Peranan DNA barcoding dalam konservasi fauna - FORDA · dalam konservasi fauna CSIRO Entomology ......

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Peranan DNA barcoding dalam konservasi fauna

CSIRO Entomology

Hari Sutrisno Research Center For Biology The Indonesian Institute of Sciences Jl. Raya Bogor Km 46, Cibinong Bogor, Indonesia

Seminar Nasional Bioteknologi Kehutanan

Yogyakarta, 9 October 2012

CSIRO Entomology Yogyakarta, 9 October 2012

Konservasi:upaya yang dilakukan manusia untuk melestarikan atau melindungi alam (terjemahan bebas Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia)

Konservasi

Conservation: con (together) dan servare (keep/save)

Konservasi: menggunakan sumberdaya alam untuk memenuhi keperluan manusia dalam jumlah yang besar dalam waktu yang lama


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CO2

O2

•Karbohidrat

•Protein

•Lemak/minyak

•Vitamin

•Mineral

•Sandang

•Pangan

•Papan

•Obat-obatan

•Keperluan hidup lainnya

N

Air

Mata hari

Air

Biodiversity has made Earth a uniquely habitable place for human



In term of Genetic Resources, the Indonesian Biodiversity is of importance for Sustainable Development



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Ada antibiotika dalam kulit kodok buduk Magainins protein berukuran kecil dihasilkan oleh kelenjar kulit kodok dan katak yang mampu mematahkan gradasi ion dan menyebabkan bakteri membengkak dan mati.




•First major extinction (c. 440 mya): 25% famili hilang

•Second major extinction (c. 370 mya): 19% famili hilang.

•Third major Extinction (c. 245 mya): 54% famili hilang

•Fourth major extinction (c. 210 mya): 23% famili hilang

•Fifth major extinction (c. 65 mya): 17% famili hilang

Past Extinction


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the Sixth Extinction

•Transformasi landscape

•Overexploitasi species

•Polusi

•IAS




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1900

Perubahan Tutupan Lahan in Sumatra 1900-2010 (Worldbank, 2002)

Hec

tare

s (m

illio

n)

2010

Montane

Swamp

Lowland

1960

2000

1960 1980 2000

1900 1980

Forest cover in 2000 is

analysed based on satellite image,

Others are estimation

2010


Tutupan Hutan Kalimantan


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0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Primary Old secondary Young Secondary Agathis Transition

Geometridae

Noctuidae

Pyralidae

The impact of human activity to insect dinamic (Sutrisno, 2010)




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•Diperkirakan antara 1 sampai 10 juta manusia di dunia 10.000 tahun yang lalu •Saat ini lebih dari 6 milyar •8 milyar tahun 2020. •10-11 milyar tahun 2070

Mengapa “the Sixth Extinction ” terus berlanjut



1850 Kota dengan penduduk diatas satu juta orang (Dick Van e-Wright, 2007)


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2000 Kota-kota dengan penduduk diatas satu juta orang


CSIRO Entomology

Seminar Nasional


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Salah satu Masalah Utama dalam usaha konservasi

• Identitas biologi organisme

• Laju kepunahan

•Minimnya ahli taxonomy.



Barcoding is a standardized approach to

identifying plants and animals by minimal

sequences of DNA, called DNA barcodes.

DNA Barcode: A short DNA sequence, from a uniform locality on the genome, used for

identifying species.


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For barcoding, standardization should help

• accelerate construction of a comprehensive, consistent reference library of DNA sequences

• speed development of economical technologies for species identification.



The goal is that anyone, anywhere, anytime be able to identify quickly and accurately the species of a specimen whatever its condition


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Why barcode animals with mitochondrial

DNA? Mitochondria, energy-producing organelles in

plant and animal cells, have their own genome. Twenty years of research have established the utility of mitochondrial DNA sequences in differentiating among closely-related animal species.


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Why select the barcode sequence from within one gene?



Four properties make mitochondrial genomes especially suitable for identifying species:

Greater differences among species, on average 5- to 10-

fold higher in mitochondrial than in nuclear genes.

Thus shorter segments distinguish among species,

and because shorter, less expensively.


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• Copy number. There are 100-10,000 more copies of mitochondrial than nuclear DNA per cell, making recovery, especially from small or partially degraded samples, easier and cheaper.

• Relatively few differences within species in most cases. Small intraspecific and large interspecific differences signal distinct genetic boundaries between most species, enabling precise identification with a barcode.


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CSIRO Entomology

Seminar Nasional


• Introns, which are non-coding regions interspersed

between coding regions of a gene, are absent from

mitochondrial DNA of most animal species, making

amplification straightforward.

Nuclear genes are often interrupted by introns,

making amplification difficult or unpredictable.



Barcodes affirm the unity of the species Homo sapiens.

Comparisons show we differ from one another by only 1 or 2 nucleotides out

of 648, while we differ from chimpanzees at 60

locations and gorillas at 70 locations.


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Peranan DNA barcoding dalam konservasi fauna - FORDA · dalam konservasi fauna CSIRO Entomology ......

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