GNIJNA NEMODBA OIGER NANIALEK SUSAK IDUTS

KINILK ID IFARGOIDAR ISATERPRETNI IULALEM IAMAD GNOPRES IMUB NAD GNAMEK STEVYM NAWEH

OWOBIW YDA

NAWEH NARETKODEK SATLUKAF NI S ROGOB NAINATREP TUTIT

ROGOB 0102

S IANEGNEM NAATAYNREP NAD ISPIRK REBMUSISAMROFNI

susaK idutS ispirks awhab nakataynem ayas ini nagneD nanialeK oigeR

retnI iulaleM gnijnA nemodbA steVyM naweH kinilK id ifargoidaR isaterpiamaD gnopreS imuB nad gnameK isimok irad nahara nagned ayas ayrak halada

nad gnibmibmep iggnit naurugrep adapek nup apa kutneb malad nakujaid mulebd gnay ayrak irad pitukid uata lasareb gnay isamrofni rebmuS .nup anam i naktibret

nad sket malad naktubesid halet nial silunep irad naktibretid kadit nupuamigab id akatsuP ratfaD malad nakmutnacid ini ispirks rihka na .

0102 rebmetpeS 7 ,rogoB

owobiW ydA 41516040B MIN

TCARTSBA

.OWOBIW YDA lanimodbA s’goD fo noitaterpretnI cihpargoidaR ydutS esaCiamaD gnopreS imuB dna gnameK cinilC laminA steVyM ni redrosiD . rednU

a ANAIVON INED fo noitcerid .BANEAZ ITIS dn

a ehT ezylana ot saw yduts siht fo mi nemodba ni esaesid dna ytilamronba cihpargoidar yb enod saw yduts ehT .noitaterpretni cihpargoidar yb god fo noiger steVyM morf nekat saw taht drocer lacidem htiw demrifnoc dna noitaterpretni

ilC laminA .iamaD gnopreS imuB dna gnameK cin I yb enod saw noitaterpretn ,noitacol ,rebmun ,epahs ,ezis fo segnahc htiw sngis negtneoR cisab fo neves

dna ,yticapo ,noitanigram noitcnuf nagro fo noitaretla . I saw tluser noitaterpretnhcihw nagro metsys eerht yb depuorg dna ,yraniru ,lanitsetniortsag era

ti derapmoc dna noissucsid rehtruf rof nekat erew sesac eniN .metsys noitcudorperra metsys lanitsetniortsag ni dnuof erew taht seitilamronbA .erutaretil htiw e

ina spalorp htiw noitapitsnoc olb dna ,ydob ngierof cirtsag , seitilamronbA .gnita dna ,eruliaf laner ,arhteru ni sisaihtiloru era metsys yraniru ni dnuof erew taht noitcudorper ni dnuof erew taht seitilamronbA .sisaihtiloru htiw ylagemorhpen

.artemoyp dna ,noitacifimmum ,silatef aicotsyd era metsys

idar : sdrowyeK yraniru ,metsys lanitsetniortsag ,god ,noitaterpretni cihpargometsys noitcudorper ,metsys

0102 nuhat ,BPI kilim atpiC kaH © gnadnU ignudnilid atpiC kaH - gnadnU

nakmutnacnem apnat ini silut ayrak hurules uata naigabes pitugnem gnaraliD ,nakididnep nagnitnepek kutnu aynah napitugneP .aynrebmus naktubeynem uata uata ,kitirk nasilunep ,naropal nanusuynep ,haimli ayrak nasilunep ,naitilenep nagnitnepek nakigurem kadit tubesret napitugnep nad ;halasam utaus nauajnit

BPI rajaw gnay em gnaraliD silut ayraK hurules uata naigabes kaynabrepmem nad nakmumugn

BPI nizi apnat nup apa kutneb malad

GNIJNA NEMODBA OIGER NANIALEK SUSAK IDUTS KINILK ID IFARGOIDAR ISATERPRETNI IULALEM

IAMAD GNOPRES IMUB NAD GNAMEK STEVYM NAWEH

OWOBIW YDA

ispirkS raleg helorepmem kutnu tarays utas halas iagabes

adap naweH naretkodeK anajraS naweH naretkodeK satlukaF rogoB nainatreP tutitsnI

NAWEH NARETKODEK SATLUKAF NI S ROGOB NAINATREP TUTIT

ROGOB 0102

ispirkS luduJ susaK idutS : nanialeK eR iulaleM gnijnA nemodbA oig kinilK id ifargoidaR isaterpretnI nad gnameK steVyM naweH

iamaD gnopreS imuB amaN owobiW ydA :

MIN 41516040B :

iujutesiD

D.hP ,anaivoN ineD .hrD baneaZ itiS .hrD

I gnibmibmeP I gnibmibmeP I

iuhatekiD

iniromusuK ititsaN .arD .rD naweH naretkodeK satlukaF nakeD likaW

: suluL laggnaT

ATAKARP

hallA adapek naktajnap silunep rukuys nad ijuP ala’aT aw uhanahbuS sata

ainurak alages - kiaselesid lisahreb ini silut ayrak aggnihes ayN gnay ameT .na

halai ini 0102 teraM nalub kajes nakanaskalid gnay naitilenep malad hilipid

susaK idutS luduj nagned ifargoidar isaterpretni nanialeK gnijnA nemodbA oigeR

kinilK id ifargoidaR isaterpretnI iulaleM imuB nad gnameK steVyM naweH

iamaD gnopreS .

P gnay gnajnap nanalajrep haubes nakapurem ini ispirks nanusuynep sesor

,ini natapmesek adaP .kahip iagabreb nautnab nad nagnukud irad sapel kadit

rasebes gnay hisak amiret nakpacugnem siluneP - :adapek aynraseb

1. les baneaZ itiS .hrD nad D.hP ,anaivoN ineD .hrD gnibmibmep uka

aynnarabasek nad ,kitirk ,naras ,tahisan ,nalipmaretek ,umli sata ispirks

.silunep gnibmibmem malad

2. ranimes malad ialinep nesod iagabes D.hP ,SM ,irasnaluW onteR .hrD

.ini nasilut nakiabrep kutnu nakusam aumes sata

3. .T nayaW I .hrD .rD .forP SM ,nidurhaF .M .hrD .rD nad SM ,nawabiW

kutnu kiab gnay nakusam nakirebmem halet gnay ijugnep nesod iagabes

.silunep naujamek

4. isavitom sata kimedaka gnibmibmep ukales D.hP ,SM ,airuiT asiR .hrD

.silunep kimedaka nataigek malad nagnibmib nad

5. riT ,ubI ,hayA ,nagnukud ,aod sata gnadaD kel nad ,inasT araiT ,ruyiT ,a

.silunep adapek nakirebid gnay tagnames nad ,rudnum nagnutih

6. nad gnameK steVyM kinilk id sidemarap nad naweh retkod huruleS

.iamaD gnopreS imuB

7. oloidaR nad hadeB naigab fats nad naweh retkod huruleS .ig

8. nakeR - kabm nad ,onteR het ,irtiF inU ,aniraM ,riI( naitilenepes naker

.ini naitilenep amales naamasrebek nad ,tagnames ,amasajrek sata )ytteT

9. amas gnay suipalucs34 agrauleK - S gnaujreb amas - .BPI HKF id 1

.taafnamreb ini haimli ayrak agomeS

tpeS 7 ,rogoB 0102 rebme

owobiW ydA

PUDIH TAYAWIR

,rataN oylumograM id nakrihalid ,owobiW ydA pakgnel amanreb siluneP

amatrep kana nakapurem siluneP .8891 sutsugA 5 laggnat adap nataleS gnupmaL

amanreb gnay ubI nad gnataT amanreb gnay hayA irad araduasreb agit irad

S .itratu

adap nad nataleS gnupmaL rataN 1 iregeN AMS sulul silunep 6002 nuhaT

kusaM iskeleS nagnadnU rulaj iulalem BPI kusam iskeles sulul amas gnay nuhat

.naweH naretkodeK satlukaF ,naweH naretkodeK royam hilimem siluneP .BPI

itsnI awsisaham idajnem amaleS MEB id fitka silunep ,rogoB nainatreP tut

naarethajeseK nad laisoS nemetrapeD fats iagabes lanogaxeH tenibaK BPT

lanretskE isimoK siraterkes iagabes BPI HKF MPD ,7002/6002 nuhat awsisahaM

02/7002 nuhat isutitsnoK PB fats iagabes BPI MK MPM ,8002/7002 nuhat ,80

awsisahaM natakI ,8002/7002 nuhat atoggna iagabes bulC hsilgnE yranireteV

nuhat atoggna iagabes BPI HKF )IHAKAMI( aisenodnI naweH naretkodeK

,9002/7002 nuhat sihoR auteK iagabes suipalucseA 34 natakgna salek ,9002/7002

animuR iseforP nad taniM nanupmiH ,0102/7002 nuhat atoggna iagabes aisn

7002 nuhat atoggna iagabes lhaN nA alahsuM agrauleK naweD - HKF MPD ,0102

silunep ,uti gnipmasiD .9002/8002 nuhat auteK iagabes renoisuloveR naweD BPI

upmaL awsisahaM agrauleK hareaD awsisahaM isasinagrO malad fitka aguj gn

,8002/7002 nuhat nakididneP nad nainahoreK nemetrapeD auteK iagabes

.9002/7002 nuhat surugneP iagabes husA kakaK margorP supmak raul isasinagrO

APP awsisaeb ,7002/6002 nuhat BPI MDS2P awsisaeb naktapadnem siluneP

nuhat MBB awsisaeb nad ,8002/7002 nuhat .9002/8002

iiiv

ISI RATFAD

namalaH

LEBAT RATFAD ................................ ................................ .............................. xi

RABMAG RATFAD ................................ ................................ ........................... x

NEP NAULUHAD ................................ ................................ ............................... 1 gnakaleB rataL ................................ ................................ ................................ . 1

naujuT ................................ ................................ ................................ .............. 2 taafnaM ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 2

AKATSUP NAUAJNIT ................................ ................................ ...................... 3

isasinoI isaidaR ................................ ................................ ................................ 3 rotkaF - ifargoidaR malad kutnebmeP rotkaF ................................ ..................... 6

ifargoidaR sartnoK ................................ ................................ ........................... 9 ifargoidaR isaterpretnI ................................ ................................ .................... 01

tertomeP isisoP liceK naweH ifargoidaR na ................................ .................... 31 nemodbA hareaD ifargoidaR isaterpretnI ................................ ........................ 31

naanrecneP metsiS ................................ ................................ ......................... 61 iskudorpeR nad nahimekreP metsiS ................................ ................................ 71

ifargoidaR sartnoK nahaB kinkeT ................................ ................................ .. 81

EDOTEM ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 22 tapmeT nad utkaW ................................ ................................ ......................... 22

rudesorP ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 22

NASAHABMEP NAD LISAH ................................ ................................ .......... 32

NARAS NAD NALUPMIS ................................ ................................ ............... 93

AKATSUP RATFAD ................................ ................................ ........................ 04

xi

LEBAT RATFAD

namalaH

tsnok susak fargoidar natamagnep lisaH 1 ina spalorp nad isapi .......................... 32 gnubmal id gnisa adneb aynada susak fargoidar natamagnep lisaH 2 .................. 25

taolb susak fargoidar natamagnep lisaH 3 ................................ .......................... 62 sisaihtiloru susak fargoidar natamagnep lisaH 4 arteru id ................................ ... 82 lajnig lagag susak fargoidar natamagnep lisaH 5 ................................ ................ 03

lisaH 6 susak fargoidar natamagnep ylagemorhpen sisaihtiloru nad .................... 23 silatef aikotsid susak fargoidar natamagnep lisaH 7 ................................ ............ 43

isakifimmum susak fargoidar natamagnep lisaH 8 ................................ .............. 63 susak fargoidar natamagnep lisaH 9 artemoyp ................................ .................... 83

x

RABMAG RATFAD

namalaH

ranis isbrosbagnem malad adebreb gnay isnatsbus amil satisapo isakifitnedI 1 -x .. 7 satisapooidar padahret kejbo nalabetek huragneP 2 ................................ .............. 7

gnaur id )B( nanak nad )A( irik iskeyorp nagned arecsiv nagro imotanA 3gnijna nemodba ................................ ................................ ............................... 41

recsiv nagro imotanA 4 isnebmuker laretal gnadnap radnats fargoidar nagned a nad )A( nanak ortnev - lasrod lamron gnijna nemodba gnaur id )B( .................. 51

5 nad isapitsnok susaK isnebmuker laretal gnadnap radnats fargoidar ,ina spalorpnanak ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 32

6 ats fargoidar ,gnubmal id gnisa adneb susaK isnebmuker laretal gnadnap radnnanak ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 52

7 nadnap radnats fargoidar ,gnubmal id gnisa adneb susaK g ortnev - lasrod ........ 52 8 nanak isnebmuker laretal gnadnap radnats nagned fargoidar ,taolb susaK ....... 62 9 sisaihtiloru susaK ,arteru id aretal gnadnap radnats fargoidar isnebmuker l

nanak ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 82 01 nanak isnebmuker laretal gnadnap radnats fargoidar ,lajnig lagag susaK ....... 92 11 gnadnap radnats fargoidar ,lajnig lagag susaK ortnev - lasrod ......................... 03 21 susaK ylagemorhpen radnats fargoidar ,airaniru akisev id htiloru isamrof nad

l gnadnap nanak isnebmuker lareta ................................ ................................ . 23 31 nanak isnebmuker laretal gnadnap radnats fargoidar ,silatef aikotsid susaK ... 43 41 gnadnap radnats fargoidar ,silatef aikotsid susaK ortnev - lasrod ..................... 43 51 nanak isnebmuker laretal gnadnap radnats fargoidar ,isakifimmum susaK ..... 63 61 susaK artemoyp nanak isnebmuker laretal gnadnap radnats fargoidar , ........... 73 71 susaK artemoyp gnadnap radnats fargoidar , ortnev - lasrod ............................ 37

NAULUHADNEP

gnakaleB rataL

gnabmekreb hadus gnay kitsongaid gnajnunep anaras nakapurem ifargoidaR

inud id kiab tasep naweh naretkodek ainud malad nupuam aisunam naretkodek a

nasutupek nakutnenem utnabmem ifargoidaR .naarethajesek kutnu naujutreb gnay

nagned asongaid amatu nakisanibmognem aggnihes tatacret gnay kidem maker

gnabmekreP .natabognep nanagnanep nakukalid tapec ialumid ini ifargoidar na

ranis kajes - isakilbup aynada aggnih 5981 rebmevoN 8 laggnat adap nakumetid x

rasad nakapurem ini nagnabmekreP .aynhaletes nuhat utas ifargoigna amatrep

dap tikaynep nanagnanep nad asongaid arac atat malad raseb nahaburep aisunam a

llarhT( naweh nad remdiW & .)2002

aratna gnabmies gnay napudihek naka takaraysam naradasek ayntakgnineM

nagnayasek naweh nad aisunam gnijna amaturet natahesek agajnem malad

malaD .taruka nad ,tapec ,kiab gnay natahesek nanayalep nakhutubmem aynaudek

jnunem ranis naanuggnep ,ini natahesek nanayalep natakgninep gna - tala iagabes x

ranis nataafnamep niales gnitnep tagnas asongaid utnab - iparet anaras iagabes x

natabognep ( ruonetiR & eedneH 2002 .) raniS - asongaid utnab tala iagabes x

ba ,karoht oiger adap nakukalid alapek ,muenotirep gnaur ,satimertske ,nemod

.gnuggnup gnalut nad ,rehel atres adap nanialeK kaynab hibel nemodba oiger

nagro ilakes kaynab ikilimem nemodba oiger anerak idajret teprO( hsleW &

)2002 . agiT d nemodba oiger malad id tapadret gnay hubut metsis gnires na

metsis aynaratnaid nanialek imalagnem ,naanrecnep metsis nad ,nahimekrep

iskudorper metsis ifargoidar isaterpretni malad naweh retkod nolac naupmameK .

nanialek adap nemodba oiger nakrasadreb retemarap hujut negtneoR utiay

nahaburep ,naruku malad isgnuf nad ,satisapo ,isanigram ,isakol ,halmuj ,kutneb

lamron nagro naweh retkoD .nagnapal id kitkarp mulebes naktakgnitid surah

ainud id isimedaka nad kitkarp nakididnep tafisreb gnay isamrofni nakhutubmem

oiger adap idajret gnay nanialek irad fitatilauk akaM .gnijna nemodba

nanialek isaterpretni asilana halnakulrepid adap kutnu gnijna nemodba oiger

atad isamrofni nakirebmem taafnamreb gnay .

2

naujuT

nad tikaynep naidajek asilanagnem kutnu halada ini susak iduts naujuT

lem gnijna adap nemodba oiger nanialek ifargoidar isaterpretni iula nakrasadreb

retemarap hujut negtneoR ,isakol ,halmuj ,kutneb ,naruku malad nahaburep utiay

lamron isgnuf nad ,satisapo ,isanigram nagro gnay atad naktapadid aggnihes

atilauk tafisreb K id idajret gnay susak irad fit kinil naweH M nagneD .steVy

malad kitkarp naweh retkod igab nauca nakidajid tapad ini lisah ,naikimed

idajret gnay susak inagnanem malad naupmamek nad nauhategnep naktakgninem

.gnijna adap

taafnaM

fitatilauk tafisreb gnay atad naktapadid naka ini susak iduts iulaleM

eb isaterpretni iulalem gnijna nemodba oiger adap nanialek nagned natiakr

.ifargoidar nahab idajnem tapad nakparahid nakumetid gnay nanialek ataD

asongaid nad naaskiremep isnerefer tikaynep nad kitkarp naweh retkod igab

.nakididnep ainud id isimedaka erpretnI tapad natujnalekreb gnay ifargoidar isat

tikaynep asongaidnem malad naweh retkod nolac naupmamek naktakgninem

.kitsongaidoidar isgnuf nadujuwrep iagabes

AKATSUP NAUAJNIT

raniS - darnoC mlehliW amanreb gnay namreJ akisif ilha helo nakumetid x

negtneoR adap laggnat ranis aggnihes ,5981 rebmevoN 8 - raniS tubesid aguj ini x

negtneoR igab raseb gnay nagnabmekrep huragnep awabmem ini naumeneP .

halada aynhotnoc iagabeS .naweh nupuam aisunam kiab naretkodek ainud

yhpargoigna nah ,6981 nuhat adap nakisakilbupid gnay haletes nuhates ay

d ranis aynnakumeti - llarhT( x remdiW & nagnabmekreP .)2002 negtneoR id

igoloidar ilha gnaroes hconK namreH xaM .rD helo ialumid aisenodnI

minonA( atrakaJ id aratnet retkod iagabes ajrekeb gnay adnaleB naasgnabekreb

anis nataafnameP .)8002 r- hadus nad nuhat ek nuhat irad gnabmekreb suret ini x

anaras iagabes naweh nad aisunam naretkodek ainud malad naktaafnamid kaynab

remdiW( isaidar iparet nad asongaid gnajnunep la te 4991 . smadA ; 1 euRaL ;499

ettelliG & 4991 ; ruonetiR & eedneH 2002 .)

daR isasinoI isai

raniS - nagned aguj tubesid uata kitengamorkele gnabmoleg nakapurem x

ranis igrenE .tengam gnabmoleg sugilakes kirtsil gnabmoleg iagabes notof - x

raniS .iggnit gnay submet ayad ikilimem aggnihes raseb fitaler - tapad x

uata naksaibid ,naklutnapid adap ranis itrepes nakiskarfid nad ,nakkolebid

ranis aynnaadebrep ,aynmumu - ay gnabmoleg gnajnap iaynupmem x hibel gn

ruonetiR & eedneH( kednep raniS .)2002 - helo ihuragnepid kadit ,surul karegreb x

id adareb gnay tengam nadem kmatihgnem tapad nad ,aynratikes .tertop satrek na

raniS - aggnihes aynitawelem haletes sag iagabreb adap isasinoi naklisahgnem x

ranis satisnetni rukugnem kutnu nakanugid tubesret nauhategnep nagned - raniS .x -

ranis utiay kutneb aud sata igabret x - ranis nad kitsiretkarak x - x .gnulhartssmerb

raniS - irad mota nortkele nahadniprep sesorp iulalem kutnebret kitksiretkarak x

.hadner hibel gnay igrene takgnit ek ujunem iggnit hibel gnay igrene takgnit

natakgnit irad igrene naadebreP - ,raseb pukuc tegrat mota malad tibro natakgnit

gnay isaidar aggnihes nad raseb pukuc gnay isneukerf ikilimem aynnakracnapid

ranis haread adap adareb - raniS .x - x gnulhartssmerb gnay nortkele alibapa idajret

itni ek taked satnilem iggnit gnay natapecek nagned karegreb kirtsil nataumreb

4

kolebmem nortkele nakbabeynem mota utaus kirat ayag anerak majat nagned

nagnalihek nortkele nakbabeynem ini awitsireP .tauk gnay mota itni kitatsortkele

aggnihes aynigrene engamortkele isaidar nakracnamem raniS .kit - kitsiretkarak x

igrene murtkeps aratnemes ,tirksid gnay igrene murtkeps iaynupmem ranis irad - x

gnulhartssmerb rabel gnay uynitnok halada nitraM( .)0002

ranis aynkutnebret sesorP - adap sura nairebmep aynada nagned ilawaid x

ranis gnubat adap nemalif narapmuk - .nortkele nawa kutnebret naka aggnihes x

kareggnem naka nagnaget adeb nairebmeP adotak irad nortkele nawa nak

ranis halkutnebret aggnihes adona id tegrat kubmunem - ranis nad kitsiretkarak x - x

gnulhartssmerb raniS . - nagned iskaretnireb akij nad raulek naklisahid gnay x

silotof kefe halada aynaratnaid lah aparebeb nakbabeynem tapad iretam kefe ,kirt

ini kefe agiteK .nagnasapreb nortkele aynkutnebret kefe nad ,notpmoC narubmah

naturureb araces iretam nagned iskaretnireb gnay isaidar takgnit adap nakrasadid

naka isasinoi isaidar irad kirtsilotof kefE .iggnit gnilap aggnih hadner gnilap irad

m nupuata gnusgnal araces idajret tapad gnay isaidar igoloib kefe naktabikagne

usgnal kadit araces llarhT ;0002 nitraM( gn remdiW & .)2002

lekitrap narubmah haubes akitek idajret kirtsilotof kefe isasinoi isaidaR

kubmunem napukucekreb gnay igrene nagned notof adap adareb gnay nortkele

K nasipal - llehs K nasipal adap nortkele nagned notof nakubmuT .mota utaus irad -

llehs naklisahgnem nad aynnasatnil irad nortkele aynsapelret nakbabeynem

gnay nad nasatnil id fitagen nataumreb gnay nortkele utiay noi gnasapes

umreb adap gnutnagreb idajret gnay isasinoi aynraseB .mota itni id fitisop nata

akam notof igrene iggnit nikameS .notof helo ikilimid gnay igrene takgnit

mota nasatnil irad sapel gnay nortkelE .idajret tapad isasinoi kaynab nikames

K nasipal - llehs d iskaretnireb nratikes id igoloib lukelom nagne AND aynlasim ay

& eedneH( etiR ruon notof sakrebes alib idajret notpmoC kefE .)2002

ranis aggnihes ,maid gnay sabeb nortkele haubes ek nakkabmetid - naka x

y nortkelE .raseb hibel idajnem gnabmoleg gnajnap nahaburep imalagnem gna

kutnebmem kolebmem karegreb aggnihes notof igrene naigabes pareynem maid

alum notof hara padahret tudus - rubmahret nortkele kubmunem gnay notoF .alum

ayngnabmoleg gnajnap nad alumes notof hara padahret utnetret tudus nagned

llarhT( raseb hibel idajnem & remdiW nortkele aynkutnebret kefE .)2002

5

nad mota utaus ek nakkabmetid notof sakrebes haletes idajret nagnasapreb

maladret nasipal nortkele nad )fitisop nortkele( mota itni nagned taked satnilem

p nortkele nakbabeynem tubesret nakubmuT .)fitagen nortkele( nortkele nad fitiso

.iggnit gnay submet ayad iaynupmem gnay ranis sakrebes iagabes sapelret fitagen

helo idajret tapad mota utaus irad fitagen nortkele nad fitisop nortkele aynsapelreT

laminim igrene iaynupmem gnay notof sakrebes & eedneH( VeM 20,1 rasebes

ruonetiR .)2002

nagniraJ .ayahabreb tapad pudih kulhkam adap idajret gnay isasinoi isaidaR

ranis rapapret gnay - malad tuki gnay neg nakapurem gnay AND naktabilem x

isakifilpma naklisahgnem naka gnay les kinegonolk nad kilobatem sesorp aumes

sinoI .kigoloib ujal natakgninep naklubminem tapad AND adap idajret gnay isa

,sutef adap isidaret akij sutef satilamronba nad sutroba akgna natakgninep ,isatum

natakgninep ,kednep gnay pudih asam nad tikaynep anekret okisir natakgninep

diorit reknak amaturet reknak okisir ,tiluk reknak ,aimekuel , natakgninep nad

aratak okisir llarhT( k remdiW & ,uti lah tagnigneM .)2002 ranis nataafnamep - x

aynnakanuggnem nagned tubesret sigoloib fitagen kefe nakitahrepmem surah

nil atres ,aisunam ,naweh igab nama nad ,anaskajib ,fira araces iauses nagnukg

gnadnurep nagned - mulU( ukalreb gnay nagnadnu anaivoN & .)8002

ranis nagned ajrekeb gnay gnarO - .isaidar irad okisir nakitahrepmem surah x

noisimmoC yrotalugeR raelcuN setatS detinU udividni sisod nasatab nakataynem

a lamiskam isaidar rapapret remdiW( nuhat rep mer 5 uata treveiS 50,0 halad la te .

aggnihes naknigniid kadit gnay kefe iaynupmem hisam tubesret sisoD .)4991

8002 nuhat adap nad ,aynnuhat paites isaulaveid ulales noisimmoC lanoitanretnI

noitcetorP lacigoloidaR no idni sisod nakataynem lamiskam isaidar rapapret udiv

irW( nuhat rep treveiS 20,0 halada nox .)8002 B nasutupeK taruS nakrasadre

aK/10 .oN netepaB alapeK - V/NETEPAB - 99 )9991( gnay lamiskam sisod satab

isaidar ajrekep amiretid aisenodnI id .nuhat rep treveiS 50,0 halada

akitahrepmeM ,uti lah n ranis nagned ajrekeb gnay gnaro - iasaugnem surah x

naasaugnep ,ifargoidar kutnu neisap isisop naktapmenem malad naupmamek

ranis nisem isarepo - gnaur kinket nad ,x zedneneM( kiab nagned paleg .)7002

ranis utaus irad isaidar narapap halmuJ - id gnay x tapad udividni amiret

tubesret pisnirP .gnalahgnep nad ,narapap utkaw ,karaj agajnem nagned ignarukid

6

“ nagned lanekid ytefaS noitaidaR fo eerhT giB ehT .” pisnirP aratna karaj agajnem

ranis rebmus nagned rotarepo uata isinket - rapap halmuj ignarugnem tapad x na

ranis - ranis nagned rotarepo karaj huaj nikameS .amiretid gnay x - hibel nikames x

ranis narapap kutnu nakulrepid gnay utkaW .hubut igab nama - nikgnum tapades x

ranis isaidar halmuj aggnihes kited naikesrepes aynah - nikames amiretid gnay x

aanuggneP .tikides mm 5,0 nagnat gnuras ,bP mm 5,0 norpa apureb gnalahgnep n

)norpa inim( rehel putunep bP nagnepmel ,bP mm 52,0 nagned atamacak ,bP

agajnem tapad aynnial gnudnilep natalarep nad diorit rajnelek ignudnilem kutnu

irad hubut ranis isaidar - notgnitraP( x .)6002

rotkaF - ifargoidaR malad kutnebmeP rotkaF

gnitnep tagnas gnay rotkaf nakapurem paleg gnaur id mlif naicucnep kinkeT

.asongaid anaras iagabes acabret tapad gnay fargoidar naktapadnem kutnu

udesorp nagned iauses nad raneb halet ifargoidar nalibmagnep nupualaW numan ,r

nailhaek atres paleg gnaur id pukuc gnay nauhategnep iaynupmem kadit alibapa

anerak asongaid anaras iagabes ialinreb naka kadit tapadid gnay mlif akam sinket

alad nahalasek srettaW( naicucnep kinket m id mlif naicucnep napahaT .)4991

da paleg gnaur hala gnipoleved , gnisnir , gnixif , gnihsaw nad , gniyrd satilauK .

tapadnem kutnu askirepid ulales surah rexif nad repoleved irad nariac lisah nak

nitraM( kiab gnay .)0002

ranis naupmamek irad rasad iagabes igoloidar nauhategneP - malad x

id surah mlif isartenem ranis akiteK .refargoidar helo iasauk - ,neisap ianegnem x

ranis aparebeb - .narabetreb aynnial gnay nad ,radnepreb aparebeb ,isbrosbaid x

ranis isubirtsid nad halmuj irad narabmag nakapurem fargoidaR - itawelem gnay x

parebeb nagned mlif nakmatihgnem nad neisap nanikgnumeK .nanikgnumek a

ranis iskaretni tabika idajret gnay - apa idajret kadit utiay adneb nagned x - apa

ranis ,aynhurules matih mlif aggnihes - tahilret aggnihes aynhunepes nakitnehid x

ranis naigabes nad ,mlif adap hitup anraw - aguj ada ipat iskaretnireb x naigabes

uba anraw halada tahilret gnay artic aggnihes itawelem gnay - gnay halitsI .uba

ranis aynrapapret tabika tubesret mlif naadaek nakrabmaggnem - tubesid asaib x

gnay mlif namatihek nakkujnunem gnay halitsi nakapurem satisneD .satisned

kaynab nakutnetid nagned iskaretnireb tabika kutnebret gnay karep latsirk ayn

7

ranis - irad satisneD .naweh hubut iulalem haletes mlif iapacnem tapad gnay x

a ,kamel ,aradu fargoidar halada rasad nakidajid tapad gnay isisopmok aparebeb ,ri

yrreB( magol nad ,gnalut .la te .)2002

aradU kameL riA gnaluT magoL

euqapoidaR

tneculoidaR

kitpO satisneD

mliF namatiheK

fargoidaR satisneD

1 rabmaG isbrosbagnem malad adebreb gnay isnatsbus amil satisapo isakifitnedIranis - yrreB( x la te .)2002 .

alitsi aud adA irad naklubmitid gnay ifargoidar nakrabmaggnem kutnu h

utiay otof id gnay neisap tneculoidar tikides gnay kejbo utaus kutneb kutnu

nad isaidar isbrosbagnem euqapoidar gnay nagro/nahab nakkujnunem kutnu

pmem aguj kejbo irad nalabeteK .isaidar kaynab nahanem satisapooidar ihuragne

ranis irad naklubmitid gnay - ranis itawelid gnay kejbo labet nikameS .x - akam x

ranis tikides nikames - idajret gnay narabmag aggnihes mlif artic haburem gnay x

yrreB( hitup anraw halada mlif adap .la te .)2002

euqapoidaR

tneculoidaR

2 rabmaG t kejbo nalabetek huragneP yrreB( satisapooidar padahre la te . .)2002

8

raniS - neisap hubut itawelem haletes mlif nakmatihgnem upmam gnay x

idajret tubesret naadebreP .mlif adap adebreb gnay artic tajared naklisahgnem

nerak ranis a - akitek narabetreb nad ,radnepreb ,isbrosbaid upmam gnay x

isbrosbagnem malad )negomoh( amas aynhunepes kadit hubuT .kejbo kubmunem

ranis - yrreB( isbrosba naadebrep iagabes tubesid ini anemonef ,x la te .)2002 .

isidnoK ,naikimed mem malad refargoidar terto nakitahrepmem surah neisap hubut

.asongaid ialinreb nad sugab gnay fargoidar naktapadnem raga rotkaf aparebeb

rotkaF - ranis halmuj uata satitnauk ihuragnepmem tapad gnay rotkaf - gnay x

sata iridret tubesret kutnebret egarepmailliM , dnoceS , garepmailliM dnoceS e ,

kaep egatlovoliK , nad tops lacoF - .ecnatsiD mliF aguj gnay nial rotkaF

epit halada fargoidar satilauk ihuragnepmem neercs gniyfisnetni ranis mlif epit , - ,x

ket nad llarhT( dirg naanuggnep kin remdiW & aP ;2002 zedneneM ;6002 notgnitr

.)7002

pmailliM egare ( halmuj nautas radnats nakapurem xulf raulek gnay nortkele )

ranis naklisahgnem kutnu adona ujunem adotak irad - ranis gnubat malad id x - .x

narutagnep natakgnineP egarepmaillim ranis tinu adap - nakbabeynem naka x

mlif namatihek apureb fargoidar satisned uata tnecul ,uti aratnemeS . nanurunep

narutagnep egarepmaillim naklisahgnem uata fargoidar satisned iskuderem naka

uata gnaret gnay mlif euqapo nakanugid kaynab gnilap gnay kitsongaid tinU .

003 iapmas 05 irad narutagnep adap nakisarepoid licek naweh kutnu tinU .Am

ranis elbatrop - ay narila nakanuggnem raseb naweh adap nakanugid gnay licek x gn

.Am 02 uata 01 ratikes hadner ,uti aratnemeS ranis tinu - id itrepes raseb gnay x

aseb gnay narila nakanuggnem tapad licek naweh tikas hamur Am 0002 utiay r

notgnitraP( 02 .)60

dnoceS nad ,adona ek ujunem adotak irad sura aynrilagnem utkaw halada

ranis naklisahgnem kutnu utkaw - utkaw gnajnap nikameS .narapap paites malad x

nikames naka adona ujunem adotak irad rilagnem gnay nortkele halmuj ,narapap

nay notof halmuj nad raseb nad narapap utkaW .raseb nikames nup naklisahid g

egarepmaillim .notof halmuj aynkutnebret rotkaf nakapurem uti lah nakrasadreB ,

gnay fargoidar lisah naknurunem kutnu nakanugid takgnis gnay narapap utkaw

ramas - nugid ulales aggnihes ,nakaregrep tabika ramas narutagnep naka

egarepmaillim narutagneP .hadner gnay utkaw narutagnep atres iggnit gnay

9

egarepmaillim ,iggnit gnay akam malad id naklamiskamid naka nortkele halmuj

ranis gnubat - ay utkaw nagned adona isignem kutnu x notgnitraP( kednep tagnas gn

.)6002 lliM dnoceS egarepmai aratna nailakrep halada egarepmailliM nagned

dnoceS adona ujunem adotak irad raulek gnay nortkele halmuj awhab itrareb gnay

kutnu narapap utas malad ranis naklisahgnem - teprO( x hsleW & .)2002

ranis helo naklisahd gnay igrenE - ukalem kutnu x iulalem isartenep nak

nakamanid mlif naakumrep ek iapmas gnay hubut naigab uata adneb egatlovoliK

kaep natakgnineP . egatlovolik uata ifargoidar satisned naktakgninem naka )Vk(

ranis notof natakgninep anerak mlif namatihek - .neisap hubut itawelem gnay x

uneP nanur egatlovolik ned naknurunem naka utiay ,aynkilabes teprO( mlif satis &

hsleW narutagneP .)2002 egatlovolik kutnu nakanugid gnires gnilap gnay

iggnit gnay Vk narutagneP .Vk 051 iapmas 04 irad rasikreb igoloidar kitsongaid

u nakanugid hadner gnay sAm nad kanul nagniraj naaskiremep kutn aratnemeS .

,uti hadner gnay Vk nakanugid gnalut rutkurts itrepes sarek gnay rutkurts kutnu

nad notgnitraP( iggnit gnay sAm .)6002

karaJ tops sucof ranis gnubat - tubesid mlif naakumrep nagned x tops lacoF -

ecnatsiD mliF rotkaF . nalibmagnep amales natsnok uata patet aynrasad adap ini

nakanugid asaib gnay karaJ .nial gnay narapap nagned narapap utas irad otof

rasikreb licek naweh kutnu nad mc 58 iapmas 07 irad rasikreb raseb naweh kutnu

agajneM .mc 501 iapmas 09 irad tops lacoF - iF ecnatsiD ml anerak gnitnep tagnas

nanuruneP .aynnial rusopske rotkaf ihuragnepmem naka tops lacoF - ecnatsiD mliF

ranis satisnetni anerak takgninem nikames mlif satisned nakbabeynem naka - x

p itawelem gnay zedneneM ;6002 notgnitraP( takgninem neisa .)7002

noK ifargoidaR sart

)nahurekek( satisapo naadebrep adap nakanugid gnay halitsi halada sartnoK

nahadumek nakirebmem ini sartnoK .ifargoidar irad aera uata oiger aud aratna

nakutneb nakadebmem malad ifargoidar lisah acabmem kutnu refargoidar igab

.ada gnay nagro anrawreb naklisahid gnay rabmag alib iggnit nakatakid sartnoK

utaus hara ek kiab nagned gnajnunem kadit tubesret isidnoK .hitup uata matih

gnay anraw nagned nakiserpskeid naka adebreb gnay nagro anerak naacabmep

gid halada iridnes ifargoidar pisnirP .amas aynkaynab naklisahgnem kutnu nakanu

01

uba nagnayab isadarg - halmuJ .)gnalut( hitup nad )aradu( matih aratna id uba

uba nagnayab isadarg - halitsi nagned tubesid hitup nad matih aratna uba edutital

nitraM( atu rotkaf aud helo ihuragnepid fargoidar sartnoK .)0002 ;utiay ,am

.)1 aggnihes takgninem submet ayad nakbabeynem PVK ialin natakgnineP

nagnayab isadarg kaynab kutnebret nad nurunem uata hadner naka mlif sartnok

uba - ranis irad submet ayad nakbabeynem PVK ialin nanuruneP .)2 nad ,uba - x

ok aggnihes nurunem naklisahgnem nad takgninem uata iggnit naka mlif sartn

adarg tikides uba nagnayab is - llarhT( uba remdiW & .)2002

ifargoidaR isaterpretnI

atad aumes naklupmugnem kutnu nakukalid ifargoidar isaterpretnI - nad atad

gnem halada aynrihka nad ,asilanagnem ,itkub padahret nasutupek libma

nakitahrepid surah gnay pahat aparebeb adA .nakukalid halet gnay naaskiremep

gnay asongaid adap gnujureb nad kiab gnay isaterpretni naktapadnem kutnu

naaskiremep utiay taruka asenmana gnay ifargoidar kinket ,kisif naaskiremep ,

aneb nakrasadreb isaterpretniid ulales ifargoidar otoF .fargoidar isaulave nad ,r

halet gnay napahat id pmokevloW & nagroM( sataid naktubes 4002 .)

naaskiremeP asenmana maker atres nemelangis nagned ipakgnelid ulales

.asongaidnem kutnu nakanugid gnay nial kidem asenmanA irad iuhatekid naweh

naadaek iuhategnem nad taked nagnubuhreb gnay gnaro irad uata naweh kilimep

.naweh asenmanA libmaid gnay asongaid nakirebmem tapad raneb kadit gnay

aggnihes susuhk isamrofni nakirebmem naweh nemelangiS .taruka kadit nad halas

naka gnay nanagnanep nakadnit nad naweh ilanegnem malad nakhadumem

,sar ,naweh sinej ,naweh aman sata iridret naweh nemelangiS .ayntujnales libmaid

tareb apureb susuhk nahabmat nad ,rumu ,nimalek sinej ,tiluk nad ulub anraw

b adnatep ,nataub adnatep ,nadab .naweh naanuggnep nad ,susuhk adnatep ,naawa

y asongaid hara gnukudnem kutnu nakulrepid aguj nial kidem makeR raneb gna

llarhT( taruka nad remdiW & .)2002

nakadnit nalibmagnep mulebes nakukalid ulales kisif naaskiremeP

negtneoR irebmem tubesret naaskiremeP . uata ulrep ianegnem nagnabmitrep nak

nakadnit aynkadit negtneoR oisel uata aera nakutnenem sugilakes atres

naaskiremep nakukalid surah gnamem tubesret naweh alibapa otof nalibmagnep

11

songaid lisah padahret isamrifnok hakgnal nakapurem ifargoidaR .ifargoidar a

fargoidar nagned aggnihes ,utnetret nanialek padahret naagirucek uata sinilk

gnitnep tagnas kisif naaskiremeP .taruka nad raneb gnay asongaid naktapadid

nakadnit nagnabmitrep iagabes negtneoR neisap natahesek tukgnaynem anerak

ibelreb irad rotarepo atres s isalumuka sisod aynh rani - enielK( rapapret gnay x

1 layaT ;499 .)4002

aggnihes raneb gnay fargoidar nakirebmem raneb gnay ifargoidar rudesorP

nakbabeynem tapad halas gnay rudesorP .naacabmep malad nakhadumem

es amas asongaid ialin iaynupmem kadit fargoidar tubesret fargoidar alibapa ilak

kadit naweh fargoidar irad naknigniid gnay isamrofni atres acabid tapad kadit

nalupmisek irebmem naka halas gnay ifargoidar rudesorP .nakumetid tapad

t aguj nakitahrepid surah ,ifargoidar rudesorp nialeS .halas gnay asongaid arac ata

naklupmiynem malad halas kadit raga raneb gnay ifargoidar natamagnep

uata rutkurts utaus irad isnemid aud narabmag nakapurem ifargoidaR .asongaid

aynlasa kutneb malad ek nakisanijamiid ulrep aggnihes isnemid agit gnay nagro

snemid agit apureb gnay ,tubesret isnemid agit isanijami naktapadnem kutnU .i

nakulrepid atres tapet gnay gnadnap tudus isisop nagned surah otof nalibmagnep

natamagnep akitek adebreb gnay gnadnap tudus nagned fargoidar aud laminim

dnat ada surah itamaid gnay fargoidaR .ifargoidar irik adnat itrepes neisap isisop a

idajret gnay nanialek nakutnenem kutnu tamagnep nakhadumem gnay nanak uata

neisap isisop naadnaneP .irik naigab uata nanak naigab neisap hubut id hakapa

orp akitek nakukalid tubesret layaT( otof nalibmagnep rudes )4002 .

eP nagnukgnil nad pututret nagnaur malad nakukalid ifargoidar natamagn

adap gnutnagid fargoidaR .gnanet gnay rotanimulli nad radnats rudesorp nagned

naigab akam laretal fargoidar nalibmagnep lisaH .patet alop lainarc neisap

adap irik isis id nakkatelid imulli rotan lisaH .acabmep irik halebes uata

fargoidar nalibmagnep ortnev - lasrod uata osrod - lartnev naigab akam lainarc

naayahacneP .acabmep nanak id adareb neisap irik naigab nad sata id nakkatelid

rotanimulli ay ayahaC .pukuc surah nagnaur malad nakanugid gnay ulalret gn

nagnaur ayahac akam ,natamagnep malad naktiluynem tapad gnaret nad kaynab

adap naksukofid itamaid gnay nagro oiseL .ignarukid surah ulrep kadit gnay nial

ini natamagneP .kiab nad salej gnay natamagnep naktapadnem kutnu utnetret kitit

21

d nakukalid irebmem kutnu nakukalid ini laH .huaj nupuam taked karaj ira

adon halaynah kutnebret gnay rabmag hakapa ,tubesret fargoidar irad nasalejek

.oisel utaus gnamem uata naicucnep kinket nahalasek irad narubmah uata

fargoidar nataubmep laggnat ianegnem isamrofnI nakukalid surah aguj i

nakirebid nad isaulaveid surah fargoidar irad lucnum gnay nagnayaB .nakecegnep

irad narabmag uata nahacep ,imotana lamron nakutneb apureb hakapa nasalejnep

sisop nahalasek irad kafetra ,kupmutreb gnay rutkurts ( igolotap oisel uata ,i layaT

.)4002

fargoidar otof irad naigab aumes adap nakukalid fargoidar irad isaulavE

,isaulave nakukalem malad natakednep aparebeb tapadreT .libmaid gnay

haread nad ,nagro ,nagro metsis iulalem natakednep utiay tubesret natakednep

takedneP .aera uata nagro nagned natakednep halada nagro metsis iulalem na

aynhotnoc ,hubut malad metsis kutnebmem gnay nagro nanusus irad isaulave

nial nad ,harad naraderep metsis ,naanrecnep metsis ,nasapanrep metsis - .nial

irad isaulave natakednep halada nagro iulalem natakedneP nagro - gnay nagro

nial nad ,susu ,itah ,gnutnaj aynhotnoc ,nakumetid - aera iulalem natakedneP .nial

oiger aynhotnoc ,nakumetid gnay aera irad isaulave nagned natakednep halada

ipe aera nemodba h nad ,sukirtsagosem ,sukirtsag i .sukirtsagop nakrasadreB agitek

ep gnilap gnay halada nagro metsis nagned natakednep ,tubesret isaulave natakedn

hibel nagro metsis nagned natakednep anerak ini laH .nakanugid kutnu naknarasid

tsis malad nagro nanusus nagned iauses turureb nad hadum ;3002 ffohcsiB( me

layaT .)4002

r isaulavE aynada naksalejnem nad nakumenem kutnu nakanugid fargoida

uata nagro irad nahaburep apureb tapad tubesret nanialeK .neisap irad nanialek

,isanigram ,isakol ,halmuj ,rutnok uata kutneb ,naruku nahaburep apureb rutkurts

satisapo ( yticapoidar uata tneculoidar urep nad ,) lamron isgnuf nahab nagro

layaT ;3002 ffohcsiB( gnay nanialek ,iaseles fargoidar isaulave haleteS .)4002

nagned isamrifnokid nakumetid asenmana neisap irad kidem maker atad nad

idnab asongaid tapadret alibapA .asongaid nalupmisek libmagnem kutnu gnay gn

tubesret nanialek akam ,pirim gnay alajeg nagned tubesret nanialek irad nikgnum

tikaynep utaus irad lucnum gnay sahk nanialek utas libmaid nad nakgnidnabid

isek libmagnem kutnu layaT( asongaid rihka nalupm .)4002

31

naweH ifargoidaR natertomeP isisoP liceK

mizal gnay gnadnap radnats nagned naweh ifargoidar natertomep isisoP

;halada nakanugid

oinarC - laduac )CC(

oretaL - laidem /)ML( ycnebmucer laretaL

ortneV - lasrod )DV(

osroD - lartnev )VD(

euqibO (- euqilbO )

adap igolonimret nakrasadreb ini naamaneP animoN airanireteV acimotanA .

iagabes nial gnadnap radnats tapadret ,sata id gnadnap radnats isisop nialeS

aynhotnoc itrepes kifiseps gnadnap radnats euqilbo laidemoramlap laretalosrod

natertomep kutnu )OMaPLD( laprac so ini kifiseps gnadnap radnats numan ,

aynah tkurts haread aparebeb kutnu nakanugid llarhT( hubut ru remdiW & .)2002

P isiso kutnu nakanugid gnay nemodba ifargoidar natertomep halada laretal

ycnebmucer , osrod - lartnev nad , ortnev - lasrod . isisoP ycnebmucer laretal kiab

u nakanugid asaib irik nupuam nanak isaulave nad ifargoidar nalibmagnep kutn

nagro - .nemodba oiger id nagro gnadnap radnats nagned isisoP ortnev - lasrod hibel

adapirad kiab osrod - lartnev isisop nakbabesid ini laH . ortnev - lasrod nakirebmem

ro narabmag aggnihes nemodba igab saul hibel gnay gnaur nag - adareb gnay nagro

nagro narabmag ,uti nialeS .ifargoidar adap salej hibel nad hasipret nemodba id

naweh taas adap utiay kiab gnay ifargoidar nalibmagnep arac helo gnukudid aguj

ebordeR( mumiskam isaripske .)1002

nemodbA hareaD ifargoidaR isaterpretnI

akiteK surah fargoidar acabmep ,fargoidar isaterpretni nakukalem

d hibelret iuhategnem utaus nagro lamron nakutneb uluha gnajnutid atres naweh

umli nagned - akisif ,igoloisif nad imotana itrepes gnukudnem gnay umli

asad pisnirp nad ,igoloisifotap ,ifargoidar r llarhT( hadeb nad natahesek remdiW &

.)2002

41

3 rabmaG d )B( nanak nad )A( irik iskeyorp nagned arecsiv nagro imotanA gnaur i

ecyD( gnijna nemodba .la te .)2002 oloK .6 ;nanak nad irik lajniG .’5 .5 ;apmiL .4 ;gnubmaL .3 ;itaH .2 ;amgarfaiD .1 :nagnareteK n

narulaS .01 ;mutkeR .9 ;saerknaP .8 ;nedneksed munedouD .’7 ;sulah susU .7 ;nedneksed.airaniru akiseV .11 ;aniteb naweh iskudorper nad nahimekrep

irad nanialek aynada naksalejnem kutnu nakanugid fargoidar isaulavE

l isakol nakutnenem nad nagro rutkurts gnay neisap irad nemodba fargoidaR .oise

nagnubag uata utas halas apureb naumet nagned isaulaveid nanialek imalagnem

,kutneb nad rutnok irad isairav ,nagro rutkurts uata nagro naruku nahaburep irad

nad nagro irad isisop nahaburep ,nagro halmuj irad isairav ,nagro rutkurts

nagro nakutneb natakgninep ,nagro rutkurts uata nagro irad satisapo natakgninep

fargoidar isaulavE .nagro lamron isgnuf irad nahaburep nad,nagro rutkurts uata

nakhadumem gnay nagro metsis natakednep nagned nakukalid nemodba

lad refargoidar ( nanialek idajret alib ispirksed nad isaterpretni ma yrreB & evoL

02 layaT ;3002 ffohcsiB ;20 .)4002

51

B

laretal gnadnap radnats fargoidar nagned arecsiv nagro imotanA 4 rabmaG nad )A( nanak isnebmuker ortnev - lasrod gnijna nemodba gnaur id )B(

ron .)8002 regrebnegniwZ( lam lajniG .5 ;apmiL .4 ;gnubmaL .3 ;itaH .2 ;amgarfaiD .1 :nagnareteK noloK .6 ; ;sulah susU .7 ;

9 ;mutkeR .8 narulaS . 01 ;natnaj naweh iskudorper nad nahimekrep airaniru akiseV . .

d ialum nakukalid nemodba fargoidar naaskiremeP lanretske rutkurts ira

.acaili gnalut nad ,kusur gnalut ,gnakaleb gnalut rutkurts kusamret nemodba

adap nakebos uata nakater aynada irad lanimodba gnidnid isaulave ayntujnaleS

naaskiremeP .gnisa adneb aynada uata aynsatisapo adap nahaburep ,satirgetni

ales .lanimodba isarugifnok hurules isaulave atres amgarfaid halada ayntujn

metsis ,naanrecnep metsis kutnu isaulave halada amatu gnilap gnay isaulavE

,lateleksolucsum metsis isroporp ,iskudorper nad nahimekrep gnaur nad

enielK( muenotirep .)4991

ro isasilausiV nag - aparebeb helo ihuragnepid nemodba id adareb gnay nagro

nagro nagned nagro utas aratna satisned uata nataparek naadebrep utiay rotkaf

,natertomep amales neisap nakaregrep ,nemodba malad kamel aynkaynab ,nial

tomep nakukalid isakidnI .naweh nalabetek nad halada nemodba haread nater

uata airutameh ,nemodba oiger adap tikas asar ,netsisrep gnay hatnum aynada

,ecidnuaj ,sumsenet ,nemodba isnetsid isaulave ,nemodba assam isaulave ,airusyd

isaulave nad ,netsisrep eraid zedneneM( nakakgnebek aynada .)7002

A

61

etsiS P m naanrecne

nad tulum aggnor padahret nakukalid naanrecnep metsis ifargoidar isaulavE

gnay susak anerak nakukalid gnaraj tagnas tubesret isaulave numan ,xnyrahp

adap nakukalid ayntujnales ifargoidar isaulavE .tikides idajret nad sugafose

gnubmal gnubmaL . id utiay itah nagned natakedreb katelret laduac id atres itah

lainarc nart nolok s lelarap gnay isisop iaynupmem gnubmal irad sixA .asrev

naigaB .laretal gnadnap tudus adap kusur gnalut nagned surolyp adap gnijna

d nanak laretal halebes adap katelret aynmumu ecyD( gnijna hubut naidem ira te

.la lah malad amas numan ,isairavreb gnijna sar irad gnubmal narukU .)2002

nakukalid gnubmal ifargoidaR .gnubmal irad isi adapek gnutnagreb gnay satisapo

t alibapa gnubmal gnidnid irad isakol nad retkarak isaulavegnem kutnu oisel idajre

ni nad ,larum ,larumartske oisel apureb yrreB & evoL( larumart .)2002

,nemodba hagnet naigab id katelret sulah susU laduac ,itah nad gnubmal

.raseb susu nad gnubmal nagned gnusgnal nagnubuhreb U lamron sulah sus adap

gnijna ibel kadit itapmenem labmul arbetrev gnalut hubut hagnet naigab irad saul h

susu malad iD .kusur gnalut irad retemaid ilak aud ihibelem kadit aynnaruku nad

lamron gnay sulah , uj malad sag uata nariac halmuj nakumetid aynasaib gnay halm

yrreB & evoL( tikides .)2002

et raseb susU suna narulas nad ,mutker ,nolok ,mukes aynaratnaid kusamr

naigab id katelret aynmumu adap mukeS .aynifargoidar narabmag isaulaveid

gnadnap tudus nagned naweh hubut naidem irad nanak laretal ortnev - lasrod .

eS ,uti aratnem tahilret laretal gnadnap tudus adap .nemodba hagnet naigab id

id katelret nedneksa noloK .”C“ furuh kutneb itrepes tahilret gnjina adap mukeS

adaP .naweh hubut naidem irad nanak laretal naigab aruxelf nedneksa nolok ,itah

.irik ek naweh hubut ubmus isatnilem nagned irik ek kolebreb naigabiD aruxelf

nolok ,apmil satnilem ek laduac gnay nolok ,sivlep gnaur ek iapmas tujnalreb nad

mutker idajnem habureb aynaman sivlep gnaur id adareb ecyD( .la te .)2002

akiteK ulrep akam ,aynmalad id kusamret gnay nad raseb susu naaskiremep

aadebrep nakitahrepid .aniteb nad natnaj naweh aratna imotana rutkurts n rutkurtS

imotana naigab natnaj naweh lartnev apurem mutker nad tatsorp rajnelek nak

.arteru Se ,uti aratnem halada aniteb naweh adap yrreB & evoL( anigav .)2002

71

hisam nakirogetakid apmil nad itah naaskiremeP metsis utas iagabes

itaH .aynajrekeb emsinakem malad tare tagnas nagnubuhreb anerak naanrecnep

katelret euqilbo id tapet laduac eS .amgarfaid nagned )lepmenem( ,uti aratnem

id katelret amas gnay satisned uata nataparek iaynupmem gnay gnubmal laduac

garfaid gnires satisned naamasek nagned aynaudek kateL .itah nad am

,licek naweh kutnU .aynaudek isanigram nakutnenem taas natilusek nakbabeynem

eb aynasaib itah naaskiremep L .apmil nagro nagned naamasr apmil nagro kate

gnijna adap ab nagned itamaid tapad ar irad ki aratnemes ,libmaid gnay ifargoid

haread nataparek anerak isakifitnediid tilus tagnas apmil katel gnicuk adap

nagned nakgnidnabid tapar hibel gnay nemodba maharG & leweN( gnijna .)2002

R nad nahimekreP metsiS iskudorpe

pilem iskudorper nad nahimekrep metsiS ,reteru ,lajnig naaskiremep itu

ifargoidar nalibmagneP .suretu nad ,tatsorp rajnelek ,arteru ,)UV( airaniru akisev

dujuw iagabes isetsena nakanuggnem kadit aynmumu nahimekrep metsis

tabo naanuggnep ignarugnem - ab natabo P .neisap ig sena uata isades naanuggne iset

nakisadnemokerid ,naadaek aparebeb adap kadit asaib rudesorp alibapa utiay

nagned nakanugid tapad launamnon niartser naanuggneP .nakukalid tapad

nagnat gnuras ,risap gnutnak itrepes utnab natalarep aparebeb nakanuggnem

nial nad ,takignep ilat ,labmit - nalibmagnep kutnu nagro naaskiremeP .nial

nagro aparebeb kutnu utkaw ilakes nakukalid tapad nahimekrep metsis ifargoidar

gnep nagned yeneeF( sartnok nahab naanug .la te .)4991

hara nagned gnacak ijib itrepes imotana kutneb iaynupmem lajniG euqilbo -

nevoinarc lart nagned taked adareb nanak lajnig imotana kateL . anmuloc

silarbetrev aratna silacaroht earbetrev ek - ek labmul iapmas 31 - irik lajniG .3

aratna aynisisop silabmul earbetrev ek - ek iapmas 2 - arik gnijna lamron lajniG .5 -

5,2 arik - gnajnap ilak 5,3 l earbetrev silabmu ek - nad 2 gnajnap ilak 2 gnicuk

mul yrreB & evoL( 2 silab askiremem kutnu lajnig ifargoidar naaskiremeP .)2002

metsis naadarebek kusamret lajnig satirgetni nad ,isakol ,kutneb ,naruku

k nakisasilausivid tapad ulales lajniG .lajnig id niru nalupmugnep aynnaruku anera

rad kutnebret atres raseb gnay ffohcsiB( asopida nagniraj i .)3002

81

id katelret lamron reterU laenotireporter nagned tahilret kadit reterU .

nakkusamid gnay sartnok nahab naanuggnep nakulrepid aggnihes ,asaib ifargoidar

oleyp anevartni iulalem ikilimem aynasaib isaterpretniret gnay reterU .ifarg

kadit retemaid 2 irad gnaruk - retueH( mm 3 kutnu reteru naaskiremeP .)5002

aynada isakidni nakutnenem nanialek nad ,reteru iluklak ,reteru latinegnok

o natabmah uata kolb aynada tabika iagabes reteruordih malad lajnig utab hel

tahilem kutnu nakukalid aguj ini naaskiremeP .reteru gnidnid kasurem gnay reteru

p satifitka atres reteru isakol nad ,kutneb ,naruku ffohcsiB( reteru kitlatsire .)3002

evoL turuneM yrreB nad naweh iagabreb irad airaniru akisev ,)2002(

.isairavreb tagnas gnay naruku iaynupmem d fargoidar natamagneP tudus nagne

gnadnap ortnev - lasrod uata irik laretal naigab itapmenem tapad airaniru akisev ,

gnay airaniru akiseV .naidem id aguj tapad uata ,naweh hubut naidem irad nanak

lret naka kadit gnosok airaniru akisev ifargoidar naaskiremeP .fargoidar adap tahi

aguj tubesid yhpargotsyc oisel aynada isaulavegnem kutnu ini naaskiremeP .

.airaniru akisev gnidnid adap larumartni uata ,larum ,larumartske

;naigab agit sata iridret natnaj naweh irad arterU tsorp cita gnay naigab(

,)tipmes gnilap suonarbmem nad , elinep . citatsorP rajnelek helo isatabid arteru

,tatsorp suonarbmem nad ,sinep gnalut ek iapmas tatsorp irad gnajnamem arteru

elinep .sinep gnalut irad lasrod adareb arteru U arter aniteb naweh kednep hibel

tnaj naweh adap nakgnidnabid rabel hibel nad & evoL( na yrreB .)2002

id katelret suretU kadit lamron suretU .nolok nad airaniru akisev aratna

narabmag adap tahilret tapad gnay suretU .ifargoidar narabmag adap tahilret

nubek aynada nakisakidnignem ifargoidar isakidni fargoidaR .nanialek uata nagnit

gnay aynakgnarek nagned sutef isireb suretu naktahilrepmem naka nagnitnubek

arik tahilret naka - ek irah adap arik - gnijna adap 14 ,uti aratnemeS . gnicuk adap

tahilret naka ek irah adap - sinneD( 53 la te .)0102 .

kinkeT ifargoidaR sartnoK nahaB

naadebrep naktakgninem kutnu isgnufreb sartnok nahab nahabmaneP

sisod nakitahrepmem surah aynnaanuggneP .nagro imotana rutkurts satisned

tapad nahibelreb gnay sartnok nahab naiakameP .naweh padahret naiakamep

ipmas kefe nakirebmem sartnok irad iridret sartnok nahaB .naweh padahret gn

91

( narupmac sartnok nad ,fitagen sartnok ,fitisop tsartnoc elbuod & némlA( )

nilepsA .)9002

tafisreb fitisop sartnoK euqapoidar utiay kutneb aud malad igabret nad

oK .tural kadit nad tural tapad gnay nahab igabret tural tapad gnay fitisop sartn

gnay lodimapoi nad loxehoi halada aynhotnoc isasinoiret kadit turalret idajnem

kutnu nakanugid yhpargoleym ,etamalahtoi aynhotnoc isasinoiret turalret nad ,

s kutnu nakanugid helob kadit gnay etaozirtem nad ,taozirtaid nasapanrep metsi

nad yhpargoleym OSaB halada aynhotnoc tural kadit gnay fitisop sartnoK . 4 kutnu

OSaB naanuggneP .naanrecnep narulas naanuggnep 4 adapek nakirebid helob kadit

imalagnem iagirucid gnay neisap erutpur uata isarofrep .aynanrec narulas id

gniheS itnaggnep ag nakayahabmem kadit gnay sartnok nahab nakanugid ayn

tubesret naweh apureb irebmem kutnu nakanugid fitagen sartnoK .kinagro enidoi

.nagro hagnet id matih anrawreb naka mlif id nagnayab aggnihes nagro kutneb

k ,aradu halada fitagen sartnok hotnoC .adisko tirtin nad ,negisko ,adiskoidnobra

imalagnem gnay neisap adapek nakanugid helob kadit fitagen sartnoK

sititsyc eigahrromeh metsis malad ek sag napareynep idajret naknikgnumid anerak

.isalukris tsartnoc elbuoD k nakutneb apureb nagro kutnu nakanugid gnutna

naanuggneP .airaniru akisev nad ,raseb susu ,gnubmal itrepes tsartnok elbuod

nidnid rutkurts nahaburep iuhategnem kutnu nilepsA & némlA( nagro g .)9002

aggnihes ,magareb gnay keybo nataparek iaynupmem naanrecnep metsiS

usuhk naukalrep nakukalid ulrep ranis natertomep mulebes s - tubesret naukalreP .x

suret nariac nairebmep ,aisnaskal tabo nairebmep ,nakasaupid naweh apureb -

nagned sartnok nahab nairebmep uata ,isakefed uata )samene( surenem

kutnu iakapid gnires gnay kinkeT .utnetret kutneb nad isartnesnok naktapadnem

.sartnok nahab nakanuggnem halada salej nagned nagro irad fargoidar naarticnep

artic tahilem kutnu larorep nakirebid gnubmal adap sartnok nahab naanuggneP

gnay gnisa adneb apureb gnubmal id nanialek euqapoidar uata ,naruku nahaburep ,

C .isisop omuenp nagned nakukalid tapad sartnok nairebmep kutnu nial ara -

aynmumu adaP .aradu nagned fitagen sartnok nahab nairebmep utiay ifargortsag

kutnu ebut aiv gnubmal malad ek nadab tareb gK/Lm 5 nakirebid gnay aradu

rumartske assam artic nad isisop iuhategnem fitisop sartnok nahab nairebmeP .la

3 halmuj nagned gnubmal adap - kutnu nakanugid nadab tareb gK/Lm 01

02

.gnubmal nagnosognep utkaw nad ,kutneb ,gnubmal isisop iuhategnem elbuoD

tsartnoc gnisa adneb aynada iuhategnem kutnu taafnamreb tagnas gnubmal adap

l nad itrepes gnubmal gnidnid adap oise reclu ebordeR( romut nad .)1002

kutnu nakanugid sulah susu isaulave adap sartnok nahab nairebmeP

.sulah susu adap idajret gnay oisel nad ,iskurtsbo aynada ,isisop iuhategnem

utnebreb aynmumu adap iakapid gnay sartnok nahaB k diuqil 3 halmuj nagned - 21

nakapurem tubesret sartnok nahaB .laro aiv nadab tareb gK/Lm tsartnoc elbuod

susu naklaggninem sartnok nahab nanalajrep utkaW .ria isnepsus nad muirab irad

fitades helo ihuragnepid aguj nad seiseps iagabreb irad isairavreb sulah nad

adap nakukalid aynmumu adap ifargoidar otof nalibmagneP .iakapid gnay isetsena

ek tinem - tapad refargoidar ,tubesret utkaw nialeS .nairebmep haletes 03 nad ,51 ,5

adap fargoidar naktapadnem kutnu naknigniid gnay tinem adap otof libmagnem

nagro aka gnay ebordeR( isaulaveid n .)1002

ifargoidar nalibmagneP nahimekrep metsis adap nakanuggnem gnires

nad kiab gnay fargoidar narabmag naktapadnem kutnu sartnok nahab nautnab

,fitisop sartnok apureb tubesret sartnok nahaB .salej :hotnoc( fitagen aradu ) uata ,

ibmok artni( laroba iulalem nagned aynisan - airaniru akisev ifargoidaR .)arteru

kinket agit tapadreT .ifargotsyc tubesid sartnok nahab nakanuggnem nagned

uata narocobek isketednem kutnu fitisop sartnok ifargotsyC .)1 ;utiay ifargotsyc

erutpur imekrep narulas irad .)2 ;amuart helo nakbabesid gnay hawab naigab nah

akisev nemul naruku nad kutneb irebmem kutnu fitagen sartnok ifargotsyC

ifargotsyC .)3 ;airaniru tsartnoc elbuod irad nial kutneb isketednem kutnu

nit okisir ikilimem natnaj gnijnA .airaniru akisev tikaynep aynidajret igg erutpur

natakgninep idajret naknikgnumem tapad natnaj arteru anerak airaniru akisev

gnay rudesorP .nemodba amuart halada aynisasnepmok nad ralukisevartni nanaket

naaskiremep kutnu nakisadnemokerid erutpur naanuggnep halada airaniru akisev

ab nahanem ,naweh isisop agajnem kutnu nakukalid isadeS .fitisop sartnok nah

.airaniru akisev id patet kutnu sartnok nahab agajnem nad ,isasiretetak ,nakaregrep

uata euqapyh itrepes muidem enidoi halada nakanugid gnay sartnok nahaB

arik sisod nagned loxehoi -k 01 ari ffohcsiB( nadab tareb gK/Lm .)3002

U reter lamron naadaek malad ipateT .ifargoidar isaulave malad tahilret kadit

aynasaib nad tahilret tapad reteru naruku ,sartnok nahab naanuggnep nagned

12

2 irad gnaruk kadit aynretemaid - sartnok nahab naanuggneP .mm 3 nakkusamid

artic naktahilrepmem naka ifargoleyP .ifargoleyp anevartni iulalem euqapoidar

nakareg anerak utkaw paites isairavreb naka reteru retemaid nad netsisnok gnay

iulalem ifargoidar kinket nakanuggnem arteru adap ifargoidaR .kitlatsirep

edargorter ta artni laroba ua - sulah nad salej tahilret naka arteru fargoidaR .arteru

alib rabelem tikides tahilret arteru tatsorp ,sartnok nahab nakanuggnem nagned

laner sivlepartske nagned nakgnidnabid si naka kadit sartnok nahab lamron araceS .

orp sutkud malad ek kusam ta tats retueH( rajnelek nagniraj ua .)5002

EDOTEM

tapmeT nad utkaW

ini naitileneP ,nalub aud amales nakanaskalid kajes ialumid 0102 teraM

lirpA nagned iapmas naitileneP .0102 kinilK id nakukalid naweH steVyM

nad nataleS atrakaJ ,gnameK iamaD gnopreS imuB gnaregnaT , .

rudesorP

nad kidem maker atad naklupmugnem nagned nakukalid atad nalupmugneP

otof narabmag nemodba oiger ifargoidar gnijna irad idajret gnay susak K id kinil

naweH yM V ste .latigid aremak nakanuggnem nagned gnay ataD lupmukret

roke 47 halmujes radnats atres ilak utas irad hibel ifargoidar otof nagned gnijna

naidumek idajret gnay susak 9 libmaid adebreb gnadnap nad asilanaid

aterpretniid nagned is retemarap hujut negtneoR ,naruku malad nahaburep utiay

d ,satisapo ,isanigram ,isakol ,halmuj ,kutneb lamron isgnuf na nagro aggnihes

tubesret ataD .tubesret naweh adap idajret gnay nanialek asongaid naktapadid

kutnu ada gnay kidem maker natatac nagned nakisanibmokid naidumek

.taruka gnay asongaid nakkagenep naktapadnem natamagneP fargoidar tapad

nakukalid fargoidar isaulave natakednep agit irad utas nakanuggnem nagned i

agro ,nagro metsis iulalem utiay I .nagro haread uata ,n isaterpretn nad ispirksed

nanialek adap kutnu nagro metsis natakednep nagned nakukalid nemodba oiger

alek nakkopmolegnep nakhadumem nani ;2002 yrreB & evoL( idajret gnay

layaT ;3002 ffohcsiB .)4002 isaterpretni irad nakumetid gnay nanialek lisaH

metsis utiay nagro metsis agit nanialek malad ek nakkopmolekid fargoidar

iskudorper metsis nad ,nahimekrep metsis ,naanrecnep . S b asongaid nalupmi apure

nasahabmep nagned ipakgnelid gnijna nemodba oiger adap nanialek atad nad

nakgnidnabid .akatsup nagned

NASAHABMEP NAD LISAH

gnilap gnay edotem nakapurem fargoidar irad kitametsis araces natamagneP

lad kifiseps gnay isamrofni naktapadnem kutnu kiab a asongaid nautnenep m

( 0102 pmakevloW .) ,aynmumU fargoidar isaulave otof aud adap nakukalid

isamrofni naktapadnem kutnu ifagoidar isnemid agit isanijami nakirebmem nad

nagro utaus layaT( )4002 nagned nakukalid aguj tapad fargoidar natamagneP .

as nakanuggnem idajret gnay nanialek naksalejnem tapad hadus alibapa otof ut

.neisap adap oidar asilana naacabmep iulalem natamagnep nakrasadreB ifarg

nemodba oiger adap nanialek padahret isaterpretni lisah naktapadid gnijna

fargoidar i :tukireb iagabes

eP metsiS nanialeK naanrecn

1 susaK

5 rabmaG laretal gnadnap radnats fargoidar ,ina spalorp nad isapitsnok susaK

.nanak isnebmuker

1 lebaT ina spalorp nad isapitsnok susak fargoidar natamagnep lisaH nemelangiS natamagneP ifargoidaR naumeT

aY kadiT gnijnA ,onurB

/lakoL natnaJ naruku nahabureP aY )nolok ,gnubmal( kutneb nahabureP kadiT halmuj nahabureP kadiT isakol nahabureP kadiT

isanigraM kadiT satisapo natakgnineP aY )gnubmal(

lamron isgnuf nahabureP aY )raseb susu ,sulah susu(

42

ijna nakapurem onurB 3 amales isakefed asib kadit gnay lakol gn - ,irah 4

igrene nahutubek ihunemem kutnu nakam uam hisam onurB naikimed nupualaw

1 onurB imalaid hanrep tubesret naidajeK .aynhubut igab - ulal gnay nalub 2

isakefed asib aynrihka nad xaloclud tabo nakirebid naidumek ek awabid mulebeS .

.tubesret tabo irad iskaer ada kadit ipatet xaloclud tabo irebid onurB ,kinilk

.nakakgnebmep imalagnem suna naigab naktahilrepmem kisif naaskiremeP

naaskiremep nakadnit aynnakukalid naksurahgnem naikimed gnay isidnoK

ar apureb gnajnunep .ifargoid

ifargoidar naaskiremeP adap 5 rabmaG aK ina spalorp nad isapitsnok sus

hibel satisapo natakgninep aynada nakkujnunem tneculoidar .gnubmal adap

satisapo nad raseb hibel idajnem gnubmal narukU tneculoidar nakkujnunem

akutnebmep aynada sret saG .sag n tapad tube batem sesorp tabika kutnebret emsilo

.anrupmes kadit gnay sag isireb nad narasebmep imalagnem gnay gnubmaL

tabika idajret naknikgnumid noitatalid cirtsag suluvlov gnubmal isnetsid utiay ,

nratupret nagned iatresid nariac nad aradu isalumuka anerak adap gnubmal ay

egderdlE ;3002 ovoNeD( aynsixa .la te .)7002 naigabiD ek iapmas sulah susu

tubesret seseF .kupmutreb nad ,sarek ,tadap gnay sesef aynada tahilret nolok

naruku ilak 3 ± rabelem utiay lamron kadit idajnem nolok naruku nakbabeynem

lamron nolok nad tabmahret gnay seseF .nolokagem iagabes tubesid uata

nurunep idajret halet nakkujnunem kupmutreb .susu irad lamron isgnuf na

naigabiD spalorp apureb nanialek nakapurem gnay natapilep idajret mutker gnuju

ad kadit sesef nakbabeynem tubesret natapiL .ina aggnihes nakiserkskeid tap

.isapitsnok uata isakefed natilusek imalagnem naweh ulalret kadit tahilret itaH

fargoidar adap salej araces nakisaterpretniid tapad kadit aggnihes .kifiseps nagrO

.lamron gnay isisop adap nad lamron tahilret apmil

erooM turuneM d sworruB na nakbabeynem gnay ina spalorp )0002(

ebeb aratnaid utas nakapurem naweh adap isapitsnok aynidajret rotkaf apar

nial babeynep ayn . rotkaf aparebeb helo isaisiniid aguj tapad ina spalorP

tisarap tabika utiay nial gnajnunep naanrecnep narulas ititsyc , ,sititatsorp ,s

id gnisa adneb ,isapitsnok ,sitiloc ,tatsorp iportrepih ,silaenirep ainreh ,aikotsid

haletes idajret gnay sumsenet nad ,sisaihtiloru ,lana uata mutker romut ,mutker

egoru hadeb kahcsaW( laenirep uata latin .)0002

52

2 susaK

6 rabmaG b susaK laretal gnadnap radnats fargoidar ,gnubmal id gnisa adne

.nanak isnebmuker

7 rabmaG gnadnap radnats fargoidar ,gnubmal id gnisa adneb susaK ortnev -

lasrod .

gnubmal id gnisa adneb aynada susak fargoidar natamagnep lisaH 2 lebaT nemelangiS natamagneP ifargoidaR naumeT

aY kadiT gnijnA ,iliLaniteB/lekceT

naruku nahabureP kadiT kutneb nahabureP kadiT halmuj nahabureP kadiT isakol nahabureP kadiT

isanigraM kadiT satisapo natakgnineP )gnubmal( aY

sgnuf nahabureP lamron i kadiT

naaskiremeP fargoidar i adap 6 rabmaG rabmaG nad 7 id gnisa adneb susaK

nakutneb nagned satisapo natakgninep nakkujnunem gnubmal euqapoidar id

assaM .gnubmal euqapoidar naadaek malad gnay gnisa adneb nakapurem tubesret

lad ada kadit lamron nakbabeynem aguj tubesret gnisa adneB .gnubmal ma

sesef adap tahilret ini lah ,kiab nagned gnusgnalreb kadit nanakam naanrecnep

alesid numan sulah susu id kaynab gnay - sag nalupmuk tapadret tubesret sesef ales

62

et tubesret sag nalupmuK .kaynab aynhalmuj gnay sesorp irad tabika idajr

.anrupmes kadit gnay susu malad isatnemref isalumuka tapadret ,raseb susu adaP

adap salej araces tahilret kadit apmil nad itaH .kaynab gnay halmuj malad sesef

.fargoidar

gnubmal malad gnisa adneB gnijna tapad aparebeb irad lasareb .adneb

egderdlE turuneM .la te ,gnaluleb gnalut nalenem tapad iuhatekid gnijna )7002(

,ulub ,tiluk ,terak alob ,naiakap ,uyak nahipres ,muraj ,nip ,utab ,takgnot ,akenob

adneb nad ,gnaneb - narukU .tubesret gnijna ratikesid adareb gnay nial adneb

a sugafose gnubmal raulek narulas adapirad raseb hibel gnijn surolyp narulas utiay .

kejbo nalenem tapad gnijna nakbabeynem naikimed gnay hubut imotana isidnoK

nemul id tabmahret ipatet ,gnubmal itawelem tapad kadit numan raseb hibel gnay

002( dralliW turuneM .gnubmal gnubmal malad gnisa adneb aynada naidajek )5

.iskurtsbo sitirtsag idajret ayntujnales nad sinork sitirtsag nagned itukiid aynasaib

B ini laH .naletret gnay terak teprak halada iliL gnubmal malad gnisa adne

nagnaretek nakrasadreb ninagnanem gnay naweh retkod ay .uti taas adap

3 susaK

8 rabmaG .nanak isnebmuker laretal gnadnap radnats fargoidar ,taolb susaK

3 lebaT natamagnep lisaH taolb susak fargoidar nemelangiS natamagneP ifargoidaR naumeT

aY kadiT gnijnA ,yliLaniteB/lekceT

naruku nahabureP bmal( aY )gnu kutneb nahabureP )gnubmal( aY halmuj nahabureP kadiT isakol nahabureP )apmil ,sulah susu( aY

isanigraM kadiT satisapo natakgnineP )gnubmal( aY

lamron isgnuf nahabureP kadiT

72

dba narasebmep imalagnem gnay lekceT gnijna nakapurem yliL kajes nemo

apureb gnajnunep naaskiremeP .kinilk ek awabid mulebes irah aparebeb

dnem kutnu nakukalid ifargoidar isaterpretnI .idajret gnay nanialek asongai

ifargoidar rabmaG 8 isnebmuker laretal gnadnap radnats fargoidar ,taolb susaK

p aynada tahilret nanak idajnem gnubmal narukU .gnubmal irad naruku nahabure

satisapo nagned raseb tagnas tneculoidar nakitsapid asib tubesret nakutneB .

id kutnebret anerak isalumukaret tapad tubesret aradU .aradu helo isiret gnubmal

aradu irad kusam nupuata gnubmal raul iulalem tubesid uata naanrecnep narulas

aigahporea saW( kahc ,nahurulesek araces tahilret kadit sulah susU .)0002

naikimed nupualaw asores sulah susu irad gnay tahilret nakkujnunem ada kadit

ag halmuj ,sag helo isiret tapmet aparebeb adap sulah susu nemuL .nanialek s

malad gnisa adneb ada kadiT .lamron gnay halmuj malad gnologret tubesret

.sulah susu malad nupuam gnubmal U apmil nad sulah sus nahaburep imalagnem

isakol ek gnorodret sulah susU . osrod - laduac ek gnorodret apmil nad laduac .

races tahilret kadit raseb susU tahilret kadit aguj itaH .fargoidar malad salej a

l narukU .rasebmem gnay gnubmal naruku anerak salej nagned apmi adap

fargoidar .lamron tahilret

I ifargoidar isaterpretn imalagnem neisap awhab asongaid naklupmiynem

.taolb isakidni B malad idajret tapad taol isidnok aud , gnijna amatrep isidnok utiay

imalagnem noitatalid cirtsag .nariac nad aradu isireb gnubmal isnetsid nagned

apureb audek isidnoK noitatalid cirtsag nagned suluvlov nagned naamasreb utiay

aidajeK .aynsixa adap ratupret gnubmal ,gnubmal isnetsid g n noitatalid cirtsa

aynada nagned isakilpmokreb tapad suluvlov akiJ .kadit nup uata suluvlov ,idajret

081 ratupret naka gnubmal o aynratupreT .oisrot iagabes tubesid gnay gnaruk uata

081 adap idajret tapad aynsixa adap gnubmal o 063 iapmas o ( hibel uata oNeD ov

;3002 egderdlE .la te .)7002

82

nahimekreP metsiS nanialeK

4 susaK

9 rabmaG arteru id sisaihtiloru susaK laretal gnadnap radnats fargoidar ,

.nanak isnebmuker

4 lebaT natamagnep lisaH arteru id sisaihtiloru susak fargoidar nemelangiS natamagneP ifargoidaR naumeT

aY kadiT gnijnA ,yksihWnatnaJ/nairemoP

naruku nahabureP ( aY airaniru akisev ) kutneb nahabureP kadiT halmuj nahabureP kadiT isakol nahabureP kadiT

isanigraM kadiT satisapo natakgnineP aY arteru( ) ron isgnuf nahabureP lam ( aY arteru ,airaniru akisev )

nairemoP gnijna nakapurem yksihW gnay isaniru natilusek imalagnem

iraniru teid inalajnem tubesret gnijnA .kinilk ek awabid mulebes malam aparebeb

gnajnunep naaskiremep nakukalid haleteS .7002 rebmetpeS nalub lawa irad

eb ifargoidar apur nakumetid .arteru id htiloru isamrof ifargoidar naaskiremeP

adap rabmaG 9 arteru id sisaihtiloru susaK laretal gnadnap radnats fargoidar ,

airaniru akisev irad naruku nahaburep aynada nakkujnunem nanak isnebmuker

hibel tahilret nad uqapoidar .e besret raseb gnay airaniru akiseV b tu isalumuka isire

nariac utiay ek gnorodret susu nakbabeynem airaniru akisev narasebmeP .niru

lainarc ek nolok nad lasrod isidnok malad naanrecnep narulas ,naikimed numaN .

.ifargoidar narabmag adap lamron naigabiD teru satisapo natakgninep idajret ar

akutneb nakapurem gnay oru( iluklak iskurtsbo irad n .)sisaihtil iulaleM

malad hibel kusam tabmahret retetac ,retetac nakanuggnem nagned naaskiremep

rajnelek iapacnem aynah nad silarteruoblub awhab asongaid naktaugnem ini laH .

id iluklak isamrof iskurtsbO .htiloru uata iluklak tabika arteru id iskurtsbo idajret

92

nad nakiserkskeid tapad kadit airaniru akisev irad niru nakbabeynem ini arteru

naklubminem idajret gnay iskurtsbO .airaniru akisev isnetsid naklubminem

isgnuf nanurunep tabmahret niru narila aggnihes nahimekrep narulas irad lamron

nakiserkskeid kutnu terpretniret lajniG . .nanialek imalagnem kadit nakisa

,uti aratnemeS .fargoidar malad tahilret kadit reteru

gned isbrosbaid kadit gnay larenim isalumuka irad kutnebret htilorU kiab na

.nahimekrep metsis malad akisev nad lajnig adap isalumukaret tapad htilorU

.arteru nad reteru adap iskurtsbo nakbabeynem tapad atres ,airaniru yksihw susaK

malad tahilret gnay htilorU .arteru id htiloru isamrof isalumuka kutneb nakapurem

fargoidar sinej halada tubesret htiloru nakutneb awhab naknikgnumem etivurts ,

alasko muislak madA( tafsof muislak uata t htiloru naidajeK .)0002 etivurts

iaynupmem gnicuk nad gnijna adap )tafsof muinomma muisengam( esatnesrep

,uti aratnemeS .%45 lasko muislak htiloru gnijna adap ta esatnesrep iaynupmem

%82 gnicuk adap nad %73 wahS( elhI & .)6002

5 susaK

01 rabmaG isnebmuker laretal gnadnap radnats fargoidar ,lajnig lagag susaK

.nanak

03

11 rabmaG gnadnap radnats fargoidar ,lajnig lagag susaK ortnev - lasrod .

5 lebaT tamagnep lisaH lajnig lagag susak fargoidar na nemelangiS natamagneP ifargoidaR naumeT

aY kadiT gnijnA ,eilrahC

natnaJ/guP naruku nahabureP )airaniru akisev( aY kutneb nahabureP kadiT halmuj nahabureP kadiT isakol nahabureP )nolok( aY

igraM isan kadiT satisapo natakgnineP ( aY ,lajnig gnubmal sulah susu , )

lamron isgnuf nahabureP ( aY airaniru akisev )

ek awabid mulebes eraid imalagnem halet guP gnijna nakapurem eilrahC

.kinilk iulaleM kerf ,tacup tahilret tulum asokum ,kisif naaskiremep gnutnaj isneu

mueru halmuj nakkujnunem muirotarobal naaskiremeP .%51 isardihed ,hamel

51 lamron narasik irad iggnit hibel ld/gm 49,664 - 58,9 ninitaerk nad ld/gm 04

ad iggnit hibel ld/gm 1 lamron narasik ir - ,uti aratnemeS .ld/gm 2 latot halmuj

d hisam nietorp 5,5 lamron narasik mala - tubesret naadaeK .ld/g 82,7 utiay ld/g 5,7

naktapadnem kutnu ifargoidar apureb gnajnunep naaskiremep ikadnehgnem

.salej hibel gnay asongaid

ifargoidar naaskiremeP adap rabmaG 01 lajnig lagag susaK nakkujnunem

aynada sapo natakgninep apureb lajnig adap sati euqapoidar . nakutneB

euqapoidar nagniraj irad lajnig rutkurts nalabenep apureb tapad nanikgnumek

.iluklak isamrof aynidajret adap haragnem gnay latsirk nakutneb uata miknerap

naruku nahaburep imalagnem airaniru akisev ,uti aratnemeS V . airaniru akise

uba satisapo nagned rasebmem - aniru akisev nakisakidnignem gnay hitup uba air

.niru helo hunep isiret akisev isnetsid( rasebmem gnay airaniru akisev isidnoK

13

idajret halet nakisakidnignem )niru isneter( niru helo hunep isiret nad )airaniru

o .airaniru akisev raulek narulas adap iskurtsb sbO tubesret iskurt nakbabeynem

irad lamron isgnuf nanurunep idajret aggnihes nakiserkskeid tapad kadit niru

nahimekrep narulas hawab naigab . u ,uti aratnemeS malad tahilret kadit reter

.fargoidar

d gnubmal nagrO tahilret sulah susu na tneculoidar naknikgnumem aggnihes

aynhalmuj tubesret naanrecnep narulas malad id saG .sag aynkutnebret halet

ialin halmuj iuhatekid muleb gnamem nupualaw ,lamron radak ihibelem

.aynlamron r naaskiremeP fargoida adap i gnadnap radnats v ortne - lasrod tahilret

akisev gnorodret anerak naidem irad irik laretal hara ek habureb nolok isisop

kutnebmem tahilret naka lamron isisop malad noloK .rasebmem gnay airaniru

gnadnap radnats adap ”aynat adnat“ ortnev - lasrod sinneD( .la te )0102 .

naaskiremeP ifargoidar adap rabmaG 11 fargoidar ,lajnig lagag susaK

gnadnap radnats ortnev - lasrod nakkujnunem nakutneb euqapoidar katel adap

.lajnig asongaid naktaugnem ini nakutneB id iluklak isamrof idajret halet awhab

luklak isamroF .kafetra utaus nakub nad lajnig tapad lajnig id kutnebret gnay i

nemides apureb etivurts sinej audek nakanerakid ini lah ,talasko muislak uata

tahilret naka ini htiloru euqapoidar .ifargoidar adap naidajek aparebeB

ad adap tikas ,airutameh aynada nagned iatresid gnadakret sisaihtilorhpen hare

adnat nad ,lanimodba uata labmul - nakasurek adnat silaner sulubut wahS( elhI &

en kutnebmep lareniM .)6002 id haletes gnijna sisaihtilorhp muirotarobal sisilana

,talasko muislak nakutneb irad lasareb tapad etivurts muislak ,taru muinomma ,

,tafsof enitsyc , enihtnax narupmac nad , madA( )0002 gnay fargoidar narabmaG .

satisapo anerak tahilret tapad euqapoidar ,talasko muislak halada etivurts nad ,

,uti aratnemeS .tafsof muislak satisapo anerak tahilret kadit gnay tneculoidar

,taru muinomma halada enitsyc nad , enihtnax eyD( 3002 ) .

nad kidem makeR naklupmiynem ifargoidar isaterpretni awhab asongaid

lajnig lagag imalagnem eilrahC , isgnuf nad iroterkske naadaek mordnis utiay

irad isartliF .hubut sisatsoemoh naknahatrepmem tapad kadit lajnig nirkodne

ar suluremolg at - .lamron irad %52 nagned amas uata irad gnaruk atar H iju lisa

halada aimetozA .aimetoza imalagnem eilrahC awhab nakkujnunem muirotarobal

irad isartnesnok natakgninep negortin malad ninitaerk nad aeru itrepes nietorpnon

23

t nakapurem aimetoza naadaeK .harad .lajnig lagag mordnis irad adna aimetozA

erp aimetoza utiay pahat agit sata igabret - aimetoza nad ,laner aimetoza ,laner

tsop - .laner erp aimetozA - naklisahgnem hamelem harad narila akitek idajret laner

uata gnutnaj lagag ,igaromeh ,isardihed sitroconerdaopyh m laner aimetozA .

uata irad gnaruk suluremolg malad lajnig nakukalid gnay isartlif akitek idajret

tsop aimetozA .lamron irad %52 nagned amas - malad hadum hibel laner

uata nahimekrep narulas iskurtsbo naklisahgnem anerak aynasongaidnem

aynidajret erutpur dap irad ilanekid tapad gnay sinilk adnaT .nahimekrep narulas a

tsop aimetoza - kisev isnetsid nakbabeynem gnay iskurtsbo halada laner airaniru a

wahS( elhI & fargoidaR .)6002 rabmaG 01 naktahilrepmem salej nagned

apad aggnihes airaniru akisev isnetsid aynidajret idajret halet naklupmisid t

.nahimekrep narulas iskurtsbo b ,uti aratnemeS nakutne euqapoidar lajnig adap

nem .aynlajnig adap nanialek idajret halet nakisakidnig

6 susaK

rabmaG 21 susaK ylagemorhpen fargoidar ,airaniru akisev id htiloru isamrof nad

dnats .nanak isnebmuker laretal gnadnap ra

susak fargoidar natamagnep lisaH 6 lebaT ylagemorhpen nad sisaihtiloru nemelangiS natamagneP ifargoidaR naumeT

aY kadiT gnijnA ,dolBaniteB/reirreT

naruku nahabureP )lajnig( aY kutneb nahabureP kadiT

nahabureP halmuj kadiT isakol nahabureP )nolok ,apmil( aY

isanigraM kadiT satisapo natakgnineP )airaniru akisev( aY

lamron isgnuf nahabureP kadiT

33

adnat anerak askirepid gnires halet gnay reirreT gnijna nakapurem dolB

ed isaniru utiay amas gnay sinilk .matih ripmah paleg talkoc anrawreb niru nagn

muirotarobal naaskiremeP .samel aynhubut isidnok nad hatnum imalagnem dolB

51 lamron narasik irad iggnit hibel ld/gm 15 mueru halmuj nakkujnunem - 04

a nemides aynada nakkujnunem ifargonosartlu naaskiremeP .ld/gm 1± assam uat

.lamron naruku irad raseb hibel nanak lajniG .airaniru akisev malad id mc

naktapadnem kutnu nakukalid ifargoidar naaskiremeP neisap adap asongaid .

P euqapinmo sartnok nahab nakanuggnem ifargoidar naaskireme ® nagned

rgoidar nalibmagnep nem 54 ifa nairebmep haletes ti tahilret rabmaG adap 21 .

ek apmil nagro isisop nahaburep idajreT laduac .airaniru akisev isisop itakednem

id halada apmil lamron isisoP laduac itrepes itah ihuajnem kadit aggnihes itah

tahilret malad lej tahilret susu asokuM .fargoidar amron nad sa l nahaburep idajreT .

ilak 5,4 nanak lajnig naruku ,lajnig audek irad naruku silabmul earbetrev ek - nad 2

ilak 4 irik lajnig silabmul earbetrev ek - ± halada gnijna lamron lajnig narukU .2

5,2 - gnajnap ilak 5,3 silabmul earbetrev ek - yrreB & evoL( 2 aynraseB .)2002

ek gnorodret nolok isisop nakbabeynem tubesret lajnig lartnev gnay lajniG .

uata rasebmem ylagemorhpen ,relules isartlifni irad satilamronba anerak idajret

irad nagnabmekrep uata ,tuka ralubut sisorken ,nahimekrep narulas iskurtsbo

er sitsyc silan ( stsycoduesp ) anerak idajret tapad relules isartlifni satilamronbA .

skefni ,nagnadarep retserroF( aisalpoen nad ,i .)0002

nakutneB euqapoidar naigab adap nakumetid aerA .airaniru akisev nemul

uba - assam ratikesid uba euqapoidar mron gnay niru nakapurem nakutneB .la

euqapoidar lekitrap nakapurem gnay nemides nakutneb aynada nakkujnunem ini -

uata utab nakutnebmep ek haragnem muleb tubesret nakutneB .latsirk lekitrap

ucimem tapad latsirk lekitrap napadnegneP .airaniru akisev id iluklak

k isamrof aynkutnebret tapad nad nagro utas adap isalumukaret alib ilukla

himekrep narulas tabmahgnem notlraC( hawab naigab na nivaGcM & .)5991

,Hp helo gnutnagret nahimekrep narulas id kutnebret gnay latsirk napadnE

nok nad ,naturalek tajared ,niru rutarepmet diollatsirk isartnes remitaL( la te .

.)3002 lamron gnay naadaek nakapurem nad tahilret kadit fargoidar malad reterU

retueH( .)5002

43

iskudorpeR metsiS nanialeK

7 susaK

31 rabmaG isnebmuker laretal gnadnap radnats fargoidar ,silatef aikotsid susaK

.nanak

1 rabmaG 4 d susaK gnadnap radnats fargoidar ,silatef aikotsi ortnev - lasrod .

7 lebaT r natamagnep lisaH silatef aikotsid susak fargoida nemelangiS natamagneP ifargoidaR naumeT

aY kadiT gnijnA ,tunsehC

aniteB/elgaeB naruku nahabureP kadiT kutneb nahabureP kadiT

bureP halmuj naha kadiT isakol nahabureP )sutef( aY

isanigraM kadiT satisapo natakgnineP kadiT

lamron isgnuf nahabureP kadiT

ifargoidar isaterpretnI rabmaG 31 radnats fargoidar ,silatef aikotsid susaK

aud tahilret nanak isnebmuker laretal gnadnap auD .gnitnub gnay aniteb irad sutef

utaS .lamron gnakaleb gnalut rutkurts nagned lamron isidnok malad tubesret sutef

53

isatneserp nagned narihalek nalaj id adareb hadus sutef roiretna lanidutignol

isisop osrod - lartnev on isatneiro halada tubesret isatneirO . kiab tagnas nad lamr

gnijna kana isatneiro ,)7002( noskcaJ turuneM .narihalek kutnu sutef igab

isatneserp halada lamron narihalek lanidutignol roiretna isisop nagned lasrod .

,uti aratnemeS ikak adap radnasreb rulujret rehel nad alapek nagned sutef rutsop

d .kuketret kadnup nagned nape T igab aladnek ada kadi rihal kutnu amatrep sutef

araces lamron narihalek nalaj nad raseb ulalret kadit gnay sutef naruku nagned

.pukuc gnay isatneserp nagned nemodba id adareb ,audek gnay suteF

lanidutignol - roiretsop isisop rod os - lartnev aguj aynranebes tubesret isatneirO .

sutef isisop ipatet lamron isatneiro nakapurem lanidutignol - roiretsop malad

isisoP .lakitrev gnukgnelem gnakaleb gnalut anerak anrupmes kadit fargoidar

nagned rihal tapad kadit sutef nakbabeynem naikimed gnay ini laH .racnal

.narihalek asam akitek avluv id tukgnaynem gnay sutef naadaek nagned itkubret

isarepo nagned halada avluv id sutef ayntukgnasret isatagnem kutnu raulek nalaJ

.raseaC

id uata nakrihalem aniteb naweh natilusek babeyneP lanek aikotsid nagned

da sutef naruku anerak idajret silatef aikotsiD .)silatef aikotsid( sutef rotkaf hala

gnay sutef nakutneb ,lamronba gnay sutef nakududek uata isatneiro ,raseb gnay

aynidajret ihuragnepmem aguj gnay nial rotkaF .sutef naitamek nad ,lamronba

kaf halada aikotsid kadit narihalek nalaj apureb )silanretem aikotsid( kudni rot

,iretu oisrot ,iretu aisreni uata iretu inota ,sutef naruku nagned raseb pukuc

utnebmep nad ,siotnallaordih egderdlE ;0002 dlabhcrA( anigav mutpes nak .la te

.)7002 lisaH fargoidar isaterpretni em nakkujnun gnijna adap idajret gnay aikotsid

kadit gnay sutef nakududek apureb sutef rotkaf irad lasareb elgaeB aniteb

.narihalek nalaj iapacnem kutnu anrupmes

63

8 susaK

1 rabmaG 5 isnebmuker laretal gnadnap radnats fargoidar ,isakifimmum susaK

.nanak

8 lebaT amagnep lisaH isakifimmum susak fargoidar nat nemelangiS natamagneP ifargoidaR naumeT

aY kadiT J- gnijnA ,ol

aniteB/lakoL naruku nahabureP kadiT kutneb nahabureP )sutef( aY halmuj nahabureP kadiT isakol nahabureP kadiT

isanigraM adiT k satisapo natakgnineP )sutef( aY

lamron isgnuf nahabureP kadiT

J adap ifargoidar naaskiremeP - nakukalid aniteb lakol gnijna rokees ol

t gnijna anerak ifargoidar isaterpretnI .gnitnub aynmulebes tubesre 1 rabmaG 5

radnats fargoidar ,isakifimmum susaK tahilret nanak isnebmuker laretal gnadnap

nagned tahilret salej tubesret nahabureP .sutef irad kutneb nahaburep aynada

assam nakutneb euqapoidar assam irad satisapo tajareD .nemodba id euqapoidar

nakutneB .neisap irad gnalut rutkurts nagned amas tubesret r euqapoida

nakbabeynem saregnem nad itam halet gnay sutef irad rutkurts nakapurem

malad adareb patet gnay sutef naitamek )7002( noskcaJ turuneM .isakifimmum

isakifimmuM .isakifimmum aynidajret naknikgnumem lanimodba uata suretu

d sutef nariac anerak idajret suproK .saregnem sutef naidumek isbroserid hubut na

.ilabmek surtse kadit kudni aggnihes fitka patet aynasaib kudni irad muetul

naigabeS imalagnem gnay sutef susak irad raseb idajnem naka isakifimmum

( satrek itrepes nad gnirek noitacifimmum suoecarypap .)

M saregnem nad gniregnem gnay sutef kutneb nakapurem isakifimmu

.nagnitnubek rihka agitrepes iapmas nahagnetrep adap sutef naitamek haletes

73

et gnay taas iuhatekid kadit anerak isketedid tilus isakifimmum ,mumu araceS tap

wahS( aynsutef naitamek elhI & .)6002 tabika iagabes idajret tapad isakifimmuM

.lanimodba nagnitnubek utiay nagnitnubek nanialek irad K nagnitnube imodba n la

anerak idajret nemodba gnaur ikusamem suretu malad pudih gnay sutef

nakbabesid nahurulep suretu irad a suteF .amuart uata naakalecek tabik tapad

alibapa pudih nahatreb akiJ .uggnagret kadit atnesalp pudih nahatreb tapad sutef

narihalek asam iapmas , .isarepo nagned halada nakukalid gnay narihalek arac

raseb naigabes ,idajret gnaraj tagnas pudih nahatreb upmam gnay sutef numaN

et nad itam sutef dajr noskcaJ( isakifimmum i .)7002

9 susaK

61 rabmaG susaK artemoyp .nanak isnebmuker laretal gnadnap radnats fargoidar ,

1 rabmaG 7 susaK artemoyp gnadnap radnats fargoidar , ortnev - lasrod .

83

9 lebaT susak fargoidar natamagnep lisaH artemoyp emelangiS n natamagneP ifargoidaR naumeT

aY kadiT gnijnA ,eibraB

aniteB/eldooP naruku nahabureP )suretu( aY kutneb nahabureP )suretu( aY halmuj nahabureP kadiT isakol nahabureP kadiT

isanigraM )suretu( aY satisapo natakgnineP )suretu( aY

abureP lamron isgnuf nah kadiT

naaskiremeP ifargoidar adap 1 rabmaG 6 susaK artemoyp nakkujnunem

narabmag adap tahilret kadit lamron suretU .suretu irad naruku nahaburep aynada

dar yrreB & evoL( ifargoi ret suretU .)2002 nakrabmag satisapo nagned

euqapoidar uba -a uba nakutneB .raseb nad gnajnamem ub - tubesret uba

id nariac tafisreb gnay assam nalupmuk naadarebek apureb nanialek nakkujnunem

gnay aynisanigram irad tahilret labenem suretu gnidniD .suretu euqapoidar alib

assam nalupmuk nagned nakgnidnabid malad ada gnay U .suretu aynmum ,

narasebmep nagned nakadebid tapad nad kifiseps kadit tafisreb suretu narasebmep

,nalimahek tabika iagabes idajret gnay ycnangerpoduesp , artemoyp , artemordyh ,

artemocum , suretu oisrot nad , suretu sisoymoneda imusiM( la te .)0002 .

artemoyP esaf utiay surtse sulkis adap lanomroh nanialek tabika idajret

hibel lanomroh nanialeK .iretkab helo rednukes iskefni nagned itukiid nad surtseid

suretu igolofrom haburem gnay suretu diorets nomroh isalumuka helo naktabikaid

naklisahgnem isalprepyh citsyc muirtemodne a iserkes irad isalumuka itukiid

iretkab iskefnI .iretkab rednukes iskefni nad suretu nemul malad ek muirtemodne

uba assam apureb tahilret naka gnay )hanan( sup naklisahgnem - malad uba

adap nakumetid kaynab gnilap gnay iretkab isalosI .fargoidar susak artemoyp

halada iloc aihcirehcsE halmuj malad nakumetid tapad aguj gnay nial iretkaB .

utiay tikides succocolyhpatS , succocotpertS , pps suetorP , pps aliesbielK nad ,

pps allenomlaS ailaguB( .)4002

NALUPMIS NAD NARAS

nalupmiS

odba oiger adap nanialeK iulalem asongaidid tapad gnay gnijna nem

nahaburep apureb negtneoR retemarap hujut nakanuggnem ifargoidar isaterpretni

lamron isgnuf nad ,satisapo ,isanigram ,isakol ,halmuj ,kutneb ,naruku malad

spalorp nagned isapitsnok utiay naanrecnep metsis irad nagro id gnisa adneb ,ina

utiay nahimekrep metsis ;taolb nad ,gnubmal arteru id sisaihtiloru ,lajnig lagag ,

nad ylagemorhpen ,silatef aikotsid utiay iskudorper metsis ;sisaihtiloru iatresid

nad ,isakifimmum artemoyp .

naraS

rep halada nakirebid tapad gnay naraS nakukalid ul ayn ifargoidar isaterpretni

nemodba oiger adap nanialek licek naweh kutnu adebreb gnay susak padahret

.idajret gnay nanialek nagned naanekreb taafnamreb gnay isamrofni ayakrepmem

p nakukalid ulrep ,uti gnipmasiD re alek naidajek isnedisni esatnes oiger adap nani

nemodba licek naweh kutnu nuhat paites irad ifargoidar isaterpretni iulalem

.haread utaus id idajret gnay nanialek alop naktahilrepmem

AKATSUP RATFAD

.igoloidaR harajeS .8002 .]minonA[20_I=namalah&egap=tca?php.xedni/di.ro.mitajirap//:ptth ]0102 iluJ 91[ .

.0002 .GL madA sisaihtilorhpeN :htimS & yelliT malad iD . 5 ehT - etuniMtlusnoC yranireteV snikliW & smailliW ttocnippiL . .

.4991 .MW smadA yparehT noitaidaR yranireteV . malad iD :M nooM ehTecitcarP ni ygoloidaR ;noitcelloC muidnepmoC . :notnerT ,yesreJ weN

smetsyS gninraeL yranireteV cnI ,.oC .

,T némlA .P nilepsA .9002 tsartnoC aideM ni citsongaiD ygoloidaR . 5991 yraunaJ ygoloidaR fo koobtxeT . lakreb gnubuhret[ ]a

xpsa.70retpahc/ygoloidar/yrarbil/moc.aideapolcycdem.www//:ptth iluJ 91[ .]0102

.0002 .FL dlabhcrA aicotsyD :htimS & yelliT malad iD . 5 ehT - yranireteV etuniM.tlusnoC ocnippiL snikliW & smailliW tt .

aK/10 .oN NETEPAB alapeK nasutupeK taruS .9991 .]NETEPAB[ -V/NETEPAB - isaidaR padahret ajreK natamaleseK nautneteK gnatnet 99 .

,eN evoL ,RC yrreB .2002 .ED llarhT cihpargoidaR ot noitcudortnI.noitaterpretnI :ED llarhT malad iD oobtxeT citsongaiD yranireteV fo k

.ygoloidaR 4 ht noitide ynapmoC srednuaS .B.W :nodnoL . .

ffohcsiB .3002 .GM cihpargoidaR t dna seuqinhce i eht fo noitaterpretn etucaa .nemodb ecitcarP laminA llamS ni seuqinhceT lacinilC , 7 :81 - 91 .

.4002 .SN ailaguB oduesP - ycnangerp e citsyc dna rtemodn aisalprepyh lai -b ni xelpmoc artemoyp .sehcti malad iD teP gniniarT fo muidnepmoC

ecitcarP laminA 9 , - erutlucirgA anayraH SCC .4002 rebmeceD 01rasiH ,ytisrevinU - 400521 .

,WW notlraC .5991 .DM nivaGcM ygolotaP yranireteV laicepS s’nosmohT . S .tybsoM :siuoL - cnI ,kooB raeY .

neD ,F rraB ,MR regrebriK ,R sin .0102 .HR yelgirW laminA lamS fo koobdnaH2 .dnuosartlU dna ygoloidaR dn noitide uhC :ASU . enotsgniviL llihcr

.dtL reiveslE

.3002 .CR ovoNeD hcamotS eht fo esaesiD :RT smaT malad iD . koobdnaH foygoloretneortsaG laminA llamS .ecneicS reiveslE :ASU .

,OW kcaS ,MK ecyD .2002 .GJC gnisneW .ymotanA yranireteV fo koobtxeT 3 dr .noitide ecneicS reiveslE srednuaS :aihpledalihP .

dna sisongaid ot hcaorppa s’noegrus a :nemodba etuca ehT .3002 .T eyDt mtaer .tne ecitcarP laminA llamS ni seuqinhceT lacinilC , 35 :81 - 56 .

14

aC ,DL noslraC ,MD egderdlE ,GD noslr .7002 .MJ niffiG emoH s’renwO goD4 .koobdnaH yranireteV ht noitide eN . cnI ,gnihsilbuP yeliW :yesreJ w .

AD yeneeF ,RG notsnhoJ ,LD rebraB , .4991 .AC enrobsO T yrotercxE eh dna ,ecnaraeppA cihpargoidaR lamroN ,seuqinhceT I traP :margorU

noitaterpretnisiM malad iD . :M nooM ;noitcelloC muidnepmoC ehT ni ygoloidaR ecitcarP . smetsyS gninraeL yranireteV :notnerT ,yesreJ weN

cnI ,.oC .

.0002 .DS retserroF ylagemoneR iD . :htimS & yelliT malad 5 ehT - etuniMtlusnoC yranireteV snikliW & smailliW ttocnippiL . .

,RW eedneH .2002 .RE ruonetiR 4 .scisyhP gnigamI lacideM ht noitide . weN yeliW :kroY - cnI ssiL .

retueH .5002 .JK u yrotercxE yhpargor . laminA llamS ni seuqinhceT lacinilCP ecitcar , :02 93 - 54 .

.7002 .GGP noskcaJ renireteV irtetsbO koobdnaH . audek isidE . idianuJ sirA ,hamejrenep sserP ytisrevinU adaM hajdaG :aisenodnI . irad nahamejreT . :

2 .scirtetsbO yranireteV fo koobdnaH dn noitide .

nielK .4991 .JL animodbA etucA fo ygoloidaR taC dna goD eht ni sredrosiD l iD .malad :M nooM ecitcarP ni ygoloidaR ;noitcelloC muidnepmoC ehT . weN

cnI ,.oC smetsyS gninraeL yranireteV :notnerT ,yesreJ .

,MS euRaL .4991 .LE ettelliG ygolocnO noitaidaR ni secnavdA tneceR malad iD . :M nooM idnepmoC ehT ecitcarP ni ygoloidaR ;noitcelloC mu . ,yesreJ weN

cnI ,.oC smetsyS gninraeL yranireteV :notnerT .

,AE yeffahaM ,SK remitaL .3002 .WK essarP yranireteV s’essarP dna nacnuD4 .ygolohtaP lacinilC enicideM yrotarobaL ht noitide :eunevA etatS .

nihsilbuP llewkcalB g.

,EN evoL .2002 .RC yrreB nemodbA eht rof smgidaraP noitaterpretnI – eninaC.enileF dna :ED llarhT malad iD citsongaiD yranireteV fo koobtxeT

.ygoloidaR 4 ht noitide ynapmoC srednuaS .B.W :nodnoL . .

nitraM .0002 .EJ noitcetorP noitaidaR rof scisyhP . adanaC ,snoS & yeliW nhoJ :.cnI

.7002 .CN zedneneM p ni ytilauq cihpargoidar evorpmi ot woH ecitcar . hsirIlanruoJ yranireteV 4 oN ,06 emuloV , .

N aruiM ,M ikijuF ,K imusiM , H otomakaS . .0002 owt ni noisrot nroh eniretUb divargnon .sehcti carP laminA llamS lanruoJ ecit , 864 :14 - 174 .

,EL erooM .0002 .FC sworruB dna noitapitsnoC noitapitsbO & yelliT malad iD . :htimS 5 ehT - tlusnoC yranireteV etuniM snikliW & smailliW ttocnippiL . .

,PJ nagroM .4002 .P pmokevloW dna goD dezitamuarT eht fo ygoloidaR fo saltA2 .taC dn itide no GK.oC & Hbm tfahcsllesegsgatreV ehcsretülhcS :namreJ . .

24

,MS leweN .2002 .PJ maharG neelpS dna reviL ehT :ED llarhT malad iD . .ygoloidaR citsongaiD yranireteV fo koobtxeT 4 ht noitide . .B.W :nodnoL

ynapmoC srednuaS .

,H teprO .2002 .P hsleW teV fo koobdnaH gnisruN yranire llewkcalB :ASU .dtL ecneicS .

.6002 .PB notgnitraP gnigamI citsongaiD :MJ tressaB & MD ninruCcM malad iD . .snaicinhceT yranireteV rof koobtxeT lacinilC 6 ht noitide :aihpledalihP .

srednuaS reiveslE .

.1002 .S ebordeR lams ni seuqinhcet gnigamI m l slamma . dna naivA ni sranimeSenicideM teP citoxE , 781 :01 - 791 .

,HD wahS .6002 .LS elhI enicideM lanretnI laminA llamS llewkcalB :ASU .gnihsilbuP .

.4002 .R layaT p tep ni sisongaid cihpargoidaR .ecitcar malad iD fo muidnepmoCecitcarP laminA teP gniniarT 9 , - anayraH SCC .4002 rebmeceD 01

rasiH ,ytisrevinU erutlucirgA - 400521 .

,ED llarhT .2002 .RW remdiW dna ,noitcetorP noitaidaR ,cisyhP noitaidaRyroeT moorkraD :ED llarhT malad iD . citsongaiD yranireteV fo koobtxeT

.ygoloidaR 4 ht .noitide dnuaS .B.W :nodnoL ynapmoC sre .

,FM mulU anaivoN D .8002 . kitsongaid anaras iagabes ifargoidar nataafnamePh naretkodek ainud malad gnajnunep gnay nawe h igab nama ,nawe ,aisunam

l nad nagnukgni malad iD . 8002 SANVIK fo sgnideecorP 91 , - sutsugA 22aisenodnI ,rogoB .8002 793 mlh - 893 .

.0002 .JM kahcsaW espalorP lanA dna latceR :htimS & yelliT malad iD . 5 ehT -.tlusnoC yranireteV etuniM snikliW & smailliW ttocnippiL .

.4991 .WJ srettaW gnissecorP mliF dna moorkraD cihpargoidaR ehT malad iD . :M nooM ygoloidaR ;noitcelloC muidnepmoC ehT ecitcarP ni . ,yesreJ weN

cnI ,.oC smetsyS gninraeL yranireteV :notnerT .

RW remdiW snivelB ,MC naH ,DC druH ,MK legoV ,MS wahS ,DH llewtnaC ,EW .4991 . ytefaS noitaidaR dna ygoloiB noitaidaR malad iD . :M nooM ehT

ecitcarP ni ygoloidaR ;noitcelloC muidnepmoC . :notnerT ,yesreJ weNcnI ,.oC smetsyS gninraeL yranireteV .

.5002 .DM dralliW stcejbO ngieroF cirtsaG & WR nosleN malad iD . :GC otuoC2 .enicideM lanretnI llamS fo launaM dn noitide reiveslE :aihpledalihP .

ybsoM .

.0102 .P pmakevloW odbA fo selpicnirP cisaB yhpargoidaR lanim AVASW 72 ..ssergnoc

.8002 .DA noxirW r PRCI weN snoitadnemmoce . lacigoloidaR fo lanruoJ)8002( 82 noitcetorP dtL gnihsilbuP POI :KU . 161 mlh - 861 .

34

8002 .A regrebnegniwZ .8 nemodbA lamroN ./37095102101218002/stnemucod/sesac/ten.ygoloidaryraniretev.crim//:ptth

lmx.tnemucodCRIM . ]0102 iluJ 91[