : Register General andCensus Commissioner, 1988.

viuh Ük`a[kyk esa ;g rhljk izdk'ku gS tks 1961 dh tux.kuk ls izkjaHk gqvk FkkA blesa Hkkjr dsfuokfl;ksa dk tula[;kRed fooj.k fn;k x;k gSA bl Ñfr esa laf{kIr xos"k.kkRed fVIif.k;ksa ls ;qDr93 IysV gSa ftUgsa mi;ksxh lkaf[;dh; lkjf.k;ksa vkSj Mk;xzkeksa ds }kjk vf/d lwpukizn cukdj pkjvuqHkkxksa esa izLrqr fd;k x;k gS % (1) HkkSfrd ;k izkÑfrd i{k] (2) tulkaf[;dh; lajpuk ,oaizo`fÙk;k¡] (3) vkfFkZd i{k] rFkk (4) lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd i{kA

NOTES


207

HkkSxksfyd lzksrekuo'kkL=kh; ekufp=kkofy;k¡

An Atlas of Tribal India with Computed Tables of District Level Data and theGeographical Interpretations by Moonis Raza and Aijazuddin Ahmad. Delhi : Con-cept, 1989.

blesa fooj.k] lkjf.k;k¡ rFkk ekufp=k fuEufyf[kr vuqHkkxksa esa izLrqr fd, x, gSa %

LFkkfud c.Vu

ikfjfLFkfrdh; izfros'k

xzkE;&uxj la;kstu

fyax vuqikr ,oa oSokfgd fLFkfr

lkaLÑfrd i{k

lk{kjrk

vkfFkZd fØ;kdykiksa esa Hkkfxrk

Jfed&cy dh lajpuk

Anthropological Atlas. Delhi : Oxford University Press for Anthropological Survey ofIndia, 1993.

People of India, National Series dh Ük`a[kyk dk ;g 11ok¡ [kaM gSA bl ekufp=kkoyh esalfEefyr ekufp=kksa esa fuEufyf[kr dk fp=kkadu izLrqr fd;k x;k gS %

ikfjfLFkfrdh; ,oa lkaLÑfrd fo'ks"krk,¡] Hkk"kk vkSj Hkk"kk oSKkfud fo'ks"krk,¡] tulkaf[;dh;fo'ks"krk,¡ rFkk tho oSKkfud fo'ks"krk,¡A

i;ZVu ekufp=kkofy;k¡

Tourist Atlas of India/ by A.K. Kundu. Calcutta : National Atlas and Thematic Map-ping Organisation, 1989.

bl ekufp=kkoyh esa ifjogu usVodZ vkSj i;ZVdksa dh vfHk:fp dh lwpuk] nksuksa dk lfEefyrLo:i iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA blesa 20 IysV gSaA izR;sd ekufp=k dh O;k[;kRed fVIif.k;k¡ ,d izdkjls funsZf'kdk dk dk;Z djrh gSaA jk"Vªh; m|kuksa ,oa oU;&tho fogkjksa dks Hkh fp=kkafdr fd;k x;kgSA

/kfeZd ekufp=kkoyh

Harper Atlas of the Bible/ed by James B. Pritchard. N.Y. : Harper and Row, 1987.

blesa fo'o ds 50 fo}kuksa }kjk orZeku Kku dks vR;Ur vkd"kZd ,oa vfHkxE; :i esa izLrqr fd;kx;k gSA

Cultural Atlas of Islam/by Ismail R al-Faruqi and Lois Lamya al-Faruqi. London :Collier Macmillan, 1986.

blesa 97 fo"k;kRed ekufp=k gSa ftlesa eqfLye txr~ ds O;kikj ds ekxks± dks fp=kkafdr fd;k x;kgSA blesa efLtnksa ,oa laxhr ds okn~;ksa dks Hkh fp=kkafdr fd;k x; gSA

An Historical Atlas of Islam/ed. by William Brice. Leiden : Brill, 1981.

NOTES



208

bLyke ds fo'odks'k ds ,d Hkkx ds :i esa bls rS;kj fd;k x;k gS vkSj ekufp=k ds :i esa izFkefo'o ;q¼ rd dh lwpuk dks izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA ekufp=kksa dks 9 Hkkxksa esa O;ofLFkr fd;k x;kgSA Hkkx 8 vkSj 9 Hkkjr vkSj lqnwj iwoZ ls lacaf/r gSaA

fo"k;kRed ekufp=kkofy;ksa ds dqN vU; n`"VkUr fuEukafdr gSa %

Climatological Atlas of India. 1981, and World Atlas of Geomorphic Features.New York, 1981.

5- xtsfV;jxtsfV;j (Gazetteer) in ds nks vfHkizk; izkIr gksrs gSaA ;g fdlh ekufp=kkoyh dh vuqØef.kdkgks ldrk gS] vFkok i`Fkd~ ls izdkf'kr lanHkZ Ñfr gks ldrk gS ftlesa fo'o ds LFkkuksa ds fo"k;esa lwpuk nh xbZ gksrh gSaA ;g fdlh ns'k fo'ks"k vFkok {ks=k fo'ks"k ds LFkkuksa dh Hkh lwpuk iznku djrkgSA bl vuqPNsn esa ge xtsfV;j dh ifjHkk"kk dks Li"V djsaxs vkSj blds fo"k;&foLrkj rFkk mi;ksfxrkdk lksnkgj.k vè;;u djsaxsA


, ,y , XykWljh vkWiQ ykbczsjh ,.M bUiQkWesZ'ku lkbal (1983) esa xtsfV;j dh ifjHkk"kk ¶,dHkkSxksfyd dks'k¸ ds :i esa nh xbZ gSA bls ¶LFkkuksa dk dks'k¸ Hkh dgk tkrk gSA uohure la'kksfèkrxtsfV;j vkSj iqjkus xtsfV;j] nksuksa gh egRoiw.kZ gSaA ;g mUgsa ns[k tkus ds mís'; ij fuHkZj gksrk gSAtc uohu lwpuk dh vko';drk gksrh gS rks uohu la'kksf/r laLdj.k gh mi;ksx esa y;k tkrk gSAysfdu mu LFkkuksa&ftuds ukeksa ,oa voLFkkvksa esa i;kZIr le;kof/ ds dkj.k ifjorZu vk x;s gksrsgSa& ds fy, iqjkus vkSj izkjafHkd laLdj.k i;kZIr lwpukizn ,oa izkekf.kd gksrs gSaA rRdkyhu lwpukdsoy buls gh izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA iqjkus laLdj.kksa esa egRoiw.kZ ,sfrgkfld rF;ksa dk mYys[k gksrkgS] ftUgsa ckn ds laLdj.kksa ls fudky fn;k x;k gksrk gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa izkjafHkd laLdj.k gh lwpukdh n`f"V ls izkekf.kd ,oa fo'oluh; fl¼ gksrs gSaA

xtsfV;j ekufp=kkoyh dh vuqØef.kdk

1) xtsfV;j esa izR;sd LFkku dh lwpuk ;g v{kka'k vkSj ns'kkUrj js[kkvksa vkSji;kZIr foLr`r gksrh gSA ftl i`"B ij ftl ekufp=k esa LFkku dks

fpfÉr fd;k x;k gksrk gS mldh rF;kRedlwpuk iznku djrh gSA

2) buesa vYi egÙo okys vusd LFkkuksa dks blesa dsoy egÙoiw.kZ LFkkuksa dks gh lfEefyrHkh lfEefyr fd;k x;k gksrk gSA fd;k x;k gksrk gSA ekufp=k fdruk Hkh

foLr`r D;ksa u gks mlesa lHkh NksVs ls NksVsLFkkuksa dks lfEefyr ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA

3) bls ek=k ,d gh y?kq rFkk gYds [kaM ;g izk;% cM+s vkdkj esa miyC/ gksrk gSesa vFkok cgq[kaMh; Ñfr ds :i esa D;ksafd blesa cM+s&cM+s ekufp=k gksrs gSaizdkf'kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ftuesa lHkh egRoiw.kZ vkSj cM+s&cM+s LFkkuksa dks

lfEefyr fd;k x;k gksrk gSA bldk Hkkj Hkhvf/d gksrk gS D;ksafd ekufp=kksa dks eksVsdkxt ij eqfnzr fd;k x;k gksrk gSA

NOTES


209

HkkSxksfyd lzksrxtsfV;jksa dk fo"k;&foLrkj Hkh fHkUu gksrk gS tks mudh izÑfr vkSj foLrkj {ks=k ds dkj.k gksrk gS]tSls% vUrjkZ"Vªh;] jk"Vªh; vFkok tuinA

5.2 mi;ksfxrk

fdlh tuin vFkok 'kgj bR;kfn LFkkuksa dh fo'oluh;rk] foLr`r ,oa izkekf.kd lwpuk izk;%xtsfV;jksa ls gh izkir dh tkrh gSA budk la'kks/u ekufp=kkofy;ksa dh rqyuk esa vf/d foyEc lsfd;k tkrk gSA vr% uohure lwpuk dh n`f"V ls budh mikns;rk ,oa mi;qDrrk de gksus yxrh gSA,d lanHkZ lzksr ds :i esa xtsfV;j ls fdlh ns'k rFkk mlds fofHkUu LFkkuksa dh ,sfrgkfld]lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd] jktuhfrd] vkS|ksfxd] tulkaf[;dh;] rFkk iz'kklfud tkudkjh izkIr gksrhgSA ,d Rofjr lanHkZ lzksr ds :i esa xtsfV;j viuk fo'ks"k egRo j[krs gSaA

5.3 ewY;kadu

xtsfV;j ds ewY;kadu ds lokZf/d egRoiw.kZ fcUnq ,oa ekun.M mldh lVhrk vkSj lwpuk dhuohurk esa fufgr gSaA mldh 'kq¼rk ;k lVhdrk dk ekun.M mlds ladyudrkZ vkSj izdkf'kr djusokyh ,tsUlh vFkok izdk'kd dh yksdfiz;rk ,oa [;kfr ij vk/kfjr gksrk gSA Rofjr lanHkZ iqLrdds :i esa bldk fo"k;&foLrkj] O;oLFkkiu vkSj fof'k"V fo'ks"krk,¡ blds ewY;kadu ds fy, vU;egRoiw.kZ fcUnq gSaA


xtsfV;jksa dks muds {ks=k foLrkj ds vk/kj ij varjkZ"Vªh;] jk"Vªh; vkSj LFkkuh; lewgksa ds varxZr j[kktk ldrk gSA

varjkZ"Vªh; xtsfV;j

v) Webster's New Geographical Dictionary. Springfield, Mass : Merriam-Webster,1984.

blds iw.kZr% la'kksf/r gksus dk nkok fd;k x;k gSA ;g ,d ,slk HkkSxksfyd dks'k gS ftlesa 47,000HkkSxksfyd ukeksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gS tks ckbfcy ds le; ls ysdj izkphu xzhl vkSj jkse]eè;dkyhu ;wjksi ls fo'o ;q¼ izFke vkSj f}rh; rd ds le; ls lacaf/r gSaA fons'kh Hkk"kk ds ukeksarFkk iwoZ&ukeksa ds led{k vkSj oSdfYaid orZuh ds fy, 15000 izfr funsZf'kdk,¡ nh xbZ gSaA ¶;gxtsfV;j esa lkekU; :i esa miyC/ lwpuk vkSj mPpkj.k iznku djrk gS] ftudk laca/&LFkku] {ks=k]tula[;k] izkÑfrd o.kZu] igkM+ksa dh Å¡pkbZ bR;kfn rFkk HkkSxksfyd fo'ks"krkvksa] ,sfrgkflddhfrZ&LraHkksa ,oa Lekjd&Hkouksa] laf{kIr bfrgkl] vkfFkZd ,oa ,sfrgkfld lwpukvksa ls gSA mi;ksDrkvksadks ,slh laHkkfor lwpuk iznku djrk gS tks muds fy, lwpukizn fl¼ gks ldsA ,slh lwpuk laf{kIrgksrh gSA ysfdu izfof"V;ksa ds vuqlkj lwpuk dh ek=kk esa fHkUurk Hkh gksrh gSA izfof"V;ksa dk O;oLFkkiuo.kkZuqØfed gSA¸ blesa iwjs i`"Bksa ds vkSj NksVs&NksVs vkarfjd ekufp=k Hkh fn, x, gSaA ifjp;kRedHkkx esa HkkSxksfyd inksa dks mudh ewy Hkk"kk esa vaxzsth i;kZ; ds lkFk fn;k x;k gSA

c) Chamber's World Gzetteer : An A to Z of Geographical Information/ed. byDavid Munro. 5th ed. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1988.

;g fczfV'k xtsfV;j loZizFke 1895 esa izdkf'kr gqvk FkkA blds uohu laLdj.k esa 20,000 izfof"V;k¡gSaA blesa 150 ykbu ekufp=k vkSj 120 iw.kZ IysV ekufp=k gSaA ;g ,d izdkj dh ¶fo'o dhekufp=kkoyh¸ gSA ftu uxjksa vkSj 'kgjksa dks lfEfyr fd;k x;k gS] mudk p;u muds iz'kklfuddk;ks± ds vk/kj ij fd;k x;k gSA tula[;k dh n`f"V ls ns'kksa dk p;u fofHkUu vk/kjksa ds vuqlkjgSA ,sfrgkfld] /kfeZd] vkSj vkS|ksfxd i;ZVdksa dh n`f"V ls egRoiw.kZ rFkk izeq[k ?kVuk LFkyksa ;k

NOTES



210

n`';ksa dh n`f"V ls egRoiw.kZ LFkkuksa dks Hkh blesa lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA bldk izFke laLdj.kChamber's World Gazetteer and Geographical Dictionary dh vk[;k ls izdkf'kr gqvk FkkA

l) The Statesman Yearbook and World Gazetteer. 2nd ed. London : Macmillan, 1979.

;g LVsVleSu bZ;jcqd (Statesman Year Book) dh ,d lgpjh lanHkZ Ñfr gS tks fo'o dscM+s&cM+s egRoiw.kZ LFkkuksa ds Åij laf{kIr lwpuk iznku djrh gSA lkaf[;dh; lkjf.k;ksa vkSj 800lkaf[;dh; inksa dh 'kCnkoyh Hkh blesa nh xbZ gSA

n) Times London Index Guzetteer of the World. London : Times Publishing, 1965.

bl xtsfV;j esa 3,45,000 HkkSxksfyd LFkkuksa] ns'kksa] 'kgjksa] xk¡oksa] ufn;ksa] ioZrksa ,oa vU; HkkSxksfydfo'ks"krkvksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA blesa VkbEl ,yVl vkWiQ nh oYMZ (Times Atlas of theWorld) ds eè;&lnh ds laLdj.k esa fn;s x;s 1,98,000 LFkkuksa ds ekufp=kkRed lanHkks± dks Hkhfn;k x;k gSA blesa HkkSxksfyd inksa ds fy, 50 Hkk"kkvksa ds led{k in fn;s x;s gSaA

jk"Vªh; xtsfV;j

v) CIS Foreign Gazetteers, U.S. BGN (microform). Washington : CongressionalInformation Service, 1987.

;w ,l cksMZ vkWiQ thvkxzkfiQd usEl (U.S., Board of Geographic Names) }kjk iwoZ izdkf'krxtsfV;j dk ;g ekbØksfiQ'k :i esa iquiZzdk'ku gSA bldh lkexzh 500 ekbØksfiQ'k esa gSA izFke lewgdh ekbØksfiQ'k esa 181 ewy [kaMksa ds lw{e laLdj.k dks lfEefyhr fd;k x;k gSA nwljs lewg esa 22vn~;ru ns'k lewgksa rFkk orZeku laLdj.k esa xtsfV;j ds ijaijkxr ukeksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA

blds [kaMksa dks ;w ,l fMikVZes.V vkWiQ bafVfjvj (U.S. Dept. of Interior) }kjk ewy :i ls rS;kjfd;k x;k Fkk vkSj izR;sd [kaM ,d ns'k rd lhfer j[kk x;k gSA buesa ls dqN la;qDr jkT; ds fo'ks"k{ks=kksa ls lacaf/r gSa] tSls % Gaza Strip (No. 45) vFkok leqnz ry dh fo'ks"krk,¡ (Under SeaFeatures) (No. 111)A blesa lfEefyr xtsfV;jksa dh ,d lanf'kZdk dk izdk'ku i`Fkd~ ls fd;k x;kgSA

c) National Gazetteer of the United States of America : United States, since1990. Washington : U.S, Govt. Printing Office, 1990.

National Gazetteer of the United of America ds [kaM (1983&1990) dk ;g laf{kIrlaLdj.k gSA ¶blesa vkcknh ds LFkkuksa] iz'kklfud {ks=kksa] vkSj izeq[k izkÑfrd ,oa HkkSfrd fo'ks"krk okysLFkyksa dh 45,000 izfof"V;k¡ lfEefyr dh xbZ gSaA¸

l) Bartholomew Gazetteer of Places in Britain/comp. by Oliver Mason. Rev. ed.Edinburgh : J. Barthmolomew, 1986.

bl xtsfV;j eas baXyS.M] LdkWVyS.M] osYl rFkk vkby vkWiQ eSu (Isle of Man) ds vkcknh okysLFkkuksa vkSj izkÑfrd LFkyksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA izfof"V;ksa dks o.kkZuqØe esa O;ofLFkr fd;kx;k gSA blesa lfEefyr ekufp=ksa ds LFkkuh; lanHkks± rFkk us'kuy fxzM lanHkZ (National GridReference) ds lays[k izLrqr fd, x, gSaA bl xtsfV;j esa 40,000 izfof"V;k¡ gSaA

bl laLdj.k esa lkaf[;dh; lwpuk ds Hkkx dks vn~;ru dj fn;k x;k gS vkSj 1981 dh tux.kukds vk/kj ij baXyS.M ds 5000 ls vf/d rFkk LdkWVyS.M vkSj osYl ds 2000 ls vf/d vkcknhokys lHkh LFkkuksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA

NOTES


211

HkkSxksfyd lzksrn) Imperial Gazetteer of India

lu~ 1881 ls 1907 ds chp esa bl xtsfV;j ds fofHkUu rhu laLdj.k izdkf'kr fd, x, FksA bldsvfrfjDr vusd lwcksa ds fy, Hkh xtsfV;jksa dk izdk'ku fd;k x;k FkkA

izFke laLdj.k dk laiknu MCY;w- MCY;w- gUVj (W.W. Hunter) us 9 [kaMksa esa 1881 esa fd;k FkkA

f}rh; laLdj.k dk laiknu MCY;w- MCY;w- gUVj (W.W. Hunter) us 14 [kaMksa esa 1885-87 dhvof/ esa fd;k FkkA

uohu laLdj.k dk laiknu MCY;w- ,l- es;j (W.S. Meyer), fjpkMZ cuZ (Richard Burn) rFkkts-,l- dkWVu (J.S. Cotton) us fd;k Fkk ftldk izdk'ku vkWDliQksMZ ds Dysj.Mu izsl (ClarendonPress) us 1907-31 dh vof/ esa 26 [kaMksa esa fd;k FkkA ;g laLdj.k ,d izdkj ls ,d uohuÑfr ds :i esa izdkf'kr fd;k x;kA

izFke pkj [kaMksa dks ,d lkekU; vk[;k bfUM;u ,Eik;j (Indian Empire) ds uke ls izdkf'krfd;k x;kA blds fofHkUu [kaMksa esa nh xbZ lwpuk,¡ gSa % [kaM 1. fooj.kkRed [kaM] 2. ,sfrgkfld[kaM] 3. vkfFkZd [kaM] 4. iz'kklfud rFkk [kaM 5-25 bl Ñfr dk xtsfV;j Hkkx gS ftlesa LFkkuksadks o.kkZuqØe esa O;ofLFkr dj muds ckjs esa fooj.k fn;k x;k gSA [kaM 25 lkekU; vuqØef.kdk[kaM 26 Hkkjr dh ekufp=kkoyh gSA blls rRdkyhu HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr vkSj vU; lacaf/r lwpuk dkizkekf.kd fooj.k Kkr gksrk gS tks lanHkZ lzksr ds :i esa ,d vf}rh; Hkkjrh; Ñfr gSA ,p- LdksyoxZ(H. Scholberg) dh The District Gazetteer of British India : A Biblipgraphy, 1970 dkHkh voyksdu fd;k tk ldrk gSA

i) Gazetteer of India : The Indian Union/Central Gazetteer Unit, Governmentof India. Delhi : Publication Division, 1965-1978. 4 Vols.

bEihfj;y xtsfV;j ds <k¡ps ds vk/kj ij fodflr blds pkj [kaMksa dh vk[;k fuEukafdr gS %

V.I Country and People

V.II History and Culture

V.III Economic Structure and Activities

V.IV Administration and Public Welfare

izR;sd [kaM ds lHkh vè;k;ksa dks fo'ks"kKksa }kjk fy[kk x;k gS vkSj vUr esa xzaFklwph Hkh nh xbZ gSAbu [kaMksa dks le;≤ ij iqueqZfnzr fd;k tkrk jgk gSA [kaM 2 dk 1997 rd 5 ckj eqnz.k gkspqdk FkkA

tuin xtsfV;j

Hkkjr esa vktdy izk;% lHkh tuinksa (ftyksas) ds xtsfV;j izdkf'kr gSaA izR;sd tuin ds fy,lacafèkr xtsfV;j dks y?kq fo'odks'k Hkh dgk tk ldrk gSA bu tuin xtsfV;jksa esa vfr mi;ksxhlanHkZ lkexzh feyrh gS ftudk mi;ksx iz'kkldksa] fo}kuksa ,oa lkekU; tu }kjk fd;k tk ldrk gSA

Lora=krk ds i'pkr~ Hkkjr ljdkj dk è;ku bl izdkj dh ifj;kstuk dh rjiQ vf/d vkdf"kZr gqvkgSA 1955 esa tuin ds xtsfV;jksa ds la'kks/u vkSj iquysZ[ku dh ,d ;kstuk rS;kj dh xbZ FkhA bl;kstuk dks lHkh jkT; ljdkjksa us Lohdkj fd;k Fkk vkSj izR;sd jkT; esa tuin xtsfV;j foHkkxLFkkfir fd, x, FksA iQyLo:i Hkkjr ds vf/dka'k tuinksa ds xtsfV;j rS;kj gks pqds gSa vkSjmiyC/ Hkh gSaA budk izdk'ku lacaf/r jkT; ljdkjksa ds rRoko/ku esa fd;k x;k gSA

NOTES



212

tuin ds xtsfV;jksa esa vR;f/d mi;ksxh lwpuk lfEefyr dh tkrh gSA buesa vko';d i`"BHkwfelfgr i;kZIr MsVk] lkaf[;dh; fooj.k vkSj ,sfrgkfld] iqjkrÙoh;] jktuhfrd iz'kklfud] vkfFkZd]O;kikfjd] vkS|ksfxd] Ñf"k] lkekftd ,oa lkaLÑfrd rFkk tuin ds vU; i{kksa ls lacaf/r lwpukrFkk tu&thou dk ekufp=k lfgr fooj.k gksrk gS] tula[;k] lkjf.k;k¡ rFkk pkVZ fn, x, gSa vkSjrglhyksa@mi&tuinksa] dLcksa] xzkeksa ls lacaf/r vko';d lwpuk Hkh nh tkrh gSA dqN ,sls tuinxtsfV;jksa ds n`"VkUr fuEufyf[kr gSa %

(v) Bihar District Gazetteer/ed. by Roychaudhury.

Bhagalpur, 1962.

Dhanbad, 1964.

Muzaffarpur, 1958.

(c) Orissa District Gazetteers/ed. by Nilamanisenapati. Koraput, Cuttack : Govt.Press, 1966.

(l) Uttar Pradesh District Gazetteers. Vol. 9. Moradabad/ed. by E.B. Joshi.Lucknow : Supdt. Printing and Stationery, 1959.

(n) Andhra Pradesh District Gazetteers. The Gazetteer of the District ofHyderabad/ by M.V.S. Prasada Rau. Hyderabad : District Gazetteers Depart-ment, Andhra Pradesh.

(i) Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency : Poona District (Facsimile Reproduction)Vol. XVIII parts I, II, III, 1992 (Originally Printed in 1885).

Gazetteer of Maharashtra. Bombay : Published by Executive Editor and Secre-tary, Gazetteers Department, III. tula[;k] IV. Ñf"k- V. jkt/kuh] VI. O;kikj] VII.bfrgkl] VIII. Hkwfe] IX. U;k;] X. foÙk] XI. yksdf'k{k.k] XII. LokLF;] XIII. rglhysa]XIV. LFkku] ifjf'k"V] vuqØef.kdk] ekufp=kA


3- xtsfV;j dh mi;ksfxrk ij ,d laf{kIr fVIi.kh fyf[k,A

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6- ;k=kk&lanf'kZdk,¡

fdlh Hkh ;k=kk lanf'kZdk (Travel Guides) dk mn~ns'; ;kf=k;ksa ,oa i;ZVdksa dks bl izdkj dh lwpukiznku djuk gksrk gS fd D;k&D;k n'kZuh; gS] dgk¡ vkSj fdl LFkku ij fuokl dj ldrs gSa] vkSjfdlh LFkku fo'ks"k ij fdl izdkj ls rFkk fdu lk/uksa ls igq¡p ldrs gSa\

NOTES


213

HkkSxksfyd lzksr6.1 ifjHkk"kk ,oa fo"k;&foLrkj

, ,y , XykWljh vkWiQ ykbczsjh ,.M bUiQkWesZ'ku lkbal ds vuqlkj ;k=kk lanf'kZdk dh ifjHkk"kk gSμ¶;kf=k;ksa ds fy, ,d ,slk gS.Mcqd tks uxj] {ks=k] vFkok ns'k&fo'ks"k ds ckjs esa lwpuk ns_ vFkokblh izdkj dk ,d gS.Mcqd tks fdlh Hkou] laxzgky; bR;kfn ds fo"k; esa lwpuk iznku djsA¸

,slh lanf'kZdkvksa esa fofHkUu LFkkuksa ds Åij vko';d ,oa mi;ksxh lwpuk lfEefyr dh xbZ gksrhgSA lanf'kZdkvksa esa ,sfrgkfld] vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd i{kksa dh lwpuk Hkh lfEefyr gksrh gSAekufp=kksa] fp=kksa rFkk LFkkuksa ds chp dh nwjh bR;kfn dh lwpuk Hkh buesa miyC/ gksrh gSa] tks mudhmikns;rk dks c<+k nsrh gSA lanHkZ iqLrdky;kè;{kksa }kjk ;k=kk lanf'kZdkvksa dk mi;ksx izk;% fof'k"VLFkkuksa] ,sfrgkfld LFkyksa bR;kfn dh foLr`r lwpuk ;kf=k;ksa dks iznku djus dh n`f"V ls fd;k tkrkgSA

bu lanf'kZdkvksa esa tyok;q] jsyekxZ] lM+d] fof'k"V ekxZ] lapkj ds lk/u] gksVy tgk¡ Bgjus dhleqfpr O;oLFkk gks] jsyxkfM+;k¡] ok;q;kuksa bR;kfn ls lacaf/r egÙoiw.kZ lwpuk fufgr gksrh gSA

6.2 mi;ksfxrk

;k=kk lanf'kZdkvksa dh mi;ksfxrk mu yksxksa ds fy, vf/d gS tks vius ns'k vFkok fo'o ds vU;ns'kksa ,oa LFkyksa dk Hkze.k djuk pkgrs gSaA bu lanf'kZdkvksa ls mudh ;k=kk lq[kn] lqfo/ktud vkSjvkuUnnk;d gks tkrh gS D;ksafd mUgsa LFkkuksa dh iw.kZ tkudkjh ,oa fo'ks"krkvksa dh lwpuk izkIr gks tkrhgSA lHkh egRoiw.kZ i;ZVu ,oa ;k=kk lanf'kZdkvksa esa ,sfrgkfld LFkyksa] laxzgky;ksa rFkk laLÑfr] lH;rkds LFkyksa] ftUgsa ns[kuk vkSj tgk¡ tkuk euksgkjh gksrk gS] ds ckjs esa iw.kZ lwpuk gksrh gSA buesa ;k=kkds ekxks± ,oa lk/uksa] ;k=kk dh vU; lqfo/kvksa rFkk le; lkj.kh bR;kfn dh lwpuk fufgr gksrh gSAlk;adky dk Hkkstu dgk¡ izkIr gks ldrk gS vkSj fdl izdkj dh oLrqvksa dk Ø; fd;k tk ldrkgS] dh lwpuk Hkh ;k=kk lanf'kZdkvksa ls lgt esa lqyHk gks tkrh gSA

6.3 ewY;kadu

;k=kk lanf'kZdkvksa ds ewY;kadu ds fy, mudh uohurk vkSj mudk vn~;ru gksuk vfr vko';d fcUnqgSaA iqjkuh lwpuk HkzeksRiknd gks ldrh gSA vr% le;≤ ij budk la'kks/u vkSj ifjorZu djukvko';d gksrk gSA mÙke izdkj dh vuqØef.kdk] ekufp=k] fo'ks"k izdkj ds lM+d ekufp=k] fp=kys[k]LFkyksa dk fp=kkadu bR;kfn budh mi;ksfxrk dks c<+k nsrs gSa vkSj bUgsa vf/d lwpukizn cuk nsrs gSaAlqlac¼ O;oLFkkiu] izdk'kd dh [;kfr] lanf'kZdk dh Hkwfedk esa mfYyf[kr ,oa fufnZ"V lHkhegRoiw.kZ rF;ksa ,oa i{kksa dk lekos'k bR;kfn Hkh ,sls egRoiw.kZ fcUnq gksrs gSa tks ;k=kk lanf'kZdkvksa dsewY;kadu esa lgk;d fl¼ gksrs gSaA

,slk izk;% ns[kus dks feyrk gS fd ;k=kk lanf'kZdk,¡ Ük`a[kykvksa esa izdkf'kr dh tkrh gSa ftlls ftlizdkj ds ifjorZu mRiUu gksrs gSa mUgsa lfEefyr fd;k tk lds vkSj mudk foLrkj&{ks=k vkSj HkhfoLr`r fd;k tk ldsA blls mudh mikns;rk c<+ tkrh gSA


;k=kk lanf'kZdkvksa dks nks Jsf.k;ksa esa j[kk tk ldrk gS % (d) ,d ckj izdkf'kr lanf'kZdk,¡ (One-Times Guides) : ,slh lanf'kZdk,¡ tks fdlh {ks=k ds le`¼'kkyh bfrgkl] ikfjfLFkfrdh vFkokLekjdksa ,oa ,sfrgkfld Hkouksa dk ifjp; iznku djus ds fy, rS;kj dh xbZ gksa_ ([k) xzaFkekyk :iesa lanf'kZdk,¡ (Series Guide) : os Ük`a[kykc¼ lanf'kZdk,¡ tks i;ZVdksa dh lgk;rk ds fy, rS;kj

NOTES



214

dh xbZ gksrh gSa tks muds fy, ;k=kk vFkok i;ZVu ds fy, ;kstuk ,oa dk;ZØe cukus esa lgk;dfl¼ gksrh gSaA izFke izdkj dh lanf'kZdk,¡ izk;% dsoy ,d ckj izdkf'kr gksrh gSa vkSj buds varfoZ"k;dks izk;% la'kksf/r ugha fd;k tkrkA ysfdu f}rh; izdkj dh lanf'kZdkvksa esa lrr~ ifjorZu ,oala'kksèku dh vko';drk gksrh gSA vr% mUgsa Ük`a[kykc¼ :i esa izdkf'kr fd;k tkrk gSA

(d) ,d ckj izdkf'kr lanf'kZdk,¡ (One-Time Guides)

bfrgkl] Lekjd] ,sfrgkfld Hkou ,oa ikfjfLFkfrdh ls lacaf/rA

Guide to Nalanda/by A. Ghosh. Delhi : Manager of Publications, 1950.

([k) xzaFkekyk :i esa lanf'kZdk,¡ (Guides in Series)

dqN ,sls yC/&izfrf"Br izdk'kd gSa ftUgksaus i;ZVdksa ds fy, lanf'kZdk,¡ izdkf'kr djus esafof'k"Vrk vftZr dh gS vkS vusd ns'kksa dh ,slh lanf'kZdkvksa dk izdk'ku fd;k gSA ysfdumuesa ls vf/dka'k us vesfjdk] ;wjksi rFkk fudV iwoZ bR;kfn ns'kkas ls lacaf/r lanf'kZdkvksadk izdk'ku fd;k gSA

ewy :i ls teZuh (izsQcxZ) ls izdkf'kr csMsdj xzaFkekyk ds vaxzsth] izsaQp rFkk teZu Hkk"kkvksads laLdj.k vius ekufp=kksa] uxj&;kstukvksa rFkk js[kkfp=kksa ds dkj.k vR;ar mi;ksxh ekustkrs gSaA budk izdk'ku vc Baedekar/A.A. Country Guide, Basingstoke, Hamp-shire : Automobile Association rFkk Baedekar/A.A. City Guides (Basingstoke,Hampshire ; Automobile Association) dh vk[;kvksa ls fd;k x;k gSA

Muirhead's Blue Guides. London : Ernest Benn.

okLrqdyk] bfrgkl] ,oa dyk ls lacaf/r foLr`r fooj.k nsus ds dkj.k ;s lanf'kZdk,¡ lu~1918 ls gh izfl¼ gSaA ysfdu budk {ks=k] ;wjksi rFkk fudV iwoZ rd gh lhfer gSA buesans'kksa vkSj 'kgjksa dh lanf'kZdk,¡ lfEefyr gSaA vU; yksdfiz; xzaFkekyk,¡ fuEukafdr gSa %

Nagel's Trevel Guides (Geneva), Fodor Trevel Guides (N.Y. : Mackay), MobilGuides and Shell Guides. vfUre nksuksa dks fo'ks"k :i ls eksVj dkj }kjk ;k=kk djus okyksads ekxZn'kZu gsrq rS;kj fd;k x;k gSA

vyx&vyx ns'kksa dh ;k=kk&lanf'kZdk,¡ % Hkkjr

Nest and Wings Series/compiled by A.P. Agrawal. New Delhi : The Nest and Wings.

Hkkjr esa ;k=kk djus okys i;ZVdksa ds fy, ^usLV ,oa foaXl* vusd lanf'kZdkvksa dk fujarj izdk'kudj jgs gSa ftuesa fuEukafdr mYys[kuh; gSa %

Garhwal, the Dev Bhoomi : A Travellers' Guide (1990)

Hill Resorts of India, Nepal and Bhutan (1977)

Holiday and Trekking in Kullu-Manali : A Travellers' Guide (1991)

Tourist Guide to Kumaon Region : A Travellers' Guide (1989)

fons'kh izdk'kuksa esa "Murray's Guide or Handbook for Travellers in India, Pakistan,Burma and Ceylon (London), rFkk Fodor's Guide to India (New York : Fodor'sModern Guides) nksuksa vk[;kvksa dks le;≤ ij la'kksf/r fd;k tkrk gSA Hkkjr ds izfl¼izdk'kd ^:ik* us ,d y?kq lanf'kZdk ysV vl xks % bf.M;k ,.M usiky (Let us Go : India andNepal) ds forj.k dk dk;Z lu~ 1997 ls izkjaHk fd;k gSA

NOTES


215

HkkSxksfyd lzksrvyx&vyx ns'kksa dh ;k=kk lanf'kZdk,¡ ,oa muds fof'k"V mís';

Uttar Pradesh A-Z. Lucknow : Department of Tourism, Uttar Pradesh, 1996.

izeq[k ,oa egRoiw.kZ LFkkuksa ds vuqlkj o.kkZuqØe esa O;ofLFkr ;g lanf'kZdk jaxhu fp=kksa] ekufp=kksarFkk vuqØef.kdk ds lkFk iw.kZ lwpuk iznku djrh gSA bldh fo"k;&oLrq esa dgk¡ Bgjsa\* dgk¡ dSlsigq¡psa\* ^D;k n'kZuh; gS\* bR;kfn ds lkFk lkekU; lwpuk lfEefyr dh xbZ gS tks i;ZVdksa ds fy,mi;ksxh gSA

India : Destination of the 1995. Visit India : Tourism year 1991.

bldk izdk'ku Hkkjr ljdkj ds i;ZVu foHkkx us fd;k gSA blesa Hkkjr ds i;ZVu dk ekufp=k] Hkkjrljdkj ds i;ZVu ds dk;kZy;ksa dk fooj.k] n'kZuh; LFkyksa] [ksydwn] esyksa] R;ksgkjksa] i;ZVu MsVk]Hkze.kh; LFkyksa ,oa izfr"Bkuksa] lk;adky dk Hkkstu] laxzgky;ksa ,oa dyk chfFkdkvksa dh lwpuk iznkudh xbZA blls i;ZVdksa ,oa ;kf=k;ksa dks iw.kZ tkudkjh izkIr gks tkrh gSA

FODOR'S India, Nepal and Sri Laka. London : Hodder and Stoughton, 1996.

;g fons'kh i;ZVdksa ds fy, i;kZIr mi;ksxh gSA blesa tyok;q] O;;] Hkze.k dh ;kstuk cukuk]fofue; njsa] lHkh gokbZ ekxks±] Bgjus ds LFkkuksa] ikdks± ,oa fogkj LFkyksa] ioZrh; LFkkuksa] leqnzh rVksabR;kfn dh foLr`r tkudkjh nh xbZ gSA

NEPAL, Visitors Guide. Geography, History, People, Religion, Language, Climateand Clothing. Kathmandu : Ministry of Tourism, Nepal.

usiky ds i;ZVu LFkyksa] gksVyksa] tkus dk ekxZ] izos'k dh vuqefr bR;kfn ls lacaf/r lwpuk bllanf'kZdk esa nh xbZ gSA

nf{k.k Hkkjr ds efUnjA ubZ fnYyh % izdk'ku foHkkx] lwpuk vkSj izlkj.k ea=kky;] Hkkjr ljdkj]1995A

SURA'S Tourist Guide to Kerala (The land of rivers and backwaters). New Delhi :Sura Books, 1993.

blesa ekufp=k] gokbZ mM+ku dh le; lkj.kh] vkokl LFkyksa bR;kfn dh lwpuk nh xbZ gSA

Vramana Sangi : All India Travel Companion/General editor Gita Dutta, Mrinal Dutta;English translation by Lila Mazumdar. Calcutta : Asia Publishing Co., 1992.

Hkkjrh; jkT;ksa ds vuqlkj O;ofLFkr bl Hkze.k laxh* esa ITDC ekU;rk izkIr gksVyksa] ekufp=kksa] fp=kksa,oa vuqØef.kdk dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA blesa Hkkjr ds Hkze.k dk ekufp=k Hkh fn;k x;k gSAbldk ewy izdk'ku caxyk Hkk"kk esa fd;k x;k FkkA ;g vR;Ur gh yksdfiz; Hkze.k lanf'kZdk gSA

South India : A Travel Guide/ by V. Meena. Kanya Kumari : Hari Kumar Arts, 1991.

blesa lwpuk dks jkT;kuqlkj&rfeyukMq] dukZVd] vkU/zizns'k&vkSj rRi'pkr~ uxjksa@n'kZuh; LFkyksa dsvarxZr O;ofLFkr fd;k x;k gSA nf{k.kh Hkkjr dk i;ZVu ekufp=k Hkh fn;k x;k gSA jaxhu fp=kksa dksHkh lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA

fo'o dh vusd ljdkjksa }kjk Hkh i;ZVu ,oa Hkze.k lanf'kZdkvksa dk izdk'ku fd;k tkrk gS] ftudkizdk'ku lacaf/r ns'k ds i;ZVu foHkkx }kjk i;ZVu ,oa Hkze.k dks izksRlkfgr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrkgSA ,slh lanf'kZdkvksa dks fo'ks"k mís'; ls Hkh izdkf'kr fd;k tkrk gS] tSls& efUnjksa] LokLF; dsUnzksa]

NOTES



216

/kfeZd LFkkuksa] gksVyksa ,oa vkgkj&x`gksa bR;kfn dk fooj.k iznku djukA ,slh lanf'kZdkvksa ds dqNmnkgj.k ;gk¡ fn, x, gSa %

v) Royal Automobile Club : Guide and Handbook. London : Royal AutomobileClub, 1973.

;g lanf'kZdk gksVyksa] vkgkj&x`gksa] vfrfFk x`gksa] LokLF; dsUnzksa] xSjkt] iQkeZgkml bR;kfn dhlwpuk iznku djrh gSA fczVsu ,oa fo'o ds vU; ns'kksa esa eksVj }kjk ;k=kk djus ls lacaf/r fooj.kHkh blls izkIr gksrk gSA xyh&dwpksa vkSj lM+dksa dh ;kstuk rFkk muds ekufp=k Hkh blesa fn,x, gSaA

c) Kelly's Post Office. London : 1800. Annual.

bl funsZf'kdk ds eq[; Hkkx esa 'kkldh; dk;kZy;ksa] 'kgjksa] uxjikfydk vf/fu;e bR;kfn dkmYys[k gSA lM+dksa ,oa xfy;ksa ds ekufp=k Hkh fn, x, gSaA O;kikfjd izfr"Bkuksa vkSj O;olkf;;ksadh oxhZÑr rkfydk Hkh nh xbZ gSA bldh lkekU; vuqØef.kdk vR;ar mPp dksfV dh gSA

l) Japan, The Official Guide/ed. by Tourist Industry Bureau, Ministry of Transporta-tion, 1961.

bl i;ZVd lanf'kZdk esa 38 ekxks±] 15 vuqHkkxksa] 62 ekufp=kksa rFkk uxjksa dh :ijs[kk nh xbZgSA bldh vuqØef.kdk mi;ksxh gSA

n) Murray's Handbook for Travellers in India, Burma and Ceylon. 21st ed.London : Murray, 1968.

bl gS.Mcqd esa vusd ekufp=kksa ,oa fofHkUu uxjksa dh iwjh :ijs[kk nh xbZ gSA blds ifjp;kRedHkkx esa ,sfrgkfld fooj.k ds lkFk iz'kklu i¼fr dh lwpuk iznku dh xbZ gSA blesa Hkkjr dsfo"k; esa i;kZIr lwpuk izLrqr dh xbZ gSA lwpuk dks ;k=kk ekxks± ds vuqlkj O;ofLFkr fd;k x;kgSA vuqØef.kdk Hkh mÙke gSA

i) Tourist Guide. India. egRoiw.kZ n'kZuh; LFkyksa ds fy, i`Fkd~&i`Fkd~ izdkf'kr lanf'kZdk,¡@Department of Tourism. Delhi : Manager of Publications (izk;% izdkf'kr dh tkrh gSA)

iQ) All India Hotel and Restaurant Guide. New Delhi : Federation of Hotels andRestaurant Association of India and Department of Tourism-India (vfu;fer :ils la'kksf/r)A

c) Hill Resorts of India/ India, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. New Delhi: Publication Division, 1961.

Hk) Motorists India Guide : Calcutta : Dipti Printing and Binding Works, 1969. 2 Vols.

7- HkkSxksfyd lwpuk lzksrksa ds p;u ds midj.k

vusd izdkj ds HkkSxksfyd lwpuk lzksrksa] mudh mi;ksfxrk] vkSj ewY;kadu dk vè;;u djus ds i'pkr~;g vko';d vkSj ykHknk;d fl¼ gksxk ;fn ge muds p;u ds fy, dqN egRoiw.kZ ,oa lwpukiznmidj.kksa ;k lzksrksa ls Hkh lqifjfpr gks tk,¡A ;gk¡ buesa ls dqN dk la{ksi esa o.kZu fd;k x;k gS %

v) International Maps and Atlases in Print/K.L. Winch, 2nd ed. London : Bowker& Standford, 1976.

NOTES


217

HkkSxksfyd lzksrfo'o esa izdkf'kr leLr ekufp=k xazFkekykvksa] xzaFkkofy;ksa rFkk ekufp=kkofy;ksa dks blesalfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA bldh izfof"V;ksa esa iw.kZ xzaFkkRed fooj.k fn;k x;k gS vkSj mudkO;oLFkkiu egkns'kksa vkSj ns'kksa ds vuqlkj ;w Mh lh (UDC) oxhZdj.k iz.kkyh ds vk/kj ijoxhZÑr vuqØe esa fd;k x;k gSA O;kikfjd <ax ls foØ; gsrq lqyHk izfr:iksa vkSj fo"k;xrekufp=kksa dks Hkh blesa lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA

c) New Geographical Literature and Maps. London : Royal Geographical Society.

(v/Zokf"kZd)A

blds izR;sd vad ds Hkkx 2 esa jkW;y ft;ksxzkfiQdy lkslkbVh ds ekufp=k&vkxkj esauo&vfèkxzghr ekufp=kksa] pkVks±] xtsfV;jksa vkSj ekufp=kkofy;ksa dks rkfydkc¼ fd;k tkrk gSAizfof"V;ksa esa iw.kZ xzaFkkRed fooj.kksa dk mYys[k fd;k tkrk gSA O;oLFkkiu egkns'kkas ds vuqlkjo.kkZuqØe esa fd;k tkrk gSA

l) Current Geographical Publications. American Geographical Society. 10 vadizfro"kZA

blesa lHkh izdkj ds HkkSxksfyd lzksrksa dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA ;g rhu eq[; Hkkxksa esafoHkDr gSA blesa ekufp=kksa dks vesfjdu ftvksxzkfiQdy lkslkbVh (American GeographicalSociety) dh ekufp=k oxhZdj.k i¼fr ds vuqlkj O;ofLFkr fd;k x;k gS tks {ks=kiQy ijvkèkkfjr gSA fo'o ds fofo/ izdkj ds O;kikfjd izdk'kdksa vkSj laLFkkuksa }kjk fo'kky la[;kesa izdkf'kr ekufp=kksa dks blesa rkfydkc¼ fd;k tkrk gSA fofHkUu {ks=kksa ds ekufp=kksa dsizdk'kdksa dh lwfp;ksa rFkk fofHkUu vf/Ñr jk"Vªh; losZ{k.kksa dh foØ;&foojf.kdkvksa dks Hkhbl lkef;dh esa lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA

n) Catalogue of Printed Maps, Charts and Plans. British Library. London : BritishMuseum. 15 Vols. Ten year Supplement, 1965-74, 1978.

blesa O;oLFkkiu LFkkuksa ,oa {ks=kksa ds ukeksa ds vuqlkj o.kkZuqØfed gSA izR;sd izfof"V ds lkFklaf{kIr fVIi.kh nh xbZ gSA nks nl o"khZ; iwjdksa] tks 1965-74 rFkk 1975-1988 rd dh vof/ds gSa] dks Hkh izdkf'kr fd;k x;k gSA fn~orh; iwjd dh vk[;k Catalogue of Carto-graphic Material in the British Library gS tks ekbØksfiQ'k ds :i esa Hkh lqyHk gSA

i) Index to Maps in Books and Periodicals. American Geographical Society. Boston,Massachusetts : G.K. Hall, 1967. 10 Vols. Supplements, 1971.

bl vuqØef.kdk esa 1,76,000 izfof"V;k¡ gSa ftUgsa vkuqof.kZd Øe esa fo"k;kuqlkj vkSj HkkSxksfyd{ks=kksa ds vk/kj ij O;ofLFkr fd;k x;k gSA ekufp=kksa dh vk[;k ,oa iSekus mn~/j.k lfgr fn,x, gSa] (ftl iqLrd ;k vkys[k esa lacaf/r ekufp=k izdkf'kr gqvk mldk iw.kZ mn~/j.k)A lu~1971, 1976, 1987 esa vuqØef.kdk ds rhu iwjd Hkh izdkf'kr fd, x, ftlls blesa lu~1986 rd dh vn~;ru lwpuk feyrh gSA

iQ) Guide of Atlases, World, Regional, National, Thematic : An International Listingof Atlases Published since 1950/G.L. Alexander. Metuchen : N.J. : ScarecrowPress, 1971.

blesa 6,556 izfof"V;k¡ gSa ftUgsa pkj lewgksa esa foHkDr fd;k x;k gS& dkyØekuqlkj fo'o dhekufp=kkofy;k¡& 1950-70; fo"k;xr ekufp=kkofy;k¡ (A-Z)A ;fn ekufp=kkofy;k¡ nks vFkok

NOTES



218

vf/d LFkkuksa ij fpf=kr dh xbZ gSa] rks mudh izfof"V;ksa dh iqujko`fÙk Hkh dh xbZ gSA izdk'kdksa]Hkk"kkvksa] ys[kdksa] laikndksa rFkk ekufp=kdkjksa dh vuqØef.kdk Hkh nh xbZ gSA

(Hk) Bibliographic Guide to Maps and Atlases. Boston, Mass : G.K. Hall, 1997.Annual. 2 Vols., since 1986.

U;w;kdZ ifCyd ykbczsjh (Yew York Public Library) rFkk ykbczsjh vkWiQ dkWxzsl (Libraryof Congress) esa izlwphÑr ekufp=kksa rFkk ekufp=kkofy;ksa dh ;g lwph gSA

(e) British Library, Catalogue of Cartographic Materials in the British Library,195-1988/ed. by Winch, Kenneth. London : Bowker-Saur, 1989. 3 Vols.

(;) International Maps and Atlases in Print. 2nd ed. London : Bowker, 1976.


4- ;k=kk&lanf'kZdkvksa dh mi;ksfxrk ij izdk'k Mkfy,A

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8- lkj&la{ksi

lkekftd foKkuksa ds varxZr Hkwxksy ,d egRoiw.kZ fo"k; gSA fo'o esa bl fo"k; ls lacaf/r egRoiw.kZlwpuk ,oa lanHkZ lzksrksa ds lcy ladyu dk fuekZ.k djuk iqLrdky;ksa dk ,d vfuok;Z mÙkjnkf;RogS % ekufp=k] ekufp=kkofy;k¡] Xyksc] xtsfV;j vkSj Hkze.k ,oa i;ZVu lanf'kZdkvksa dk lokZfèkdmi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

bu midj.kksa dk mi;ksx fo'ks"kKksa ,oa lkekU; ikBdksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA bl bdkbZ esa budhlksnkgj.k ppkZ dh xbZ gS rFkk buds ewY;kadu ls lacaf/r vusd rRoksa dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA

lanHkZ ,oa lwpuk esa buds egRo ,oa mi;ksx dh n`f"V ls buds p;u ds fy, dqN egRoiw.kZ lzksrksavFkok midj.kksa dh ppkZ Hkh dh xbZ gSA

9- Lo&izxfr ijh{k.k iz'ukas ds mÙkj

1- LFkykÑfrd ekufp=kksa ,oa fo"k;xr ekufp=kksa dk mi;ksx O;kolkf;d yksxksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gSAdsUnzh; ,oa LFkkuh; 'kklu ds dfeZ;ksa dks iz'kklfud dk;ks± ds fy, budh vko';drk gksrhgS& tSls uxj ,oa ns'k ds fu;kstu bR;kfn ds fy,A O;kikfjd ,oa vkS|ksfxd izfr"Bkuksa }kjk budhvko';drk ifjogu] vkokxeu] dkj[kkuksa ,oa m|ksxksa dh LFkkiuk ,oa lapkyu] laxzg.k ,oadk;kZy;ksa dh LFkkiuk dh n`f"V ls gksrh gSA Nk=kksa] 'kksèkkfFkZ;ksa] HkwxksyosÙkkvksa] bfrgklksa bR;kfn dksbudh vko';drk Hkwxksy] bfrgkl] HkwfoKku] tula[;k] Hkw[k.Mksa ds mi;ksx] iqjkrRo] izkÑfrdo.kZu bR;kfn ls lacaf/r lwpuk dks izkIr djus ds fy, gksrh gSA

2- LFkykÑfrd fp=kkadu dk vfHkizk; ml fof/ ls gksrk gS ftlls izkÑfrd fo'ks"krkvksa vkSjÅ¡pkbZ&uhpkbZ ds vUrj dks Li"V fd;k tkrk gS& tSls ufn;k¡] igkM+] eSnkuh Hkkx] ouLifr;k¡

NOTES


219

HkkSxksfyd lzksrbR;kfnA Å¡pkbZ dks mHkjh gqbZ js[kkvksa ls fn[kk;k tkrk gSA bl fof/ esa /jkry ds mu fcUnqvksadks tksM+ fn;k tkrk gS ftudh Å¡pkbZ leku gksrh gSA jaxksa dh vusd ijrksa rFkk vkHkk dk mi;ksxleqnz&Lrj ds uhps dh xgjkbZ rFkk Åij dh Å¡pkbZ dks vfHkO;Dr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrkgSA bls js[kkPNknu dh fof/ (hachures), ftlesa <ykuksa ds nqjkjksg (steepness of slopes)rFkk mudh fn'kk dks n'kkZus ds fy, NksVh js[kkvksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] }kjk Hkh n'kkZ;ktk ldrk gSA

3- fdlh tuin vFkok 'kgj bR;kfn LFkkuksa dh fo'oluh;rk] foLr`r ,oa izkekf.kd lwpuk izk;%xtsfV;jksa ls gh izkir dh tkrh gSA budk la'kks/u ekufp=kkofy;ksa dh rqyuk esa vf/d foyEcls fd;k tkrk gSA vr% uohure lwpuk dh n`f"V ls budh mikns;rk ,oa mi;qDrrk de gksusyxrh gSA ,d lanHkZ lzksr ds :i esa xtsfV;j ls fdlh ns'k rFkk mlds fofHkUu LFkkuksa dh,sfrgkfld] lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd] jktuhfrd] vkS|ksfxd] tulkaf[;dh;] rFkk iz'kklfudtkudkjh izkIr gksrh gSA ,d Rofjr lanHkZ lzksr ds :i esa xtsfV;j viuk fo'ks"k egRo j[krs gSaA

4- ;k=kk lanf'kZdkvksa dh mi;ksfxrk mu yksxksa ds fy, vf/d gS tks vius ns'k vFkok fo'o ds vU;ns'kksa ,oa LFkyksa dk Hkze.k djuk pkgrs gSaA bu lanf'kZdkvksa ls mudh ;k=kk lq[kn] lqfo/ktud vkSjvkuUnnk;d gks tkrh gS D;ksafd mUgsa LFkkuksa dh iw.kZ tkudkjh ,oa fo'ks"krkvksa dh lwpuk izkIr gkstkrh gSA lHkh egRoiw.kZ i;ZVu ,oa ;k=kk lanf'kZdkvksa esa ,sfrgkfld LFkyksa] laxzgky;ksa rFkk laLÑfr]lH;rk ds LFkyksa] ftUgsa ns[kuk vkSj tgk¡ tkuk euksgkjh gksrk gS] ds ckjs esa iw.kZ lwpuk gksrh gSA buesa;k=kk ds ekxks± ,oa lk/uksa] ;k=kk dh vU; lqfo/kvksa rFkk le; lkj.kh bR;kfn dh lwpuk fufgr gksrhgSA lk;adky dk Hkkstu dgk¡ izkIr gks ldrk gS vkSj fdl izdkj dh oLrqvksa dk Ø; fd;k tkldrk gS] dh lwpuk Hkh ;k=kk lanf'kZdkvksa ls lgt esa lqyHk gks tkrh gSA

10- eq[; 'kCnmRdh.kZu (Engraving) % og dyk vFkok izfØ;k ftlesa v{kjksa vFkok vfHkys[kksa@ fp=kksa dks

dk"B] /krqvksa vFkok vU; inkFkks± ij mRdh.kZ dj] dkVdj vFkok[kksndj izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA

xtsfV;j (Gaxetteer) % lkoZtfud ?kVukvksa dk ,d vfHkys[k ftls le;≤ ij izdkf'krfd;k tkrk gSA bldk izdk'ku 'kklu }kjk fd;k tkrk gS vkSj ;gvf/Ñr lwpuk] fu.kZ;ksa] vFkok oDrO;ksa dh vfHkO;fDr djrk gSA

fxzM (Grid) % fdlh ^izkstsD'ku* ij LFkkuksa dh nwfj;ksa dks ukius dh iz.kkyhAifjos'k (Contours) % fdlh ekufp=k esa leqnz lrg ls ,d gh Å¡pkbZ ds LFkkuksa dks

,d&nwljs ls tksM+us dh js[kkvksa dks dUVwj vFkok ifjos'k js[kk dgrsgSaA ifjos'k js[kkvksa ds chp ds varjky dks& ekufp=k ds Ldsy dsvk/kj ij& 50 ls ysdj gtkj iqQV dh Å¡pkbZ iznf'kZr fd;k tkrkgSA izkÑfrd ;k HkkSfrd ekufp=kksa esa ifjos'k js[kkvksa ds eè; ds {ks=kksadks izk;% fofHkUu jaxksa esa iznf'kZr fd;k tkrk gSA

iSekuk (Scale) % okLrqdyk] fp=kkadu] ekufp=k] Xyksc] uewuksa vFkok ÅèokZèkj Hkkx dsÅij nwjh dk i`Foh ds /jkry ij okLrfod nwjh ds lkFk vuqikrA

izkstsD'ku % i`Foh ds Hkkx vFkok laiw.kZ i`Foh] tks lery ugha gS] dks fdlh(Projection) lery lrg ij izLrqr ,oa fp=kkafdr djus ds fy, ekufp=kdkjksa

}kjk iz;qDr fof/A

NOTES



220

js[kkPNknu % fdlh ekufp=k ij iz;qDr ÅèokZ/j vkSj {kSfrt js[kk,¡ ftUgsa i`Foh ds

(Hachures) /jkry ij nwjh ,oa fudVrk dh fn'kk vkSj Å¡pkbZ dh fn'kk vkSj <ykodks Li"V djus ds fy, mi;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gSA os js[kk,¡ tks ,d lkFklfUudV gks tkrh gS muls rsth ls <yko Li"V gksrk gSA

fyI;Urj.k % ,d fyfi ds 'kCnksa ;k v{kjksa dks nwljh fyfi ds v{kjkas esa fy[kukA(Transliteration) mnkgj.kkFkZ nsoukxjh esa fy[ks x, 'kCn vej* dk fyI;Urj.k jkseu

fyfi esa 'AMAR' fd;k tk ldrk gSA

11- vH;kl&iz'u1. jk"Vªh; ekufp=kksa ,oa ekufp=kkofy;ksa dh mnkgj.k lfgr foospuk dhft,A

2. ,sfrgkfld ekufp=kkoyh ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ budh mi;ksfxrk dk o.kZu dhft,A

3. xtsfV;j ds fofHkUu izdkjksa dk mnkgj.k lfgr foospu dhft,A

4. ;k=kk lanf'kZdk dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, bldh mi;ksfxrk dk o.kZu dhft,A

5. HkkSxksfyd lwpuk lzksrksa ds p;u ds midj.kksa dh foLr`r O;k[;k dhft,A

12- lanHkZ&xzaFk lwphHiggen, Gavin (1980). Printed Reference Material. New Delhi : Oxford and IBH.Chapter 10. pp. 229-254.Krishan Kumar (1996). Reference Service. 5th ed. New Delhi : Vikas.

Katz, William A. (1992). Introduction to Reference Work. Vol. 1. : Basic InformationSources.

NOTES


221

thoupfjr Ïksr


1- vè;;u ds mís';

2- ifjp;

3- thoupfjr % ifjHkk"kk ,oa fo"k;&foLrkj

3.1 ifjHkk"kk

3.2 fo"k;&foLrkj

3.3 thoupfjr lwpuk Ïksrksa }kjk iz'uksa ds mÙkj

4. thou pfjr lwpuk Ïksrksa ds izdkj

4.1 lkef;d thoupfjr lwpuk Ïksr

4.2 iwoZO;kih thoupfjr lwpuk Ïksr

4.3 vuqØef.kdk ds izdkj ds thoupfjr lwpuk Ïksr

5. thou lwpuk Ïksrksa dk ewY;kadu

6. thoupfjr dh xazFkkRed lanf'kZdk,¡


8- lkj&la{ksi


10- eq[; 'kCn

11- vH;kl&iz'u


thoupfjr Ïksr

vè;k;&11

NOTES



222

1- vè;;u ds mís';

vè;k; 10 esa geus HkkSxksfyd lwpuk Ïksrksa dh ppkZ dh gSA bl vè;k; esa ge thoupfjr lwpuk Ïksrksadk o.kZu djsaxsA

bl vè;k; dk vè;;u djus ds i'pkr vki brus l{ke gks tk;saxs fd %

● thoupfjr lwpuk Ïksrksa dk D;k vfHkizk; gS bls le> ldsa_

● fofHkUu izdkj ds thoupfjr lwpuk Ïksrksa dk mYys[k dj ldsa_

● lwpuk Ïksrksa ds ewY;kadu ds fy, fofo/ vfHky{k.kksa dh O;k[;k dj ldsa_

● thoupfjr lwpuk Ïksrksa dh dqN egRoiw.kZ xzaFkkRed lanf'kZdkvksa ds mnkgj.k ns ldsa_ rFkk

● thoupfjr lwpuk ,oa lanHkZ lsok dk vk;kstu djus ls lacaf/r izfØ;kvksa dh O;k[;k dj ldsaA

2. ifjp;

ekuo ds fØ;kdyki ds fdlh Hkh {ks=k esa ;fn fdlh O;fDr fo'ks"k us vFkok vusd O;fDr;ksa usegRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku iznku fd;k gS vFkok fo'ks"k mYys[kuh; miyfC/;ksa dks vftZr fd;k gS rks ,slsO;fDr;ksa dh thouh iqLrdky;ksa esa izkIr djus yksx izk;% vkrs gSaA fdlh O;fDr dh fdlh izeq[kiz'kklfud] U;kf;d bR;kfn in ij fu;qfDr dh ?kks"k.kk] fdlh fo'ks"k lEeku vFkok iqjLdkj feyusdh ?kks"k.kk] fdlh eap ij ;k fdlh [ksy&dwn ds {ks=k esa fof'k"V miyfC/ dh ?kks"k.kk gksus ij yksxksads efLr"d esa mlds fo"k; esa dqN vf/d tkuus dh mRlqdrrk mRiUu gksrh gSA dHkh&dHkh dksbZo;kso`¼ ,oa foLe`r O;fDr ,dk,d viuh fdlh miyfC/ ds dkj.k vkdZ"k.k dk dsUæ cu tkrk gSvkSj mlds fo"k; esa tkuus dh ftKklk yksxksa esa mRiUu gks tkrh gSA fdlh fo"k; fo'ks"k ds fo[;krfo'ks"kK ,oa ew/ZU; fo}ku ,oa izfrf"Br O;fDr ds thou o`rkUr ,oa ;ksxnkuksa dh Hkh vko';drk fdlhvkys[k dks iw.kZ djus vFkok mlds fo"k; esa dksbZ O;k[;ku nsus ds fy, gksrh gSA vuqla/ku dk;Z esalanHkks± ds fy, vFkok jsfM;ks ds fdlh okrkZyki ds fy, Hkh ,sls O;fDr;ksa ds thoupfjr dh lwpukdh vko';drk gksrh gSA 'kS{kf.kd laLFkkuksa] lkekftd lHkkvksa ,oa cSBdksa esa Hkk"k.k nsus okys vkeaf=krO;fDr;ksa dh thouh muds ifjp; ds fy, vko';d gksrh gS ftlls Jksrkx.k muls ifjfpr gks ldsavkSj muds ;ksxnku dks tku ldsaA

vr% fdlh Hkh iqLrdky; ds lanHkZ ladyu esa thoupfjr lwpuk Ïksrksa dk mÙke ladyu vko';dgksrk gSA blls lanHkZ ,oa lwpuk lsok esa cM+h lgk;rk izkIr gksrh gSA ,sls lwpuk Ïksrksa ls ifjfpr gksukvkSj muds fo"k;&{ks=k dk iw.kZ Kku gksuk iqLrdky; ,oa lwpuk foKku ds izf'k{k.k dk ,d vko';dfgLlk gSA

3. thoupfjr % ifjHkk"kk ,oa fo"k;&foLrkj

3.1 ifjHkk"kk

thoupfj=k ;k thouh ls lacaf/r iqLrdsa nks dksfV;ksa esa j[kh tk ldrh gSaμ (i) O;fDrxr thoupfjr]vkSj (ii) lkewfgd thouhA iqLrdky;kè;{k ds :i esa gekjk vf/d laca/ lkewfgd thofu;ksa ls gksrkgSA lkewfgd thofu;ksa dks vusd ukeksa ls tkuk tkrk gSA buesa lokZf/d yksdfiz; gS μ ¶thoujfprdks'k¸ (Biographical Dictionary) vkSj ¶dkSu&dkSu gS\¸ (Who's Who?) gSaA ,slh lanHkZ dhÑfr;k¡ dHkh&dHkh funsZf'[email protected]@fo'odks'k (Directory/Handbook/Encyclopaedia) bR;kfnvk[;kvksa ds varxZr Hkh izdkf'kr gksrh gSa] tSlsμ "Artist's Directory; handbook of InformationScientists and Librarians in India; McGraw-Hill Encyclopaedia of World Biography"A

NOTES


223

thoupfjr Ïksr;|fi ,slh iqLrdsa vius esa iw.kZ gksrh gSa] ysfdu dHkh&dHkh 'kCndks'kksa vFkok funsZf'kdkvksa ds ,dHkkx ds :i esa Hkh izdkf'kr dh tkrh gSaA mnkgj.kkFkZ Times of India Directory and Who's Who,ftldk izdk'ku vc can gks pqdk gSA dqN ekud 'kCndks'kksa rFkk fo'odks'kksa esa n'kZu'kkL=k] /eZ'kkL=k]lkfgR; vFkok ikSjkf.kd xkFkkvksa ls lacaf/r vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ O;fDr;ksa dk laf{kIr o.kZu gksrk gSA blvè;k; esa ge ek=k mUgha Ïksrksa dk o.kZu djsaxs tks iw.kZ:i ls thou pfjrksa rd gh lhfer gSa vkSj ftUgsathoupfjr dks'k dgk tkrk gSA tSlk fd blds uke ls gh ifjyf{kr gksrk gS] thoupfjr dks'k ,slhiqLrd gS tks thoupfjr ds fy, lanHkZ Ñfr gksrh gS vFkok tks fdlh O;fDr@O;fDr;ksa ds tUe] e`R;q]ekrk&firk] f'k{kk] thou dh miyfC/;ksa] fof'k"V {ks=kksa esa ;ksxnku] yksdfiz; vkSj fo[;kr O;fDr;ksadh izdkf'kr Ñfr;ksa bR;kfn dh lwpuk iznku djrh gSA budh O;oLFkkiu i¼fr O;fDr;ksa ds ukeksavFkok dqyukeksa ds varxZr o.kkZuqØe esa gksrh gSA

gjksM~l Xykljh vkWiQ ykbczsjh ,.M baiQkesZ'ku lkbal (Harrods Glossary of Library and Informa-tion Science) esa thoupfjr dks'k dks bl izdkj ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gS % ¶vkuqof.kZd Øe esaO;ofLFkr yksxksa dk lkewfg thou o`ÙkkUr¸A

ysfoal 'kkslZ (Lewis Shores) ds vuqlkj ¶thoupfjr dks'k fo[;kr ,oa yksdfiz; O;fDr;ksa dh ,dfunsZf'kdk gksrh gS] izk;% dqyukeksa ds vuqlkj o.kkZuqØe esa O;ofLFkr gksrh gS] thoupfjr vfHkKku dsfooj.k ls ;qDr gksrh gS vkSj ftlesa laf{kIr fooj.k ls ysdj foLr`r o.kZu gksrk gSA¸

3.2 fo"k;&foLrkj

fofHkUu thoupfjr dks'kksa esa muds fo"k;&foLrkj dh n`f"V ls i;kZIr fHkUurk gksrh gSA buesa dqNlwpukRed gksrs gSa vkSj buesa lacaf/r O;fDr ds thou dk dsoy rF;kRed fooj.k gksrk gSA nwljs izdkjdh Ñfr;ksa esa lacaf/r O;fDr;ksa ds thou o`ÙkkUr ds fooj.k esa Hkh fHkUurk gksrh gS rFkk o.kZu dhek=kk ,oa foLrkj esa vUrj gksrk gSA tks O;fDr vR;f/d fo[;kr ,oa egRoiw.kZ gksrs gSa mudk thouo`ÙkkUr vf/d foLr`r gksrk gS vkSj mudh rqyuk esa de yksdfiz; O;fDr;ksa dk thou fooj.kvYiek=kk esa fn;k x;k gksrk gSA fdUgha&fdUgha fLFkfr;ksa esa vR;Ur fo[;kr O;fDr;ksa dk thoupfjrHkh cgqr gh laf{kIr gksrk gS D;ksafd muds fo"k; esa fo'oluh; lwpuk lfoLrkj lqyHk ugha gksrhAthoupfjr ds foLrkj esa fHkUurk ds vfrfjDr thoupfjr dks'kksa esa le;kuqlkj] HkkSxksfyd {ks=kkuqlkj]fo"k;kuqlkj] dk;Z{ks=k ds vuqlkj Hkh fHkUurk gksrh gSA

3.3 thoupfjr lwpuk Ïksrksa }kjk iz'uksa ds mÙkj

thoupfjr lwpuk Ïksrksa dh lgk;rk ls fuEukafdr izdkj ds iz'uksa dk mÙkj iznku fd;k tk ldrk gSμ

(i) fdlh Hkh izeq[k ,oa fo[;kr O;fDr dk iwjk uke] Nn~euke bR;kfn_

(ii) tUe ,oa ej.k frfFk;k¡ rFkk tUe&LFkku_

(iii) f'k{kk_

(iv) laLFkkvksa dh lsok rFkk vof/] lsokdky] inksa dks lq'kksfHkr djus dk fooj.k_

(v) miyfC/;k¡] vkfo"dkj] [kkst bR;kfn_

(vi) iqjLdkj] lEeku bR;kfn] mudh izkfIr dk o"kZ rFkk fdl fy, fn, x,_

(vii) Ñfr;k¡ rFkk mudk izdk'ku_

(viii) O;kolkf;d lac¼rk_

(ix) orZeku irk] nwjHkk"k la[;k bR;kfn_

(x) ikfjokfjd fooj.k (iRuh] iq=k] iqf=k;k¡) bR;kfnA

NOTES



224

4. thoupfjr lwpuk Ïksrksa ds izdkj

thoupfjr dks'kksa dks fdlh ,d izdkj ds vfHky{k.k ds vk/kj ij vFkok fdlh le; ;k vof/ds vk/kj ij fofHkUu dksfV;ksa esa j[kk tk ldrk gS] tSls μ

(i) lkef;d thoufpjr lwpuk Ïksr_ vkSj

(ii) iwoZO;kih thoupfjr lwpuk ÏksrA

HkkSxksfyd {ks=kksa ds lekos'k dh n`f"V ls bUgsa fuEukafdr oxks± esa j[kk tk ldrk gS μ

(i) lkoZHkkSfed_

(ii) jk"Vªh;] {ks=kh; vFkok LFkkuh; vFkok laLFkkxrA

thoupfjr dks'kksa dks (i) lkekU;] (ii) fof'k"V vFkok fo"k;xr] (iii) fyax vk/kfjr tSls iq#"k ,oaefgyk,¡] (iv) Hkk"kk&vk/kfjr bR;kfn dksfV;ksa esa Hkh j[kk tk ldrk gSA

iqLrdky;ksa esa miyC/ thoupfjr dks'k buesa fdlh&u&fdlh ls lacaf/r gksrs gSaA fof'k"V lkef;dlkoZHkkSfed thoupfjr dks'kksa dh Hkk¡fr lkekU; lkef;d lkoZHkkSfed thoupfjr dks'k Hkh miyC/gSA blh izdkj iwoZO;kih dks'kksa ds fo"k; esa Hkh ;gh ckr dgh tk ldrh gSA

thoupfjr dks'kksa dk vè;;u nks O;kid dksfV;ksa ds varxZr djuk vf/d lehphu gksxk % lkef;dvkSj iwoZO;kihA

4.1 lkef;d thoupfjr lwpuk Ïksr

(d) lkoZHkkSfed&lkekU; Ïksr

(i) Dictionary of International Biography. Cambridgeshire, 1972- Annual.

;g ,d lkekU; lanHkZ Ñfr gS ftlesa 5000 O;fDr;ksa dk thoupfjr (thouh) lfEefyrgSA ;g Ñfr vUrjkZ"Vªh; Lrj dh gS rFkk izR;sd izeq[k O;olk; ,oa fo"k;&{ks=k ls tqM+sO;fDr;ksa dh miyfC/;ksa dh lwpuk iznku djrh gSA

(ii) International Who's Who. London : Europa, 1935-. Annual.

fo'o ds 12000&15000 egRoiw.kZ thfor O;fDr;ksa dk thoupfjr blls izkIr gksrk gSA ;gviuh rjg dk ,d c`gr~ ,oa izkekf.kd lwpuk Ïksr ekuk tkrk gSA

(iii) Current Biography. New York : Wilson, 1940. Monthly. (except Dec.)

;|fi bldk foLrkj {ks=k vUrjkZ"Vªh; ekuk tkrk gS rFkkfi blesa fuf'pr :i ls vesfjdhiwokZxzg gS vkSj vesfjdk ls lacaf/r fof'k"V O;fDr;ksa dks vf/d LFkku fn;k x;k gSA bldkokf"kZd lap;h vad Current Biography Yearbook dh vk[;k ls izdkf'kr gksrk gS ftlesa150&200 vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;fDrRo okys O;fDr;ksa dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA izR;sd 10 o"kZesa bl 'kCndks'k dh ,d lap;h vuqØef.kdk Hkh izdkf'kr dh tkrh gSA

(iv) Who;s Who in the World. Chicago : Marquis, 1971-72-. Biennial.

;g International Who's Who ds leku gh c`gr gS vkSj blesa 25000 O;fDr;ksa dkthoupfjr lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA

NOTES


225

thoupfjr Ïksr([k) lkoZHkkSfed&fof'k"V@fo"k;ijd Ïksr

(i) World Military Leaders/ed. by Paul Martell and Grace P. Hayes. New York :Bowker, 1974.

fo'o ds leLr ns'kksa ds lSU; izfr"Bkuksa esa ofj"B in ij vklhu lSfud ,oa vlSfudinkfèkdkfj;ksa dh thouh blesa nh xbZ gSA

(ii) International Who's Who of Professional and Business Women. Soham : MelrosePress, 1989-. Annual.

blesa fofHkUu {ks=kksa dh 5000 ls vf/d ofj"B efgykvksa dh thouh nh xbZ gS] tsls % lkaln]vf/'kklh] ysf[kdk,¡] vfHkusf=k;k¡A ns'k rFkk vkthfodk ds vuqlkj vuqØef.kdk Hkh nh xbZgSA

(iii) People in Power : A Loose Leaf Who's Who of the World Statesmen, PoliticalLeaders and Cabiner Members. Essex : Longman.

;g ,d [kqys i`"Bksa dh funsZf'kdk gS ftls izR;sd nks eghus esa v|ru fd;k tkrk gSA okf"kZd'kqYd nsdj bls izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA bldk izdk'kd ,d fo[;kr O;kolkf;d izfr"BkugS tks Keesing's Record of World Events dk Hkh izdk'kd gSA

(iv) Contemporary Authors : A Bio-Bibliographical Guide to Current Authors andtheir Works. Detroit : Gale Research, 1962-. Annual.

orZeku ys[kdksa] ekufodh] lkekftd foKkuksa rFkk foKku ds {ks=k esa ys[kdh; ;ksxnku nsusokys dk thoupfjr blesa lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA

(v) International Authors and Writers Who's Who. Soham : Melrose Press, 1978-.Annual

bl thoupfjr Ïksr esa ;g nkok fd;k x;k gS fd ;g ,dek=k lanHkZ Ïksr gS ftlesamiU;kldkjksa] ukVddkjksa] lekpkj&i=kksa ds ys[kdksa] i=kdkjksa] dfo;ksa rFkk vkykspdksa dkthou o`ÙkkUr lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA blesa 8000 thoupfjr izfof"V;k¡ gSaA blds dqNlaLdj.kksa esa lkfgfR;d ,tsfUl;ksa vkSj lkfgfR;d ifj"knksa ds ifjf'k"V Hkh lfEefyr fd, x,gSaA

(x) jk"Vªh;] {ks=kh;] LFkkuh; thoupfjr Ïksr

jk"Vªh; lkekU; Ïksr

(i) India Who's Who. New Delhi : INFA, 1970-. Annual.

;g Hkkjr esa izdkf'kr ,d vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ lkekU; thoupfjr Ïksr gSA blesa vusd {ks=kksads izeq[k ,oa fo[;kr O;fDr;ksa dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA blesa 5000 O;fDr;ksa dklaf{kIr thoupfjr fn;k x;k gS tks vusd {ks=kksaμ 'kklu] jktuhfr] 'kkldh; lsok] O;kikj]foÙk] f'k{kk] dyk] foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh bR;kfn ls lacaf/r gSA izfro"kZ yxHkx bruh la[;kesa O;fDr;ksa dk thoupfjr o`ÙkkUr blesa fn;k tkrk gSA izfof"V;ksa dks fo"k;kuqlkj o.kkZuqØeesa O;ofLFkr fd;k x;k gSA rhu o"kks± rd lrr~ :i ls ftu izfof"V;ksa dh iqf"V lacaf/rO;fDr;ksa }kjk ugha dh tkrh gS mu izfof"V;ksa dks vxys laLdj.k [kaM eas lfEefyr ughafd;k tkrk gSA iqLrd ds var esa o.kkZuqØe vuqØef.kdk Hkh nh xbZ gSA

NOTES



226

(ii) Who's Who's in America : A Biographical Dictionary of Notable Living Menand Women. Chiago : Marquis, 1899-. Biennial.

vesfjdk ds bl lkef;d thoupfjr dks'k dks ,d ekud ,oa Lrjh; thoupfjr dks'k ekuktkrk gSA ;g f}okf"kZd izdk'ku gSA bl Ñfr ds izdk'kd }kjk vusd iwjd [kaMksa dk Hkhizdk'ku fd;k tkrk gSA tSls μ Who was Who in America; Geographic Index; andProfessional Area Index.

(iii) Who's Who : An Annual Biographical Dictionary with which is incorporated"Men and Women of the Time". London : Black, 1948-. Annual.

vusd izeq[k {ks=kksa ds izeq[k O;fDr;ksa dk ;g ,d thoupfjr dks'k gSA ;|fi izeq[kr% fczfV'kjk"Vªh;rk ds yksxksa dks blesa ojh;rk iznku dh tkrh gS] rFkkfi blesa vU; jk"Vªksa ds izeq[kO;fDr;ksa dks Hkh lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA

ledkyhu yksxksa dk thou o`ÙkkUr iznku djus ds fy, fo'o ds vf/dka'k ns'kksa esa ,dvFkok vf/d ,slh lanHkZ Ñfr;ksa dk izdk'ku fd;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj ds izdk'kuksa dhifjikVh f}rh; fo'o;q¼ ds i'pkr izkjaHk gqbZA

(iv) Hkkjrh; O;fDrdks'k@la- Hkxor 'kj.k mikè;k;] ubZ fnYyh % vk;Z] 1986-

(v) Reference India. V. I. Biographical Notes on Men and Women of Achieve-ments of Today and Tomorrow. Delhi : Ritacimento, 1992.

(?k) jk"Vªh;&fof'k"V@fo"k; Ïksr

(i) Artist Directory. New Delhi : Lalit Kala Academy, 1981.

blesa vusd izdkj ds dykdkjksa&fp=kdkjksa] urZdksa] laxhrKksa] iQksVksxzkiQjksa bR;kfn dkslfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA

(ii) Directory of Indian Women Today/ed. by Ajeet and Alpana Cour. New Delhi :Indian International Pub., 1976.

(iii) lkfgR;dks'k % 2500 lkfgR;dkjksa] ys[kdksa vkSj i=kdkjksa dk ifjp;@la- vks- ih- 'kekZ ,oaÑ".k eqjkjhA ubZ fnYyhA lkfgR; lekjksg] 1973A

(iv) Lok Sabha Who's Who. New Delhi : Lok Sabha Secretariat. Annual.

;g yksdlHkh ds mu lkalnksa dk thoupfjr Ïksr gS ftUgksaus Lo;a vius thou o`ÙkkUr dhlwpuk iznku dh gSA blesa muds lalnh; {ks=k dh rkfydk Hkh nh xbZ gSA

(v) Rajya Sabha Who's Who. New Delhi : Rajya Sabha Secretariat.

bldk izdk'ku izR;sd nks o"kZ ckn fd;k tkrk gS tc jkT; lHkh esa ifjorZu gksrk gSA

(vi) American Men and Women of Physical and Biological Sciences. 17th ed. newYork : R. R. Bowker, 1989. 8 vols.

blesa la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk ,oa dukMk ds yxHkx 1]27]000 oSKkfudksa dh thouh lfEefyrdh xbZ gSA ;g Sci Tech Reference Plus dh vk[;k ls lh Mh&jkse (CD-ROM) :iesa Hkh lqyHk gSA

NOTES


227

thoupfjr Ïksr4.2 iwoZ O;kih thoupfjr lwpuk Ïksr

(d) lkoZHkkSfed&lkekU;

(i) Cambridge Biographical Dictionary/ed. by Magnus Magnusson. Cambridge :Cambridge University Press, 1990.

;g Chamer's Bigraphical Dictionary dk la'kksf/r laLdj.k gS ftldk izFke laLdj.kcgqr igys vFkkZr~ 1897 esa izdkf'kr fd;k x;k FkkA ;g ,d ekud lanHkZ Ïksr ekuk tkrkgSA bldh thouh esa lacaf/r O;fDr ds thou vkSj dk;ks± rFkk Ñfr;ksa dk la{ksi esa o.kZufd;k x;k gSA bl uohu vk[;k esa igys laLdj.k dh rqyuk esa 1@3 vf/d ukeksa dkslfEefyr fd;k x;k gS vkSj bl izdkj ls vf/d foLr`r ,oa v|ru gSA

(ii) McGraw-Hill Encyclopaedia of World Biography. New York : McGraw Hill1973, 12 Vols.

ekstsl (Moses) ls ysdj fuDlu (Nixon) rd dh vof/ ds 5000 pqus gq, O;fDr;ksa dksblesa lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA bls fo'ks"k :i ls vktdy ds ekè;fed fo|ky;ksa ds Nk=kksadh ftKklk dh iwfrZ ds fy, ladfyr ,oa vfHkdfYir fd;k x;k gSA

(iii) Webster's new Biographical Dictionary. Springdale, Mass : Merriam Webster,1988.

dkV~t (Katz) us bls lokZf/d yksdfiz; vkSj iz;qDr thoupfjr dks'k dgk gSA blds 1988ds laLdj.k esa 30]000 thoupfjrksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA

([k) lkoZHkkSfed&fof'k"V fo"k; Ïksr

(i) An Oriental Biographical Dictionary ;g LoxhZ; Fkkel fofy;e csys (ThomasWilliam Beale) }kjk ladfyr lkexzh ij vk/kfjr gS ftls gsujh tktZ dhu (HenryGeorge Keen) us la'kksf/r ,oa ifjof/Zr fd;k FkkA bldk iqueqZfær Hkkjrh; laLdj.k1972 esa izdkf'kr fd;k x;k FkkA

;g ,d lanHkZ Ñfr ds :i esa mu ikBdksa ds fy, mi;ksxh gS tks eè; ,f'k;k] bjku]viQxkfuLrku ,oa Hkkjr ds eè;dkyhu bLyke ds bfrgkl esa vfHk:fp j[krs gSaA dqNizfof"V;ksa esa ek=k ukeksa dk gh mYys[k gS ftuesa vU; fdlh izdkj dh lwpuk ugha nh xbZgSA

(ii) Great Composers, 1300-1900 : A Biographical and Critical Guide/by Daniel Ewen.New York : Wilson, 1966.

blesa ik'pkR; laxhr ds 200 laxhrdkjksa dh thouh nh xbZ gSA

(iii) Hutchinson Dictionary of Scientific Biography. 2nd ed. New York : Oxford :belicon, 1994.

bl thoupfjr dks'k esa 1200 fof'k"V ,oa fo[;kr thfor ,oa fnoaxr oSKkfudksa dh thouhlfEefyr dh xbZ gSA lS¼kafrd vFkok O;kogkfjd {ks=k esa uohu LFkkiukvksa ;k vkfo"dkjksadks tUe nsus okys oSKkfudksa dks izkFkfedrk nh xbZ gSA blesa thoupfjr ds vfrfjDr] foKkudh eq[; fo/kvksa dh lkr dkyØfed leh{kk,¡ vkSj 1800 oSKkfud inksa dh ikfjHkkf"kd'kCnkoyh Hkh nh xbZ gSA

NOTES



228

(iv) Biographical Dictionary of Scientists/ed. by Trevor Williams. 4th ed. HarperCollins, 1994.

bl lanHkZ Ñfr esa 1300 thfor vkSj fnoaxr oSKkfudksa dh thofu;k¡ lfEefyr dh xbZ gSaAdqN ,slh fo'ks"krk,¡ bl dks'k esa lfEefyr dh xbZ gSa tks vU; ,slh Ñfr;ksa esa ugha feyrhgSa] tSls ukscqy iqjLdkj fotsrkvksa dh lkj.khμ 1901&1993_ dkyØekuqlkj oSKkfudksa dhtUefrfFk vkSj ej.k frfFk tks 624 bZ- iw- ls ysdj 1993 rd dh gSA ftu oSKkfudksa dk o.kZulfoLrkj eq[; Hkkx esa ugha fd;k tk ldk gS mUgsa ifjf'k"Vksa esa rkfydkc¼ fd;k x;k gSA

(v) Dictionary of Scientific Biography/ed. by Charles C. Gillispie. N. Y. : Scribner,1970-80. 16 Vols.

blesa lHkh dkyksa vkSj lHkh ns'kksa ds oSKkfudksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA [kaM 15 nks Hkkxksaesa gSμ izFke Hkkx esa mu oSKkfudksa ij vkys[kksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gS ftUgsa lsV esa LFkkuugha fn;k tk ldk gS] Hkkx&2 esa oSKkfud fo"k;ksa ij vkys[kksa dks izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA 16osa[kaM esa iwjs lsV dh vuqØef.kdk nh xbZ gSA

(vi) International Encyclopaedia of Social Science. Vol. 18 Biographical Supplement/ed. by D. E. Sills. N. Y. : Free Press. 1979.

blesa 215 fo[;kr ,oa fof'k"V lekt'kkfL=k;ksa dh thouh nh xbZ gS ftudh eq[; [kaMksa dsladyu ,oa rS;kj djus dh vof/ esa e`R;q gks pqdh gS vFkok ftudk tUe lu~ 1908 rdgks pqdk FkkA bl izdkj blesa fnoaxr vkSj ml vof/ ds thfor lkekftd oSKkfudksa dhthouh lfEefyr dh xbZ gSA

(vii)Women Who Ruled/by Guida Jacksson. Snata barbara, California: ABC-Clio,1990.

;g fo'o dh lHkh 'kkld efgykvksa] 'kklu ra=k dks fu;af=kr djus okyh efgykvksa vkSjoSèkkfud lkezfK;ksa dk ,d lfp=k fo'odks'k gS ftlesa fo'o dh thfor vkSj fnoaxr nksuksaizdkj dh efgykvksa dh thouh izLrqr dh xbZ gSA blesa izkphu dky ls ysdj orZeku ;qxrd dh efgykvksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA

(viii) Who's Who in Economics : A Biographical Dictionary of Major Economists,1700-1986/ed. by Mark Blaug. 2nd ed. Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press, 1986.

bldk izFke laLdj.k 1983 esa izdkf'kr fd;k x;k Fkk ftlesa 397 fnoaxr vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa vkSj674 thfor vFkZ'kkL=k;ksa dh thouh lfEefyr dh xbZ FkhA orZeku laLdj.k esa 1982&1986ds chp fo'ks"k miyfC/;k¡ vftZr djus okys vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA

blds uohu laLdj.k esa lu~ 1982 ls 1986 ds chp [;kfr izkIr djus okys vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksadh thouh Hkh nh xbZ gSA

(x) jk"Vªh;&lkekU; Ïksr

(i) Dictionary of National Biography/ed. by S.P. Sen. Calcutta : Institute of Histori-cal Studies, 1972-74. 4 Vols. and Supplements.

1800-1947 dh vof/ esa lHkh fØ;k&dykiksa ,oa {ks=kksa esa [;kfr izkIr djus okys Hkkjr dsmu izeq[k O;fDr;ksa dk thoupfjr blesa lfEefyr fd;k x;k gS ftUgksaus fofHkUu {ks=kksa esaviuk ;ksxnku fn;k vkSj ns'k esa [;kfr vftZr dhA blesa 350 ;ksxnkudÙkkZvksa }kjk 1400izeq[k O;fDr;ksa dk thou o`rkUr lfEefyr fd;k x;k gS ftuesa ls dqN bl Ñfr dsjpukdky esa thfor Hkh FksA

NOTES


229

thoupfjr Ïksrblds iwjd dk pkj [kaMksa esa izdkf'kr djus dh ;kstuk gS ftlesa 1947 ds ckn [;kfr izkIrizeq[k O;fDr;ksa dh thouh lfEefyr dh tk;sxhA izFke [kaM esa A-D ds o.kZekyk dsO;fDr;ksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gS ftldk laiknu 1986 esa Mk- fugkj jatu js (Dr. NiharRanhan Ray) }kjk fd;k x;kA

(ii) Eminent Indians. Who was Who, 1900-1980. New Delhi : Durga Das, 1985.

20oha lnh ds izkjaHk ls ysdj 1947 rd ds izeq[k ,oa fo[;kr Hkkjrh;ksa dh thofu;ksa dksblesa lfEefyr fd;k x;k gS ftUgksaus ;k rks dksbZ egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk dh vFkok ftUgksausegRoiw.kZ 'kkldh; inksa ,oa lkekftd LFkkuksa dks lq'kksfHkr fd;kA

(iii) National Biographical Dictionary of India/by Jagadish S. Sharma. Delhi : Ster-ling, 1972. bl laiw.kZ Ñfr ds iw.kZr;k laiknu dh vko';drk gSA

(iv) Times of India Directory and Yearbook including Who's Who. Bombay : BennetColeman, 1914-. Annual (lu~ 1986 ds ckn bldk izdk'ku dk;Z can gks pqdk gS)A

;g funsZf'kdk lu~ 1947 rd Indian Yearbook dh vk[;k ds varxZr izdkf'kr gksrh FkhAckn esa bldh vk[;k dks ifjofrZr dj Indian and Pakistan Yearbook and Who'sWho dj fn;k x;kA bl vk[;k ds varxZr izdk'ku lu~ 1953&54 ls izkjaHk gqvk tks 1986rd pyrk jgk vkSj ml o"kZ bldk izdk'ku can dj fn;k x;kA ;|fi blesa thofu;k¡ iw.kZr%p;ukRed ,oa vYi la[;k esa gksrh Fkha ysfdu bldk Who's Who Hkkx vR;Ur egRoiw.kZFkk ftlesa ns'k ds 'kkldksa] 'kkldh; inksa ds ofj"B inkf/dkfj;ksa] mikf/ izkIr O;fDr;ksa ,oam|ksxifr;ksa ds thoupfjr dh lwpuk iznku dh tkrh FkhA

(v) Dictionary of National Biography/ed. by Leslie Stephen and Sidney Lee (re-issue). London : Smith, Elder, 1908-09. 22 Vols.

bldk izFke izdk'ku 63 o.kkZuqØfed fdLrksa esa 1885&1900 dh vof/ esa fd;k x;k FkkAblds izdk'ku dh ;kstuk dk eq[; y{; ¶lHkh tkfr;ksa ds fczfV'k vFkok vkbfj'k mu iq#"kksavFkok efgykvksa] ftUgksaus fdlh Hkh dk;Z{ks=k esa fdlh Hkh izdkj dh fof'k"V miyfC/ vftZrdh] dh thouh dks blesa lfEefyr djuk jgk gSA¸ vaxzsth thoupfjr ds lanHkZ Ïksrksa esa;g jk"Vªh; thoupfjr dks'k (DNB) vR;ar egRoiw.kZ gSA bls izdk'ku dk nkf;Ro ,oavfèkdkj vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izsl dks (Oxford University Press) gLrkarfjr fd;k x;kftlds ckn blds iwjd [kaMksa dk izdk'ku 1920 ls 1980 dh vof/ esa izR;sd n'kd dsfy, gksrk jgkA 1981&1985 dh vof/ ds fy, nks [kaMksa dk izdk'ku 1985 esa fd;k x;krFkk lu~ 1996 esa 1986&90 dh vof/ dk [kaM izdkf'kr fd;k x;kA blds chp 3 [kaMksaesa Concise DNB (1970 rd) Condensed DNB (1975) (1960 rd) vkSj MissingPersons (1992) dk Hkh izdk'ku fd;k x;kA

blds ewy lsV esa 29000 O;fDr;ksa dh thouh lfEefyr dh xbZ Fkh vkSj blds iwjd [kaMksadks feykdj 36000 ls vf/d iq#"kksa ,oa efgykvksa dh thouh izLrqr dh xbZA

blds vfrfjDr ifj'kqf¼;ksa vkSj vfrfjDr thofu;ksa dks yUnu ds bULVhV~;wV vkWiQ fgLVksfjdyfjlpZ ds cqysfVu (Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research) esa izdkf'kr fd;kx;kA 1923&1936 dh vof/ ds fy, ifj'kqf¼;ksa rFkk uohu izfof"V;ksa (vfrfjDr thofu;k¡)dk izdk'ku lap;h [kaM ds :i esa 1966 esa th- ds- gky (G. K. Hall) }kjk fd;k x;kAfczfV'k ,dsMeh (British Academy) us vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izsl (OUP : OxfordUniversity Press) dks laiw.kZ Ñfr;ksa ds uohu laLdj.k (eqfær rFkk bysDVªksfud Lo:iksa esa)izdkf'kr djus gsrq 250]000 ikm.M (Pound) dk vuqnku iznku fd;kA

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230

(vi) Dictionary of American Biography. New York : Scribner, 1928-37. 20 Vols. andIndex.

bl vesfjdu thoupfjr dks'k dk izdk'ku fczVsu ds Mh ,u ch (DNB) dh gh i¼fr ijfd;k x;k gS ftlds ewy lsV esa 13]600 thofu;ksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA blds vUresa gLrk{kfjr vkys[kksa vkSj xzaFklwfp;ksa dks Hkh lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA izR;sd ik¡p o"kZ dsvUrjky ls blds iwjd [kaMksa dk izdk'ku fd;k tkrk gSA lu~ 1988 esa 1966&70 dh vofèkds vkBosa iwjd [kaM dk izdk'ku fd;k x;k FkkA lu~ 1980 esa bldk ,d laf{kIr laLdj.kConcise Dictionary of American Biography dh vk[;k ls izdkf'kr fd;k x;k ftlesaeq[; ewyikB vkSj N% iwjd [kaMksa dk lkj lfEefyr fd;k x;k FkkA vesfjdu dkmfUlyvkWiQ yusZM lkslkbVht (American Council of Learned Societies) us blds la'kks/u gsrq,d ;kstuk rS;kj dh gSA

(vii)Australian dictionary of Biography. Melbourne : Melbourne University Press,1966-83. Vol. 1-9 (dk;Z izxfr ij gS)A Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Toronto:University of Toronto Press. (1966-83) V. 1-5, 9-11 (dk;Z izxfr ij gS) bR;kfnvaxzsth Hkk"kk ds jk"Vªh; iwoZO;kih thoupfjr Ïksrksa ds lkekU; izdkj ds lanHkZ Ïksrksa ds vU;mnkgj.k gSaA


1. thoupfjr dks'k dh ifjHkk"kk nhft,A

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(?k) jk"Vªh;&fof'k"V@fo"k; Ïksr

(i) Dictionary of Japanese Artist. Painting Sculpture, Lacquer Ceramics, Print/byLaurance P. Roberts. New York : Weatherhill, 1976.

blesa 1900 ds iwoZ iSnk gq,] vFkok blds ckn iSnk gq, ijUrq 1972 ds iwoZ fnoaxr dykdkjksadh thouh lfEefyr dh xbZ gSA blesa ikfjHkkf"kd inksa dh laf{kIr inkoyh Hkh nh xbZ gSA

(ii) Biographical Dictionary of American Educators/ed. by Johan F. Ohles. Westport,Conn. : Greenwood Press. 1978. 3 Vols.

bldk mís'; mu fo'ks"kKksa ds mQij thopfjr lwpuk dk ,d Rofjr lwpuk ,oa lanHkZ Ïksriznku djuk gS ftUgksaus vesfjdk dh f'k{kk i¼fr dks uohu Lo:i nsus vkSj bls fodflrrFkk mi;ksxh cukus esa mifuos'kh; dky ls 1976 rd dh vof/ esa viuk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnkufn;kA blesa thfor O;fDr;ksa dks Hkh lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA

(iii) Who's Who of Indian Martyrs/ed. by P.N. Chopra. New Delhi : Ministry ofEducation. 3 Vols.

V.1 – From 1857-1947V.2 – Those killed in French and Portuguese possession in Princely StatesV.3 – Those killed in 1857

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231

thoupfjr Ïksr(iv) Who's Who of Indian Writers/comp. by s. Balu Rao. New Delhi : SahityaAkademi, 1983.

blds iwjd [kaM] ftldk izdk'ku 1990 esa fd;k x;k] dk laiknu ds- lfPpnkuUnu (K.Satchidanandan) us fd;k gSA blds eq[; [kaM esa 6000 thfor ys[kdksa dh thouh izLrqrdh xbZ gS tks 22 Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa esa viuk fo'ks"k LFkku j[krs gSaA iwjd [kaM esa 1800vfrfjDr ukeksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA

4.3 vuqØef.kdk ds izdkj ds thoupfjr lwpuk Ïksr

dqN ,sls Hkh thoupfjr Ïksr gSa tks izeq[kr% iwoZO;kih vkSj lkekftd thoupfjr Ïksrksa dhvuqØef.kdk dk dk;Z djrs gSaA bu lanHkZ izdk'kuksa dk voyksdu djus ls mu Ïksrksa dk vfHkKku izkIrfd;k tk ldrk gS ftuesa thofu;ksa dh foLr`r lwpuk izkIr gks ldrh gSA dqN ,sls mnkgj.kksa dk ;gk¡mYys[k fd;k x;k gS %

(i) Biography and Genealogy Master Index/ed. by Miranda C. Herbert and BararaMc. Neil. Detroit : Gale, 1980. vols.

;g 3]200]000 thoupfjr o`ÙkkUrksa dh ,d c`gr vuqØef.kdk gS tks vius <+ax dh vf}rh;vuqØef.kdk gSA bl vuqØef.kdk esa 350 lkef;d vkSj iwoZO;kih thoupfjr dks'kksa dhlkexzh dks vuqØef.kdkc¼ fd;k x;k gSA blds okf"kZd ,oa lap;h [kaMksa dks izdkf'kr djbls v|ru Hkh j[kk tkrk gSA bldk laf{kIr :ikUrj Hkh ekLVj bUMsDl (Master Index)ds :i esa miyC/ gS ftls Biography Almanac dgrs gSaA bldk ekbØksfiQ'k laLdj.k BioBase ds :i esa miyC/ gSA

(ii) Author Biography Master Detroit : Gale, 1982. 2 vols.

;g ,d c`gr vuqØef.kdk dk mnkgj.k gS tks izeq[k lkfgR;dkjksa dh vuqØe.kh gSA blizdkj dh c`gr vuqØef.kdkvksa ds vU; fof'k"V mnkgj.k gSaμ Index to Scientists of theWorld from Ancient to Modern Times. Boston : Faxon, 1962 rFkk Index to Womenof the World from Ancient to Modern Times/by Norman Olin. Ireland, faxon,1970A buesa ls dqN dks iwjd ,oa fof'k"V ifjf'k"V [kaMksa dks fudkydj v|ru Hkh fd;ktkrk gSA

(iii) Biography Index : A Cummulative Index to Biographical Material in Book andManazines. New York : Wilson, 1947-. Quarterly.

bl thoupfjr vuqØef.kdk esa lHkh izdkj dh thouh dh lkefxz;ksa dks lfEefyr fd;kx;k gS vkSj lkFk gh i=kkofy;ksa] nS;ufUnuh] izkDdFku rFkk thoupfjr Ñfr;ksa ls fHkUuiqLrdksa ds vè;k;ksa dks Hkh lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA thofu;ksa ds losZ{k.k ds fy, blesa1500 if=kdkvksa dk fo'ys"k.k rFkk losZ{k.k fd;k x;k gSA lkef;d egku~ iq#"kksa dsthoupfjr dks izkIr djus ds egRoiw.kZ Ïksr lekpkji=k gksrs gSaA ej.k lans'kksa ds fy, Hkh blsizeq[k Ïksr ekuk tkrk gS ftuls thou ifjp; Hkh izkIr gksrs gSaA ,sls ej.k lans'kksa dh HkhvuqØef.kdk,¡ izdkf'kr dh tkrh gSa tks bl izdkj dh lwpuk ds izeq[k Ïksr gSaA lekpkj i=kksads ej.k lans'k dh vuqØef.kdkvksa ds dqN izeq[k mnkgj.k ;gk¡ fn, x, gSa %

(a) New York Times Obituaries Index, 1958-68 rFkk 1969-1970 ds fy, bldsiwjd dk izdk'ku U;w;kdZ VkbEl (New York Times) us fd;k gSA

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232

(b) Obituaries from the Times 1958-1960 and its Supplements 1960-1970 dsiwjd ds ckn ik¡p o"kks± ds vUrjky esa blds iwjdksa dk izdk'ku fd;k tkrk gSA

jk"Vªh; Lrj dh thoupfjr vuqØef.kdkvksa ds dqN mnkgj.k fuEufyf[kr gSa %

(a) British Biographical Archive : blesa 310 vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ thoupfjr lanHkZdh Ñfr;ksa dh thofu;ksa dks vuqØef.kdkc¼ fd;k x;k gS ftls ekbØksfiQ'k :i esaizdkf'kr fd;k tk jgk gSA

(b) American Biographical Archive : blesa vaxzsth Hkk"kk dh 400 izeq[k thoupfjrÑfr;ksa dks ,d gh o.kkZuqØfed lap;h [k.M esa izdkf'kr fd;k x;k gS ftlesa la;qDrjkT; vesfjdk rFkk dukMk esa 18oha ,oa 20oha lnh esa izdkf'kr thofu;ksa dks lfEefyrfd;k x;k gS ftldk laiknu xsjh bLVj (Gerry Easter) us fd;k gSA


2. thoupfjr lwpuk Ïksr fdl izdkj ds iz'uksa ds mÙkj nsus esa lgk;d gksrs gSa\

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5. thoupfjr lwpuk Ïksrksa dk ewY;kadu

thoupfjr lwpuk Ïksr i;kZIr la[;k esa lqyHk gSaA è;ku ls ns[kus ij vkidks ;g Kkr gksxk fd blesafn, x, lHkh rF; v|ru vkSj fo'oluh; ugha gSaA iqLrdky;ksa esa lanHkZ Ñfr;ksa dk Ø; djus dsfy, /ujkf'k Hkh lhfer gksrh gSA vr% ;g vko';d gS fd mudk Ø; djus ds iwoZ mudh iw.kZtkudkjh izkIr dj yh tk;sA thoupfjr Ïksrksa ds ewY;kadu gsrq fuEukafdr ekun.M lgk;d fl¼ gksaxsA

(i) izkekf.kdrk (Authority) : thoupfjr dks'k dh izkekf.kdrk dk fu/kZj.k mlds izdk'kddh [;kfr] lEiknd ,oa ladyudÙkkZvksa dh ;ksX;rk ,oa [;kfr ds vk/kj ij fd;k tkldrk gSA laikndh; ,oa ladyudÙkkZ e.My dh ;ksX;rk ,oa vuqHko dh tkudkjh mi;ksxhfl¼ gksrh gSA fo}r ifj"kn~ tSls fo'ofo|ky;] vdkneh] [;kfr izkIr ,oa lk/u lEiUuizdk'kd bR;kfn fo'oluh; ,oa izkekf.kd ekus tkrs gSaA

(ii) fo"k;&foLrkj ,oa mís'; (Scope and Purpose) : vk[;k vkSj izkDdFku lkekU;r%Ñfr ds fo"k;&foLrkj vkSj mís'; dks Li"V djrs gSaA buls vki ;g lqfuf'pr dj ik,¡xsfd lanHkZ Ïksr dk mís'; ,oa fo"k;&foLrkj lkekU;] varjkZ"Vªh;] fof'k"V vFkok fo"k;ijdgSA blls Ñfr O;kid gS ;k p;ukRed_ vFkok lkef;d ;k iwoZO;kih gS] bldk Hkh Kkugks tkrk gSA

(iii) p;u uhfr (Selection Policy) : thoupfjr Ïksr ds ewY;kadu dk ,d izeq[k fcUnq ,oaekun.M gS mldh p;u uhfr ftlds vk/kj ij thouh dk p;u fd;k tkrk gS] tSlsμ D;kthouh dk p;u iw.kZr% ;ksX;rk ,oa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku ij vk/kfjr gS] ;k izdk'kd ek=k dsgh fu.kZ; ij vk/kfjr gS\ ;k vkea=k.k ij vk/kfjr gS\ ;k vfHknku ij gS\ vFkok Hkqxrkudjus ij vk/kfjr gS\ ;fn ;ksX;rk ,oa miyfC/;ksa dks n`f"Vxr u j[kdj ek=k Hkqxrku dsvk/kj ij budk p;u fd;k x;k gS rks lanHkZ Ïksr dh xq.koÙkk de gksxhA

NOTES


233

thoupfjr Ïksr(iv) ladyu dh fof/ (Method of Compliation) : thoupfjr midj.kksa dk ladyu rFkkizdk'ku djus ds fy, izdk'kdksa@lEikndksa }kjk vusd fof/;ksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSAiz'ukoyh fof/ dk mi;ksx lokZf/d izpfyr ,oa yksdfiz; gSA ftldh thouh gS og Lo;aml iz'ukoyh dks iw.kZ djrk gS vkSj okafNr lwpuk iznku djrk gSA izdk'ku ds iwoZ izfof"Vdk lR;kiu Hkh og O;fDr Lo;a djrk gSA ladyu dh ,d vU; fof/ Hkh gS] ftlesaizdk'kdksa dks izdkf'kr ,oa vizdkf'kr lkefxz;ksa dh [kkst djuh iM+rh gS vkSj vko';dlwpuk dk laxzg djuk iM+rk gSA bu nksuksa gh fof/;ksa ds vius&vius xq.k&nks"k gSaA

(v) o.kZu (Treatment) : D;k thouh dk fooj.k laf{kIr gksrk gS vFkok foLr`r gS] rF;kRedgS vFkok ewY;kafdr gS\ mls izLrqr djus dh 'kSyh Hkh ,d egRoiw.kZ ?kVd gS&D;kizLrqfrdj.k vlaxr ,oa vlac¼ vFkok xaHkhj ,oa fo}rkiw.kZ gS\ vkidks bu ?kVdksa ijlkoèkkuhiwoZd fopkj djuk pkfg,A blls thoupfjr Ïksrksa ds ewY;kadu esa lgk;rk izkIrgksxhA

(vi) izdk'ku dh vko`fÙk (Frequency of Publication) : lfEefyr lwpuk fdruh uohu,oa v|ru gS ;g Hkh ewY;kadu dk ,d egRoiw.kZ ?kVd gSA ;g Hkh lqfuf'pr dj ysukpkfg, fd thoupfjr Ïksr okf"kZd gS] f}okf"kZd gS] vFkok fu;fer gS vFkok iwoZO;kih gSA;fn vfuf;fer izdk'ku gS rks la'kksf/r laLdj.k dks mlds igys ds laLdj.k ls tk¡p ysukpkfg,A iwoZO;kih Ñfr gksus dh fLFkfr esa mlds iwjd [kaM izdkf'kr gksrs jgus pkfg,A bu?kVdksa dh tk¡p vo'; gh dj ysuh pkfg,A

(vii) O;oLFkkiu (Arrengement) : thoupfjr dks'kksa esa izk;% izfof"V;ksa dks o.kkZuqØe esadqyuke ds varxZr O;ofLFkr fd;k tkrk gSA dqN thoupfjr dks'kksa esa oxhZÑr vFkokdkyØekuqlkj O;oLFkkiu gksrk gS vkSj mudh vuqØef.kdk,¡ vfr mÙke dksfV dh gksrh gSaftlls lwpuk lqfuf'pr djus esa lqfo/k gksrh gSA O;oLFkkiu dh mi;ksfxrk thouh dks [kkstusvkSj lacaf/r iz'uksa dk mÙkj iznku djus rFkk okafNr thouh dks <w¡<+us djus dh lqfo/k ijvk/kfjr gksrh gSA vr% ;g fcUnq fopkj.kh; gSA

(viii) vk:i (Format) : thoupfjr lanHkZ Ïksrksa dk mi;ksx ckj&ckj fd;k tkrk gSA vr% budsHkkSfrd vk:i ,oa vkdkj dh Hkyh&Hkk¡fr tk¡p dj ysuh pkfg,A tSlsμ D;k eqfær v{kjLi"V vkSj iBuh; rFkk vkdZ"kd gSa\ fdlh Hkh thoupfjr Ïksr dk ewY;kadu djrs le;bu lHkh ckrksa dk è;ku j[kuk pkfg,A

(ix) vU; fo'ks"krk,¡ (Special Features) : fdlh thoupfjr lanHkZ Ïksr dh vU; fo'ks"krkvksadk voyksdu Hkh dj ysuk pkfg,A budk fujh{k.k vU; leku Ñfr;ksa ds vk/kj ijrqyukRed n`f"V ls djuk pkfg,A budh 'kq¼rk] fo'oluh;rk rFkk uohurk dh tk¡p vkidksvo'; djuh pkfg, rkfd mÙke dksfV dh Ñfr dk vf/xzg.k fd;k tk ldsA ,slh lanHkZÑfr;ksa dh mikns;rk blesa lfEefyr dh x;h xzaFklwfp;ksa] fp=kksa] iQksVksxzkiQksa bR;kfn lsvfèkd c<+ tkrh gSA

6. thoupfjr dh xzaFkkRed lanf'kZdk,¡

lanHkZ iqLrdky;kè;{k ds :i esa vkils thoupfjr ls lacaf/r iz'uksa dks i;kZIr la[;k esa iwNk tk;sxkftudk mi;qDr mÙkj rFkk leqfpr Ïksr vkidks crkuk gksxk vFkok iznku djuk iM+sxkA thoupfjrdks'kksa dk ckgqY; Hkh gS rFkk mudh la[;k Hkh vf/d gSA vr% lkekU;] jk"Vªh;] fof'k"V thoupfjrdks'kksa dh fo"k;&oLrq bR;kfn ds fy, xzaFkkRed lanf'kZdkvksa dk voyksdu djuk vko';d gSA bu

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234

xzaFkkRed lanf'kZdkvksa vFkok thofu;ksa dh vuqØef.kdkvksa ls foLr`r thofu;ksa dks [kkstus esa cM+hlgk;rk izkIr gksrh gS vkSj bl iz;kl esa ;s ,d laf{kIr ,oa ljy ekxZ dk dk;Z djrh gSA vr% blJs.kh ds dqN egRoiw.kZ Ïksrksa dh tkudkjh vkids fy, vfr vko';d gSA

(d) ladfyr thoupfjrksa dh xzaFkkRed lanf'kZdk,¡

(i) An Analytical Bibliography of Universal Collected Biography. London : LibraryAssociation, 1934.

bl xzaFklwph ds izFke Hkkx esa fo'ys"k.kkRed vuqØef.kdk nh xbZ gS ftlesa 56,000 ukeksa dhizfof"V;ksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA bUgsa vaxzsth Hkk"kk dh 3000 ladfyr thofu;ksa lsfy;k x;k gSA blds f}rh; Hkkx esa fo'ysf"kr Ñfr dk iw.kZ xzaFkkRed fooj.k fn;k x;k gSAblesa thofu;ksa dh dkyØfed vkSj fo"k; vuqØef.kdkvksa dks Hkh lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSAthofu;ksa ds ukeksa dks o.kkZuqØe esa frfFk vkSj vfHkKku fooj.k ds lkFk rkfydkc¼ fd;kx;k gSA

(ii) A Dictionary of Universal Biography of All Ages and All People/by A. M.Hyamson. 2nd ed. London : Routledge, 1951.

bl xzaFklwph esa 24 thoupfjr dks'kksa ,oa lkekU; lanHkZ Ñfr;ksa esa izdkf'kr 1,00,000thofu;ksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA

(iii) Biographical Dictionaries Master Index, 1975-76. Detroit : Gale, 1975.

blls 50 ls vf/d lkef;d thoupfjr dks'kksa dh tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gS ftuds fy, ;g,d egRoiw.kZ dq¡th dk dk;Z djrh gSA blesa 8]00]000 izfof"V;k¡ lfEefyr dh x;h gSaftlesa vesfjdk ds yksxksa dk ckgqY; gSA

(iv) Essays and General Giterature Indexes, 1934. - New York : Wilson. Six MOnthly,Annual and Five year Cumulations.

blds 1977 laLdj.k esa thou o`ÙkkUr ls lacaf/r 4000 ls vf/d fucU/ksa ,oa vkys[kksa dkslfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA

([k) fofHkUu thofu;ksa dh xzaFklwphijd lanf'kZdk,¡

dqN iqLrdky;ksa dh izlwfp;k¡ mi;ksxh xazFklwphijd lanf'kZdkvksa dk dk;Z djrh gSa ftuls fofHkUuthofu;ksa dh tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gSA

(i) Biography Catalogue of the Library/by Donald Simpson. London : Royal Com-monwealth Society, 1961.

blesa thoupfjr fooj.kksa ds lkFk 12]000 izfof"V;k¡ lfEefyr dh x;h gSa ftUgsa mu iqLrdksavkSj if=kdkvksa ls p;u dj lax`ghr fd;k x;k gS tks blds (jk;y dkWeuosYFk lkslkbVh ds)iqLrd Hk.Mkj esa miyC/ gSaA

(ii) Catalogue of the Library of National Maritime Museum. Vol 2., Biography. Lon-don : HMSO, 1969. 2 Vols.

;g izlwph nks Hkkxksa esa gSA izFke Hkkx esa ladfyr thoupfjrksa] O;fDrxr thoupfjrksa]vkRepfjrksa dh lwph nh xbZ gSA bldk Hkkx 2 ,d lanHkZ vuqØef.kdk gS ftlesa 21thoupfjr dks'kksa esa lfEefyr 15]000 pfjr uk;dksa ds laf{kIr fooj.k fn, x, gSaA

NOTES


235

thoupfjr Ïksr(x) fof'k"V izdkj dh thoupfjr lkefxz;ksa dh xzaFklwphijd lanf'kZdk,¡

(i) British Diaries : An Annotated Bibliography of British Diaries written between1442 and 1942. Berkley : University of California Press, 1950.

(ii) ALA Portrait Index. Washington : Library of Congress, 1906. Reprint. NewYork : Burt Frankling, 1964.

(?k) if=kdkvksa esa izdkf'kr thoupfjrksa dh vuqØef.kdk,¡

(i) Biography Index : A Cumulative Index to Biographical Material in Books, andMagazines. New York : Wilson, 1947-to date. Quarterly. Annuall and three yearscumulations.

;g lokZf/d mi;ksx esa ykbZ tkrh gS vkSj vR;Ur yksdfiz; Hkh gSA bl vuqØef.kdk esaizdkf'kr thoupfjr lwpuk 24]000 if=kdkvksa vkSj 1000 iqLrdksa ls izkIr lkexzh ijvkèkkfjr gSA ;|fi ;g vUrjkZ"Vªh; vuqØef.kdk gS] rFkkfi blesa vesfjdh iwokZxzg vo'; gSAizR;sd izfof"V ds varxZr laf{kIr thoupfjr fn;k tkrk gSA lkFk gh xzaFklwph] fp=k rFkk vU;izdkj ds fp=kys[k Hkh fn, tkrs gSaA

(ii) The New York Times Obituaries Index, 1958-1968. Stanford : North Carolina,Microfilming Corporation. 1970. Supplement 1969-1978, 1980.

lu~ 1858&1868 ls ysdj 1978 rd U;w;kdZ VkbEl (New York Times) esa izdkf'kr4]00]000 O;fDr;ksa dh fu/u dh lwpuk ij ;g vuqØef.kdk vk/kfjr gSA bu ukeksa dkso.kkZuqØe esa O;ofLFkr fd;k x;k gSA ;g fo'oo;kih vuqØef.kdk gSA


3. thoupfjr vuqØef.kdk D;k gS\ ,d mnkgj.k }kjk Li"V dhft,A

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,d dk;Zjr iqLrdky;kè;{k ds :i esa vkidks Kkr gksxk fd thoupfjr laca/h lwpuk dh ek¡xckj&ckj dh tkrh gSA vusd izdkj ds iz'u rks ljy ,oa lh/s gksrs gSa vkSj muds mÙkj Lrjh;thoupfjr Ïksrksa esa fey tkrs gSaA ysfdu dqN iz'u vf/d tfVy gksrs gSa vkSj mudk mÙkj iznku djukdfBu gksrk gSA

vr% thoupfjr ls lacaf/r iz'uksa dk mÙkj iznku djus ds fy, lanHkZ lsok iznku djus dh izfØ;kdks vkidks vo'; le> ysuk pkfg,A

bl izdkj dh izfØ;k ds rhu igyw vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ gksrs gSa μ

(i) lanHkZ lk{kkRdkj

(ii) iz'u dh izÑfr

(iii) thoupfjr Ïksrksa dh tkudkjh

NOTES



236

lcls egRoiw.kZ ,oa vko';d ?kVd] iz'u dh /kj.k dk Li"V gksuk gS] vFkkZr~ iz'u dks Hkyh&Hkk¡frle>uk gSA iz'udÙkkZ ls vki fe=kor okrkZyki dj ldrs gSaA tc rd vki Li"Vr;k fo"k; vkSj iwNsx;s iz'u ds lwpuk {ks=k dks Hkyh&Hkk¡fr le> u ysa rc rd iz'udÙkkZ ls mldh ftKklk ds lkjs i{kksadks tkuus dk vo'; iz;kl djsaA ftl O;fDr ds ckjs esa lwpuk Kku djuh gS mldh jk"Vªh;rk dkKku] mldk thfor vFkok fnoaxr gksuk] D;k og vUrjkZ"Vªh;] jk"Vªh; vFkok LFkkuh; O;fDrRo okykO;fDr gS bR;kfn dh tkudkjh iz'u dk mÙkj izkIr djus esa lgk;d fl¼ gksrh gSA iz'udÙkkZ@ikBd;fn fdlh O;olk; fo'ks"k esa dk;Zjr gS rks mldh tkudkjh izkIr djuh pkfg,] lkFk gh mlds;ksxnku ,oa miyfC/;ksa dks Hkh Kkr djuk pkfg,A bu lkjs fcUnqvksa ij Li"Vhdj.k izkIr djus ds cknvkidks lqO;ofLFkr <ax ls izfØ;k dks lqfuf'pr djus esa lqfo/k gksxh vkSj okafNr tkudkjh iznku djusesa liQyrk izkIr gksxhA

iz'udÙkkZ ;fn lkekU; Nk=k gks vFkok 'kks/Nk=k gks] vFkok mPp Lrjh; f'k{kd gks rks iz'uksa ,oa lwpukdh izÑfr esa fHkUurk vo'; gksxhA lkekU;r% lk/kj.k O;fDr vFkok Nk=k Rofjr lanHkZ izdkj ds iz'uksadks iwNrk gS tcfd fdlh 'kks/dÙkkZ dks xgu lwpuk dh vko';drk gks ldrh gSA dHkh&dHkh lkèkkj.kO;fDr;ksa@ikBdksa }kjk iwNs x, iz'u Hkh leL;kewyd gksrs gSaA vr% iwNs x;s iz'uksa dk fo'ys"k.k mi;qDr<ax ls dj ysus ds i'pkr mi;qDr lwpuk Ïksr dk ljyrkiwoZd vuqeku fd;k tk ldrk gSA

rhljk egRoiw.kZ ?kVd gS] thoupfjr Ïksrksa dh tkudkjhA lanHkZ iqLrdky;kè;{k ds :i esa vkidksthoupfjr dks'kksa ds fo'ks"k y{k.kksa ,oa fo'ks"krkvksa dk Kku Hkh gksuk pkfg,A ftu lkekU; fo'ks"krkvksadk Kku vkidks gksuk pkfg, os fuEufyf[kr izdkj gh gks ldrh gSa %

(i) ;|fi dksbZ thoupfjr dks'k vUrjkZ"Vªh; gks ldrk gS rFkkfi blesa vius ns'k ds izfr iwokZxzggksrk vkSj rqyukRed n`f"V ls blesa vius ns'k ds vf/d ukeksa vkSj vf/d lwpukRed o`Ùkkarksadks izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA

(ii) fdlh O;fDr dh thouh fdlh varjkZ"Vªh; thouh dks'k rFkk fdlh jk"Vªh; thouhdks'k&nksuksa esa izkIr gks ldrh gS] ijUrq jk"Vªh; thouh dks'k esa foLr`r thou o`rkUr feyrkgSA

(iii) bu nksuksa (vUrjkZ"Vªh; rFkk jk"Vªh;) esa nh xbZ lwpuk dh rqyuk esa fof'k"V ;k fo"k;ijdthoupfjr dks'kksa esa vf/d foLr`r lwpuk feyrh gSA

(iv) lkef;d thoupfjr Ïksr tks ekfld] ikf{kd bR;kfn vof/ ds vuqlkj izdkf'kr fd, tkrsgSaμ vkSj Hkh vf/d foLr`r vkSj v|ru rF;ksa dh lwpuk nsrs gSaA

(v) fo'odks'k vkSj jk"Vªh; thoupfjr dks'k izk;% fnoaxr O;fDr;ksa ds thou o`rkUr ds mi;qDrÏksr gksrs gSaA

(vi) lekpkji=kksa ,oa if=kdkvksa esa izdkf'kr thouh vkSj fu/u lwpuk ds fy, i=k&if=kdkvksa dhvuqØef.kdk,¡ vfUre lwpuk Ïksr dk dk;Z djrh gSaA

(vii)LFkkuh; ,oa fof'k"V O;fDr;ksa ds thoupfjr dh lwpuk ds fy, mu {ks=kksa ds bfrgkl dhiqLrdsa vf/d lwpukizn ,oa lgk;d fl¼ gksrh gSaA

mi;qZDr fo'ks"krkvksa dh tkudkjh ds vfrfjDr vkidks vius ladyu ds lHkh thoupfjr Ïksrksa dkvoyksdu Hkh djuk pkfg, vkSj ;g lqfuf'pr djuk pkfg, fd D;k mudk mi;ksx dj vki lHkhiz'uksa dk mÙkj iznku dj ldrs gSa\ miyC/ Ïksrksa ds uohure laLdj.kksa dh tkudkjh j[kuk vkSj uohurF;ksa dk lko/kuhiwoZd vè;;u djuk Hkh vko';d gSA

NOTES


237

thoupfjr Ïksrthoupfjr lwpuk Ïksrksa dk vuqiwj.k % iqLrdky;kè;{k ds lrr~ fØ;kdyki

vkidks ;g Hkyh&Hkk¡fr Kku gks x;k gksxk fd ftrus izdkj ds thoupfjr Ïksrksa dk vè;;u ;gk¡ fd;kx;k gS muesa lHkh O;fDr;ksa ds thoupfjr dh lwpuk miyC/ ugha gks ldrh gSA vr% viusiqLrdky; esa thoupfjr lwpuk Ïksrksa ds laxzg dks fodflr djuk vkidk nkf;Ro gksrk tkrk gSA

iqLrdky;kè;{k dks LFkkuh; vko';drk ;k viuh laLFkk dh vko';drk dh iwfrZ ds fy, Lo;a Hkhthoupfjr lwpuk ds ladyu esa vf/d lfØ; gksuk pkfg,A blds fy, lekpkji=kksa dh drjuksa dkladyu djuk pkfg, vkSj viuh laLFkk ls lacaf/r O;fDr;ksa ds thoupfjr dk ladyu Hkh fofHkUuÏksrksa ls djuk pkfg,A

lwpuk Ïksrksa dks v|ru j[kuk

thoupfjr Ïksr dks v|ru j[kuk laHko ughaA lkef;d thoupfjr Ïksr esa ifjizs{; esa ;g dFku vkSjHkh vf/d lVhd gSA vr% iqLrdky;kè;{k dks ewy&Ïksrksa esa nh xbZ lwpuk dk vuqiwj.k djus ds fy,mi;qDr mik; djrs jguk pkfg,A ys[kdksa] oSKkfudksa vkSj vU; lkekftd dk;ZdÙkkZvksa dks feyus okysiqjLdkj ,oa lEeku rFkk viuh&viuh xfrfof/;ksa ds {ks=k esa m|ksxifr;ksa dh izxfr ,oa muds ;ksxnkuls lacaf/r uohu lwpukvksa dk laxzg iqLrdky; esa djrs jguk pkfg,A tc fdlh fo[;kr O;fDr dhe`R;q gksrh gS rks lacaf/r thoupfjr Ïksr esa mldh e`R;q frfFk dk mYys[k dj nsuk pkfg,A

lanHkZ ,oa lwpuk lsok ds vk;kstu esa mi;qZDr ?kVd eq[; Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSa vkSj thoupfjr lanHkZdh izfØ;k esa budk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA


4- thoupfjr Ïksr ds ewY;kadu esa p;u uhfr dk egRo crkb;sA

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8. lkj&la{ksi

thoupfjr Ïksr egRoiw.kZ gksrs gSa vkSj lHkh izdkj ds iqLrdky;ksa ds lanHkZ ladyu esa ik;s tkrs gSaA,sls lwpuk Ïksrksa dh la[;k Hkh vf/d gSA budk vè;;u djus ds fy, bUgsa vusd Jsf.k;ksa esa lewgc¼fd;k tkrk gS] tSlsμ lkekU; vFkok lkoZHkkSfed] jk"Vªh;] {ks=kh; vFkok LFkkuh;] fof'k"V vFkokfo"k;&vk/kfjr thoupfjr ÏksrA bl bdkbZ esa budh mi;ksfxrk] ewY;kadu] xzaFkkRed lanf'kZdk,¡]thoupfjr ls lacaf/r lanHkZ ds iz'uksa dk mÙkj iznku djus esa iz;qDr izfØ;kvksa bR;kfn dh ppkZ dhxbZ gSA

bl vè;k; esa lHkh izdkj ds thoupfjr Ïksrksa ds mnkgj.kksa dks muds iw.kZ xzaFkkRed fooj.k lfgrfn;k x;k gSA ftlls iqLrdky; esa budk vf/xzg.k djrs le; mud vkSfpR; dks Hkyh&Hkk¡fr le>ktk ldsA

NOTES



238


1- gjksM~l Xykljh vkWiQ ykbczsjh ,.M baiQkesZ'ku lkbal (Harrods Glossary of Library andInformation Science) esa thoupfjr dks'k dks bl izdkj ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gS % ¶vkuqof.kZdØe esa O;ofLFkr yksxksa dk lkewfg thou o`ÙkkUr¸A

ysfoal 'kkslZ (Lewis Shores) ds vuqlkj ¶thoupfjr dks'k fo[;kr ,oa yksdfiz; O;fDr;ksa dh,d funsZf'kdk gksrh gS] izk;% dqyukeksa ds vuqlkj o.kkZuqØe esa O;ofLFkr gksrh gS] thoupfjrvfHkKku ds fooj.k ls ;qDr gksrh gS vkSj ftlesa laf{kIr fooj.k ls ysdj foLr`r o.kZu gksrk gSA¸

2- thoupfjr lwpuk Ïksrksa dh lgk;rk ls fuEukafdr izdkj ds iz'uksa dk mÙkj iznku fd;k tkldrk gSμ

(i) fdlh Hkh izeq[k ,oa fo[;kr O;fDr dk iwjk uke] Nn~euke bR;kfn_

(ii) tUe ,oa ej.k frfFk;k¡ rFkk tUe&LFkku_

(iii) f'k{kk_

(iv) laLFkkvksa dh lsok rFkk vof/] lsokdky] inksa dks lq'kksfHkr djus dk fooj.k_

(v) miyfC/;k¡] vkfo"dkj] [kkst bR;kfn_

(vi) iqjLdkj] lEeku bR;kfn] mudh izkfIr dk o"kZ rFkk fdl fy, fn, x,_

(vii) Ñfr;k¡ rFkk mudk izdk'ku_

(viii) O;kolkf;d lac¼rk_

(ix) orZeku irk] nwjHkk"k la[;k bR;kfn_

(x) ikfjokfjd fooj.k (iRuh] iq=k] iqf=k;k¡) bR;kfnA

3- dqN ,sls Hkh thoupfjr Ïksr gSa tks izeq[kr% iwoZO;kih vkSj lkekftd thoupfjr Ïksrksa dhvuqØef.kdk dk dk;Z djrs gSaA bu lanHkZ izdk'kuksa dk voyksdu djus ls mu Ïksrksa dk vfHkKkuizkIr fd;k tk ldrk gS ftuesa thofu;ksa dh foLr`r lwpuk izkIr gks ldrh gSA dqN ,sls mnkgj.kksadk ;gk¡ mYys[k fd;k x;k gS %

(i) Biography and Genealogy Master Index/ed. by Miranda C. Herbert and BararaMc. Neil. Detroit : Gale, 1980. vols.

;g 3]200]000 thoupfjr o`ÙkkUrksa dh ,d c`gr vuqØef.kdk gS tks vius <+ax dh vf}rh;vuqØef.kdk gSA bl vuqØef.kdk esa 350 lkef;d vkSj iwoZO;kih thoupfjr dks'kksa dhlkexzh dks vuqØef.kdkc¼ fd;k x;k gSA blds okf"kZd ,oa lap;h [kaMksa dks izdkf'kr djbls v|ru Hkh j[kk tkrk gSA bldk laf{kIr :ikUrj Hkh ekLVj bUMsDl (Master Index)ds :i esa miyC/ gS ftls Biography Almanac dgrs gSaA bldk ekbØksfiQ'k laLdj.k BioBase ds :i esa miyC/ gSA

4- p;u uhfr (Selection Policy) : thoupfjr Ïksr ds ewY;kadu dk ,d izeq[k fcUnq ,oaekun.M gS mldh p;u uhfr ftlds vk/kj ij thouh dk p;u fd;k tkrk gS] tSlsμ D;kthouh dk p;u iw.kZr% ;ksX;rk ,oa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku ij vk/kfjr gS] ;k izdk'kd ek=k ds gh

NOTES


239

thoupfjr Ïksrfu.kZ; ij vk/kfjr gS\ ;k vkea=k.k ij vk/kfjr gS\ ;k vfHknku ij gS\ vFkok Hkqxrku djus ijvk/kfjr gS\ ;fn ;ksX;rk ,oa miyfC/;ksa dks n`f"Vxr u j[kdj ek=k Hkqxrku ds vk/kj ij budkp;u fd;k x;k gS rks lanHkZ Ïksr dh xq.koÙkk de gksxhA

10. eq[; 'kCn

thouh xzaFklwph (Bio-Bibliography) : ,slh xzaFklwph ftlesa ys[kdksa dh laf{kIrthou nh xbZ gksA

thoupfjr (Biography) : (i) fdlh O;fDr ds thou orkUr dk fyf[krfooj.k] (ii) yksxksa ds thou orkUr ls lacafèkrlkfgfR;d fo/kA

thoupfjr dks'k (Biographical Dictionary) : yksxksa ds thou o`ÙkkUr ds@vkys[kksa dk laxzgftls o.kkZuqØe esa O;ofLFkr fd;k tkrk gSA

thoupfjr dks'kh; O;fDr (Biographee) : og O;fDr tks thouh dk fo"k; gksrk gSA

thoupfjr dks'kh; O;fDr dh izfof"V : thoupfjr dks'kh; O;fDr ds uke ds vUrxZr(Biographee Entry) fdlh izlwph (dks'k] uke vFkok fo"k;) esa

izLrqr dh xbZ izfof"V] ml O;fDr dhfo"k; izfof"VA

thoupfjr iQkby (Biography File) : i=kdksa ij fyf[kr fjdkWMZ dh iQkby vFkokdrju ftUgsa lekpkji=kksa@if=kdkvksa ls fy;ktkrk gS rFkk ftlesa O;fDr;ksa ds thou dkforj.k gksrk gSA bls ^dkSu&dkSu gS* (Whois Who) iQkby Hkh dgrs gSaA

thoupfjr ys[kd (Biographer) : nwljs O;fDr ds thoupfjr dk ys[kdA

iSr`d 'kk[kk dh lkj.kh (Genealogical Table): fdlh O;fDr dh ih<+h nj ih<+h vFkokiSf=kd 'kk[kk dk lkj.kh vFkok Mk;xzke ds:i esa izLrqr fd;k x;k fooj.kA

iksVsªZV (Portrait) : fdlh O;fDr dh eq[kkÑfr vFkok fdlhvU; fp=k ls fufeZr vkÑfr vFkok fp=kvFkok mlds fp=k dk izLrqfrdj.kA

12. vH;kl&iz'u

1. thou pfjr dks'kksa dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, blds fo"k;&foLrkj dk o.kZu dhft,A

2. thoupfjr lwpuk Ïksrksa ds fofHkUu izdkjksa dh foospuk dhft,A

3. thoupfjr lwpuk Ïksrksa ds ewY;kadu ds ekun.Mksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A

4. thoupfjr dh xzUFkkRed lanf'kZdkvksa dh foLr`r foospuk dhft,A

5. thoupfjr lEcU/h iz'uksa ds mÙkj gsrq thoupfjr lanHkZ izfØ;k dh mi;ksfxrk le>kb;sA

NOTES



240


Grittings, R. (1978). The Nature of Biography. London : Heinemann.

Higgens, Caving (ed). (1980). Printed Reference Material. New Delhi : Oxford & IBH.

Katz, Willaim A. (1992). Introduction to Reference Work, Vol. I. Basic InformationSources. 6th ed. New York : McGraw-Hill.

Krishan Kumar (1966). Reference Service. 5th rev. ed. New Delhi : Vikas.

Mukherjee, A.K. (1975). Reference Works and Its Tools. 3rd ed. World Press : Calcutta.

NOTES


241

lkaf[;dh; lwpuk Ïksr


1- vè;;u ds mís';

2- ifjp;

3- lkaf[;dh % lwpuk dk ,d Ïksr



6- lkj&la{ksi


8- eq[; 'kCn

9- vH;kl&iz'u


lkaf[;dh; lwpuk Ïksr

vè;k;&12

NOTES



242

1- vè;;u ds mís';

vè;k; 11 esa geus thoupfjr lwpuk Ïksrksa dh ppkZ dh gSA bl vè;k; esa ge vkidk ifjp;lkaf[;dh; lwpuk Ïksrksa ls djk,¡xsA

bl vè;k; dk vè;;u djus ds i'pkr vki bl ;ksX; gks tk,¡xs fd %

● ,d lwpuk Ïksr ds :i esa lkaf[;dh; ds egRo dks le> ldsa_

● lkaf[;dh; lwpuk Ïksrksa dh fofHkUu Jsf.k;ksa ds chp varj dj ldsa_ rFkk

● lkaf[;dh; lwpuk Ïksrksa ls lacaf/r leL;kvksa dh O;k[;k dj ldsaA

2. ifjp;

lkaf[;dh; dk laca/ la[;kRed rF;ksa vFkok MsVk ds ladyu] oxhZdj.k] fo'ys"k.k rFkk O;k[;k lsgSA fdlh Hkh {ks=k dh vkxkeh ;kstukvksa dh :ijs[kk rS;kj djus vFkok ekuo fØ;kdykiksa ds fofo/{ks=kksa dh fo'ks"k fLFkfr vkSj ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk ewY;kadu djus ,oa vuqeku yxkus esa bldh egRoiw.kZHkwfedk gksrh gSA 'kks/kfFkZ;ksa ,oa fo'ks"kKksa dks vius rdks± dh iqf"V djus vFkok izkDdYiuk dks fl¼djus ds fy, bldh vko';drk gksrh gSA iz'kkldksa dks bldh vko';drk vius nkf;Ro ds {ks=k dhmiyfC/;ksa ,oa dk;Z{kerk dk ewY;kadu djus ds fy, gksrh gSA fu;kstudÙkkZvksa dks vkxkeh fodklds dk;ZØeksa ,oa ;kstukvksa dks rS;kj djus ds fy, bldh vko';drk gksrh gSA vr% izkFkfed vkSjf}rh;d lwpuk Ïksrμ ftuls fo'oluh; vkSj v|ru rFkk uohu lkaf[;dh; lwpuk izkIr gksrh gSμiqLrdky;ksa esa vf/dkf/d mi;ksx esa yk, tkrs gSa vkSj budh ek¡x Hkh lokZf/d dh tkrh gSA lanHkZiqLrdky;kè;{k dks cgq/k bl izdkj ds iz'uksa dk mÙkj iznku djuk iM+rk gS vFkok blls lacaf/rokLrfod lwpuk iznku djuh iM+rh gS] tSls fdruh ek=kk esa --------------\ fdruh la[;k esa -------------\,slh tkudkjh fujUrj gh iznku djuh iM+rh gSA ,sls lkaf[;dh; iz'uksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh nsus ds fy,,oa buls lacaf/r lwpuk iznku djus ds fy, vusd izdkj ds lkaf[;dh; lwpuk ds Ïksrksa dkvoyksdu lUnHkZ iqLrdky;kè;{k dks djuk iM+rk gSA iz'uksa ds izÑfr vFkok muds mís';ksaμ tSlsfdlh ftKklk ls izsfjr gksdj iwNs x;s iz'u vFkok fdlh 'kks/ laca/h xEHkhj leL;k ds lek/ku dsfy, iwNs x;s iz'u bR;kfnμ ds fy, lanHkZ iqLrdky;kè;{k dks fofHkUu lwpuk Ïksrksa dk voyksdudjuk iM+rk gSA vuUr iz'uksa ds laHkkfor mÙkj iznku djus ds fy, vuUr Ïksr gSaA vr% lkaf[;dh;lwpuk Ïksrksa dk ckgqY; gksus ds dkj.k lUnHkZ iqLrdky;kè;{k dks jk"Vªh; ,oa vUrjkZ"Vªh; Lrj dslkaf[;dh; Lrj ds lkaf[;dh; lwpuk Ïksrksa dk iw.kZ Kku vo'; gksuk pkfg,A

3. lkaf[;dh % lwpuk dk ,d Ïksr

iqLrdky;ksa esa iwNs tkus okys rF;kRed iz'u lkekU;r% lkaf[;dh; izÑfr ds gksrs gSaA buds }kjkiz'udÙkkZ uohure la[;kRed lwpuk izkIr djuk pkgrk gSA ;g vko';d ugha gS fd lkaf[;dh; izÑfrds lHkh iz'u Kkuo/Zd ,oa O;kid KkuktZu ds fy, gksrs gksaA iz'u fdlh izdkj ds fu"d"kZ dks izkIrdjus ds fy, gks ldrk gS vFkok fdlh n`f"Vdksa.k dks fl¼ djus ds fy, gks ldrk gSA 'kCndks'kksarFkk funsZf'kdkvksa ls dqN lhek rd fdlh u fdlh izdkj dh lkaf[;dh; lwpuk izkIr gks ldrh gSAlkekU; ikapkaxksa ls Hkh lkekU; iz'uksa dk mÙkj iznku fd;k tk ldrk gS tks lkef;d vkSj iwoZO;kihgks ldrs gSaA vr% iapkax Hkh cgqr mi;ksxh fl¼ gksrs gSa vkSj lkaf[dh; lajpuk ds izeq[k lk/u gksrsgSaA ysfdu bu Ïksrksa dh eq[; leL;k ;g gS fd ;s f}rh;d lwpuk Ïksr gksrs gSa vkSj buesa fufgr MkVk,oa la[;kRed fooj.k nks vFkok rhu o"kZ iqjkus gksrs gSaA buls dsoy ;g ykHk gS fd izkFkfed vkSjekSfyd lwpuk Ïksrksa dh rqyuk esa budk mi;ksx djuk ljy gksrk gSA

NOTES


243

lkaf[;dh; lwpuk Ïksr,d mÙke 'kklu O;oLFkk iznku djus ds mís'; ls izR;sd ns'k dh ljdkj vusd izdkj dh foLr`rlkaf[;dh dk ladyu djrh gSA 'kklu }kjk vf/dka'kr% ftl lkaf[;dh; lwpuk dk laxzg fd;k tkrkgS mls lkoZtfud lwpuk dk Ïksr cuk fn;k tkrk gS] tSlsμ erx.kuk izfrosnu] foÙkh; izfrosnu]vk;kr&fu;kZr bR;kfnA vU; egRoiw.kZ lwpuk Ïksrksa dk mRiknu vUrj&'kkldh; laxBuksa }kjk fd;ktkrk gS] tSlsμ la;qDr jk"Vª] fo'o cSad] ;wusLdks bR;kfnA bu ,tsfUl;ksa }kjk vusd Üka[kykvksa esavUrjkZ"Vªh; lkaf[;dh; vCndks'kksa dk izdk'ku fd;k tkrk gS tks fo'o dh laiw.kZ lkaf[;dh; lwpukiznku djrs gSaA NksVs&NksVs ns'kksa dh lkaf[;dh; lwpuk ek=k ,sls gh izdk'kuksa ls izkIr gks ldrh gSA

MsVk ;k lwpuk ds laxzg ds fy, vR;Ur fodflr ,oa fof'k"V izfof/;ksa ds mi;ksx ds iQyLo:ivkt i;kZIr mi;ksxh ,oa vR;ar fo'oluh; lkaf[;dh; lwpuk miyC/ gSA lkaf[;dh; lwpuk dks nksLo:iksa esa mRiUu fd;k tkrk gS % x.kuk rFkk losZ{k.kA ;gk¡ ;g mYys[kuh; gS fd lkaf[;dh; dkegRo mldh lVhdrk ij ugha cfYd mldh fo'oluh;rk ij vk/kfjr gksrk gS vkSj ;g yxHkx ;kfudVr;k lVhd gksrk gSA x.kuk ml vè;;u dks fufnZ"V djrh gS tgk¡ izR;sd oLrq vFkok lHkh oLrq,¡fxuh tkrh gSa vkSj ek=k x.kuk ij gh vk/kfjr gksrh gSaA tux.kuk dk vè;;u fdlh ns'k ds lHkh i{kksadh lwpuk ds laxzg ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA izR;sd nl o"kks± ds ckn bldk laxzg djus dh ifjikVhizpfyr gSA losZ{k.k ml vè;;u dks dgrs gSa ftesa ek=k uewuksa dk p;u dj vè;;u fu"iknu fd;ktkrk gSA uewuk ,d fu/kZfjr ekun.M ds vk/kj ij lqfuf'pr fd;k tkrk gSA

lkaf[;dh; lwpuk Ïksrksa dh mi;ksfxrk

lkaf[;dh; lwpuk Ïksrksa }kjk fuEufyf[kr ckrksa dks lqfuf'pr fd;k tkrk gS %

● lHkh {ks=kksa dh vFkok fdlh fof'k"V {ks=k ls lacaf/r iwoZ fufeZr ,oa ladfyr lkaf[;dh;rFkk la[;kRed lwpuk dh rRdky izkfIr_

● lHkh izdkj ds fo"k;ksa ls lacaf/r izkekf.kd MsVkμ ftls lkaf[;dh; fo'ks"kKksa }kjk vf/Ñr:i esa ladfyr] fo'ysf"kr] ijhf{kr vkSj lR;kfir fd;k x;k gksrk gSμ dh rRdky izkfIr_

● tUe] ej.k] vk;q] lewg] fyax] f'k{kk bR;kfn ds vuqlkj tula[;k dh lkaf[;dh; lwpuk dhvfoyEc izkfIr_

● foxr 'krkCnh] n'kdksa rFkk o"kks± ds vusd i{kksa ,oa izdj.kksa ds bfrgkl dh lkaf[;dh; lwpukdh 'kh?kz izkfIr_

● fofHkUu ns'kksa ds fofHkUu i{kksa dh dqN o"kks± dh le;kof/ ds fy, rqyukRed lkaf[;dh;A

lkaf[;dh; lwpuk fdlh Hkh fo"k; ds mQij gks ldrh gS tSls % Ñf"k] eos'kh] ou] m|ksx] O;kikj]O;olk;] iSnkokj] vk;kr&fu;kZr] mRiknu] f'k{kk] foÙkh; fLFkfr] ifjogu] izfr O;fDr vkSlr vk;q]vkSlr vk;q] mQtkZ] vkokxeu] ifjogu] flapkbZ] Hkwfe] tula[;k] i;ZVu] lafo/ku] 'kklu bR;kfnA


1. lkaf[;dh dh vko';drk ij laf{kIr fVIi.kh fyf[k,A

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NOTES



244


leLr Rofjr lUnHkZ Ïksrksa esa Hkh lkekU;r;k lkaf[;dh; lwpuk vo'; gksrh gSA tSlsμ lkekU;vCndks'kksa] iapkaxksa] funsZf'kdkvksa] fo'odks'kksa] xtsfV;jksa vkSj ekufp=kkofy;ksa esaA ysfdu lVhdrk ,oafo'oluh;rk bR;kfn dh n`f"V ls lkaf[;dh; Ïksrksa dh rqyuk muls ugha dh tk ldrh gSA lkaf[;dh;lwpuk Ïksrksa dks fuEukafdr lewgksa esa Js.khc¼ djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSμ

(v) dks'k ,oa fo'odks'k)]

(c) vCndks'k] funsZf'kdk,¡ rFkk ekufp=kkofy;k¡_

(l) 'kkldh; izfrosnu_ rFkk

(n) fof'k"V lkaf[;dh; ÏksrA

mi;qZDr lewgc¼rk dks lkaf[;dh dks vUrj&ifjorZuh; MsVk ds :i esa ekudj fd;k x;k gSAlkaf[;dh oLrqr% xf.kr dk ,d fof'k"V fo"k; gSA blesa la[;kRed MsVk dk ladyu ,oa fo'ys"k.kfd;k tkrk gSA lkaf[;dh ds fo'odks'k fof'k"V dks'k vFkok fo"k; dks'k ;k fo"k; fo'odks'k gksrsgSa tks lkaf[;dh dks ,d fo"k; ds :i esa fo'odks'k ds vUrxZr ekU; djrs gSaA lkaf[;dh; lwpukÏksrksa ds vUrxZr gekjk izeq[k y{; lwpuk dks la[;kRed MsVk ds :i esa izLrqr djuk gksrk gSA

lkaf[;dh; Ïksrksa dh x.kuk ¶izkFkfed Ïksrksa dh Js.kh esa dh tkrh gSA dksbZ O;fDr Hkh fo'ks"k :ils O;fDrxr iz;klksa }kjk MsVk vFkok la[;kRed lwpuk dk laxzg viuh vko';drk dh iwfrZ ds fy,dj ldrk gSA ijUrq LFkkuh; Lrj ls ysdj jk"Vªh; Lrj rd dh ljdkjsa lkaf[;dh; MsVk miyC/ djkusokyh izkFkfed Ïksr gksrh gSaA vr% lkaf[;dh; Ïksrksa dks fofHkUu n`f"Vdks.kksa ls Js.khc¼ fd;k tkldrk gS % (v) MsVk ds izLrqrhdj.k dk Lo:i % (i) lkj.khc¼ MsVk Üka[kyk (ii) ckj pkVZ vFkok (iii)ekufp=k (c) {ks=k fo'ks"k ls lacaf/r MsVk dk izLrqfrdj.k % (i) LFkkuh; (ii) jk"Vªh; (iii) vUrjkZ"Vªh;Aizdk'ku dh ;kstuk ds vuqlkj Hkh lkaf[;dh; lwpuk dh nks dksfV;k¡ gks ldrh gSa % (v) rnFkZ vFkok(c) le;kof/ vk/kfjr] tSlsμ lkIrkfgd] ekfld] okf"kZd vFkok iapo"khZ;A

lkaf[;dh; lwpuk Ïksrksa ds vè;;u ds iwoZ ;g vR;Ur vko';d izrhr gksrk gS fd Hkkjr esalkaf[;dh; MsVk dks laxzg djus dk tks iz;kl izkjEHk fd;k x;k Fkk mldh i`"BHkwfe dk laf{kIr fooj.kizLrqr fd;k tk;sA vk/qfud Hkkjr ds bfrgkl esa loZizFke 1862 esa LVSfVfLVdy desVh (StatisticalComittee) dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ FkhA bldk y{; O;kikj] foÙk f'k{kk rFkk Ñf"k ls lacaf/r lkaf[;dhdk laxzg djus ds fy, ,d lkaf[;dh; Lo:i dk uewuk rS;kj djuk Fkk rkfd okafNr ,oa mi;ksxhlkaf[;dh; lwpuk dk laxzg fd;k tk ldsA lu~ 1863 esa loZizFke LVSfLVdy ,sClVªSDV~l vkWiQ fczfV'kbf.M;k (Statistical Abstracts of British India) dk izdk'ku fd;k x;kA lu~ 1875 esa tkWu LVªsph(John Strachey) us ;g lq>ko fn;k Fkk fd Hkkjr esa Ñf"k ,oa okf.kT; foHkkx (Department ofAgriculture and Commerce) dh LFkkiuk dh tk,A bldk mís'; jktLo dh o`f¼ djuk FkkA lu~1949 esa tc Hkkjr ljdkj ds dSfcusV lfpoky; ds vUrxZr lkaf[;dh; bdkbZ dh LFkkiuk dh xbZrks ifj.ker% bl fn'kk esa i;kZIr è;ku fn;k x;k vkSj vusd lfefr;ksa dks dysD'ku ,.M vkxZukbts'kuvkWiQ LVSfVfLVDl (Collection and Organisation of Statistics) ds fy, laLrqfr nsus dks dgk x;kAbls dkykUrj esa lsUVªy lVSfVfLVdy vxsZukbts'ku] xouZes.V vkWiQ bf.M;k (Central SatisticalOrganisation, Govt. of India) ds :i esa LFkkfir fd;k x;k tks Hkkjr esa lkaf[;dh; ladyu dhxfrfof/;ksa dk leUo;u djrk gS vkSj izdk'ku Hkh djrk gSA Hkkjr esa lu~ 1863 ds iwoZ dh vof/dh lkaf[;dh; lwpuk miyC/ ugha gSA

NOTES


245

lkaf[;dh; lwpuk Ïksrls.Vªy LVSfVfLVdy vkxsZukbts'ku ds vfrfjDr vkWfiQl vkWiQ nh dkef'kZ;y bUVsfytsUl ,.MLVSfVfLVDl (Office of the Commercial Intellegence and Statistics), dksydkrk_ yscj C;wjks(Labour Bureau), p.Mhx<_ vkWfiQl vkWiQ nh jftLVªkj tujy rFkk lsall dfe'uj (Office of theRegistrar General and Census Commissioner) bR;kfn Hkkjr ds vusd {ks=kksa dh lkaf[;dh;lwpuk dk laxzg djrs gSaA ls.Vªy LVSfVfLVdy vkxsZukbts'ku }kjk xkbM Vw vkWfiQfl;y LVSfVfLVDl(Guide to Official Statistics) dk izdk'ku fd;k tkrk gSA bldk le;≤ ij la'kks/u Hkh fd;ktkrk gS vkSj ;g Hkkjr dh lkaf[;dh; lwpuk dk ewy ,oa izekf.kd Ïksr gSA bl laf{kIr i`"BHkwfe dslkFk gh lkFk vc ge dqN izfrfuf/ lkaf[;dh; lwpuk Ïksrksa dk vè;;u djsaxsA fuEukafdr izdkjds Ïksr ds varxZr budk vè;;u lqfo/ktud gksxkA

(v) jk"Vªh; lwpuk Ïksr

(i) /kjkokfgd izdk'ku]

(ii) rnFkZ izdk'kuA

(c) vUrjkZ"Vªh;@{ks=kh; lwpuk Ïksr

(i) /kjkokfgd izdk'ku]

(ii) rnFkZ izdk'ku

(v) jk"Vªh; lwpuk Ïksr

(i) /kjkokfgd izdk'ku % Statistical Abstract of India. New Delhi : Central Statisti-cal Organisation. New Series : 1950-. Annual.

lu~ 1863 ls ftl lkaf[;dh; /kjkokfgd izdk'ku dks Sttistical Abstracts of BritishIndia dh vk[;k ls ewyr% izdkf'kr fd;k tk jgk Fkk] mls lekIr dj vc orZeku vk[;kls izdkf'kr fd;k tk jgk gSA blesa fofHkUu izdj.kksa ij lkaf[;dh nh tkrh gS] tSlsμ {ks=kiQy]tula[;k] tyok;q] lkekftd fLFkfr] Je ,oa jkstxkj] Ñf"k] mRiknu] flapkbZ] i'kqikyu]okfudh] m|ksx] O;kikj ,oa okf.kT;] jk"Vªh; vk; rFkk O;;] cSafdax] chek] vk;kr&fu;kZr]f'k{kk dhersa bR;kfnA blesa 250 lkjf.k;k¡ nh xbZ gSaA vf[ky Hkkjrh; le; Üka[kyk esalkekU;r% nl o"kZ dh vof/ dh lwpuk lfEefyr dh tkrh gSA

Annual Abstract of Statistics. London : Central Statistical Office, HMSO, 1946-. Annual.

;g lu 1840 ls 1853 rd izdkf'kr Statistical Abstracts dk ijorhZ laLdj.k gSA blesafczVsu dh lkaf[;dh dh lwpuk nh tkrh gSA blesa fufgr lkaf[;dh; MsVk 18 vè;k;ksa easfoHkDr ,oa O;ofLFkr gS ftlesa izk;% mu lHkh fo"k;ksa dh lwpuk lfEefyr dh tkrh gSftudk mYys[k mifjfyf[kr LVsfVfLVdy ,sClVªSDV vkWiQ bafM;k* ds varxZr fd;k x;k gSA

Statistical Abstract of the United States. Washington : US Government PrintingOffice, 1878-. Annual.

blds 1993 ds [kaM esa 1500 lkjf.k;ksa vkSj pkVks± esa MsVk dks izLrqr fd;k x;k gS ftUgsa 31oxks± ea foHkDr fd;k x;k gSA blds vfrfjDr lkr ifjf'k"Vksa] lkaf[;dh; Ïksrksa dh lanf'kZdk]lkaf[;dh; fof/;ksa ,oa fo'oluh;rk ds ifjf'k"V fn;s x;s gSaA bldk fo"k;&{ks=k Hkh izk;%LVSfLVdy ,sClVªSDV vkWiQ bafM;k dh Hkk¡fr gSA

NOTES



246

Hkkjr esa izdkf'kr vU; fof'k"V lkaf[;dh; ladyuksa esa fuEufyf[kr izeq[k gSa %

Indian Labour Statistics, Shimla : The Labour Bureau, 1959-. Annual; Educationin India. New Delhi : Ministry of Human Resource Development 1947-48. An-nual; Family Welfare Programme in India-Yearbook. New Delhi : Dept. of FamilyWelfare, 1972-73. Annual; Health Statistics of India. Directorate General ofhealth Services : New Delhi, 1951. Annual; Research and Development Statis-tics, Dept. of Science and Technology, 1973-74. Annual.

ls.Vªh LVSfVfLVdy vkxsZukbts'ku (Central Statistical Organisation) ds vfrfjDr Hkkjresa Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner tula[;k ls lacaf/r lwpuk dk laxzg] ladyu vkSj izdk'ku djrs gSaA tula[;k ds MsVk dks izR;sd nl o"kZ ijladfyr fd;k tkrk gS ftls 1881 esa izkjaHk fd;k x;k FkkA Hkkjr dh tux.kuk (Censusof India) dk izfrosnu izR;sd nl o"kks± esa rS;kj fd;k tkrk gS] vkSj mls laiw.kZ Hkkjr ds fy,jk"Vªh; Lrj ij vkSj lHkh jkT;ksa ds Lrj ij Hkh izdkf'kr fd;k tkrk gSA izR;sd tuin dsfy, tux.kuk gS.Mcqdksa dk Hkh izdk'ku fd;k tkrk gSA izR;sd jkT; dh tux.kuk dhekufp=kkoyh dk Hkh izdk'ku fd;k tkrk gSA The Census Atlas, India, 1981 (NewDelhi 1988) esa 93 IysV] lkaf[;dh; lkjf.k;k¡ vkSj Mk;xzke gSaA

(ii) rn~FkZ izdk'ku % rnFkZ lkaf[;dh; lwpuk Ïksrksa dk izdk'ku fof'k"V fo"k;ksa ij fd;k tkrkgSA ;s fu;fer /kjkokfgd izdk'ku gSa vkSj budk ladyu lesfdr fooj.k dks iznku djusds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

Women in India : A Statistical Profile. New Delhi : Dept. of Social Welfare,1978.

blesa 12 O;kid fo"k; 'kh"kZdksa ij lkaf[;dh iznku dh x;h gS] tSlsμ tukafddh] tUe&ej.klkaf[;dh] LokLF; ,oa ifjokj dY;k.k] f'k{kk] jkstxkj] jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk] ;kstuk efgykdY;k.k] fodykax dY;k.k] lkekftd izfrj{kk] lkekftd dk;Z] f'k{k.k ,oa izf'k{k.kA


2. laf[;dh; lwpuk Ïksrksa dks fdu&du lewgksa esa Js.khc¼ fd;k tkrk gS\

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(c) varjkZ"Vªh; lwpuk Ïksr

(i) /kjkokfgd izdk'ku % Unesco Statistical Yearbook. Peris : UNESCO StatisticalOffice, 1949-. Annual.

bl vCndks'k dk izdk'ku 1949 ls fd;k tk jgk gS blesa f'k{kk] foKku] izkS|ksfxdh]iqLrdky;] iqLrd mRiknu] lekpkj i=k] if=kdk,¡] lkaLÑfrd vkys[k] fiQYe] flusek]izlkj.k] eqfær lkexzh dk vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj] lkaLÑfrd /jksgj bR;kfn ij vk¡dM+sa miyC/

NOTES


247

lkaf[;dh; lwpuk ÏksrgSaA lu~ 1993 ds laLdj.k esa lkr ifjf'k"V fn, x, gSaA ,d ifjf'k"V esa ;wusLdks }kjk izdkf'krlHkh lkaf[;dh; izdk'kuksa dh rkfydk nh xbZ gSA izR;sd Hkkx ds vkjaHk esa] Hkkx esa nh xbZlwpuk dk mYys[k gSA

U.N. Statistical Yearbook. New York : United Nations, 1949-. Annual.

fo'o] jk"Vªh; vkSj {ks=kh; Lrjksa ds lkekftd&vkfFkZd fodkl ds fo'ys"k.k ds fy, vUrjkZ"Vªh;Lrj ij rqyukRed MsVk dk ;g ,d vfr c`gr lkaf[;dh; Ïksr gSA dbZ LFkku ij nl o"khZ;MsVk Hkh fn;k x;k gSA lkjf.k;ksa dks rhu Hkkxksa esa lewgc¼ fd;k x;k gSμ (i) fo'o lkjka'k](ii) lkekU; lkekftd&vkfFkZd lkaf[;dh] rFkk (iii) ewy vkfFkZd fØ;kdykiksa dh lkaf[;dhAizR;sd o"kZ dqN lkjf.k;ksa dks lekIr dj fn;k tkrk gS vkSj uohu lkjf.k;ksa dks lfEefyr fd;ktkrk gSA blds izkDdFku esa bu ifjorZuksa dh lwpuk dk ladsr fn;k tkrk gSA lu~ 1996 lsla;qDr jk"Vª la?k }kjk lkaf[;dh dh ikdsV cqd (Statistical Pocket Books) dk Hkh izdk'kufd;k tk jgk gSA blesa lHkh lnL; jk"Vªksa dk ewy MsVk fn;k tkrk gSA

U.N. Demographic Yearbook. New York : UN Department of InternationalEconomic and Social Affairs, 1948-. Annual.

vUrjkZ"Vªh; tukafddh; lkaf[;dh dk ;g ,d c`gr ladyu gS ftlesa 150 izkjfEHkd i`"Bksaesa vk¡dM+ksa ls lacaf/r rduhdh fVIif.k;k¡ nh xbZ gSaA blds i'pkr tula[;k dh foLr`rlkjf.k;k¡ o`ff¼ dh nj] vk;q ,oa fyax oxZ dk forj.k] tUe&ej.k dh lkaf[;dh bR;kfn dksiznku fd;k x;k gSA izR;sd [kaM esa ,d fof'k"V lkj.kh nh x;h gSA lu~ 1980 ds [kaM esajk"Vªh;rk] e`R;q dk rF;kRed fooj.k] rykd] lEifÙk ds vuqlkj tula[;k rFkk ikfjokfjdlajpuk dh lkjf.k;k¡ iznku dh xbZ gSaA

la;qDr jk"Vª la?k dh vU; ,tsfUl;k¡μ FAO, ILO, IMF bR;kfn vusd /kjkokfgdlkaf[;dh; izdk'kuksa dk izdk'ku djrh gSa tks fof'k"V fo"k;ksa ls lacaf/r gksrh gSaμ tSls]vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj lkaf[;dh] vCndks'k] Je lkaf[;dh; vCndks'k] mRiknu vCndks'kubR;kfnA dqN okf"kZdh izdk'ku 1945 ls pys vk jgs gSa ftUgsa 1945 rd yhx vkWiQ us'kUl(League of Nations) izdkf'kr djrk FkkA

(ii) rnFkZ lwpuk Ïksr % An International Survey of Book Production during the LastDecades. Paris : UNESCO, 1982.

Statistics of Education Attainment and Illiteracy, 1970-1980. Paris : NUESCO,1983.

World Tables, 1991/The World Bank. 6th ed. Baltimore : John Hopkins Univer-sity for World Bank, 1991.

bldk izFke laLdj.k 1971 esa izdkf'kr fd;k x;k FkkA ;g vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftddkyØfed MsVk dk laxzg gSA blesa 1950 ls lHkh ns'kksa ds fy, vk¡dM+s fn;s x, gSaA ns'kls lacaf/r i`"Bksa esa jk"Vªh; ys[kk ds vk¡dM+s] fons'kh O;kikj] cká Í.k] eSuqiQSfDpfjax(Manufacturing), eqæ rFkk vkfFkZd lkekftd lwpdkad bR;kfn dh lkaf[;dh iznku dhxbZ gSA

Social Indicators of Development/The World Bank. Baltimore : John HopkinsPress for the World Bank, 1988.

NOTES



248

blesa fo'o cSad ns'kksa vFkok f'k{kk] LokLF;] iks"k.k bR;kfn ls fo'ks"k :i ls lacaf/r ,tsafl;ksa}kjk ladfyr lkaf[;dh; rFkk tukafddh; vk¡dM+s izLrqr fd, x, gSaA

(l) ekufp=kksa ds :i esa lkaf[;dh; lwpuk Ïksr

lkaf[;dh; lwpuk Ïksrksa dk izdk'ku ekufp=kksa ds :i esa Hkh fd;k tkrk gS tks i`Fkd&i`Fkd i`"BksavFkok ekufp=kkofy;ksa ds :i esa gks ldrs gSaA ,sls Ïksrksa ds dqN mnkgj.k fuEufyf[kr gSa %

Atlas of the Child in India/Moonis Raza and Sudesh Nangia. New Delhi : Concept, 1986.

eq[;r% cky tula[;k dh lkaf[;dh iznku djus ds fy, bldks rS;kj fd;k x;k gS ftlesa 116fo"k;&ekufp=k (152 i`"B) gSa ftuls cky tula[;k ds pkj i{kksa dh lwpuk izkIr gksrh gSμtukafddh; fo'ks"krk,¡_ dk;Zcy] lk{kjrk ,oa f'k{kk rFkk LokLF;_ ikSf"Vd vkgkj rFkk ifjokj fu;kstuAblds vk¡dM+s 1971 dh tux.kuk ij vk/kfjr gSaA

Census Atlas : National Volume, 1981. New Delhi : Registrar General and Census Com-missioner, 1988.

;g bl Üka[kyk] ftls 1961 dh tux;kuk ls izkjEHk fd;k x;k Fkk] dk rhljk vad gS tks 1981 dhtux.kuk ij vk/kfjr gSA blesa 93 IysV vkSj laf{kIr 'kks/ fVIif.k;k¡ gSa tks lkaf[;dh; MsVk vkSjMk;xzkeksa lfgr pkj Hkkxksa esa gS % lkekU; tukafddh; Lo:i ,oa izo`fÙk;k¡_ vkfFkZd i{k_lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd i{k_ ewY;kaduA

An Atlas of Tribal India/by Moonis Raza and Aijazuddin Ahmad. New Delhi : Concept,1989.

ekufp=kkoyh ds :i esa lkaf[;dh; MsVk iznku djus okyk ;g ,d vU; mnkgj.k gSA

lkaf[;dh; lwpuk Ïksrksa ds xzaFklwphijd Ïksr

fdlh Hkh iqLrdky; esa lanHkZ lsok ds fy, lkaf[dh; lwpuk Ïksrksa ds ladyu ds fuekZ.k gsrq bldhxzaFklwph ls lacaf/r Ïksrksa dh Hkh tkudkjh mikns; gksrh gSA buds dqN mnkgj.k fuEufyf[kr gSa %

(i) Source Book of Global Statistics/George Thomas Kurian. New York : Facts onFile, 1985.

blesa 'kkldh; vFkok futh ,tsafl;ksa }kjk tkjh fd, x, 200 ls vf/d lkaf[;dh; Ïksrksadh lwpuk nh xbZ gSA bls v|ru djus dh vko';drk gSA

(ii) Statistical Sources. Detroit : Gale, 1962-.

bldk 10ok¡ laLdj.k 1986 esa izdkf'kr fd;k x;k FkkA ;g ,d okf"kZd izdk'ku gSA blesavesfjdu Ïksrksa dks vf/d lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA lkFk gh vU; ns'kksa ds la[;kRedvk¡dM+ksa ds Ïksrksa dks Hkh lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA

(iii) Index to International Statistics : A Guide to Statistical Publications of Interna-tional Intergovernment Organisations. Washington : Congressional InformationService. Vol. 1. No. 1 Jan. 1983-. Monthly with quarterly and annual cumula-tion.

NOTES


249

lkaf[;dh; lwpuk ÏksrLo&izxfr ijh{k.k iz'u

3. Hkkjr esa vusd {ks=kksa dh lkaf[;dh; lwpukvksa dk laxzg fdu laxBuksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gS\

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fdlh Hkh iqLrdky; ds fy, lkaf[;dh; izdk'ku mi;ksxh gksrs gSa] ysfdu lwpuk Ïksr ds :i esa budsmi;ksx ls lacaf/r dqN leL;k,¡ Hkh gSaA ,slh leL;k,¡ fuEukafdr gSa %

(i) ;s Ïksr dHkh Hkh v|ru ugha gks ikrs % lkaf[;dh; Ïksrksa dk ladyu le;lkè; dk;ZgS D;ksafd vk¡dM+ksa ds ladyu] izfØ;kdj.k] rFkk mUgsa lkFkZd ,oa mi;ksxh :i esa izLrqr djusesa cgqr vf/d le; yxrk gSA vr% buds izdk'ku esa nks&rhu o"kZ dk le; yx tkrk gSA

ysfdu bysDVªksfud lk/uksa dk mi;ksx dj le; dh leL;k dks dqN lhek rd de djfn;k x;k gSA blls izdk'ku dk;Z esa rsth vkrh gSA fiQj Hkh] uohu la[;kRed fooj.k lnklqyHk ugha gks ikrsA

(ii) nh xbZ lkaf[;dh mi;ksDrk dh vko';drkvksa ds vuq:i ugha Hkh gks ldrh gS %lkaf[;dh dks ftl izdkj ls izLrqr fd;k x;k gS og ml Lo:i esa ugha gks ldrh gSa ftlLo:i esa mi;ksDrk dks mldh vko';drk gksrh gSA vr% blds ifj.kkeLo:i mi;ksDrk dksvU; Ïksrksa dk voyksdu djuk iM+rk gS vFkok vius mís'; dh iwfrZ ds fy, lkaf[;dhdh iquxZ.kuk djus dh vko';drk gksrh gSA

(iii)cks/xE;rk dh dfBukbZ % ;fn mi;ksDrk dks Base number, ratio, median arithmeticmean bR;kfn] vk/kjHkwr inksa dk Kku ugha gks rks fn, x, vk¡dM+s mlds fy, cks/xE; ughagks ldrsA ifj.kker% lanHkZ iqLrdky;kè;{kksa dks budh O;k[;k djuh iM+rh gS vkSj mÙkj nsusds fy, lkjf.k;ksa dk voyksdu djuk iM+rk gSA

(iv)lkaf[;dh dh vuqiyC/rk % ftl {ks=k fo'ks"k ij mi;ksDrk dks lkaf[;dh; lwpuk dhvko';drk gksrh gS og dHkh&dHkh lqyHk ugha Hkh gks ldrh gSA dkj.k ;g gS fd lHkhizdj.kksa vkSj {ks=kksa ls lacaf/r MsVk dk laxzg laHko ugha gksrkA vr% bj le; gj fo"k; ijrS;kj vk¡dM+s miyC/ ugha gksrsA

blds vfrfjDr dHkh&dHkh ladfyr vk¡dM+s Hkh vusd dkj.kksa ls le;kuqlkj miyC/ ugha gks ldrsA;s dkj.k gSa % O;fDrxr xksiuh;rk] okf.kfT;d xksiuh;rk] jkT; lqj{kk bR;kfnA lkaf[;dh; izdk'kuksadh dher vkf/d gksus ds dkj.k Hkh cgqr ls iqLrdky;ksa esa mudk Ø; djuk lEHko ugha gksikrk gSA

NOTES



250

lkaf[;dh lwpuk Ïksrksa ds ladyu dh leL;k,¡ gks ldrh gSaA ysfdu iqLrdky;kè;{kksa dk ;g nkf;Rogksrk gS fd mi;ksDrkvksa dh vko';drk dh iwfrZ dh tk;sA vr% lanHkZ iqLrdky;kè;{k dks ,sls lHkhizdkj ds miyC/ Ïksrksa dh iw.kZ tkudkjh gksuh pkfg,A miHkksDrkvksa dh ek¡x dh iwfrZ ds fy, miyC/vk¡dM+ksa dh O;k[;k dj mUgsa lqyHk djus dk iz;kl lanHkZ iqLrdky;kè;{k dks djuk pkfg,A


4. ekufp=kksa ds :i esa izdkf'kr lkaf[;dh; lwpuk Ïksrksa ds dqN mnkgj.k nhft,A

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6. lkj&la{ksi

bl vè;k; esa vkidks lkaf[;dh; lwpuk Ïksrksa ls ifjfpr djk;k x;k gSA lkaf[;dh; iz'uksa ds mÙkjiznku djuk lUnHkZ iqLrdky;kè;{k dk ,d eq[; dk;Z gksrk gSA vr% mls lHkh izdkj ds lkaf[;dh;lwpuk Ïksrksa dh iw.kZ tkudkjh gksuh pkfg,A ,slh lwpuk&(1) dks'kksa ,oa fo'odks'kksa] (2) vCndks'kksa]funsZf'kdkvksa rFkk ekufp=kkofy;ksa] (3) 'kkldh; fof'k"V lwpuk Ïksrksa bR;kfn esa fufgr gksrh gSA bUgsajk"Vªh; vFkok vUrjkZ"Vªh; Ïksrksa esa Js.khc¼ fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,sls Ïksr Øfed ;k /kjkokfgdizdk'ku ,oa rnFkZ izdk'ku gksrs gSaA

lkaf[;dh; lwpuk Ïksrksa dh vusd leL;k,¡ gksrh gSaA buesa izeq[k gSa % le; ls izdkf'kr fd;s tkusesa foyEc] mudk mi;ksx djus dh dfBukbZ] rFkk lkaf[;dh; lwpuk dh vyH;rk bR;kfnA vr% lanHkZiqLrdky;kè;{k dks lkaf[;dh; lwpuk Ïksrksa dk foLr`r Kku gksuk pkfg, tks mldk ,d egRoiw.kZnkf;Ro Hkh gSA mls vU; ,sls egRoiw.kZ ,oa mi;ksxh vk¡dM+ksa dk ladyu Hkh djuk pkfg, vkSjlkj.khc¼ ,oa vU; Lo:i esa miyC/ lkaf[;dh dks le>kus esa mi;ksDrkvksa dh Hkh lgk;rk djuhpkfg,A

7. izxfr ijh{k.k iz'uksa ds mÙkj

1- lkaf[;dh dk laca/ la[;kRed rF;ksa vFkok MsVk ds ladyu] oxhZdj.k] fo'ys"k.k rFkk O;k[;kls gSA fdlh Hkh {ks=k dh vkxkeh ;kstukvksa dh :ijs[kk rS;kj djus vFkok ekuo fØ;kdykiksa dsfofo/ {ks=kksa dh fo'ks"k fLFkfr vkSj ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk ewY;kadu djus ,oa vuqeku yxkus esa bldhegRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksrh gSA 'kks/kfFkZ;ksa ,oa fo'ks"kKksa dks vius rdks± dh iqf"V djus vFkokizkDdYiuk dks fl¼ djus ds fy, bldh vko';drk gksrh gSA iz'kkldksa dks bldh vko';drkvius nkf;Ro ds {ks=k dh miyfC/;ksa ,oa dk;Z{kerk dk ewY;kadu djus ds fy, gksrh gSAfu;kstudÙkkZvksa dks vkxkeh fodkl ds dk;ZØeksa ,oa ;kstukvksa dks rS;kj djus ds fy, bldhvko';drk gksrh gSA

NOTES


251

lkaf[;dh; lwpuk Ïksr2- lkaf[;dh; lwpuk Ïksrksa dks fuEukafdr lewgksa esa Js.khc¼ djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSμ

(v) dks'k ,oa fo'odks'k)

(c) vCndks'k] funsZf'kdk,¡ rFkk ekufp=kkofy;k¡_

(l) 'kkldh; izfrosnu_ rFkk

(n) fof'k"V lkaf[;dh; ÏksrA

3- ls.Vªy LVSfVfLVdy vkxsZukbts'ku ds vfrfjDr vkWfiQl vkWiQ nh dkef'kZ;y bUVsfytsUl ,.MLVSfVfLVDl (Office of the Commercial Intellegence and Statistics), dksydkrk_ yscjC;wjks (Labour Bureau), p.Mhx<_ vkWfiQl vkWiQ nh jftLVªkj tujy rFkk lsall dfe'uj(Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner) bR;kfn Hkkjr ds vusd{ks=kksa dh lkaf[;dh; lwpuk dk laxzg djrs gSaA ls.Vªy LVSfVfLVdy vkxsZukbts'ku }kjk xkbM VwvkWfiQfl;y LVSfVfLVDl (Guide to Official Statistics) dk izdk'ku fd;k tkrk gSA bldkle;≤ ij la'kks/u Hkh fd;k tkrk gS vkSj ;g Hkkjr dh lkaf[;dh; lwpuk dk ewy ,oaizekf.kd Ïksr gSA

4- lkaf[;dh; lwpuk Ïksrksa dk izdk'ku ekufp=kksa ds :i esa Hkh fd;k tkrk gS tks i`Fkd&i`Fkd i`"BksavFkok ekufp=kkofy;ksa ds :i esa gks ldrs gSaA ,sls Ïksrksa ds dqN mnkgj.k fuEufyf[kr gSa %

Atlas of the Child in India/Moonis Raza and Sudesh Nangia. New Delhi : Concept,1986.

eq[;r% cky tula[;k dh lkaf[;dh iznku djus ds fy, bldks rS;kj fd;k x;k gS ftlesa 116fo"k;&ekufp=k (152 i`"B) gSa ftuls cky tula[;k ds pkj i{kksa dh lwpuk izkIr gksrh gSμtukafddh; fo'ks"krk,¡_ dk;Zcy] lk{kjrk ,oa f'k{kk rFkk LokLF;_ ikSf"Vd vkgkj rFkk ifjokjfu;kstuA blds vk¡dM+s 1971 dh tux.kuk ij vk/kfjr gSaA

Census Atlas : National Volume, 1981. New Delhi : Registrar General and CensusCommissioner, 1988.

;g bl Üka[kyk] ftls 1961 dh tux;kuk ls izkjEHk fd;k x;k Fkk] dk rhljk vad gS tks 1981dh tux.kuk ij vk/kfjr gSA blesa 93 IysV vkSj laf{kIr 'kks/ fVIif.k;k¡ gSa tks lkaf[;dh; MsVkvkSj Mk;xzkeksa lfgr pkj Hkkxksa esa gS % lkekU; tukafddh; Lo:i ,oa izo`fÙk;k¡_ vkfFkZd i{k_lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd i{k_ ewY;kaduA

An Atlas of Tribal India/by Moonis Raza and Aijazuddin Ahmad. New Delhi : Con-cept, 1989.

ekufp=kkoyh ds :i esa lkaf[;dh; MsVk iznku djus okyk ;g ,d vU; mnkgj.k gSA

8. eq[; 'kCn

tux.kuk (Census) : fdlh ns'k dh tula[;k vFkok fofHkUu inkFkks± dh vf/Ñrx.kuk djuk] tSls fd lkaf[;dh; mís'; ds fy, vkokxeu dhlkaf[dh;A

tukafddh (Demography) : tUe] ej.k] chekfj;ksa bR;kfn dh lkaf[;dh dk vè;;u ftllsleqnk; dh fLFkfr dks izLrqr fd;k tk ldsA

NOTES



252

losZ{k.k (Survey) : oSKkfud vFkok lqO;ofLFkr fof/ ls lEiUu fd, x, vuqlUèkku]ijh{k.k ;k [kkst dk fooj.kA

lkaf[;dh (Statistics) : la[;kvksa esa iznf'kZr lwpuk dk laxzgA lwpuk dk laxzg djus]oxhZdj.k djus] vkSj fo'ys"k.k djus dk foKkuA

9. vH;kl&iz'u

1. lwpuk ds ,d Ïksr ds :i esa lkaf[;dh dh vko';drk ij izdk'k Mkfy,A

2. lkaf[;dh; lwpuk Ïksrksa dh mi;ksfxrk dk o.kZu dhft,A

3. lkaf[;dh; lwpuk Ïksrksa ds jk"Vªh; /kjkokfgd izdk'kuksa dk ifjp; nhft,A

4. vUrjkZ"Vªh; lwpuk Ïksrksa ds rnFkZ izdk'kuksa ds dqN mnkgj.k nhft,A

5. lkaf[;dh; lwpuk Ïksrksa ls lEcfU/r leL;kvksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

10. lanHkZ xzaFk lwph

Grogan, Denise J. (1992). Practical Reference. 2nd ed. London : Library AssociationPublishing Ltd.

Katz, Willain A. (1992). Introduction to Reference Work. Vol 1 : Basic InformationSource. 6th ed. New York : McGraw-Hill.

NOTES


253

lkef;d ?kVukvksa ,oaxfrfof/;ksa ds lwpuk Ïksr


1. vè;;u ds mís';

2. ifjp;


3.1 lekpkji=kksa dh vuqØef.kdk,¡

3.2 lekpkj lkjka'k ,oa lekpkj MkbtsLV

3.3 Vsyhfotu ,oa jsfM;ks izlkj.kksa ds lkjka'k


5. lkj&la{ksi


7. eq[; 'kCn

8. vH;kl&iz'u



vè;k;&13

NOTES



254

1- vè;;u ds mís';

lkef;d ?kVukvksa] leL;kvksa] ,oa xfrfof/;ksa ij lwpuk dh ekax djuk gekjs nSfud thou dk vaxcuk x;k gSA iqLrdky;ksa dks izk;% buls lacaf/r iz'uksa dk mÙkj iznku djuk iM+rk gSA bl vè;k; esage ,sls lwpuk Ïksrksa dh ppkZ djsaxs ftuesa bl izdkj ds iz'uksa ds mÙkj izkIr gksrs gSaA

bl vè;k; dk vè;;u djus ds i'pkr~ vki brus le{k gks tk;asxs fd %

lkef;d lwpuk ls lacaf/r lanHkZ Ïksrksa ds izdkjksa dk o.kZu dj ldsa_

bu lanHkZ Ïkskrksa ds fo"k;&foLrkj dh O;k[;k dj ldsa_

mudh mi;ksfxrk ,oa lhekvksa dk o.kZu dj ldsa_ rFkk

izR;sd izdkj ds lkef;d lanHkZ Ïksrksa ds egRoiw.kZ mnkgj.kksa dk mYys[k dj ldsaA

2- ifjp;

lkef;d ?kVukvksa] leL;kvksa rFkk xfrfof/;ksa ls lacaf/r lwpuk dks izkIr djuk] Kkr djuk vkSjiqLrdky;ksa esa budh ek¡ djuk vk/qfud thou dk vko';d vax cu x;k gSA lk/kj.kr% lkef;d?kVukvksa ls lacaf/r iz'u cM+s ljy fn[kkbZ iM+rs gSa ysfdu mudk mÙkj iznku djuk lanHkZ dk;Z dk,d dfBu i{k gksrk gSA izfr;ksxh ijh{kvksa vFkok igsyh&izfr;ksfxrkvksa esa lfEefyr gksus okys;qod&;qofr;k¡ vkids ikl lkef;d ?kVukvksa dh lwpuk izkIr djus vo'; vk,¡xsA jsfM;ks] VsyhfoturFkk lekpkji=k bl dk;Z ds fy, egRoiw.kZ lk/u gSaA ysfdu lkef;d ?kVukvksa dh tks vikj ck<+fuR;izfr gksrh jgrh gS] dqN lIrkg ckn gh og Hkzked ,oa foLej.kh; gks tkrh gSA fdlh ?kVuk dh?kks"k.kk gksus vFkok mldk lekpkj izdkf'kr gksus vkSj bls fdlh lkjdj.k if=kdk] MkbtsLV] ;kvuqØef.kdk esa lfEefyr dj izdkf'kr djus esa i;kZIr foyEc gks tkrk gSA lkef;d ?kVukvksa vkSjxfrfof/;ksa dh oSfoè;rk vkSj vf/D; dh rqyuk esa f}rh;d lsokvksa (xzaFkkRed Ïksrksa) dh la[;kHkh bl {ks=k esa vYire gSA

vkWuykbu lanHkZ lsok,¡ blds fy, vfr mÙke lk/u fl¼ gks ldrh gSa vkSj budh lgk;rk ls uohurevkSj lkef;d ?kVukvksa ,oa xfrfof/;ksa dh lwpuk ls lacaf/r leL;kvksa dk fujkdj.k gks ldrk gSAysfdu Hkkjr esa bl izdkj dh lsokvkas dk vk;kstu djus esa le; yxsxk D;ksafd lwfoèkk gksrs gq, Hkhbudh ek=kk lhfer gS vkSj ;g dk;Z vf/d O;olkè; gSA vr% lanHkZ iqLrdky;kè;{k ds :i esavkidks rc rc lekpkji=k vuqØef.kdk vkSj MkbtsLV lsokvksa ij gh fuHkZj jguk iM+sxkA

bl vè;k; ds vxys vuqPNsnksa esa ge lkef;d ?kVukvksa ds lanHkZ Ïksrksa dk fooj.k iznku djsaxsA


lkef;d ?kVukvksa dh lwpuk gsrq rhu izdkj ds lwpuk Ïksr egRoiw.kZ ,oa mi;ksxh ekus tkrs gSa&

(v) lekpkji=kksa dh vuqØef.kdk,¡] (c) lekpkj lkjka'k vkSj lekpkj MkbtsLV] (l) VsyhfotuvkSj jsfM;ks izlkj.kksa ds lkjka'kA

3.1 lekpkji=kksa dh vuqØef.kdk,¡

lekpkji=kksa dh vuqØef.kdk,¡ nSfud lekpkji=kksa esa izdkf'kr lekpkj dh lwpuk izLrqr djrh gSaAfo'ks"kdj lkef;d ?kVukvksa dh tkudkjh vkSj ewy lwpuk dh tkudkjh izkIr djus esa buvuqØef.kdkvksa ds mi;ksx ls le; dh cpr gksrh gSA ik'pkR; ns'kksa esa lwpuk lsok dks vR;aregRoiw.kZ ekuk tkrk gSA ogk¡ dqN lekpkji=kksa us ,slh lsok,¡ izkjEHk dh gSaA Hkkjr esa Hkh lekpkji=kksa

NOTES


255


ds bl i{k dk vuqHko fd;k x;k gS vkSj iqLrdky; la?kksa ,oa izeq[k izdk'ku x`gksa }kjk ,slh lsokvksadk izdk'ku izkjEHk fd;k x;k gSA

lkef;d ?kVukvksa tSls& uhfr dh ?kks"k.kk,¡] vfHker laxzg] lkekftd&vkfFkZd fodkl] ifjorZu]eqnzkLiQhfr] lkef;d ?kVukvksa ,oa ifjorZuksa ds izfr tu vfHker bR;kfn ls lacaf/r lekpkj v[kckjksaesa izdkf'kr gksrs gSaA dqN fnuksa] lIrkgksa ;k eghuksa igys izdkf'kr fdlh lekpkj dks lekpkji=kksa esals <w¡<uk ,d le;lkè; dk;Z gS] D;ksafd u rks iz'udrkZ dks u gh iqLrdky;kè;{k dks lacaf/rlekpkji=k dk uke ;k lekpkj ds izdk'ku dk fnukad ;kn gksrk gSA iQyLo:i] lekpkji=kksa dks,d&,d dj voyksdu djus dh vko';drk iM+rh gS tks dfBu dk;Z rks gksrk gh gS] lkFk gh bllsle; Hkh u"V gksrk gSA vr% lekpkji=kksa dh vuqØef.kdk,¡ bl fn'kk esa ojnku fl¼ gksrh gSaA bulslanHkZ iqLrdky;kè;{k dks cM+h lgk;rk izkIr gksrh gS vkSj lacaf/r lekpkj dks cM+h ljyrk ls [kkstdj og okafNr lwpuk iznku dj ldrk gSA bl izdkj lkef;d ?kVukvksa ds fy, lekpkji=kksa dhvuqØef.kdk,¡ vR;ar mi;ksxh lwpuk Ïksr dk dk;Z djrh gSaA

bl izdkj dh vuqØef.kdk,¡ nks izdkj dh gksrh gSa %

d) ,d gh lekpkji=k dh vuqØe.khdj.k lsok] vkSj

[k) ,d ls vf/d lekpkji=kksa dks lekfgr djus okyh vuqØe.khdj.k lsokA

d) ,d gh lekpkji=k dh vuqØe.khdj.k lsok

i) The New York Times Index. New York : New York Times, 1851-, Semi-monthlywith quarterly annual comulations.

;g 1913&1929 dh vof/ esa =kSekfld [k.M ds :i esa izdkf'kr dh tkrh FkhA lu~ 1920ls ekfld vuqØe.khdj.k lsok ds :i esa ,dek=k okf"kZd lap;h [k.M lfgr bldk izdk'kufd;k tkrk FkkA lu~ 1931&47 dh vof/ esa ekfld izdk'ku ,oa okf"kZd lap;h [k.M dslkFk bldk izdk'ku gksrk FkkA lu~ 1978 ds ckn izFke rhu =kSekfld vfo/ ds vadksa dks=kSekfld izdk'ku ds :i esa rFkk pkSFks =kSekfld vad dks okf"kZd lapk;h vad ds lkFklfEefyr dj izdkf'kr fd;k tkrk gSA

lekpkji=kksa dh vuqØef.kdkvksa esa fo'o esa ;g vuqØef.kdk loksZÙke ekuh tkrh gS vkSjlokZf/d yksdfiz; gSA bldk lekos'k foLr`r ,oa iw.kZ gksrk gSA jk"Vªh; ,oa varjkZ"Vªh; Lrjdh ftruh Hkh egRoiw.kZ ?kVuk,¡ gksrh gSa vkSj tks U;w;kdZ VkbEl esa izdkf'kr dh tkrh gSamudk iw.kZ vfHkxe ;g vuqØef.kdk iznku djrh gSA bldh izR;sd izfof"V esa lekpkj dslaf{kIr lkj dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gS tks dksbZ Hkh mi;ksDrk fdlh rF; dh tkudkjhizkIr djuk pkgrk gS] tSls& vf/dkjh dk uke] ?kVuk dk fnukad] vFkok fdlh ukVd dhvk[;k bR;kfn] og bl vuqØef.kdk ls okafNr lwpuk rRdky izkIr dj ldrk gSA bldkO;oLFkkiu o.kkZuqØe esa 'kCndks'k dh Hkkafr fd;k tkrk gS vkSj lkFk gh ukeksa rFkk lacaèkizdj.kksa ds fy, i;kZIr la[;k esa izfrfunsZ'kh lays[k fn, tkrs gSaA ?kVukvksa dk O;oLFkkiufnukad ds vuqlkj izR;sd eq[; 'kh"kZd ds varxZr fd;k tkrk gSA lap;h vuqØef.kdkvksa]ftUgsa izR;sd =kSekfld vkSj okf"kZd vof/ esa izdkf'kr fd;k tkrk gS] ds }kjk fdlh Hkh ?kVukdh lwpuk dks [kkstus esa le; u"V ugha gksrk gSA bl izdkj vklkuh ls okafNr lwpuk izkIrgks tkrh gSA ysfdu vèkkZekfld vadksa ds izdk'ku esa nks&rhu eghus dh vof/ dk foyEcgks tkrk gSA

vkWuykbu [kkst ds fy, Hkh ;g vuqØef.kdk miyC/ gS ftls U;w;kdZ VkbEl bUiQkWesZ'ku cSad(New York Times Information Bank) dgrs gSaA bl vkWuykbu lsok lkexzh dks izR;sd

NOTES



256

lIrkg v|ru fd;k tkrk gS vkSj lkef;d 'kh"kZ iafDr;ksa dks izR;sd 24 ?k.Vs esa v|ru fd;ktkrk gSA

;g ekbØksfiQYe ds :i esa Hkh miyC/ gS ftls izR;sd eghus v|ru fd;k tkrk gSA bulsokvksa ij vR;f/d /ujkf'k dk O;; gksrk gSA

ii) The Time Index, Reading, Eng. : Newspaper Archive Development, 1906-.

bl vuqØef.kdk dk izkjEHk VkbEl] yUnu }kjk 1906 esa fd;k x;k FkkA bldh vk[;k vkSjle;kof/ cnyrh jgrh gSA tSls] 1906&13 ds nkSjku The Annual Index dh vk[;k ls]1914&1957 ds nkSjku The Official Index dh vk[;k ls rFkk 1958&77 ds nkSjku rdThe Index to The Times dh vk[;k ls budk izdk'ku gksrk FkkA ,d ekfld lsok ds:i esa The Time Index dh vk[;k ls bldk izdk'ku 1977 ls izkjEHk fd;k x;kA bldkokf"kZd lap;h [k.M Hkh izdkf'kr fd;k tkrk gSA

VkbEl }kjk vf/Ñr vuqØe.khdj.k lsok dks 1906 esa izkjEHk fd;k x;kA blds iwoZ bldkizdk'ku Lora=k :i esa Palmer's Index to The Times vk[;k ds vUrxZr fd;k tkrk FkkArc ;g vuqØef.kdk vR;Ur p;ukRed FkhA ;g vuqØe.khdj.k lsok 1990 ls 1941 rdpyrh jgh] ;|fi VkbEi us viuh vf/Ñr vuqØe.khdj.k lsok lu~ 1906 esa gh vkjEHkdj nh FkhA 1785&90 rd bl vuqØef.kdk dk izdk'ku Newspaper ArchiveDevelopments, Reading England }kjk 1978&74 esa Hkh fd;k tk pqdk gSA

VkbEl] yUnu }kjk 1906 ls izdkf'kr vuqØef.kdk rqyukRed n`f"V ls vf/d mÙke gSA bllsok ds varxZr laf{kIr lkj izLrqr fd, tkrs gSa ftlesa fnukad] rF; ,oa vU; fooj.k iznkufd;s tkrs gSa tks Rofjr lanHkZ lsok ds fy, i;kZIr gSA mi;ksDrkvksa dks lekpkji=k ds lacaf/r vad dk voyksdu djus dh vko';drk ugha gksrh gSA

lu~ 1974 ls VkbEl bUMsDl (Times Index) esa mlh vuqØe esa Sundary Times, TheTimes Literary Supplement, THe Times Educational Supplement rFkk TheTimes Higher Education Supplement ds lekpkjksa dks vuqØe.kh c`¼ fd;k tkrk gSAlu~ 1977 ls bl vuqØef.kdk dks ekfld izdk'ku ds :i esa izdkf'kr fd;k tk jgk gSAlkFk gh bldk okf"kZd lap;h [k.M Hkh izdkf'kr fd;k tkrk gS tks ekbØksfiQYe ds :iesa Hkh miyC/ gSA


1- lekpkji=kksa dh vuqØef.kdkvksa dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,A

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Palmer's Index ds 65 [k.Mksa esa lu~ 1905 dh vof/ esa izdkf'kr VkbEl (Times) dhvuqØef.kdk nh xbZ gSA Kraus Reprint Services us 1906&1967 ds o"kks± ds fy, 118[k.Mksa dk izdk'ku fd;k gSA blds ckn ds [k.Mksa dks Hkh izdkf'kr fd;k x;k gSA

nks izeq[k lekpkj=kksa Le Monde (Paris), rFkk The Guardian (London) dh Hkh viuhvuqØef.kdk,¡ gSaA ysfdu budk izdk'ku vU; ,tsafl;k¡ djrh gSaA lekpkji=kksa dh vuqØef.kdkvksads izdk'ku dk iz;kl Hkkjr esa Hkh fd;k x;k gS] tSls %

NOTES


257


Intex to the Times of India (Bombay) bldk izdk'ku cUn gks x;k gSA ysfdu TheHindu (Madras) dh vuqØef.kdk izdkf'kr dh tkrh gSA

[k) ,d ls vf/d lekpkji=kksa dks lekfgr djus okyh vuqØe.khdj.k lsok,¡

i) Conadian News Index, V.1 - 1977-. Toronto : Micro Media, 1977-.

;g ,d ekfld vuqØe.khdj.k lsok gS ftldk okf"kZd lap;h [k.M Hkh izdkf'kr fd;k tkrkgSA bldk izdk'ku 1977 esa (V.1. 1944-) Vksjks.Vks ls ekbØksfefM;k }kjk ConadianNewspaper Index dh vk[;k ls ekfld izdk'ku ds :i esa izkjEHk gqvkA lu~ 1979 esabldh vk[;k dks ifjofrZr dj fn;k x;k tks vc izpfyr gSA igys blesa ik¡p lekpkji=kksa dkslfEefyr fd;k x;k FkkA ysfdu vc 30 lekpkji=kksa vkSj dukMk ls izdkf'kr i=k&if=kdkvksadks blesa vuqØe.khc¼ fd;k tkrk gSA ;g vkWuykbu [kkst ds fy, Hkh lqyHk gSA

ii) National Newspaper Index, 1979-. Los Altos, Calif : Information Access Cor-poration, 1979-. Microfilm, Monthly.

izkjEHk esa ;g ek=k rhu vesfjdh lekpkji=kksa& The New York Tiems, The ChristianScience Monitor, rFkk The Wall Street Journal dh vuqØef.kdk Fkh& ysfdu 1982ls blesa Los Angeles Time rFkk Washington Post dks Hkh vuqØef.kc¼ fd;k tk jgkgSA bls izfrekg v|ru fd;k tkrk gSA izR;sd vad dks iw.kZr% lap;h fd;k tkrk gSA bldkokf"kZd 'kqYd lacaf/r iqLrdky; ds iqLrd ctV ds vuqikr esa ?kVk;k c<+k;k tkrk gSANews Search Service ds ekè;e ls ;g vkWuykbu [kkst lsok ds fy, Hkh miyCèk gSA

iii) Newspaper Abstracts on Dics (Computer file). Louisville, KY. : UMI/DataCourier, 1985-.

lhMh&jkse Lo:i esa rFkk DIALOG ds ekè;e ls vkWuykbu] nksuksa izdkj ls ;g lsok lqyHkgSA bl vuqØef.kdk esa Atlanto Constitution, Boston Globe, Chicago Tribune,Christian Science Monitor, Los Angeles Time, The Wall Street Journal, TheNew York Times, rFkk Washington Post dh vuqØef.kdk nh tkrh gSA ysfdu [kkstusdk {ks=k lekpkji=k dh vk[;k] 'kh"kZ iafDr;k¡] lkjka'k] mi&'kh"kZ iafDr;k¡] fo"k; 'kh"kZdksa dsvuqlkj gh lqyHk gSA

iv) Indian Press Index (Delhi) and Indian News Index esa Hkh lekpkji=kks a dksvuqØe.khc¼ djus dk iz'kaluh; iz;kl fd;k x;k FkkA Hkkjrh; lekpkj i=kksa dh lwpuk lsokdh n`f"V ls budh mi;ksfxrk FkhA ysfdu vko';d leFkZu ds vHkko esa budk izdk'ku cangks x;kA

3.2 lekpkj lkjka'k ,oa lekpkj MkbtsLV

lkef;d ?kVukvksa ls lacaf/r iz'uksa dk mÙkj iznku djus ds fy, lanHkZ iqLrdky;kè;{k dks izk;% bulanHkZ Ïksrksa dks fufnZ"V djuk iM+rk gSA lekpkj lkjka'k@lekpkj MkbtsLV Hkh oLrqr% lekpkjvuqØef.kdk,¡ gh gSaA ysfdu nksuksa esa vUrj ;g gS fd lkjka'k@MkbtsLV esa xzaFkijd rFkk vofLFkfrijdfooj.k ds vfrfjDr lekpkjksa ds laf{kIr lkjka'k Hkh fn;s x;s gksrs gSaA bl n`f"V ls lekpkji=kksa dhvuqØef.kdk ls lekpkj MkbtsLV ,oa lekpkj lkjka'k fHkUu gksrs gSaA lekpkj lkjka'k@lekpkj MkbtsLVesa] fcuk lekpkji=k dks ns[ks Hkh] mi;ksDrk dks lacaf/r izdj.k ij laf{kIr lwpuk izkIr gks tkrh gSAysfdu lacaf/r [email protected] dk rF;kRed vkSj laf{kIr lkjka'k ek=k gh blls Kkr gks ldrk gSA ftllekpkji=k@lekpkji=kksa esa lacaf/r [email protected] izdkf'kr gksrk gS mldk mYys[k Hkh blesa fd;k x;kgksrk gSA

NOTES



258

bl lekpkj MkbtsLVksa dk fo"k;&foLrkj vUrjkZ"Vªh; jk"Vªh;] egk}hih; rFkk fof'k"V fo"k; ls Hkhlacaf/r gks ldrk gSA

d)vUrjkZ"Vªh; lekpkj MkbtsLV ds mnkgj.k %

Keesing's Record of World Events. London : Keesing's World Wide, LLC, 1931.Monthly.

igys (1931&1983 dh vof/ esa) bldk izdk'ku Keesing's Contemporary Archivesdh vk[;k ds vUrxZr fd;k tkrk FkkA ;g igys ,d lkIrkfgd izdk'ku Fkk tks vc ekfldizdk'ku gks x;k gSA vokZphu bfrgkl dk ;g ,d vf}rh; ledkyhu vfHkys[k gSA lkef;d?kVukvksa dk ;g ,d rF;kRed ,oa oLrqfu"B lanHkZ Ïksr gS ftls fo'o ds lHkh lekpkji=kksa vkSjlwpuk Ïksrksa dk fof/or fujh{k.k dj rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA fo'o ds foxr eghus ds lHkhlekpkjksa dks blds ekfld vad esa O;kid :i ls lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA izR;sd vad dsvfUre i`"B ij vuqØef.kdk dh ,d :ijs[kk eqfnzr gksrh gSA lekpkjksa dks fuEufyf[kr Hkkxksa esaO;ofLFkr fd;k tkrk gS& vizQhdk (exjsc jkT;ksa ds vfrfjDr)] vesfjdk] ,f'k;k] vkLVªsfy;kiSflfiQd] ;wjksi] eè;iwoZ&vjc txr] vUrjkZ"Vªh;A le;≤ ij fo"k; ,oa ukeksa dh iw.kZlapph vuqØef.kdk,¡ izdkf'kr dh tkrh gSaA rRi'pkr~ iw.kZ o"kZ ds fo"k; vkSj ukeksa dh vfUrevuqØef.kdk izdkf'kr dh tkrh gSA

;g ,d vftYno¼ i`"B lsok gSA Keesing's Record of World Events dh 1960&1996dh vof/ dh lkexzh] lhMh&jkse :i esa Hkh lqyHk gSA 1997 ls bUgsa =kSekfld vof/ esa v|ruj[kk tkrk gSA lEiw.kZ lwpuk lkexzh vc vkWuykbu lsok ij Hkh lqyHk gSA

Facts on File : World News Digest with Index. Vol. 1-1940-. New York.

iQSDV~l vkWu iQkbZy] fdflaXl fjdkWMZ dh Hkk¡fr vftYnc¼ i`"Bksa dh lsok gSA izeq[k lekpkji=kksaesa izdkf'kr lekpkj] laikndh; lkexzh bR;kfn dk lkjka'k blesa izLrqr fd;k tkrk gS tks lkjka'kiznku fd;s tkrs gSa os rF;kRed] laf{kIr vkSj oLrqfu"B gksrs gSaA ;|fi blesa lekpkjkas dk lekos'kvUrjkZ"Vªh; gS rFkkfi blesa la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk dh ?kVukvksa dks vf/d egRo fn;k tkrk gSAizfof"V;ksa dks O;kid fo"k; 'kh"kZdksa ds vUrxZr O;ofLFkr fd;k tkrk gS& tSls fo'o dh ?kVuk,¡,oa lekpkj] foÙk] vFkZ'kkL=k] jk"Vªh; ?kVuk,¡] [ksydwn bR;kfnA bldh ikf{kd] ekfld] =ksekfldrFkk okf"kZd vuqØef.kdk Hkh izdkf'kr dh tkrh gSA ;g vR;ar foLr`r gksrh gS rFkk izR;sd esafiNys vad dh izfof"V;ksa dks Hkh lfEefyr ;k lapf;r fd;k tkrk gSA lu~ 1950 ls iapo"khZ;lap;h vuqØef.kdk dk Hkh izdk'ku fd;k tk jgk gSA blds ekè;e ls izdkf'kr lekpkjksa ds lkjka'kdh tkudkjh lqfo/kiwoZd izkIr gks tkrh gSA bl lkIrkfgd lekpkj lkjka'k dk izdk'ku fcuk fdlhfoyEc ds fu;fer jhfr ls gksrk gSA ysfdu lkexzh ds Ïksr dk mYys[k ugha fd;k tkrk gS tcfd,f'k;u fjdkMZj (Asian Recorder) esa Ïksr dk mYys[k fd;k tkrk gSA bldk okf"kZd lap;h[k.M Facts on File Year Book dh vk[;k ls izdkf'kr fd;k tkrk gSA lu~ 1980 ls Factson File Digest CD-ROM dks e'khu iBuh; Lo:i esa lqyHk fd;k tk jgk gSA

[k) {ks=kh; vFkok egk}hih; MkbtsLV ds mnkgj.k %

i) Asian Recorder. New Delhi : Asian Recorder and Publications, 1955-. Weekly.

,f'k;u fjdkWMZj ,d lkIrkfgd MkbtsLV gS ftls lu~ 1955 ls fu;fer :i esa izdkf'krfd;k tk jgk gSA blds lekpkj&i`"Bksa dh i`"B la[;k blds tuojh 1955 ds izFke vadls yxkrkj ,d Øe esa nh tk jgh gSA blesa ,f'k;k ds 45 ns'kksa ds lekpkjksa] izeq[k ?kVukvksa]ifjorZuksa ,oa jktuhfrd&vkfFkZd ekeyksa bR;kfn ds lekpkj lkjka'kksa dks izdkf'kr fd;k tkrk

NOTES


259


gSA izR;sd o"kZ ds vUr esa fiNys vkoj.k i`"B ij lHkh ns'kksa ds laf{kIrk{kjksa dk Hkh mYys[kfd;k tkrk gSA blds lekpkj i`"Bksa dh =kSekfld ,oa okf"kZd vuqØef.kdk,¡ izdkf'kr dhtkrh gSaA blesa MsVk dks izR;sd ns'k ds vuqlkj O;ofLFkr fd;k tkrk gSA vUrjkZ"Vªh; laxBuksads fy, i`Fkd~ Hkkx esa lwpuk iznku dh tkrh gS ftlesa Ñf"k] [ksy&dwn] vkSj fu;qfDr;k¡ izeq[kgksrh gSaA lekpkj lkjka'k ds Ïksr dk mYys[k lkjka'k ds var esa fd;k tkrk gSA ;g vfoyEc,oa fu;fer lsok gSA

ii) Collected South Asian Editorials : Monthly Documentation Journal. Delhi: South Asia Information and Research Aid Group, 1995-. Monthly.

;g ekfld izys[ku lsok gS ftlesa Hkkjrh; ,oa nf{k.kh ,f'k;k ds dqN lekpkji=kksa dslEikndh; vxzys[kksa dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA lkef;d izdj.kksa ,oa vfHk#fp dslEikndh; vkys[kksa dk gh buesa laxzg fd;k tkrk gSA fgUnh Hkk"kk ds lekpkji=kksa ls Hkhlkexzh yh tkrh gSA

iii) Africa Diary. New Delhi : African Publications, 1961-. Weekly.

;g vizQhdk ds lkIrkfgd ?kVukvksa dks vfHkys[k gS ftldks lkIrkfgdh ds :i esa izdkf'krfd;k tkrk gSA lekpkjksa ds lkjka'k ns'kksa ds 'kh"kZd ds vUrxZr izdkf'kr fd;s tkrs gSa ftUgsao.kkZuqØe esa O;ofLFkr fd;k tkrk gSA bldh lkIrkfgd vuqØef.kdk Hkh izdkf'kr gksrh gSAbl vuqØef.kdk dks =kSekfld ,oa okf"kZd lap;h [k.Mksa esa Hkh izdkf'kr fd;k tkrk gSA


2- lekpkj MkbtsLV ,oa lekpkj vuqØef.kdk esa vUrj crkb,A

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iv) Africa Record : A Fortnightly Record of African Events with Index. NewDelhi, 1962-. Fortnightly with Semi-Annual and Annual Indexes.

blesa vizQhdk ds ns'kksa ds ikf{kd lekpkj lkjka'k izdkf'kr fd;s tkrs gSaA bu lkjka'kksa dksns'kkuqlkj o.kkZuqØe esa O;ofLFkr fd;k tkrk gSA izR;sd ns'k ds vUrxZr ?kVukvksa dk lkjka'kiznku fd;k tkrk gSA blesa ,d vfrfjDr vuqHkkx Hkh gS tks ^vizQhdk ds ckgj vizQhdk*(Africa outside Africa) ls lacaf/r gSA

x) ns'kkuqlkj MkbtsLVksa ds mnkgj.k %

Conadian News Facts. Toronto : Marpep, 1967-. Biweekly.

dukMk dh lkekftd ?kVukvksa dk ;g vuqØe.khÑr MkbtsLV gSA ;g Hkh Facts on File dhHkk¡fr vftYVc¼ i`"Bksa dh lsok gSa ftlds =kSekfld ,oa okf"kZd lap;h [k.M Hkh izdkf'kr fd,tkrs gSaA

Keesing's UK Record. Harlow : Longman, 1988-.

;g o"kZ esa N% ckj izdkf'kr gksrk gSA izzR;sd vad izeq[k ?kVukvksa ds fnukad ls izkjEHk gksrk gSftlesa izeq[k ?kVukvksa ij ewyikB lfgr fVIi.kh Hkh nh tkrh gSA ysfdu vf/dka'kr% ;w ds (UK)

NOTES



260

dh ?kVukvksa dks blesa 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA ns'k ds fons'kh laca/ksa ds izdj.k blesa lfEefyrfd, tkrs gSaA lekpkji=kksa] vfÑr Ïksrksa rFkk vU; egRoiw.kZ lwpuk Ïksrksa ls lkexzh dk laxzg djblesa lkjc¼ fd;k tkrk gSA

blds ukeksa ,oa fo"k;ksa dh lap;h vuqØef.kdk v/Zokf"kZd ,oa okf"kZd :i esa izdkf'kr dhtkrh gSA

Data India : A Weekly Digest of Indian News. New Delhi : Press Trust of India,1992-. Weekly.

bls loZizFke 1976 esa izsl bULVªhV~;wV vkWiQ bf.M;k (PTI : Press Institute of India) (ubZfnYyh) ls izkjEHk fd;k x;k FkkA lu~ 1992 esa ls izsl VªLV vkWiQ bf.M;k (Press Trust ofIndia) us vius vf/dkj esa ys fy;kA bl lkIrkfgd MkbtsLV esa izeq[kr% ns'k ds vkfFkZd fodklls lacaf/r ?kVukvksa dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gS vkSj vkfFkZd fodkl dh lwpuk dks vusdÏksrksa&'kkldh; izfrosnuksa] lalnh; izdk'kuksa] 'kks/ laLFkkvksa ds izfrosnuksa& ls laxzg dj blesalfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA ns'k ds vkfFkZd fodkl ls lacaf/r lkekftd ?kVukvksa dk bls loksZÙkelwpukizn Ïksr ekuk tkrk gSA blesa lwpuk dks pkj Hkkxksa esa izLrqr fd;k tkrk gS& Hkkx&I :jk"Vªh;&blesa lwpuk dks 31 fo"k; 'kh"kZdksa ds vUrxZr izLrqr fd;k tkrk gS_ Hkkx&II : fons'khekeys ,oa ?kVuk,¡_ Hkkx&III : vFkZO;oLFkk] foÙk] m|ksx] O;kikj_ rFkk Hkkx&IV : iQksdl(Focus), tks lIrkg ds fo'ks"k vfHk#fp ds izdj.kksa dk laf{kIr lkjka'k gSA bldh =kSekfld vkSjokf"kZd vuqØef.kdk,¡ Hkh izdkf'kr dh tkrh gSA

?k) jkT;&Lrjh; MkbtsLV

i) Data Andhra Pradesh. Hyderabad : Data News Features, 1977-. Fortnightly.

bl ikf{kd MkbtsLV esa vxz.kh lekpkji=kksa] if=kdkvksa] izfrosnuksa] vf/Ñr izys[kksa] jktdh;cqysfVuksa] jkT; fo/kf;dk ds dk;Z&fooj.kksa bR;kfn esa lfEefyr izeq[k ?kVukvksa dk lkjka'kizdkf'kr fd;k tkrk gSA blesa fodkl ds fØ;kdykiksa] vkfFkZd izo`fÙk;ksa] vkS|ksfxd fodkl]mQtkZ dk mRiknu] izkÑfrd lEink] Ñf"k mRiknu bR;kfn dh laf{kIr lwpuk izdkf'kr dhtkrh gSA blds nSfud Mk;jh vuqHkkx esa lacaf/r i[kokjs dh (ikf{kd) egRoiw.kZ ?kVukvksads lkjka'k izLrqr fd;s tkrs gSaA izR;sd o"kZ ds fy, i`"B la[;k ,d Øe esa nh tkrh gSA lanHkZdh lqfo/k ds fy, =kSekfld ,oa v/Zokf"kZd vuqØef.k;k¡ Hkh izdkf'kr dh tkrh gSaA

ii) News Data Karnataka, Hubli : Raj & Raj Publications, 1984-. Monthly.

bl lekpkj MkbtsLV esa dukZVd jkT; ls lacaf/r vkfFkZd fLFkfr] Ñf"k] f'k{kk] i;kZoj.k]LokLF;] vkokl] 'kklu] foKku bR;kfn ls lacaf/r lekpkjksa ds lkjka'k gksrs gSaA blesa nSfudlekpkji=kksa dh lwpuk lfEefyr dh tkrh gS vkSj muds lanHkks± dks Hkh fn;k tkrk gS ftllsftl lekpkji=k ds ftl fnu ds vad esa mUgsa izdkf'kr fd;k x;k gS mldk voyksdu fd;ktk ldsA

M) fof'k"V@fo"k; MkbtsLV ds mnkgj.k

i) Indian Economic Diary. New Delhi : Hari Sharan Chhabra, 1970-. Weekly.

;g Hkkjrh; vFkZ'kkL=kh; lekpkjksa dk ,d lkIrkfgd MkbtsLV gSA lekpkjksa dk p;u vxz.khlekpkji=kksa ,oa if=kdkvksa ls fd;k tkrk gS vkSj lkIrkfgd MkbtsLV ds :i esa izdkf'kr fd;ktkrk gSA izfof"V;ksa dks ftu 'kh"kZdksa ds vUrxZr O;ofLFkr fd;k tkrk gS os gSa % jk"Vªh;?kVuk,¡] jkT;ksa ds vkl&ikl] fons'kh O;kikj] rFkk Hkkjr ,oa fo'oA bldh ,d =kSekfld

NOTES


261


vuqØef.kdk Hkh nh tkrh gSA vfUre =kSekfld vuqØef.kdk dks lap;h vuqØef.kdk ds :iesa izdkf'kr fd;k tkrk gSA izFke rhu =kSekfld vuqØef.kdkvksa dks pkSFks (okf"kZd lap;h[kaM) ds izdk'ku ds ckn gVk nsus dh vko';drk gksrh gSA ftu Ïksrksa ls lkexzh dk p;ufd;k tkrk gS mudk Hkh mYys[k izR;sd lkjka'k ds uhps fd;k tkrk gSA

vkfFkZd fØ;kdykiksa esa vfHk#fp j[kus okys laxBuksa ,oa laLFkkuksa rFkk O;fDr;ksa ds fy,lekpkj lkjka'k vR;Ur mi;ksxh lanHkZ midj.k ;k Ïksr gSA

ii) VANS-COM. Mumbai : Vans Information and Invester Services.

;g ,d dEI;wVjhÑr O;kikfjd MsVkcsl gS ftldk fuekZ.k 35 izdk'kuksa dk izR;sd fnulosZ{k.k djus ds i'pkr~ fd;k tkrk gS ftlesa izeq[k O;kikfjd ,oa foÙkh; lekpkji=kksa]O;kikj ,oa foÙkh; if=kdkvksa] fjtoZ cSad ,oa LVsV cSad ds izdk'kuksa] dEifu;ksa dhfu;ekofy;ksa bR;kfn Hkh lfEefyr gSaA bldh lgk;rk ls mi;ksDrkvksa dks viuh vfHk#fpds nSfud rFkk ekfld lekpkj izfrosnuksa] O;kikfjd fudk;ksa dh xfrfof/;ksa] 'ks;j cktkjds mrkj p<+ko] dEifu;ksa dk foy; vkSj fo?kVu rFkk yxHkx 2500 m|ksxksa dh xgutkudkjh nsus okys Nekgh rFkk okf"kZd dk;Z&fu"iknu bR;kfn dh lwpuk feyrh gSA vr%vkfFkZd ekeyksa dh lwpuk ds fy, ;g ,d izdkj dk vf}rh; lwpuk Ïksr gSA bl izfr"Bku}kjk gkWV ykbu (Hot line) dh Hkh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gS ftls blds lClØkbojksa(Subscribers) dks lacaf/r lwpuk ls rRdky lEidZ djk fn;k tkrk gSA ,l Mh vkbZ(SDI) lsok ds vUrxZr izR;sd mi;ksDrk dks izfrfnu dk lwpuk iSdst Hkh izkIr gks tkrk gSAbl izdkj ;g MkbtsLV lsok lanHkZ dk;Z ds fy, vR;ar mi;ksxh lk/u gSA

b.VjusV vk/kfjr lekpkji=k ,oa lekpkj MkbtsLV

vktdy vf/dka'k lekpkji=k b.VjusV (Internet) vk/kfjr lwpuk lsokvksa dh O;oLFkk dj jgs gSaAvusd Hkk"kkvksa ds jk"Vªh; Lrj ds lekpkji=k& tSls VkbEl vkWiQ bf.M;k (Times of India), fgUnw(Hindu), bf.M;u ,Dlizsl (Indian Express), MsDdu gsjkYM (Deccan Herald) bR;kfn vusdlekpkji=kksa ds vfrfjDr {ks=kh; Lrj ds lekpkji=k Hkh Mkmu yksfMax iQkWUV (Downloading font) dhlqfo/k miyC/ djkrs gSaA blds fy, lekpkj lkexzh dks HTML vk:i esa miyC/ fd;k tkrk gSftlls cM+h rhczrk ls okafNr lwpuk bfPNr Hkk"kk esa izkIr gks tkrh gSA bf.M;k oYMZ lekpkj (IndiaWorld samachar) Hkkjrh; lekpkj MkbtsLV lsok dk b.VjusV ij ,d mnkgj.k gSA blls b.VjusV dsekè;e ls lekpkjksa dh 'kh"kZd iafDr;ksa] O;kikfjd lwpuk] [ksy&dwn] euksjatu bR;kfn dh tkudkjh izkIrgks tkrh gSA ;g b.VjusV ij vf/dka'k Hkkjrh; lekpkj=kksa ds fy, ^fyad* Hkh miyC/ djkrk gSA


3- ,f'k;u fjdkWMZj dk laf{kIr ifjp; nhft,A

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3.3 Vsyhfotu ,oa jsfM;ks izlkj.kksa ds lkjka'k

lHkh vk/qfud iqLrdky;ksa ls ijEijkxr ehfM;k ds vfrfjDr vijEijkxr lkexzh dks ladfyr djusdh vis{kk dh tkrh gSA JO;&n`'; lkexzh] tSls& fiQYesa] Vsyhfotu] jsfM;ks bR;kfn vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ

NOTES



262

vijaijkxr lwpuk Ïksrksa ds vax ,oa lk/u gSaA jsfM;ks vkSj Vsyhfotu lkef;d lwpuk ,oa ?kVukvksa dsizHkkoh Ïksr gSa vkSj lwpuk izlkj.k esa viuh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA Vsyhfotu ,oa jsfM;ks lslkef;d xfrfof/;ksa ,oa ?kVukvksa dh lwpuk izkIr djus okyksa dh la[;k esa mÙkjksÙkj o`f¼ gks jgh gSAysfdu Vsyhfotu vFkok jsfM;ks ls izkIr lacaf/r bl leL;k ds lek/ku ds fy, xzaFklwphdj.k lsokvksadks vko';d ekuk x;k gSA bu lsokvksa dks Hkh lkef;d ?kVukvksa ds Ïksr dh Jsf.k;ksa esa j[kk x;kgSA blesa ls dqN izeq[k lkef;d lwpuk Ïksr fuEukafdr gSa %

i) Summary of World Broadcasts. Caversham : British Broadcasting Corporation,1947.

fczfV'k czkWMdkfLVax dkWjiksjs'ku (BBC) ekfuVfjax lsok }kjk 100 ns'kksa ds 50 ls vf/d Hkk"kkvksals izfrosnuksa vkSj lekpkjksa dks lquus ds i'pkr~ vaxjsth Hkk"kk esa mudh fyf[kr izfrfyfi dksMkbtsLV :i esa izdkf'kr fd;k tkrk gSA bldks jfookj ds flok izfrfnu pkj Hkkxksa esa&lsfo;rla?k] iwohZ ;wjksi] lqnwj iwoZ ,oa eè; iwoZ] rFkk vizQhdk ds fy, izdkf'kr fd;k tkrk gSA izR;sdHkkx ds iwjd Hkh gSa ftUgsa lkIrkfgd vkfFkZd izfrosnu (Weekly Economic Report) dgk tkrkgSA ysfdu blesa vuqØef.kdk dk izko/ku ugha gSA vr% bldk mi;ksx lanHkZ iqLrdky;kè;{k dsfy, lqfo/ktud fl¼ ugha gksrk gSA

ii) Foreing Broadcast Information Service. Washington : D.C.U.S. Department ofCommerce.

;g] lejh vkWiQ oYMZ czkWMdkLV~l (Summary of World Broadcasts) dh rtZ ij la;qDrjkT; dh izlkj.k lsok gSA lejh vkWiQ oYMZ czkWMdkLV~l rFkk la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk dh ;g lsokeqfnzr ,oa ekbØksfiQ'k nksuksa vk:iksa esa miyC/ gSA

iii) BCC Six P.M. Cambridge. Chadwyck-Healey, 1978-.

pMfod&gsy us ch ch lh gkse lfoZl ukbu vks* DykWd U;wt (BBC Home Service NineO' Clock News) dk izdk'ku 1939&45 dh vof/ ds fy, ekbØksfiQ'k ij fd;k FkkA blds}kjk blh izdkj ds vU; MkbtsLV izdkf'kr fd, tk jgs gSa ftuesa U;wtjhMlZ] fLØIV vkWiQ jsfM;ks]flDl ih-,e- U;wt cqysfVUl (Newsreaders, Scripts of Radio, 6 p.m. News Bulletins)bR;kfn ds iqu#Riknu izeq[k gSa ftUgsa 1978 ls fu;fer :i ls izdkf'kr fd;k tk jgk gSA bUgsa=kSekfld :i esa ladfyr fd;k tkrk gS rFkk ,d eqfnzr vuqØe.kh Hkh nh tkrh gSA

iv) CBS Television News Bulletin Scripts. New York : Microfilming Corporation ofAmerica, 1975-. Quarterly with Annual cumulation.

bu vuqØef.kdk ls eq[;r;k fo"k; mikxe dh iwfrZ gksrh gS ysfdu blesa O;fDrxr ukeksa vkSjLFkkuksa dh Hkh izfof"V;k¡ gksrh gSaA fuR;izfr ds Vsyhfotu izlkj.k dks ekbØksfiQ'k vFkokekbØksfiQYe :i esa v{kj'k% iqu#Rikfnr fd;k tkrk gSA

v) Television News Index and Abstracts : A Guide to the Vanderbilt TelevisionNews Archive. Vanderbilt University.

;g rhu izeq[k ;w ,l Vsyhfotu usVodks± (US Television Networks) }kjk izlkfjr lk;adkyhulekpkjksa dk ohfM;ks&dSlsV ij ladyu gSA

iwoZ O;kih lanHkZ ds fy, Vsyhfotu lekpkjksa ds uohu lwpuk Ïksrksa ds izko/ku dh lqfo/k fczVsuesa vHkh miyC/ ugha dh tk ldh gSA

NOTES


263



lkef;d ?kVukvksa ls lacaf/r lwpuk lkexzh dh [kkst djuk vkSj mUgsa lqyHk djuk lanHkZ foHkkx dsfy, ,d dfBu dk;Z gksrk gS ftlesa vf/d le; u"V gksrk gSA nSfud lekpkji=k] lkIrkfgd lekpkjif=kdk,¡] jsfM;ks izlkj.k] Vsyhfotu izlkj.k bR;kfn lkef;d lwpuk ds mi;qDr Ïksr ekus tkrs gSaAysfdu mudk vk:i] la[;kRed vkf/D;] vkSj blesa fufgr lwpuk dh fofo/rk ds dkj.k buds }kjkizlkfjr lwpuk dh iquizkZfIr dk dk;Z dfBu gksrk gSA lekpkji=kksa dh drjuksa dk j[kj[kko Hkh mrukgh dfBu ,oa Jelkè; gksrk gS vkSj O;kid :i esa lHkh lkef;d ?kVukvksa ds fooj.k dk laxzg djukHkh dM+k gh leL;kewyd gksrk gSA

lekpkji=kksa dh vuqØe.khdj.k lsok,¡] lekpkj Mk;jh] Vsyhfotu vkSj jsfM;ks ds izlkj.kksa ds lkjka'kbR;kfn lkef;d ?kVukvksa dh lwpuk dks [kkstus ,oa izkIr djus esa lgk;d fl¼ gksrs gSaA bu ij vfèkdfo'okl fd;k tkrk gS vkSj fuHkZj jgk tk ldrk gSA buds mi;ksx ls lekpkji=kksa ds iwoZ vadksa dks ns[kusdh fo'ks"k vko';drk ugha gksrh gSA bu xzaFkkRed midj.kksa }kjk izLrqr ,oa lqyHk dh tkus okyh lap;hvuqØef.kdk,¡ lanHkZ dk;Z ,oa lsok ds fy, ojnku fl¼ gksrh gSa vkSj lkef;d izdj.kksa vkSj ?kVukvksals lacaf/r lwpuk dks [kkstus vkkSj izkIr djus esa le; dh cpr dks lqfuf'pr djrh gSaA bu lanHkZ Ïksrksadks vftYnc¼ i`"Bksa esa izdkf'kr fd;k tkrk gS ftuds i`"Bksa dks i`Fkd~&i`Fkd~ o"kks± dh Øekxr i`"Bla[;k iznku dh tkrh gSA lqfo/ktud ftYn Hkh vfHknkudrkZvksa dks miyC/ djkbZ tkrh gSA

vr% bu i`"Bksa dks ljyrkiwoZd O;ofLFkr fd;k tk ldrk gSA blls lkef;d ?kVukvksa dk fooj.kcM+h ljyrkiwoZd lqfuf'pr ,oa izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

tgk¡ rd bu vuqØe.khdj.k lsokvksa dh lhekvksa dk iz'u gS] ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd ;s lsok,¡i;kZIr ek=kk esa miyC/ ugha gSaA budh nwljh lhek (Limitation) ;g gS fd lekpkji=kksa esa ?kVukvksads lekpkj dk izdk'ku rFkk mu lekpkjksa dks vuqØef.kdkc¼ djus vFkok MkbtsLV ds :i esa lqyHkdjus ds chp le; varjky vR;ar vf/d gksrk gSA vr% lkf;d ?kVukvksa dh lwpuk lsok esa ckèkkmRiUu gksrh gSA New York Times Index ds vfrfjDr vU; lsok,¡ vkWuykbu :i esa miyC/ ughagSaA Keesing's Record of World Events vc lhMh&jkse :i esa Hkh miyC/ gSA

vr% iqLrdky;kè;{k dks vius iSr`d laLFkku vkSj mi;ksDrkvksa ds fy, mi;qDr lkexzh dhvuqØef.kdk,¡ rS;kj djrs jguk pkfg,A


4- vuqØe.khdj.k lsokvksa dh lhek dk mYys[k dhft,A

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5. lkj&la{ksi

lkef;d ?kVukvksa ls Lo;a dks fHkK j[kuk vk/qfud thou i¼fr dk vko';d vax cu pqdk gSAlekpkji=k&fo'ks"k dh rFkk vusd lekpkji=kksa dh vuqØef.kdk,¡] lekpkjksa ds lkjka'k] vkSj Vsyhfotu

NOTES



264

rFkk jsfM;ks&izlkj.k ds lkjka'k bR;kfn lkef;d ?kVukvksa ds lwpuk Ïksr gksrs gSaA buls lanHkZ dfeZ;ksavkSj iz'udrkZvksa] nksuksa dks cM+h lgk;rk izkIr gksrh gS vkSj ljyrkiwoZd fcuk le; u"V fd;s lkef;d,oa uohu fodklksa] ?kVukvksa rFkk vU; rF;ksa dh tkudkjh izkIr gks tkrh gSA lHkh vk/qfud iqLrdky;ksaesa ,slh vuqØef.kdkvksa ,oa lsokvksa dks fu;fer 'kqYd nsdj izkIr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A vkSj lanHkZ iz'uksadk mÙkj iznku djus esa budk izpqd mi;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg,A vr% iqLrdky;kè;{kksa ,oa iqLrdky;O;olkf;;ksa] iqLrdky; la?kksa ,oa izdk'kdksa }kjk bl fn'kk esa vf/d è;ku nsus dh vko';drk gSA


1- lekpkji=kksa dh vuqØef.kdk,¡ nSfud lekpkji=kksa esa izdkf'kr lekpkj dh lwpuk izLrqrdjrh gSaA fo'ks"kdj lkef;d ?kVukvksa dh tkudkjh vkSj ewy lwpuk dh tkudkjh izkIr djusesa bu vuqØef.kdkvksa ds mi;ksx ls le; dh cpr gksrh gSA ik'pkR; ns'kksa esa lwpuk lsokdks vR;ar egRoiw.kZ ekuk tkrk gSA ogk¡ dqN lekpkji=kksa us ,slh lsok,¡ izkjEHk dh gSaA Hkkjresa Hkh lekpkji=kksa ds bl i{k dk vuqHko fd;k x;k gS vkSj iqLrdky; la?kksa ,oa izeq[kizdk'ku x`gksa }kjk ,slh lsokvksa dk izdk'ku izkjEHk fd;k x;k gSA

2- lkef;d ?kVukvksa ls lacaf/r iz'uksa dk mÙkj iznku djus ds fy, lanHkZ iqLrdky;kè;{k dksizk;% bu lanHkZ Ïksrksa dks fufnZ"V djuk iM+rk gSA lekpkj lkjka'k@lekpkj MkbtsLV HkhoLrqr% lekpkj vuqØef.kdk,¡ gh gSaA ysfdu nksuksa esa vUrj ;g gS fd lkjka'k@MkbtsLV esaxzaFkijd rFkk vofLFkfrijd fooj.k ds vfrfjDr lekpkjksa ds laf{kIr lkjka'k Hkh fn;s x;sgksrs gSaA bl n`f"V ls lekpkji=kksa dh vuqØef.kdk ls lekpkj MkbtsLV ,oa lekpkj lkjka'kfHkUu gksrs gSaA lekpkj lkjka'k@lekpkj MkbtsLV esa] fcuk lekpkji=k dks ns[ks Hkh] mi;ksDrkdks lacaf/r izdj.k ij laf{kIr lwpuk izkIr gks tkrh gSA ysfdu lacaf/r [email protected] dkrF;kRed vkSj laf{kIr lkjka'k ek=k gh blls Kkr gks ldrk gSA ftl lekpkji=k@lekpkji=kksaesa lacaf/r [email protected] izdkf'kr gksrk gS mldk mYys[k Hkh blesa fd;k x;k gksrk gSA

bl lekpkj MkbtsLVksa dk fo"k;&foLrkj vUrjkZ"Vªh; jk"Vªh;] egk}hih; rFkk fof'k"V fo"k;ls Hkh lacaf/r gks ldrk gSA

3- ,f'k;u fjdkWMZj ,d lkIrkfgd MkbtsLV gS ftls lu~ 1955 ls fu;fer :i esa izdkf'krfd;k tk jgk gSA blds lekpkj&i`"Bksa dh i`"B la[;k blds tuojh 1955 ds izFke vadls yxkrkj ,d Øe esa nh tk jgh gSA blesa ,f'k;k ds 45 ns'kksa ds lekpkjksa] izeq[k ?kVukvksa]ifjorZuksa ,oa jktuhfrd&vkfFkZd ekeyksa bR;kfn ds lekpkj lkjka'kksa dks izdkf'kr fd;ktkrk gSA izR;sd o"kZ ds vUr esa fiNys vkoj.k i`"B ij lHkh ns'kksa ds laf{kIrk{kjksa dk HkhmYys[k fd;k tkrk gSA blds lekpkj i`"Bksa dh =kSekfld ,oa okf"kZd vuqØef.kdk,¡izdkf'kr dh tkrh gSaA blesa MsVk dks izR;sd ns'k ds vuqlkj O;ofLFkr fd;k tkrk gSAvUrjkZ"Vªh; laxBuksa ds fy, i`Fkd~ Hkkx esa lwpuk iznku dh tkrh gS ftlesa Ñf"k] [ksy&dwn]vkSj fu;qfDr;k¡ izeq[k gksrh gSaA lekpkj lkjka'k ds Ïksr dk mYys[k lkjka'k ds var esa fd;ktkrk gSA ;g vfoyEc ,oa fu;fer lsok gSA

4- tgk¡ rd bu vuqØe.khdj.k lsokvksa dh lhekvksa dk iz'u gS] ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd;s lsok,¡ i;kZIr ek=kk esa miyC/ ugha gSaA budh nwljh lhek (Limitation) ;g gS fdlekpkji=kksa esa ?kVukvksa ds lekpkj dk izdk'ku rFkk mu lekpkjksa dks vuqØef.kdkc¼ djusvFkok MkbtsLV ds :i esa lqyHk djus ds chp le; varjky vR;ar vf/d gksrk gSA vr%

NOTES


265


lkf;d ?kVukvksa dh lwpuk lsok esa ckèkk mRiUu gksrh gSA New York Times Index dsvfrfjDr vU; lsok,¡ vkWuykbu :i esa miyC/ ugha gSaA Keesing's Record of WorldEvents vc lhMh&jkse :i esa Hkh miyC/ gSA

7. eq[; 'kCn

vkWuykbu [kkst (Online Searching) : fdlh eq[; dEI;wVj iz.kkyh esa miyC/ fdlhMsVkcsl ls vU;ksU;fØ;k }kjk lwpuk dh [kkstA blesavfHkxe VDU (Video Display Unit) vkSj nwjlapkjdM+h ds ekè;e ls izkIr fd;k tkrk gS vkSj ifj.kkedks Hkh VDU ij gh izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA

dkykuqØe (Chronological Order) : frfFk@o"kZ ds vuqlkj izfof"V;ksa dk O;oLFkkiuA bldkiz;ksx izlwph esa de gsrq fd;k tkrk gS (izdk'kufrfFk] bafizaV vFkok dkihjkbV) vFkok Lo;a lkexzhdk Øe (iqLrdsa] iSaÝysV] drjusa)A

xzaFkijd fooj.k : lkfgfR;d vFkok laxhrkRed Ñfr dk fooj.k(Bibliographical Description) ftlesa fuEufyf[kr dk fooj.k fn;k tkrk gS %

ys[kd rFkk vU; O;fDr ftUgksaus ewyikB ds izLrqrhdj.kesa ;ksxnku fn;k gS (tSls& laiknd vuqoknd] O;oLFkkdkjbR;kfn) vk[;k] laLdj.k MsVk] izdk'ku fooj.k(izdk'kud dk uke ,oa LFkku vkSj eqnzd) bR;kfnA

ys[kdRo ladsr (Byline) : lekpkji=k vFkok if=kdk ds vkys[kksa ds var esa Vkbidh js[kk }kjk ys[kdRo dk ladsr fd;k tkrk gSA

lap;h (Cumulation) : igys vkSj ckn dh lkjh izkfof"V;ksa dk lekdyu djmUgsa fu/kZfjr Øe esa O;ofLFkr dj lkef;fd;ksa ds:i esa fu/kZfjr varjky ij izdkf'kr djukA

lap;h vuqØef.kdk : i`Fkd~&i`Fkd~ :i esa izdkf'kr vuqØef.kdkvksa dh(Cumulation Index) izfof"V;ksa dks ,d vuqØe esa feykdj cukbZ xbZ

vuqØef.kdkA

8. vH;kl&iz'u

1- lkef;d ?kVukvksa dh lwpuk ds lanHkZ Ïksrksa dk laf{kIr o.kZu dhft,A

2- lekpkji=kksa dh vuqØef.kdkvksa ds fdUgha nks mnkgj.kksa dk mYys[k dhft,A

3- lekpkj lkjka'k ,oa lekpkj MkbtsLV ds dqN mnkgj.k izLrqr dhft,A

4- Vsyhfotu ,oa jsfM;ks izlkj.k lkjka'kksa dh fo'ks"krk,¡ crkb,A

5- lkef;d ?kVukvksa ls lacaf/r lwpuk lkexzh dh mi;ksfxrk ,oa lhekvksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

NOTES



266


Cheney, Frances N. And Williams J. Wiley (1980). Fundamental Reference Sources.Chicago : American Library Association.

Higgens, G.(ed.) (1980). Printed refrence Materieal. New Delhi : Oxford and IBH.

Katz, William A. (1982). Introduction to Reference Work. Vol. 1 : Basic InformationSources, 4th ed. New York : McGraw-Hill.

Krishan Kumar (1987). Reference Service. 3rd rev. ed. New Delhi : Vikas.

NOTES


267

ekuo lalk/u rFkkjsiQjy iz.kkyh


1. vè;;u ds mís';

2. ifjp;

3. ekuo lalk/u&D;k vkSj D;ksa \

4. ekuo lqfoKrk dh dksfV;k¡

5. lanHkZ lzksr ds :i esa ekuo lalk/u

6. jsiQjy iz.kkyh&mn~Hko vkSj fodkl

7. jsiQjy dk;Z

8. jsiQjy dsUnz

9. lkj&la{ksi


11. eq[; 'kCn

12. vH;kl&iz'u


ekuo lalk/u rFkk jsiQjy iz.kkyh

vè;k;&14

NOTES



268

1- vè;;u ds mís';

bl vè;k; ds vè;;u ds i'pkr~ vki %

ekuo fo'ks"kKksa dks laHkkfor lanHkZ lzksrksa ds :i esa le>us esa l{ke gksaxs_

mudh fo'ks"kKrk dks mPp xq.koÙkkiw.kZ lanHkZ lzksr ds :i esa le> ldsaxs_

fofHkUu izlaxksa esa dk;Zjr ekuo fo'ks"kKrk dh igpku dj ldsaxs_

ekuo lzksr ds mi;ksx ls ykHk mBkus esa okafNr n{krk ,oa dyk dks fodflr ,oa tkx`r dj ik,¡xs_

bl mís'; ds fy, miyC/ laLFkkRed rU=k dks igpku ldsaxs_

jsiQjy dk;ks± dk vkRelkr~dj.k dj ik,¡xs_ rFkk

jsiQjy midj.kksa ds ladyu dk iz;kl dj ik,¡xsA

2- ifjp;

vHkh rd geus fofHkUu izys[kh; lzksrksa ,oa lanHkZ lsok esa muds izHkkodkjh mi;ksx ds ckjs esa vè;;ufd;k gSA buds vfrfjDr Hkh cgqr lkjs vizys[kh; lanHkZ lzksr gSa] ftudk mPp dksfV ds egRoiw.kZ lanHkZlzksr ds :i esa viuk egRo gSA ;s lzksr ikjaifjd lanHkZ lkexzh] ftuls ge ifjfpr gSa] dh rjg ughagSaA bu vizys[kh; lzksrksa esa ,d lzksr ekuo fo'ks"kK gS tks fofHkUu izlaxksa esa xfr'khy gksrk gSA ;g lzksrvf}rh; rFkk vewY; gS vkSj dqN fo'ks"k izdkj ds iz'uksa ds mÙkj nsus ds fy, izk;% ,dek=k lwpuklzksr gSA bl vè;k; esa blh izdkj ds vizys[kh; lzksrksa vkSj muds b"Vre mi;ksx ls lacaf/r fofHkUuigyqvksa dh ppkZ dh xbZ gSA

vizys[kh; lzksrksa ls lwpuk dh izkfIr ds fy, fiNys nks ;k rhu n'kdksa esa laLFkkxr ra=k dk fodkl gqvkgSA bls jsiQjy dsUnz ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA bu dsUnzksa ds dk;Z lanHkZ lsok iznku djus okyh laLFkkvksads dk;Z ls Li"Vr;k fHkUu gSA jsiQjy iz.kkyh dk dk;Z ek=k lwpuk lzksr dh tkudkjh miyC/ djkuk gS]lwpuk iznku djuk vFkok okafNr lwpuk iznku djus okys izys[k dks iznku djuk& tSlk fd izk;% lanHkZlsok esa fd;k tkrk gS& ugha gSA bu lzksrksa ds varxZr ekuo fo'ks"kKrk] mPp fof'k"V izÑfr dh laLFkk,¡vkSj bUgha ds leku vU; laLFkk,¡ vkrh gSaA nq:g iz'u] tks fd lhek ,oa {ks=k dh nf"V ls ikjaifjd lanHkZlzksrksa ds vUrxZr ugha vkrs gSa] dk mÙkj jsiQjy dsUnzksa dh lgk;rk rFkk ekxZn'kZu }kjk gh fey ikrk gSA

ge bl bdkbZ esa jk"Vªh; ,oa vUrjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij vfHkdfYir] fodflr] rFkk lfØ; jsiQjy dsUnzksads ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr djsaxsA

3- ekuo lalk/u&D;k vkSj D;ksa \

lHkh izdkj ds vk¡dM+ksa] lwpuk rFkk Kku ds l`tu dk Js; ekuo tkfr dks tkrk gS] tks ekuoh;voyksdu] vuqHko] jpukRed ;ksX;rkvksa] iVqrk bR;kfn ds dkj.k laHko gqvk gSA bu vkadM+ksa dksfofHkUu pSuYl (Channels) rFkk lapkj ekè;eksa }kjk O;ofLFkr ,oa izys[khÑr fd;k tkrk gS vkSjvè;;u] 'kks/] iz;qfDr rFkk izxfr vkSj fodkl ds fy, lqyHk djk;k tkrk gSA ;gk¡ pSuYl ls rkRi;ZgS izkFkfed] f}rh;d rFkk r`rh;d izdkj ds izys[k_ rFkk ehfM;k (Media) ls rkRi;Z gS& mUgsa izlkfjrdjus ds HkkSfrd ekè;e] tSls JO;] n`';] JO;&n`'; rFkk bySDVªksfud (Electronic) Lo:iA

ekuo&xfrfof/ ds izR;sd {ks=k esa ,sls yksx gSa ftuds ikl vko';d ;ksX;rk,¡ izf'k{k.k rFkk fo'ks"k KkugS ftls mUgksaus viuh fo'ks"kKrk ds {ks=k esa 'kks/ rFkk vuqHko ds }kjk vftZr fd;k gSA ;s O;fDr viuhfo'ks"kKrk dks v{kq..k cuk, j[kus ds fy, lkfgR; lzksrksa] led{k O;fDr;ksa] laLFkkvksa] vius fo"k; ds,sfrgkfld fodkl] vius fo"k; fodkl ds egRoiw.kZ dhfrZekuksa] rFkk vius fo"k; ds lanHkZ lzksrksa ls

NOTES


269


laidZ cuk, j[krs gSaA bl rjg ds O;fDr vusd rjg ds nkf;Roksa dk fuokZg djrs gq, fofHkUu Lrjksaij vusd izdkj dh laLFkkvksa esa (ges'kk vko';d ugha) xfr'khy jgrs gSaA lkFk gh ;s vius Kku ,oadkS'ky dks nwljksa ds lkFk ck¡Vus ds bPNqd Hkh gksrs gSa vkSj mu yksxksa dks Hkh lgk;rk ;k ekxZn'kZuiznku djrs gSa tks lwpuk ,oa Kku dh izkfIr ds fy, 'kqYd nsus dks rS;kj gSaA ,sls O;fDr lwpuk dsvrho cgqewY; lzksr gksrs gSaA

bu fo'ks"kK lzksrksa ls ykHk mBkus dh vko';drk

iqLrdky;ksa rFkk lwpuk laLFkkvksa esa izk;% iwNs tkus oky iz'uksa dk laca/ lkekU;r;k buls gksrk gS% O;fDr;ksa] laLFkkvksa] lw{eLrjh; dBu fo"k;ksa] izf'k{k.k lqfo/kvksa] mn~;e laca/h xfrfof/;ksa tSlsmRiknu] fpfdRldh; ijh{k.k ds fy, funkukRed midj.k rFkk fu;e&fofue; bR;kfnA

iSr`d laLFkk esa ladfyr ikjaifjd lanHkZ lzksr bu iz'uksa ds larks"kizn mÙkj ds fy, ;Fks"V ugha gksrsAvr% ,sls iz'uksa dk mÙkj ikus ds fy, fof'k"V iqLrdky;ksa rFkk lwpuk dsUnzksa ls laidZ fd;k t ldrkgSA ijarq ;g Hkh laHko gS fd ftu iqLrdky;ksa ls lwpuk pkgh xbZ gks muds ikl Hkh lgh ,oa mi;qDrlzksr ugha gksaA

vr% bl dk;Z ds fy, loZizFke vko';drk gS] ,sls laHkkfor lzksr dh igpku djuk tgk¡ ls lwpukizkIr dh tk ldrh gSA ,sls ekeyksa esa lwpuk izk;% ,d gh lzksr ls izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA ;s lzksros O;fDr ;k laLFkku gSa tks lwpuk ls lacaf/r fo"k; ds lkFk tqM+s ;k laca¼ gksaA

vr% iqLrdky;ksa rFkk lwpuk dsUnzksa dks ,sls fo'ks"kKksa rFkk laLFkkvkas dh tkudkjh gksuh pkfg,A blrjg dh O;fDrxr fo'ks"kKrk le;≤ ij iqLrdky;ksa dh iSr`d laLFkk esa Hkh miyC/ gksrh gSAbl dk;Z esa dHkh&dHkh vU; laLFkkvksa vFkok Lora=k&ys[ku esa layXu O;fDr;ksa dh lgk;rk dhvko';drk Hkh gks ldrh gSA

lanHkZ d;Z ls lacaf/r bu vko';drkvksa dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, iz'uksa ds mÙkj ds y, iz'udrkZ dkslgh lzksr dh vksj funsZf'kr djus ds fy, laLFkkxr ra=k cukus dk izpyu izkjaHk gks jgk gSA blds fy,jsiQjy midj.kksa dks ladfyr djus dh vko';drk gSA

fdlh fo'ks"kK O;fDr dks laHkkfor lwpuk lzksr ekuk tk ldrk gS] fiQj Hkh ,sls lkjs ;k izR;sd O;fDrdh igpku djuk rFkk mudh tkudkjh izkIr djuk rFkk muls lwpuk ekaxus dk iz;kl djuk ,dO;kogkfjd dne ugha gSA dkj.k ;g gS fd mi;qDr O;fDr dh igpku ds ckotwn] ;s fo'ks"kK O;fDrdbZ ckj lgk;rk ;k ekxZn'kZu ds fy, miyC/ ugha gks ikrsA

vr%] fo'ks"kK O;fDr;ksa ds cnys ,sls laLFkkuksa ls laidZ lk/uk pkfg, tks fofHkUu fo"k;ksa@O;olk;ksa,oa LFkkvksa ds fo'ks"kkksa] orZeku esa py jgh 'kks/ ifj;kstukvksa] ijh{k.k dsUnzksa bR;kfn dh funsZf'kdkrS;kj dj jgs gksa rFkk lsok nsus ds fy, MsVkcsl rS;kj dj jgs gksaA

ge igys ekuo lzksrksa ij] rRi'pkr~ dsUnzksa] ij ppkZ djsaxsA


1- ekuo lalk/u ds :i esa fo"k;&fo'ks"kKksa dh mi;ksfxrk ij izdk'k Mkfy,A

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NOTES



270

4- ekuo lqfoKrk dh dksfV;k¡

fofHkUu laLFkkvksa esa vusd izdkj ds ,sls O;fDr gksrs gSa ftuds dk;Z dh izÑfr fdlh u fdlh :iesa Kku vFkok lwpuk ls lacaf/r gksrh gSA ge ;gk¡ ekSVs rkSj ij O;fDr;ksa ds ,sls lewgksa ;k oxks± rFkkmuds }kjk iznku dh tkus okyh lwpuk dh fof'k"V izÑfr dh igpku djsaxsA ,sls lewgksa dh uhpsnh xbZ lwph dsoy mnkgj.k ds fy, gS_ ;g u rks bu lewgksa dh laiw.kZ lwph gS] rFkk u gh ;s,d&nwljs ls fcYdqy vlaizDr gSaA muds }kjk fd, tkus okys dk;Z dh izÑfr ds dkj.k mudhHkwfedk ijLij ifjorZuh; gSA fiQj Hkh vius dk;Z dh ewy izÑfr ds vk/kj ij mUgsa fuEufyf[krdksfV;ksa esa oxhZÑr fd;k tk ldrk gS %

lwpuk mRiknd (Information Generators);

lwpuk laxzg.kdrkZ (Information Gatherers);

lwpuk izfØ;kdj.kdrkZ (Information Processors);

lwpuk vfHkys[kc¼drkZ (Information Processors);

lwpuk izlkjdrkZ (Information disseminators);

lwpuk iqu% izkfIrdrkZ (Information Retrievers);

lwpuk izkS|ksfxdhosÙkk (Information Technologists)A

lwpuk mRiknd

bl lewg esa vkus okys O;fDr gSa % 'kks/kFkhZ] vkfo"dkjd] uoizorZd] ys[kd] jpukdkj] ;kstukdkj]uhfr&fuekZrk] eq[; dk;Zdkjh vf/dkjh vkSj Kku ds l`tu ;k lwpuk&mRiknu esa ,d fu/kZfjrHkwfedk fuHkkus okys vU; O;fDrA ;s O;fDr fofHkUu izdkj dh xfrfof/;ksa esa layXu gksrs gSaA buxfrfof/;ksa ls mRiUu gks jgh lwpuk dks xzaFkksa] if=kdkvksa ds vkys[kksa vkSj vU; Lo:iksa esa miyC/djk;k tk ldrk gSA bu O;fDr;ksa ds ikl vius fo"k;&{ks=k dk fof'k"VhÑr fof'k"V Kku gksrk gS]vr% ;s lwpuk ds cgqewY; lzksr gksrs gSa] fo'ks"k :i ls rc tc ;s viuh lwpuk dks fdlh izdkf'krLo:i esa miyC/ ugha djkrs gksaA

lwpuk laxzg.kdrkZ

,sls O;fDr;ksa dk ,d lewg Hkh fo|eku gS ftudk dk;Z lwpuk dk laxzg.k rFkk mi;qDr pSuYl dsekè;e ls mldk izfrosnu djuk gSA bl lewg esa lfEefyr gSa& lekpkj i=kksa ds izfrosnd rFkklaoknnkrk] i=kdkj] lanHkZ lzksrksa dsc ladyudrkZ tSls xzaFklwphdkj] fo'odks'kdkj] dks'kdkj bR;kfnA;s yksx Kku ;k lwpuk dks mRiUu ugha djrs gSa cfYd fofHkUu mn~ns';ksa ds fy, lwpuk dks ,d=kdjrs gSa rFkk fuf'pr mís'; ds fy, bls ladfyr ,oa O;ofLFkr djrs gSaA lwpuk ladyu dh izÑfrls xgjs tqM+s gksus ds dkj.k os izk;% mu iz'uksa] ftudk fd mÙkj vU;=k ugha feyrk gS] ds fy, laidZLFkkfir djus gsrq mi;ksxh lzksr gSaA

lwpuk izfØ;kdj.kdrkZ

fo'ks"kKksa dh ,d vU; Js.kh esa vkus okys O;fDr gSa % laiknd] lkWÝVos;j (Software) izys[kufo'ks"kK] rFkk os O;fDr tks lwpuk ds lqfo/kiwoZd mi;ksx dks lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, ladfyrlwpuk dks ,d vkdkj nsus esa layXu gksrs gSaA lekpkj i=kksa ds laiknd] izdk'ku lewgksa ds laiknd]if=kdk laiknd vkSj bl rjg ds vU; O;fDr] tks fdlh MªkWÝV (draft) dks vPNh iBuh; lkexzhds :i esa :ikUrfjr djus esa layXu gSa] Hkh lwpuk ds cgqewY; lzksr gSaA lkWÝVos;j izys[u fo'ks"kKlax`ghr lwpuk dks mPpLrjh; ikBdksi;ksxh Lo:i esa :ikUrfjr djrs gSaA

NOTES


271


lwpuk vfHkys[kc¼drkZ

bl lewg ds vUrxZr ,sls O;fDr vkrs gSa tks vuqokn] eqnz.k] izdk'ku bR;kfn dk;ks± esa layXu gSa ;kMsVk izfof"VdrkZ (data entry operators) gSa vkSj iqu% vfHkysf[kr dh xbZ lwpukvksa dk mi;ksxh Kkuj[krs gSaA dHkh&dHkh ;s Hkh lwpuk ds mRÑ"V lzksr gksrs gSaA O;kikfjd laLFkkuksa esa O;kikfjd ysu nsuds vfHkys[ku esa layXu rduhdh vuqoknd ,oa Hkk"kk;h nqHkkf"k;ksa ds ikl Hkh ,slh lwpuk,¡ gksrh gSa]tks dgha Hkh vfHkysf[kr u gksaA lq;ksX; MsVk izfo"VdrkZvksa ds ikl lkWÝVos;j iSdst ds mi;ksx esalykg nsus ds fy, fo'ks"k n{krk gksrh gSA bl rjg dh n{krk@fo'ks"kKrk dgha Hkh fyfic¼ ;kvfHkysf[kr ugha gksrh gS rFkk fdlh Hkh izdkf'kr lzksr esa dHkh Hkh miyC/ ugha gksrhA

lwpuk izlkjd

izdk'kd] iqLrdky;] O;kolkf;d] izys[kudrkZ] lwpuk fo'ks"kK] foLrkj dk;ZdrkZ] f'k{kd] foØsrk]O;fDr] ijke'kZnkrk] foKkiudrkZ bR;kfn ,sls O;fDr gSa tks fd igys ls ladfyr rFkk fdlh Lo:iesa miyC/ Kku@lwpuk ds izlkj esa vius&vius fo'ks"k mís'; ds lkFk layXu gSaA ;s yksx igys lsfdlh Lo:i esa miyC/ lwpuk ds fy, lwpuk eè;LFk dh Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA ;s fofHkUu Jsf.k;ksads ikBdksa ds lkFk izR;{kr% tqM+s gks ldrs gSa vFkok fdUgha izdk'ku xfrfof/;ksa esa 'kkfey gks ldrsgSaA dqN fuf'pr izdkj ds iz'uksa ds fy, budh n{krk ,oa budk Kku Hkh lwpuk lzksr ds :i esa cgqrmi;ksxh gSA

Ñ"kdksa ds fy, xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa lLrs x`g&fuekZ.k ds fy, ,oa xzkeh.k tuksa dks ifjokj fu;kstu rFkkLokLF; lqj{kk ds fy, lwpuk izlkj.k esa foLrkj dk;ZdrkZvksa dh viuh fof'k"V Hkwfedk gksrh gSAlkekftd LokLF; dk;ZdrkZ] lekt dy;k.k dk;ZdrkZ vkSj ,sls vU; O;fDr u dsoy vius fo"k;esa gh fo'ks"kK Kku j[krs gSa vfirq vius ikl miyC/ lwpuk dks ,d vR;Ur mi;ksxh rjhds lsO;fDrxr lapkj rduhdksa dks iz;ksx esa ykrs gq, fof'k"V lewgksa rd izlkfjr djus esa l{ke gksrs gSaA

f'k{kd ,oa f'k{kkfon~ ikjEifjd ,oa vkSipkfjd Kku ,oa lwpuk ds loksZÙke izlkjd gksrs gSaA ;s yksxfofHkUu vk;q lewgksa ds O;fDr;ksa] fofHkUu O;olk;ksa ls tqM+s O;fDr;ksa] ;gk¡ rd fd fo'ks"kKksa dks Hkhlwpuk iznku djus esa l{ke gksrs gSaA ;s ges'kk nwljks dh lgk;rk ds fy, rRij jgrs gSaA


2- lwpuk mRiknd dh dksfV esa vkus okys O;fDr;ksa rFkk muds dk;ks± dk mYys[k dhft,A

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lwpuk iqu% izkfIrdrkZ

ge bl ckr ls fHkK gSa fd oxhZdj.kdkj] izlwphdkj] lanHkZ vf/dkjh] vuqØe.khdkj] lkjdrkZbR;kfn lwpuk laxzg.k ,oa iqu% izkfIr ds fy, lk/uksa ds fuekZ.k esa layXu gSaA pkgs ;s ftl fo"k;&{ks=kesa Hkh ;s dk;Z dj jgs gksa] buds dk;Z dh izÑfr bUgsa vius fo"k;&{ks=k ds lkFk cgqr xgjs :i lstksM+ nsrh gSA fdlh fo"k; ls tqM+s lkfgR; ls lacaf/r fofHkUu izdkj ds iz'uksa ds mÙkj nsus esa fofHkUuizdkj ds izys[kksa rFkk lacaf/r fo"k; dh 'kk[kkvksa&iz'kk[kkvksa dk mudk Kkr cgqr dke vkrk gSA

NOTES



272

lwpuk izkS|ksfxdhosÙkk

bl lewg esa lfEefyr gSa% dEI;wVj gkMZos;j rFkk lkWÝVos;j fo'ks"kK tks fd iz.kkyh vfHkdYi (SystemDesign) ds vusd i{kksa] buds j[kj[kko rFkk buls lacaf/r lsokvksa ls tqM+s gq, gSaA nwjlapkj fo'ks"kK(Telecommunication Specialists) fMtkbu usVodZ vkfdZVsDpj (Desigh Network Architec-ture) dk j[kj[kko djrs gSa] usVodZ dks LFkkfir djrs gaS rFkk lalk/uksa dh lgHkkfxrk ds fy, lqfo/kvksa dk vk;kstu djrs gSaA vU; izkS|ksfxdhosÙkk] tSls lapkj&ekè;e fo'ks"kK (Media Specialists) HkhJO;@n`'; dSlsV rS;kj djus ds fy, lsok,¡ iznku djrs gSaA ;|fi ;s fo'ks"kK izlkj.k dk dk;Z djrs gSarFkk izR;{k :i ls lwpuk ds varfoZ"k; ls lacaf/r ugha gSa] rFkkfi lwpuk ds varfoZ"k; esa xq.koÙkk ykusesa ;s lgk;rk iznku djrs gSaA vk/qfud iqLrdky; ,oa lwpuk lsokvksa esa bu ij è;ku nsus cgqr t:jhgSA vr% bu fo'ks"kK lzksrksa ls lEidZ cuk, j[kuk rFkk bUgsa dke esa ysuk furkUr vko';d gSA

tSlk fd bl vuqHkkx esa igys gh dgk tk pqdk gS] bl ckr dks è;ku esa j[kuk pkfg, fd ;s O;fDrlwpuk ds dsoy laHkkfor lzksr gSaA ;g Hkzkafr ugha gksuh pkfg, fd ;s O;fDr ges'kk gh ijke'kZ ,oa lgk;rkds fy, miyC/ gksaxsA lgk;rk rFkk lg;ksx ds fy, mudh rRijrk] bPNk] vFkok miyCèkrk ds vfrfjDrmudh igpku djuk rFkk mudh mifLFkfr ds LFkku dks Kku djuk Hkh cgqr vklku ugha gSA

vxys vuqHkkx esa ge ns[ksaxs fd bu lwpuk&lzksrksa dks mi;ksxh <ax ls dSls dke esa yk;k tk ldrkgS] ;s fdl izdkj ds iz'uksa ds mÙkj ns ldrs gSa] rFkk bu lzksrksa dk yxkrkj mi;ksx djus ds fy,fdl izdkj ds vfHkys[k iqLrdky;ksa esa j[ks tkus pkfg,A


3- lwpuk izkS|ksfxdhosÙkk lewg dk laf{kIr ifjp; nhft,A

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5- lanHkZ lzksr ds :i esa ekuo lalk/u

lwpuk mRiknd vius dk;Z dh izÑfr ds vuq:i izkFkfed lkfgR; dk mRiknu djrs gSaA buesa cgqrlkjs Kku&rjax ds vxzhkkx ij dk;Z djrs gSa rFkk vius fo"k; ds lkfgR; ij xgjk Kku j[krs gSaA lkFkgh] muds fo"k; esa u;k&u;k D;k gks jgk gS blls Hkh ;s vius vkidks vn~;ru j[krs gSaA ftu iz'uksadk os mÙkj ns ldrs gSa] mudh izÑfr fuEufyf[kr ls lacaf/r gksxh %

lacaf/r fo"k;] ;fn blesa i;kZIr ek=kk esa lkfgR; miyC/ ugha gS rks] esa gks jgh uohu izxfrdh tkudkjh_

uoizorZuksa ls lacaf/r uo&fodflr dkS'ky dh tkudkjh_

uo fodflr mRiknksa dh tkudkjh_

Hkkoh m|fe;ksa ds fy, u, {ks=kksa dh tkudkjh_ rFkk

vU; lkekU; lwpukvksa dh tkudkjhA

lwpuk laxzg.kdrkZ T;knkrj f}rh;d lwpukvksa ds vfHkdYi rFkk fuekZ.k esa fØ;k'khy jgrs gSaA vr%iwoZ&izdkf'kr rFkk muds ikl miyC/ lwpuk ds ;s csgrj tkudkj gksrs gSaA lEHkor% ;s bu iz'uksa dkmÙkj ns ldrs gSa] tSls fd %

NOTES


273


uohu ?kVuk,¡ rFkk xfrfof/;k¡_

u, 'kCnksa] rduhdh inksa vFkok fo"k;ksa dh ifjHkk"kk,¡ rFkk vFkZ_ rFkk

fd, fn, x, fo"k;&{ks=k ds [;kfr izkIr O;fDr bR;kfnA

lwpuk izfØ;kdj.kdrkZ dk lax`ghr lwpuk ds lkFk ifjp; ml izdkj ds iz'uksa dk ekxZn'kZu iznkudjrk gS ftudk mÙkj os nsa ldsaxsA ;s iz'u fuEu izdkj ls lacaf/r gksaxs %

uohu fØ;kdykiksa ij fo'ys"k.kkRed lwpuk,¡_

lkWÝVos;j izys[ku (Software documentation) ls lacaf/r rduhdh leL;k,¡_ rFkk

,sls gh vU; iz'uksa ij lwpukA

lwpuk vfHkys[kc¼drkZ bu iz'uksa ds mÙkj nsus esa mi;ksxh gksaxs %

fuoZpu (Interpretation) dk;Z ds fy, miyC/ Hkk"kk fo'ks"kKksa ds uke_

rduhdh vuqokn dh leL;k,¡_

MsVk izfof"Vdj.k ds fy, rduhdh n{krk_ rFkk

vU; leku iz'uksa ds mÙkjA

lwpuk izlkjdksa dk ,d cM+k lewg gSA buesa ls izR;sd ls mudh fo'ks"kKrk ls lacaf/r lwpukvksa dsfy, laidZ lk/k tk ldrk gSA

tc Hkh fdlh xzaFkijd lanHkZ] ,sfrgkfld rFkk HkkSxksfyd lwpuk dh laHkkfor igpku dh vko';drkgks rks blds fy, iqLrdky; ,oa lwpuk O;olkf;dksa ls ijke'kZ fy;k tk ldrk gS rFkk buds Åijmuds O;fDrxr Kku vFkok lanHkZ lzksrksa ls mÙkj izkIr fd, tk ldrs gSaA

foLrkj dk;ZdrkZ Ñ"kdksa dks iQlyksa dh [ksrh dh fofHkUu leL;kvksa] tSls T;knk iSnkokj okys chtdh fdLeksa dk oj.k] iQly dh vof/ rFkk okafNr ty dh izÑfr bR;kfn rFkk vU; lacaf/r eqn~nksaij lh/s lgk;rk iznku djrs gSaA

lekt&dY;k.k dk;ZdrkZ vius vuqHko ij vk/kfjr Kku ds }kjk >qXxh&>ksaifM+;ksa ds fuokfl;ksa dhfof'k"V LokLF; leL;kvksa ls lacaf/r iz'uksa ds mÙkj nsus esa l{ke gksaxsA

cSad deZpkjh ½.k izkfIr ds fy,] Vªsoy ,tsUV (Travel Agent) i;ZVu dh ;kstuk] fVdV (Ticket)vFkok ikliksVZ (Passport) ysus ds fy, mi;ksxh lgk;rk rFkk lwpuk iznku dj ldrs gSaA

lwpuk iqu% izkfIrdrkZ vizdkf'kr rduhdh i;kZ;dks'k (Thesauras), Lopfyr vuqØe.khdj.k]n'kZu&'kkL=k ds nq:g fo"k;ksa ds ekudhÑr lkj bR;kfn dh igpku djus esa lgk;rk dj ldrs gSaA

lwpuk izkS|ksfxdhosÙkk fof'k"V izdkj dh xfrfof/;ksa ds fy, dEI;wVj iz.kkyh ds fofHkUu i{kksa dsp;u gsrq] lkWÝVos;j p;u] LFkkuh; vFkok foLr`r {ks=k usVodZ (Loal or Wide Area Network)rFkk vU; lacaf/r eqn~nksa ij mi;ksxh fl¼ gks ldrs gSaA

okLro esa ijke'kZnkrkvksa] lwpuk eè;xksa (Information Brokers), eè;LFkksa rFkk vU; O;fDr;ksa dscgqr lkjs lewg gSa tks vusd mi;qDr iz'uksa dk mÙkj nsus ds fy, viuh l'kqYd lsok,¡ nsus esa n{kgSaA blds ckotwn Hkh mfpr lwpuk lzksrksa dh igpku ,d leL;k gks ldrh gSA

,sls ekeyksa esa jsiQjy dsUnzksa ls laidZ lk/us dh vko';drk gS tks bl rjg dh lwpuk ,d=k djusesa ,oa dEI;wVj MsVkcsl lfgr mi;qDr lk/uksa ds fuekZ.k esa fo'ks"kKrk j[krs gSaA

NOTES



274


4- lwpuk vfHkys[kcn~/drkZ fdl izdkj ds iz'uksa ds mÙkj gsrq mi;ksxh gSa\

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6- jsiQjy iz.kkyh&mn~Hko vkSj fodkl

geus bl ckr dh ppkZ igys dh gS fd iqLrdky; vius vkUrfjd lanHkZ laxzg dk mi;ksx djrs gq,lanHkZ lsok iznku djrs gSa vkSj tks lkexzh muds vkUrfjd lanHkZ laxzg esa miyC/ ugha gS mls vU; LFkkuksa;k lzksrksa l gkfly dj lanHkZ lsok iznku djrs gSaA fdlh iz'u&fo'ks"k dk mÙkj nsus esa leFkZ rFkk mldkvisf{kr Kku j[kus okys O;fDr;ksa ,oa iqLrdky;ksa ls fHkUu vU; laLFkkuksa ls laidZ lk/uk Hkh lanHkZ lsokds vUrxZr vkrk gSA ijarq fuHkkus okys fo'ks"kKksa vFkok lacaf/r fo"k; ;k dk;Z esa fo'ks"kKrk izkIr laLFkkuksadh igpku djus dk nq:g dk;Z vf/drj iqLrdky;ksa ds fy, laHko ugha gks ikrkA blds iQyLo:iiqLrdky; ifjlj esa bu lqfo/kvksa dk vk;kstu djuk dfBu gks tkrk gSA O;fDrxr fo'ks"kKksa] fo'ks"kKrkizkIr laLFkkuksa] fofHkUu izdkj dh fof'k"V xfrfof/;ksa bR;kfn dh lwph cukus ds fy, cgqr le;] iz;Ru,oa /u dh vko';drk gksrh gSA lkFk gh] ;qfDr;qDr jsiQjy lsok nsus ds fy, fo'ks"k ladyu] rduhdrFkk n{k ekuo'kfDr ds mi;ksx dh Hkh vko';drk gksrh gSA

blfy, fiNys n'kdksa ls jsiQjy dsUnzksa ds }kjk jsiQjy lsok nsus dk dk;Z 'kq: fd;k x;kA budk dk;ZgS okafNr leLr lwpuk ds lkFk lwpuk ds lzksrksa dh fLFkfr Kkr djukA blls lwpuk pkgus okyksa dksviuh lwpuk dh izkfIr djus ds fy, lacaf/r O;fDr;ksa vFkok laLFkkuksa ls laidZ LFkkfir djus esavklkuh gksrh gSA

jsiQjy lsok,¡ iz'udrkZ dks lwpuk lzksrksa] tSls funsZf'kdk] laLFkku vFkok fo'ks"kK O;fDr dh vksjfunsZf'kr djrh gSaA lanHkZ lsok vkSj jsiQjy lsok ds chp varj djus ds fy, gesa è;ku nsuk pkfg,fd lanHkZ lsok iqLrdky; ds vanj nh tkrh gS rFk blesa ikBd dks iqLrdky; esa miyC/ izys[kksadh vksj funsZf'kr fd;k tkrk gSA lanHkZ lsok esa] lwpuk lzksr dh vksj funsZf'kr djus ds vfrfjDr ikBddh bfPNr lwpuk <w¡<+dj iznku Hkh dh tkrh gSA ijUrq jsiQjy lsok esa ikBd dks dsoy lwpuk dslzksr dh vksj funsZf'kr ek=k fd;k tkrk gSA

gSjkM~l ykbczsfj;Ul Xyksljh (Harrod's Librarians Glossary) esa jsiQjy dsUnz dh fuEufyf[krifjHkk"kk,¡ nh xbZ gSa % jsiQjy dsUnz %

1) ¶,d ,slk laxBu ;k laLFkku gS tks lwpuk rFkk MsVk dh izkfIr ds fy, 'kks/kfFkZ;ksa dks mi;qDrlzksrksa& tSls iqLrdky;ksa] lwpuk ewY;kadu dsUnzksa] izys[kksa] izys[ku dsUnzksa] rFkk O;fDrxr fo'ks"kKksadh vksj funsZf'kr djrk gSA¸ ,d jsiQjy dsUnz okafNr lwpuk ds fy, fdlh MsVk ;k izys[k dhvkiwfrZ ugha djrkA

2) ¶oSKkfud rFkk rduhdh leqnk; ds fy, ;g ,d izdkj dk ,d lwpuk iVy gS tgk¡ ls ikBddks mldh okafNr lwpuk iznku ugha dh tkrh] cfYd mUgsa mudh lwpuk ds fy, mi;qDr lzksrksa(laLFkkvksa] lqfo/kvksa] O;fDr;ksa) ds ukeksa dk lq>ko fn;k tkrk gSA

3) ¶;g lzksrksa (O;fDr;ksa] laLFkkvksa rFkk izdk'kuksa) dks bafxr djus ds fy, ,d laLFkku gS] tgk¡ls okafNr fo"k; ij oSKkfud lwpuk izkIr dh tk ldrh ;k nh tk ldrh gSA¸

NOTES


275


jsiQjy MsVkcsl ds fo'oLrjh; rFkk jk"Vªh; dEI;wVj usVodks± dh mifLFkfr ds dkj.k ,sls lzksr O;kid:i esa vfHkxE; gSaA

jsiQjy dsUnz dk ewy mn~ns'; lwpuk laLFkkuksa] ftuds dk;Z fiNys n'kdksa esa vR;f/d c<+s gSa] ijiM+ jgs ncko dks de djuk gSA

7- jsiQjy dk;Z

jsiQjy dsUnz lkekU; rkSj ij fuEufyf[kr dk;Z djrs gSa %

1) jsiQjy dsUnz ds fo"k; ;k xfrfof/;ksa ls lacaf/r lwpuk@vkdM+k lzksrksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh lax`ghrdjuk_

2) bu lzksrksa ls miyC/ lwpuk&lsok ds vfHkxe dks ljy cukus ds fy, budh foLr`r fo"k;vuqØef.kdk cukuk rFkk buls miyC/ fofHkUu izdkj dh lwpuk@vkadM+k lsokvksa dh foLr`rlwph rS;kj djuk_

3) mi;qDr lzksr] tgk¡ ls okafNr lwpuk izkIr dh tk lds] ds fy, ikBdksa dk ekxZn'kZu djuk_ rFkk

4) iz'udrkZ ,oa fo'ks"kKrk;qDr laLFkku ;k fo'ks"kK O;fDr;ksa ds fy, eè;LFk dk dk;Z djukA

bu dk;ks± dks iwjk djus ds fy, jsiQjy dsUnz dks dbZ dne mBkus iM+rs gSa] tSls %

fo"k;ksa ,oa fo'ks"kKksa ds lkFk yxkrkj laidZ cuk, j[kuk rFkk viuh xfrfof/;ksa ,oa fo"k;ksa lslacaf/r egÙoiw.kZ tkudkfj;ksa dk laxzg djuk_

lwpuk lzksrksa dh funsZf'kdkvksa dk ladyu djuk] ubZ lwpuk@vkadM+ksa dks buesa tksM+uk]vko';drkuqlkj buesa lq/kj djuk rFkk fu;fer varjky ds ckn bUgsa vn~;ru djuk_ rFkk

viuh xfrfof/;ksa dks vkSj vf/d mi;ksxh cukus ds fy, muds mi;ksx dh vko`fÙk] [kksth xbZlwpuk dk izdkj rFkk jsiQjy lsok izkIr djus ds bPNqd O;fDr;ksa dk fo'ys"k.k djukA

dk;ks± ds vk/kj ij iqLrdky;ksa rFkk jsiQjy dsUnzksa ds chp varj fuEufyf[kr rkfydk esa n'kkZ;k x;kgS %

iqLrdky; jsiQjy dsUnz

1. ikBd dks mldh lwpukvksa dks /kj.k ikBd dks dsoy mldh lwpukdjus okys lzksr ds ckjs esa gh ugha dks /kj.k djus okys lzksr ds ckjscrkrk] cfYd lwpuk dks /kj.k djus esa crkrk gSAokys izys[k Hkh miyC/ djkrk gSrFkk izk;% lwpukvksa dks lzksrksa rFkkizys[kksa esa ls <w¡<dj miyC/ djkrk gSA

2. vius lanHkZ laxzg esa izkFkfed] f}rh;d vius laxzg esa dsoy ,sls izys[kksa dkrFkk r`rh;d&bu lHkh izdkj ds ladyu djrk gS tks lwpuk ds lzksrlkfgR; dk ladyu djrk gSA dh tkudkjh nsrs gSa] tSls lkfgR;@lzksr]

funsZf'kdk,¡ ekxZnf'kZdk,¡ rFkk lwfp;k¡A,sls lzksrksa dks vfHkxe lzksrksa (accesstools) dgrs gSaA

3. iwNrkN] lanHkZ] xzaFkijd rFkk vU; ek=k iwNrkN rFkk jsiQjy lsoklsok,¡ iznku djrk gSA iznku djrk gSA

NOTES



276

8- jsiQjy dsUnz

vUrjkZ"Vªh;] {ks=kh;] jk"Vªh; rFkk LFkkuh; Lrj ij jsiQjy dsUnz LFkkfir fd, tk pqds gSaA

i;kZoj.k laca/h lwpuk ds lHkh lzksrksa gsrq fo'oLrjh; jsiQjy lsok nsus ds fy, The United NationsEnvironmental Programmes (UNEP) dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA

la;qDr jk"Vª fodkl dk;ZØe (United Nations Development Programme) dh fo'oLrjh;lwpuk jsiQjy iz.kkyh (The Global Information Referral System) fodkl'khy jk"Vªksa esa miyC/dkS'ky ,oa lkeF;Z ds Åij foLr`r ,oa vn~;ru lwpuk iznku djrh gSA

vesfjdk esa ykbczsjh vkWiQ dkaxzsl (Library of Congress) dk foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh ds fy, jk"Vªh;jsiQjy dsUnz (The National Referral Centre) ;|fi ewy :i ls ,d jk"Vªh; lsok gS fiQj HkhvU; jk"Vªksa ds fy, Hkh bldk ;Fks"V ewY; gSA ykbczsjh vkWiQ dkaxzsl dsUnz us jsiQjy dsUnz dh ifjHkk"kkbl izdkj nh gS % ¶fo'ks"kKrk ds Kku ds fo|eku laxzg esa ls oSKkfud ,oa rduhdh iz'uksa dkizkekf.kd mÙkj nsus esa l{ke dksbZ O;fDrxr mRlqdrk] lqfo/k] vFkok lkeF;Zoku laLFkkuA¸

;g dsUnz 9000 ls vf/d fo'ks"kKksa dh iQkby (File) dk j[k&j[kko djrk gS] ftuesa lwpuk lzksrdk uke] irk rFkk laf{kIr fooj.k fn;k x;k gSA

dEI;wVj rFkk lapkj izkS|ksfxdh ds vkxeu ds dkj.k ;wusLdks }kjk jsiQjy MsVkcsl ;k rks cuk, tkrsgSa ;k laiksf"kr fd, tkrs gSaA

Hkkjr esa ,d Hkh jsiQjy dsUnz dk;Z ugha dj jgk gSA ij vusd jk"Vªh; izys[ku ,oa lwpuk dsUnz viuhvU; lsokvksa ds lkFk&lkFk jsiQjy lsok,¡ Hkh iznku dj jgs gSaA buesa dqN gSa& bUlMkWd % Hkkjrh;jk"Vªh; oSKkfud izys[ku dsUnz (INSDOC : Indian National Scientific Documentation Cen-tre), uSlMkWd % jk"Vªh; lkekftd foKku izys[ku dsUnz (NASSDOC : National Social ScienceDocumentation Centre), MslhMkWd % j{kk foKku lwpuk ,oa izys[ku dsUnz (DESIDOC :Defence Science Information and Documentation Centre), jk"Vªh; LokLF; rFkk ifjokjdY;k.k laLFkku (National Health and Family Welfare Institute) dk jk"Vªh; izys[ku dsUnz(National Documentation Centre), Ñf"k 'kks/ lwpuk dsUnz (The Agricultural ResearchInformation Centre), HkkHkk vk.kfod 'kks/ laLFkku (Bhabha Atomic Research Centre) dkiqLrdky; rFkk mldh lwpuk lsok,¡] lsUMkWd % y?kq m|ksx jk"Vªh; izys[ku dsUnz (SENDOC :Small Enterprises National Documentation Centre)A

9- lkj&la{ksi;g vè;k; egRoiw.kZ vizys[kh; lwpuk lzksrksa vFkkZr lqfoKksa rFkk fo'ks"kKksa ds :i esa eko lalk/uksals lacaf/r gSA

fofHkUu laLFkkvksa esa ekuo fo'ks"kKrk miyC/ gSA laLFkkuksa esa dk;Z dj jgs vusd fo'ks"kK vius Kku,oa fo'ks"kKrk dks nwljksa ds lkFk ck¡Vus dks mRlqd jgrs gSa ;k mudh lsokvksa dks pkg jgs yksxksa dksekxZn'kZu rFkk lgk;rk nsus gsrq rRij gks ldrs gSaA bl izdkj ds cgqewY; lzksrksa rd igq¡pus ds fy,bu O;fDr;ksa dh igpku dh tk ldrh gS rFkk mi;ksxh lanHkZ lzksrksa dk ladyu fd;k tk ldrkgSA lkekU;r% iqLrdky; bl izdkj ds fof'k"V lzksrksa dk ladyu ugha djrs gSa] vr% ;s dk;Z uohulaLFkkvksa] ftUgsa jsiQjy dsUnz dgk tkrk gS] dks lkSai fn, x, gSaA

bl vè;k; esa fo'ks"kKksa dh vusd dksfV;[email protected];ksa dh igpku dh xbZ gS rFkk muds lanHkZ ewY; dksLi"V fd;k x;k gSA

NOTES


277


jsiQjy lsok,¡ ,d lkekU; iqLrdky; rFkk lanHkZ lsok ls fHkUu dk;Z djrh gSa] bldh ppkZ Hkh blvè;k; esa dh xbZ gSA

jsiQjy dsUnzksa dh dqN xfrfof/;ksa] tks mUgsa jsiQjy dk;ks± dks djus ds ;ksX; cukrh gSa] dk o.kZu Hkhbl vè;k; esa fd;k x;k gSA

vUrjkZ"Vªh;] jk"Vªh;] {ks=kh; rFkk LFkkuh; Lrj ds jsiQjy dsUnzksa ds dqN mnkgj.k Hkh izLrqr fd, x,gSaA


1- ekuo&xfrfof/ ds izR;sd {ks=k esa ,sls yksx gSa ftuds ikl vko';d ;ksX;rk,¡ izf'k{k.k rFkk fo'ks"kKku gS ftls mUgksaus viuh fo'ks"kKrk ds {ks=k esa 'kks/ rFkk vuqHko ds }kjk vftZr fd;k gSA ;sO;fDr viuh fo'ks"kKrk dks v{kq..k cuk, j[kus ds fy, lkfgR; lzksrksa] led{k O;fDr;ksa]laLFkkvksa] vius fo"k; ds ,sfrgkfld fodkl] vius fo"k; fodkl ds egRoiw.kZ dhfrZekuksa] rFkkvius fo"k; ds lanHkZ lzksrksa ls laidZ cuk, j[krs gSaA bl rjg ds O;fDr vusd rjg ds nkf;Roksadk fuokZg djrs gq, fofHkUu Lrjksa ij vusd izdkj dh laLFkkvksa esa (ges'kk vko';d ugha)xfr'khy jgrs gSaA lkFk gh ;s vius Kku ,oa dkS'ky dks nwljksa ds lkFk ck¡Vus ds bPNqd Hkh gksrsgSa vkSj mu yksxksa dks Hkh lgk;rk ;k ekxZn'kZu iznku djrs gSa tks lwpuk ,oa Kku dh izkfIr dsfy, 'kqYd nsus dks rS;kj gSaA ,sls O;fDr lwpuk ds vrho cgqewY; lzksr gksrs gSaA

2- bl lewg esa vkus okys O;fDr gSa % 'kks/kFkhZ] vkfo"dkjd] uoizorZd] ys[kd] jpukdkj];kstukdkj] uhfr&fuekZrk] eq[; dk;Zdkjh vf/dkjh vkSj Kku ds l`tu ;k lwpuk&mRiknu esa ,dfu/kZfjr Hkwfedk fuHkkus okys vU; O;fDrA ;s O;fDr fofHkUu izdkj dh xfrfof/;ksa esa layXu gksrsgSaA bu xfrfof/;ksa ls mRiUu gks jgh lwpuk dks xzaFkksa] if=kdkvksa ds vkys[kksa vkSj vU; Lo:iksa esamiyC/ djk;k tk ldrk gSA bu O;fDr;ksa ds ikl vius fo"k;&{ks=k dk fof'k"VhÑr fof'k"V Kkugksrk gS] vr% ;s lwpuk ds cgqewY; lzksr gksrs gSa] fo'ks"k :i ls rc tc ;s viuh lwpuk dks fdlhizdkf'kr Lo:i esa miyC/ ugha djkrs gksaA

3- bl lewg esa lfEefyr gSa% dEI;wVj gkMZos;j rFkk lkWÝVos;j fo'ks"kK tks fd iz.kkyh vfHkdYi(System Design) ds vusd i{kksa] buds j[kj[kko rFkk buls lacaf/r lsokvksa ls tqM+s gq, gSaAnwjlapkj fo'ks"kK (Telecommunication Specialists) fMtkbu usVodZ vkfdZVsDpj (DesighNetwork Architecture) dk j[kj[kko djrs gSa] usVodZ dks LFkkfir djrs gaS rFkk lalk/uksa dhlgHkkfxrk ds fy, lqfo/kvksa dk vk;kstu djrs gSaA vU; izkS|ksfxdhosÙkk] tSls lapkj&ekè;efo'ks"kK (Media Specialists) Hkh JO;@n`'; dSlsV rS;kj djus ds fy, lsok,¡ iznku djrs gSaA;|fi ;s fo'ks"kK izlkj.k dk dk;Z djrs gSa rFkk izR;{k :i ls lwpuk ds varfoZ"k; ls lacaf/rugha gSa] rFkkfi lwpuk ds varfoZ"k; esa xq.koÙkk ykus esa ;s lgk;rk iznku djrs gSaA vk/qfudiqLrdky; ,oa lwpuk lsokvksa esa bu ij è;ku nsus cgqr t:jh gSA vr% bu fo'ks"kK lzksrksa ls lEidZcuk, j[kuk rFkk bUgsa dke esa ysuk furkUr vko';d gSA

4- lwpuk vfHkys[kc¼drkZ bu iz'uksa ds mÙkj nsus esa mi;ksxh gksaxs %

fuoZpu (Interpretation) dk;Z ds fy, miyC/ Hkk"kk fo'ks"kKksa ds uke_

rduhdh vuqokn dh leL;k,¡_

MsVk izfof"Vdj.k ds fy, rduhdh n{krk_ rFkk

vU; leku iz'uksa ds mÙkjA

NOTES



278

11- eq[; 'kCnnq:g (Abstruse) % ftldk vFkZ xqg~; gks] le>us esa dfBu gks rFkk fDy"V gksA

fo'ks"kK (Experts) % fof'k"V {ks=k esa fo'ks"k Kku] n{krk] vFkok izf'k{k.k izkIrO;fDrA

fo'ks"k fo'ks"kK (Specialists) % O;olk; ;k vè;;u dh fof'k"V 'kk[kk esa lqfoK O;fDrA

led{k O;fDr (Peers) % nwljs ds lkFk in] izfr"Bk] vFkok ;ksX;rk esa led{kO;fDrA

12- vH;kl&iz'u1. lwpuk lzksr ds :i esa ekuo lalk/u dh mi;ksfxrk ij izdk'k Mkfy,A

2- ekuo lqfoKrk dh fofHkUu dksfV;ksa dk laf{kIr o.kZu dhft,A

3- lanHkZ lzksr ds :i esa ekuo lalk/u fdl izdkj dk;Z djrs gSa\

4- jsiQjy izkkyh ds mn~Hko vkSj fodkl ij ,d y?kq fucU/ fyf[k,A

5- jsiQjy dsUnz D;k gS\ blds dk;ks± dk fooj.k nhft,A

13- lanHkZ&xzaFk lwphChamberlain, Carol (1991). The Gatekeeper and Information. Library Acquisitions :Practice and Theory. 15, 265-9.Duckitt, P. (1987). The Intermediary Today and Tomorrow. Aslib Proceedings. 36 (2)79-86.IGNOU, School of Social Sciences. (1995). Information Experts as Resource Per-sons. MLIS-02, 72p.

NOTES


279

laLFkkxr lwpuk lzksr


1. vè;;u ds mís';

2. ifjp;

3. lwpuk lzksr ds :i esa laLFkk,¡

4. laLFkkvksa ds izdkj

5. lwpuk laLFkk,¡

5.1 iqLrdky; rFkk izys[ku dsUnz

5.2 lwpuk fo'ys"k.k dsUnz

5.3 lkekftd leL;kvksa ds lek/ku ds fy, mHkjrh laLFkk,¡

6. Hkkjrh; ifjn`';

7. lwpuk laLFkkvksa dk lanHkZ ewY;

8. lkj&la{ksi


10. eq[; 'kCn

11. vH;kl&iz'u



vè;k;&15

NOTES



280

1- vè;;u ds mís';


;g le> ik,¡xs fd laLFkk,¡] izR;sd ekuo xfrfof/ dks O;ofLFkr djus ds fy, lk/u vkSjizfØ;k gSa_

laLFkkvksa dh fofHkUu izÑfr rFkk muds dk;ks± dk cks/ dj ik,¡xs_

fofHkUu izdkj dh lwpuk laLFkkvksa rFkk muds fodklkRed <k¡ps dks le> ik,¡xs_

lwpuk laLFkkvksa ds fof'k"V dk;ks± rFkk lwpuk ds O;oLFkkiu ,oa forj.k esa mudh Hkwfedk dksigpku ik,¡xs_

lwpuk laLFkkvksa ds lanHkZ ewY; dks le> ik,¡xs_ rFkk

lanHkZ lsok iznku djus esa laLFkkvksa ds izHkkodkjh mi;ksx dks c<+kus dk iz;kl dj ik,¡xsA

2- ifjp;

ekuo xfrfof/;k¡ uohu lwpuk ,oa Kku mRiUu djrh gSaA ;s lwpuk,¡ rkRdkfyd ;k Hkfo"; esa mi;ksxds fy, fdlh u fdlh :i esa vfHkfyf[kr gksrh gSaA ;s Hkh egRoiw.kZ gS fd yxHkx leLr xfrfofèk;k¡fdlh&u&fdlh laLFkk ds ekè;e ls fu"ikfnr dh tkrh gSa ftuds fy, mu laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiukdh xbZ gSA fiNyh vFkZ&'krkCnh esa izR;sd lekt] pkgs og fodflr gks ;k fodkl'khy] laLFkkvksadk lekt gks x;k gSA

vkt ge ns[krs gSa fd lHkh izeq[k dk;Z laLFkk ds }kjk gh laiUu fd, tkrs gSaA okLrfodrk ;g gSfd leLr ekuo xfrfof/;k¡&f'k{kk] LokLF;] lqj{kk] ljdkjh dk;Z] j{kk rFkk lqj{kk] O;kikj rFkkm|ksx] lkaLÑfrd xfrfof/;k¡&laLFkkvksa }kjk gh laiUu dh tkrh gSaA bu laLFkkvksa dh dk;Z{kerk ghfdlh lekt dh o`f¼] fodkl ,oa mUufr dks fu/kZfjr djrh gSA vr% lqlac¼ ekuo fodkl dsfy, laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk ,d iwokZis{kk cu xbZ gSA ;g Hkh fopkj.kh gS fd ekuo gh izR;sd laLFkkesa fuf'pr y{;ksa ds lkFk vius lekt ds fodkl ds fy, fofHkUu xfrfof/;ksa dks laiUu djrs gSaAfodkl ds varxZr lkekftd] vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd] lkaLÑfrd] ^vkS|ksfxd vFkkZr~ O;fDr ;k lektds izR;sd i{k Li"V :i ls vUrfuZfgr gSaA bl bdkbZ esa lkaLFkkfud fodkl rFkk dk;ks± ds bu i{kksarFkk lwpuk lzksr ds :i esa laLFkkvksa ds mi;ksx ds Åij è;ku dsfUnzr fd;k x;k gSA

pw¡fd izR;sd laLFkk fdlh&u&fdlh izdkj dh lwpuk mRiUu djrh gS] vr% izR;sd laLFkk viuhlwpukijd Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA bl vè;k; esa ge oSlh lwpuk laLFkkvksa dh ppkZ djsaxs tks mi;ksDrkvksads mi;ksx gsrq lwpuk ,oa Kku dk l`tu] izlkj.k] Hk.Mkj.k] iqu%izkfIr rFkk forj.k djus esa xfr'khygSaA bl bdkbZ esa gekjs vè;;u ds izeq[k fo"k; gSa % lwpuk laLFkkvksa dk fodkl Øe] muds fodkldh lajpuk] mudh csfV;k¡ rFkk dk;Z] lwpuk lzksr ds :i esa mudk izHkkoh mi;ksx] Hkkjrh; ifjn`';rFkk Hkfo"; dh laHkkfor izo`fÙk;k¡A

3- lwpuk lzksr ds :i esa laLFkk,¡

laLFkku ;k laLFkk ls rkRi;Z gS fdlh fof'k"V dk;ZØe ;k mís'; dks izksRlkfgr djus ds fy, lefiZrdksbZ laxBu ;k izfr"BkuA ,slh laLFkkvksa ls ;g vis{kk dh tkrh gS fd ;s lqfuf'pr y{;ksa] mís';ksarFkk laLFkkfir ojh;rkvksa rFkk izkFkfedrkvksa ds fy, ekun.Mksa dk ifjikyu djsaxh] pqukSfr;ksa dklkeuk djus dks rRij gksaxh rFkk voljksa dk lnqi;ksx djsaxhA budh Hkwfedk lqfopkfjr gksuh pkfg,]dk;Z lqifjHkkf"kr gksus pkfg, rFkk mís'; lqLi"V gksus pkfg,A lksís';rk] fØ;k'khyrk] vnE;ftthfo"kk rFkk mi;ksDrkvksa dh vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ djus dh opuc¼rk Hkh laLFkkvksa ds fy,vko';d gSA

NOTES


281

laLFkkxr lwpuk lzksrizR;sd laLFkk foÙkh; lalk/uksa ds fy, ljdkjh vuqnku rFkk fuf/dj.k vfHkdj.kksa ij fuHkZj gksrhgS ;k bUgsa vius mRiknksa ,oa lsokvksa ds foØ; }kjk izkIr djrh gSA viuh izÑfr ,oa dk;ks± ds vuqlkjviuh xfrfof/;ksa dk fu"iknu djrs gq, laLFkk,¡ fofHkUu izdkj dh lwpuk rFkk fofHkUu Lrj dk KkumRiUu djrh gSaA blesa ls dqN lwpuk,¡ vkSipkfjd ekè;eksa tSls if=kdkvksa] izfrosnuksa rFkk fof'k"Vizdk'kuksa ds }kjk izlkfjr gksrh gSaA vU; lwpuk,¡ laLFkku dh iQkbyksa esa fdlh&u&fdlh :i esa laxzghrgksrh gSaA izdkf'kr lkexzh f}rh;d lzksrksa ds }kjk yksxksa dh utj esa vk tkrh gSa ijarq tks lwpuk laLFkkuds vfHkys[kksa esa iQkby dj nh tkrh gS og lkekU;r% f}rh;d lzksrksa esa izfrosfnr ugha gksrhA

bl vfHkfyf[kr lwpuk ds vfrfjDr] bu laLFkkvksa esa dk;Zjr fo'ks"kK Hkh vewY; lwpuk lzksr gSaAvè;k; 14 esa geus lwpuk lzksr ds :i esa ekuo fo'ks"kKrk ds ewY; ds laca/ esa crk;k gSA

vr% viuh izdkf'kr ,oa vizdkf'kr lwpuk ds dkj.k laLFkk,¡ Hkh ,d vFkZ esa lwpuk lzksr gSaA izk;%vizdkf'kr lwpuk] lkaf[;dh] vkadM+ksa vFkok vU; izdkj dh rF;kRed lwpuk ds Lo:i esa gks ldrhgSa] tks fd mUgsa mRiUu djus okyh laLFkk dks NksM+dj fdlh vU; lzksr ls miyC/ ugha gSaA

vr% iqLrdky;ksa rFkk lwpuk dsUnzksa dks fofHkUu izdkj dh laLFkkvksa] muds dk;Z ,oa xfrfof/;ksa dhizÑfr rFkk muds izdkf'kr rFkk vizdkf'kr MsVk rFkk lwpuk ds ckjs esa tkudkjh gksuh pkfg,A laLFkkvksadh funsZf'kdk muds dk;ks± rFkk xfrfof/;ksa] izdk'kuksa] bR;kfn ds laiw.kZ fooj.k ds lkFk izdkf'kr :iesa Hkh miyC/ gksrh gSA ijarq bu laLFkkvksa dh lgh fLFkfr tkuus ds fy, jsiQjy dsUnzksa ls laidZLFkkfir fd;k tk ldrk gSA


1- laLFkk D;k gS\ blls D;k vis{kk dh tkrh gS\

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4- laLFkkvksa ds izdkj

lwpuk@Kku ds gLrkarj.k dh izfØ;k esa dM+h dh rjg ,d nwljs ls tqM+h gqbZ xfrfof/;ksa dh Ükà[kyklekfo"V gSA bl lwpuk Üka`[kyk dh eq[; dfM+;k¡ gSa % mRiknd (ys[kd] xzaFkdkj] fjiksVZ ys[kd]'kks/kFkhZ bR;kfn)] laiknd] izkFkfed rFkk f}rh;d lzksrksa ds izdk'kd] iqLrdky;] izys[ku dsUnz]lwpuk vfHkdj.k] vkWuykbu lfoZl osaMj (Online Service Vendors), lwpuk forjd rFkk vaR;mi;ksDrk (end user)A fujiokn :i ls laLFkk,¡ bu Ükà[kyk dh lkjh dfM+;ksa dh Ükà[kykc¼xfrfofèk;ksa dks laiUu djrh gSaA

O;kid :i esa ge bu laLFkkvksa dks fuEufyf[kr rhu lewgksa esa j[k ldrs gSa %

Kku mRiUu djus okyh laLFkk,¡

'kks/ laLFkk,¡ rFkk iz;ksx'kkyk,¡_

'kks/ rFkk fodkl izfr"Bku%

fo'ofo|ky; rFkk O;kolkf;d laLFkk,¡_

mPp f'k{k.k laLFkk,¡_

fo}r~ lekt rFkk O;kolkf;d la?k_

ljdkjh ea=kky;] foHkkx_

NOTES



282

m|ksx ,oa O;kolkf;d izfr"Bku_ rFkk

vU; leku laLFkk,¡A

lkoZtfud ;k futh {ks=k ls laca/ izR;sd laLFkk dk laca/ oSKkfud rFkk izkS|ksfxdh fo"k;ksa] lkekftdvkfFkZd] jktuhfrd rFkk lkekftd foKku ds vU; fo"k;ksa] ekufodh rFkk vU; izdkj ds l`tukRedlkfgR; rFkk lkaLÑfrd xfrfof/;ksa tSls vfHku; dyk bR;kfn esa 'kks/ ls gks ldrk gSA ;s laLFkk,¡vius }kjk mRikfnr lwpuk dks fo}r~ if=kdkvksa] 'kks/ rFk rduhdh izfrosnuksa] rFkk vU; fof'k"VhÑrizdk'kuksa ds }kjk izlkfjr djrh gSaA

ljdkj dh fofHkUu dk;Zdkfj.kh] fo/k;h] rFkk U;kf;d laLFkk,¡ mPp 'kks/ ewY; dh lwpuk mRiUudjrh gSaA fulUnsg ;g lwpuk 'kks/ ds }kjk izkIr lwpuk ugha Hkh gks ldrh gS] ijarq 'kks/ ,oa fodklds fy, bl ljdkjh lwpuk dk laHkkfor ewY; vR;f/d gSA lkaf[;dh; vkadM+s] ljdkjh vf/fu;erFkk mudk fofHkUu dk;Zikfydk izfØ;kvksa ds fy, mudk fufgrkFkZ] rFkk egRoiw.kZ U;kf;d fu.kZ;rFkk ljdkjh vfHkdj.kksa ds }kjk mRiUu cgqr lh vU; izdkj dh lwpuk,¡ mruh gh egRoiw.kZ gS ftrukfd uohu KkuA ;s lkjh lwpuk,¡ izdkf'kr :i esa ges'kk miyC/ ugha gksrh gSaA bUgsa mUgha laLFkkvksals izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gS tks bUgsa mRiUu djrh gSaA

Kku@lwpuk dk izfØ;kdj.k rFkk izlkj djus okyh laLFkk,¡

okf.kfT;d izdk'kd (iqLrdsa] if=kdk,¡] vU;)_

lkaf[;dh; laLFkk,¡_

MsVk dsUnz (Data Centres); rFkk

mi;qZDr ds leku vU;A

;s laLFkk,¡ MsVk] lwpuk vFkok Kku dks mRiUu ugha djrh gSa ijUrq muds ikl ,df=kr lwpuk dsladyu rFkk O;oLFkkiu ds fy, lk/u rFkk ra=k gksrs gSa ftudh lg;rk ls ;w lwpuk dks fofHkUuizdkj ds ikBdksa dks mudh vko';drkuqlkj izlkfjr djrh gSaA

;s laLFkk,¡ izkFkfed rFkk rduhdh if=kdkvksa] lkaf[;dh; vkadM+ksa rFkk vU; izdkj dh rF;ijdlwpuk ds mRiUu djrh gSaA

Kku rFkk lwpuk lsok esa layXu laLFkk,¡

iqLrdky;_

izys[ku dsUnz_

lwpuk dsUnz_

lwpuk fo'ys"k.k dsUnz_

jsiQjy dsUnz_

forjd dsUnz (Clearning Houses);

lwpuk eè;x (Information Brokers);

lwpuk m|ksx_

vkS|ksfxd laLFkkvksa ds tulaidZ vf/dkjh (PROs); rFkk

vU; leku laLFkk,¡ ,oa muls lacaf/r yksxA

bu laLFkkvksa dk eq[; mÙkjnkf;Ro gS] izkFkfed vFkok f}rh;d :i esa igys ls gh fo|eku fofHkUuiSdstksa (Packages) esa miyC/ Kku ,oa lwpuk dk ladyu] laxzg.k] izfØ;kdj.k] izlkj rFkk mudksvn~;ru j[kus dk dk;ZA ;s laLFkk,¡ fofHkUu vfHkxe lzksrksa rFkk lk/uksa] tSls vuqØe.khdj.k rFkk

NOTES


283

laLFkkxr lwpuk lzksrlkjdj.k lsokvksa dks l`ftr djrh gSa rFkk ikBdksa dh vko';drkvksa ds vuq:i mu lsokvksa dks iznkudjrh gSaA

;g è;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr gS fd ;s laLFkk,¡ ,d le;kof/ esa fodflr gqbZ gSaA ge bl izdkj dhlaLFkkvksa ds fodkl ds ,d fo'ks"k <k¡ps dk vuqHko dj ldrs gSa] tks fofHkUu dkykof/ esa ikBdksarFkk mudh vko';drkvksa ds vuqlkj lwpuk ,oa Kku dh ekax dh izÑfr dks izfrfcfEcr djrk gSAfodkl ds bu igyqvksa ;k <k¡pksa dks lwpuk iz.kkyh ds fuEufyf[kr rhu lewgksa esa ns[k ldrs gSa%

1) fo"k;ksUeq[k lwpuk iz.kkfy;k¡ (Discipline-oriented Information Systems) eq[;r% 'kS{kf.kdvè;;u dh vko';drk] fo'kq¼ rFkk iz;qfDr foKku ,oa vU; leku {ks=kksa esa 'kks/ dksizfrfcfEcr djrh gSaA

2) y{;ksUeq[k lwpuk iz.kkfy;k¡ (Mission-oriented Information Systems) eq[;r% ljdkj}kjk izk;ksftr ifj;kstukvksa@dk;ZØeksa] tSls vk.kfod ÅtkZ fe'ku~l (Missions), vUrfj{k'kks/ vkSj blh izdkj ds vU; {ks=kksa dks izfrfcfEcr djrh gSaA

3) leL;k vfHkeq[k lwpuk iz.kkfy;k¡ (Problem-oriented Information Systems) fofHkUulkekftd vkfFkZd rFkk vU; fodklkRed leL;kvksa] tSls& vkS|ksfxd fu;kstu i;kZoj.kdh leL;kvksa rFkk blh izdkj dh vU; leL;kvksa ds lek/ku dh vko';drkvksa dksizfrfcfEcr djrh gSaA

fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa] ^iz.kkyh* (System) 'kCn mu fo'ks"k izdkj dh lwpuk laLFkkvksa ds fy, mi;ksx esayk;k x;k gS ftudk fodkl fofHkUu dky[k.Mksa esa gqvk gS rFkk ftudk ,d nwljs ls dksbZ fof'k"Vlaca/ ugha gS] ijarq mudk mís'; eq[;r% vUrj&iqLrdky; lg;ksx (Inter-Library Co-operation)gSA


2- Kku mRiUu djus okyh laLFkkvksa ds uke crkb,A

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5- lwpuk laLFkk,¡

lwpuk laLFkkvksa ds fodkl ds dqN vko';d y{k.kksa ds lkFk muds vfHky{k.kksa dh ppkZ uhps dhxbZ gS %

fo"k;ksUeq[k lwpuk iz.kkfy;k¡

lwpuk laLFkkvksa dh igyh Js.kh (dksfV) ds fodkl dk ewy vk/kj f'k{kk] O;kolkf;d vf/xe]'kks/ rFkk fofHkUu fo"k;ksads fodkl dks lacy iznku djuk FkkA 'kS{kf.kd rFkk 'kks/ laLFkkvksa] fo}r~lekt] O;kolkf;d fudk;ksa] rFkk buds leku vU; ds }kjk mRiUu lwpuk@Kku izkFkfed if=kdkvksa]fofuca/ksa] xksf"B;ksa] rFkk cSBdksa@lHkkvksa ds ekè;e ls izlkfjr fd;k tkrk gSA izkFkfed lwpukvksa dksvuqØe.khdj.k] lkjdj.k rFkk xzaFkkRed izdk'kuksa ds ekè;e ls izkIr fd;k tkrk FkkA izys[kksa dhizkfIr ,oa mi;ksx esa lgk;d laLFkkvksa esa izeq[k Fks % 'kSf{kd iqLrdky; rFkk vU; laLFkkvksa dsiqLrdky;A ikBd leqnk; esa lkekU;r% Nk=k] f'k{kd] f'k{kkfon~] fo}ku] 'kks/kFkhZ bR;kfn lfEefyrFksA if=kdkvksa ds ys[kksa dh Nk;kizfr ds fy, ukeek=k ds 'kqYd dks NksM+dj lsok,¡ iw.kZr;k fu%'kqYdFkhaA dqN ncko ,oa lhekvksa ds ckotwn Hkh ;g ikjEifjd i¼fr dkiQh le; rd izpyu esa jghA

NOTES



284

y{;ksUeq[k lwpuk iz.kkfy;k¡

f}rh; Js.kh (dksfV) dh lwpuk laLFkkvksa ds fodkl dks fu;af=kr djus okyk fl¼kar Fkk% y{;ksUeq[k,tsfUl;ksa ds fy, laLFkkRed lwpuk lgk;rk miyC/ djkukA 'kks/ rFkk fodkl dh ifj;kstuk,¡ (tSlsvk.kfod ÅtkZ] 'kks/] fodkl rFkk mi;ksx)] vUrfj{k dk;ZØe bR;kfn ljdkj }kjk LFkkfir laLFkkvksads fofHkUu fo"k;ksa (tSls bysDVªksfuDl] tho foKku] vk;qfoZKku] oSekfudh] jlk;u 'kkL=k] HkkSfrdh)ds 'kks/ nyksa }kjk lapkfyr gksrh FkhaA bu laLFkkvksa esa dk;Z djus okys fo'ks"kKksa dks vPNh xfr]fo'oluh;rk] izkekf.kdrk rFkk ifj'kq¼rk ds lkFk lwpuk lgk;rk lqfo/kvksa dh vko';drk gksrh FkhAbl vof/ esa ftu rduhdh lwpuk dsUnzksa dk fodkl gqvk os ml le; ubZ lwpuk lsok laLFkkvksads :i esa mHkjdj vk,A ikjaifjd if=kdkvksa rFkk vU; izkFkfed izdk'kuksa ds vykok bl vof/ esafof'k"VhÑr lkef;d tkx:drk lsok] lekpkj i=k ftuesa lkef;d fodklksa ij lekpkj gksrs Fks]'kks/ dh lkef;d fLFkfr] 'kks/ dh izxfr dks foLrkfjr djus okys rduhdh izfrosnu rFkk budsleku vU; mYys[kuh; izdk'ku FksA bu izdk'kuksa ds ikBd oSKkfud] vfHk;urk] izkS|ksfxdhosÙkk]lkekftd foKkuksa ds fo'ks"kk bR;kfn FksA vkiwfrZ dh xbZ lwpuk dh izklafxdrk rFkk blds vf/dremi;ksx dks lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, iz.kkyh esa izfriqf"V izfØ;k (Feedback Mechanism) cukbZxbZ FkhA bl dkykof/ ds nkSjku cktkj vfHkeq[k lwpuk gLrkarj.k iz.kkyh (Market-orientedInformation Transfer System) dk egRoiw.kZ izknqHkkZo gqvkA ;|fi izys[k forj.k bR;kfn dksNksM+dj lkekU;r% lwpuk fu%'kqYd FkhA

leL;k vfHkeq[k lwpuk iz.kkfy;k¡

bl] vFkkZr~ rhljh Js.kh (dksfV) dh lwpuk laLFkkvksa ds vH;qn; ds ihNs eq[; fl¼kUr Fkk] mi;qDrlwpuk ds ladyu] O;oLFkkiu ,oa izlkj }kjk lkekftd leL;kvksa dks gy djus ds fy, lgk;rk,oa lqfo/k,¡ lqyHk djkukA bl dkykof/ esa vorfjr iz.kkfy;k¡ mulanHkks± dks bafxr djrh gSa] ftuesalwpuk dk mi;ksx lkekftd leL;kvksa] tSls vkfFkZd fodkl] vkS|ksfxd ;kstuk] Ñfr mRiknu]okrkoj.k lqj{kk vkink izca/u bR;kfn dks gy djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

fofHkUu izdkj dh leL;kvksa ds lek/ku ds fy, vko';d lwpukvksa ds ladyu] O;oLFkkiu rFkkizlkj dk dke djus okyh bu laLFkkvksa dk /heh xfr ls fdUrq fuf'pr gh fodkl gks jgk gSA u,izdkj ds ikBdksa dh vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, u, izdkj dh laLFkkvksa dk mn; gqvk]tSls& ijke'kZnk;h laLFkk,¡] lwpuk eè;x] lwpuk dEifu;k¡ bR;fnA buesa ls dqN ,tsfUl;k¡ lkekftdleL;kvksa ds lek/ku ds fy, fofHkUu lzksrksa ls oS/ rFkk izkekf.kd vk¡dM+s ;k lwpuk laxzfgr dj]rFkk mls iquO;ZofLFkr dj mi;ksDrkvksa dks lwpuk lsok iznku djrh gSaA tks O;fDr bl izdkj dhlsok,¡ nsrs gSa muesa mi;qDr jhfr ls rduhdh ifj.kkeksa dh O;k[;k rFkk fo'ys"k.k djus dh ;ksX;rkgksrh gS] rFkk ;s yksx mi;ksDrkvksa dh vko';drk ds vuqdwy] ,slh lwpuh lsok iznku djrs gSa ftulstufgr ls lacaf/r ekeyksa esa mÙkjnkf;Roiw.kZ fu.kZ; fy, tk ldsa ,oa futh O;kikj dks c<+kok feyldsA LokHkkfod gS fd bl izdkj dh lwpuk fcuk ewY; ds miyC/ ugha gksrh gSA mPp dksfV dhO;kikfjd volajpuk ls laiUu] rFkk foiqy ek=kk esa /u dks nk¡o ij yxkus okys futh m|eh]mi;ksDrkvksa dh lwpukijd vko';drk dks iwjk djus ds fy, vkt cktkj esa mrj pqds gSa] ftllslwpuk m|ksx dh LFkkiuk dk ekxZ iz'kLr gks jgk gSA

bl fodklkRed o`f¼ dk egRoiw.kZ i{k ;g gS fd ijorhZ iz.kkfy;ksa us iwoZorhZ iz.kkfy;ksa dksfoLFkkfir ugha fd;k gS] cfYd ;s mudh iwjd cuh gSaA fiQj Hkh fo'ks"kKksa rFkk vfo'ks"kKksa }kjk lwpukdh c<+rh gqbZ ekax] lwpuk lzksrksa dh cgqla[;drk ,oa fofo/rk] rFkk izkS|ksfxdh dh izHkko'kkyh izxfrds dkj.k igys dh iz.kkfy;k¡& tSls iqLrdky; rFkk izys[ku dsUnz lwpuk O;olk; dh izfr;ksfxrkesa Bgjus ds fy,& vius vkidks :ikurfjr dj jgh gSaA

vkb, ge lLFkkvksa dh rhu Jsf.k;ksa ;k dksfV;ksa esa ls izR;sd dh xfrfof/;ksa] lsokvksa ds {ks=k] rFkkHkfo"; dh laHkkfor izo`fÙk;ksa ds mnkgj.kksa dh tk¡p djsaA

NOTES


285

laLFkkxr lwpuk lzksr5.1 iqLrdky; rFkk izys[ku dsUæ

iqLrdky; lwpuk laLFkkvksa esa izkphure gSaA izkjaHk esa os f'k{kk] fo}rk rFkk 'kSf{kd vè;;uksa esa lgk;dgksrs Fks vkSj ckn esa vU; vk;keksa dh rjiQ Hkh vxzlj gq,A lkoZtfud iqLrdky; lkekU; tuksa ds fy,Kku rFkk lwpuk dh izkfIr ds izko/ku ds fy, lkekftd okrkoj.k ls mRiUu gq,A ;g lkekftd okrkoj.kdkykUrj esa 'kklu ds }kjk vuqnku nsus ,oa lapkyu djus ds fy, lkoZtfud iqLrdky; vkanksyu ds:i esa mHkjkA fo|ky;] egkfo|ky; rFkk fo'ofo|ky; Lrj ij vkSipkfjd 'kS{kf.kd lqfo/kvksa dsRofjr fodkl ds ifj.kkeLo:i 'kSf{kd iqLrdky;ksa us u, :i esa vè;;u rFkk vè;kiu dks izksRlkfgrfd;kA fo'ofo|ky; iqLrdky;ksa us 'kks/ dk;Z dks lgk;rk nsus ds fy, vius lalk/uksa dk fuekZ.k fd;kAdbZ 'kks/ laLFkk,¡ Hkh fofHkUu fo"k;ksa esa 'kks/ dk;Z djkus ds fy, vkxs vkbZA ifj.kkeLo:i izys[ku dsUnzksadh LFkkiuk gqbZ ftlls xzaFkijd lsok lqfo/kvksa rFkk lkekU; iqLrdky;ksa dk {ks=k c<+kA buesa ls vusdizys[ku dsUnzksa ds :i esa tkus tkrs gSa] tks fd ikjEifjd iqLrdky; lsokvksa ds foLrkj ds :i esa mHkjsgSaA buesa fof'k"VhÑr xzaFkijd rFkk lwpuk lsok,¡ iznku djus ij vf/d cy fn;k x;kA

fof'k"V iqLrdky; fo'ks"kKrk ds fo"k;ksa ls lacaf/r laLFkkvksa& tSls vk;qfoZKku] Ñf"k vFkok m|ksxrFkk O;kikj ds vax ds :i esa dk;Z djrs FksA vr% budh lsok,¡ Hkh fo'ks"k ikBd oxZ ds fy, Fkha]O;kid tu&leqnk; ds fy, ughaA vr% lkekU;r;k budk laxzg y?kq rFkk muds iSr`d laLFkku dhfo'ks"kKrk ds {ks=k dh vksj vfHkeq[k gksrk FkkA ;s dsoy lwpuk dks /kj.k djus oky izys[kksa dh vkiwfrZgh ugha djrs Fks cfYd lsok dh ,d bdkbZ ds :i esa lwpuk iznku djrs FksA

rduhdh lwpuk dsUnzksa dk vH;qn; 'kks/ lewgksa dh fo'ks"kKrkijd lwpuk vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ dsfy, gqvkA os ;k rks fo"k;ksUeq[k ;k y{;ksUeq[k laLFkk,¡ FkhaA

;s lwpuk laLFkk,¡ chloha 'krkCnh ds eè; esa fodflr gqb±A


3- fo"k;ksUeq[k lwpuk iz.kkfy;ksa dk ifjp; nhft,A

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5.2 lwpuk fo'ys"k.k dsUæ

lwpuk fo'ys"k.k dsUnz (IAC : Information Analysis Centres) mPpLrjh; fo'ks"kKrk dh laLFkk,¡Fkha tks mPpLrjh; 'kks/ rFkk fodkl esa layXu izfr"Bkuksa dks vkykspukRed] fo'ys"k.kkRed rFkkewY;kafdr lwpuk lsok iznku djus ds fy, fodflr gqb±A ,d lwpuk fo'ys"k.k dsUnz ¶vkSipkfjd :ils laxfBr bdkbZ gS ftls fo'ks"k :i ls (ijUrq laiw.kZ :i ls ugha) fo'ks"kKrk ds {ks=kksa esa Li"Vr;kifjHkkf"kr lwpuk vkSj vkadM+ksa ds vf/xzg.k] p;u] laxzg.k] iquizkZfIr] ewY;kadu] fo'ys"k.k rFkkla'ys"k.k ds fy, vFkok fof'k"V y{; ls lacaf/r fo'ks"kK ,oa izca/u oxZ ds fy, laiw.kZ :i lsizkekf.kd] le;kuqdwy rFkk mi;ksxh vkadM+ksa ,oa lwpuk ds ladyu] vkRelkRdj.k ,oa iqUfo"Bu gsrqLFkkfir fd;k x;k gks¸A

bl izdkj dh mPp ifj"Ñr lsokvksa esa lfEefyr gSa ewY;kadu dh xbZ lkj.kh dk bl Lo:i esa p;u]fo'ys"k.k] ewY;kadu] O;k[;k] la'ys"k.k rFkk mldk laos"Bu ftls iznÙk Lo:i esa 'kks/kFkhZ }kjkrRdky mi;ksx esa fy;k tk ldsA ;g lsok mu oSKkfud eè;xksa (middleman) }kjk iznku dh tkrhFkh tks Lo;a 'kks/ oSKkfud Lrj ds fo"k; fo'ks"kK gksus ds lkFk&lkFk xzaFkkRed lanHkZ lkefxz;ksa rFkkrduhdh ys[kksa ds mi;ksx esa fuiq.k gksrs FksA

NOTES



286

lwpuk fo'ys"k.k dsUnz dh izeq[k xfrfof/;ksa rFkk ifj.kkeh mRikn fuEufyf[kr gSa %

xfrfof/;k¡ mRikn

izys[kksa dk p;u rFkk ladyu xazFklwfp;k¡

izys[k@lwpuk lkef;d tkx:drk

vuqØ[email protected] lwphÑr xzaFklwph

xzkgdhÑr [kkst

mn~/j.k fooj.kkRed leh{kk,¡

ladyu (vewY;kafdr)

ewY;kadu vkykspukRed leh{kk,¡

vkadM+ksa dk vkykspukRed ladyu

iz;ksx ds fy, ekun.M

laLrqfr

vkadM+ksa dk ikjLifjd laca/

5.3 lkekftd leL;kvksa ds lek/ku ds fy, mHkjrh laLFkk,¡

geus igys ;g ladsr fd;k gS fd ijke'kZd laLFkk,¡] lwpuk eè;x] rFkk lwpuk daifu;k¡ leL;kvksads lek/ku ds fy, lw;uk lgk;rk nsus ds fy, vfLrRo esa vkb±A bl izdkj dh laLFkk,¡ fofHkUuukeksa ls cqybZ tkrh jgh gSa fdUrq bu lc ds }kjk iznku dh xbZ lwpuk lsok,¡ iw.kZr;kvko';drk&vkèkkfjr lgk;rk lsok,¡ gksrh gSaA bl fcUnq dks Li"V djus ds fy, ge ,d m|eh dksxgu lwpuk lgk;rk lsok nsus dk mnkgj.k ysaxs] tks ,d y?kq m|ksx 'kq: djuk pkgrk gSA

vkS|ksfxd ifj;kstuk dh igpku rFkk vfHkdYiuk dh izfØ;k esa mlds dk;kZUo;u ds fy, fofHkUulalk/uksa dks tqVkus rFkk mUgsa vkxs c<+kus ds nkSjku m|eh dks fofo/ izdkj dh lwpukvksa dhvko';drk gksrh gSA ifj;kstuk dh igpku djrs le; mls ,slh ifj;kstukvksa dh tk¡p lwph pkfg,tks mldh i`"BHkwfe ds vuq:i gks] mldh fuos'k {kerk dh lhek ds vUnj] rFkk ilUn dh xbZ txgds fy, izklafxd gksA mRiknksa vFkok ifj;kstukvksa dh lwph ds lkFk O;fDr cktkj&'kks/ dk iz;Rudjrk gS rFkk fu"dklu dh izfØ;k ds }kjk fdlh ,d ifj;kstuk dk p;u djrk gS rFkk foLr`rizfrosnu rS;kj djrk gSA blds ckn og lalk/u tqVkrk gS] Hkwfe] Hkou] IykUV (plant) rFkk e'khujhdh O;oLFkk djrk gS] deZpkfj;ksa dh HkrhZ djrk gS] midj.kksa dks LFkkfir rFkk pkyw djrk gS] fdlhoLrq dk mRiknu djrk gS] mRikn ds foØ; ds fy, cktkj pSuy rS;kj djrk gS] mi;ksDrkvksa dhjk; tkurk gS] cktkj izfrLi/kZ esa fVdk jgrk gS rFkk vkxs c<+us dk iz;kl djrk gSA bu lkjhxfrfofèk;ksa ds liQyrkiwoZd ifjpkyu ds fy, mls ifj'kq¼] izkekf.kd rFkk fo'oluh; vkadM+ksa rFkklwpukvksa dh rFkk mUgsa yxkrkj vn~;ru j[kus dh t:jr gksrh gSA

;fn m|eh vUrjkZ"Vªh; cktkj dh izfrLi/kZ esa fVdk jguk pkgrk gS rks mls vk;krdrkZvksa]fu;kZrdrkZvksa] p;u ;ksX; ns'kksa] muds m|ksx rFkk O;kikj dh :ijs[kk] izkS|ksfxdh ds lzksr] dPpkeky] midj.k] isVs.V] xq.koÙkk ds ekudksa] ewY;] ljdkjh fu;eksa rFkk fofue;ksa] dj rFkk 'kqYdbR;kfn fons'kh O;kikj ls lacaf/r lwpuk ds ckjs esa tkuus dh vko';drk gksxhA

vkS|ksfxd :i ls fodflr ns'kksa esa ,slh lwpuk lsok,¡ iw.kZr;k lqO;ofLFkr gSa ftuds fy, vkadM+ksa\lwpuk rFkk Kku ds laxzg.k] p;u rFkk O;oLFkkiu esa layXu dq'ky ,oa n{k O;fDr èkU;okn ds ik=kgSaA lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh bu lsokvksa dks dEI;wVjksa rFkk nwjlapkj usVodZ] tks bZ&esy] iSQDl rFkk vU;dEI;wVj fyad ds ekè;e ls izlkfjr gksrh gSa] ds }kjk O;ofLFkr djus esa lg;ksx djrh gSA ukbV

NOTES


287

laLFkkxr lwpuk lzksrjkbMj bUVjus'kuy bUdkjiksjsVsM] dEI;wloZ] vesfjdk vkWuykbu ,.M oYMZ VªsM lsUVj (Knight RiderInternational Inc., Compuserve, America Online and World Trade Centre), tSlh izfl¼dEifu;k¡ O;olk; rFkk O;kikj ls tqM+h xfrfof/;ksa esa vkewypwy ifjorZu dj jgh gSaA buds vfrfjDrbaVjusV (Internet) Hkh lwpuk rFkk nwjlapkj usfVax (netting) ds fy, oYMZ okbM osc (WWW :World Wide Web) miyC/ djkdj bl fn'kk esa cgqeq[kh ekè;e miyC/ djk jgk gSA

;s ubZ izdkj dh lwpuk iz.kkfy;k¡ gSa] tks vusd ns'kksa esa] fo'ks"k :i ls futh {ks=k esa] fodflr gksjgh gSaA

6. Hkkjrh; ifjn`';LorU=krk izkfIr ds i'pkr~ lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd fodkl ds fy, vusd fn'kkvksa esa iz;kl fd, x,AvkfFkZd fodkl rFkk izxfr ds fy, foKku rFkk izkS|ksfxdh ds {ks=k esa ljdkj ds }kjk lqfopkfjrfu.kZ; fy, x,A bl izfØ;k esa ns'k ds izR;sd {ks=k esa fofo/ izdkj dh laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk dhxbZA blds fy, volajpukRed lqfo/kvksa] tks fd mi;qDr rFkk izHkkoh lwpuk iz.kkyh rFkk lsokvksadks O;ofLFkr djus ds fy, t:jh gSa] ds fodkl ij è;ku fn;k x;kA

fuLlansg] blls ns'k esa iqLrdky;ksa rFkk lwpuk laLFkkvksa ds fodkl dh 'kq:vkr gqbZA

fiNys vuqHkkx esa mfYyf[kr lwpuk laLFkkvksa dh rhu iz.kkfy;ksa dh fof'k"V fo'ks"krk,¡] Hkkjrh;lwpuk laLFkkvksa ds fodkl esa Hkh dqN lhek rd izfrfcfEcr gksrh gSaA lwpuk iz.kkyh dh igyh nksJsf.k;ksa esa vkus okyh laLFkk,¡ gSa % foKku] izkS|ksfxdh] lkekftd foKku] ljdkjh ,tsfUl;ksa] vusdfuth rFkk lkoZtfud miØeksa] 'kS{kf.kd rFkk 'kks/ laLFkkvkas bR;kfn dh 'kks/ rFkk fodkl LFkkiukvksads lkFk layXu iqLrdky; rFkk izys[ku dsUæA ijarq bu laLFkkvksa ds lalk/uksa dk b"Vre mi;ksxdjus gsrq mi;qDr usVodZ rFkk nwjlapkj iz.kkyh ds fodkl ds fy, lgh la;kstu LFkkfir ugha gksldrk gSA fiQj Hkh] bl fn'kk esa lsyusV (SAILNET) rFkk jsyusV (RAILNET) ds }kjk fd, x,iz;kl bl ifjizs{; esa izkjfEHkd iz;kl ekus tk ldrs gSaA

1980 ds izkjEHk ls gh ns'k esa lwpuk iz.kkfy;ksa] tSls fulkr (NISSAT), ,ufol (ENVIS), fCVl(BTIS), bafÝycusV (INFLIBNET) rFkk iqLrdky;ksa ds dbZ 'kgjh usVodZ bR;kfn ds }kjklalkèkuksa ds vk/qfudhdj.k rFkk leUo;u ds fy, iz;Ru fd, tk jgs gSaA

leL;k lek/ku ls lacaf/r lwpuk laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk ds fy, dqN NqViqV iz;kl fo'ks"k :i lsfd, x, gSaA fdUrq orZeku esa ;g ,d xaHkhj vHkko gS ftldh iwfrZ vko';d gSA

7- lwpuk laLFkkvksa dk lanHkZ ewY;

dksbZ Hkh iqLrdky; ;k lwpuk laLFkku vius Lo;a ds ikBdksa dh lwpuk vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ djusds fy, Hkh i;kZir lwpuk laxzg cukus esa leFkZ ugha gSaA mUgsa vU; lgksnjk ,tsfUl;ksa (sisteragencies) rFkk lelzksrh; fudk;ksa ds lalk/uksa ds Åij fuHkZj jguk iM+rk gSA bl lanHkZ esa fdlhHkh iqLrdky; ;k lwpuk dsUnz ds fy, fofHkUu izdkj dh laLFkkvksa dh lwpuk lkeF;Z dks tkuukvko';d gSA ;|fi Kku@lwpuk dks mRiUu rFkk izlkfjr djus okyh leLr izdkj dh laLFkkvksa dslkFk lqifjfpr gksuk mi;ksxh ,oa egRoiw.kZ gS] geus bl bdkbZ esa eq[; :i ls lwpuk lsok iznku djusokyh laLFkkvksa ij cy fn;k gSA buds fodkl dh izo`fÙk ls lwpuk lsok iznku djus dh budh {kerkiznf'kZr gksrh gSA bu lwpuk laLFkkvksa dh izR;sd Js.kh dk lanHkZ ewY; Li"V gSA ftu iz'uksa dk lekèkkudjuk iqLrdky; ;k izys[ku ;k lwpuk dsUnzksa ds lalk/uksa }kjk laHko ugha gS] mu iz'uksa dk mÙkj vU;laLFkkRed lalk/uksa dh n{krk ,oa ;ksX;rk dk mi;ksx dj izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA laLFkkvksa dhxfrfof/;k¡] muds 'kks/ rFkk fo"k; dk {ks=k] muds 'kks/ dh fo'ks"kKrk] rduhdh rFkk izca/dh;deZpkjh] muds izdkf'kr rFkk vizdkf'kr lwpuk lzksr bR;kfn izeq[k lwpuk lkexzh dk dk;Z djrs gSaAdHkh&dHkh lwpuk laLFkkvksa dh izdkf'kr jsiQjy funsZf'kdk Hkh miyC/ gksrh gSA fdUrq] lc feykdj]

NOTES



288

iqLrdky;ksa rFkk lwpuk laLFkkvksa ds }kjk mudh vko';drk ds fy, mi;qDr lwpuk] lqxe ,oa;Fkksfpr jhfr ls iquizkZfIr ds fy,] ladfyr rFkk laxzfgr dh tkuh pkfg,A lwpuk ds bl {ks=k esamu laLFkkvksa dk ;ksxnku ewY;oku gksxk] tks laLFkk,¡ dEI;wVj MsVkcsl dh vfHkdYiuk rFkk j[k&j[kko dju esa lg;ksx nsaxhA


4- lwpuk fo'ys"k.k dsUnz ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

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8- lkj&la{ksi;g vè;k; lwpuk lzksr ds :i esa laLFkkvksa ls lacaf/r gSA vk'k; ;g gS fd izR;sd ekuoh; iz;kllaLFkkvksa ds ekè;e ls O;ofLFkr gksrk gSA ;|fi yxHkx lHkh laLFkk,¡ fdlh u fdlh izdkj dhlwpuk dks mRiUu djrh gSa] ge fo'ks"k :i ls rhu izdkj dh Kku@lwpuk laLFkkvksa ls lacaf/r gSaA ;sgSa % 'kks/ rFkk fodkl xfrfof/;ksa ds }kjk Kku@lwpuk mRiUu djus okyh laLFkk,¡] mi;qDr midj.kksatSls 'kks/ if=kdkvksa] izfrosnu bR;kfn ds }kjk ladfyr lwpuk dks izlkfjr djus okyh laLFkk,¡] rFkkrhljh] eq[;r% lwpuk lsokvksa ls lacaf/r laLFkk,¡A

bu rhu izdkjksa ij fopkj djrs le; fodklewyd o`f¼ ds rhu iSVuZ ifjyf{kr gskrs gSaA izFke izdkjdh laLFkk,¡ f'k{kk] Kku&izkfIr rFkk f'k{k.k vkSj 'kks/ ,oa fodkl xfrfof/;ksa esa lgk;d gSa_ f}rh;izdkj dh laLFkk,¡ xazFkksa] eksuksxzkiQ (monographs), izfrosnu rFkk vU; leku izdk'kuksa esa layXu gSa_rFkk r`rh; izdkj dh laLFkk,¡ vf/dre lzksrksa ls bdV~Bh dh xbZ lwpuk dk ladyu rFkk laxzg.k djmls vn~;ru j[krh gSaA ;s laLFkk,¡ fiNys lkS o"kZ esa fodflr gqbZ gSa rFkk fofHkUu izdkj dh lsokvksaesa fo'ks"kKrk j[krh gSaA iqLrdky;] izys[ku dsUnz] rduhdh lwpuk dsUnz] lwuk fo'ys"k.k dsUnz] ijke'kZlsok,¡ rFkk lwpuk dEifu;k¡ bu laLFkkvksa dh fofHkUu izdkj dh fodklkRed o`f¼ dk izfrfuf/Rodjus ls lacaf/r fof'k"V mnkgj.k gSaA

lwpuk laLFkk,¡ fofo/ izdkj ds ikBd lewgksa dhlwpuk vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, vR;regRoiw.kZ lzksr gSa] fo'ks"k :i ls tc dksbZ iqLrdky; vFkok lwpuk dsUnz vius lwpuk laxzg esa lslwpukvksa dks [kkstus esa vleFkZ gksA ,slh ifjfLFkfr esa vius lanHkZ laxzg] lh Mh&jkse (CD-ROM),rFkk vkWuykbu MsVkcsl vfHkxe dh lqfo/k dk mi;ksx dj lwpuk laLFkk,¡ lanHkZ lzksr dh rjg dk;Zdjrh gSaA

lanHkZ lzksrksa ds :i esa bu laLFkkvksa dh {kerkvksa ls voxr gksus ls iqLrdky; rFkk lwpuk dsUnz ykHkds fy, bu lzksrksa dk mi;ksx dj ldrs gSaA ;s laLFkk,¡ izdkf'kr rFkk vizdkf'kr lwpukvksa ls laiUugksrh gSa] muds ikl fo'ks"kK deZpkjh gksrs gSa] rFkk os mPp vko';drk vk/kfjr lsok,¡ ns ldrh gSaA


1- laLFkku ;k laLFkk ls rkRi;Z gS fdlh fof'k"V dk;ZØe ;k mís'; dks izksRlkfgr djus ds fy,lefiZr dksbZ laxBu ;k izfr"BkuA ,slh laLFkkvksa ls ;g vis{kk dh tkrh gS fd ;s lqfuf'pry{;ksa] mís';ksa rFkk laLFkkfir ojh;rkvksa rFkk izkFkfedrkvksa ds fy, ekun.Mksa dk ifjikyudjsaxh] pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djus dks rRij gksaxh rFkk voljksa dk lnqi;ksx djsaxhA budh Hkwfedklqfopkfjr gksuh pkfg,] dk;Z lqifjHkkf"kr gksus pkfg, rFkk mís'; lqLi"V gksus pkfg,A lksís';rk]fØ;k'khyrk] vnE; ftthfo"kk rFkk mi;ksDrkvksa dh vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ djus dh

NOTES


289

laLFkkxr lwpuk lzksropuc¼rk Hkh laLFkkvksa ds fy, vko';d gSA

2- Kku mRiUu djus okyh laLFkk,¡

'kks/ laLFkk,¡ rFkk iz;ksx'kkyk,¡_

'kks/ rFkk fodkl izfr"Bku%

fo'ofo|ky; rFkk O;kolkf;d laLFkk,¡_

mPp f'k{k.k laLFkk,¡_

fo}r~ lekt rFkk O;kolkf;d la?k_

ljdkjh ea=kky;] foHkkx_

m|ksx ,oa O;kolkf;d izfr"Bku_ rFkk

vU; leku laLFkk,¡A

3- fo"k;ksUeq[k lwpuk iz.kkfy;k¡μ lwpuk laLFkkvksa dh igyh Js.kh (dksfV) ds fodkl dk ewyvk/kj f'k{kk] O;kolkf;d vf/xe] 'kks/ rFkk fofHkUu fo"k;ksads fodkl dks lacy iznku djukFkkA 'kS{kf.kd rFkk 'kks/ laLFkkvksa] fo}r~ lekt] O;kolkf;d fudk;ksa] rFkk buds leku vU;ds }kjk mRiUu lwpuk@Kku izkFkfed if=kdkvksa] fofuca/ksa] xksf"B;ksa] rFkk cSBdksa@lHkkvksa ds ekè;els izlkfjr fd;k tkrk gSA izkFkfed lwpukvksa dks vuqØe.khdj.k] lkjdj.k rFkk xzaFkkRedizdk'kuksa ds ekè;e ls izkIr fd;k tkrk FkkA izys[kksa dh izkfIr ,oa mi;ksx esa lgk;d laLFkkvksaesa izeq[k Fks % 'kSf{kd iqLrdky; rFkk vU; laLFkkvksa ds iqLrdky;A ikBd leqnk; esa lkekU;r%Nk=k] f'k{kd] f'k{kkfon~] fo}ku] 'kks/kFkhZ bR;kfn lfEefyr FksA if=kdkvksa ds ys[kksa dh Nk;kizfrds fy, ukeek=k ds 'kqYd dks NksM+dj lsok,¡ iw.kZr;k fu%'kqYd FkhaA dqN ncko ,oa lhekvksa dsckotwn Hkh ;g ikjEifjd i¼fr dkiQh le; rd izpyu esa jghA

4- lwpuk fo'ys"k.k dsUnz (IAC : Information Analysis Centres) mPpLrjh; fo'ks"kKrk dhlaLFkk,¡ Fkha tks mPpLrjh; 'kks/ rFkk fodkl esa layXu izfr"Bkuksa dks vkykspukRed] fo'ys"k.kkRedrFkk ewY;kafdr lwpuk lsok iznku djus ds fy, fodflr gqb±A ,d lwpuk fo'ys"k.k dsUnz¶vkSipkfjd :i ls laxfBr bdkbZ gS ftls fo'ks"k :i ls (ijUrq laiw.kZ :i ls ugha) fo'ks"kKrkds {ks=kksa esa Li"Vr;k ifjHkkf"kr lwpuk vkSj vkadM+ksa ds vf/xzg.k] p;u] laxzg.k] iquizkZfIr]ewY;kadu] fo'ys"k.k rFkk la'ys"k.k ds fy, vFkok fof'k"V y{; ls lacaf/r fo'ks"kK ,oa izca/u oxZ ds fy, laiw.kZ :i ls izkekf.kd] le;kuqdwy rFkk mi;ksxh vkadM+ksa ,oa lwpuk ds ladyu]vkRelkRdj.k ,oa iqUfo"Bu gsrq LFkkfir fd;k x;k gks¸A

10- eq[; 'kCny{;ksUeq[k laLFkkvksa ds fy, % ;s oSls 'kks/ izfr"Bku gksrs gSa tks fdlh cgqfo"k;h leL;klwpuk lsok,¡ ls lacaf/r y{;&vk/kfjr ifj;kstukvksa dk lapkyu djrs(Information Service gSaA ;gk¡ 'kks/ ifj;kstuk ds fy, vR;f/d lVhd rFkkfor Mission-Oriented iw.kZr;k izkekf.kd lwpuk dh vkiwfrZ dh tkrh gSA lwpukInstitutions) fo'ys"k.k dsUnz bldk ,d fof'k"V mnkgj.k gSA

laLFkk,¡ (Institutions) % laLFkk og laxBu vFkok izfr"Bku gS tks LFkkfir ojh;rkvksarFkk izkFkfedrkvksa ds fy, mís';ksa vkSj ekun.Mksa ds lkFkfof'k"V iz;kstuksa dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, rFkk fuf'prmís';ksa dh iwfrZ gsrq lefiZr gks] pqukSfr;ksa dk eqdkcykdjus rFkk voljksa dk mi;ksx djus esa l{ke gks] vkSjftlds mís'; Li"V gksa] dk;Z lqifjHkkf"kr gksa vkSj y{;

NOTES



290

lqfopkfjr gksA blds dk;ZØe lkekftd ewY;ksa ls vksrizksrrFkk lekt esa bldh Hkwfedk rFkk muds mís';ksa ds izrhdgksus pkfg,A lksís';rk] fØ;k'khyrk] vnE; ftthfo"kk rFkkmi;ksDrkvksa dh vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ djus dh opuc¼rkHkh blds fy, vko';d gSA

lkekftd leL;kvksa ds % bl izdkj dh vko';drkvksa ds fy, iznku dh tkus okyhlek/ku ds fy, lwpuk lsok,¡ lsok,¡ vko';drk vk/kfjr] fof'k"V] vR;Ur le;kuqdwy(Information Service for rFkk nzqrxkeh gksrh gSaA lwpuk ijke'kZnk;h laLFkk,¡ rFkkSocietal Problem Solving) lwpuk dEifu;k¡ bl Js.kh ;k dksfV dk fof'k"V mnkgj.k

izLrqr djrh gSaA bl izdkj dh lwpuk lsokvksa dk 'kqYdcgqr vf/d gksrk gSA

lwpuk laLFkk,¡ % ;s laLFkk,¡ lwpuk dk ladyu] laxzg.k] oxhZdj.k] fo'ys"k.k](Information Institutions) la'ys"k.k] izlkj djrh gSa rFkk mls vn~;ru j[krh gSaA lwpuk

dh izÑfr rFkk lsO; laLFkkvksa ds vk/kj ij buds mRiknksaesa Hkh fHkUurk gksxhA budh lsokvksa dk foLrkj ek=k lwpuk[kkstus] lanHkZ iznku djus vFkk iz'uksa ds mÙkj nsus ls ysdjmPp ifj"Ñr lsok,¡ tSlk leh{kkRed rFkk ewY;kaduijdiquosZ"Bu izfrosnuksa rFkk bl izdkj dh vU; lsok,¡ iznkudjus rd gSA

11- vH;kl&iz'u

1. lwpuk lzksr ds :i esa laLFkkvksa dh Hkwfedk dh foospuk dhft,A

2. laLFkkvksa ds fofo/ izdkjksa dk ukEeksYys[k lfgr o.kZu dhft,A

3. fo"k;ksUeq[k] y{;ksUeq[k rFkk leL;k vfHkeq[k lwpuk iz.kkfy;ksa dk ifjp; nhft,A

4. lwpuk fo'ys"k.k dsUnz D;k gSa\ budh izeq[k xfrfof/;k¡ D;k gSa \

5. lkekftd leL;kvksa ds lek/ku gsrq mHkjrh gqbZ laLFkkvksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

12- lanHkZ&xzaFk lwphGuiliano V.E. (et al). (1978), Into the Information Age : A Perspective for FederalAction on Information. Chicago: ALA. pp.134.

IGNOU, School of Social Sciences. (1994). Information Institutions. MLIS-04, Block1, p.97.

Lancaster, F.W. (1983). Science, Scholoarship and Communication of Knowledge.Library Trends. 27(3), 367-388.

Nayudamma, Y.(1980). Science and Technology - Pattern of Institution Building. Soci-ety and Science. 3(4), 137-138, 141.

Rajagopalan T.S. and Rajan T.N. (1986). Information Institutions. Patterns of Growthand Development with a Perspective of Future. In : Rajagopalan T.D. (ed). Ranganathan'sPhilosophy : Assessment, Impact and Relevance. New Delhi : ILA. pp. 64-75.

NOTES


291



1. vè;;u ds mís';

2. ifjp;

3. tulapkj ekè;e D;k gS\

4. tulapkj ekè;e dh ds mnkgj.k

4.1 eqfnzr ekè;e

4.2 jsfM;ks izlkj.k

4.3 Vsyhfotu rFkk JO;&n`';

4.4 tu&laidZ

4.5 foKkiu dk;Z rFkk foKkiu

5. tulapkj ekè;e dk fo"k;&{ks=k rFkk dk;Z

6. lwpuk lzksr ds :i esa tulapkj ekè;e

7. lkj&la{ksi


9. eq[; 'kCn

10. vH;kl&iz'u


tulapkj ekè;e

vè;k;&16

NOTES



292

1- vè;;u ds mís';


tulapkj ekè;e dh ladYiuk rFkk blds izlj.k'khy vk;keksa dk o.kZu dj ldsaxs_

tulapkj ekè;e dh lanHkZ {kerk dks lwphc¼ dj ldsaxs_

lanHkZ rFkk lwpuk lsok iznku djus ds fy, tulapkj ekè;e esa miyC/ fofHkUu izdkj ds fo'ks"kKksa

rFkk fo'ks"kKrk dh igpku dj ldsaxs_

tulapkj ekè;eksa }kjk miyC/ lwpuk ds vfHkxe ds fy, mi;qDr midj.kksa rFkk rudhdksa dks

vfHkdfYir ,oa fodflr dj ik,¡xs_ rFkk

lanHkZ lsok nsus ds fy, tulapkj ekè;eksa dk mi;ksx djus ds fy, mi;qDr dkS'ky dks fodflr

dj ldsaxsA

2- ifjp;

geus vè;k; 14 ,oa 15 esa ppkZ dh gS fd ekuo fo'ks"kK rFkk lwpuk laLFkk,¡ mPp lanHkZ ewY; ds

lwpuk lzksr gSa] vr% os lwpuk lzksrksa ds :i esa vR;ar mi;ksxh gSaA vc ge bl bdkbZ esa ,d vkSj

fefJr laLFkk] vFkkZr~ tulalkj ekè;e (Mass Media), tks eqfnzr rFkk veqfnzr ekè;eksa ls lwpuk

dk izlkj djrh gS] ds ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr djsaxsA

tulapkj ekè;eksa dk egRo bl ls izdV gksrk gS fd ekuo dh izR;sd egRoiw.kZ ?kVuk vkSj thou

dh ledkyhu xfrfof/;k¡ bu ekè;eksa ds }kjk izfrfnu vfHkysf[kr rFkk izlkfjr dh tkrh gSaA

^vaxzsth* ls ysdj ^g~osy* rd ds o.kZØe ds chp esa vkus okys lkjs fo"k; tulapkj ekè;eksa dh

lhek {ks=k ds varxZr lekfgr gksrs gSaA bl izdkj] tulapkj ekè;e ledkyhu ekuo thou ds

lkFk&lkFk egku~ ,sfrgkfld ewY;ksa dh fo'oLrjh; nSfudh cu pqds gSaA ;g ekè;e u dsoy

lwpuk&izs"k.k dk HkkSfrd ekè;e gS] vfirq ,d tfVy] ,dhÑr] vUrj fefJr rFkk vU;ksU; iz.kkyh

cu pqdk gS] ftlds iQyLo:i ,dy fMftVy lwpuk okrkoj.k (single digital information

environment) rS;kj gks x;k gS ftls eYVhehfM;k (Multimedia) ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS rFkk

ftlds }kjk vk¡dM+ksa] ewyikB] fcEcksa] rFkk èofu dk laf/ghu ,dhdj.k djuk laHko gks x;k gSA

tulapkj ekè;e ek=k ikjEifjd isij eqfnzr ekè;eksa dks gh ugha vfirq n`'; ,oa JO; dh fofoèkrkvksa

rFk bysDVªksfud (electronic) ekè;eksa dks Hkh lfEefyr djus ds fy, vius {ks=k dk foLrkj dj

jgs gSaA tu&laidZ rFkk foKkiu dk Hkh blds varxZr egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA

ge bl vè;k; esa tulapkj ekè;e ds leLr vk;keksa dk vè;;u djsaxs % tSls eYVhehfM;k] ftlds

}kjk ,dhÑr fMftVy Lo:i esa tulapkj dks izsf"kr djuk laHko gS_ bu iz.kkfy;ksa esa yxs gq, fo'ks"kK

tks ledkyhu lwpuk ds laHkkfor lzksr dh rjg gSa_ rFkk buls lacaf/r dkS'ky ftuds }kjk iqLrdky;ksa

,oa lwpuk laLFkkvksa ds }kjk lanHkZ rFkk lwpuk lsok nsus dk dk;Z fd;k tk ldrk gSA

NOTES


293

laLFkkxr lwpuk lzksr3- tulapkj ekè;e D;k gS \

;gk¡ tulapkj ekè;e ls vk'k; gS] lwpuk ds lapkj ds fy, iz;qDr HkkSfrd laizs"k.k fof/;k¡] tSls

eqfnzr] JO;] n`';] JO;&n`'; rFkk bysDVªksfud Lo:i] ftuds }kjk lkekU; tu ds lewg dks] mudh

fLFkfr] ckSf¼d miyfC/ vFkok lkekftd Lrj bR;kfn dk Hksn fd, fcuk] lwpuk dk izs"k.k fd;k

tkrk gSA bu lapkj ekè;eksa ds }kjk tu&lkekU; ds mi;ksx ds fy, yxHkx leLr ekuo xfrfofèk;ksa

dks laxzghr djus] vfHkysf[kr djus rFkk izlkfjr djus dk dk;Z fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;s ekè;e

tu&lkekU; dks fdlh jkT; dh jktuhfrd xfrfof/;ksa] ns'kksa ds eè; vUrjkZ"Vªh; laca/ rFkk

O;kikfjd ekeyksa] vkS|ksfxd laca/] [ksydwn] lkaLÑfrd ?kVukvksa] euksjatu rFkk vU; fo"k;ksa ds

lewg ds ckjs esa lalwfpr j[kus ds fy, vR;ar mi;ksxh midj.k gSaA

tulapkj ds nks vfuok;Z ?kVd gSaA igyk] dksbZ HkkSfrd ekè;e] rFkk nwljk] lapkj ds fy, ml ekè;e

ds }kjk laokg~; varfoZ"k;A bu nksuksa i{kksa dk vR;f/d fodkl gqvk gS % vUrfoZ"k; dk fodkl mlds

fo"k;&{ks=k rFkk foLrkj esa ifjyf{kr gksrk gS] rFkk lapkj ekè;e dk fodkl bldh rst rFkk

izHkko'kkyh izkS|ksfxdh dh izxfr esaA lapkj ekè;eksa us varfoZ"k; dks bl lhek rd izHkkfor fd;k

gS fd vc ;g dgk tkus yxk gS fd ekè;e gh lans'k gSA bldk vFkZ gS fd lapkj dk ekè;e&pkgs

;g ekuo vkokt gks vFkok eqfnzr ikB] pkgs fuvksu fpÉ (neon sign) gks vFkok bysDVªksfud vkosx

lans'k&izs"kd] Jksrk rFkk tulapkj ds ifj.kkeksa dks igys dh vis{kk ;s vf/d egRoiw.kZ :i ls lapkj

ds ekè;eksa dks izHkkfor dj jgs gSaA

tulapkj ekè;eksa dk izfrfuf/Ro djus okys ekè;e gSa % eqfnzr ekè;e& tSls nSfud lekpkji=k]

lkIrkfgd] ikf{kd] ekfld if=kdk,¡] vkdk'kok.kh izlkj.k] nwjn'kZu }kjk izlkj.k rFkk vU; JO; vkSj

n`'; lapkj ds la;kstu& tSls vkWfM;ks dSlsV (Audio Cassettes), ohfM;ks Vsi (Video Tapes),

laxhr ds dkWEiSDV fMLd (Compact Discs) bR;kfnA lwpuk rFkk lapkj izkS|ksfxdh ds fodkl ds

lkFk bl {ks=k dk cgqr rsth ls foLrkj gks jgk gSA jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd] O;kikfjd] lkaLÑfrd rFkk

izR;sd ekuoh; xfrfof/ esa tulapkj ekè;e vR;ar 'kfDr'kkyh midj.k cu pqds gSaA vc ge

tulapkj ekè;e dh lqLFkkfir laLFkkvksa dk ijh{k.k djsaxsA

4- tulapkj ekè;e ds mnkgj.k

tulapkj ekè;eksa ds dqN egRoiw.kZ mnkgj.k fuEufyf[kr gSa %

eqfnzr ekè;e&eq[;r% lkekpkji=k rFkk yksdfiz; if=kdk,¡_

jsfM;ks izlkj.k_

Vsyhfotu rFkk JO; n`';_

tu&laidZ_ rFkk

foKkiu dk;Z ,oa foKkiuA

NOTES



294

dk;ks±] mRiknksa] lfEefyr lqfoKksa rFkk fo'ks"kKksa ,oa lapkj ekè;eksa esa iz;qDr izkS|ksfxdh ds lanHkZ esa

vc ge budk ewY;kadu djsaxsA bl vH;kl dk ,dek=k mís'; gS] lanHkZ lsok ds fy, tulapkj

ekè;e ds lanHkZ ewY; dh igpku djukA


1- tulapkj ekè;e dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,A

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4.1- eqfær ekè;e

eqfnzr ekè;eksa] tks tulapkj dh fo"k;oLrq ds laokgd gSa] esa nSfud lekpkji=kksa dk dsUnzh; LFkku

gSA vkt ds lekpkj&i=k izk;% izfrfnu f'k{kk] foKku rFkk izkS|ksfxdh] O;kikj rFkk m|ksx] iz'kklu]

[ksydwn] lkaLÑfrd ?kVukvksa] euksjatu bR;kfn ls lacaf/r ifjf'k"V fudkyrs gSaA bu nSfud ifjf'k"Vksa

ds vfrfjDr os 'kfuokjh; rFkk jfookjh; if=kdk,¡ Hkh izdkf'kr djrs gSaA jk"Vªh; egRo ds voljksa]

;Fkk Lora=krk fnol] x.kra=k fnol] f'k{kd fnol] 'kghn fnol vFkok egRoiw.kZ /kfeZd mRloksa]

ij fof'k"V ifjf'k"V Hkh ;s izdkf'kr djrs gSaA

dqN nSfud lekpkj&i=k ek=k vkfFkZd rFkk O;kikfjd ekeyksa dks lefiZr gSa] tSls&bdkfed VkbEl

(Economic Times)A fiQYeksa] tu:fp rFkk laHkkfor ekax ls lacaf/r fo"k;oLrq dks Hkh ;s lfEefyr

djrs gSaA

lkIrkfgd] ikf{kd rFkk ekfld yksdfiz; if=kdkvksa esa izeq[k :i ls gYdh&iqQYdh ikB~; lkexzh

gksrh gSA buesa lwpukRed vFkok 'kSf{kd fo"k; lkexzh ds LFkku ij euksjatu rFkk euksfouksn fo"k;

lkexzh dh izLrqfr T;knk gksrh gSA vaxzsth rFkk Hkkjrh; nksuksa esa budh izlkj la[;k T;knk gSA

lekpkji=kksa esa lekpkj] Vhdk&fVIi.kh] fo'ys"k.k] lelkef;d egRoiw.kZ ?kVukvksa rFkk xfrfof/;ksa

ij leh{kk,¡] O;fDrRoksa rFkk lkef;d :fp ds fo"k;ksa ij iQhpj&ys[k (Feature articles),

[ksydwn] ekSle] LFkkuh; dk;ZØeksa rFkk xfrfof/;ksa ij lkekU; tkudkjh] vkdk'kok.kh rFkk nwjn'kZu

dk;ZØe] 'ks;j cktkj dh [kcjsa] O;kikfjd lwpuk rFkk vU; vusd lwpuk,¡ gksrh gSaA yxHkx izR;sd

lekpkji=k esa foKkiu T;knk LFkku ?ksjrs gSaA

/u&laiUu vkS|ksfxd rFkk O;kikfjd izfr"Bkuksa ds lk/u laiUu lekpkji=kksa] lekpkj izkfir ds fy,

ftudk viuk ra=k gS] dks NksM+dj vU; lekpkj i=k lekpkj dh izkfIr ds fy, jk;Vj (Reuters),

NOTES


295

laLFkkxr lwpuk lzksr,lksfl,V izsl (Associated Press), izsl VªLV vkWiQ bafM;k (Press Trust of India), bafM;u U;wt

,tsUlh (Indian News Agency) rFkk buds leku vU; ,tsfUl;ksa ij fuHkZj gksrs gSaA iz'kklu rFkk

izca/ dh n`f"V ls lekpkj i=k m|ksx ,d lqlaxfBr m|ksx gSA lkFk gh] 'kS{kf.kd :i ls ;ksX; rFkk

O;kolkf;d :i ls izf'kf{kr ,oa vuqHkoh deZpkjh buesa dk;Zjr gSaA vius izdk'kuksa ds fy, ;s

vkèkqfud izkS|ksfxdh dk izHkkoh mi;ksx djrs gSa ftlds fy, mÙke dksfV ds rduhf'k;u rFkk

izkS|ksfxdhosÙkk fu;qDr fd, tkrs gSaA

lekpkji=kksa ds lEikndh; dfeZ;ksa esa laoknnkrk] fofHkUu Lrjksa ij laiknd] fo'ys"kd rFkk

iQhpj&ys[kd dk;Z djrs gSaA mRiknu dfeZ;ksa esa fofHkUu izdkj ds O;kolkf;d vuqHko rFkk izf'k{k.k

ls ySl izkS|ksfxdhosÙkk] rduhf'k;u rFkk O;kolkf;d izca/d dk;Zjr gksrs gSaA

vusd lqLFkkfir lekpkji=k ,tsfUl;k¡ vius mRiknu dsoy eqfnzr :i esa gh ugha vfirq ekbØksiQkWeZ

(Microform) rFkk bysDVªksfud ekè;eksa esa Hkh izdkf'kr djrh gSaA dqN lekpkj&i=kksa ds ikl vPNh

izys[ku rFkk lwpuk lsok bdkb;k¡ gSa fn VkbEl vkWiQ bafM;k (The Times of India), n fgUnw (The

Hindi) rFkk vU; lekpkji=k viuk baVjusV laLdj.k Hkh izdkf'kr dj jgs gSaA

lekpkji=kksa ds iqjkys[kh; rFkk ,sfrgkfld ewY; dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, 'kks/ iqLrdky; lekpkji=kksa

dk ladyu djrs gSa rFkk lekpkji=k drju lsok,¡ Hkh pykrs gSaA yEcs le; rd laj{k.k ds fy,

lekpkj i=kksa dh ekbØksfiQYe rS;kj dh tkrh gSA

4.2 jsfM;ks izlkj.k

jsfM;ks izlkj.k tulapkj dh ,d izeq[k fof/ gSA vkdk'kok.kh* (All India Radio) Hkkjr esa chloha

'krkCnh ds izkjaHk ls ;g lsok ns jgh gS vkSj chloha 'krkCnh ds vafre prqFkk±'k rd bldk dksbZ

izfr}U}h ugha jgkA ns'k ds fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa jsfM;ks LVs'ku LFkkfir fd, x, gSaA ;s vaxzsth rFkk vU;

Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa esa lekpkj] lekpkj fo'ys"k.k] fofo/ izdkj ds euksjatd dk;ZØe] 'kkL=kh; rFkk

lqxe laxhr ds dk;ZØe] efgykvksa] cPpksa] fdlkuksa rFkk m|ksxifr;ksa ds fy, dk;ZØe] fo|ky;ksa]

egkfo|ky;ksa rFkk O;kolkf;d laLFkkuksa ds fy, 'kS{kf.kd dk;ZØe bR;kfn dk izlkj.k djrs gSaA

[ksydwn ds dk;ZØeksa ds izlkj.k dks Hkh i;kZIr le; fn;k tkrk gSA

dk;ZØe forj.k ds fy, mixzgksa ds mi;ksx] Lopkfyr izlkj.k izkS|ksfxdh ds vkfoHkkZo rFkk dEI;wVj

ds O;kid mi;ksx ds dkj.k dk;ZØeksa ds fuekZ.k ds vk;ke foLr`r gq, gSa rFkk jsfM;ks LVs'kuksa dh

{kerk esa lq/kj gqvk gS ftlesa ferO;f;rk ds lkFk mUur dk;Z&lapkyu laHko gks ik;k gSA

jsfM;ks izlkj.k dkfeZdksa esa dykdkj] laxhrdkj] vkys[k ys[kd] i=kdkj rFkk {ks=k&dk;ZdrkZ]

vfHk;Urk] izkS|ksfxdhosÙkk] lekpkjokpd] Vhdkdkj bR;kfn ds vfrfjDr funsZ'kd] dk;ZØe fo'ks"kK

rFkk fofHkUu Jsf.k;ksa ds izca/d lfEefyr gSaA

NOTES



296

4.3 Vsyhfotu rFkk JO;&n`';

gekjs nSfud thou esa Vsyhfotu dk izeq[k LFkku gSA ;g ,d vis{kkÑr uohu tulapkj ekè;e gS]

rks rsth ls fodflr gks jgh lapkj izkS|ksfxdh (media technology) ds lkFk nzqrxfr ls c<+ jgk gS

ftlls fd izlkj.k esa mPpLrjh; xq.koÙkk vkrh gSA mixzg laizs{k.k iz.kkyh rFkk eYVhehfM;k us fofo/

dk;ZØeksa dks Vsyhfotu }kjk izlkfjr djus ds fy, vlhfer volj iznku dj fn, gSaA

Vsyhfotu dk;ZØeksa dk nk;jk euksjatu ls ysdj jktuhfrd] lkekftd] vkfFkZd rFkk lkaLÑfrd

ekeyksa ls lacaf/r eqn~nksa ij fo'oLrjh; lekpkj ds izlkj.k ds fy, nwjlaHkk"k.k (teleconferenc-

ing) vk;ksftr djus rd gSA

fofHkUu ;ksX;rkvksa rFkk fo'ks"kKrk ls ;qDr vxf.kr O;fDr Vsyhfotu dk;ZØeksa ls tqM+s gSaA Vsyhfotu

}kjk izR;sd mez] fyax rFkk O;olk; ds O;fDr;ksa dh #fp ds dk;ZØe izlkfjr fd, tkrs gSa] tSls%

lkef;d ?kVukvksa rFkk xfrfof/;ksa ij lekpkj] n`f"Vdks.k] leh{kk,¡] fopkj&foe'kZ bR;kfn_ fofHkUu

Lrjksa ij Nk=kksa ds fy, vuqns'ku dk;ZØe tSls% fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx (UGC) rFkk bafnjk

xk¡/h jk"Vªh; eqDr fo'ofo|ky; (IGNOU) ds dk;ZØe_ [ksydwn dh jk"Vªh; rFkk vUrjkZ"Vªh;

izfr;ksfxrkvksa dk ltho izlkj.k bR;kfnA

Vsyhfotu dsUnz ds dfeZ;ksa esa dk;ZØe vfHkdYid] funsZ'kd] vkys[k ys[kd] rduf'k;u]

izkS|ksfxdhosÙkk] dykdkj] laxhrdkj] iQksVksxzkiQh fo'ks"kK] dSejk eSu rFkk vU; lfEefyr gksrs gSaA

Vsyhfotu m|ksx dk vR;f/d fodkl gqvk gSA orZeku esa fo'o esa lkS ls vf/d nwjn'kZu usVodZ

rFkk izlkj.k&dsUnz dk;Zjr gSaA Hkkjr esa Vsyhfotu ds vykok dfri; futh Vsyhfotu usVodZ dk;Z

dj jgs gSa tks n'kZdksa dks muds euialn fofHkUu izdkj ds dk;ZØe izLrqr dj jgs gSaA

tulapkj (mass communication) ds fy, iz;ksx esa yk, tkus okys dbZ JO;&n`'; ekè;eksa esa ls

ohfM;ks dSlsV~l rFk lhMh&jkse T;knk izHkko'kkyh gSaA ;s mi;ksDrk eS=kh ds xq.k ls ;qDr gksrs gSa rFkk

O;fDr ,oa lewg nksuksa ls fudV ls tqM+s gq, gSaA lh Mh&jkse fMLd ij lwpuk dk Hk.Mkj.k yach vof/

ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj mUgsa j[kus ds fy, cgqr de LFkku dh vko';drk gksrh gSA ,d

lh Mh (CD) esa ,d laiw.kZ fo'odks'k ds ikB dks vafdr fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj mlds ckn Hkh

mlesa i;kZIr LFkku 'ks"k jgrk gSA ,d gtkj ÝykWih fMLd esa ftruh lwpuk Hk.Mkfjr gksrh gSa] mldk

vfHkys[ku ,d lh Mh esa fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj tc Hkh vko';drk gks mls dEI;wVj esa LFkkukarfjr

fd;k tk ldrk gSA bXuw (IGNOU) us vius }kjk pyk, tk jgs fofHkUu ikB~;Øeksa ds vkWfM;ks rFkk

ohfM;ks dSlsV dk i;kZIr la[;k esa mRiknu fd;k gSA

JO;&n`'; ekè;eksa dk mRiknu Hkh ,d tfVy rFkk isphnk dk;Z gSA euksjatu vFkok lekpkj] Vhdk

fVIif.k;ksa] vf/xe fdV (kits) bR;kfn ds fy, vPNs ohfM;ks ds mRiknu esa cgqr lkjs fo'ks"kKksa dh

vko';drk gksrh gSA JO;&n`'; dk;ZØeksa ds mRiknu esa lfEefyr gSa % o.;Z&fo"k; Li"V (content

creators), iVdFkk ys[kd (screen script writer), vfHkdYiuk rFkk fodkl fo'ks"kK] foi.k

fo'ks"kK] dSejkeSu laiknd rFkk vU; rduhf'k;uksa }kjk lgk;rk izkIr fuekZ.k dkfeZdA

NOTES


297

laLFkkxr lwpuk lzksr4.4 tu&laidZ

tu&laidZ (PR : Public Relations) ,d ,slh xfrfof/ gS ftlds varxZr fofHkUu O;fDr;ksa ds chp

laokn&lapkj ds }kjk ikjLifjd lkSgknzZ] fookn&lek/ku rFkk esy&feyki c<+kus dk dk;Z laiUu fd;k

tkrk gSA c<+rh gqbZ tula[;k ds c<+rs gq, ncko ds dkj.k fofHkUu O;fDr;ksa rFkk fofHkUu lewgksa ds chp

laizs"k.kh;rk tfVy ls tfVyrj gksrh tk jgh gSA bl izo`fÙk ls fuiVus ds fy, ,d u, fo"k;] vFkkZr~

tu&laidZ dk vkfoHkkZo gqvk gS ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i fofHkUu laxBuksa] tSls vusd daifu;ksa rFkk

dkj[kkuksa esa tu&laidZ vf/dkfj;ksa dh ns[k&js[k esa tu&laidZ foHkkx dk xBu fd;k tkrk gSA

laizs"k.k lqfoK rFkk fo'ks"kK laLFkku esa fofHkUu O;fDr;ksa rFkk fofHkUu lewgksa ds chp mÙke ikjLifjd

laca/ksa dks izksRlkfgr djus esa lgk;d gksrs gSaA laokn ds izs"kdksa vkSj izkidksa ds chp] fu;ksDrkvksa vkSj

deZpkfj;ksa ds chp] rFkk miHkksDrkvksa vkSj foØ;&dsUnzksa ds chp os lqlE;d f}i{kh laca/ dks

LFkkfir djus dk iz;Ru djrs gSaA

;|fi izk;% tu&laidZ xfrfof/;k¡ T;knkrj O;kikfjd rFkk fuxe LoRoksa ds lkFk laca/ jgrh gSa] ijarq

vkt vf/dka'k lkekftd leL;kvksa dks tu&laidZ dh vko';drk gks xbZ gS ftlds ekè;e ls

fofHkUu lkoZtfud xfrfof/;ksa esa layXu fofHkUu izdkj ds O;fDr;ksa ds lkFk laca/ rFkk lkeatL;

cuk;k tk ldrk gSA

tu&laidZ fo'ks"kK turk ds lkFk laca/ cukus ds fy, ftu lk/uksa dk mi;ksx djrs gSa muesa izeq[k

gSa % eqfnzr foojf.kdk,¡] iSaÝysV (Pamphlets), xzkfiQd lkexzh] vkWfM;ks rFkk ohfM;ks lkexzh] jsfM;ks

rFkk Vsyhfotu izlkj.k] iQksVksxzkiQ] LykbM] fiQYe fLVªIl (Film Strips), pyfp=k] ÝykWih bR;kfnA

orZeku esa ;s lk/u tulapkj esa egRowi.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk jgs gSa D;ksafd tulapkj dk laca/ eq[; :i

ls fofHkUu izdkj ds ifjos'k ;k izlax ds fofHkUu yksxksa ls gSA ;s izlax fdlh laLFkk dh Nfo cukus]

mRiknu rFkk foØ; esa yxs gq, O;fDr;ksa ds eè; fooknksa ds lek/ku] miHkksDrkvksa esa ln~Hkkouk dh

LFkkiuk] rFkk turk dks ljdkj dh uhfr;ksa rFkk muds fØ;kUo;u dh tkudkjh igq¡pkus ,oa bl rjg

ds vU; dk;ks± ls lacaf/r gks ldrs gSaA

tu&laidZ xfrfof/;ksa esa laizs"k.k ds leLr ekè;eksa dks viuk;k rFkk iz;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSA

tulapkj ds fofo/ mRiknksa dks izLrqr djus gsrq tulapkj dh xfrfof/ dks pykus ds fy, vko';d

leLr izoh.krkvksa] rduhdksa rFkk izkS|ksfxdh dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

4- foKkiu dk;Z rFkk foKkiu

foKkiu dk;Z dks rhu dkj.kksa ls tulapkj dk ,d Hkkx ekuk x;k gS] ;Fkk

;g tulapkj dks foÙkh; lacy iznku djrk gS_

foKkiu izk;% tu&vk/kfjr gksrs gSa] blfy, tulapkj ds fy, vko;d leLr izoh.krk,¡ ;gk¡

Hkh ykxw gksrh gSa_ rFkk

NOTES



298

foKkiu dk;Z vk/qfud laLÑfr esa ifjO;kIr gS rFkk fdlh lekt dh Nfo dks cukus dk ,d

ekè;e gSA

foKkiu laizs"k.k dk gh ,d :i gS rFkk bl dk;Z esa ltZukRedrk] vuqu; rFkk lacaf/r foKkiu }kjk

laokg~; lans'k ds izHkko dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksrh gSA vf/dka'k foKkiu] ftuls ge ifjfpr gSa]

miHkksDrk foKkiu gksrs gSa] ftuds }kjk mu O;fDr;ksa vFkok laLFkkvksa] tks laHkkfor miHkksDrk gSa] ds

eè; mRiknksa dk foØ; djrs gSa vFkok fdlh mRiknu ds czkaM (Brand) dks vkxs c<+krs gSaA

os foKkiu] tks fo'ks"kdj mRikn&foKkiu gksrs gSa] mRiknksa dh fof'k"Vrkvksa] lsokvksa] vkSj mi;ksfxrk

dk o.kZu djrs gSa rFkk nwljs mRiknksa ,oa lsokvksa ds lkFk vius mRikn dh rqyuk djrs gSaA ;s lacafèkr

mRikn ds {ks=k essa gqbZ izxfr rFkk mlds ckjs esa mi;ksxh lwpuk iznku djrs gSaA

foKkiu dk;Z vkt ,d izeq[k m|ksx cu jgk gS ftlesa fodkl dh vuUr laHkkouk,¡ gSaA foKkiu nsus

okyh ,tsfUl;k¡ vius foKkiu ds fy, ekè;e dk p;u djrh gSaA tulapkj dk izR;sd ekè;e] ;Fkk]

lekpkji=k rFkk yksdfiz; if=kdk,¡ tSls eqfnzr ekè;e_ nwjn'Zu izlkj.k] ohfM;ks rFkk vkWfM;ks dSlsV~l

foKkiuksa ds okgd gSaA

foKkiu lkekU;r% fo'oklksRiknd] vkd"kZd] vljnkj ,oa izyksHkudkjd gksrs gSa rFkk yksxksa ds

O;ogkj vkSj iSQ'ku dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA

foKkiu ds {ks=k ds rsth ls foLrkj gksus ds iQyLo:i tulapkj ds lqfoK rFkk fo'ks"kK foKkiu esa

vius vuqHko rFkk fofo/ fof/;ksa ,oa rduhdksa dks ykxw djus dk i;kZIr volj izkIr dj jgs gSaA

tulapkj ds vU; {ks=kksa esa dk;Zjr fofHkUu Jsf.k;ksa ds lHkh dehZ foKkiu ,tsfUl;ksa esa Hkh layXu gSaA

foKkiuksa ds fuekZ.k esa eYVhehfM;k izkS|ksfxdh dk iwjk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA


2- tulaidZ fo'ks"kK tu&lkekU; ls lEcU/ cukus gsrq fdu lk/uksa dk mi;ksx djrs gSa\

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5- tulapkj ekè;e dk fo"k;&{ks=k rFkk dk;Z

tulapkj ds dk;Z gSa& fo'kky tulewg dk euksjatu djuk] lwpuk nsuk] vuqns'k nsuk] fo'okl mRiUu

djuk] izHkkfor djuk] lHkh izdkj ds lans'k rFkk lwpuk dk fuekZ.k rFkk foØ; djukA bl lewg esa

NOTES


299

laLFkkxr lwpuk lzksrcPps] Nk=kx.k] ;qok] o;Ld L=kh&iq#"k] x`fgf.k;k¡] lkekU; O;fDr] lqfoK fo'ks"kK] O;kolkf;d

vFkkZr~ okLro esa lekt dk izR;sd dYiuh; lewg lfEefyr gSA bldk y{; dHkh O;fDr ugha gksrk

vfirq ges'kk lewg gksrk gSA jsfM;ks izlkj.k ,oa Vsyhfotu ds foKkiu ds lkjs dk;ZØe] tu&laidZ

ds mRikn rFkk foKkiu mu fo'ks"k lewgksa ds fy, izklafxd gksrs gSa ftu dks ;s lacksf/r gksrs gSaA

tulapkj ds fo"k;&{ks=k esa lekt ds izR;sd oxZ dh #fp ds yxHkx izR;sd fo"k;ksa dks lekfo"V

fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;|fi jsfM;ks rFkk Vsyhfotu dk;ZØeksa esa jktuhfrd ?kVukvksa] xfrfof/;ksa rFkk

euksjatu dks vf/d le; fn;k tkrk gS] rFkkfi vU; dk;ZØeksa esa lh[kus dh izfØ;k esa Nk=kksa dks

lgk;rk iznku djuk] m|ksxksa rFkk m|ksxifr;ksa dks lwpuk nsuk] vfo'ks"kKksa ds fy, ,sfrgkfld rFkk

HkkSxksfyd :fp ds lkekU; dk;ZØe izLrqr djuk] i;ZVu rFkk i;ZVdksa ls lacaf/r lwpuk iznku djuk

rFkk dbZ fofHkUu fo"k;ksa ij turk dks lwfpr j[kuk Hkh lfEefyr gksrk gSA

laokn dh fo"k;&oLrq dh izÑfr ljy gksuh pkfg,] lkekU;tu dh ljy Hkk"kk esa gksuh pkfg, ,oa

fdlh fo"k; dh fof'k"V 'kCnkoyh esa ugha gksuh pkfg, ftlls lkekU; vkneh ifjfpr u gksA

tulapkj ds lHkh dk;ks± esa mPpdksfV dh ckSf¼drk rFkk dYiuk'khyrk gksuh pkfg,A tulapkj esa vPNs

ifj.kke izkIr djus ds fy, eYVhehfM;k izkS|ksfxdh esa fo'ks"kKrk vlhfer laHkkouk,¡ iznku djrh gSA

6- lwpuk lzksr ds :i esa tulapkj ekè;e

pwafd tulapkj lelkef;d ?kVukvksa rFkk ekuo dh xfrfof/;ksa dh nSfudh gS] vr% bldk yksxksa

ij fu.kkZ;d izHkko gSA tulapkj ekè;e ds }kjk tuer cuk;k tkrk gSA ;gk¡ rd fd] lÙkk ij dkfct

gksus ds fy, izR;sd jktuhfrd ny Hkh turk esa vius fopkjksa ds izpkj&izlkj esa #fp ysrk gSA

O;kikj&txr~ dh izfrLi/kZ esa fVds jgus ds fy, Hkh tulapkj dk vR;f/d mi;ksx gSA vr% tulapkj

ij dkiQh T;knk è;ku nsus dh t:jr gS D;ksafd ;g cgqr 'kfDr'kkyh gfFk;kj gSA ;g dgk tkrk gS

fd vkS|ksfxd :i ls fodflr ns'kksa dk y{; 'kfDr'kkyh lwpuk rFkk lapkj iz.kkyh ds }kjk fo'o

O;kikj ij ,dkf/dkj LFkkfir djuk gSA vr% ;g LokHkkfod gS fd iqLrdky;kè;{k rFkk lwpuk

fo'ks"kK tulapkj ekè;e }kjk laizsf"kr vf/dkf/d lwpuk ds vf/xe dh vksj T;knk è;ku nsaA

izR;sd izdkj rFkk izR;sd {ks=k ds lekpkji=kksa] lekpkj drjuksa] ohfM;ks dSlsVksa rFkk vU; izdkj dh vkWfM;ks

rFkk ohfM;ks ekè;eksa esa lfUufgr lwpuk dk vfHkxe djus ds fy, fofHkUu izdkj ds f}rh;d lzksrksa dk

fuekZ.k fd;k x;k gSA vusd iqLrdky;ksa rFkk lwpuk dsUnksa dh lanHkZ lkexzh ds laxzg esa ;s lzksr miyC/

gSaA bl laca/ esa tulapkj ekè;e esa miyC/ fo'ks"kKrk dh tkudkjh dk gksuk Hkh vR;f/d egRoiw.kZ

gS rkfd bu lanHkZ lzksrksa ds laiwjd ds :i esa budh lgk;rk izkIr dh tk ldsA

tulapkj ekè;e ds iwoksZfYyf[kr laf{kIr fooj.k ls vkidks tulapkj ds rRoksa dks le>us esa lgk;rk

izkIr gksxh ftlls vko';drk mRiUu gksus ij vki mudk mi;ksx djus dh laHkkoukvksa dh ryk'k

dj ldsaxsA tulapkj ekè;e ds mRikn ek=k gh egRoiw.kZ lzksr ugha gS] vfirq tulapkj ekè;e dh

NOTES



300

laLFkkvksa esa miyC/ fo'ks"kKrk Hkh ;gk¡ vR;ar egRoiw.kZ gSA blesa vizdkf'kr lwpuk rFkk fo'ks"kKksa dh

lqfoKrk Hkh lfEefyr gSA ftu iz'uksa ds mÙkj dsoy bUgha lzksrksa ds }kjk fn, tk ldrs gSa] muds fy,

;s vR;f/d ewY;oku gSaA


3- foKkiu dk;Z dks fdu dkj.kksa ls tulapkj dk Hkkx ekuk tkrk gS\

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fuEufyf[kr lwph ls tulapkj ekè;e esa lfEefyr fo'ks"kKksa dh tkudkjh izkIr gks ldrh gS%

dykdkj (dyk] laxhr] O;olk;h dykdkj bR;kfn)

foKkiu fo'ks"kK (foØ; o/Zd (sales promotor), vfHkdYid] iVdFkk ys[kd] vuqoknd

bR;kfn)

dSejk eSu (camera persons)

dEI;wVj fo'ks"kK

laoknnkrk

funs'kd

Mh Vh ih (DTP) fo'ks"kK

laiknd

izdk'k lTtk@izdk'k fo'ks"kK

laxhrdkj

fofHkUu izdkj ds izca/d

usVodZ fo'ks"kK

tu&laidZ vf/dkjh

fuekZrk

izfrosnd

NOTES


301

laLFkkxr lwpuk lzksr'kks/drkZ

iQksVksxzkiQj

fofHkUu izdkj ds dk;ZØeksa ds izksxzkej (Programmer)

lkWÝVos;j izys[kudrkZ

èofu rFkk èokfudh fo'ks"kK (sound and accoustics specialist)

fo"k; fo'ks"kK

ys[kd (iVdFkk] fooj.kksa] laoknksa bR;kfn ds ys[kd)

bl izdkj ds O;fDr;ksa rFkk mudh fo'ks"kKrk ds ckjs esa lwpuk vklkuh ls miyC/ ugha gksrhA ;fn lzksr

O;fDr ds :i esa ge mudk mi;ksx djuk pkgrs gSa rks muls O;fDrxr laidZ LFkkfir djuk gksxkA

tulapkj ekuo thou dk cgqr xfr'khy rFkk thoUr {ks=k gSA fofHkUu izdkj dh lwpuk,¡] tks fd dgha

vU; miyC/ ugha gSa] mls tulapkj laLFkkvksa ls izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,slh lwpuk ds dqN

mnkgj.k gSa % iwjh i`"BHkwfe ds lkFk ,d izfl¼ O;fDr dh thouh] vksyfEid [ksyksa ds Øekuqlkj

ifj.kkeksa rFkk iqjLdkj fotsrkvksa dh tkudkjh rFkk fdlh ,d jktuhfrd ?kVuk dh i`"BHkwfeA

mifjfyf[kr izÑfr ds iz'uksa ds fy, dksbZ Hkh lalk/u&laiUu rFkk dYiuk'khy iqLrdky;kè;{k

vFkok lwpuk vf/dkjh viuh foosdiw.kZ [kkst {kerkvksa dk mi;ksx dj tulapkj ekè;e }kjk laidZ

LFkkfir dj ldrk gSA


4- tulapkj ds dk;ks± ij ,d laf{kIr fVIi.kh fyf[k,A

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7- lkj&la{ksi

tulapkj ekè;e dks lwpuk lzksrksa dh Jsf.k;ksa esa lfEefyr djus ds fy, bl vè;k; esa mlds ewY;

rFkk egRo dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA oLrqr% tulapkj ekè;e dqN HkkSfrd izlkj.k iz.kkfy;ksa

(Physical transmission systems) ds }kjk lans'k laizs"k.k dh fof/ gSA laizs"k.k ds nks ?kVd gksrs

gSa % igyk vUrfoZ"k; rFkk nwljk izlkj.k dh fof/A tulapkj ekè;e ds vusd ?kVd gSa os gSa % dkxt

NOTES



302

ij eqnz.k jsfM;ks izlkj.k] Vsyhfotu rFkk JO;&n`'; ekè;e] tu&laidZ] foKkiu dk;Z rFkk foKkiuA

;s lkjs vkt ds ekuothou dh nSfudh dk izfrfuf/Ro djus okys le lkef;d ?kVukvksa rFkk

fØ;kdykiksa ds dk;ZØeksa dk vfHkys[ku dj izlkfjr djrs gSaA budk ,sfrgkfld ,oa iqjkfHkys[k ewY;

cgqr gSA buesa ls izR;sd ekè;e vius dk;ZØeksa rFkk xfrfof/;ksa ds izlkj.k ds fy, vk/qfud

eYVhehfM;k izkS|ksfxdh dk mi;ksx djrk gSA tulapkj ds fofHkUu i{kksa esa viuh fo'ks"kKrk ds lkFk]

fo'ks"kKksa dk lewg dk;ZØeksa ds fMtkbu rFkk fodkl djus esa yxk gqvk gSA vf/dkf/d Jksrkvksa

rd igq¡pus ds fy, T;knkrj ;s fo'ks"kK ny ds :i esa dk;Z djrs gSaA mudh lwpukijd fo"k;&oLrq

lqizlkfjr gksrh gSA buesa ls vf/dka'k f}rh;d lzksrksa] tSls lekpkji=k dh vuqØef.kdkvksa ,oa

lkef;d ?kVukvksa rFkk xfrfof/;ksa ds lkjka'kksa ds :i esa miyC/ gSaA

tulapkj ekè;eksa }kjk izlkfjr vusd izdkj dh lwpuk,¡ f}rh;d lzksrksa esa izdkf'kr ugha gks ikrh gSaA blds

vfrfjDr] tulapkj ekè;e esa dk;Zjr fo'ks"kKksa ds :i esa Hkh lqfoKrk miyC/ gSA ehfM;k Lo;a esa gh

egRoiw.kZ rFkk vR;ar cgqewY; lwpuk lzksr gSA bu ekè;eksa ds lanHkZ ewY; ds ckj esa ftruk Hkh dgk tk,

de gksxkA iqLrdky; rFkk lwpuk dsUnzksa dks tulapkj ekè;e laLFkkuksa rFkk muesa dk;Zjr lqfoKksa ds lkFk

ifjfpr gksuk pkfg, ftlls vko';drk gksus ij lanHkZ lsok ds fy, mudk ykHk mBk;k tk ldsA


1- ;gk¡ tulapkj ekè;e ls vk'k; gS] lwpuk ds lapkj ds fy, iz;qDr HkkSfrd laizs"k.k fof/;k¡] tSls

eqfnzr] JO;] n`';] JO;&n`'; rFkk bysDVªksfud Lo:i] ftuds }kjk lkekU; tu ds lewg dks]

mudh fLFkfr] ckSf¼d miyfC/ vFkok lkekftd Lrj bR;kfn dk Hksn fd, fcuk] lwpuk dk izs"k.k

fd;k tkrk gSA bu lapkj ekè;eksa ds }kjk tu&lkekU; ds mi;ksx ds fy, yxHkx leLr ekuo

xfrfofèk;ksa dks laxzghr djus] vfHkysf[kr djus rFkk izlkfjr djus dk dk;Z fd;k tk ldrk gSA

;s ekè;e tu&lkekU; dks fdlh jkT; dh jktuhfrd xfrfof/;ksa] ns'kksa ds eè; vUrjkZ"Vªh; laca/

rFkk O;kikfjd ekeyksa] vkS|ksfxd laca/] [ksydwn] lkaLÑfrd ?kVukvksa] euksjatu rFkk vU; fo"k;ksa

ds lewg ds ckjs esa lalwfpr j[kus ds fy, vR;ar mi;ksxh midj.k gSaA

2- tu&laidZ fo'ks"kK turk ds lkFk laca/ cukus ds fy, ftu lk/uksa dk mi;ksx djrs gSa muesa

izeq[k gSa % eqfnzr foojf.kdk,¡] iSaÝysV (Pamphlets), xzkfiQd lkexzh] vkWfM;ks rFkk ohfM;ks

lkexzh] jsfM;ks rFkk Vsyhfotu izlkj.k] iQksVksxzkiQ] LykbM] fiQYe fLVªIl (Film Strips),

pyfp=k] ÝykWih bR;kfnA orZeku esa ;s lk/u tulapkj esa egRowi.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk jgs gSa D;ksafd

tulapkj dk laca/ eq[; :i ls fofHkUu izdkj ds ifjos'k ;k izlax ds fofHkUu yksxksa ls gSA ;s

izlax fdlh laLFkk dh Nfo cukus] mRiknu rFkk foØ; esa yxs gq, O;fDr;ksa ds eè; fooknksa

ds lek/ku] miHkksDrkvksa esa ln~Hkkouk dh LFkkiuk] rFkk turk dks ljdkj dh uhfr;ksa rFkk muds

fØ;kUo;u dh tkudkjh igq¡pkus ,oa bl rjg ds vU; dk;ks± ls lacaf/r gks ldrs gSaA

3- foKkiu dk;Z dks rhu dkj.kksa ls tulapkj dk ,d Hkkx ekuk x;k gS] ;Fkk

;g tulapkj dks foÙkh; lacy iznku djrk gS_

NOTES


303

laLFkkxr lwpuk lzksrfoKkiu izk;% tu&vk/kfjr gksrs gSa] blfy, tulapkj ds fy, vko;d leLr izoh.krk,¡

;gk¡ Hkh ykxw gksrh gSa_ rFkk

foKkiu dk;Z vk/qfud laLÑfr esa ifjO;kIr gS rFkk fdlh lekt dh Nfo dks cukus dk

,d ekè;e gSA

4- tulapkj ds dk;Z gSa& fo'kky tulewg dk euksjatu djuk] lwpuk nsuk] vuqns'k nsuk] fo'okl

mRiUu djuk] izHkkfor djuk] lHkh izdkj ds lans'k rFkk lwpuk dk fuekZ.k rFkk foØ; djukA

bl lewg esa cPps] Nk=kx.k] ;qok] o;Ld L=kh&iq#"k] x`fgf.k;k¡] lkekU; O;fDr] lqfoK fo'ks"kK]

O;kolkf;d vFkkZr~ okLro esa lekt dk izR;sd dYiuh; lewg lfEefyr gSA bldk y{; dHkh

O;fDr ugha gksrk vfirq ges'kk lewg gksrk gSA jsfM;ks izlkj.k ,oa Vsyhfotu ds foKkiu ds lkjs

dk;ZØe] tu&laidZ ds mRikn rFkk foKkiu mu fo'ks"k lewgksa ds fy, izklafxd gksrs gSa ftu

dks ;s lacksf/r gksrs gSaA

9- eq[; 'kCn

tulapkj (Mass % tulewg dks mudh ckSf¼d miyfC/] lkekftd fLFkfr

Communication) bR;kfn dk Hksn fd, fcuk] tulapkj ekè;e dh leLr fofèk;ksa

ds }kjk lwpuk dk lapkjA

tulapkj ekè;e % lwpuk lapkj ds fy, iz;qDr HkkSfrd izs"k.k fof/;k¡] tSls

(Mass Media) eqfnzr] JO;&n`'; rFkk bysDVªksfud Lo:i ds }kjk lkekU;

tu&lewg dks mudh fLFkfr] ckSf¼d miyfC/ vFkok lkekftd

Lrj] bR;kfn dk Hksn fd, fcuk lwpuk dk izs"k.k djrh gSaA

eYVh ehfM;k % eYVh ehfM;k ,d ,slh tfVy] ,dhÑr] vUrjfefJr

(Multimedia) rFkk vU;ksU; iz.kkyh gS ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i ,dy fMftVy

lwpuk okrkoj.k esa vk¡dM+ksa] ikBksa] fcEcksa rFkk èofu dk laf/

ghu ,dhdj.k laHko gSA

eqfnzr ekè;e % tulapkj ds fy, dkxt (ekè;e) ij eqfnzr lkexzh tSls%

(Print Media) lekpkj&i=k] lkIrkfgd] ikf{kd rFkk ekfld i=k&if=kdk,¡]

iSEiQysV] iksLVjA

jsfM;ks izlkj.k % jsfM;ks ds }kjk tulapkjA

(Radio Broadcasting)

foKkiu % fdlh mRikn vFkok lsok bR;kfn ds p;u dks izHkkfor

(Advertisement) djus gsrq miHkksDrkvksa ds fy, lans'kA

NOTES



304

JO;&n`'; % ,d ,slk ekè;e tks fd vUrfoZ"k; ds laizs"k.k ds fy,

(Audio-Visual) JO; rFkk n`'; nksuksa ekè;eksa dk mi;ksx djrk gSA

lkWÝVos;j izys[ku % ikBdh; lqfo/kvksa ds :i esa fofHkUu lkWÝVos;j iQhpjksa

(Software Documentation) (Software features) dk izys[kuA

10- vH;kl&iz'u

1. tu&lapkj ekè;e rFkk mlds ?kVdksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

2. tu&lapkj ds eqfnzr ekè;eksa dh fo'ks"krk,¡ crkb,A

3. tulapkj esa jsfM;ks ,oa Vsyhfotu dh Hkwfedk dk o.kZu dhft,A

4. tulapkj ekè;e ds fo"k;&{ks=k rFkk dk;ks± dk foospu dhft,A

5. lwpuk lzksr ds :i esa tulapkj ekè;eksa dk ewY;kadu dhft,A


Hishert, Ray Elden (et al). (1981). Mass Media VI : An Introduction to ModernCommunication. New York : Longman.

Hunt, Todd and Ruben, Brent D. (1993). Mass Communication : Producers and Con-sumers: New York : Harper Collin College Publishers.

IGNOU, School of Social Sciences. (1995). Media Persons an Sources of Informa-tion. MLIS-02. Block 4, Unit 16. pp. 57-72.

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