proyecto de exposicion para Ingenieria Civil

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\* E* N* H* [*AEK\GREB BL KFLJKFE[ V RLKJMGMCFE

KEPPLPE BL FJCLJFLPFE KFQFGBL_EPREHLJRM BL M@PE[ DFBPE\GFKE[ V [EJFREPFE[

L[RFHEKFMJ V EKR\EGF^EKFMJ BL GE[ LK\EKFMJL[FJRLJ[FBEB ( B\PEKFMJ ( APLK\LJKFE_EPE GE[ _PFJKF_EGL[ KF\BEBL[ BLG

BL_EPREHLJRM BL REPFNE



FJRPMB\KKFMJ EG _PMVLKRML[RFHEKFÛJ V EKR\EGF^EKFMJ BL

LK\EKFMJL[ FBA _EPE GE[_PFJKF_EGL[ KF\BEBL[ V_M@GEKFMJL[ BLG BL_EPREHLJRM

BL REPFNE



HMRFQM BL GE PLEGF^EKFÛJ BLG _PL[LJRL _PMVLKRM = Lg hmrfqm pfjkfpeg ebfke u|l lj j|l{rm hlbfm jm {l k|ljre kmj

berm{ bl ke|begl{ eamebm{ lj kejrfbeb v kegfbeb bl{le`gl pee gelegf~ekfûj bl pmvlkrm{' pee l{rm {l bl`l lk|f e hærmbm{

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_m reg hmrfqm {l `|{ke blrlhfje |j peåhlrm fhpmrejrl u|l l{ge fjrlj{fbeb bl ge gg|qfe pm hlbfm bl hmblgm{ herlhårfkm{ u|llgekfmjej ge Fjrlj{fbeb' ge B|ekfûj v ge Alk|ljkfe* V kmj ge{lk|ekfmjl{ l{rfhebe{' {l blnee eg `|lj kfrlfm blg bf{lõebm lglhpglm bl ge{ hf{he{ lj ge `þ{u|lbe bl peåhlrm{ bl bf{lõm'kmhm l{ lg ke|beg' u|l l{ `å{fkm pee bfhlj{fmje ge{ l{r|kr|e{ljkecebe{ bl rej{pmre v lrljl lg lk|{m ec|e' bl reg amhe

plqljf lalkrm{ fjbl{le`gl{*

FJRPMB\KKFMJ



HMRFQM BL GE PLEGF^EKFÛJ BLG _PL[LJRL_PMVLKRM =

V kmhm {e`lhm{ u|l l{ he{ kmhpgfkebm blrlhfje ge{

fjrlj{fbebl{ bl b|ekfûj kmre' l{ pm l{m u|l lj lg pl{ljrlpmvlkrm pm hlbfm bl ge `f`gfmceaèe kmj{|grebe {l ljkmjrû|j hmblgm u|l lgekfmje ge fjrlj{fbeb kmj ge b|ekfûj ggehebmReg`mr' lj lg k|eg {l de blhm{rebm u|l be `|ljm{ l{|grebm{pee gg|qfe{ bl < hfj e 0? hfj bl b|ekfûj* _m reg hmrfqm {l

blrlhfjemj gm{ kmlafkfljrl{ blg hmblgm pee ge{ mjklkf|bebl{ blg blperehljrm lj l{r|bfm' V hlbfejrl l{rm{kmlafkfljrl{ {l blrlhfjee ge fjrlj{fbeb u|l l{ |j peåhlrmfhpmrejrl lj lg bf{lõm |`ejm' kmhm pm lnlhpgm lg

bfhlj{fmjehfljrm bl |j {f{rlhe bl egkejrefggebm pg|qfeg*

FJRPMB\KKFMJ



U\L L[ \JE RMPHLJRE BL BF[LÕM= [l ljrfljbl pm rmhljre eg kmjn|jrm bl gg|qfe{ u|l m`lblklj e |je hf{he

plr|èkfûj hlrlmmgûcfke v bl keekrlè{rfke{ `flj blafjfbe{* Bl ek|lbme l{re blafjfkfûj |je rmhljre p|lbl b|e bl{bl |jm{ pmkm{ hfj|rm{de{re qefe{ dme{ v eþj bèe{9 p|lblj eèke ltrlj{fmjl{ bl rlljm{ h|v

qefe`gl{' bl{bl plu|lõe{ ~mje{ de{re ltrlj{e{ lcfmjl{* Reh`fæj |je rmhljre bl bf{lõm p|lbl blafjf{l hlbfejrl |j qegm bl

pma|jbfbeb bl plkfpfrekfûj lj |j p|jrm' hlbfejrl |j dflrmcehe blbf{lõm u|l l{plkfafu|l ge bf{rf`|kfûj rlhpmeg bl ge plkfpfrekfûj b|ejrl|je rmhljre' m hlbfejrl |j hepe bl f{mvlre{ u|l l{plkfafu|l lg perûjl{pekfeg bl ge plkfpfrekfûj' ljrmjkl{ ge rmhljre bl bf{lõm l{ ge ljrebe eg{f{rlhe' v gm{ ke|begl{ l{|grejrl{ {l kegk|gej |rfgf~ejbm pmklbfhfljrm{ blgg|qfe(l{kmljrèe v råj{frm bl ke|begl{*

Ge{ rmhljre{ bl bf{lõm p|lblj è{e{l lj fjamhekfûj df{rûfke blplkfpfrekfûj lj |j {frfm m p|lblj kmj{r|f{l |rfgf~ejbm ge{ keekrlè{rfke{cljlegl{ bl ge plkfpfrekfûj lj lcfmjl{ ebvekljrl{*

FJRPMB\KKFMJ



M@NLRFQM CLJLPEG BLG _PMVLKRM Blrlhfje gm{ kmlafkfljrl{ bl ge{ lk|ekfmjl{ Fjrlj{fbeb ( B|ekfûj ‛ Alk|ljkfe pee ge{

pfjkfpegl{ kf|bebl{ v pm`gekfmjl{ blg blperehljrm bl Refne kmj lg afj bl l{rfhe |jpeåhlrm a|jbehljreg lj lg bf{lõm bl ge{ m`e{ dfbå|gfke{ pm lnlhpgm9 lj lg {f{rlheegkejrefggebm pg|qfeg' {|hfblm{ v k|jlre{*

M@NLRFQM[ L[_LKFAFKM[ BLG _PMVLKRM Kmj{r|kkfûj bl ge{ k|qe{ Fjrlj{fbeb ‛ B|ekfûj ‛ Alk|ljkfe' pee ge{ pfjkfpegl{

kf|bebl{ blg blperehljrm l{r|bfebe{ lj k|l{rfûj* Qegfbe ge{ hlrmbmgmcèe{ pmp|l{re{ hlbfejrl ge fjrlplrekfûj bl ge{ `ejbe{

pg|qfmceafke{ lj ge kf|beb bl Refne* Kmhpee gm{ l{|grebm{ bl ge{ lk|ekfmjl{ Fjrlj{fbeb ‛ B|ekfûj ‛ Alk|ljkfe' hlbfejrl

ge{ lk|ekfmjl{ kmhm ge{ blg egkejrefggebm pg|qfeg $Lj kf|bebl{ u|l d|`flej& v kmj geamh|ge bl LJBL pee e{è be ge qegfbl~ e gm{ l{|grebm{*

Kle |j {marsel u|l plhfre kegk|ge gm{ kmlafkfljrl{ bl ge{ hlrmbmgmcèe{ pmp|l{re{lj lg pl{ljrl pmvlkrm ©L{rfhekfûj v Ekr|egf~ekfûj bl lk|ekfmjl{ Fjrlj{fbeb ‛ B|ekfûj‛ Alk|ljkfe pee ge{ pfjkfpegl{ kf|bebl{ blg blperehljrm bl Refne¹*

Cljle re`ge{ bl lk|ekfmjl{ bl Fjrlj{fbeb ‛ B|ekfûj ‛ Alk|ljkfe' lj a|jkfûj blgplfmbm bl lrmjm lj ge hlrmbmgmcèe bl Reg`mr*

_mpmjl lk|ekfmjl{ bl hmblgm bl fjrlj{fbeb lj a|jkfûj bl ge b|ekfûj bl ge gg|qfe v lgplfmbm bl lrmjm*

FJRPMB\KKFMJ



DFBPMGMCFE BLRMPHLJRE[ BL BF[LÕM



FH_MPREJKFE BL GE[ RMPHLJRE[ BL BF[LÕMGe{ rmhljre{ bl bf{lõm {mj fhpmrejrl{ pm ge{ {fc|fljrl{e~mjl{> Lg kmjmkfhfljrm bl ge{ keekrlè{rfke{ bl ge{ plkfpfrekfmjl{

håtfhe{ l{ bl cej fhpmrejkfe pee lg bfhlj{fmjehfljrm blmè{ dfbå|gfke{' regl{ kmhm kejegl{' qlrlblm{' pl{e{' lrk*L{ jlkl{efm blrlhfje |je rmhljre bl bf{lõm pee pmbll{rfhe gm{ ke|begl{ bl bf{lõm' l{re rmhljre bl bf{lõm jm l{mre km{e u|l ge bf{rf`|kfûj bl ge plkfpfrekfûj lj lg rflhpm*

_ee plblkf ke|begl{ kèrfkm{ v pee ge fjcljflèe bl bf{lõm blmè{ dfbå|gfke{' l{ jlkl{efm e{mkfe |je pmè`fgfbeb e ge{gg|qfe{ håtfhe{ bl bfalljrl{ b|ekfmjl{*

Blb|kf ge pmè`fgfbeb bl mk|ljkfe bl |j lqljrm lu|fllkmjre kmj lcf{rm{ kmjrfj|m{ bl plkfpfrekfûj' u|l {mj h|vl{ke{m{ lj j|l{rm blperehljrm*

DFBPMGMCFE BL RMPHLJRE[ BLBF[LÕM



BLAFJFKFÛJ V QEPFE@GL[ BL GE[ RMPHLJRE[BL BF[LÕM

_PLKF_FREKFÛJ*( Ge plkfpfrekfûj' l{ rmbe amhe bl d|hlbeb u|lmfcfjåjbm{l lj ge{ j|`l{' gglce de{re ge {|plafkfl rll{rl* Geplkfpfrekfûj fjkg|vl ge gg|qfe' ge jflql v mrm{ pmkl{m{ hlbfejrl

gm{ k|egl{ lg ec|e kel e ge {|plafkfl rll{rl' regl{ kmhm lgcejf~m v jlqf{ke* FJRLJ[FBEB*( Ge fjrlj{fbeb' l{ ge kejrfbeb bl ec|e keèbe pm

|jfbeb bl rflhpm* Bl ge{ rmhljre{ fjrll{e ge fjrlj{fbeb håtfheu|l {l deve pl{ljrebm* L{ blkf' ge egr|e håtfhe bl ec|e keèbepm |jfbeb bl rflhpm

_LPFMBM BL PLRMPJM*( Lg plfmbm bl lrmjm {l blafjl kmhm lgfjrlqegm pmhlbfm bl rflhpm bljrm blg k|eg |j lqljrm blhecjfr|b bebe p|lbl {l fc|egebe m ltklbfbe pm gm hljm{ |jeql~ lj pmhlbfm

B\PEKFÛJ BL GE GG\QFE*( Ge b|ekfûj' l{ lg rflhpm u|l rej{k|lljrl lg kmhflj~m v lg afj bl ge rmhljre' u|l qeèe {lcþj gebf{rf`|kfûj l{pekfeg*




AMPHE[ BL _PLKF_FREKFMJe&*( GGMQF^JE*( Hå{ kmjmkfbe kmhm ceþe{' kmj{f{rl lj bfhfj|re{ cmrfre{ bl ec|e gèu|fbe k|vmbfåhlrm ag|krþe ljrl ?*5 v ?'< hh9 bl`fbm e {| plu|lõm reheõm rfljlj |j e{ljrehfljrmgljrm v lj mke{fmjl{ pelklj u|l agmreej lj lg efl* _m gm cljleg ge ggmqf~je kel bl l{rerm{`enm{ v h|v ee ql~ {m`lpe{e |j qegm bl 5hh-d*

`&*( GG\QFE*( Kmj{f{rl bl cmre{ bl ec|e gèu|fbe lj {| hevmèe kmj |j bfåhlrm hevm e gm{ <hh* Lj h|kdm{ peè{l{ kmhm lj L{rebm{ \jfbm{ pm lnlhpgm {|lglj kge{fafkege kmhm gfcle'hmblebe m a|lrl {lcþj {| fjrlj{fbeb> Gfcle> _ee re{e{ bl keèbe de{re bl 0*< hh-d*Hmblebe> Bl{bl 0*< de{re 3*1 hh-d* A|lrl> _m ljkfhe bl 3*1 hh-d* L{re kge{fafkekfûj l{råbebe pee gg|qfe{ bl pmgmjcebe b|ekfûj*

k&*( L[KEPKDE*( L{ |je kepe bl dflgm' pm gm cljleg rej{peljrl v {|eql' plm u|l|{|eghljrl rfljl `mg{e{ bl efl u|l {l amhe lj {|plafkfl{ ltp|l{re{ pm lg kmjclgehfljrmbl ec|e {|plljafebe u|l {l de blpm{frebm lj amhe bl gg|qfe m ggmqf~je* [| ceqlbebl{plkèafke p|lbl gglce e {l bl ?'4 e ?'6*




AMPHE[ BL _PLKF_FREKFMJb&*( CPEJF^M*( L{ ge plkfpfrekfûj lj amhe bl `mge{ bl dflgm' pmb|kfbe lj j|`l{

kmjqlkrfqe{* Lg cejf~m {l amhe e perf bl perèk|ge{ bl dflgm u|l' lj {|{bl{pge~ehfljrm{ pm ge j|`l qej "erepejbm" cmre{ bl ec|e' ge{ cmre{ {l blpm{frejeglblbm bl ge perèk|ge bl dflgm v {l kmjclgej amhejbm kepe{' kmhm |je kl`mgge* Gm{

cejf~m{ p|lblj {l l{almfbegl{' kûjfkm{ m flc|gel{ lj amhe' v {| reheõm qeèebl{bl < de{re 50< hh bl bfåhlrm*

l&*( JFLQL*( Ge jflql l{rå kmhp|l{re bl kf{regl{ bl dflgm `gejkm m rej{g|kfbm{pfjkfpeghljrl bl amhe kmhpglne kmh`fjebm{ dltecmjeghljrl v e hlj|bm hl~kgebm{kmj kf{regl{ {fhpgl{9 egc|je qlkl{ ecgmhlebe lj kmpm{ bl jflql' u|l p|lblj rljlqefm{ kljrèhlrm{ bl bfåhlrm* Ge blj{fbeb lgerfqe bl ge jflql al{ke qeèe

{|{rejkfeghljrl' plm lj pmhlbfm {l e{|hl kmhm ?'5c-kh;*




RF_M[ BL _PLKF_FREKFMJ_PLKF_FREKFÛJ KFKGÛJFKE *( [l pmb|klj k|ejbm dev |j ljk|ljrm blbm{ he{e{ bl efl' |je kegfljrl $kmgm mnm& v mre aèe $kmgm e~|g& vkmjqlcl lj ~mje{ bl `ene{ pl{fmjl{ $kfkgmjl{&9 ge{ j|`l{ hå{ kegfljrl{{mj qfmgljrehljrl fhp|g{ebe{ e ge{ perl{ hå{ egre{' bmjbl p|lbljpmb|kf{l ge kmjblj{ekfûj v plkfpfrekfûj*




RF_M[ BL _PLKF_FREKFMJ_PLKF_FREKFÛJ KMJQLKRFQE*( [l pl{ljre k|ejbm |je he{e bl efl u|l{l kegfljre rfljbl e lglqe{l' pm {l lg efl kågfbm hljm{ pl{ebm u|l lgefl bl ge erhû{ale kfk|jbejrl* Ge bfalljkfe lj rlhpler|e p|lbl {l

l{|grebm bl |j kegljrehfljrm bl{fc|eg lj ge {|plafkfl* E hlbfbe u|l gehe{e bl efl kegfljrl {l lglqe' lg efl {l ljaèe gglcejbm de{re gekmjblj{ekfûj $amhekfûj bl j|`l{& v be mfclj e ge plkfpfrekfûj $cmre{bl ec|e&*




RF_M[ BL _PLKF_FREKFMJ_PLKF_FREKFÛJ MPMCPÅAFKE*( [l pmb|klj k|ejbm lg qepm bl ec|e u|l{l amhe {m`l ge {|plafkfl bl ec|e l{ lhp|nebe pm lg qfljrm dekfe ge{hmjreõe{' bmjbl ge{ j|`l{ {fc|lj pm ge{ geble{ bl ge{ hmjreõe{ v

e{kfljblj e cejbl{ egr|e{' de{re ljkmjre kmjbfkfmjl{ pee gekmjblj{ekfûj v ge kmj{fc|fljrl plkfpfrekfûj* Ge plkfpfrekfûj l{ hevm e`egmqljrm' u|l e {mreqljrm* Lj ge{ keblje{ hmjreõm{e{ fhpmrejrl{' lghåtfhm bl plkfpfrekfûj {l pmb|kl ejrl{ bl ge bfqf{mfe* Lj keh`fm kmjhljml{ egrfr|bl{' lg håtfhm {l pmb|kl pe{ebm l{re' bl`fbm e u|l lg efl

kmjrfjþe lg e{klj{m*




HLBFKFÛJ BL GE _PLKF_FREKFÛJGe plkfpfrekfûj {l hfbl lj ræhfjm{ bl egr|e bl gåhfje bl ec|e' v {l ltpl{ekmhþjhljrl lj hfgèhlrm{* L{re egr|e bl gåhfje bl ec|e' fjbfke ge egr|e blec|e u|l {l ek|h|gee lj |je {|plafkfl dmf~mjreg' {f ge plkfpfrekfûjplhejlkfle bmjbl kevû*

Lj Refne' gm{ lcf{rm{ bl plkfpfrekfûj {mj lcf{rebm{ v pmkl{ebm{ pm lg[lqfkfm Jekfmjeg bl Hlrlmmgmcèe l Dfbmgmcèe $[LJEHDF&' hlbfejrl {| lb bll{rekfmjl{ hlrlmmgûcfke{ bf{rf`|fbe{ lj rmbm lg blperehljrm bl RefneFJ[RP\HLJRM[ BL HLBFKFÛJ*( Gm{ Fj{r|hljrm{ bl hlbfkfûj bl plkfpfrekfûj{l `e{ej lj ge ltpm{fkfûj bl |j lkfpfljrl kfgèjbfkm e`flrm lj {| perl{|plfm v bl gebm{ qlrfkegl{' lj lg k|eg {l lkmcl lg ec|e pmb|krm bl ge gg|qfe'

lcf{rejbm {| egr|e*E kmjrfj|ekfûj {l hljkfmjej gm{ bfalljrl{ epeerm{ bl hlbfkfûj bl geplkfpfrekfûj>

_g|qfûhlrm{ $Hlbfbml{ {fj lcf{rm&_g|qfûceam{ $Hlbfbml{ kmj lcf{rm&




HLBFKFÛJ BL GE _PLKF_FREKFÛJ_G\QFÛHLRPM[*( Kmj{f{rl lj |j lkfpfljrl kfgèjbfkm bl gåhfje' blepmtfhebehljrl 0? kh* bl bfåhlrm v bl 1? kh* bl egrm* Ge repe blgkfgfjbm l{ |j lh`|bm lklprm' lg k|eg {l kmh|jfke kmj |je pm`lre

ceb|ebe bl {lkkfûj kfk|ge bl 5? qlkl{ hljm u|l bl ge repe* L{rmplhfrl hlbf ge egr|e bl ec|e lj ge pm`lre $dp&' kmj |je epmtfhekfûjde{re blkfhm{ bl hfgèhlrm{' ve u|l kebe kljrèhlrm hlbfbm lj gepm`lre kml{pmjbl e |j hfgèhlrm bl egr|e bl gg|qfe' cljleghljrl {lekm{r|h`e dekl |je glkr|e kebe 02 dme{*




HLBFKFÛJ BL GE _PLKF_FREKFÛJRMREGF^EBMPL[*( L{ |j pg|qfûhlrm u|l {l fj{regej lj g|cel{ u|l {ûgmp|lblj qf{fre{l kmj l{ke{e alk|ljkfe' jmheghljrl |je ql~ eg eõm* \jmbl gm{ qefebm{ rfpm{ bl rmregf~ebml{ kmj{re bl |j blpû{frm bl ~fjk bl

epmtfhebehljrl 5<? gfrm{ bl kepekfbeb kmj `mke bl 0?? kh0 bl{lkkfûj' pee lkmcl plkfpfrekfmjl{ de{re bl 3<?? hh* Lj lg fjrlfm {lkmgmke eklfrl gèu|fbm bl qe{lgfje m peeafje u|l eg agmre {m`l lg ec|elqfre ge lqepmekfûj' v kgm|m bl kegkfm ejdèbfbm pee a|jbf ge jflql* Lgeklfrl {l p|lbl lk|ple pm blkejrekfûj v lg kgm|m bl kegkfm pmlqepmekfûj blg ec|e*




HLBFKFÛJ BL GE _PLKF_FREKFÛJ_G\QFÛCPEAM[*( Gm{ _g|qfûceam{ m hlbfbml{ kmj lcf{rm' {mj epeerm{ u|llcf{rej ge plkfpfrekfûj e|rmhårfkehljrl v bl amhe kmjrfj|e' lj fjrlqegm{ blrflhpm plu|lõm{* [| hlkejf{hm l{rå kmhp|l{rm pm |j reh`m u|l cfe eqlgmkfbeb kmj{rejrl {m`l lg u|l {l kmgmke |j peplg ceb|ebm* Lj lg lkfpfljrl {l

kmgmke |j agmrebm u|l {l |jl hlbfejrl |j n|lcm bl qefgge{ e |je pg|hfgge u|lheke ge{ egr|e{ bl plkfpfrekfûj lj æg* Lg lkfpfljrl jmheghljrl rfljl |jekepekfbeb bl 5? hh bl gg|qfe v' eg egkej~e{l l{re kepekfbeb' {l qekèee|rmhårfkehljrl hlbfejrl |j {faûj*




_G\QFMCPEAM



HLBFKFÛJ BL GE _PLKF_FREKFÛJ_G\QFÛCPEAM BL AGMREBMP E\RMHÅRFKM*( Lg pg|qfûceam bl agmrebme|rmhårfkm' pm{ll |j kmhperfhfljrm bmjbl {l egmne |j agmrebm u|l {|`lqlrfkeghljrl e hlbfbe u|l qe ek|h|gejbm gg|qfe* L{rl hlbfbm l{rå

bmrebm bl |j {faûj u|l kebe kflrm rflhpm bl{egmne lg ec|e eghekljebe*L{rm{ pg|qfûceam{ re`enej pmu|l rfljlj |j peplg bl reh`m' u|l mre pmlg ekkfmje bl |je håu|fje bl lgmn' {m`l lg k|eg |j gepfklm lcf{re lj|jm v mrm {ljrfbm lg hmqfhfljrm `e{k|gejrl' ge qefekfûj blg pl{enl' m gm{keh`fm{ lj lg agmrebm*




_G\QFMCPEHE*( Lg lcf{rm u|l {l m`rfljl bl |j pg|qfûceam {l ggehepg|qfmcehe* L{rl lcf{rm p|lbl {l m`rljfbm bflkrehljrl kmj |j_g|qfûceam kmj agmrebm v {faûj' gm{ bl{klj{m{ mk|lj k|ejbm {l deggljebm lg lkfpfljrl' l{rm l{' k|ejbm {l dej egkej~ebm 5? hh blplkfpfrekfûj' {l bl{egmne lg ec|e kmjrljfbe lj æg' pm hlbfm blg {faûj* L{

alk|ljrl u|l lg pg|qfûceam rljce egc|je aegge v pm lggm gm{ lcf{rm{l{|grej blalkr|m{m{* Rejrm pee kmhpm`e u|l lg pg|qfûceam a|jkfmjekmlkrehljrl kmhm pee lk|ple gm{ berm{ bl |j lcf{rm blalkr|m{m'kmjqfljl ev|be{l blg lcf{rm blg pg|qfûhlrm*




K\PQE[ KEPEKRLPF[RFKE[ BL _PLKF_FREKFMJDFLRMCPEHE*( Cåafkm bl `ee{ u|l ltpl{e plkfpfrekfûj lj

a|jkfûj blg rflhpm lj fjrlqegm{ lc|gel{ bl rflhpmdflrmcehe bl plkfpfrekfûj' lalfbe e |j bèe m e |jermhljre kmjklre' {l p|lbl m`{lqe |j df{rmcehe blfjrlj{fbebl{ u|l kml{pmjbl e |je rmhljre lcf{rebe pm|j pg|qfmcehe*

EJÅGF[F[ BL GM[ BERM[ BL _PLKF_FREKFÛJ*( Ge fjamhekfûj

pg|qfmhærfke m pg|qfmcåafke ejrl{ bl {l l{r|bfebe lj {|kmhpmrehfljrm bl`l {l lqf{ebe v ejegf~ebe lj rl{e{plkrm{ fhpmrejrl> {f gm{ berm{ bl ge l{rekfûj l{ kmhpglre' {fl{ kmj{f{rljrl v {f l{ bl ltrlj{fûj {|afkfljrl*




K\PQE[ KEPEKRLPF[RFKE[ BL _PLKF_FREKFMJ_P\L@E[ BL @MJBEB BL EN\[RL*( Ge `mjbeb bl en|{rl l{ ge e{fhfgekfûj blberm{ m`{lqebm{ bl |je qefe`gl' e |je a|jkfûj herlhårfke plqfehljrll{re`glkfbe v lkmjmkfbe* E reqæ{ bl æ{re l{ pm{f`gl fjrlpmge v ltrepmgefjamhekfûj9 lj mre{ pegeè{' plblkf lg kmhpmrehfljrm bl ge qefe`gl ljl{r|bfm*

L{ pm lggm u|l |je ql~ en|{rebe ge a|jkfûj bl C|h`lgg' {l gglqemj e ke`m ge{p|lè{ bl `mjbeb bl en|{rl' |rfgf~åjbm{l kmhm hlbfbe{ bl `mjbeb lg rl{r blImghmcmmq ‛ [hfjmq*RL[R BL IMGHMCMPMQ ‛ [HFPJMQ*( Lg rl{r bl Imghmcmmq ‛ [hfjmq l{ |jep|lè jm peehærfke u|l kmhpee ge alk|ljkfe m`{lqebe ek|h|gebe' kmj gealk|ljkfe rlûfke ek|h|gebe v blrlhfje lg p|jrm lj lg u|l l{re{ bm{bf{rf`|kfmjl{ h|l{rej ge hevm bfqlcljkfe' l{ blkf' hfbl ge bl{qfekfûjhåtfhe bl ehè{ alk|ljkfe{ lj ge bf{rf`|kfûj*Bl l{re blafjfkfûj {l bl{pljbl u|l l{ jlkl{efm blrlhfje rejrm gealk|ljkfe m`{lqebe ek|h|gebe' kmhm ge alk|ljkfe rlûfke ek|h|gebe*Lj lg pfhl ke{m' pee blrlhfje ge alk|ljkfe m`{lqebe ek|h|gebe bl ge{lfl' {l mbljej gm{ berm{ bl hljm e hevm v {l reène kmj ge pmè`fgfbebbl ltklbljkfe e{fcjebe e kebe qegm bl ge h|l{re' k|ve ltpl{fûj hå{ |{ebe

l{ ge bl Slf`|gg>




K\PQE[ KEPEKRLPF[RFKE[ BL _PLKF_FREKFMJ

Bûjbl>Aj $T& 8 alk|ljkfe m`{lqebe ek|h|gebe9j 8 jþhlm bl mblj9J 8 jþhlm rmreg bl berm{*_m mre perl' ge alk|ljkfe rlûfke ek|h|gebe {l blrlhfje e reqæ{bl ge a|jkfûj bl C|h`lgg u|l {l lkmhfljbe pee lqljrm{ ltrlhm{*

EN\[RL BL GM[ BERM[ E \JE A\JKFÛJ BL BF[RPF@\KFÛJ BL_PM@E@FGFBEB $C\H@LGG&G|lcm bl ejegf~e gm{ berm{ bl ge{ l{rekfmjl{ pg|qfmhærfke{' lj `|{kebl gm{ qegml{ ltrlhm{ bl plkfpfrekfûj {l bl`l blrlhfje gm{peåhlrm{ pee ge glv bl C|h`lgg>




K\PQE[ KEPEKRLPF[RFKE[ BL _PLKF_FREKFMJBûjbl>

[ 8 bl{qfekfûj l{råjbe bl ge h|l{re*T 8 hlbfe bl ge h|l{re*

8 _eåhlrm bl l{kege*8 _eåhlrm bl _m{fkfûj*

Lg {fc|fljrl pe{m' kmj{f{rl lj lg en|{rl bl gm{ berm{ bl lqljrm{ltrlhm{ e ge a|jkfûj bl bf{rf`|kfûj bl pm`e`fgfbeb bl C|h`lgg'blafjfbe pm ge ltpl{fûj u|l {l {lõege e kmjrfj|ekfûj*

Bûjbl>Tf 8 qegm e e{|hf pm ge qefe`gl eglermfe*

l 8 `e{l bl gm{ gmcefrhm{ jlplfejm{*




K\PQE[ KEPEKRLPF[RFKE[ BL _PLKF_FREKFMJK|ejbm dej {fbm m`rljfbe{ ehè{ alk|ljkfe{' {l {lglkkfmje lg {|plhm bl ge{bfalljkfe{ ljrl ehè{' lj ge ljæ{fhe pm{fkfûj bl mblj' blafjfbm pm ge{fc|fljrl ltpl{fûj>

Bûjbl>Bk 8 {|plhm bl ge{ bfalljkfe{ ljrl ge alk|ljkfe m`{lqebe v rlûfkeek|h|gebe*Aj $T&f 8 alk|ljkfe m`{lqebe ek|h|gebe*A$T&f 8 alk|ljkfe rlûfke ek|h|gebe pm C|h`lgg*

\je ql~ m`rljfbm lg qegm bl Bk' {l lk|l e ge re`ge bl qegml{ kèrfkm{ bl B lj gep|lè bl `mjbeb bl en|{rl bl Imghmcmmq ‛ [hfjmq' kmj |j reheõm bl h|l{re‗J‘ v e{|hfljbm |j 6<, bl kmjafej~e* G|lcm {l blkfbl {f lg en|{rl l{ m jmeblk|ebm' kmj{fblejbm ge{ {fc|fljrl{ eafhekfmjl{>

[f lg qegm Bkegk|gebm 7 Bre`ge' {l eklpre v {l epgfke lg hmblgm $lg en|{rl l{eblk|ebm&*[f lg qegm Bkegk|gebm : Bre`ge' {l lkde~e lg hmblgm v {l `|{ke mrm hmblgm$lg

en|{rl jm l{ eblk|ebm&*




K\PQE[ KEPEKRLPF[RFKE[ BL _PLKF_FREKFMJ _P\L@E L[REBÈ[RFKE BL DMHMCLJLFBEB*( Lg rl{r m p|lè l{rebè{rfke bl

dmhmcljlfbeb pl{ljre |je dfpûrl{f{ j|ge v |je lcge pee eklprege mlkde~ege lj è{l e {| pmè`fgfbeb bl mk|ljkfe* [f bfkde pmè`fgfbeb l{plu|lõe' {l kmjkg|vl u|l ge {lfl l{ jm dmhmcæjle' {f l{ cejbl' {l bfkl

u|l ge {lfl l{ dmhmcæjle*RL[R BL HEJJ(ILJBEGG*( Ge p|lè bl Dmhmcljlfbeb bl Hejj(Iljbeggl{ |j rl{r jm peehærfkm' rfljl |je dfpûrl{f{ j|ge {ljkfgge v aåkfg bl{erf{aekl* L{rl rl{r blrlkre k|egu|fl amhe bl rljbljkfe' ve {lej gfjlegl{ mlj amhe bl {egrm{' {flhpl u|l blj |je rljbljkfe cgmèg* Ge p|lè blDmhmcljlfbeb bl Hejj(Iljbegg l{ lj legfbeb |j rl{r l{rebè{rfkm u|lkmjb|kl e lglcf egc|je bl ge{ {fc|fljrl{ l{p|l{re{>Dfpûrl{f{ j|ge> Rmbm{ gm{ qegml{ bl ge {lfl {mj berm{ eglermfm{ bl |je {mgepm`gekfûj $L{ |je {lfl Dmhmcæjle&*Dfpûrl{f{ egrljerfqe> L{ |je {lfl jm dmhmcæjle kmj rljbljkfe hmjûrmjeGe p|lè kmj{f{rl lj kegk|ge |j èjbfkl bl bl{qfekfûj [ bl ge {lfl' v e perf bl l{rl

qegm kegk|ge lg qegm bl Q hlbfejrl ge lgekfûj>





Bûjbl>

j 8 Jþhlm bl lcf{rm{

[ 8 Èjbfkl bl bl{qfekfûj kegk|gebm

[f8 Jþhlm bl qegml{ bl tn:tf pee f7 n 7j

Rf8 Jþhlm bl qegml{ bl tn7tf pee f7 n 7jG|lcm {l lgfcl |j jfqlg bl {fcjfafkejkfe ε m qegm bl kmjafe`fgfbeb lj a|jkfûj egk|eg {l blafjfå ge kmjbfkfûj bl dmhmcljlfbeb bl ge {lfl* L{rl èjbfkl {l lgekfmjekmj |j qegm bl Qkfr e reqæ{ bl ge a|jkfûj bl bf{rf`|kfûj jmheg' u|l {l h|l{ree kmjrfj|ekfûj lj ge {fc|fljrl Re`ge>

a




K\PQE[ KEPEKRLPF[RFKE[ BL _PLKF_FREKFMJEJÅGF[F[ BL KMJ[F[RLJKFE K\PQE BM@GL HE[E*( Lg ejågf{f{ blkmj{f{rljkfe bl bm`gl he{e' lgekfmje ge plkfpfrekfûj ej|egek|h|gebe bl |je l{rekfûj T $l{rekfûj u|l {l ejegf~e& kmj lg

kml{pmjbfljrl qegm hlbfm bl ge plkfpfrekfûj ej|eg ek|h|gebe bl|j c|pm bl l{rekfmjl{ qlkfje{* [f ge l{rekfûj u|l {l ejegf~e de {fbm`flj m`{lqebe' gm{ p|jrm{ bl`låj egfjle{l lj |je lkre' plm {fltf{rl egcþj u|fl`l' m keh`fm bl pljbfljrl lj ge lkre' lggm fjbfkeåu|l ge l{rebè{rfke bl ge l{rekfûj ejegf~ebe bl`l {l kmlcfbe* Gm{lcf{rm{ e kmlcf {låj' pm gm cljleg' gm{ hå{ ejrfc|m{ v {l deåjkmj `e{l lj gm{ lcf{rm{ hå{ lkfljrl{' ve u|l {l kmj{fble u|l gm{berm{ bl gm{ þgrfhm{ eõm{ {mj legf~ebm{ kmj |je hlnm rækjfke u|l gelhpglebe lj {|{ plblkl{ml{* Gm{ ke{m{ hå{ alk|ljrl{ {l fg|{rej

e kmjrfj|ekfûj>





Ke{m E> Ge {lfl bl p|jrm{ ljkene plalkrehljrl lj |je gèjle lkre' gm u|lfjbfke pmpmkfmjegfbeb' v pm gm rejrm' ge l{rekfûj u|l {l ejegf~e l{kmj{f{rljrl*Ke{m @> [lfl{ bl lkre{ peeglge{* Gm k|eg jm{ fjbfke pmpmkfmjegfbeb'e|ju|l ltf{rej eõm{ u|l l{ræj hlbfbm{ pm ltkl{m m blalkrm*Ke{m K> K|ejbm {l amhej bm{ lkre{ bl bfalljrl{ pljbfljrl{' {l rfljl |jke{m rèpfkm bl lm {f{rlhårfkm* Ge kmlkkfûj {l legf~e pm ge lgekfûj blpljbfljrl{ blg rehm hå{ ejrfc|m ve u|l ge ltplfljkfe blh|l{re lj |j4?, lg plfmbm hå{ hmbljm l{ lg kmlkrm*Ke{m B> Ge l{rekfûj pl{ljre |j rehm kljreg bl hevm m hljmpljbfljrl9 lj lg 6< , bl gm{ ke{m{' bfkdm rehm {l hfbfû fjkmlkrehljrl'

pm gm u|l de`å u|l kmlcfgm pee dmhmcljlf~e ge {lfl*




K\PQE[ KEPEKRLPF[RFKE[ BL _PLKF_FREKFMJÈJBFKL[ BL BL[ECPLCEKFÛJ*( Lg hærmbm bl gm{ èjbfkl{ blbl{eclcekfûj m kmlafkfljrl{ bl bl{eclcekfûj plhfrl blrlhfjeqegml{ bl plkfpfrekfûj pee bf{rfjre{ b|ekfmjl{ bl rmhljre{

hljml{ e 02 dme{' e perf bl lcf{rm{ bl b|ekfûj bfefe bl 02dme{*L{plkèafkehljrl' gm{ èjbfkl{ bl bl{eclcekfûj {l lgekfmjej lja|jkfûj e |je b|ekfûj bl lalljkfe u|l ltf{rl ljrl ge{ hecjfr|bl{bl plkfpfrekfûj bl bfalljrl{ b|ekfmjl{*

_ee gmce ge blrlhfjekfûj bl gm{ èjbfkl{ bl bl{eclcekfûj {l bl`lkmjre kmj berm{ bl plkfpfrekfûj bl bfql{e{ b|ekfmjl{ m`rljfbe{kmj lg |{m bl pg|qfûceam{*L{ fhpmrejrl jmre u|l k|ejrm hå{ gecm {lej gm{ lcf{rm{' hå{{lc|fbeb {l rljbå bl kmjre kmj èjbfkl{ bl bl{eclcekfûj legl{*




K\PQE[ KEPEKRLPF[RFKE[ BL _PLKF_FREKFMJÈJBFKL[ BL BL[ECPLCEKFÛJ>

E kmjrfj|ekfûj {l blreggej gm{ pe{m{ e {lc|f pee blrlhfje gm{kmlafkfljrl{ bl bl{eclcekfûj>

[l bl`l kmjre kmj berm{ bl plkfpfrekfmjl{ bl bfql{e{ b|ekfmjl{m`rljfbe{ bl |j pg|qfûceam*

[l blrlhfjej ge{ plkfpfrekfmjl{ håtfhe{ kmj |j plfmbm bllrmjm bl bm{ eõm{' plqfehljrl en|{rebm e |je glv ${l p|lbl

ebmpre ge bf{rf`|kfûj C|h`lgg&*[l blrlhfje gm{ èjbfkl{ m kmlafkfljrl{ bl bl{eclcekfûj rmhejbmlj k|ljre ge lgekfûj' lhpl~ejbm bl ge lgekfûj bl ge plkfpfrekfûjbl 02 dme{ kmj ge plkfpfrekfûj bfefe l{ blkf 02D-_ BFEPFE vpm{rlfmhljrl gm{ blhå{ lj mblj bl{kljbljrl*




K\PQE[ KEPEKRLPF[RFKE[ BL _PLKF_FREKFMJK\PQE[ FJRLJ[FBEB ‛ B\PEKFMJ ‛ APLK\LJKFE*( Ge{ k|qe{ blFjrlj{fbeb ‛ B|ekfûj ‛ Alk|ljkfe' {mj lglhljrm{ u|l |{|eghljrlpl{ljre ge fjamhekfûj bl hejle ceafke' kmj ge b|ekfûj lj lg lnl

dmf~mjreg v ge fjrlj{fbeb lj lg lnl qlrfkeg' hm{rejbm |je {lfl blk|qe{' pee kebe |jm{ bl gm{ plfmbm{ bl lrmjm u|l {l ebmprljpee |j bf{lõm lj perfk|ge*Lj ge ceafke bl ge{ k|qe{ Fjrlj{fbeb B|ekfûj Alk|ljkfe pmblhm{m`{lqe u|l gm{ qegml{ bl ge fjrlj{fbeb {mj fjql{ehljrlpmpmkfmjeg e ge b|ekfûj bl ge gg|qfe pm gm rejrm e hevm b|ekfûj'ge fjrlj{fbeb l{ hljm v qfklql{e*Kmhm ve {e`lhm{ ge fjrlj{fbeb l{ ge re{e rlhpmeg bl plkfpfrekfûj'l{ blkf ge pma|jbfbeb pm |jfbeb bl rflhpm $hh-d m Gr{-De-{lc&*Kmhþjhljrl {l |rfgf~e ge fjrlj{fbeb pmhlbfm' u|l p|lblltpl{e{l kmhm>




KEPEKRLPF^EKFMJ BL GE^MJE BLG _PMVLKRM



PLCFMJEGFÊKFÛJ BL GE[ K\PQE[ FBA E kmjrfj|ekfûj pl{ljrehm{ |je kge{fafkekfûj bl ge{

kmjbfkfmjl{ kgfhermgûcfke{ bl ge{ ~mje{ Clmcåafke{ lj lgblperehljrm bl Refne*

KEPEKRLPFÊKFMJ BL GE ^MJE BLG_PMVLKRM

^mje Clmcåafke

Dmhmcæjle

H|jfkfpfm{ [lkkfûj bl _mqfjkfe

^mje Ejbfje

Lg _|ljrl 0be [lkkfûj _mq* Hæjbl~

V|jkdee ;e [lkkfûj _mq* Eqfgæ{

[ej Gmlj~m 5e [lkkfûj _mq* Hæjbl~

^mje blg Qeggl

Kljreg

Klkebm _mq* Klkebm

[ej Gmlj~m 5e [lkkfûj _mq* Hæjbl~

\fmjbm 5e [lkkfûj _mq* Eqfgæ{

_ebkeve 5e [lkkfûj _mq* Ekl

^mje [|`(Ejbfje

@lhlnm 0be [lkkfûj _mq* Ekl

_ebkeve 5e [lkkfûj _mq* Ekl

Ljrl Pèm{ _mq* M#Kmjjm

^mje Kdeu|lõe

Vek|fè 5e [lkkfûj _mq* Cej Kdekm

Keepeè 0be [lkkfûj _mq* Cej Kdekm

Qfggehmjrl{ ;e [lkkfûj _mq* Cej Kdekm

BERM[ CLJLPEGL[ BL GE KF\BEB BL REPFNE

A|jbekfûj > 5<32

Egr|e > 5411 h*{*j*h*

\`fkekfûj

Clmcåafke>

05¿0;#?3## Ger* [* 12¿<?#26## Gmjc* M*

05¿23#<?## Ger* [* 12¿20#50## Gmjc* M*

_lkfpfrekfûj Ej|eg > 152 hh

Eõm hå{ gg|qfm{m > 562< kmj _ej|eg > 61? hh

Eõm hljm{ gg|qfm{m > 564; kmj _ej|eg > ;5< hhRlhpler|e{ Eh`fljrl $hlbfe efrhærfke&

Qlejm > 0?*< ¿K Mrmõm > 53*3 ¿K

Fjqfljm > 5;*3 ¿K _fheqle > 54*1 ¿K

Rlhpler|e Håtfhe Ltrlhe >

;6*; ¿K lj mkr|`l bl

5633

Rlhpler|e Hèjfhe Ltrlhe > b(3*4 ¿K lj N|gfm bl 563<

Gm{ qfljrm{ plbmhfjejrl{ {mj gm{ [|ml{rl kmj 2 j|bm{



PLCFMJEGF^EKFÛJ BL GE[ K\PQE[ FBA\@FKEKFÛJ BL GE[ L[REKFMJL[ _G\QFMHLRPFKE[ $HE_E 5&




PLCFMJEGF^EKFÛJ BL GE[ K\PQE[ FBA\@FKEKFÛJ BL GE[ L[REKFMJL[ _G\QFMHLRPFKE[ $HE_E 0&




PLCFMJEGF^EKFÛJ BL GE[ K\PQE[ FBA ^MJFAFKEKFMJ _G\QFMHLRPFKE*( [l blafjl |je {mge ~mje pg|qfmhærfke ve u|l'

lj lg åle' jm dev egcþj ekkfbljrl mmcåafkm {fcjfafkerfqm u|l' plhfre |jeqefekfûj fhpmrejrl lj ge{ plkfpfrekfmjl{*d 8 Egr|e bl gg|qfe ej|eg lj hh*df 8 Egr|e bl gg|qfe keèbe lj lg eõm f lj hh $f78f78j&*

j 8 B|ekfûj bl eõm{ blg plfmbm bl m`{lqekfûj*dhlb

8 Qegml{ hlbfm{ bl ge pm`gekfûj ‗d‘ {$d& 8 Bl{qfekfûj rèpfke bl ge pm`gekfûj ‗d‘*{Z0$d& 8 Qefej~e bl ge pm`gekfûj*[ $d& 8 Bl{qfekfûj rèpfke bl ge h|l{re ‗d‘*

[Z0

$d& 8 Qefej~e bl ge h|l{re ‗d‘*i 8 jþhlm bl l{rekfmjl{ bl m`{lqekfûj*[l blb|klj gm{ qegml{ u|l e{|hlj dhlb 9 {$d& v {Z0$d& pee kebe pg|qfûhlrm v {lm`{lqe ge{ qefekfmjl{ bl l{rm{' bl l{rekfûj lj l{rekfûj* [f {l kge{fafkej gm{qegml{ bl [Z0$d& v bl dhlb ' rmhejbm fjrlqegm{ bl kge{l v {l keekrlf~ej gm{pg|qfûhlrm{ kml{pmjbfljrl{' {lcþj ge kge{l v {l keekrlf~ej gm{ pg|qfûhlrm{kml{pmjbfljrl{' {lcþj ge kge{l e ge u|l plrljlklj pm gm qegml{ bl {|{ [Z0$d& vbl dhlb*




PLCFMJEGFÊKFÛJ BL GE[ K\PQE[ FBA Ge blgfhfrekfûj bl ge{ ~mje{ pg|qfmhærfke{ {l ge lalkrþe e reqæ{ bl

ge p|lè TZ0 $kdf(k|ebebm& bl ge bf{rf`|kfûj bl [Z0$d& kmj $j(5&cebm{ bl gf`lreb' bljrm bl ge aejne bl kmjrmg bl ?*?0< v ?*63< blpmè`fgfbeb u|l blafjlj ge{ k|qe{>

[fljbm ge qefej~e u|l keekrlf~e ge ~mje pg|qfmhærfke' bmjbl {lec|pej gm{ i pg|qfûhlrm{* [f ge{ i l{rekfmjl{ plrljlklj e |je

hf{he ~mje pg|qfmhærfke' gm{ i p|jrm{ blafjfbm{ pm ge{kmmbljebe{ $jf9 [Z0$d&& bl`låj lkel lj lg fjrlfm bl ge aejne blkmjrmg*Qlfafkejbm bfkde p|lè {l pmbå ebhfrf' bl{bl lg p|jrm bl qf{rel{rebè{rfkm u|l' {l k|hpgl u|l {#Z0$d& 8 {Z0$d& v u|l ge{ qefekfmjl{bl [Z0$d& l{plkrm bl u|l {#Z0$d&' {l bl`lj e lml{ bl h|l{rlm'

eklpråjbm{l' ljrmjkl{ u|l {$d& l{ kmj{rejrl lj rmbe ge ~mje*




PLCFMJEGF^EKFÛJ BL GE[ K\PQE[ FBA^MJFAFKEKFMJ _EPE GE KF\BEB BL VEK\F@E [l plrljbl u|l kmj ge ~mjfafkekfûj' dekl |je lcfmjegf~ekfûj bl ge{ ~mje{ `|{kejbm ge hevm

dmhmcljlfbeb dfbmgûcfke v clmcåafke ljrl ge{ l{rekfmjl{' pee e{è rljl dlehfljre{kmjafe`gl{ pee l{r|bfm{ dfbmgûcfkm{ lj ge{ bfalljrl{ ~mje{ bmjbl {l ljk|ljrl |`fkebe{ ge{l{rekfmjl{ pg|qfmhærfke{*




PLCFMJEGF^EKFÛJ BL GE[ K\PQE[ FBA^MJFAFKEKFMJ _EPE GE KF\BEB BL LG _\LJRL




PLCFMJEGF^EKFÛJ BL GE[ K\PQE[ FBA_PMQFJKFE KLPKEBM $Hepe bl F{mvlre{&




PLCFMJEGF^EKFÛJ BL GE[ K\PQE[ FBA_PMQFJKFE EPKL $Hepe bl F{mvlre{&




PLCFMJEGF^EKFÛJ BL GE[ K\PQE[ FBA_PMQFJKFE BLG CPEJ KDEKM $Hepe bl F{mvlre{&




PLCFMJEGF^EKFÛJ BL GE[ K\PQE[ FBA_PMQFJKFE M‖KMJJMP $Hepe bl F{mvlre{&




PLCFMJEGF^EKFÛJ BL GE[ K\PQE[ FBA_PMQFJKFE HLJBL^ $Hepe bl F{mvlre{&




PLCFMJEGF^EKFÛJ BL GE[ K\PQE[ FBA_PMQFJKFE EQFGL^ $Hepe bl F{mvlre{&




L[R\BFM BL GE[ LK\EKFMJL[

FJRLJ[FBEB ‛ B\PEKFMJ (APLK\LJKFE



HMBLGM[ HERLHÅRFKM[ _EPE PL_PL[LJREPGE[ K\PQE[ F(B(AGe gg|qfe' kmhm k|egu|fl mrm aljûhljm {l pl{ljre kèkgfkehljrl v {|mk|ljkfe l{ bl rfpm eglermfe' l{ blkf jm l{ pm{f`gl plblkf {|hecjfr|b*

_m mre perl' {l p|lblj lgekfmje gm{ qegml{ bl ge fjrlj{fbeb bl gegg|qfe kmj {| rflhpm bl b|ekfûj v {| plfmbm bl mk|ljkfe' e perfbl ge{ k|qe{ bl fjrlj{fbeb bl gg|qfe(b|ekfûj(plfmbm bl lrmjm*Edme `flj' lg pgejrlehfljrm bl ge{ pfhle{ lgekfmjl{ herlhårfke{bere bl{bl lg fjfkfm bl ge bækebe bl gm{ rlfjre' blg {fcgm pe{ebm' kmjgm{ bl{emggm{ v epgfkekfmjl{*

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V {mj peåhlrm{ u|l {l blrlhfjej pm ejågf{f{ bl lcl{fûj*




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B 8 B|ekfûj bl ge plkfpfrekfûj lj hfj|rm{*Plegf~ejbm |j keh`fm bl qefe`gl rljlhm{>

_m gm rejrm ge lk|ekfûj ejrlfm {l kmjqflrl lj>




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c




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berm{ bl ge lk|ekfûj*




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b




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h|l{re lj ge afc|e>

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© ¹ bl ge Ceafke





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Egrm' [|kl' M|m' _mrm{è' Km`fne v Kmkde`eh`e*





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Reh`fæj lj lg blperehljrm bl Refne bl`lhm{ lkegke u|l k|ljre kmj bf{rfjre{l{rekfmjl{ pg|qfmhærfke{ u|l lkmclj l{rl rfpm bl fjamhekfûj* Ltf{rl |j cejjþhlm kmj{fble`gl bl l{rekfmjl{ lj rmbm lg blperehljrm' plm bl`fbm e ge aegrebl k|gr|e lj lg peè{ pee lg ejågf{f{ bl l{re fjamhekfûj' cej perl bl ge{l{rekfmjl{ {l ljk|ljrej a|le bl {lqfkfm m gm{ berm{ m`rljfbm{ bl l{re{ jm {mjkmjafe`gl{* _m reg hmrfqm {l legf~m ge k|qe bm`gl he{e pee ql ge kmj{f{rljkfe vkmjafe`fgfbeb bl gm{ berm{ pg|qfmhærfkm{ blg [LJEHDF*

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Bl gm{ hmblgm{ en|{rebm{ lj l{rl l{r|bfm' l{|grû u|l lg bl [dlhej l{ lg hlnm kmj P8?'6636 v |j lm l{råjbe bl l{rfhekfûj 8 53'635* L{rl l{|grebm l{ kmdlljrl pmu|lltf{rl pmke qefekfûj kmj l{plkrm e gm{ qegml{ bl ge fjrlplrekfûj bl ge èjbepg|qfmcåafke eg hmhljrm bl dekl ge kmlgekfûj ljrl ehè{*_m mrm gebm eblhå{ blg hmblgm bl [dlhej reh`fæj {l pmpmjl lg hmblgm bl @ljebu|l reh`fæj hm{rû |j `|lj en|{rl' P 8 ?'643* V |j lm l{råjbe bl l{rfhekfûj 854'<;6* _m gm u|l reh`fæj {l lkmhfljbe lj lg kågk|gm bl ge{ k|qe{ Fjrlj{fbeb(B|ekfûj(Alk|ljkfe*Kmhm {l hljkfmjû ejrlfmhljrl' lg pl{ljrl l{r|bfm h|l{re ge jlkl{fbeb bl kmjrekmj lcf{rm{ bl plkfpfrekfûj' lj l{plkfeg pee ge{ pfjkfpegl{ kf|bebl{ blg peè{' kmj lg

afj bl |rfgf~e ge{ plkfpfrekfmjl{ ltrlhe{ lj lg bf{lõm |èjm*Ge qegfbekfûj bl ge{ lk|ekfmjl{ {mgm {l legf~m e ge kf|beb bl Refne bl`fbm e u|l {mgm ljl{re kf|beb {l ljkmjremj lcf{rm{ pg|qfmcåafkm{ v jm e{è lj mre{ kf|bebl{ plmm`{lqejbm mrm{ pmvlkrm{ dlkdm{ pm lnlhpgm lj Hlblggèj' Kegf v Kegbe{ ‛ Kmgmh`fe {lp|bm m`{lqe u|l gm{ kmlafkfljrl{ bl kmlgekfûj edè reh`fæj a|lmj egrm{ eg kmhpeekmj ge{ èjbe{ pg|qfmcåafke{* _m gm rejrm l{rm{ 0 hmblgm{ {mj gm{ he{ |rfgf~ebm{*

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QEGFBEKFMJ BL HLRMBMGMCFE[KMJKG\[FMJL[ BLG _PMVLKRMLj a|jkfûj bl gm{ l{|grebm{ m`rljfbm{' {l pgejrle ge{ {fc|fljrl{ kmjkg|{fmjl{>

[lcþj lg kmlafkfljrl bl kmlgekfûj P' gm{ l{|grebm{ ke{f jm hejfafl{rej bfalljkfe{

ljrl gm{ hmblgm{ en|{rebm{* L{rm lj lg ke{m bl ge kf|beb bl Refne v bl`fbm e u|l ljmre{ kf|bebl{ jm {l k|ljre kmj lcf{rm{ pg|qfmcåafkm{ jm {l p|bm dekl |jeqegfbekfûj bl ge{ lk|ekfmjl{ deggebe{ pee l{e{ kf|bebl{*

Gm{ hmblgm{ |rfgf~ebm{ pee ltpgfke ge lgekfûj ljrl ge fjrlj{fbeb' ge b|ekfûj v gealk|ljkfe' pm{llj |je h|v `|lje kegfbeb bl en|{rl' gm u|l e{lc|e |je `|ljel{rfhekfûj v pmjû{rfkm bl fjrlj{fbebl{ håtfhe{ bl plkfpfrekfûj*

Lj k|ejrm eg bf{lõm bl ge{ k|qe{ FBA blafjfbe{ pee kebe kf|beb' {l p|lbl kmjkg|fu|l' jm ltf{rlj bfalljkfe{ lj k|ejrm eg rfpm v amhe bl ge cåafke*

Lg l{r|bfm blhm{rû u|l kmj ge hlrmbmgmcèe pmp|l{re pm @ljeb v [dlhej' l{pm{f`gl kmj{lc|f ge hmblgekfûj bl ge{ k|qe{ FBA lj ge{ kf|bebl{ lj l{r|bfm v lj`e{l e ge fjamhekfûj bf{pmjf`gl*

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Gm{ kmlafkfljrl{ m`rljfbm{ pee ge{ lk|ekfmjl{ Fjrlj{fbeb ‛ B|ekfûj ‛ Alk|ljkfe'kegk|gebm{ pm gm{ rl{ hmblgm{ lj lg pl{ljrl pmvlkrm {mj qågfbm{ þjfkehljrl pee ge{l{rekfmjl{ kmj ge{ u|l a|lmj kegk|gebm{*

Lj lgekfûj e ge kmj{r|kkfûj bl ge{ k|qe{ v lk|ekfmjl{ FBA' {l p|lbl kmjkg|f u|l ljcljleg jm {l pl{ljremj cejbl{ pm`glhe{ lj lg bf{lõm v kmj{r|kkfûj bl ge{ k|qe{pee ge{ bf{rfjre{ kf|bebl{' {egqm lj ge{ kf|bebl{ bl Vek|fè v Lg _|ljrl lj ge k|eg a|ljlkl{efm legf~e bm{ rfpm{ bl k|qe{' bl`fbm e u|l pm lnlhpgm lj ge ~mjfafkekfûj blVek|fè bmjbl ge{ l{rekfmjl{ bl _eghe Kdfkm v Egcem`fgge{ jm kelj lj ge hf{he aejneu|l Vek|fè' bmjbl {l bl`l e u|l edè {l ljk|ljre ge {lejèe blg Ec|eec|l' u|l l{ |jekkfbljrl mmcåafkm*

_ee ge epgfkekfûj blg {marsel lge`mebm þjfkehljrl pee lg blperehljrm bl Refne ljlg pl{ljrl pmvlkrm {l lkmhfljbe |rfgf~ekfûj bl gm{ hmblgm{ v lj l{plkfeg pee lgkågk|gm bl fjrlj{fbebl{ bl gg|qfe{ bl b|ekfûj kmre {l lkmhfljbe Reg`mr pmu|l {lblhm{rû u|l ltpgfkej kmj hå{ ltekrfr|b ge fjrlj{fbeb pee |je b|ekfûj kmre v ke`lekgee u|l bfkdm hmblgm rfljl |je gfhfrejrl lj {| |rfgf~ekfûj bl ge aûh|ge u|l l{ lj geb|ekfûj bl ge gg|qfe* $< ( 0? hfj|rm{&

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QEGFBEKFMJ BL HLRMBMGMCFE[PLKMHLJBEKFMJL[ BLG _PMVLKRM[l blne eg `|lj kfrlfm blg bf{lõebm lg lhpglm bl gm{ l{|grebm{ m`rljfbm{ pm gm{hærmbm{ bl [dlhej' @ljeb v Reg`mr pee gg|qfe{ bl kmre b|ekfûj' lj ge `þ{u|lbe blgm{ peåhlrm{ bl bf{lõm' u|l kmhm lg ke|beg' l{ `å{fkm pee bfhlj{fmje ge{ l{r|kr|e{ljkecebe{ bl rej{pmre v lrljl lg lk|{m ec|e' k|ejbm l{ jlkl{efm bf{pmjl bl æg'pee lg lhpglm lj bfql{m{ afjl{ v kmhpglre ge pm{f`fgfbeb bl u|l {l pl{ljrl lj ltkl{m'pee plqljf lalkrm{ fjbl{le`gl{*Gm{ hmblgm{ en|{rebm{ lj l{rl l{r|bfm $[dlhej' @ljeb v Reg`mr& p|lblj {l |rfgf~ebm{lj lg bf{lõm |èjm' plm kmj kflre l{lqe' bl`fbm e u|l dev kf|bebl{ u|l jm {llegf~emj {| l{plkrfqe qegfbekfûj bl ge lk|ekfûj FBA pm aegre bl ge{ èjbe{* _lm ljkf|bebl{ bmjbl {l pl{ljrlj gg|qfe{ u|l rljce keekrlè{rfke{ kgfhårfke{ {fhfgel{ e gekf|beb bl Refne u|l a|l qegfbe' ljrmjkl{ {l pmbå dekl |{m bl ge{ lk|ekfmjl{ FBAblrlhfjebe{ lj lg pl{ljrl l{r|bfm' l{rm lj ke{m bl u|l jm {l k|ljre kmj lcf{rm{

kmjrfj|m{ bl plkfpfrekfûj pg|qfmcåafke pee qegfbegm{*E|ju|l lg blperehljrm bl Refne pm{ll h|kde{ l{rekfmjl{ pg|qfmhærfke{ v jm e{è pg|qfmcåafke{' plm kmj l{plkrm e ge{ l{rekfmjl{ pg|qfmhærfke{ lg jþhlm bl ge{ u|l ljge ekr|egfbeb {fqlj l{ h|v pmkm' pm gm rejrm ge m`rljkfûj bl peåhlrm{ kmjafe`gl{ peelg bf{lõm bl ge{ mè{ l{ h|v lb|kfbm* _m gm ltp|l{rm ejrlfmhljrl l{ lkmhljbe`glu|l ge{ ljrfbebl{ u|l rljcej jlkl{fbeb bl l{rm{ peåhlrm{ {l plmk|plj' rejrm ljkmhpglre ge lb cljleg bl l{rekfmjl{' kmhm lj mplege{ eblk|ebehljrl*

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QEGFBEKFMJ BL HLRMBMGMCFE[PLKMHLJBEKFMJL[ BLG _PMVLKRMKmj l{plkrm e ge fjamhekfûj hèjfhe pee lg l{r|bfm' pee kebe l{rekfûj pg|qfmhærfke ljl{r|bfm* [l rmheå rmbe{ eu|lgge{ u|l rljcej |j lcf{rm hevm m fc|eg e gm{ kfjkm eõm{ bllcf{rm*L{ lkmhljbe`gl' u|l l{rl l{r|bfm {le kmhpglhljrebm' lqf{ebm v ekr|egf~ebm lj |j pge~mhåtfhm bl kfjkm eõm{' kmj lg afj bl eõebfgl j|lqe fjamhekfûj' pee u|l e ge ql~ {l

hmbfafu|lj v ekr|egfklj gm{ kmlafkfljrl{ bl ge kf|beb lj l{r|bfm' gm k|eg {l gmceå hlbfejrl ge|rfgf~ekfûj blg {marsel*[l lkmhfljbe u|l kmj gm{ l{|grebm{ bl ge{ k|qe{ FBA blrlhfjebe{ pee kebe kf|beb ljl{r|bfm l{re{ {fqlj e ge ql~ pee m`rljl ge fjrlj{fbeb håtfhe bl ge gg|qfe* Ge hf{he u|l {lge{ m`rfljl lj a|jkfûj e ge{ k|qe{ Fjrlj{fbeb B|ekfûj Alk|ljkfe pee |je b|ekfûj fc|eg egrflhpm bl kmjkljrekfûj' ve u|l k|ejbm ge gg|qfe rfljl |je b|ekfûj fc|eg eg rflhpm blkmjkljrekfûj l{ k|ejbm {l egkej~e lg ce{rm håtfhm pmu|l rmbe ge k|ljke l{rå epmrejbm egp|jrm e ge {egfbe* Bl{bl g|lcm u|l {l lgfcl |j plfmbm bl lrmjm bl ek|lbm eg jfqlg bl

{lc|fbeb bl{lebm v reheõm bl ge m`e dfbå|gfke*Afjeghljrl' l{re fjql{rfcekfûj e`ekû 55 kf|bebl{ v pm`gekfmjl{ pfjkfpegl{ ltf{rljrl{ lj lgblperehljrm bl Refne' bmjbl pee kebe kf|beb {l l{rfhemj {|{ l{plkrfqm{ kmlafkfljrl{*Eblhå{ kmj lg pl{ljrl {marsel {l `|{ke be aekfgfbeb bl kegk|ge gm{ kmlafkfljrl{ vekr|egf~egm{ kmj lg afj bl aeqmlkl |je hlnm cl{rfûj bl gm{ lk|{m{ dèbfkm{' kmj lgkmj{fc|fljrl `ljlafkfm bl bl{emggm bl h|kdm{ pmvlkrm{ bl`fbm e ge l{ke{e bf{pmjf`fgfbeb bleamm{*

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