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Analisis Sosial untuk

Memahami dan Meningkatkan Kondisi Ketahanan Pangan Masyarakat

Pusat Sosial Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Pertanian, Badan Litbang Pertanian

Apa arti social analysis?

Apa arti “sosial” ? Ada dua makna “sosial”:

1. holistic approach = 'social' as anything relating to people or society. Mis. “ilmu sosial” Pengertian ini sangat luas, mencakup seluruh aspek pembangunan pedesaan. Maka, pembangunan pedesaan berkamna sebagai pembangunan manusianya atau masyarakatnya.

2. residual approach = 'social' as anything which is not 'economic'. Mis. “yayasan sosial”. Masalahnya, makna ekonomi tidak satu pengertian.

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Berbagai level dan bentuk analisis sosial:

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Apa manfaat analisis sosial? Menjelaskan bagaimana identitas dan relasi sosial

mempengaruhi hasil2 dan dampak pembangunan Menganalisis aturan2 nonformal dan perilaku untuk

memahami berbagai bentuk implementasi dan hambatan2 dalam pembangunan

Mempelajari apa ketertarikan dan pengaruh berbagai stakeholders yang berbeda, utk memahami pengaruhnya pada ekonomi politik

Membantu memahami identitas sosio-politik dan resiko kelembagaan

Menekankan kepada proses dan dialog untuk membantu mengapa terjadi kemacetan (bottlenecks) dan apa persyaratan untuk perbaikan ke depan

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Analisi sosial level makro:

Macro LevelCountry & Reform context

Country Context

Reform Context

•Country Social Analysis•Power Analysis•Drivers of Change

•StakeholderAnalysis Matrices•Political Mapping•Network Analysis•TransactionCost Analysis•The RAPID Framework

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Analisis sosial pada konteks negara (country context):

Objek-objek yang dipelajari:HistorikKondisi politik dan ideologiKultur politik kelembagaanKondisi sosial dan ekonomi

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Analisis sosial negara: Untuk mengefektifkan dan menjamin keberlanjutan

kegiatan pembangunan Menyediakan rekomendasi untuk berbagai hambatan,

dan menjamin kesempatan yang adil dalam beraprtisipasi dalam pembangunan

Menjamin lembaga publik lebih akuntabel Ada dua dimensi nya: yaitu:

(1) diversitas sosial, aset dan livelihoods. Bagaimana kondisi akses kepada aset dan pelayanan saat ini pada bbg kelompok masy. Dampak pada yg miskin.

(2) kekuasaan, kelembagaan dan pemerintahan. Apa kelembagaan yang mampu menghubungkan kaum miskin pada aset dan pelayanan. Bagaimana kebijakan memperngaruhi alokasi sumber daya

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Memahami konteks reformasi kebijakan (reform context):

Reformasi kebijakan berada dalam konteks politis dibandingkan teknis.

Memahami interes aktor2 politk, dan perkiraan dampaknya pada kondisi sosek

Yang ditanyakan: siapa stakeholders, dimana posisinya,

apa motivasi mereka, siapa yg menentangnya, apa bahanyanya elit ?

Masalahnya: interests selalu berubah Analisis kelembagaan, mempertanyakan: apa aturan

kelembagaan dan hubungannya dengan reformasi kebijakan, bagaimana kapasitas kelembagaan utk mengimplementasikannya

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Political Mapping

What is it? Political Mapping is a tool for organizing information about the political landscape in an illustrative way. Political mapping provides analysis of political alliances at the macro (national or sector) level. The tool can provide an entry-point to a more in-depth analysis of the political economy.

What can it be used for?

Political mapping identifies the most important political actors and spatially illustrates their relationships to one another with respect to policy design and delivery.

• Provide a graphic representation of the political viability of a regime Offer clues about the vulnerabilities of the regime Detect the existence of opposing alliances and potential support coalitions Give an indication of the level of authority possessed by the regime Help indicate implementation capacity of various actors Detect new directions in policy

What does it tell you?

The tool can illustrate the distribution and nature of support or opposition to government with respect to a given reform.

Key elements For purposes of making sense of a complex political landscape, a political map simplifies the real world into two dimensions: horizontal and vertical, with the actors on the vertical axis and the degree of their support for the government on the horizontal axis. Since the government is the primary focus of decision-making regarding how the benefits to society will be distributed, it is always placed at the centre of the map

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Analisis sosial level meso:

Meso LevelPolicy Implementation

Stakeholder Analysis

Institutional Analysis

Stakeholder Analysis MatricesMicro -Political MappingForce -Field Analysis

Static MappingProcess TracingProcess Mapping

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Manfaat memahami proses implementasi kebijakan:

Analisis proses implementasi yang memungkinkan kita untuk mengetahui bagaimana, kenapa, dan dalam kondisi apa intervensi kebijakan dapat berjalan atau gagal

Memahami aturan dan insentif yang akan mempengaruhi perilaku stakeholder dan hubungan kelembagaan selama berlangsungnya reformasi kebijakan

Menempatkan kita pada posisi terbaik untuk memperkirakan dan menjelaskan bagaimana kebijakan dapat merubah dan membelokkan arah dampak reformasi kebijakan.

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Analisis stakeholders:

Tujuan: untuk mengetahui apa ketertarikan dan keinginan (interests) para pelaku

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Analisis stakeholder:

What is it? Stakeholder Analysis is a systematic methodology that uses qualitative data to determine the interests and influence of different groups in relation to a reform.

What can it be used for?

While stakeholder analysis can be carried out for any type of reform, it is particularly amenable to structural and sectoral reforms. Basic stakeholder analysis should precede reform design and should be consistently deepened as reform elements are finalized. Stakeholder analysis is also critical for informing an end-of-exercise assessment of the risks to policy reform.

What does it tell you?

Once different types of stakeholder have been identified and listed, matrices and other illustrative devices can be developed that map: (i) the nature of their interest in policy reform (whether positive or negative); (ii) the extent to which stakeholder interests converge or overlap; (iii) their importance to the reform; (iii) their influence over the reform onto four quadrants.

Key elements Stakeholder Analysis is iterative and usually proceeds through the following sources of data to reach final conclusions: (i) background information on constraints to effective government policy making; (ii) key informant interviews and group workshops that identify specific stakeholders relevant to the sustainability of policy reform. When working with groups, Participants should be drawn from diverse groups of interest in order to limit bias; (iii) verification of assumptions about stakeholder influence and interest through survey work and quantitative analysis of secondary data.

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Micro Level

Micro LevelImpact of Policy Reform

Data collection methods

Secondary Research MethodsContextual MethodsNon-contextual MethodsParticipatory MethodsMixed Methods

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Analytical Frameworks for

Impact Evaluation

•Vulnerability Assessment•Gender Analysis•Livelihoods Analysis•Empowerment Analysis

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Analisis sosial level mikro:

Aplikasi pada evaluasi dampak: Livelihoods Framework Analysis Gender Analysis Vulnerability Assessment

Menggunakan data kualitatif dan keuantitatif: Key informant Interviews, Focus Group Discussion Community Level Household Questionnaire Household Economy Approach Consultative Impact Monitoring Consumer Assessment PPA, RRA,

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Pendekatan metode campuran:

Kombinasi analisis sosial dan ekonomi. Menggunakan kacamatan ekonomi dan sosial untuk membangun pertanyaan penelitian

Kombinasi metode kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Menggunakan pertanyaan dengan metode dan alat berbeda

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Fokus analisis dan tipe data:

Socio-cultural basis of social exclusion

Access to assets and services differentiated by

gender or ethnicity

Institutional economics

Impact of removal of agricultural subsidies on

production

Qualitative analysis Quantitative analysis

Econ

omic

Socia

l

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Contoh: dimensi kuantitatif dan kualitatif analisis kemiskinan dan dampak sosial

More “qualitative” research <<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>More “quantitative” research

Non-numerical information Numerical information

Specific (contextual) population coverage

General (non-contextual) population coverage

Active population involvement Passive population involvement

Inductive inference methodology Deductive inference methodology

Broad social sciences disciplinary framework

Neo-classical economics (and natural sciences) disciplinary

framework

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Empat langkah analisis sosial:

1) Awareness. Apa yg mau dilihat, apa yg terjadi?2) Analysis. Mengapa itu terjadi, siapa yg diuntungkan,

apa model2 yg terbukti berhasil?3) Reflection. Apa makna dari fakta tersebut? 4) Action. Apa aktivitas/program yang dibuutuhkan, apa

bagian yang bisa saya lakukan, dengan siapa saya harus berhubungan?

Analisis Kelembagaan

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Apa itu analisis kelembagaan? identify the constraints within an organization that can undermine

policy implementation. These constraints may exist at the level of internal processes,

concern relationships among organizations (between ministries), or be a product of the way that the system is organized (reporting hierarchies) or operates (the financial year is not followed in practice and accounts are not closed).

evaluates formal institutions, such as rules, resource allocation and authorization procedures.

informal rules of the game, power relations and incentive structures, which underlie practices.

identifies organizational stakeholders that are likely to support or obstruct a given reform.

most useful for complex reforms, such as delivery of public services or regulation of markets and decentralization, which affect institutional responsibilities or coordination.

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Mengapa melakukan analisis kelembagaan?

1. memahami dari dalam, tidak menghakimi atau menilai sebagai orang luar

2. paham bagaimana institution mempengaruhi perilaku (individu dan organisasi)

3. paham begaimana memanajemen atau memperbaiki menurut pengetahuan mereka, norma-norma mereka, dan regulasi mereka

4. paham bagaimana mendayagunakan kekuatan-kekuatan mereka sendiri

5. kelebihannya = mampu menggali potensi mereka sendiri

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Pendekatan kelembagaan memperluas cara pandang terhadap organisasi dari sisi:

1. materi (ide, elemen simbol, dst) = 3 pilar2. area (lokal dan non lokal) = ada 6 level mulai

dari organization subsystem, organization, organization population (bergerak di bidang pelayanan yg sama), organization field (saling terkait karena satu aktivitas), masyarakat, sampai sistem dunia.

3. waktu (analisis historik dan lebih panjang duration scope nya)

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Apa itu Kelembagaan?Definsi menurut ahli ekonomi kelembagaan:

Douglass C. North:

“institutions = the long-standing rules and rights governing social and productive behavior, atau “the rules of the game”

organizations = the 'players' and structures, or "groups of individuals bound together by some common purpose to achieve objectives", atau their entrepreneurs are the players.

kelembagaan ekonomi dibentuk oleh aturan-aturan formal (formal constraints) berupa rules, laws, dan constitutions; dan aturan informal (informal constraints) berupa norma, kesepakatan, dan lain-lain. Seluruhnya merupakan penentu bagaimana terbentuknya struktur masyarakat dan kinerja ekonominya yang spesifik.

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Di bidang sosiologi:

W. Richard Scott. 2001. Institutions and Organizations, Second Edition. Sage Publications, Inc. California.

Arti institution:

1. are composed of cultured-cognitive, normative, and regulative elements that, together with associated activities and resources, provide stability and meaning of social live.

2. are social structures that have attained a high degree of resilience. 3. are transmitted by various types of carriers, including symbolic systems,

relational systems, routines, and artifacts. 4. operate at multiple levels of jurisdiction, from the world system to localized

interpersonal relationships. 5. connote stabiliy but are subject to change processes, both incremental and

discontinuous.

unsur-unsur utama institusi: rules, norms, and cultural beliefs institusi ditentukan oleh batasan legal, prosedural, moral dan kultural yang

memiliki legitimasi.

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In English Sering diterjemahkan

menjadi

Terminologi semestinya

Batasan dan materinya

1. institution Kelembagaan, institusi

Lembaga Berisi norma, nilai, regulasi, pengetahuan, dll. Menjadi pedoman dalam berperilaku aktor (individu dan organisasi)

2. institutional Kelembagaan, institusi

Kelembagaan Hal-hal berkenaan dengan lembaga.

3. organization Organisasi, lembaga

Organisasi Adalah social group, aktor sosial, yg sengaja dibentuk, punya anggota, untuk mencapai tujuan tertentu, dimana aturan dinyatakan tegas. Misal: koperasi, kelompok tani, kantor pemerintah.

4. organizational Keorganisasian, kelembagaan

Keorganisasian Hal-hal berkenaan dengan organisasi. Misal: kepemimpinan, keanggotaan, manajemen, keuangan organisasi, kapasitas organisasi, relasi dgn organisasi lain.

Rekonseptulasisasi “lembaga” dan “organisasi” :

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Institution = lembaga

organisasi

individu

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Paham kelembagaan baru:

“institution are comprised of regulative, normative and cultural-cognitive elements that, together with associated activities and resources, provide stability and meaning to social life” (Richard Scott, 2008: 48):

Ada 3 pilar dalam institution:

1. Regulative pillar2. Normative pillar3. Cultural-cognitive pillar

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Regulative pillar: rule setting, monitoring, sanksi kapasitas untuk menegakkan aturan reward and punishment caranya: melalui mekanisme informal (folkways)

dan formal (polisi, pengeadilan) represi dan constraint institution memberikan constraint dan juga

empower aktor

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Normative pillar: Tokohnya: Durkheim, Parson, Selznick norma menghasilkan preskripsi (=lebih dari

antisipasi dan prediksi), evaluatif, dan tanggung jawab dalam kehidupan

mencakup: value (= prefered and desirable) dan norm (how things should be done)

Gunanya: agar tahu apa goal dan objectives kita, dan bagaimana cara mencapainya

Juga meng-constraint dan meng-empower aktor “rules define relationship among role”

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Cultural-cognitive pillar: Tokohnya: Geertz, Douglass, Berger, Goffman, Meyer,

DiMaggio, Powel, Scott Intinya: MEANING Konsep bersama tentang kehidupan sosial dan kerangka

dimana makna-makna diproduksi Sedmintasi makna dan kristalisasi makna dalam bentuk

objektif Berisi proses interpretatif internal yang dibentuk oleh

kerangka kultural eksternal Situation shared secara kolektif Bersifat indivdual (individu dan ’individual organization’)

dan variatif Culture = what is and what should be

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Pedoman singkat untuk menilai sebuah organisasi (Short Guide for Organizational Assessment

1. Kinerja organisasi (Organizational Performance)

2. Kemampuan organisasi tumbuh di lingkungannya (The Enabling Environment and Organizational Performance)

3. Motivasi organisasi (Organizational Motivation) 4. Kapasitas Organisasi (Organizational Capacity)

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Terima Kasih, mudah-mudahan bermanfaat.