Seismik Fase

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Caption to accompany cut-away figure of Earth with seismic rays

FASA GELOMBANG SEISMIK

Dua gelombang dikatakan sefase, bila keduanya berfrekuensi sama dan titik-titik yang bersesuaian berada pada tempat yang sama selama osilasi. Misalnya, kedua gelombang berada pada puncak pada saat yang sama. Jika yang terjadi sebaliknya, keduanya tidak sefase.

Sebaliknya dua gelombang berlawanan fase jika perpindahan keduanya tepat berlawanan arah, misalnya saat salah satu gelombang berada pada puncak, gelombang satunya berada pada lembah.Beda fase antara dua gelombang menyatakan ukuran seberapa jauh,diukur dalam sudut, sebuah titik pada salah satu gelombang berada di depan atau di belakang titik yang bersesuaian dari gelombang lainnya. Untuk gelombang-gelombang yang berlawanan fase, beda fasenya adalah 180o. Sedang dua gelombang yang sefasi jika beda fase besarnya 0o.Fasa-Fasa Gelombang Seismik dari Suatu Gempa(source)

Fasa-Fasa dalam Kerak Bumi Pg = Gelombang P yang berbalik dalam kerak bumi.

PmP = Ray yang berbalik atau terefleksi pada Moho. Dimana m = moho.

Pn = Ray yang melewati mantel atas di bawah Moho.

Fasa gelombang S juga sama dengan tambahan gelombang konversi seperti SmP.

Gambar : Geometri ray dan penamaan fasa-fasa gelombang P dalam kerak bumi. Kenaikan kecepatan pada Moho menyebabkan triplikasi dalam kurva waktu tempuhnya.Fasa-Fasa dalam Bumi Global P = gelombang P dalam mantel

K = gelombang P dalam inti luar

I = gelombang P dalam inti dalam

S = gelombang S dalam mantel

J = gelombang S dalam inti dalam

c = refleksi pada batas antara inti dan mantel (CMB)

I = refleksi pada antara inti dalam (ICB)

Gambar : Geometri ray global dan penamaannya yang dihitunh dari model PREM. Ray gelombang P berupa garis solid dan gelombang S berupa garis bergerigi (Shearer,1999).

Gambar : Gempa dalam menghasilkan fasa-fasa yang terefleksikan pada permukaan bumi, yang disebut fasa-fasa dalam. Ray dihitung untuk kedalaman gempa 650 km dalam model kecepatan PREM (Shearer,1999).referensi : Afnimar. 2009. Seismologi. Penerbit ITB : Bandung.Guide to Seismic Phases

Perubahan kecepatan seismik dalam bumi , serta kemungkinan konversi antara kompresi ( P ) dan gelombang geser ( S ) gelombang , menghasilkan banyak jalan gelombang mungkin. Setiap jalur menghasilkan fase seismik terpisah pada seismogram . Fase seismik dijelaskan dengan satu atau lebih huruf , yang masing-masing menggambarkan bagian dari jalur gelombang . Huruf besar menunjukkan perjalanan melalui bagian dari bumi ( misalnya P atau S ) , dan huruf kecil menunjukkan refleksi dari batas . A lengkap , nomenklatur standar untuk jalur gelombang seismik tersedia di situs web : http://www.isc.ac.uk/Documents/IASPEI/sspl.html. Informasi ini juga telah diterbitkan [ Sorchak , DA , J. Schweitzer , P. Bormann (2003), " The IASPEI Standard Seismic Tahap List" , Seismol . Res . Lett . 74 , 6 , 761-772 ] , dan file pdf dari publikasi ini tersedia dari situs web yang sama.

Dalam konteks verifikasi , perambatan gelombang di bumi dibagi menjadi teleseismic ( jarak yang lebih besar dari 2000 kilometer) jalan dan regional ( jarak kurang dari 2000 kilometer) jalan .Fase Teleseismic

Dalam plot ini, peristiwa seismik berada di sebelah kiri, dan jalur sinar seismik akan ditampilkan untuk memungkinkan stasiun pada beberapa jarak sudut dari acara tersebut.

PA primary (compressional) wave that follows a simple path from event source to the station.

PcPA P wave that goes downward through the

mantle (the first P), is reflected from the top of the outer core (c) and goes upward through the mantle to the station (second P).

PdiffA P wave that has been bent (diffracted) around the outer core boundary and arrives at a station in the ray shadow of the outer core.

SA secondary (shear) wave that follows a path similar to the P wave (not shown).

SSA shear wave that has traveled through the mantle (S), undergone one reflection from the underside of Earths surface and traveled again through the mantle (second S). Unlike with most other reflected waves, there is no separate letter to denote the reflection at the surface; it is implicit.

PPA compressional wave that follows paths similar to those of SS (not shown).

PKPA P wave that has traveled through the mantle (P), been transmitted across the mantle-outer core boundary and traveled through the outer core (K), transmitted back across the outer core-mantle boundary and traveled as a P wave to the station (P). Because of the large difference between the P wave velocity in the mantle and the outer core, this wave is bent (refracted) strongly at the boundary. Seismic waves can follow slightly different paths (labeled PKPAB, PKPBC) and still arrive at about the same time.

PKIKPA P wave that has traveled through the mantle (P), been transmitted across the mantle-outer core boundary (K), crossed the outer-core inner-core boundary and traveled through the inner core as a P wave (I), then followed a similar path in reverse to get from the inner core to the station (the second KP). An alternate name for this phase is PKPDF (shown in the path illustration).

PKiKPThis phase has followed a series of paths similar to the PKIKP phase, except it was reflected off the top of the inner core-outer core boundary (this is the i part of the path), rather than being transmitted through the inner core.

Figures courtesy of Ed Garnero, Arizona State University (http://garnero.asu.edu/research_images/index.html)Depth PhasesA number of depth phases are referred to in the proceedings. The paths of these phases are nearly the same as P

waves. The depth phases all result from a reflection from the Earths surface near the epicenter of the event. The time delay between the P wave and the depth phase is proportional to the depth of the event (hence the term depth phase).

pPA P wave that started out upward from the source (p), reflected off the Earths surface, and traveled to the station as a P wave (P).

sPAn S wave that started out upward from the source (s), reflected off the earths surface and also converted to a P wave, which then traveled to the station as a P wave (P).

pwPSimilar to the pP phase. A P wave that started out upward from the source (p), reflected off the ocean

surface (w - water) and traveled to the station as a P wave (P).Regional PhasesA highly simplified representation of the crust of Earth, which is seldom so simple and flat. Changes of crustal thickness and velocities can disrupt crustal phases, notably Lg.

Pg (Sg)At short event-station distances, an upgoing P (S) wave from a source in the upper crust (depicted here) or a P (S) wave bottoming in the upper crust. At larger distances the Pg phase includes arrivals resulting from multiple P-wave reverberations within the entire crust that propagate at a group velocity around 5.8 km/s.

Pn (Sn)A P (S) wave bottoming in the uppermost mantle or an upgoing P wave from a source in the uppermost mantle

LgA wave group observed at larger regional distances and caused by superposition of multiple S-wave reverberations and S to

P and/or P to S conversions inside the whole crust. The maximum energy travels with a group velocity around 3.5 km/s