Waria Jargon

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The Study on Jargons and Words

Constructions Used by Waria malang

Joni SusantoLecturer of STIBA MALANG

Afit

Graduate of STIBA MALANG

Abstract: The researchers focus of study is Waria language

used by the members of IWAMA (Ikatan Waria Malang). In

Warias language, the researchers found many jargons which

common people do not know or understand in term of

meaning. In this thesis, the researchers presents two

problems, namely a). What kinds of jargons used by Waria

in Malang especially the members of IWAMA (Ikatan Waria

Malang)? b). How the jargons are constructed by Waria in

Malang especially the members of IWAMA (Ikatan Waria

Malang)?In conducting this study, the researchers applies descriptive

qualitative research. In the data collecting, they applied

some steps, namely: (1) going to some areas where the

Waria do an activity as an observation of location, (2)

attending the Warias events to commemorate the

HIV/AIDS day in Terminal Arjosari Malang, (3) followingWarias activities in Stasiun Kota Baru Malang at night, (4)

attending a demonstration which involves some Warias tocommemorate Anti Madat day in Alun Alun Balaikota

Malang, (5) conducting informal interview with informantsin some days, (6) conducting in dept interview with

secretaries of IWAMA (Ikatan Waria Malang) to getsignificant information as the researchers need, (7) recorded

it and making notes during their observation and interview,(8) crosschecking the data from in depth interview with

recorded and notes.

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Based on the finding and interpretation, the researchers drawconclusion that the jargons used by Waria in Malang are

borrowed from Indonesian, Javanese and English but they

change the form by adding prefixes or/and suffixes. The

meanings of those borrowing words also change. There is no

specific rule or pattern in creating the words of jargon. The

researcher suggests to the future researchers conduct a

sociolinguistics study on slang, code switching, code mixing

and others.

Key words :jargons, word construction, IWAMA(Ikatan Waria Malang)

INTRODUCTION

Language is an important thing in daily life. As

human being who live in society, people need language to

communicate with each other. Language plays an

important role to create relation among countries in theworld. People can express their feeling, opinions, ideas,

and emotion by using language. According to Sapir (in

Lyons 1921:8) states that language is a purely human

and non instinctive method of communicating ideas,

emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produce

symbols. In order to know and understand a language,

we should master that language well. Comrie (Encarta

2006) says that language is the principal means used by

human beings to communicate with one another and

primarily spoken, although it can be transferred to other

media, such as writing.

People need a means to communicate with other

people in society. It is called language. Language and

society have close relationship, but every society has their

own language. A society may not know or understand


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Susanto, The Study on Jargons and Words Constructions 238

other languages. The study of language in relation to

society is called sociolinguistics. Sociolinguistics is the

study of the effect of any and all aspects of society,

including cultural norms, expectations, and context, on

the way language is used, and the effects of language use

on society (Wikipedia).

Sociolinguistics is the study of patterns and

variations in language within a society or community. It

focuses on the way people use language to express socialclass, group status, gender, or ethnicity, and it looks at

how they make choices about the form of language they

use (Eastman and Longyear, Encarta 2006).

Sociolinguistics differs from sociology of language in that

the focus of sociolinguistics is the effect of the society on

the language, while the latter's focus is on the language's

effect on the society.

There are several languages used in Malang, such

as Indonesian, Javanese, Madurese and others languages.

But there is some language that is unknown by common

people but still spoken by some association or community

in Malang. There are several communities or groups in

Malang which have their own languages. They are

Aremania (Arema Football Club), IGAMA (Ikatan Gay

Malang), IWAMA (Ikatan Waria Malang) and others.

Fromkin and Rodman (1978: 282), jargon is

words used to describe the special terms of a professionalor trade group. Jargons vocabulary sometimes unknown

by outsiders and used by certain groups. Different groups

have different jargon. For example, Waria in Malang have

their own diction to communicate each other. It is a

language that unpopular to talk in common society but

used only by Waria in Malang. The language used by


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IWAMA is almost same with the language used by

IGAMA.

The object to do this research is Waria which are

the member of IWAMA (Ikatan Waria Malang)

surrounding at Stasiun Kota Baru Malang. The researcher

is interested to analyze the language used by Waria

because in general, Waria is a man who dressed and

behave like a woman, which has double personality,

sometimes man and sometimes a woman who speak inunique language and unknown by common people. We

also can say that Waria is a womans soul who is trapped

in the mans body. In this case, the researcher would like

to analyze words by focusing in sociolinguistics study

especially jargon and words constructions.

Waria creates the words from the combination of

Indonesian, Javanese, Madurese and also Malangese

language. Sometimes they create some words

spontaneously and it used by all Waria continuously.

They used Waria language in order to other people

doesnt know what they are talking about and they want

to have special identity in the society. Waria language is

non-formal language used by Waria in Malang like

language variety in different diction, phrase, abbreviation,

intonation, pronunciation, and grammar.

PROBLEMS OF THE STUDY

Based on the background of the study above about

the jargon words used by Waria in Malang especially the

members of IWAMA (Ikatan Waria Malang), the

researcher formulate the following problems of the study:


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1. What kinds of jargons used by Waria in

Malang especially the members of IWAMA

(Ikatan Waria Malang)?

2. How the jargons are constructed by Waria

in Malang especially the members of IWAMA

(Ikatan Waria Malang)?

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

Based on the problem of the study above, this

study is intended to:

1. describe the jargon used by Waria

in Malang especially the members of IWAMA

(Ikatan Waria Malang).

2. describe an understanding on the

jargon constructions used by Waria in Malang

especially the members of IWAMA (Ikatan Waria

Malang).

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This research is expected to be a beneficial

contribution for the researcher to increase her knowledge

and understanding about sociolinguistics study especially

jargon which is used by Waria in Malang. It also may

give advantages for student of STIBA Malang as areference to understanding about jargon used by IWAMA

(Ikatan Waria Malang). On the other hand, the researcher

expects that this research will give beneficial to develop

study about the same topic and hoping that it will give

some information to the readers who are interested in


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studying about jargon used by Waria in Malang

(IWAMA).

KEY TERMS

To avoid ambiguity and misunderstanding, the

researcher will describe some key terms existing in thisstudy.

1. Cant

Cant, sometimes defined as false or

insincere language, also (like argot) refers to the

jargon and slang used by thieves and beggars and

the underworld (Redmond,Encarta 2006).

2. Creoles

A pidgin comes to be adopted by a

community as its native tongue, and children learn

it as a first language, that language is called a

creole (Fromkin and Rodman, 1978: 270).

3. Colloquial

Colloquial is a linguistic phrase that is

characteristic of or only appropriate for casual,

ordinary, familiar, and/or informal written or

spoken conversation, rather than for formal

speech, standard writing, or paralinguistic(Wikipedia).

4. Jargon

Jargon (language) is vocabulary used by a

special group or occupational class, usually only

partially understood by outsiders. (Redmond,

Encarta 2006)


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5. Pidgin

Pidgin is a variety specially created for the

purpose of communicating with some other group,

and not used by any community for

communication among themselves (Hudson, 1981:

61).

6. Slang

Slang is one of those things (words) that

everybody can recognize and nobody can definewhat the word exactly is if one does not belong to

the community who uses the slang words (Robert,

1985: 51).

7. Sociolect

A sociolect or social dialect is a variety of

language (a dialect) associated with a social group

such as a socioeconomic class, an ethnic group, an

age group, etc (Wikipedia).

8. Speech Community

Speech community is all the people who

use a given language (or dialect) (Lyons, 1970:

326).

9. Waria/Transgender

Waria is a man who dresses and behaves

like a woman; he has double personality,

sometimes a man and sometimes a woman

(Wikipedia).

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Theoretical Review

1. Sociolinguistics


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Hudson (1987: 1), sociolinguistics as the study of

language in relation to society. It is similar to the meaning

of sociology of language that the study of society in

relation to the language. Sociolinguistics has become a

recognized part of most courses at university level on

linguistics or language, and is indeed one of the main

growth points in the study of language, from the point of

view of both teaching and research.

Sociolinguistics is the study of the effect of anyand all aspects of society, including cultural norms,

expectations, and context, on the way language is used,

and the effects of language use on society. It also studies

how language varieties differ between groups separated

by certain social variables, e.g., ethnicity, religion, status,

gender, level of education, age, etc., and how creation and

adherence to these rules is used to categorize individuals

in social or socioeconomic classes. As the usage of a

language varies from place to place (dialect), language

usage varies among social classes, and it is these

sociolects that sociolinguistics studies. (Wikipedia)

Downes (1984: 19) says that sociolinguistics is a

branch of linguistics which studies those properties of

language which require social explanation. The social

explanations are of two main types: first, they involve

large-scale social settings. Second, they involve small-

scale conversational settings.The conclusion of Wisniewski (in Finch 1998 and

Yule 1996), sociolinguistics is a quickly developing

branch of linguistics which investigates the individual and

social variation of language. Just as regional variation of

language can give a lot of information about the place the

speaker is from, social variation tells about the roles


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fulfilled by a given speaker within one community, or

country.

According to Wisniewski there are numerous

factors influencing the way people speak which are

investigated by sociolinguistics:

Social class: the position of the speaker in the

society, measured by the level of education,

parental background, profession and their

effect on syntax and lexis used by the speaker; Social context: the register of the language

used depending on changing situations, formal

language in formal meetings and informal

during meetings with friends for example;

Geographical origins: slight differences in

pronunciation between speakers that point at

the geographical region which the speakers

come from; Ethnicity: differences between the use of a

given language by its native speakers and

other ethnic groups;

Nationality: clearly visible in the case of the

English language: British English differs from

American English, or Canadian English;

Gender: differences in patterns of language use

between men and women, such as quantity ofspeech, intonation patterns;

Age: the influence of age of the speaker on the

use of vocabulary and grammar complexity.

The basic usage of language is as a means of

communication. An important factor influencing the way

of formulating sentences in communication is according


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to sociolinguists the social class of the speakers. Social

structure may influence or determine the linguistic

structure and behavior.

2. Language Varieties

Hudson (1981: 24) concludes that what makes

one variety of language different from another is the

linguistic items that it includes, so we may define avariety of language as a set of linguistic items with

similar social distribution. A variety may be much larger

than a lay language, including a number of different

languages.

Hudson also states (1981: 25) the defining

characteristic of each variety is the relevant relation to

society in other words, by whom, and when, the items

concerned are used.

Akmajian, et al (1981: 177) say no human

language can be said to be fixed, uniform, unvarying: all

language, as far as anyone knows, show internal variation

in that actual usage varies from speaker to speaker.

Languages constantly undergo changes, resulting

in the development of different varieties of the languages.

In sociolinguistics a variety, also called a lect, is a form of

a language used by speakers of that language (Wikipedia).

Language varieties different from standard language thatis taught in school, these are jargon, pidgin, creols, slang,

dialect and other. These varieties have their own

vocabulary, grammatical rules and the way to pronounce

words.

2.1. Bilingualism


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Bilingualism is mastery of two

languages. A person is bilingual if he or she

knows two languages; a document or

message is bilingual if it is presented in two

languages. Bilingual education is teaching

students in both their native language and the

primary language of the culture. (Encarta

2006)Base on Yule (1996: 185), in such

situation, bilingualism, at the individual

level, tends to be a feature of the minority

group. In this form of bilingualism, a

member of a minority group grows up in one

linguistic community, primarily speaking

one language such as Gaelic, but learns

another language, such as English, in order

to take part in the larger, dominant, linguistic

community.

People in many parts of the country

have mastered two or more languages. A

person may control one language better than

another, or a person might have mastered the

different languages better for different

purposes, using one language for speaking,

for example, and another for writing.

2.2. Speech Community

Hudson (1981: 25) states that the

term speech community is widely used by

sociolinguistics to refer to a community


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based on language, but linguistic community

is also used with the same meaning. If

speech communities can be delimited, then

they can be studied, and it may be

impossible to find interesting differences

between communities which correlate with

differences in their language.

Lyons as quoted by Hudson (1981:

25), speech community is all the peoplewho use a given language (or dialect).

According to Hockett as quoted by

Hudson (1981: 26), each language defines a

speech community: the whole set of people

who communicate with each other, either

directly or indirectly, via the common

language.

Gumperz as quoted by Hudson

(1981: 26), the speech community: any

human aggregate characterized by regular

and frequent interaction by means of a

shared body of verbal signs and set off from

similar aggregates by significant differences

in language use.

Hudson quoted from Bloomfield

(1981: 26) states that a speech community

is a group of people who interact by meansof speech.

Hudson quoted from Labov (1981:

27) says that the speech community is not

defined by any marked agreement in the use

of language elements, so much as by

participation in a set of shared norms, these


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norms may be observed in overt types of

evaluative behavior, and by the uniformity of

abstract patterns of variation which are

invariant in respect to particular levels of

usage.

Speech community is a concept in

sociolinguistics that describes a more or less

discrete group of people who use language in

a unique and mutually accepted way amongthemselves (Wikipedia).

Speech community is group with

shared language: a group that includes all the

speakers of a single language or dialect.

They may be widely dispersed

geographically (Encarta Dictionary Tools).

Speech communities can be members

of a profession with a specialized jargon,

distinct social groups like high school

students or hip hop fans, or even tight-knit

groups like families and friends. Members of

speech communities will often develop slang

or jargon to serve the group's special

purposes and priorities.

2.3. Diglossia

In linguistics, diglossia refers to the

use by a language community of two

languages or dialects: the first is the

community's present day vernacular; the

second may be an ancient version of the


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same language, or a distinct yet closely

related present day dialect (Wikipedia).

Downes quoted from Ferguson

(1984: 55) states that:

diglossia is a relatively stable language

situation in which, in addition to the primary

dialect of the language (which may include a

standard or regional standard), there is a very

divergent, highly codified (oftengrammatically more complex) superimposed

variety, the vehicle of a large and respected

body of literature (written) either of an

earlier period or in another speech

community, which is learned largely by

formal education and is used for most

written and formal spoken purposes but is

not used by any sector of the community for

ordinary conversation.

According to Fishman as quoted

from Hudson (1981: 55) also extends the

term diglossia to include any society in

which two or more varieties are used under

distinct circumstances.

Ferguson examines four defining

cases where diglossia obtains; there areSwitzerland, Haiti, Greece and Arab. In

German, speaking standard German is High

variety while Low variety is Swiss German.

In Haiti, the L is creoles and the H is French.

In Greek, classical Greek is L and Dhimotiki


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is H. in Arab, H is classical Arabic while the

L is colloquial Arabic (Hudson, 1981: 56).

Diglossia can be refers to a situation

where two different varieties of language co-

occurs throughout a speech community, each

with a distinct range of social function. In

diglossia there are High (H) or super

ordinate variety and Low (L) or colloquial

variety. High variety as used on formaloccasion and in education as his first

language, since Low variety at home as a

mother tongue.

2.4. Code Mixing and Code Switching

Code-mixing refers to the mixing of

two or more languages or language varieties

in speech (Wikipedia).

Code-switching is a linguistics term

denoting the concurrent use of more than one

language, or language variety, in

conversation. Multilingualism is people who

speak more than one language - sometimes

use elements of multiple languages in

conversing with each other. Thus, code-

switching is the syntactically andphonologically appropriate use of more than

one linguistic variety (Wikipedia).

Base on Hudson (1981: 62),

situational code switching is the situation

type will predict which variety a speaker will

employ. Whether a speaker situationally


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code switched or not further depends on the

orientation of value of the particular sub-

group of the community to which he

belongs.

While, metaphorical code switching

is the use of the variety alludes to the social

values it encodes, but is otherwise

inappropriate to the situation in which it is

uttered (Hudson 1981: 64).Code mixing may occur within

multilingual setting where speakers share

more than one language in a sentence.

Nearly all bilingual children produce

utterances that combine two or more

language in a speech. It happened because

children may have limited vocabulary, they

may know a word in one language but not in

another.

The term of code-switching

emphasizes a multilingual speaker's

movement from one grammatical system to

another. Speakers practice code-switching

when they are each fluent in both languages.

Code-switching is understood as the socially

and grammatically appropriate use of

multiple varieties.

2.5. Style

Fromkin and Rodman (1978: 271),

your language is spoken differently in

the different parts of the world; dialects are a


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common phenomenon. But you may not

aware that you speak two or more dialect

of your language. When you are out with

your friends, you talk one way; when you go

on a job interview, you talk differently.

These situations dialect are called style.

In Wikipedia, stylistics is the study of

varieties of language whose properties

position that language in context, and tries toestablish principles capable of accounting for

the particular choices made by individuals

and social groups in their use of language.

People change their language in

different situations. In formal

communication such as in a meeting, people

use standard language and informal

communication (talking with friends), people

use non standard language. Other features of

style include the use of dialogue, the

language of advertising, politics, religion,

individual authors, etc. In other words, they

all have place or are said to use a particular

'style'.

2.6. Slang

Fromkin and Rodman (1978: 282)

suggest, slang may not be used in formal

papers or situations, but is widely used in

speech. They also state that one linguist has

defined slang as one of those things that

everybody can recognize and nobody can


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define. The use of slang, or colloquial

language, introduces many new words into

the language, by recombining old words into

new meaning.

Redmond (in Encarta 2006) states

that slang is informal, nonstandard words

and phrases, generally shorter lived than the

expressions of ordinary colloquial speech,

and typically formed by creative. The specialin-group speech of young people and of

members of distinct ethnic groups is

generally called slang, especially when it is

understood by outsiders.

Slang word is kind of language

occurring chiefly in casual and playful

speech, made up typically of short-lived

coinages terms for added raciness, humor,

irreverence or other effect. (American

Heritage Talking Dictionary, 1997).

Slang is a kind of language occurring

chiefly in casual and playful speech, made

up typically of short lived coinages and

figures of speech that are deliberately used in

place of standard terms for added raciness,

humor, irreverence or other effect

(www.thefreedictionary.com/slang).Slang is highly informal language

that is outside of conventional or standard

usage and consists of both coined words and

phrases and of new or extended meanings

attached to established terms, slang develops

from the attempt to find fresh and vigorous,
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/slanghttp://www.thefreedictionary.com/slang


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colorful, pungent or humorous expression,

and generally either passes into disuse or

comes to have or more formal status

(Websters New World Dictionary).

Slang can called as informal or

nonstandard language that is used to

communicate by certain community in

certain situation such as in informal and

friendly conversation. The language they useis influenced by their profession,

community, age, hobby, social position, etc.

Slang often suggests that the person utilizing

the words or phrases is familiar with the

hearer group or subgroup and it can be

considered a distinguishing factor in group

identity. In order for an expression to

become slang, it must be widely accepted

and adopted by member of the subculture of

group. Slang has no society boundaries or

limitations as it can exist in all cultures and

classes of society as well as in all languages.

2.7. Jargon

Fromkin and Rodman (1978: 282),

jargon is words used to describe the specialterms of a professional or trade group.

Practically every conceivable science,

profession, trade, and occupation has its own

set of words, some of which are considered

to be slang and others technical,

depending on the status of the people using


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these in words. Such words are sometimes

called jargon or argot.

According to Fromkin and Rodman,

many jargon terms pass into the standard

language. Jargon spread from a narrow

group until it is used and understood by a

large segment of the population, similar to

slang. Eventually, it may lose its special

status as either jargon or slang and gainentrance into the respectable circle of formal

usage.

Jargon (language) is vocabulary used

by a special group or occupational class,

usually only partially understood by

outsiders. The special vocabularies of

medicine, law, banking, science and

technology, education, military affairs,

sports, and the entertainment world all fall

under the heading of jargon (Encarta2006).

Redmond (in Encarta 2006) also

explains that some writers reserve the term

jargon for technical language. In general,

however, slang is more casual and

acceptable to outsiders than jargon. Slang

and cant are more vivid than jargon, with a

greater turnover in vocabulary.Jargon is an indispensable means of

communication within its own sphere, but it

is criticized when used unnecessarily in

everyday contexts, or to impress, intimidate,

or confuse outsider (Encarta 2006).


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Jargon is terminology which is

especially defined in relationship to a

specific activity, profession, or group

(Wikipedia, free encyclopedia).

In the Contemporary English

Indonesian Dictionary, jargon adalah kata

atau ungkapan yang digunakan khusus untuk

bidang tertentu (Jargon is words or phrases

used by certain field).Jargon is the specialized vocabulary

and idioms of those in the same work,

profession, etc, as of sports writers or social

workers; as somewhat derogatory term, often

implying unintelligibility (Websters New

World Dictionary).

Jargon is technical language used and

developed by people who participate in a

special field, a group, profession / culture,

especially when the words and phrases are

not understood / used by other people. Every

occupation or specialized field has its own

vocabulary.

The term of jargon is applied chiefly

to the words and phrases that are used and

understood by people within a specific

profession or field of study but not by othersas in medical jargon, business jargon or

computer jargon. Examples of computer

jargon include the words RAM, bit, byte,

CPU, and hexadecimal.

2.8. Register


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The term register is widely used in

sociolinguistics to refer as varieties

according to use, in contact with dialects,

defined as varieties according to user

(Hudson, 1981: 48).

In Wikipedia, registers are associated

with particular situations, purposes, or levels

of formality. A register (sometimes called astyle) is a variety of language used in

particular social setting. In linguistics, a

register is a variety of a language used for a

particular purpose or in a particular social

setting.

According to Comrie (in Encarta

2006) in additional to language varieties

defined in terms of social groups, there are

language varieties called registers that are

defined by social situation. In a formal

situation, for example, a person might say,

You are requested to leave, whereas in an

informal situation the same person might

say, Get out! Register differences can

affect pronunciation, grammar, and

vocabulary.

The term of register was first used bythe linguist Thomas Bertram Reid in 1956,

and brought into general currency in the

1960s by a group of linguists who wanted to

distinguish between variations in language

according to the user (defined by variables

such as social background, geography, sex


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and age), and variations according to use, "in

the sense that each speaker has a range of

varieties and choices between them at

different times". Register as language

variation defined by use not user.

Halliday as quoted by Hudson (1981:

49), register distinguish three general types

of dimension: field is concerned with the

purpose and subject matter of thecommunication; mode refers to means by

which communication takes place notably,

by speech or writing; and tenordepends on

the relations between participants. Field

refers to why and what a communication

takes place, mode refers to how and tenor

refers to whom .

2.9. Pidgins and Creoles

Hudson (1981: 61) says that a

pidgin is a variety specially created for the

purpose of communicating with some other

group, and not used by any community for

communication among themselves.

Hudson states that a pidgin which

has acquired native speakers is called acreole language, or creoles, and the process

whereby a pidgin turns into a creole is called

creolisation.

Fromkin and Rodman (1978: 282)

say that the languages spoken by two or

more groups may be simplified lexically,


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phonology, and syntactically to become a

pidgin.

According to Fromkin and Rodman,

one distinguish characteristic of pidgin

languages is that no one learns them as

native speakers. When a pidgin comes to be

adopted by a community as its native tongue,

and children learn it as a first language, that

language is called a creole; the pidgin hasbecome creolized.

Comrie (in Encarta 2006) states that

a pidgin is an auxiliary language (a language

used for communication by groups that have

different native tongues) that develops when

people speaking different languages are

brought together and forced to develop a

common means of communication without

sufficient time to learn each other's native

languages properly.

A pidgin (pronounced / p dn/)language is a simplified language that

develops as a means of communication

between two or more groups that do not have

a language in common (Wikipedia).

A creole language, or simply a

creole, is a stable language that hasoriginated from a pidgin language that has

been nativized (that is, acquired by children)

(Wikipedia).

Creoles and pidgins develop as a

means of communication between members

of two mutually unintelligible language


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communities. Both creoles and pidgins have

simple grammatical structures and limited

vocabularies. Moreover, the rules of creole

grammar remain uniform from speaker to

speaker, whereas pidgin grammar varies

among speakers. Pidgin as a mean of

communications between different native

speakers. Creole is language that began as a

pidgin but has become the native language ofa community.

3. Process of Word Formation

Process of word formation is a process of word

formation in which a new word is coined by removing a

real or imagined affix from an existing word (Encarta

2006). Yule (1985: 51), you can very quickly

understand a new word in your language and cope with

the use of different forms of that new word. This ability

must derive in part from the fact that there is a lot of

regularity in the word formation processes in your

language. According to Yule, there are some words

formations:

3.1. Coinage

One of the least common processes

of word formation in English is coinage, that

is, the invention of totally new terms.

Familiar recent examples areKleenex, Nylon

and Xerox, which also began as invented


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261

trade names, and which have quickly

become everyday words in the language.

3.2. Borrowing

One of the most common sources of

new words in English is the process simply

labeled borrowing, that is, the taking over of

words from other language. Throughout itshistory, the English language has adopted a

vast number of loan words from other

languages, including alcohol (Arab), boss

(Dutch) etc. Others languages, of course,

borrow terms from English, as can be

observed in Japanese use of rajio (radio).

Yule also suggests that borrowing is the

taking over of words from other language.

Other statement from Fromkin and

Rodman states that borrowing as the

process by which one language or dialect

takes and incorporates some linguistics

element from another. Most language is

borrowed. Every language usually consists

of native words and nonnative words. And

finally it is called loan word, which is

borrowed from other language.A borrowing word or phrase is which

has been borrowed by one language from

another. A special type of borrowing is

described as loan translation. In this process,

there is a direct translation of the elements of

a word into the borrowing language.


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3.3. Compounding

In some of those examples we have

just considered, there is a joining of two or

more separate words to produce a single

form. This combining process, technically

known as compounding, is very common in

languages such as bookcase, fingerprint,waterfall, long-haired and wallpaper. As the

forgoing examples show, compounds may be

written as one word, as a hyphenated word,

or as two words.

3.4. Blending

This combining of two separate

forms to produce a single new term is also

present in the process called blending.

However, blending is typically accomplished

by taking only the beginning of one word

and joining it to the end of the other word.

Blending is the fusion of two words into one,

usually the first part of one word with the

past part of another, as in gasohol, from

gasoline and alcohol. Some other commonlyused examples of blending are brunch

(breakfast and lunch), motel (motor and

hotel) and smog (smoke and fog).

3.5. Clipping


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263

The element of reduction which is

noticeable in blending is even more apparent

in the process described as clipping. This

occurs when a word of more than one

syllable is reduced to a shorter form, often in

casual speech. Clipping means cutting off

the beginning or the end of a word, or both,

leaving a part to stand for the whole. For

examples: laboratory becomes lab,gymnastic becomes gym, examination

becomes exam, andinfluenza becomes flu.

3.6. Back Formation

A very specialized type of reduction

process is known as backformation.

Typically, a word of one type (usually a

noun) is reduced to form another word of a

different type (usually a verb). A good

example of backformation is the process

whereby the noun television first came into

use and then the verb televise was created

from it. Back formation is an active source

of new words today. Other examples are edit

(from editor), donate (from donation), opt

(from option).

3.7. Conversion

A change in the function of a word,

as for example, when a noun comes to be

used as a verb (without any reduction) is


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generally known as conversion. For example

is paper become papering, dirty become to

dirty, crazybecome a crazy.

3.8. Acronyms

Some new words are formed from

the initial letters of a set of other words.

Acronyms is the process whereby a word isformed from the initials or beginning

segments of a succession of words. These

acronyms often consist of capital letters, as

MP (military police or Member of

Parliament), UNESCO (United Nations

Educational, Scientific and Cultural

Organization), radar (radio detecting and

ranging).

3.9. Derivation

Derivation is the forming of new

words by combining derivational affixes or

bound bases with existing words. Derivation

is achieved by adding affixes; there are

prefix, suffix, and infix. In the preceding

group of words, it should be obvious thatsome affixes have to be added to the

beginning of a word, this is called prefixes.

Prefix is a linguistic element that is not an

independent word, but is attached to the

beginning of a word to modify its meaning.


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265

For example, "un-" is a prefix meaning "not"

(Encarta Dictionary 2006).

The other affix forms are added to

the end of the word is called suffixes. Suffix

is a letter or group of letters added at the end

of a word or word part to form another word,

e.g. "-ly" in "quickly" or "-ing" in "talking"

(Encarta Dictionary 2006).

There is a third type of affix, notnormally to be found in English, but fairly

common in some other languages. This is

called an infix and as the term suggests, it is

an affix which is incorporated inside another

word. Infix is inserting a linking element

into a word. In the word "acidophilus," the

letter "o" is an infix (Encarta Dictionary

2006).

There is some adding of the process of

word formations based on Norman:

3.10. Echoism

Echoism is the formation of words

whose sound suggests their meaning, like

hiss and peewee. The meaning is usually asound, either natural like the roar of a

waterfall or artificial like the clang of a bell.

But the meaning may also be the creature

that produces the sound, like bobwhite.

Examples: moan, click, murmur, quack,

thunder, whisper, lisp, chickadee, bobolink.


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In literary study its called onomatopoeia.

Echoism is a process by which the sound of

a vowel changes to imitate the sound of a

preceding vowel (inEncarta 2006).

3.11. Antonomasia

Antonomasia means the formation of

a common noun, a verb, or an adjective fromthe name of a person or place.

Antonomasia is the use of a proper

name as a common noun to refer to

somebody or something with associated

characteristics, e.g. when a strong young

man is called "a Hercules" (Encarta

Dictionary 2006).

3.12. Reduplication

Reduplication is the process of

forming a new word by doubling a

morpheme, usually with a change of vowel

or initial consonant, as in tiptop, pooh-pooh,

hanky-panky.

Reduplication is repeating a vowel,

syllable, or word in order to create a newlinguistic element or word such as "wishy-

washy" or "goody-goody" (Encarta

Dictionary 2006).

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY


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267

Type of Research

Material which will be analyzed is a language

used by Iwama (Ikatan Waria Malang) in various

activities. This study is intended to gain deep description

on jargon used by Waria in Malang. To analyze the data,

the researcher used descriptive qualitative research.

According to Ary, et al (2002:442), content or document

analysis is a research method applied to written or visual

materials for the purposes of identifying specifiedcharacteristics of the material. Content analysis focuses

on analyzing and interpreting recorded material within its

own context. Meanwhile, Ary, et al (2002: 422) say that

qualitative research is based on the argument that both the

natural and social sciences strive for testable and

confirmable theories that explain phenomena by showing

how they are derived from theoretical assumption.

Qualitative research is a method of inquiry

appropriate in many different academic disciplines,

traditionally in the social sciences, but also in market

research and further contexts (Wikipedia.com).

Data Source

The researcher took Waria especially the member

of IWAMA (Ikatan Waria Malang) as primary data source

since they speak unique language which common people

do not understand their utterance. Waria is a man whodresses, speaks, walks and behaves like a woman who has

double personality, sometimes man and sometimes a

woman who speak in unique language and unknown by

common people. We also can say that Waria is a womans

soul who is trapped in the mans body and they love man.


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The secretariat office is located in Jl. Selat Sunda

V/D6-14 Perumnas Sawojajar Malang. Period 2008

2010, the members of IWAMA is 60 persons. The

members of IWAMA are not only from Malang but also

from others area, such as Madura, Surabaya, Kediri, etc.

Waria language has different diction with common people

and unknown by others.

Data CollectingTo collect the data in this research, the researcher

do some observation. Ary et al (2002: 430) say that

observation is the most basic method for obtaining data

in qualitative research. The most common method of

recording the data collected during observation is filed

notes.

In order to get required data, the researcher

conducted the following steps. She observed the situation

whether it is possible or not to conduct a research. She

went to some areas where the Waria do an activity as an

observation of location. The researcher attended the

Warias event to commemorate the HIV/AIDS day in

Terminal Arjosari - Malang. They give out condom,

sticker and brochure to the driver and passengers in

Terminal Arjosari. And then she followed Warias

activities in Stasiun Kota Baru Malang at night. She did in

several times. Warias were searching men as customers tomaking love and collects the money from them. The

researcher was attending a demonstration which involves

some Warias to commemorate Anti Madat day in Alun

Alun Balaikota Malang. Warias help demonstrator to

distribute brochure to the people who pass by Alun-alun

Kota Malang. And the researcher met some Warias in


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269

informal situation such as in their boarding house and

food court, she also met in formal situation with them like

in a seminar with ODHA (Orang Dengan HIV/AIDS) in

Universitas Brawijaya. During her observation, she

recorded and making notes the jargon in the conversation

of Waria.

According to Ary et al (2002:434), interview is

used to gather data on subjects opinion, belief and

feelings about the situation in their own words. Interviewsprovide information that cannot be obtained through

observation. The researcher make informal interview

with informants in some days, the purpose is to know the

language they used in informal situation and to know the

meaning of the words contextually.

The researcher also makes in depth interview with

secretaries of IWAMA (Ikatan Waria Malang) to get

significant information as the researcher need. She asked

him to speak in Waria language and recorded it. She did

an in depth interview in order to crosscheck the data with

the recorded and notes from the observation and informal

interview.

Credibility and Dependability

Credibility of the data is related to validity, the

data should be answered of the problem statement.Validity in qualitative research concerns the accuracy or

truthfulness of the findings based on the research design,

participant and context (Ary, et al 2002:451). To check

the credibility of the data, the researcher checks it using

Triangulation technique. Triangulation is a technique to

check the accuracy and trustworthy of the data by


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crosscheck activity. So, for the quality of the data, the

researcher applies theoretical triangulation technique by

crosschecking the data based on theories of Hudson

(1981: 1), Fromkin and Rodman (1978:282), Ary, et al

(2002: 422), and Yule (1985: 51).

Dependability of the data is related to the

reliability of the data, it means that the data should be the

same as the data which are obtained from informants. To

make the data accurate and trustworthy, in this case theresearcher makes field note, extends the time in collecting

the data, cross checks, and compared the data with what

are written in studied material so that the data collecting is

trustworthy and yet it can be investigated further.

Data Analysis and Interpretation

After collecting the data, the researcher analyzed

and interpreted the data through several steps. First, she

listed the jargon words used by the members of IWAMA

(Ikatan Waria Malang). Second, she read the list of jargon

words. Next, she translated the jargons words into

standard Indonesian and English. And then, she analyzed

the jargon words, compare the data getting from

observation, informal interview, notes taking, and

recording. Next is classifying the words based on the

process of word formations. The last is draw conclusions.

FINDING AND INTERPRETATION

Data Description

In this chapter, the researcher would like to

discuss the problem by representing the result of data


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271

analysis. She discusses the kind of jargon and words

construction of Waria language.

We know that the Waria use different language

and special words to communication. Waria use different

language in order to common people does not know they

are talking about. Generally they change the language

according to the situation, condition and people the talk

to. The researcher has collected the raw data as below:

1. List of Warias Jargon.

Table 1.1 List of Warias Jargon.

No Waria Language Indonesian English

1 Akika Aku/Saya I

2 Apese Apa What

3 Aides AIDS AIDS

4 Adisi Ada To have

5 Baruna Baru NewNo Waria Language Indonesian English

6 Bengkulu Belum Yet

7 Brondong Remaja Laki-laki Boy

8 Bayangkara Bayar Pay

9 Bajangratu Baju Cloths

10 Belimbing Beli Buy

11 Bences Banci Homosexual

12 Blekes Belakang Back 13 Berenes Berani Brave

14 Belenjes Belanja Shopping

15 Baigon Baik Good

16 Bukes Buku Book

17 Bukrena Buka Open

18 Cucok Cocok/Bagus Beautiful


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19 Carma Cari Looking for

20 Candra Ganteng Handsome

21 Cap cus Cepat Fast/Quick

22 Cecong - cecong Cuci Wash

23 Centon Cinta Love

24 Centong Cantik Beautiful

25 Datrea Datang Come

26 Diclatu Dimaki maki To revile

27 Duta Duit/Uang Money28 Departemen Depan Front

29 Dompra Dompet Wallet

30 Dodong Donor Donor

31 Diamond Diam Silent

32 Ejes Saja Only

33 Eyes Ayu/Cantik Pretty

34 Ertong Artis Actress

35 Endul Enak Delicious36 Enjes Anjing Dog

37 Etong-etong Hati Hati Be Careful

38 Entrong Antar Accompany

39 Gelanggang Gelang Bangle

40 Gilingan Gila Crazy

41 Gedong Besar Big

42 Gebse Pukul Beat

43 Hepong Telepon genggam Hand phone44 Harem Buruk/Bangsat Bad gay


45 Hidangan Hidung Nose

46 Hijrah Hujan Rain

49 Ites Itu That

50 Ines Ini This


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51 Jelita Jelek Ugly

52 Jahaka Jahat Wicked

53 Jenges Jangan Do Not

54 Jeget Joget Dancer

55 Jali-jali Jalan - jalan Stroll

56 Jreng Oke Ok

57 Kendes Kondom Condom

58 Klewong Keluar Out

59 Keseyong Kasihan Pitiful60 Kenti Alat kelamin laki2 Penis

61 Kalangkang Kalung Necklace

62 Kesindang Kesini Come Here

63 Keces Kaca Mirror

64 Kelinci Kecil Small

65 Krembong Krimbat Cream bath

66 Kencana Kencing Urinate

67 Kursase Kurus Thin68 Lapangan Lapar Hungry

69 Lambreta Lama Long

70 Lesbong Lesbi Homosexual

71 Leres Lari Run

72 Lenterong Tentara Soldier

73 Lambada Lambat Slow

74 Lekong Laki laki Man

75 Lemse Lemari Cupboard76 Lenggesan Langganan Costumer

77 Mawar Suka Like

78 Maskara Masak Cook

79 Mursida Murah Cheap

80 Maharani Mahal Expensive

81 Majalengka Majalah Magazine


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82 Mlem Malam Night

83 Mengges Minggu Sunday

84 Metong Mati Dead

85 Merong2 Marah marah Angry


86 Meblong Mobil Car

87 Mbok Panggilan waria yg tua Old sister

88 Nduk Panggilan waria yg muda Young sister

89 Nepsong Nafsu Desire90 Nyenyes Nyanyi Singing

91 Nyebong Melacur Prostitute

92 Nolse Nulis Write

93 Nyepse Menyapu Sweep

94 Narita Narik Pull

95 Nyengnyong Mencuri Stole

96 Ngantang Ngantuk Sleepy

97 Ngejes Mengajak To invite98 Nenges Nangis Cry

99 Orbit Obat Medicine

10

0Odhes Odha People infected by HI

10

1Pecong Pacar Boyfriend or Girl

10

2Pendekar Pendek Short

10

3Pelecong Pelicin Lubricant

10

4Peges Pagi Morning

10

5Pakarena Pakai Use/Wear


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10

6Pyur Pergi Go

10

7Panadol Panas Hot

10

8Polonia Pulang Go home

10

9Polesong Polisi Police

110

Paramek Pantat rasa memek Bottom with vagina taste

11

1Ramayana Ramai Crowd

11

2Ramse Rampok Robber

11

3Rapse Rapat Meeting

114

Reyes Rayu Flattery

11

5Rexona Rokok Cigarette

11

6Rungkit Rumah House

11

7Sakina Sakit Sick/Ill

118 Sepidol Sepeda Motorcycle

11

9Serong Sering Often

12

0Sparta Sepatu Shoes

12

1Santikan Suntik Injection


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12

2Somse Sombong Arrogant

12

3Sense Sendok Spoon

12

4Semse Semir Shoe polish


12

5 Sepor Sepi Quiet/Silent12

6Sander Sandal Sandal

12

7Sisat 100 ribu One hundred tho

12

8Salonpas/Seles Salon Beauty salon

12

9

Sipet Mani Sperm

13

0Sipa Laku Saleable

13

1Tasbe Tas Bag

13

2Takara Takut Afraid

13

3

Temong Tamu Guest

13

4Tinta Tidak No

13

5Titi DJ Hati hati di jalan Careful on your

13

6Titi kamal Hati hati kalau malam Please careful at

13 Tinurindang Tidur Sleep


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7

13

8Tingse Tinggi Tall

13

9Tenges Tangan Hand

14

0Tengse Kalender Calendar

14

1 Torsina Tutup Close14

2Tempong Sodomia Sodomy

14

3Tetengges Tetangga Neighbor

14

4Tempika Vagina Vagina

14

5

Teksong Taksi Taxi

14

6Tubang Tua Old

14

7Titi puspa Tidak puas Not satisfied

14

8Unta laut Hutang Debt

14

9

Weker Wig Wig

15

0Warior Waria Man

15

1Warse Warung Small shop

15

2Volse Volly Volley ball


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2. Word Formation in Warias Jargon

2.1. Coinage Words

1) Baigon

Meaning : Kind (Baik)

2) Reksona

Meaning : Cigarette (Rokok)

3) Panadol

Meaning : Hot (Panas)

These words are including coinage

word but already exist now. These are the

names of product. Waria use it to express

their feeling and change the meaning of

words, such as baigon. It is the mark of the

mosquito poison and Waria change the

meaning into baik.

2.2. Borrowing Words

2.2.1 Javanese Borrowing Words

1) Brondong

Meaning : Young man

(Remaja laki-laki)

2) Candra

Meaning : Handsome

(Ganteng)

3) DiclatuMeaning : To revile

(Dimaki-maki)

4) Gedong

Meaning : Big (Besar)

5) Mbok


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Meaning : old sister. They use

it to call the older

Waria in their

community. (Kakak)

6) Nduk

Meaning : young sister. They

use it to call theyounger Waria in

their community.

(Adik)

7) Sipet

Meaning : Sperm

(Sperma)

8) Sepor

Meaning : No people

or guest (Sepi)

9) Tempong

Meaning : Sodomy

(Sodomi)

From the list above, the

researcher concludes that some of

Waria language is borrowing from

Javanese. They use Javanese words butthey change the meaning of the words.

For example brondong, in Javanese it

means grains of corn fried, but Waria

change the meaning into young man.

2.2.2 Indonesian Borrowing Words


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1) Bayangkara

Meaning : Pay

(Bayar)

2) Bajangratu

Meaning : Cloths

(Baju)

3) Belimbing

Meaning : Buy (Beli)

4) Bengkulu

Meaning : Yet

(Belum)

5) Duta

Meaning : Money

(Duit/Uang)

6) Departemen

Meaning : Front

(Depan)

7) Gilingan

Meaning : Crazy

(Gila)

8) Hidangan

Meaning : Nose

(Hidung)

9) Hijrah

Meaning : Rain(Hujan)

10) Jelita

Meaning : Ugly

(Jelek)

11) Karaoke


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281

Meaning : Having sex

with the mouth (Oral)

12) Kelinci

Meaning : Small

(Kecil)

13) Kencana

Meaning : Date

(Kencan)

14) LapanganMeaning : Hungry

(Lapar)

15) Maskara

Meaning : Cook

(Masak)

16) Majalengka

Meaning : Magazine

(Majalah)

17) Mawar

Meaning : Suka (Like)

18) Maharani

Meaning : Expensive

(Mahal)

19) Pendekar

Meaning : Short

(Pendek)

20) PoloniaMeaning : Go home

(Pulang)

21) Ramayana

Meaning : Noisy

(Ramai)

22) Serong


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Meaning : Often

(Sering)

23)Spidol

Meaning : Motorcycle

(Sepeda motor)

24) Titi Puspa

Meaning : Not

satisfied (Tidak puas)

25)TintaMeaning : No (Tidak)

26)Weker

Meaning : Wig

(Rambut palsu)

Waria language also borrows

from Indonesian language, but they

change the meaning of the words. Like

the word belimbing, it means star

fruit but change the meaning into

buy.

2.2.3 English Borrowing Words

1) Diamond

Meaning : Keep Silent

(Diam)

2) EyesMeaning : Beautiful

(Ayu)

3) Warrior

Meaning :

Transgender (Waria)


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Waria language not only

borrowing from Indonesian and

Javanenes, but also borrows from

English. Waria use some English word

in their communication but they

change the meaning of words.

2.3. Blending Words

1) ParamekMeaning : bottom with vagina taste

(Pantat rasa memek)

Word form : Pa + ra + mekPantat

rasa memek

2) Somse

Meaning : Very arrogant or conceited(Sombong Sekali)

Word form : Som + SeSombong

Sekali

3) Titi DiJe

Meaning : Please careful on the way

(Hati hati di jalan)

Word form : Ti + ti + di + jeHati

hati dijalan

4) Titi Kamal

Meaning : Please careful at night

(Hati hati kalau malam)

Word form : Ti + ti + ka + malHati

hati kalau malam


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Waria blend some words from names

of people and products, such as titi kamal

and paramek. They also change the lexical

meaning of those words.

2.4. Derivation

2.4.1 Suffixes

1) Berenes

Meaning : Brave(Berani)

Word form : be + re +

nes

2) Belekes

Meaning : Back

(Belakang)

Word form : be + le +

kes

3) Belenjes

Meaning : Shopping

(Belanja)

Word form : be + len +

jes

4) Bences

Meaning :Homosexual (Banci)

Word form : ben + ces

5) Bukes

Meaning : Book

(Buku)

Word form : bu + kes


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6) Celenes

Meaning : Trouser

(Celana)

Word form : ce + le +

nes

7) Ites

Meaning : That (Itu)

Word form :I + tes

8) InesMeaning : This (Ini)

Word form :I + nes

9) Jenges

Meaning : Dont

(Jangan)

Word form :Jeng + es

10) Kendes

Meaning : Condom

(Kondom)

Word form : ken + des

11) Keces

Meaning : Mirror

(Kaca)

Word form : ke + ces

12) Leres

Meaning : Run (Lari)

Word form : le + res13) Mengges

Meaning : Sunday

(Minggu)

Word form : meng + ges

14) Metes


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Meaning : Eyes

(Mata)

Word form : me + tes

15)Meyes

Meaning : Making

love (Main)

Word form : me + yes

16) Nyenyes

Meaning : Singing(Nyanyi)

Word form : nye +nyes

17) Ngejes

Meaning : To invite

(ngajak)

Word form : nge + jes

18) Nenges

Meaning : Cry

(Nangis)

Word form : neng + es

19)Odhes

Meaning : People

infected by

HIV/AIDS

(ODHA)

Word form : odh + es

20)PegesMeaning : Morning

(Pagi)

Word form :pe + ges

21)Reyes


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Meaning : Flattery

(Rayu)

Word form : re + yes

22) Seles

Meaning : Beauty

salon (Salon)

Word form :se + les

23) Tenges

Meaning : Hand(Tangan)

Word form : teng + es

24) Tetengges

Meaning : Neighbor

(Tetangga)

Word form : te + teng +

es

From the list above, the

researcher concludes that some of

Indonesian words use by Waria in

Malang changes the vowel. The vowel

a, u, o, and ichange become e

and the end of word is replace with

es.

2.4.2 Suffix se

1) ApeseMeaning : What (Apa)

Word form : a + pe + se

2) Homse

Meaning :

Homosexual (Homo)

Word form : hom + se


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3) Lemse

Meaning : Cupboard

(Lemari)

Word form : lem + se

4) Nolse

Meaning : Write

(Nulis)

Word form : nol + se

5) NyepseMeaning : Sweep (

Nyapu)

Word form : nyep + se

6) Ramse

Meaning : Robber

(Rampok)

Word form : ram + se

7) Rapse

Meaning : Meeting

(Rapat)

Word form : rap + se

8) Sense

Meaning : Spoon

(Sendok)

Word form :sen + se

9) Semse

Meaning : Shoepolishes (Semir)

Word form :sem + se

10) Tinges

Meaning : Tall

(Tinggi)

Word form : ting + se


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11) Tengse

Meaning : Calendar

(Kalender/Tanggalan)

Word form : teng + se

12) Voles

Meaning : Volley ball

(Volly)

Word form : vol + se

13) WarseMeaning : Shop

(Warung)

Word form : war + se

These are the list of Indonesian

words using by Waria in Malang and

change in some part. The vowel a

becomes e and vowel u becomes

o, but this pattern only use in certain

words. In the end of word is change

into se. Mostly, words with vowel a

not change into e, such as warse

from word warungmeans shop.

2.4.3 Suffix ong

1) Centong

Meaning : Beautiful(Cantik)

Word form : cen + tong

2) Dodong

Meaning : Donor

(Donor)

Word form : do + dong


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3) Gretong

Meaning : Free

(Gratis)

Word form :gre + tong

4) Hepong

Meaning : Hand

phone (Telepon genggam)

Word form : he + pong

5) HemongMeaning : Male

homosexual/Gay (Homo)

Word form : he + mong

6) Kelewong

Meaning : Out

(Keluar)

Word form : ke + le +

wong

7) Keseyong

Meaning : Pitiful

(Kasihan)

Word form : ke + se +

yong

8) Krembong

Meaning : Cream bath

(Krimbat)

Word form : krem +bong

9) Lekong

Meaning : Man (Laki

laki)

Word form : le + kong

10) Lesbong


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Meaning : Female

homosexual (Lesbian)

Word form : les + bong

11) Meblong

Meaning : Car (Mobil)

Word form : me + blong

12) Mekong

Meaning : Eat

(Makan)Word form : me + kong

13) Metong

Meaning : Dead

(Mati)

Word form : me + tong

14) Nepsong

Meaning : Desire

(Nafsu)

Word form : nep + song

15) Panjengjong

Meaning : Long

(Panjang)

Word form :pan +jeng

+ jong

16) Pecong

Meaning :

Boyfriend/girlfriend (Pacar)Word form :pe + cong

17) Pelecong

Meaning : Lubricant

(Pelicin)

Word form :pe + le +

cong


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18) Polesong

Meaning : Police

(Polisi)

Word form :po + le +

song

19)Pewong

Meaning : Woman

(Perempuan)

Word form :pe + wong20)Temong

Meaning : Guest

(Tamu)

Word form : te + mong

21) Teksong

Meaning : Taxi

(Taksi)

Word form : tek + song

Waria change some of

Indonesian words into their language

with adding by ong in the end of

word. Mostly, the vowel (a, o and

i) changes into eand adding by

ongin the end of word.

2.4.4 Suffix ang1) Endang

Meaning : Delicious

(Enak)

Word form : en + dang

2) Inang

Meaning : This (Ini)


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Word form : i + nang

3) Kalangkang

Meaning : Necklace

(Kalung)

Word form : ka + lang

+ kang

4) Kesindang

Meaning : Come here

(Kesini)Word form : ke + sin +

dang

5) Ngantang

Meaning : Sleepy

(Ngantuk)

Word form : ngan +

tang

6) Gelanggang

Meaning : Bangle

(Gelang)

Word form :ge + lang

+ gang

7) Tubang

Meaning : Old (Tua)

Word form : tu + bang

Besides adding by ong, some

Waria words which is borrowing from

Indonesian also adding by ang. The

vowel uchange into a.


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2.4.5 Suffix -naand -rena

1) Baruna

Meaning : New (Baru)

Word form : ba + ru +

na

2) Bukrena

Meaning : Open

(Buka)

Word form : bu + kre +na

3) Pakarena

Meaning : Wear/Use

(Pakai)

Word form :pa + ka +

re + na

4) Sakina

Meaning : Sick (Sakit)

Word form :sa + ki +

na

Waria borrows from other

language and change it the construction

and meaning of the words. In the end

of these words are replace with -naor

-rena. The words adding by -na or

-rena

2.4.6 Prefix e- and suffixes / -ong

1) Ejes

Meaning : Only (Saja)

Word form : e + jes

2) Enjes


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295

Meaning : Dog

(Anjing)

Word form : en + jes

3) Ertong

Meaning : Actress

(Artis)

Word form :Er + tong

4) Entrong

Meaning : Accompany(Antar)

Word form :Er + tong

Vowel ain the beginning of

the word change into e, while -ing

in the end of the word change into -es

and -isand -archange into -ong.

2.4.7 Infix eor -a-

1) Aides

Meaning : AIDS

Word form : aid + e + s

2) Melem

Meaning : Night

(Malam)

Word form : me + lem

3) Jeget

Meaning : Dance(Joget)

Word form :je + get

4) Santikan

Meaning : Injection

(Suntikan)


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Word form :san + ti +

kan

From the list above, some

words used by Waria are infixing by

e. a and o in the middle of these

words are change into e, while u

becomes a.

2.5. Echoism

1) Meong

Meaning : Making love

(Main)

Word meong is sound of cat using

by Waria in their language means making

love.

2.6. Reduplication

1) Cap cus

Meaning : Fast/quick (Cepat)

2) Cecong cecong

Meaning : Wash (Cuci cuci)

3) Jali jali

Meaning : Stroll (Jalan

jalan)4) Merong merong

Meaning : Angry (Marah

marah)

5) Nyengnyong

Meaning : Steal

(Mencuri/Nyuri)


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6) Cumi cumi

Meaning : Kissing (Ciuman)

7) Cipta cipta

Meaning : Kissing (Cium

pipi)

From the list above the researcher

conclude that the reduplication word not

only repeated word but also repeated vowelor consonant of the word.

2.7. Irregular words

1) Akika

Meaning : I (Saya)

2) Adisi

Meaning : Exist (Ada)

3) Cucok

Meaning : Suitable (Cocok)

4) Carma

Meaning : Search (Cari)

5) Centon

Meaning : Love (Cinta)

6) Datrea

Meaning : Come (Datang)

7) Dompra

Meaning : Wallet (Dompet)8) Endul

Meaning : Delicious (Enak)

9) Gebse

Meaning : Beat (Pukul)

10)Harem


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Meaning : Rascal

(Buruk/bangsat)

11) Jahaka

Meaning : Wicked (Jahat)

12) Jreng

Meaning : Ok (Oke)

13)Kenti

Meaning : Penis (Alat

kelamin laki laki)14) Kursase

Meaning : Thin (Kurus)

15) Lambreta

Meaning : Long duration

(Lama)

16) Lenterong

Meaning : Soldier (Tentara)

17) Lambada

Meaning : Slow (Lambat)

18) Lenggesan

Meaning : Customer

(Pelanggan)

19) Mursida

Meaning : Cheap (Murah)

20) Ngesong

Meaning : Having sex with

mouth (Oral)21) Nyebong

Meaning : Prostitute

(Melacur)

22) Narita

Meaning : Pull (Tarik)

23)Orbit


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299

Meaning : Medicine (Obat)

24)Pyur

Meaning : Go (Pergi)

25) Rungkit

Meaning : House (Rumah)

26) Sparta

Meaning : Shoes (Sepatu)

27) Sander

Meaning : Sandal (Sandal)28)Sepong

Meaning : Having sex with

mouth (Oral)

29)Sicel

Meaning : Trouser (Celana)

30)Sisat

Meaning : One hundred

thousand (Seratus ribu)

31)Sipa

Meaning : Saleable (Laku)

32)Tasbe

Meaning : Bag (Tas)

33) Takara

Meaning : Afraid (Takut)

34) Tinurindang

Meaning : Sleep (Tidur)

35) TempikaMeaning : Vagina (Vagina)

36) Torsina

Meaning : Close (Tutup)

37) Unta laut

Meaning : Debt (Hutang)


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These words are irregular word used

by Waria in Malang. Actually they have no

pattern to create a word. They just create it

spontaneously, unique and unknown by

common people.

2.8. Synonym Words in Waria Language

1) Celenes synonym with Sicel means

Trouser (Celana)

2) Inang synonym with Ines means This(Ini)

3) Karaoke synonym with Ngesong and

Sepong means Having sex with mouth

(Oral)

4) Luna synonym with Luner means

Hooker (Pelacur)

5) Meyes synonym with Meong means

Making love (Main)

6) Pewong synonym with Pewi means

Woman (Perempuan)

7) Rambo synonym with Rambutan means

Hair (Rambut)

8) Tempra synonym with Tempong means

Sodomy (Sodomi)

9) Gretong synonym with Geretan means

Free (Gratis)

10)Makasar synonym with Mekong meansEat (Makan)

11)Menina synonym with Mabar means

Drink (Minum)

12)Metong synonym with Mataram means

Dead (Mati)


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301

13)Endang synonym with Endul means

Delicious (Enak)

14)Matador synonym with Metes means

Eyes (Mata)

15) Cumi-cumi synonym with cipta - cipta

means Kissing (Ciuman)

16)Peres synonym with Rumpi means Lie

(Bohong)

17)Hemong synonym with Homse meansHomosexual (Homo)

18)Panjengjong synonym with Pancasila

means Long (Panjang)

The list of these words has same

meaning in different word. Waria have no

pattern or rule to create a word.

2.9. The Use of Warias Jargon in Sentences

1. Lekong ines mawar mbek akika

Laki-laki ini suka sama saya

This gay likes me.

2. Adese ape ye datrea kesindang

Ada apa kamu datang kesini

Why you come here?

3. Pewong inang disangkakne luna

Perempuan ini disangka pelacurHe thinks this girl is a hooker

4. Akika takara polesong

Saya takut polisi

I am afraid of police

5. Jenges pyur ye

Jangan pergi kamu


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Dont go!

6. Pewi ines rambone pancasila

Wanita ini rambutnya panjang

This woman has long hair

7. Ye organda jahara sekeles

Kamu orangnya jahat sekali

You are very wicked

8. Akike centon semes ye

Saya cinta sama kamuI love you

9. Ye sutra tinta centon akike

Kamu sudah tidak cinta saya

You dont love me

10. Akike tinta mawar semes ye

Saya tidak suka sama kamu

I dont like you

11. Akike tinta titik puspa semes ines

Saya tidak puas sama dia

I am not satisfied with him

12. Kawanua pakarena weker

Kamu memakai wig

You are wearing a wig

13. Akike lapangan bo, ayo makasar

Saya lapar, mari makan.

Im hungry, lets eat

14. Akike belimbing hepong barunaSaya beli handphone baru

I bought new hand phone

15. Akike tinta penyes unta laut

Saya tidak punya hutang

I have no debt

16. Ye mawar polonia? Titi dije ya


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Kamu mau pulang? Hati-hati dijalan ya

Do you want to go home? Take care.

17. Ines ekes mawar polonia

Dia mau pulang sekarang

He will go home now

18. Pecongan candra sekeles, si ol

dimandeng?

Pacarmu cakep sekali, dapat dimana?

Your boyfriend is very handsome, whereyou got him?

A. Result of Analysis

From the data description above, the researcher

conclude that Waria jargon have no certain pattern in

create words. Some of Waria jargon in Malang is

borrowing from Indonesian, Javanese and also English

but they change the meaning of those words. In Waria

jargon also has coinage word which already exists, such

as the name of product. Blending words from the name of

people and mark of medicine in Indonesian also used by

Waria in daily communication. For example, titi kamal

means hati hati kalau malam (please take care on

night).

Warias jargon is formed by suffix: -es, -se, -

ong, -ang, -na or rena. These suffixes sometime

replace the end of the words. For example, bukescomefrom bukumeans book. The vowel a, u, o, and i

change become e, theexample, pagibecomes peges

means morning. The vowel u change into a, the

example is kalangkangfrom the word kalungmeaning

necklace. In infixes, aand oin the middle of words are

change into e, while ubecomes a, such as melem


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from malammeans night and santikan from the word

suntikanmeans injection.

There are also some echoism, reduplication and

synonym words. Many irregular words used by Waria in

Malang. But there is no antonomasia, compounding

words, clipping words, acronyms, conversion, and back

formation found in Warias jargon.

Unfortunately, the jargon of Waria in Malang

especially the community of IWAMA (Ikatan WariaMalang) cannot be stated that the jargon has a fix pattern.

It is happened because the process of creting the jargons

words are spontaneously and naturally without any

formulas.

B. Finding Interpretation

The finding of this discussion enriches the

comprehension toward Warias jargon used by the

member of IWAMA (Ikatan Waria Malang). Based on the

data description and the result of study above the

researcher finally interprets that Warias jargon is

borrowed from Indonesian, Javanese, and English words.

The words that are taken from other language are change

to fit into the language of the borrower. The changes from

original form to the loaned form are through that is

popularly called borrowing word adoption process. The

borrowing words are commonly changes the originalmeaning.

The previous study enhances the knowledge

concerning with Gays slang in Gajayana Sport Hall

Malang about the contextual and social meaning, indeed,

this research enhances the knowledge about particular

terms used by Waria in Malang.


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In conclusion, the research support the theories

that are applied or used, because the study uses the

theories to interpret the data and this study also accept

what previous study found.

CONCLUSION

The researcher concludes that every language

variety has its own characteristic. Waria also has their

own language which is different, unique and unknown bycommon people. There are many kind of jargon used by

Waria in Malang and some the process of word formation.

The conclusions of this study are:

1. Warias jargons are borrowing from

Indonesian, Javanese and English word but they

change the meaning of the words.

a. Mbok

Meaning : old sister. They use it to call the

older Waria in their community.

(Kakak)

b. Nduk

Meaning : young sister. They use it to call

the younger Waria in their

community. (Adik)

c. Mawar

Meaning : Suka (Like)

d. TintaMeaning : No (Tidak)

e. Diamond

Meaning : Silent (Diam)

2. Some of Warias jargons constructed

with ended by suffix es, -se, ong, -ang, -na, and

rena. The suffixes are replacing the end of the


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words and change the original meaning of the

words. The example are belenjes, warse,

kelewong, kesindang, baruna and

pakarena.

3. The vowel a, u, o, and ichange

become e, the vowel uchange into a. Some

example of this changing are jenges, keces,

kendes, ites and kalangkang.

4. The most jargons used by Waria inMalang are irregular words. There is no rule or

pattern in creating the words.

5. Waria communicate use Warias jargon

with the same community of them. They use

Indonesian also Javanese when they communicate

with common people.

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Budiansyah, Muhammad Arief. 2003.A Semantic Study

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Waria Jargon

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