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national Journal of Advanced Engineering TechnologyN 0976-3945arch Article

FORMANCE ANALYSIS OF CI ENGINE USING JATROPHAOIL AND THEIR ESTERS

Prakash1, S.P.Pandey2 , S.Chatterji3Address for Correspondence

esearch Scholar, Uttarakhand Technical University, Dehradun Uttarakhand Indiafessor, MED, Kumaon Engineering College, Dwarahat Almora (Uttrakhand), India

3 Professor, EED, NITTTR Chandigarh, IndiaEmail: [email protected]

RACTpaper deals with the experimental work carried out for the performance analysis of Compression Ignition (C I) enginealternative fuel/ vegetable oils from renewable oil, seed can be use when mixed with diesel fuels. Pure vegetable oils

ver cannot be used in direct-injection diesel engines, such as those regularly used in standard engines. There are more thanil bearing crops identified among which only sunflower, soybean, cottonseed, rapeseed and peanut oils are considered astial alternative fuels for diesel engines. The major problem associated with the use of pure vegetable oils as fuels for dieseles are caused by high fuel viscosity in compression ignition engine. These problems can be minimized by the process ofesterification. In this study experimental investigation have been carried out to examine the performance parameters in termsake Specific Fuel Consumption(BSFC) and Brake Thermal Efficiency ( BTE) for different engine load from 1.8 kg to 6.6 kgifferent blending ratios like B0,B25,B50,B75,B100 of soya oil and their esters . Result indicated that B25 have closerrmance to diesel oil and B100 had lower performance mainly due to high viscosity compared to diesel. However its diesels showed reasonable lower smoke CO, and HC.

WORDS Alternative Fuels, BSFC, Soya oil, soya oil blends,Performance,CI EngineTRODUCTIONmajor part of all energy consumed worldwidees from fossil sources (petroleum, coal andral gas). However these sources are limited ande exhausted by the near future. Thus looking fornative sources of new and renewable energy such

dro, bio-mass, wind, solar, geothermal,ogen and nuclear is of vital importance.native new and renewable fuels have thential to solve many of the current social problemsconcerns, from air pollution and global warmingher environmental improvements andinability issues [1]. Vegetable oils have becomeattractive because of its environmental benefits

he fact that it is made from renewable resources.table oils are a renewable and potentially

haustible source of energy with an energeticent close to diesel fuel. The vegetable oil fuelsnot acceptable because they were morensive than petroleum fuels. However, withnt increase in petroleum prices and uncertainties

erning petroleum availability, there is renewedest in vegetable oil fuels for diesel engine [2].uels are generally considered as offering manyerties, including sustainability, reduction ofnhouse gas emission regional development,l structure and agriculture, security of supplyn developed countries there is growing trendsrds employing modern technology and efficientnergy conversion using a range of bio-fuels,h are becoming cost wise competitive with fossil[4]. Conversion of the vegetable oils and animalnto bio-diesel has been undergoing furtherlopment over the past several years [5-10]. Bio-l represents an alternative to petroleum-basedl fuels and it is a mixture of mono-alkyl esters of

acids, most often obtained from extracted plantnd/or collected animal fats. Commonly acceptedesel raw materials include the oils from soya,a, corn, rapeseed and palm. New plant oils thatnder consideration include mustard seed, peanut,ower and cottonseed. The most commonlydered animal fats include those derived fromry, beaf and pork [11].gy is an essential factor for economic growth;ver from oversea effect the countries hasred the expenses in terms of US$ for importingleum and its products, this can be avoided. Afterrises of Worlds oil in balance oil in 1971, everytry have tried to find a new energy that cance petroleum diesel by using their district energy

ally Bio fuels. The Worlds economy to a muchnt the burning of fossil fuel. Fossil fuelvalent to some 180 million barrels of oil is being


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national Journal of Advanced Engineering TechnologyN 0976-3945

nature took about one million years tomulate as fossil deposits. The world at present isonted with the twin crises viz (i) fuel depletionii) environment degradation. Indiscriminatection and lavish consumption of fossil fuel haveto the reduction in underground carbonurces. The search for alternative fuels whichises a harmonious correlation with sustainablelopment, energy conservation, managementency and environment preservation, has becomey pronounced and need of the world. For theloping countries of the world like India, fuels of

rigin can provide a feasible solution of thes. The fuels of bio-origin may be alcohol,table oil, biomass and biogas. Some of thesecan be used directly while others need to be

ulated to bring the relevant properties close toentional fuels.The power used in theultural and transportation sector is essentiallyd on diesel fuels and it is therefore, essential thatnatives to diesel fuels be developed urgently.getable oils and their derivatives used as analternative fuels

use of vegetable oils directly in CI engine isciated with problem due to its high viscosityut 11-17 times higher than diesel fuel) and lowsity; they do not burn completely and form

sits in the fuel injector of diesel engine [2]. Thisem is to be minimized by the transesterification

ess.ansesterificationormation of methyl esters by transesterificationgetable oil requires raw oil, 15% of methyl andsodium hydroxide on mass basis. However,esterification is an equilibrium reaction in whichss alcohol is required to derive the reaction withcohol in presence of a catalyst to produce methyls. Glycerol was produced as a by-product ofesterification reaction.distinct layers form after gravity settling for 24The upper layer was of ester and lower was ofrol. The lower layer was separated out. The

rated ester was mixed with some warm waternd 10% volume of ester) to remove the catalyst

ent in ester and allowed to settle under gravity forher 24 hrs. The catalyst got dissolved in water,h was separated and removed the moisture. Theyl ester was then blended with mineral diesel inus concentrations for preparing biodiesel blendsused in CI engine for conducting various engine[12, 13, 14].perimental Setup

present study was carried out to investigate thermance characteristics of soya oil and theirs in a constant speed, single cylinder, and foure, naturally aspirated, water cooled, directtion diesel engine of 3.75kW rating Kirlosker

chosen for doing the experimental work. Theled specifications of the engine are given below

ble1:e.1. Specification of engine

TypeeTypee

d powerpression ratiodisplacement

med speedng devicenjection timingker engineecylinder,Direction water cooledm


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re R1, R2 and R3 are long chain hydrocarbons.mixture was stirred continuously and thened to settle under gravity in a separating funnel.easure the brake power hydraulic dynamometeremployed. Neptune make exhaust gas analyzerused to measure the concentration of emissionsrbon mono-oxide and hydrocarbons. A smoker of Netel make was employed to measure the

ke density of exhaust gas emitted from the dieselne. Temperature gauge was used to measure theerature of the exhaust gases. Experimental setupas sshown in fig.1.

engine and the fuel were modified to obtainmum performance of the C.I. engine by using

table oil and its blend with diesel. Thefication ensures the operation of the enginey for long-term. Two fuel tanks were installedholds the vegetable oil and its blends with diesel/Vol.II/ Issue II/April-June, 2011/186-191


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he other tank holds the diesel oil. The C.I.ne has been modified as duel fuel engine. Theystem was modified by adding an additionaland a three way, hand operated, two-positiontional control valve, which allowed rapidhing between the vegetable oil blend and thel fuel. Fuel was fed to the injector pump underty and the volumetric flow rate was measured byse of 10cc graduated burette and a stopwatch.peed was measured by tachometer. The engine

started on the diesel tank and runs on diesel forrst few minutes. While the vegetable oil was

ed to lower the viscosity which has providedne durability improvements. Exhaust gases wereas heat source. When the fuel reaches thered temperature the engine is switched over toecond tank and runs on the blended fuel. Thene was switched back to diesel before stoppingngine and fuel system purged of vegetable oile switching off, so that there is no cold veg-oil

o coke-up the injector next time when the enginerted. Starting and stopping the engine withl oil while running with vegetable oil eliminatesclogging. Injector was optimized for vegetablewell as fuel heating to have adequate

acteristics of fuel jet, which has provided thepenetration and dispersion of fuel droplets.

dic cleaning of nozzle tip has helped to ensureuate spray characteristics.Scematic Diagram of theexperimental setup/Vol.II/ Issue II/April-June, 2011/186-191


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sting of the engine using blends of Jatropha with diesel

use of vegetable oils as an alternative substituteystem, designed to run on diesel fuel willubtedly impose problems. Vegetable oil has anon quality equivalent to diesel fuel and their

bustion characteristics are much the same, but viscosity is too high for the modern fuel pumps.

er viscosity results in incomplete atomization ofvegetable oil fuel, which in turn prevents

plete combustion of large fuel droplets, resultingrbon deposits. Fuel modification may, however,

ove the viscosity of vegetable oil fuel. Thetable oils used as the fuel were soybean oil, Riceoil and Jatropha Curcas oil. Three blends ofvegetable oil were obtained by mixing diesel

soybean oil, Rice Bran oil and Jatropha oil in thewing proportion by volume.% Vegetable Oil (B100)Vegetable Oil + 25% Diesel (B75)Vegetable Oil + 50% Diesel (B50)Vegetable Oil + 75% Diesel (B25)

% Diesel (B0)servations

engine was run using blended fuel and minerall and experiments were carried out. Properties of

pha oil and their blending with diesel oil is

n in following table 2, Which is used for testinggine performance and various performances can be obtained during test runs of the engine,

data tabulated in table form in table 3(a) andWith the help of observation obtained in above3(a) and 3(b) plots were drawn for BSFC andor different engine load and various mixings as shown in Fig.2(a), and Fig.2(b)e.2. Properties jatropha oil, diesel oil andded fuelerties/BRic Gravity

e.(3b). BTE (%) for different blend ratio anddifferent engine load (kg)

kg)BR

(a) BSFC for different blending ratio with


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9

87

76

64fic(kJ/Kg)

e. (3a). BSFC (kg/kwH) for different blendand different engine load (kg)kg)/BR

90944

83059

02

85

21906

74298

(b) BTE for different blending ratio with thevariation of engine load

er engine was run using blended fuel andral diesel and experiments were carried out.erties of jatropha oil esters(after esterification)heir blending with mineral diesel oil is shown in

wing table 4, Which is used for testing of enginermance and various performance datas can bened during test runs of the engine, and dataated in table form in table 5(a) and 5(b)/Vol.II/ Issue II/April-June, 2011/186-191


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e 4 Properties for jatropha oil Ester, diesel oil and blended fuel (BSO)erties/BRfic Gravityfic value(kJ/Kg)

0

50

0

50

755

0

e: 5(a) BSFC (kg/kHz) for different blend ratio and different engine load (kg)kg) /BR

90944

75931

82127

89462

8182

699

5

e.5 (b) BTE (%) for different blend ratio and different engine load (kg)kg) /BR


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the help of observation obtained in above tableand 5(b) plots were drawn for BSFC and BTEfferent engine load and various mixing ratios asn in following Fig.3(a), and Fig.3(b)-

3(a) BSFC for different blending ratio withthe variation of engine load

3(b) BTE for different blending ratio with thevariation of engine load

SULT AND DISCUSSIONesult in table 2 shows that pure biodiesel frompha oil has a specific gravity 0.9186 is greaterthat of mineral diesel oil of specific gravity

5 means specific gravity of blended fuel is to beases . In case of calorific value is to be decreases blending percentage is to be increases. The4 shows same pattern also follow when

pha oil ester blended with mineral diesel oilrding specific properties and calorific value.at minimum load (1.8 kg) for mineral diesel is

d to be 0.4589 kg/kwh and 0.5577 kg/kwh forjatropha oil used as biodiesel. For minerall when engine load is to be increases BSFC is to

ecreases. BSFC of jatropha methyl ester is found

optimum for blending ratio of 20% (B20) ofesel. BTE for jatropha oil and jatropha oil esterbe optimum for blending ratio of 20% and 25%odiesel is very close to the performance of diesel

ONCLUSIONrmance Analysis of Compression Ignition

ne using alternative fuels as jatropha oil andester after esterification has successfully

pared and the responses observed were basicfic fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency.e responses obtained from the vegetable oils andends were compared to the diesel fuel. Different/Vol.II/ Issue II/April-June, 2011/186-191


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International Journal of Advanced Engineering TechnologyE-ISSN 0976-3945comparative graph is obtained and successfullycompared and author will suggest for replacement ofthe conventional fuel i.e. diesel by appropriatealternative fuels.REFERENCES1.

[1] Mac Leana HL, Laveb L B. Evaluatingautomatic fuel/propulsion system technologies.Progress of energy combustion Science 2003; 29;1-69.[2] Demirabs A. Biodiesel fuels from vegetableoils via catalytic and non-catalytic supercriticalalcohol transesterification and other methods: asurvey energy conversion management 2003;44:2093-2109.[3] Reijnders L. Conditions for the sustainabilityof biomass based fuel use. Energy policy 2006;34:863-76.[4] Puhan S Vedaraman N, Rambrahaman BV,Nagarajan G. Mahua ( Mahua indica ) seed oil; asource of renewable energy in india. J Sci. IndRes 2005; 64:890-96.

[5] Hass M J, Mc Aloon A J Yee WC, Foglia TA.A process model to estimate biodiesel productioncosts. Bioresearch Technology 2006; 97: 671-78.[6] Prakash C B. A critical review of biodiesel astransportation fuel in Canada. A technical report.Canada:GCSI-Globalchangestrategiesinternational Inc; 1998.[7] Demirabas A. Diesel fuel from vegetable oilvia transesterification and soap pyrolysis. Energysources 2002; 24:835-41.[8] Meher LC, sagar DV, Naik SN. Technicalaspectsofbiodieselproductionbytransesterification a review renewablesustainable energy rev 2006; 10; 248-68.[9] Madras G. Kolluru C Kumar R. synthesis ofbiodiesel in supercritical fluids. Fuel 2004; 83:2029-33.

[10] Aliy, Hanna MA Cuppett SL. Fuelproperties of tallow and soybean oil esters.JAOCS 1995;72:1557-64.[11] Usta N, Ozturk E, Can O, Cankur ES, Nas S,Can AH, et al. Combustion of biodiesel fuelproduced from hazelnul soapstock/wastesunflower oil mixture in a diesel engine. Energyconversion management 2005; 46:741-55.[12] D. Agrawal, L.Kumar, A.K.Agrawal , Performance evaluation of vegetable oil fuelledCI engine . Renewable Energy,accepted 29thjune 2007.[13] M.A. Fangrui, M.A. hanna, BiodieselProduction:Areview, Biosource Technology,vol.70,1999, 1-15.[14] A.K. Agrawal, L.M. Das, Biodiesel

development and characterization for use as afuel in CI Engine, Journal of Engineering, Gas15.16.2.17.3.4.18.5.6.19.


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7.20.8.9.Turbine and power( ASME), vol.123,2000, 440-47.Pryor, R.W., Hanna, M.A., Schinstock, J.L.,Bashtord, L.L. Soybean oil fuel in small diesel

engine, Transaction on American Society ofAgricultural Engineers, Vol. 26, pp.333-338,July1982.Siti Zullaikah, Chao-Chin Lai, Shaik RamjanVali, Yi-Hsu Ju A two-step acid-catalyzedprocess for the production of Bio-Diesel fromrice bran oil , Department of ChemicalEngineering, National Taiwan University ofScience and Technology, 43 Sec.4, KeelungRoad, Taipei 106-07, Taiwan, 29 January 2005.Chanoknun Sookkumnerd, Nobutaka Ito, KojiKito Financial viabilities of husk-fueled steamengines as an energy-saving technology in Thairice mills , Department of EnvironmentalScienceandTechnology,FacultyofBioresources, Mie University, 1515, Kamihama-cho, Tsu 514-8507O.M.I. Nwafor & G. Rice Performance ofRapeseed Oil Blends in a Diesel Engine,Department of Engineering, University ofReading, Whiteknights, Box 225, Reading, UK,RG6 2AY, 22 January, 2006A.S. Ramadhas, S. Jayaraj, C. MuraleedharanTheoretical modeling and experimental studieson biodiesel-fueled engine, Department ofMechanical Engineering, National Institute ofTechnology Calicut, Calicut 673 601, India. 10september, 2005.G. Nafaji, B.. Ghobadian, T. Yusuf,Hadi Rahimi Combustion Analysis of a CI EnginePerformance using waste cooking Biodiesel fuelwith an Artificial Neural Network Aid ,American Journal of Applied Sciences, Vol.4, pp.

756-764, October 2007.10.11.12.13.14.IJAET/Vol.II/ Issue II/April-June, 2011/186-191


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RESUME

Karya ini membincangkan kerja percobaan yang dilakukan untuk analisis kinerja

kompresi mesin (C saya) mesin menggunakan bahan bakar alternatif / minyak nabati dari

terbarukan minyak, benih dapat digunakan bila dicampur dengan bahan bakar diesel. Murni

minyak nabati namun tidak dapat digunakan pada mesin diesel direct injection, seperti yang

secara teratur digunakan dalam standar mesin. Ada yang lebih dari 350 minyak bantalan tanaman

diidentifikasi antara sunflower yang satunya, kedelai, biji kapas, Brassica napus dan minyak

kacang dianggap sebagai potensi bahan bakar alternatif untuk mesin diesel. Masalah utama yang

terkait dengan penggunaan minyak nabati murni sebagai bahan bakar untuk mesin diesel

disebabkan oleh bahan bakar tinggi viskositas di kompresi penyalaan mesin. Masalah ini dapat

diminimalkan oleh proses transesterifikasi. Dalam studi ini eksperimental investigasi telah

dilakukan untuk memeriksa kinerja parameter rem spesifik bahan bakar Consumption(BSFC)

dan efisiensi termal rem (BTE) untuk mesin berbeda yang memuat 1.8 kg 6,6 kg dan rasio

pencampuran yang berbeda seperti B0, B25, B50, B75, B100 minyak kedelai dan Ester mereka.

Hasilnya mengindikasikan bahwa B25 memiliki kinerja yang lebih dekat ke minyak diesel dan

B100 memiliki kinerja lebih rendah terutama karena viskositas tinggi dibandingkan dengan

diesel. Namun diesel yang memadukan menunjukkan wajar CO asap yang lebih rendah, dan HC.

Bagian utama dari semua energi yang dikonsumsi di seluruh dunia berasal dari sumber-

sumber fosil (minyak bumi, batubara dan gas alam). Namun sumber-sumber terbatas dan akan

habis oleh masa depan. Jadi mencari alternatif sumber energi terbarukan dan baru seperti hidro,

bio-massa, angin, solar, panas bumi, hidrogen dan nuklir adalah sangat penting. Alternatif bahan

bakar baru dan terbarukan memiliki potensi untuk memecahkan banyak masalah sosial saat inidan keprihatinan, dari polusi udara dan pemanasan lain perbaikan lingkungan dan masalah

keberlanjutan global.Minyak nabati telah menjadi lebih menarik karena manfaat lingkungan dan

fakta bahwa itu adalah terbuat dari sumber daya terbarukan. Minyak nabati yang terbarukan dan

berpotensi habis-habisnya sumber energi dengan konten yang energik dekat dengan bahan bakar

diesel. Bahan bakar nabati yang tidak dapat diterima karena mereka lebih mahal daripada bahan

bakar minyak bumi. Namun, dengan hari kenaikan harga minyak bumi dan ketidakpastian


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mengenai ketersediaan perminyakan, ada minat dalam bahan bakar minyak sayur untuk mesin

diesel baru. Bio-bahan bakar umumnya dianggap sebagai menawarkan banyak properti,

termasuk keberlanjutan, pengurangan gas rumah kaca emisi pembangunan daerah, struktur sosial

dan pertanian, keamanan pasokan. Penggunaan minyak sayur langsung di mesin CI dikaitkan

dengan masalah karena viskositas tinggi (sekitar 11 - 17 kali lebih tinggi daripada bahan bakar

diesel) dan viskositas rendah; mereka tidak benar-benar membakar dan membentuk deposito diinjeksi bahan bakar mesin diesel [2]. Masalah ini akan diminimalkan dengan proses

transesterifikasi.

Pembentukan Ester metil oleh transesterifikasi dari minyak sayur memerlukan minyak

mentah, 15% dari metil dan 5% natrium hidroksida secara massal. Namun, transesterifikasi

adalah reaksi kesetimbangan di mana alkohol berlebih diperlukan untuk menurunkan reaksi

dengan alkohol dalam kehadiran sebuah katalis untuk menghasilkan metil ester. Gliserol

diproduksi sebagai produk samping reaksi transesterifikasi.

Penggunaan minyak nabati sebagai pengganti alternatif dalam sistem, dirancang untuk

dijalankan pada bahan bakar diesel tidak diragukan lagi akan memaksakan masalah. Minyak

sayur memiliki kualitas pengapian setara dengan bahan bakar diesel dan karakteristik

pembakaran mereka sama, tetapi tidak viskositas terlalu tinggi untuk pompa bahan bakar

modern. Viskositas tinggi hasil lengkap atomisasi bahan bakar minyak sayur rapi, yang pada

gilirannya mencegah pembakaran bahan bakar besar tetesan, mengakibatkan endapan karbon.

Bahan bakar modifikasi mungkin, namun, meningkatkan viskositas bahan bakar minyak sayur.

Minyak nabati yang digunakan sebagai bahan bakar adalah minyak kedelai, minyak dedak beras

dan minyak jarak pagar. Tiga campuran minyak sayur setiap diperoleh dengan mencampurkan

diesel dan minyak kedelai, minyak dedak beras dan Jatropha minyak dalam proporsi berikut

dengan volume.

100% Vegetable Oil (B100)75% Vegetable Oil + 25% Diesel (B75)50% Vegetable Oil + 50% Diesel (B50)25% Vegetable Oil + 75% Diesel (B25)100% Diesel (B0)

Hasil dalam tabel 2 menunjukkan bahwa biodiesel yang murni dari minyak jatropha memiliki

gravitasi spesifik 0.9186 lebih besar dari bahwa minyak mineral diesel gravitasi spesifik 0.835

berarti gravitasi spesifik bahan bakar dicampur menjadi meningkat. Dalam hal nilai kalori adalah

akan menurun ketika pencampuran persentase adalah menjadi meningkat. Tabel 4 menunjukkan

pola sama juga mengikuti ketika ester minyak jatropha dicampur dengan mineral diesel minyak

mengenai properti tertentu dan nilai kalori. BSFC pada minimum memuat (1.8 kg) untuk mineral

diesel ditemukan 0.4589 kg/kwh dan 0.5577 kg/kwh untuk minyak jatropha murni yang

digunakan sebagai biodiesel. Untuk diesel mineral ketika mesin beban menjadi meningkat BSFC

adalah menjadi berkurang. BSFC dari jatropha metil ester ditemukan optimal untuk rasio

campuran 20% (B20) biodiesel. BTE untuk minyak jatropha dan ester minyak jatropha adalah


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optimal untuk memadukan rasio 20% dan 25% biodiesel adalah sangat dekat dengan kinerja

minyak diesel.

Kinerja analisis dari kompresi penyalaan mesin menggunakan bahan bakar alternatif sebagai

minyak jatropha dan ester mereka setelah esterifikasi telah berhasil dibandingkan dan tanggapan

yang diamati adalah konsumsi bahan bakar dasar tertentu, efisiensi termal rem. Respons inidiperoleh dari minyak nabati dan campuran yang telah dibandingkan dengan bahan bakar diesel.

Berbeda grafik perbandingan diperoleh dan berhasil dibandingkan dan penulis akan

menyarankan untuk menggganti bahan bakar konvensional yaitu diesel oleh bahan bakar

alternatif yang sesuai.

TUGAS TEKNOLOGI BIOENERGI

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TUGAS TEKNOLOGI BIOENERGI 3

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