FINAL PROJECT REPORT - RA.141581

WIND TUNNEL APARTMENT

PUTRI MELATI DEWI 3212100016 SUPERVISOR: Ir. I GUSTI NGURAH ANTARYAMA, PhD. UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND PLANNING INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER SURABAYA 2017

LAPORAN TUGAS AKHIR - RA.141581

APARTEMEN LORONG ANGIN

PUTRI MELATI DEWI 3212100016 DOSEN PEMBIMBING: Ir. I GUSTI NGURAH ANTARYAMA, PhD. PROGRAM SARJANA JURUSAN ARSITEKTUR FAKULTAS TEKNIK SIPIL DAN PERENCANAAN INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER SURABAYA 2

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STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY

I, the undersigned below

N a m e : Putri Melati Dewi

N R P : 3212100016

Final Project Title : Wind Tunnel Apartment

Period : First Semester Year 2016 / 2017

Hereby certify that the final project that I created is the result of my own work

and actually done by myself (original), is not a mere duplication of the work of the

others. If I do plagiarism of the work of the student / others, then I am willing to

accept the academic sanction to be imposed by the Department of Architecture FTSP

- ITS.

Thus statement I created with full consciousness and will be used as a

requirement to complete the final project RA. 141581

Surabaya, 26th January 2017

Assigned

Putri Melati Dewi

NRP. 3212 1000 16

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ABSTRACT

WIND TUNNEL APARTMENT:

By

Putri Melati Dewi

NRP : 3212100016

The warm humid tropical climate in Indonesia and the conditions of urban

area make a lot of people depends on the mechanical ventilation, especially people

with middle-upper economy level. With design approach of bioclimatic architecture,

this final project attempts to offer design alternative of the apartment for the middle-

upper income community by promoting natural ventilation. The goals of this

apartment is to apply both natural ventilation system and accommodate the needs of

middle-upper urban community

By applying the Evidence Based Method the proposed apartment design

follows the rules from the researches available from studies of thermal comfort and

residential architecture. The design problems while designing this passive apartment

are to promote the thermal comfort and facilitate the needs of middle-upper economy

people such as high level of privacy and security. These two problems are contradicts

to each other, because on one hand applying the design of natural ventilation means to

live more with openness, but on the other hand the occupants need privacy and

security. The Wind Tunnel Apartment facilitates these two contradictive design

problems by integrating the concept of passive design and explores the design

elements.

Key words : warm humid tropics, evidence based design, passive design, apartment

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ABSTRAK

APARTEMEN LORONG ANGIN

Oleh

Putri Melati Dewi

NRP : 3212100016

Iklim tropis lembab di Indonesia dengan temperatur dan kelembapan yang

tinggi membuat masyarakat Indonesia sangat bergantung kepada penghawaan buatan

terutama masyarakat kalangan menengah keatas. Dengan pendekatan desain

bioklimatik arsitektur, desain apartemen yang diusulkan mencoba membuat alternatif

desain apartemen menengah keatas yang ada selama ini yaitu dengan menerapkan

penghawaan alami. Tujuan dari tugas akhir ini adalah membuat apartemen dengan

pengahawaan alami dan juga mengakomodasi kebutuhan masyarakat urban.

Dengan menerapkan metode evidence based design desain apartemen yang

diusulkan mengikuti riset yang ada dari studi kenyamanan termal dan arsitektur

residensial. Permasalahan dalam mendesain apartemen adalah dalam memenuhi

desain penghawaan alami dan juga memfasilitasi kebutuhan masyarakat menengah

keatas yang membutuhkan privasi yang tinggi. Kedua masalah ini bertolak belakang

satu dengan yang lain dikarenakan di satu sisi menerapkan penghawaan alami berarti

membutuhkan tingkat bukaan yang tinggi, sedangkan kebutuhan penghuni akan

keamanan dan privasi tinggi. Apartemen Lorong Angin ini berusaha menjembatani

kedua permasalahan desain yang bertolak belakang dengan menyatukan konsep pasif

desain dan eksplorasi elemen desain.

Kata Kunci : Iklim tropis lembab, evidence based design, desain pasif, apartemen

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

APPROVAL ................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ...............................................................................ii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. iii ABSTRAK .................................................................................................................... iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................... v LIST OF FIGURES .....................................................................................................vii LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................ ix I. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 1

I.1 BACKGROUND .................................................................................................. 1 I.2 ISSUE & CONTEXT ........................................................................................... 1 I.4 DESIGN CRITERIA ............................................................................................ 3

II. SITE & PROGRAMMING ....................................................................................... 4 II. 1 SITE ................................................................................................................... 4

II.1.1 Site Location & features ............................................................................... 4 II.1.2 Access........................................................................................................... 4 II.1.3 Site Climate .................................................................................................. 5 II. 1. 4 Wind Analysis ............................................................................................ 5

II.2. PROGRAMMING ............................................................................................. 7 II.2.1 Users ............................................................................................................. 7 II.2.2 Spatial Program ............................................................................................ 7 II.2.3 Main Facilities .............................................................................................. 7 II.2.4 Supporting facilities ..................................................................................... 7 II.2. 5 Management Facilities ................................................................................ 7 II. 2.6 Service Facilities ......................................................................................... 8 II. 2. 7 Utility Facilities .......................................................................................... 8

III. DESIGN APPROACH & METHOD ...................................................................... 9 III.1. DESIGN APPROACH...................................................................................... 9 III.2. DESIGN METHOD .......................................................................................... 9 III. 3. DESIGN CONCEPT ...................................................................................... 10

IV. DESIGN EXPLORATION .................................................................................... 11 IV. 1. FORMAL EXPLORATION .......................................................................... 11

IV. 1. 1 Site Access & Circulation ....................................................................... 11 IV. 1. 2. Program Zooning ................................................................................... 11 IV. 1. 3. Mass Transformation ............................................................................. 12 IV. 1. 4. Circulation ............................................................................................. 13 IV. 1. 5. Sky Verandah......................................................................................... 14 IV. 1. 6. Air & Light Well ................................................................................... 15 IV.1. 7. Unit Transformation ............................................................................... 16 IV. 1. 8. Opening System ..................................................................................... 17

IV. 2. TECHNICAL EXPLORATION .................................................................... 18 IV. 2.1 Water System ........................................................................................... 18 IV. 2. 2. Swimming Pool System ........................................................................ 18 IV. 2. 3. Trash System ......................................................................................... 19 IV. 2. 4. Sewage System ...................................................................................... 19 IV. 2. 5. Fire Protection System .......................................................................... 20 IV. 2. 6. Electricity System .................................................................................. 21

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IV. 2. 7. Structural System ................................................................................... 21 V. DESIGN RESULT .................................................................................................. 22 VI. CONCLUSION...................................................................................................... 39 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................ 40

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1-1 Issue Diagram............................................................................................... 1 Figure 2-1 Site Location ................................................................................................ 4 Figure 2-2 Site Area ....................................................................................................... 4 Figure 2-3 Projected Site Development ......................................................................... 5 Figure 2-4 Monthly average air temperature and humidity in the city of Surabaya

(1993-2013)............................................................................................................ 5 Figure 2-5 The massing of surrounding building which affect the upcoming wind ...... 5 Figure 2-6 Wind Rose in Perak Harbour ....................................................................... 6 Figure 2-7 Wind Rose in Juanda Airport ....................................................................... 6 Figure 2-8 The massing surrounding site which affect the upcoming wind .................. 6 Figure 3-1 Method Diagram .......................................................................................... 9 Figure 3-2 Concept Diagram ....................................................................................... 10 Figure 4-1 Site entrance and exit ................................................................................. 11 Figure 4-2 Projected road development ....................................................................... 11 Figure 4-3 Distance required for maximizing wind flow ............................................ 12 Figure 4-4 programming diagram in the apartment ..................................................... 12 Figure 4-5 Process diagram of the massing arrangement ............................................ 13 Figure 4-6 Placing the swimming pool ........................................................................ 13 Figure 4-7 Circulation between the mass arrangement ................................................ 13 Figure 4-8 Red color shows empty spaces between the masses .................................. 14 Figure 4-9 Different type of units with their verandah ................................................ 14 Figure 4-10 Illustration of the lightwell ....................................................................... 15 Figure 4-11 The green boxes show the location of the air & light well ...................... 15 Figure 4-12 Internal Room Arrangement which maximize cross ventilation .............. 16 Figure 4-13 Section diagram of raised floor level ....................................................... 16 Figure 4-14 Scheme of the opening system ................................................................. 17 Figure 4-15 The water distribution diagram system .................................................... 18 Figure 4-16 The swimming pool system. Source : howstuffworks.com ..................... 18 Figure 4-17 Trash chute system and the locations ....................................................... 19 Figure 4-18 The Scheme for the sewage system ......................................................... 19 Figure 4-19 The Location of Fire Stairs and Fire Extinguishers ................................. 20 Figure 4-20 The Location of Outdoor Hydrant Units .................................................. 20 Figure 4-21 The Structure of Twi-way Waffle Slabs .................................................. 21 Figure 4-22 The Scheme of Electricity System and the location................................. 21 Figure 5-1 Layout Plan ................................................................................................ 22 Figure 5-2 Second Floor Plan ...................................................................................... 23 Figure 5-3 3rd Floor Plan ............................................................................................. 24 Figure 5-4 4th & 6th Typical Floor Plan ..................................................................... 25 Figure 5-5 5th & 7th Typical Floor Plan ..................................................................... 26 Figure 5-6 West and East Elevation............................................................................. 27 Figure 5-7 South & North Elevation ............................................................................ 28 Figure 5-8 Wind Tunnel Apartment Section ............................................................... 29 Figure 5-9 One Bedroom Unit Plan Variation and Interior ........................................ 30 Figure 5-10 Two Bedrooms Unit Interior .................................................................... 31 Figure 5-11 Two Bedrooms Unit Variation ................................................................. 32 Figure 5-12 Three Bedrooms Unit Variation ............................................................... 33 Figure 5-13 Section of unit; shows both accomodate airflow and privacy level ......... 34

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Figure 5-14 Perspective of the sky verandah and the corridor .................................... 35 Figure 5-15 Facilities in The Apartment ...................................................................... 36 Figure 5-16 South Perspective of The Apartment ....................................................... 37 Figure 5-17 South West Perspective of the Apartment ............................................... 38

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 Area of Main Facilities ..................................................................................... 7 Table 2 Area of Supporting Facilities ............................................................................ 7 Table 3 Area of Management Facilities ......................................................................... 8 Table 4 Area of Service Facilities .................................................................................. 8 Table 5 Area of Utility Facilities ................................................................................... 8

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I. INTRODUCTION

I.1 BACKGROUND

Indonesia, which is located in the

equator, is one of the countries with

tropical climate, specifically the warm

humid tropical regions. A climate

condition of an area can affect the way

a building is designed. Building in

warm humid tropical regions means

battling with the high sun radiation,

and high humidity. (Lauber, 2005)

From long time ago our ancestors

had designed vernacular building,

which showed architectural response

toward the climate. In the warm humid

tropical climate, it is often found

building with large windows, large

overhangs, and low mass. Where

possible wall are minimized.

Sometimes buildings are set on stilts to

catch more wind and to rise above the

humidity near the ground. High

ceilings allow the air to stratify, and

vents at the gable or ridge allow the

hottest air to escape. These principles

created a lightweight houses structure

with openings everywhere allowing the

building to cool off (Lechner, 2001)

However after the era of

modernization, the ideal tropical

design, which appeared in

Figure 1-1 Issue Diagram

Indonesian traditional architecture is

not simple anymore to be adapted in

the present situation, especially in the

urban regions. In the tropics, the idea

of using natural environment as

positive elements, makes living with

openness is possible throughout the

whole year. However this idea

becomes viable only if the external

environment is relatively, dust, insect,

and noise free. (Tay Kheng Soon, in

Tzonis et al, 2001)

I.2 ISSUE & CONTEXT

The basic strategy for architect to

tackle the problem in the tropics is to

design building with shade and create

opening (usually windows) for air

exchange. However in the context of

urban area like in city of Surabaya, the

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second largest city in Indonesia, the

availability of land is limited and

sometimes rooms are not designed

with openings facing outdoor for air

exchange

The opening, which is usually in

the form of windows, makes the

occupant’s window opening behavior

important in maintaining the thermal

comfort. However in the urban area,

such as Surabaya, there are many

reasons for closing the window. Based

on field survey of 437 households in

public and private apartments in

Surabaya, the top reasons for not

opening windows or doors are privacy,

insects, and security (Arethusa et al.,

2014).

After the invention of

technology, especially air conditioner,

reaching thermal comfort inside the

room temperature become simple

without compromising between

thermal comfort and privacy, security,

insect, and noise. As a result, many

building in the tropics seems to forget

the basic strategies of climate

response, and rely on technology only

to solve the thermal comfort. People

will buy air conditioner as soon as they

can afford it. Lack of knowledge of

building science also contributes to the

unawareness that a building design

also contributes to the thermal comfort

inside the building.

I.3 DESIGN PROBLEMS

The design problem according to

the issue reviewed above is mainly

about the contradictive between the

ideal condition of passive tropical

housing and the present urban

conditions.

The city density and land

available

The density and limited land

available in the urban area

result in the proximity of

private space between one

occupants and other.

This also challenge architect to

create housing which can

accommodate a lot of people

but still be able to maintain

thermal comfort

Unsuitable environmental and

social condition, despite the

need of openness for comfort

Comfort ventilation is the main

strategy of passive cooling in

the hot and humid region.

However, factors of security,

privacy, insect, and noise affect

the occupants to close the

window.

Low velocity of wind

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Although wind plays important

role in cooling building off, in

the hot and humid tropical

region the wind is usually

characterized by the low

velocity and not always

available

I.4 DESIGN CRITERIA

The design should be able to

accommodate the needs of

urban community

o Efficient land use

o Respect privacy and

security

Design should be able to make

the occupant live in harmony

with nature

Comfortable during dry and

rainy season

Design should be able to apply

passive cooling strategy in the

urban area

I.4 PROPOSED DESIGN

To response from the present

issues and condition, this design

proposal aims to create a new

alternative of housing block in the

urban warm humid tropical region by

adapting passive cooling strategies. By

living and having experience in this

passive housing hopefully in the future

rather than buying air conditioner

people will start to concern about the

shape of their home as it affect thermal

comfort.

Middle-rise scale buildings is

chosen for the response because this

type of buildings are relatively easy to

be climate responsive but still optimize

land usage

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II. SITE &

PROGRAMMING

II. 1 SITE

II.1.1 Site Location & features

The site is located in the city of

Surabaya, province of East Java. The

site is curently an empty land, and is

situated in the Penjaringansari Area.

The site is located next to the Middle

East Ring Road (MERR)

Figure 2-1 Site Location

The site boundaries are

described as below:

North side: empty land which

will be a road & River with the

width of 15 m

East side : Small creek and

empty land

South side: Empty land with

some built building with 2-

story height

West side : Main road access

Figure 2-2 Site Area

The total surface area of the

site is 9.135 m2 with an area in the

form of trapezium. The site is

equipped with access of electricity,

water supply, and drainage.

The site is currently an empty flat land

with no contour. The vegetation of

existed on the site is grass. There is no

particular natural physical features

which need to be preserved.

II.1.2 Access

The site is mostly surrounded

by residential areas with height about

one up to two-story height. The site is

located in the middle to upper income

residential area.

The site is currently accessible

from one road side only which is the

west side, but according to the

municipality planning regulation the

part of the empty land on the north side

will be developed for the new road

access.

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The road access in the west ride is one

way access only.

Figure 2-3 Projected Site Development

II.1.3 Site Climate

Surabaya weather features lots

of rain and high humidity, but with

little variation in daily temperatures.

There are two seasons in Surabaya: the

rainy season (November to June) and

the dry season (July to October).

Surabaya is categorized as

warm humid tropical climate city, with

monthly average temperature ranging

from 27.2-29.0°C and monthly average

relative humidity ranging from 65.9-

80.9% (Fig.1). The city receives

monthly average wind speeds of 2.12-

3.10 m/s (NCDC, 2014). Although

Surabaya has two seasons (dry and wet

seasons), the monthly average

temperatures and humidity of both

seasons do not show significant

differences.

Figure 2-4 Monthly average air

temperature and humidity in the city of

Surabaya (1993-2013)

II. 1. 4 Wind Analysis

There is no wind data, which

based on observation on the current

site. However based on the observation

by the Meteorology Board, the lowest

speed of wind was on April: 5.8 knot,

and the highest one was in January: 8.8

knot while the maximum speed was 22

knot and most of them came from the

Eastern side.

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The wind data available are

measured in two areas of Surabaya,

which are the Juanda International

Airport, and from the Perak Harbour.

The diagram of the wind rose below

shows the direction of the wind in

these two areas in Surabaya.

Based on these data above, the

wind is projected to come from east

and west side, of the site.

Figure 2-6 Wind Rose in Perak Harbour

Figure 2-7 Wind Rose in Juanda Airport

In addition, the wind is also

relate to the surrounding area of the

site, as shown by figure 7, the wind is

available in the site because the

building in the existing site are almost

all about 2-story height and the site’s

boundary are detached from neighbor

buildings except in the south side.

Figure 2-5 The massing surrounding site which affect the upcoming wind

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II.2. PROGRAMMING

II.2.1 Users

The users in the proposed design

object are :

Middle-upper income families

Based on the issue of high-

energy consumption for

cooling building in the tropic,

the apartment is intended for

middle-up income people

because these economic groups

often use air conditioner in

their home

Visitors

The visitors in the vertical

housing are the relatives, of the

occupants.

Administrative personnel

The administrative personnel in

this housing complex are the

person working on the

management office, janitors,

tenant’s officer, and security.

II.2.2 Spatial Program

Based on the literature study,

the programs in the apartment are

categorized as main facilities,

supporting facilities, management

facilities, and service facilities

II.2.3 Main Facilities

The apartment units are divided

into 3 kinds, units with one bedroom,

two bedrooms, and three bedrooms.

Each of this categorized unit has plan

variation with different size

Facilities Notes Total

Area

1 Bedroom

Units

34 units /

each 40 m2

1360 m2

2 Bed Rooms

Unit

50 units /

each 64 m2

3200 m2

3 Bed Rooms

Units

12 units /

each 100m2

1200 m2

Table 1 Area of Main Facilities

II.2.4 Supporting facilities

Facilities Notes Total

Area

Lift Lobby - 64 m2

Mailbox room - 64 m2

Swimming

Pool

- 238m2

Gym - 134 m2

Restaurant - 924 m2

Clinic - 64 m2

Laundry - 92 m2

Tenants 3 available

rent space

348 m2

Table 2 Area of Supporting Facilities

II.2. 5 Management Facilities

Facilities Notes Total

Area

Management

office

- 128 m2

Multi purpose

room

for residents

meeting

148 m2

CCTV Room - 16 m2

Men’s locker For the 32 m2

8

room workers

Women’s

locker room

For the

workers

32 m2

Worker’s

canteen

For the

workers

286 m2

Table 3 Area of Management Facilities

II. 2.6 Service Facilities

Facilities Notes Total

Area

Security Post - 9 m2

Car Park area 145 car

parking space

3850 m2

Motorcycle

Park Area

100 motor

cycle parking

space

128 m2

Kitchen - 128 m2

Rest room In the first

floor&

second floor

64 m2

Men’s

shower

Room

For the

swimming

pool and gym

58 m2

Women’s

shower

For the

swimming

pool and gym

58 m2

Table 4 Area of Service Facilities

II. 2. 7 Utility Facilities

Facilities Notes Total

Area

Fire Stairs 96 m2

Generator

room

- 64 m2

Circuit

Breaker

Room

- 16 m2

Lift Machine

Room

- 40 m2

Pump House - 40 m2

Upper water

tank room

The upper

water tank

separated into

4 area in the

roof

120 m2

Trash Chute 3m2 in every

floor

18 m2

Dumpster

room

For collecting

trash in the

ground floor

64 m2

Janitor room 5 m2 In every

floor

35 m2

Table 5 Area of Utility Facilities

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III. DESIGN APPROACH

& METHOD

III.1. DESIGN APPROACH

Based on the resulting issue and

response to create vertical housing

which apply the passive design. The

design approach which is suitable in

handling such condition is called

“Bioclimatic Architecture.”

The term ‘bioclimatic’ has

traditionally related to the relationship

between climate and living organism.

In the context of architecture, it is

building designs that take into account

climate and environmental conditions

to help achieve optimal thermal

comfort inside. It deals with design

and architectural elements, avoiding

complete dependence on mechanical

systems, which are regarded as

support.

Bioclimatic architecture can be

conceptualized as building design that

utilizes a range of biophysical

elements, such as heat, light,

landscape, air, rain, and materials.

III.2. DESIGN METHOD

According to the issue, which is

related to the building science, the

appropriate method used is called

“Evidence Based Design”.

Figure 3-1 Method Diagram

Evidence Based design is design

method which make use of current best

evidence from research and practice in

making critical decision. Cama (2009)

states that Evidence Based Design

consists of 4 steps which are research,

analyze, implement, and evaluate.

Research In this step the designer

will gather data, such as literature

review, precedent analysis, and select

which data that will be applied in the

design strategies.

Analyze is the step to integrate the

strategy from the data gathered in the

first step with the programmatic

requirement (Define needs), this step

also include determine goals for the

designed object

Implement phase consists of

interpreting and understanding the

data, and then creating hypotheses of

the result from the design decision

according to the date. Based on this

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hypotheses designer make design

decision.

The last step is to measure from

the data gathered whether the design

decision meets the requirements and

goals.

III. 3. DESIGN CONCEPT

In order to answer the question in

the urban tropical climate, the main

building concept is to maximize the

usage of wind in the form of middle

rise apartment. Wind is useful for

passive cooling in the hot and humid

tropical climate because air movement

surrounding the human body will

transfer the heat from our body

through convection and evaporation

into the air molecules.

This passive cooling technique is

very appropriate in hot and humid

climates, where the air temperature and

relative humidity are out the comfort

zone. (Lechner, 2001)

To integrate this concept of

maximizing the wind and another

factors that affect thermal comfort in a

building, the strategy is to create

cooling strategy in every architectural

element, from the architecture

neighborhoods down to the building

elements. Integrating these strategies

are adapted from the book, Sun, Wind

& Light (Dekay, 2014)

Figure 3-2 Concept Diagram

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IV. DESIGN

EXPLORATION

IV. 1. FORMAL EXPLORATION

IV. 1. 1 Site Access & Circulation

Considering the road

development in the future (based on

the municipality regulations ,RDTRK

Surabaya), the entrance of the

apartment is located in the area with

wider road, which is road in the west

side, and the exit in the site will be on

the north side of the site

The road with the width of 5 m

is designed in the perimeter of site as

the main vehicle circulation in the site.

This circulation is not only beneficial

for the resident’s vehicle access but

also for the service vehicle such as

dustcart and fire

truck

Figure 4-2 Site entrance and exit

IV. 1. 2. Program Zooning

Based on the building program,

and the usage, the program in the Wind

Tunnel Apartment is arranged as the

diagram below.

The facilities such as

restaurants, clinic, laundry, and

tenants, which can be accessed by the

non-residents are located in the first

floor. The location in the first floor

also beneficial for tenants who seeks

for profit. These facilities also

accompanied by services facilities such

as car parking space and motorcycle

parking space.

Figure 4-1 Projected road development

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In the Second floor the

management facilities is located, as

well as facilities for the workers such

as the worker’s canteen.

The units are located from the

third floor to the seventh floor because

the wind will be higher in this level

and according to the wind analysis the

; the swimming pool and gym are

located in the third floor next to the

units because these facilities are

intended for the residents only.

Locating the swimming pool in the

third floor also beneficial for some

units to have view of the pool.

IV. 1. 3. Mass Transformation

Because of the main design

concept, which is to maximize the

wind flow in the building, the principle

to maximize the wind flow is adapted

from the book of Tropical Architecture

by Wolfgang Lauber, which state in

order to maximize the wind flow there

Figure 4-4 Distance required for

maximizing wind flos. Source: Lauber

has to be minimum distance between

one building and another, which is 2-

3x the building height.

In this form transformation the

building are assumed as the units of

the housing, so that every unit can get

adequate wind flow to obtain thermal

comfort. The units are determined

according to the size before arranging

the units. Then these units are arranged

Figure 4-3 programming diagram in the apartment

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in the 8x8 m grid in the site. This 8x8

m grid is based on consideration of the

parking size beneath the unit and the

unit size itself.

Figure 4-5 Process diagram of the massing

arrangement

After that, the layer above are

arranged in opposite direction, so that

it create a form like a square with

checkered hole. The masses in the

middle of these form are replaced by

the swimming pool.

Figure 4-6 Placing the swimming pool

This form will be developed

further which turned to be the final

form of the design.

IV. 1. 4. Circulation

Figure 4-7 Circulation between the mass

arrangement

After defining the mass of the

form, the circulation between the units

is formed. The circulation forms two

blocks of housing units. By defining

the circulation the point which the

vertical circulation and services such

as fire stairs, trash chute, circuit

breaker, can be defined.

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IV. 1. 5. Sky Verandah

Figure 4-8 Red color shows empty spaces

between the masses

Because of the mass

arrangement, which is maximizing the

wind, as a consequences there are

empty spaces existed between the

units. These empty spaces will be

function for the unit’s verandah

adapting the concept of Indonesian

traditional houses which has verandah

for socializing as well as migration

zone for the thermal comfort.

Migration zone is room/court which

the activities can take place in cooler

areas during warm periods and warmer

areas during cool period. (Dekay,

2014)

This concept of sky verandah

was applied in one of apartment in the

Singapore and had been researched

further the beneficial of the sky

verandah (Bay, 2006)

The veranda will encourage the

residents for gardening and increased

planting will lower the ambient

temperature.

Activities in the verandah can

influence the residents to know more

neighbors and have a higher sense of

community.

Figure 4-9 Different type of units with their verandah

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IV. 1. 6. Air & Light Well

The main problem of the mas is

that some area will be over shadowed

and the air movement inside the

building is facilitated horizontally

only. As explained by the diagram on

the right side, creating an air & light

well, the light can comes in and the air

movement inside the building will be

more facilitated. The figure of floor

plan below shows the location of the

air & light well in between the

apartment units.

Figure 4-10 Illustration of the lightwell

Figure 4-11 The green boxes show the location of the air & light well

16

IV.1. 7. Unit Transformation

Based on the form

transformation before, every unit is

detached from each other and each has

veranda and at least in every two units

there is a light & air well. The air

movement inside a building can works

better if there are fewer barriers

between the windward side and

leeward side. As a result, the rooms

arrangement inside the units are

designed for the wind to cross ventilate

especially in the east and west side

where the wind mostly come from.

In addition, the floor level on

every unit is raised in order to create

more privacy for the occupants, and

encourage occupant’s window opening

behavior. The occupants will be more

comfortable doing activities inside

because the floor level also create

more distance between public and

private space.

Figure 4-12 Internal Room Arrangement which maximize cross ventilation

Figure 4-13 Section diagram of raised floor level

17

IV. 1. 8. Opening System

The main issue in the urban

area while addressing apartment with

natural ventilation is the privacy and

security. To obtain opening but also

maintain privacy and security, the

opening system is designed differently

with the normal windows.

There are layers of opening to

facilitate the natural ventilation, which

the occupant can choose. The outer

layer is opening in the form of jalousie

or sun louvre, which is useful for

shading the entire opening from the

sun radiation and also the openings are

equipped with louvre allows the

occupants inside to view outdoor but

people outside are unable to see the

indoor. The second layer is the insect

net to prevent the insects such as

mosquito from coming in. The indoor

layer is the operable window that can

be opened and closed depends on the

occupants.

Figure 4-14 Scheme of the opening system

18

IV. 2. TECHNICAL

EXPLORATION

IV. 2.1 Water System

The scheme for the water

system starts from the city water

supply to the underground water tank

then goes to the pump house (in the

first floor) up to upper tank (next to the

structural core of fire stairs & lift) and

down to the units by the gravitational

system

IV. 2. 2. Swimming Pool System

The water in a swimming pool

needs to circulate through a filtering

system, to remove dirt and debris.

Because of this system requirements

there is a room called the swimming

pool plant in the second floor, located

right beneath the floor to accommodate

this needs.

Figure 4-15 The water distribution diagram system

Figure 4-16 The swimming pool system. Source :

howstuffworks.com

19

IV. 2. 3. Trash System

The trash system is collected via trash

chute, in every floor there are two trash

chute available. In the first floor the

trashes are collected in the dumpster

room, where it will be transported.

This trash chute is located next to the

fire stairs because the trash chute

should be fire resistant.

IV. 2. 4. Sewage System

The grey and black water from very

units is transported into the Sewage

Treatment Plant in the first floor

through shaft located next to the

column

Figure 4-17 Trash chute system and the locations

Figure 4-18 The Scheme for the sewage system

20

IV. 2. 5. Fire Protection System

The fire protection is divided

into two the fire protection system for

the outdoor and indoor. The indoor

system consists of fire stairs, sprinkler,

and fire extinguisher. The sprinkler is

only available in the first and second

floor.

The outdoor unit consist of

outdoor hydrant which is shown in the

layout diagram.

Figure 4-19 The Location of Fire Stairs and Fire Extinguishers

Figure 4-20 The Location of Outdoor Hydrant Units

21

IV. 2. 6. Electricity System

The electricity system in the

proposed designed object is based on

the the scheme explained in the figure

below. The main electricity supply

from the PLN, and then it goes to the

transformer and generator set (genset)

room in the first floor, and then the

electricity supply is distributed floor

by floor via the Circuit Breaker, lastly

each of the apartment unit is equipped

by the Fuse to control the electricity.

IV. 2. 7. Structural System

The structural system in the

designed object is 8x8 m grid with

concrete composite column and two

way waffle slabs. The module of 8x8

m is chosen based on two

considerations : the effective car

parking size and the units size.

Figure 4-22 The Scheme of

Electricity System and the

location

Figure 4-21 The Structure of Twi-way Waffle

Slabs

22

V. DESIGN RESULT

Figure 5-1 Layout Plan

23

Figure 5-2 Second Floor Plan

24

Figure 5-3 3rd Floor Plan

25

Figure 5-4 4th & 6th Typical Floor Plan

26

Figure 5-5 5th & 7th Typical Floor Plan

27

Figure 5-6 West and East Elevation

28

Figure 5-7 South & North Elevation

29

Figure 5-8 Wind Tunnel Apartment Section

30

Figure 5-9 One Bedroom Unit Plan Variation and Interior

31

Figure 5-10 Two Bedrooms Unit Interior

32

Figure 5-11 Two Bedrooms Unit Variation

33

Figure 5-12 Three Bedrooms Unit Variation

34

Figure 5-13 Section of unit; shows both accomodate airflow and privacy level

35

Figure 5-14 Perspective of the sky verandah and the corridor

36

Figure 5-15 Facilities in The Apartment

37

Figure 5-16 South Perspective of The Apartment

38

Figure 5-17 South West Perspective of the Apartment

39

VI. CONCLUSION

The challenges of designing naturally ventilated apartment in warm humid

tropical urban area are contradicts to each other. The reason for that is on one hand

naturally ventilated apartment means maximizing openings as much as possible, on

the other hand middle-upper income class people need high security and privacy.

Wind Tunnel Apartment overcome these design problems by maximizing the

airflow, and explore the design elements. As a result, apartment units in the Wind

Tunnel Apartment are detached from each other, creating chessboard-like pattern gap

in its apartment block design. The contradictory factors in designing this apartment

are solved by explore the design of the opening system. The window system in this

apartment can both accommodate the air flow and maintain the occupant privacy

because the opening is not see through from the outside. Raising the unit floor level

also separates the privacy level between the units and corridor. Creating gap between

public space and private space.

40

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Indonesia” Intercultural Understanding. 4, 17-25.

Bay, Joo-Hwa and Boon Lay Ong. Tropical Sustainable Architecture: Social and

Environmental Dimensions. 2006. Elsevier : Oxford.

Dekay, Mark and G. Z. Brown. Sun Wind & Light: Architectural Design Strategies.

2014. Wiley : Canada.

Hyde, Richard. Bioclimatic Design: Innovative Design for Warm Climates. 2008.

Earthscan : UK

Lauber, Wolfgang. Tropical Architecture. 2005. Prestel : Munich

Lechner, Nobert. Heating, Cooling, Lighting : Design Method for Architects. 2001.

Wiley : Canada.

Tzonis, Alexander, Liane Lefaivre and Bruno Stagno. Tropical Architecture : Critical

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