populasi manusia
Transcript of populasi manusia
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Since the early 1800s,
the human population
on Earth has beengrowing exponentially.
Current world
population estimate is:
6,404,307,344 people asof December 4, 2004
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Human Population History
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In 1850, the human population reached its first billion.
By 1930, it was 2 billion.
By 1960, the human population reached 3 billion. Then in 1975, 4 billion, and so on
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The human population is
now growing at a rate of
about 3 people/second or
260 thousand/day or
1.8 million per week or
93 million/year
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Each dot represents
1 million people
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The overall rate of population increase depends on the number of
births and deaths, but also on the length of generations -- the age at
which women have their first baby.For example, if all women had three kids with a 15-year
average generation time, the rate of population growth would be
2.7%. If the average spacing were 30 years, the growth would
drop in half -- to 1.35%.
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Birth/Death Rates When a substantial proportion of a country's
population is young, high population growth rates in a
country are to be expected, even if the average totalfertility rate is modest. The reason is that so manyfemales are of childbearing age, that even a modestaverage total fertility rate results in a large number of
births.
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Total fertility rate (TFR) - estimate of the average number
of children a woman will have during childbearing years
In 1995, the TFR was 3.1 children per woman; still far
above replacement level (1.6 in MDCs & 3.5 in LDCs)
This map shows the average
number of children born to a
woman during her lifetime.
The darker the color, the
greater the number of children.
Childbearing years are usually
considered to be the ages of
15-49.
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At or below replacement level (2.1) since about1972 because:
widespread use of birth control
availability of legal abortion
social attitudes favoring small families increasing cost of raising a child to age 18
($177,000 for low-income family, $231,000 formiddle-income & $335,000 for upper-income)
increase in average age of marriage between 1958& 1992 (from 20 to 24.4 for women, and from 23 to26.5 for men)
More women working outside home (child-bearingrate of "working" women 1/3 that of women not inpaid labor force)
delayed reproduction
Fertility Rates in the US peaked in
1957 at 3.7 children/woman
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Personal hygieneand improvedmethods ofsanitation have
played a major roleand preceded theimpact of modernmedicine and, inparticular, the
development ofantibiotics capableof reducing death
due to infection.
Figure 5: Death Rates per 1000 over TimeThe combination of decreasing death rate due to the march of progressin sanitation and medicine, coupled with the decrease in birth rate dueto changes in the economies, has led to a profound change in thepopulation growth curve in the developed world. This change is called
the Demographic Transition.
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Carrying capacity- the maximum population that
can be supported by the available resources.
Biological Carrying Capacity about 50 Billion
We strive for a modified population at which a
maximum population can be maintained at an
acceptable standard of living- Cultural CarryingCapacity.
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According to the latestUnited Nations
projections, the mostlikely scenario for
population in 2050 willbe around 8.9 billion, andwill peak out slightly
above 10 billion after2200.
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Impacts of continued growth in human populations include:The population of sub-Saharan
Africa provides a clear example
of a region suffering from over
population. their population isincreasing by 3% yearly, while
their food supply is only
annually growing by 1%. This
has led their and several other
economically low countries'environments to such extreme
conditions as desertification.
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As population grows, consumption of valuable
resources and pollution increases, which threatens
to overwhelm the Earths ability to provide for the
human race and other life forms.
Overpopulation creates low living
standards, outbreaks of civil wars, not enough
jobs, poor food supplies, and reduced educationstandards.
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As a result of this rapid growth:
Approximately 1.3 billion of the world's people are impoverished, living
on the equivalent of less than 1 dollar a day. And as population steadily
increases, the gap between rich and poor is widening.
Some 60% of the 4.8 billion people in developing countries lack basic
sanitation, and almost one-third have no access to clean water.
Nearly 1 billion people in the world are illiterate, two-thirds of them
women.
To resolve the problem of overpopulation, it will take a combined
effort of the developed and developing countries to better the
conditions of the whole planet, not just specific countries.
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Global fertility rates have declined more rapidly than expected, as health care,
including reproductive health, has improved faster than anticipated, and men and
women have chosen to have smaller families. About one-third of the reduction in
long-range population projections, however, is due to increasing mortality rates in
sub-Saharan Africa and parts of the Indian subcontinent. The most importantfactor is HIV/AIDS, which is spreading much faster that previously anticipated.
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1) Train and educate the people of developing countries so that they can pursueindustrialization. As they progress, they will be less dependent on other countries forassistance.
2) Educate the people in how to manage their existing natural resources sustainable.
3) Demonstrate to the people how their natural resources can be used to generate income(example: ecotourism and its associated benefits).
4) Consider means of financing industrialization efforts. This an be in the shape ofloans, outright gifts, etc. from countries which are already developed.
5) Educate the developing countries about agriculture. Help them discover which crops canbe successfully grown in their climates and teach them how to grow these crops so thatthey will be less dependent on outside aid for food.
6) Educate the people about the effects of overpopulation on their own nation.
7) Provide information on birth control methods and finance projects to provide thistechnology to the people.
8) Assist the countries in offering their own incentives to their citizens to reduce the birthrate (example: tax cuts for families which voluntarily have less children).