PERAN MAJELIS KEHORMATAN E T I K KEDOKTERAN DALAM MENENTUKAN

TINDAKAN MALPRAKTEK DOKTER

O L E H

A P R I L I A N S Y A H D I C D A V A

Nim : 502012113

U N I V E R S I T A S M U H A M M A D I Y A i l P A L E M B A N G F A K U L T A S H U K U M

2016

Diajukan Sebagai Salah Satu Syarat Untuk Mcnempuh Ujian

Saijana Hukum

U N I V E R S I T A S M U H A M M A D I Y A H P A L E M B A N G F A K U L T A S H U K U M

PERSETUJUAN DAN PENGESAHAN

Judul Skripsi: PERAN MAJELIS KEHORMATAN E T I K K E D O K T E R A N DALAM M E N E N T 1 ^ \ N TINDAKAN M A L P R A K T E K D O K T E R

Nama : APRILIANSYAH DIGDAYA Nim : 50 2012 113 Program Studi : Ilmu Hukum Program Kddiususan : Hukum Pidana

Pembimbing,

Reny Okpirianti, SH., M.Hum

Palembang, Agustus 2016

PERSETUJUAN O L E H T I M P E N G V J l

Ketua : Nur Husni Emilson, SH., Sp.N., MH

Anggota : I . Luil Maknnn, SIL, MJH

2. Burhanuddin, SH.,MH

DISAHKAN O L E H DEKAN FAKULTAS HUKUM

UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH PALEMBANG

NBM/NIDN : 6791348/0006046009

ii

LEMBARAN PERSETUJUAN PEMBIMBING

NAMA

NIM

PRODI

JUDUL

APRLIANSYAH DIGDAYA

50 2012 113

I L M U HUKUM

PERAN MAJELIS KEHORMATAN E T I K K E D O K T E R A N

DALAM MENENUKAN TINDAKAN M A L P R A K T E K

D O K T E R

Disetujui Untuk Disampaikan Kepada Panitia Ujian

Palembang, Agustus 2016

Reny Okpirianti, SH., M.Hum.

iii

PENDAFTARAN UJIAN SKRIPSI

NAMA : Apriliansyah Uigdaya

NIM : 502012113

PRODI : ILMU HUKUM

JUDUL : PERAN MAJELIS KEHORMATAN E T I K K E D O K T E R A

DALAM MENENUKAN TINDAKAN M A L P R A K T E K

D O K T E R

D e n g a n d i t e r i m a n y a s k r i p s i i n i , s e s u d a h l u l u s d a r i U j i a n K o m p r e h e n s i f , p e n u l i s

b e r h a k m e m a k a i g e l a r :

SARJANA HUKUM

Pembimbing Skripsi, Diketahui

Wakil Dekan I

I V

SURAT PERNYATAAN ORISINALITAS

Y a n g b e r t a n d a t a n g a n d i b a w a h i n i :

N a m a : A P R I L I A N S Y A H D I G D A Y A

N i m : 5 0 2 0 1 2 1 1 3

P r o g r a m S t u d i : I l m u H u k u m

P r o g r a m K e k h u s u s a n : H u k u m P i d a n a

M e n y a t a k a n b a h w a s k r i p s i y a n a g beijudul: "PERAN MAJELIS KEHORMATAN

E T I K K E D O K T E R A N DALAM MENENUKAN TINDAKAN

MALPRAKTEK DOKTER"

A d a l a h b u k a n m e r u p a k a n k a r y a t u l i s o r a n g l a i n , k e c u a l i d a l a m k u t i p a n y a n g t e l a h

s a y a s e b u t k a n s u m b e m y a . A p a b i l a p e m y a t a a n k e a s l i a n i n i t i d a k b e n a r m a k a s a y a

b r s e d i a m e n d a p a t k a n s a n k s i a k a d e m i k . D e m i k i a n l a h p e m y a t a a n i n i s a y a b u a t

d e n g a n s e b a n a r - b e n a m y a .

P a l e m b a n g , A g u s t u s 2 0 1 6 Y a n g M e n y a t a k a n ,

Apriliansyah Digdaya

V

M o U o : '^)an orang-cmng yang mengerjafgn li^afiatan (mendapat) Sahsan yang setimpaf dan mertfy tGtutupi fiffmtaan, l i d d i i add Sagi merelig. seorang peSndungpun ddri (azaS) jUld/s, seafign-aSgn mertfy tatutupi dengan fippmginan-Sgpinginan maldm yang gefap guBta, Mettfifi itiddh pengSuni neralig, mettSg ^fyldsddidmnya,'

TOipersemSafifyn, 7(fpadd: • ^yafiandd ddn iSunddyang terdnta • Sauddra- sauddraSp yang tersayang • SanaSatsaSaSatlip • ASnamateryang ^uSanggafyn

V I

ABSTRAK

PERAN MAJELIS KEHORMATAN E T I K K E D O K T E R A DALAM MENENUKAN TINDAKAN M A L P R A K T E K D O K T E R

APRILIANSYAH DIGDAYA

S e o r a n g d o k t e r m e l a k u k a n m a l p r a k t e k , s e c a r a t e o r i t i s h u k u m p i d a n a , t i n d a k a n d o k t e r t e r s e b u t d a p a t d i k a t a n t e l a h m e l a k u k a n s u a t u p e r i s t i w a p i d a n a a t a u p e r b u a t a n p i d a n a , h a l i n i d i s c b a b k a n t e l a h m e m e n u h i u n s u r p i d a n a .

D a l a m h a l d o k l e r m e l a k u k a n m a l p r a k t e k , m a k a y a n g a k a n m e m e r i k s a d o k t e r t e r s e b u t a d a l a h d i l a k u k a n o l e h M a j e l i s K e h o r m a t a n E t i k K e d o k t e r a n ( M K E K ) , h a l i n i h a n y a t e r b a t a s p a d a h a l y a n g m e n y a n g k u t k o d e e t i k .

T u j u a n p e n e l i t i a n i n i u n t u k m e n g e t a h u i d a n m c n j c l a s k a n p e r a n m a j e l i s k e h o r m a t a n e t i k k e d o k t e r a n d a l a m m e n e n t u k a n t e r j a d i n y a t i n d a k a n m a l p r a k t e k , d a n j u g a u n t u k m e n g e t a h u i d a n m e m a h a m i k e g u n a a n r e k o m e n d a s i m a j e l i s d a n k e h o r m a t a n e l i k k e e d o k l e r a n d a l a m h a l t e r j a d i n y a m a l p r a k t e k .

B e r d a s a r k a n h a s i l p e n e l i t i a n d i p a h a m i b a h w a p e r a n m a j e l i s k e h o r m a t a n e t i k k e d o k t e r a n ( M K E K ) d a l a m m e n e n t u k a m t e r j a d i n y a t i n d a k a n m a l p r a k t e k d o k t e r a d a l a h : t i d a k h a n y a t e r b a t a s p a d a m a s a l a h - m a s a l a h e t i k k e d o k t e r a n s a j a , j u g a m e m p u n y a i h a k u n t u k m e n i l a i m a s a l a h m a l p r a k t e k . A p a b i l a t e r j a d i p e l a n g g a r a n e t i k m a k a M K E K a k a n m e m b e r i k a n p e r i n g a t a n s e c a r a l i s a n a t a u t e r t u l i s . M K E K b u k a n m e r u p a k a n b a d a n p e m u t u s p e r k a r a m a l p r a k t e k , d a n j u g a k e g u n a a n r e k o m e n d a s i M K E K s a n g a t l a h d i p e r l u k a n u n t u k m e n e n t u k a n a p a k a h a d a m a l p r a k t e k d o k t e r a t a u k e s a l a h a n y a n g d i l a k u k a n d o k t e r d e n g a n i n d i k a s i m e d i s a t a u b u k a n i n d i k a s i m e d i s y a n g m e n y e b a b k a n k e m a t i a n a t a u c i d e r a n y a s e s e o r a n g . D a l a m h a l M K E K m e l a k u k a n p e n e l i t i a n m e n g e n a i k e s a l a h a n p r o s e d u r a t a u p e l a n g g a r a n s t a n d a r p r o f e s i y a n g a d a , m a k a r e k o m e n d a s i i n i m e r u p a k a n l a n g k a h a w a l u n t u k m e l a k u k a n p e n y i d i k a n , n a m u n a p a b i l a t i d a k d i t e m u k a n k e s a l a h a n p r o s e d u r a t a u p e l a n g g a r a n p r o f e s i , b u k a n b e r a r t i p e n y i d i k t i d a k d a p a t m e l a k u k a n p e n y e l i s i k a n n y a .

K a t a K u n c i : P e r a n M a j e l i s K e h o r m a t a n E t i k K e d o k t e r a n , M a l p r a k t e k D o k t e r

vii

I C \ T A PENGANTAR

Assalamu'alaikum Wr. Wb.

P u j i S y u k u r k e p a d a A l l a h S W T , k a r e n a a t a s r a h m a t d a n k a r u n i a N y a j u a l a h

a k h i m y a p e n e l i t i a n d a n p e n u l i s a n s k r i p s i i n i d a p a t d i s e l e s a i k a n d e n g a n b a i k ,

s h a l a w a t s e r t a s a l a m k e p a d a N a b i M u h a m m a d SAW. S k r i p s i i n i m e n g a n g k a t

j u d u l "PERAN MAJELIS KEHORMATAN E T I K K E D O K T E R A N DALAM

MENENUKAN TINDAKAN M A L P R A K T E K DOKTER".

P e n u l i s s k r i p s i i n i a d a l a h u n t u k m e m e n u h i s y a r a t m e n d a p a t k a n g e l a r

S a r j a n a H u k u m p a d a F a k u l t a s H u k u m U n i v e r s i t a s M u h a m m a d i y a h P a l e m b a n g .

P e n u l i s m e n y a d a r i b a h w a s k r i p s i i n i m a s i h b a n y a k k e k u r a n g a n ,

k e k e l i r u a n , d a n k e k h i l a f a n s e m u a i n i t i d a k l a i n k a r e n a p e n u l i s a d a l a h s e b a g a i

m a n u s i a b i a s a y a n g t a k l u p u t d a r i k e s a l a h a n d a b b a n y a k k e l e m h a n , a k a n t e t a p i

b e r k a t a d a n y a b a n t u n d a n b i m b i n g a n s e r t a d o r o n g a n d a r i b e r b a g a i p i h a k , a k h i m y a

k e s u k a r a n d a n k e s u l i t a n t e r s e b u t d a p a t d i l a l u i o l e h k a r e n a i t u d a l a m k e s e m p a t a n

i n i p e n u l i s m e n y a m p a i k a n r a s a t e r i m a k a s i h y a n g m e n d a l a m k e p a d a :

1 . B a p a k D r . A b i d D j a z u l i , S . E . , M . M , s e l a k u R e k t o r U n i v e r s i t a s

M u h a m m a d i y a h P a l e m b a n g

2 . I b u D r . H J . S r i S u a t m i a t i , S H . , M . H u m , s e l a k u D e k a n F a k u l t a s H u k u m

U n i v e r s i t a s M u h a m m a d i y a h P a l e m b a n g

3 . B a p a k / I b u W a k i l D e k a n 1, I I , I I I , d a n I V , s e l a k u P i m p i n a n F a k u l t a s

H u k u m U n i v e r s i t a s M u h a m m a d i y a h P a l e m b a n g

V l l l

4 . I b u L u i l M a k n u n , S H . , M H , s e l a k u K e t u a B a g i a n H u k u m P i d a n a F a k u l t a s

H u k u m U n i v e r s i t a s M u h a m m a d i y a h P a l e m b a n g

5 . B a p a k M u l y a d i T a n z i l i , S H . , M . H , s e l a k u K e t u a P r o d i F a k u l t a s H u k u m

U n i v e r s i t a s M u h a m m a d i y a h P a l e m b a n g

6 . I b u R e n y O k p i r i a n t i , S R . , M . H u m , s e b a g a i p e m b i m b i n g s k r i p s i

7 . I b u R o s m a w a t i , S H . , M H s e b a g a i p e n a s i h a t a k a d e m i k

8 . D o s e n - d o s e n d a n s e l u r u h K a r y a w a n F a k u l t a s h u k u m U n i v e r s i t a s

M u h a m m a d i y a h P a l e m b a n g

9 . A y a h d a n I b u s e r t a k e l u a r g a b e s a r y a n g t e l a h b a n y a k m e m o t i v a s i p e n u l i s

u n t u k m e r a i h g e l a r s a r j a n a i n i .

S e m o g a s e g a l a b a n t u a n m a t e r i l d a n m o r i l y a n g t e l a h m e n j a d i k a n s k r i p s i

i n i d a p a t s e l e s a i d e n g a n b a i k s e b a g a i s a l a h s a t u p e r s y a r a t a n u n t u k m e n e m p u h

u j i a n s k r i p s i , s e m o g a k i r a n y a A l l a h S w t . , m e l i m p a h k a n p a h a l a d a n r a h m a t k e p a d a

m e r e k a .

Wassalamu'alaikum, Wr. Wb.

P a l e m b a n g , A g u s t u s 2 0 1 6

P e n u l i s ,

Apriliansyah Digdaya

I X

D A F T A R I S I

H a l a m a n

H A L A M A N J U D U L i

P E R S E T U J U A N D A N P E N G E S A H A N i i

P E R S E T U J U A N P E M B I M B I N G i i i

P E N D A F T A R A N U J I A N S K R I P S I i v

P E R N Y A T A A N K E A S L I A N v

H A L A M A N M O T T O D A N P E R S E M B A H A N v i

A B S T R A K v i i

K A T A P E N G A N T A R v i i i

D A F T A R I S I X

B A B I P E N D A H U L U A N

A . T a t a r B e l a k a n g 1

B . P e r m a s a l a h a n 5

C . R u a n g L i n g k u p 5

D . T u j u a n d a n M a n f a a t P e n e l i t i a n 6

E . M e t o d e P e n e l i t i a n ^

F . S i s t e m a t i k a P e n u l i s a n S k r i p s i 8

B A B I I T I N J A U A N P U S T A K A

A . P e n g e r t i a n P r o f e s i D o k t e r i

B . K o d e E t i k K e d o k t e r a n i 2

C . P e n g e r t i a n M a l p r a k t e k i^

D . K r i t e r i a M e n i l a i d a n M e m b u k l i k a n M a l p r a k t e k 2 0

X

E . S u m b e r P e r b u a t a n M a l p r a k t e k 2 5

F . K e d u d u k a n d i m T u g a s M a j e l i s K e h o r m a t a n E l i k D o k l e r 3 0

B A B I I I P E M B A H A S A N

A . P e r a n M a j e i i s K e h o r m a t a n E t i k K e d o k t e r a n D a i a m

M e n e n t u k a n T e r j a d i n y a T i n d a k a n M a l p r a k t e k D o k t e r 3 2

B . K e g u n a a n R e k o m e n d a s i M a j e l i s K e h o r m a t a n E l i k

K e d o k t e r a n D a l a m M e n e n t u k a n M a l p r a k t e k D o k t e r 3 6

B A B I V P E N U T U P

A . K e s i m p u l a n 4 1

B . S a r a n 4 2

D A F T A R P U S T A K A

T , A M P I R A N - T A M P I R A N

xi

B A B . I

P E N D A H U L U A N

A . L a t a r B e l a k a n g

D a l a m k e h i d u p a n s e h a r i - h a r i , m a n u s i a h a m p i r d a p a t d i p a s t i k a n t i d a k

t e r l e p a s d a r i k e b u t u h a n a k a n k e s e h a t a n , b a i k k e s e h a t a n j a s m a n i m a u p u n

k e s e h a t a n r o h a n i , k a r e n a k e s e h a t a n m e r u p a k a n s a l a h s a t u k e b u t u h a n e s s e n s i a l

b a g i m a n u s i a , s e b a g a i k o n d i s i u n t u k m e n j a l a n k a n a k t i f i t a s n y a s e h a r i - h a r i , s e l a i n

i t u d a l a m k e h i d u p a n b e r m a s y a r a k a t m a n u s i a j u g a t i d a k t e r l e p a s d a r i p e r s o a l a n -

p e r s o a l a n h u k u m .

U n t u k m e r e a l i s a s i k a n k e b u t u h a n a k a n k e s e h a t a n s u d a h t e n t u m a n u s i a

h a r u s b e r h u b u n g a n d e n g a n m a n u s i a l a i n , y a n g d a l a m h a l i n i i a l a h s e o r a n g a h l i

d a l a m b i d a n g k e s e h a t a n y a n g m e l i p u t i t e n a g a m e d i s ( d o k t e r a h l i , d o k t e r u m u m ,

d o k t e r g i g i , d a I a i n - l a i n ) a t a u d e n g a n t e n a g a p a r a m e d i s p e r a w a t ( p e h a t a r a w a t ,

p e r a w a t k e s e h a t a n , b i d a n , p e r a w a t k h u s u s ) . '

A n t a r a m a n u s i a y a n g m e m b u t u h k a n k e s e h a t a n y a i t u p a s i e n d e n g a n

s e o r a n g d o k t e r d i d a l a m p r o s e s p e l a y a n a n k e s e h a t a n , p a d a s a a t i t u l a h t e r j a d i

h u b u n g a n h u k u m s a t u s a m a l a i n {rechtbetrekking). H u b u n g a n h u k u m i t u i a l a h

h u b u n g a n - h u b u i i g a n d a l a m h u k u m s e b a g a i i k a t a n h a k d a n k e w a j i b a n . ^

'Soerjono Soekanto, Aspek Hukum Kesehatan (Suatu K u m p u l a n C a t a t a n ) , Ind-Hill-Co, Bandung, 1989, him. 184

^Pumadi Purbacaraka dan Soerjono Soekanto, Sendi-sendi Ilmu Hukum dan Tata H u k u m , Alumni, andung, 1989, him. 43

1

2

D a l a m i l m u k e d o k t e r a n h u b u n g a n a n t a r a d o k t e r d a n p a s i e n u m u m n y a

b e r l a n g s u n g s e b a g a i h u b u n g a n b i o m e d i s a k t i f p a s i f , d a i a m h u b u n g a n t e r s e b u t

h a n y a t e r l i h a t s u p c r i o r i t a s d o k t e r t e r h a d a p p a s i e n , d a n h a n y a a d a k e g i a t a n p i h a k

d o k t e r s c d a n g k a n p a s i e n t e t a p p a s i f . ' '

A d a k a l a n y a s e o r a n g d o k t e r d a l a m p r o s e s p e l a y a n a n k e s e h a t a n , k a r e n a

s e b a g a i m a n u s i a b i a s a y a n g t i d a k t e r l e p a s d a r i k e s a l a h a n s e r i n g d a l a m t i n d a k a n

m e d i s n y a d o k t e r t e r s e b u t m e l a k u k a n k e l a l a i a n d e n g a n t i d a k s e n g a j a y a n g

s e h a r u s n y a t i d a k p a t u t d i l a k u k a n o l e h s e o r a n g a h l i y a n g d a l a m d u n i a m e d i s

t i n d a k a n t e r s e b u t m e n g a k i b a t k a n s e s u a t u y a n g f a t a l , s e p e r t i m i s a l n y a m e n i n g g a l ,

c a c a t , l u m p u h , b u t a d a n l a i n s e b a g a i n y a .

A p a b i l a k e s a l a h a n d i l a k u k a n s e o r a n g d o k t e r , m a k a d o k t e r t e r s e b u t t e l a h

m e l a k u k a n a p a y a n g d i n a m a k a n d e n g a n i s t i l a h m a l p r a k t e k a t a u k e s a l a h a n

p r o f e s s i o n a l a t a u d i s e b u t j u g a a part from a dispute between doctor and patient

over the standard of medical care.^

T i n d a k a n d o k t e r y a n g t i d a k m e n g u n t u n g k a n i n i m e r u p a k a n a k i b a t d a r i :

1 . T i d a k m e n g e t a h u i a t a u k e k u r a n g a n p e n g e t a h u a n

2 . T i d a k m e l a k u k a n p e m e r i k s a a n y a n g j e l i s e b e l u m n y a a t a u ,

3 . M e l a k u k a n s e s u a t u y a n g t i d a k s e s u a i d e n g a n s t a n d a r p r o f e s i s e o r a n g

d o k t e r m e n u r u t s i t u a s i d i m a n a t i n d a k a n i t u d i l a k u k a n .

S t a n d a r p r o f e s i d i a r t i k a n s e b a g a i t i n d a k a n y a n g m e m e n u h i p e n g e t a h u a n

y a n g b i a s a n y a d i m i l i k i s e o r a n g d o k t e r {Avarage) d a l a m b i d a n g k e d o k t e r a n

^Danny Wiradhara, P e n u n t u n K u l i a h Hukum Kedokteran, Bina Rupa Aksara, Jakarta, 1996, him. 42

•'Bernard Knight, L e g a l Aspek Of M e d i c a l P r a t i c e , Chulcill Livingstone, Edenburgh London and New York, 1991

3

t e r s e b u t , ^ s c d a n g k a n p c n y i m p a n g a n s t a n d a r p r o f e s i m e d i s d a p a t t e r j a d i k a r e n a

i n d i k a s i m e d i s y a n g t i d a k j e l a s d a n a t a u p r o s e d u r t i n d a k a n m e d i s y a n g t i d a k

s e s u a i s t a n d a r . ^

A p a b i l a s e o r a n g d o k t e r t c l a h m e l a k u k a n m a l p r a k t e k a t a u k e s a l a h a n

p r o f e s s i o n a l , m a k a s e c a r a t e o r i t i s h u k u m p i d a n a , t i n d a k a n d o k t e r t e r s e b u t d a p a t

d i k a t a k a n t e l a h m e l a k u k a n s u a t u p e r i s t i w a p i d a n a a t a u p e r b u a t a n p i d a n a , h a l i n i

d i s e b a b k a n t e l a h m e m e n u h i u n s u r - u n s u r d a r i p e r b u a t a n p i d a n a , y a k n i :

a . A d a n y a s i k a p t i n d a k a t a u p e r i l a k u m a n u s i a

b . M a s u k l i n g k u p l a k u p e n i m u s a n k a e d a h h u k u m p i d a n a

c . M e l a n g g a r h u k u m k e c u a l i b i l a a d a u n s u r p e m b e n a r a n

{rechtvaardigingsgronderi) d i d a s a k a n p a d a k e s a l a h a n , k e c u a l i a d a u n s u r

p e n i a d a a n k e s a l a h a n {schulduitslutingsgi-onden)^

M e n u r u t h u k u m p i d a n a , b i l a s e o r a n g t e l a h m e l a k u k a n s u a t u p e r i s t i w a

p i d a n a a t a u p e r b u a t a n p i d a n a , m a k a p e r b u a t a n o r a n g t e r s e b u t h e n d a k n y a

d i s e l e s a i k a n d e n g a n h u k u m p i d a n a d a n o r a n g t e r s e b u t h a r u s

m e m p e r t a n g g u n g j a w a b k a n p e r b u a t a n n y a , t a n p a m e l i h a t s t a t u s s o s i a l o r a n g

t e r s e b u t .

D a l a m k e n y a t a a n n y a a p a b i l a t e r j a d i k a s u s m a l p r a k t e k s e r i n g k a l i k a s u s

t e r s e b u t t i d a k t e r s e l e s a i k a n s e s u a i d e n g a n h u k u m y a n g b e r l a k u . H a l i n i d a p a t

t e r j a d i k a r e n a :

^inik Maryati, Malpraktek Kedokteran d a r i Segi Hukum P i d a n a dan Hukum P e r d a l a , Bina ksara, Jakarta, 1998, him. 36

•̂ Danny Wiradharma. Op. Cit, him. 92 Vumadi Purbacaraka dan Soerjono Soekanto, O p . Cit, him. 8

4

a. K u r a n g n y a p e n g e t a h u a n a p a r a t h u k u m u n t u k m e n i l a i a p a k a h p e r s o a i a n i t u

m e r u p a k a n m a l p r a k t e k a t a u b u k a n .

D a l a m h a l i n i a p a r a t h u k u m t i d a k b e g i l u m e n g e r t i d e n g a n p e r s o a i a n y a n g

m e n y a n g k u t m a l p r a k t e k d i k a r c n a k a n p e r m a s a l a h a n n y a t i d a k p e m a h

t u n t a s . S e h i n g g a m e m b u a t a p a r a t h u k u m b i n g u n g u n t u k m e n i l a i

p e r m a s a l a h a n t e r s e b u t .

b . K u r a n g n y a p e n g e t a h u a n m a s y a r a k a t t e n t a n g h u k u m .

D a l a m k e h i d u p a n s e h a r i - h a r i m a s y a r a k a t I n d o n e s i a p a d a u m u m n y a m a s i h

b a n y a k y a n g t a b u d e n g a n p e r m a s a l a h a n h u k u m , j a d i a p a b i l a m a s y a r a k a t

t e r s e b u t m e n g a l a m i k a s u s s e p e r t i i n i , m a s y a r a k a t t i d a k m a n a m b ! p u s i n g

d e n g a n p e r s o a i a n y a n g m e n u r u t n y a t e r l a l u s u s a h .

c. K e e n g g a n a n m a s y a r a k a t u n t u k m e m p e r p a n j a n g k a s u s m a l p r a k t e k .

S e p e r t i d i k e t a h u i t i d a k s e m u a m a s y a r a k a t y a n g p a h a m b e t u l t e n t a n g

p e r b u a t a n m a l p r a k t e k i n i d e n g a n b e g i t u m a s y a r a k a t b e r a n g g a p a n b a h w a

k a s u s s e p e r t i i n i t e r l a l u b e r b e l i t - b e l i t d a l a m p e n y e l e s a i a n n y a . A p a l a g i

d i k a l a n g a n m a s y a r a k a t m e n e n g a h k e b a w a h , t i d a k t e r l a l u m e n g e r t i t e n t a n g

h u k u m .

B e r t i t i k t o l a k d a r i l a t a r b e l a k a n g t e r s e b u t d i a t a s , p e n u l i s m e r a s a t e r t a r i k

u n t u k m e n g k a j i n y a l e b i h m e n d a l a m l a g i y a n g h a s i l n y a a k a n d i t u a n g k a n k e d a l a m

t u l i s a n y a n g b e r b e n t u k s k r i p s i d e n g a n j u d u i : " P E R A N M A J E L I S

K E H O R M A T A N E T I K K E D O K T E R A N D A L A M M E N E N T U K A N

T I N D A K A N M A L P R A K T E K D O K T E R "

5

B. Permasalahan

A d a p u n y a n g m e n j a d i p e r m a s a l a h a n a d a l a h s e b a g a i b e r i k u t :

1 . B a g a i m a n a k a h p e r a n m a j e l i s k e h o i m a t a n e t i k k e d o k t e r a n d a l a m

m e n e n t u k a n t e r j a d i n y a t i n d a k a n m a l p r a k t e k d o k t e r ?

2 . A p a k e g u n a a n r e k o m e n d a s i m a j e l i s k e h o r m a t a n e t i k k e d o k t e r a n d a l a m h a l

t e r j a d i n y a m a l p r a k t e k d o k t e r ?

C . Ruang Lingkup dan Tujuan

R u a n g l i n g k u p p e n e l i t i a n t e r u t a m a d i t i t i k b e r a t k a n p a d a p e n e l u s u r a n

t e r h a d a p p e r a n m a j e l i s k e h o r m a t a n e t i k k e d o k t e r a n d a l a m m e n e n t u k a n t e r j a d i n y a

t i n d a k a n m a l p r a k t e k d o k t e r d a n k e g u n a a n r e k o m e n d a s i m a j e l i s k e h o r m a t a n e t i k

k e d o k t e r a n d a l a m h a l t e r j a d i n y a m a l p r a k t e k d o k t e r , t a n p a m e n u t u p k e m u n g k i n a n

m e n y i n g g u n g p u l a h a l - h a l l a i n y a n g a d a k a i t a n n y a .

T u j u a n p e n e l i t i a n a d a l a h :

1 . U n t u k m e n g e t a h u i d a n m e n j e l a s k a n b a g a i m a n a k a h p e r a n m a j e l i s

k e h o r m a t a n e t i k k e d o k t e r a n d a l a m m e n e n t u k a n t e r j a d i n y a t i n d a k a n

m a l p r a k t e k d o k t e r

2 . U n t u k m e n g e t a h u i d a n m e m a h a m i a p a k e g u n a a n r e k o m e n d a s i m a j e l i s

k e h o r m a t a n e t i k k e d o k t e r a n d a l a m h a l t e r j a d i n y a m a l p r a k t e k d o k t e r .

H a s i l p e n e l i t i a n i n i d i p e r g u n a k a n u n t u k m e l e n g k a p i p e n g e t a h u a n t e o r i t i s

y a n g d i p e r o l e h s e l a m a s t u d i d i F a k u l t a s H u k u m U n i v e r s i t a s M u h a m m a d i y a h

P a l e m b a n g d a n d i h a r a p k a n b e r m a n f a a t s e b a g a i t a m b a h a n i n f o r m a s i b a g i i l m u

6

p e n g e t a h u a n , k h u s u s n y a h u k u m p i d a n a , s e k a l i g u s m e r u p a k a n s u m b a n g a n

p e m i k i r a n y a n g d i p e r s e m b a h k a n k e p a d a a l m a m a t e r .

D. Depenisi Konseptual

K e r a n g k a k o n s e p t u a l m e r u p a k a n p e n g e r t i a n d a s a r d a l a m s u a t u p e n u l i s a n

y a n g m e m u a t i s t i l a h - i s t i l a h , b a t a s a n - b a t a s a n s e r t a p e m b a h a s a n y a n g a k a n

d i j a b a r k a n d a l a m p e n u l i s a n k a r y a i l m i a h . A g a r t i d a k t e r j a d i k e s i m p a n g s i u r a n

p e n a f s i r a n s e r t a u n t u k m e m p e r m u d a h p e n g e r t i a n , m a k a d a l a m u r a i a n d i b a w a h i n i

a k a n d i k e m u k a k a n p e n j e l a s a n d a n b a t a s a n - b a t a s a n i s t i l a h y a n g b e r k a i t a n d e n g a n

j u d u l s k r i p s i i n i s e b a g a i b e r i k u t :

1 . E t k a a d a l a h i l m u t e n t a n g a p a y a n g b a i k d a n a p a y a n g b u r u k d a n t e n t a n g

h a k d a n k e w a j i b a n m o r a l ( a k h l a k ) .

2 . E t i k a k e d o k t e r a n m e m p u n y a i d u a s i s i d i m a n a s a t u s a m a l a i n s a l i n g

b e r k a i t a n d a n s a l i n g m e m p e n g a r u h i . K e d u a s i s i t e r s e b u t a d a l a h :

Pertama: E t i k j a b a t a n a t a u y a n g d i k e n a l d e n g a n i s t i l a h medical ethics,

y a i t u m e n y a n g k u t m a s a l a h y a n g b e r h u b u n g a n d e n g a n s i k a p p a r a d o k t e r

t e r h a d a p s e j a w a t n y a , s i k a p d o k t e r t e r h a d a p p a r a p e m b a n t u n y a d a n s i k a p

d o k t e r t e r h a d a p m a s y a r a k a t d a n p e m e r i n t a h

Kedua: E t i k a s u h a n a t a u d i k e n a l d e n g a n s e b u t a n etiscs of the medical care

y a i t u m e r u p a k a n e t i k k e d o k t e r a n d a l a m k e h i d u p a n s e h a r i - h a r i m e n g e n a i

*'Departenien Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Kamus Besar Bahasa I n d o n e s i a , Balai Pustaka, Jakarta, 1991, him. 27 i

7

s i k a p d a n t i n d a k a n s e o r a n g d o k t e r t e r h a d a p p e o d e r i t a y a n g m e n j a d i

t a n g g u n g j a w a b n y a . ^

3 . M a i P r a k t e k b e r a s a l d a r i k a t a " m a P " y a u g b e r a r t i b u r u k d a n k a t a " p r a k t e k "

y a n g b e r a r t i t i n d a k a n . J a d i m a l p r a k t e k a d a l a h s u a t u t i n d a k a n a t a u p r a k t e k

y a n g b u r u k . ' * *

E . Metode Penelitian

S e l a r a s d e n g a n t u j u a n y a n g b e r m a k s u d m e n e l u s u r i p r i n s i p - p r i n s p h u k u m ,

t e r u t a m a y a n g b e r s a n g k u t p a u t d e n g a n p e r a n m a j e l i s k e h o i m a t a n e t i k k e d o k t e r a n

d a l a m m e n e n t u k a n t i n d a k a n m a l p r a t e k d o k t e r , m a k a j e n i s p e n e l i t i a n n y a a d a l a h

p e n e l i t i a n h u k u m normatif y a n g b e r s i f a t deskriptif ( m e n g g a m b a r k a n ) d a n t i d a k

b e r m a k s u d u n t u k m e n g u j i h i p o t e s a .

• T e k n i k p e n g u m p u l a n d a t a

T e k n i k p e n g u m p u l a n d a t a s e k u n d e r d i t i t i k b e r a t k a n p a d a p e n e l i t i a n

k e p u s t a k a a n {library research) d e n g a n c a r a m e n g k a j i :

a . B a h a n h u k u m p r i m e r , y a i t u b a h a n h u k u m y a n g b e r s i f a t m e n g i k a t

s e p e r t i u n d a n g - u n d a n g , p e r a t u r a n p e m e r i n t a h , d a n s e m u a k e t e n t u a n

p e r a t u r a n y a n g b e r a k u

b . B a h a n h u k u m s e k u n d e r y a i t u b a h a n h u k u m s e p e r t i h i p o t e s a , p e n d a p a t

p a r a a h l i m a u p u n p e n e l i t i t e r d a h u l u , y a n g s e j a l a n d e n g a n p e r m a s a a h a n

d a l a m s k r i p s i i n i

^Suahrul Machmud, Penegakan H u k u m dan P e r l i n d u n g a n Hukum B a g i Dokter yang diduga M e l a k u k a n Medikal M a l p r a k t e k , Mandar Maju, Bandung, 2008, hlin. 137

'^Gunawan, M e m a h a m i E t i k a Kedokteran, Kanisius, Yogyakarta, 1991, him. 61

8

c . B a h a n h u k u m t e r s i e r , y a i t u b a h a n h u k u m y a n g m e n j e l a s k a n b a h a n

h u k u m p r i m e r d a n b a h a n h u k u m s e k u n d e r s e p e r t i k a m u s b a h a s a ,

e n s i k l o p e d i a , d a n l a i n n y a .

• T e k n i k p e n g o l a h a n d a t a

S e t e l a h d a t a t e r k u m p u l , m a k a d a t a t e r s e b u t d i o l a h g u n a m e n d a p a t k a n d a t a

y a n g t e r b a i k , d a l a m p e n g o l a h a n d a t a t e r s e b u t , p e n u l i s m e l a k u k a n k e g i a t a n

editing, y a i t u d a t a y a n g d i p e r o l e h d i p e r i k s a d a n d i t e l i t i l a g i m e n g e n a i

k e l e n g k a p a n , k e j c l a s a n d a n k e b e n a r a n n y a , s e h i n g g a t e r h i n d a r d a r i

k e k u r a n g a n d a n k e s a l a h a n .

• A n a l i s a d a t a

A n a l i s a d a t a d i l a k u k a n s e c a r a kualitaitf y a n g d i p e r g n a k a n u n t u k m e n g k a j i

s p e k - a s p e k normatif atau yuridis m e l a l u i m e t o d e y a n g b e r s i f a t deskriptif

analitis y a n g m e n g u r a i k a n g a m b a r a n d a r i d a t a y a n g d i p e r o l e h d a n

m e n g h u b u n g k a n n y a s a t u s a m a l a i n u n t u k m e n d a p a t k a n s u a t u k e s i m p u l a n

y a n g b e r s i f a t u m u m . "

F. Sistematika Penulisan

S e s u a i d e n g a n b u k u p e d o m a n p e n y u s u n a n s k r i p s i F a k u l t a s H u k u m

U n i v e r s i t a s M u h a m m a d i y a h P a l e m b a n g , p e n u l i s a n s k r i p s i i n i s e c a r a k e s e l u r u h a n

t e r s u s u n d a l a m 4 ( e m p a t ) b a b d e n g a n s i s t e m a t i k a s e b a g a i b e r i k u t :

B a b . I . P e n d a h u l u a n , b e r i s i m e n g e n a i l a t a r b e l a k a n g , p e r m a s a l a h a n , r u a n g

l i n g k u p d a n t u j u a n , m e t o d e p e n e l i t i a n , s e r t a s i s t e m a t i k a p e n u l i s a n .

"Bambang Sunggono, Metode P e n e l i t i a n H u k u m , Raja Grafindo Persada, Jakarta, 1997, him. 129

9

B a b . I I . T i n j a u a n p u s t a k a , m e m a p a r k a n t i n j a u a n p u s t a k a y a n g m e n y a j i k a n

m e n g e n a i p e n g e r t i a n p r o f e s i d o k t e r , k o d e e t i k k e d o k t e r a n , p e n g e r t i a n

m a l p r a k t e k , k r i t e r i a m e n i l a i d a n m e m b u k t i k a n m a l p r a k t e k , s u m b e r

p e r b u a t a n m a l p r a k t e k , k e d u d u k a n d a n t u g a s m a j e l i s k e h o r m a t a n e t i k

k e d o k t e r a n .

B a b . I I I . P e m b a h a s a n , y a n g b e r i s i p a p a r a n t e n t a n g h a s i l p e n e l i t i a n s e c a r a k h u s u s

m e n g u r a i k a n d a n m e n g a n a l i s a p e r m a s a l a h a n y a n g d i t e l i t i m e n g e n a i

b a g a i m a n a k a h p e r a n m a j e l i s k e h o r m a t a n e t i k k e d o k t e r a n d a l a m

m e n e n t u k a n t e r j a d i n y a t i n d a k a n m a l p r a k t e k d o k t e r , d a n j u g a m e n g e n a i

a p a k e g u n a a n r e k o m e n d a s i m a j e l i s k e h o r m a t a n e t i k k e d o k t e r a n d a l a m

h a l t e r j a d i n y a m a l p r a k t e k d o k t e r .

B a b . I V . P e n u t u p , p a d a b a g i a n p e n u t u p i n i m e r u p a k a n a k h i r p e m b a h a s a n s k r i p s i

i n i y a n g d i f o r m a t d a l a m k e s i m p u l a n d a n s a r a n - s a r a n

B A B . I I

T I N J A U A N P U S T A K A

A . P e n g e r t i a n P r o f e s i D o k t e r

M e n u r u t U n d a n g - u n d a n g N o m o r 2 9 T a h u n 2 0 0 4 t e n t a n g P r a k t e k

K e d o k t e r a n " d o k t e r d a n d o k t e r g i g i " a d a l a h d o k t e r , d o k t e r s p e s i a l i s , d o k t e r g i g i

d a n d o k t e r g i g i s p e s i a l i s l u l u s a n p e n d i d i k a n k e d o k t e r a n a t a u k e d o k t e r a n g i g i n a i k

d a l a m m a u p u n l u a r n e g e r i y a n g d i a k u i P e m e r i n t a h R e p u b l i k I n d o n e s i a s e s u a i

d e n g a n p e r a t u r a n p e r u n d a n g - u n d a n g a n .

M e n u r u t D a l d i y o n o p r o f e s i a d a l a h s u a t u b i d a n g a t a u j e n i s p e k e r j a a n y a n g

m e m e r l u k a n p e n d i d i k a n k h u s u s . S u a t u p r o f e s i m e m i l i k i b e r b a g a i c i r i s p e s i f i k ,

y a i t u :

1 . A d a b i d a n g i l m u t e r t e n t u y a n g j e l a s d a n t e g a s y a n g d i p e l a j a r i , m i s a l n y a p r o f e s i k e d o k t e r a n y a n g m e l a k s a n a k a n i l m u k e d o k t e r a n

2 . A d a s e j a r a h n y a d a n d a p a t d i k e t a h u i p e n d a h u l u a t a u p i o n i m y a 3 . A d a n y a s u a t u i k a t a n p r o f e s i y a n g b e r s i f a t e n d e f e n d e n d a n b e r h a k

m e n g a t u r a n g g o t a n y a 4 . B e r s i f a t m e l a y a n i d e n g a n m e m e n t i n g k a n y a n g d i l a y a n i (altruism) y a n g

d i a t u r d a l a m k o d e e t i k .

H u k u m d i p e r l u k a n d a l a m p r o s e s p e n y e l e s a i a n s u a t u p e r m a s a l a h a n d a l a m

m a s y a r a k a t , d a l a m r a n g k a p e m b i n a a n d a n p e n g e m b a n g a n h u k u m k e s e h a t a n

k h u s u s n y a h u k u m k e d o k t e r a n , m a k a d i p e r l u k a n d e f e n i s i - d e f e n i s i t e n t a n g

k e d o k t e r a n i t u s e n d i r i .

'^Daldiyono, Pasien P i n t a r & Dokter Bijak, Bhuana Ilmu Populer, Jakarta, 2007, him. 175

1 0

1 1

S e h u b u n g a n d e n g a n i t u h u k u m k e d o k t e r a n d i d a l a m n y a m e n c a k u p s t u d i a t a

k a j i a n t e n t a n g h u b u n g a n h u k u m y a n g m e l i b a t k a n d o k t e r s e b a g a i s a l a h s a t u p i h a k

d e n g a n p a s i e n a t a u p u n d e n g a n p a r a m e d i s d i p i h a k l a i n .

D o k t e r t e r s e b u t t e l a l i m c n d a p a t s c r t i f i k a t k o m p e t e n s i t e r h a d a p p c n g a k u a n

k e m a m p u a n d o k t e r a t a u d o k t e r g i g i u n t u k m e n j a l a n k a n p r a k l i k k e d o k t e r a n d i

s e l u r u h I n d o n e s i a ( P a s a l I a y a t ( 4 ) U U N o . 2 9 T a h u n 2 0 0 4 t e n t a n g P r a k t i k

K e d o k t e r a n ) .

D i j e l a s k a n p u l a b a h w a y a n g d i m a k s u d d e n g a n d o k t e r d i d a l a m p e n j e l a s a n

K e p u t u s a n M e n t e r i K e s e h a t a n R e p u b l i k I n d o n e s i a N o . 4 3 4 / M E N K E S / S K / X / I 9 8 3

t e n t a n g b e r l a k u n y a K o d e E t i k K e d o k t e r a n I n d n e s i a B a g i P a r a D o k t e r d i I n d o n e s i a

d i j e l a s k a n d a l a m P a s a l 4 a d a l a h k a t a p a n g g i l a n y a n g d i p e r u n t u k a n b a g i F a k u l t a s

K e d o k t e r a n s e r t a m e m p u n y a i k e a h l i a n d a l a m b i d a n g p e n y a k i t d a n p e n g o b a t a n .

M e n u r u t U n d a n g - u n d a n g N o m o r 2 9 T a h u n 2 0 0 4 t e n t a n g P r a k t i k

K e d o k t e r a n P a s a l 1 a y a t ( 2 ) d i j e l a s k a n b a h w a p e n g e r t i a n d o k t e r a d a l a h : " D o k t e r ,

d o k t e r s p e s a l i s l u l u s a n p e n d i d i k a n k e d o k t e r a n a t a u k e d o k t e r a n g i g i b a i k d i d a l a m

n e g e r i a t a u p u n d i l u a r n e g e r i y a n g d i a k u i o l e h P e m e r i n t a h R e p u b l i k I n d o n e s i a

s e s u a i d e n g a n P e r a t u r a n P e r u n d a n g - u n d a n g a n " .

U n t u k d a p a t m e n j a l a n k a n p r a k t i k d i I n d o n e s i a p a r a d o k t e r l u l u s a n l u a r

n e g e r i h a r u s m e m i l i k i s e r t i f i k a t k o m p e t e n t i , y a i t u : s u r a l t a n d a p e n g a k u a n t e r h a d a p

k e m a m p u a n d o k t e r a t a u d k t e r g i g i u n t u k d a p a t m e n j a l a n k a n p r a k t i k k e d o k t e r a n d i

s e l u r u h I n d o n e s i a , s e t e l a h p a r a d o k t e r t e r s e b u t s e l e s a i m e n j a l a n k a n u j i k o m p e t e n s i

o l e h k o n s i l k e d o k t e r a n I n d o n e s i a . Y a i t u s u a t u b a d a n o t o n o m , m a n d i r i , n o n

1 2

s t r u k t u r a l d a n b e r s i f a t i n d e f e n d e n , y a n g t e r d i r i a t a s K o n s i l K e d o k t e r a n d a n o n s i l

K e d o k t e r a n G i g i .

S e t e l a h m e n d a p a t s e r t i f i k a t p a r a d o k t e i l u l u s a n l u a r n e g e r i h a r u s

m e l a k u k a n r e g i s t r a s i , y a i t u p e n c a t a t a n r e s m i t e r h a d a p d o k t e r d a n d o k t e r g i g i y a n g

t e l a h m e m i l i k i s e r t i f i k a s i u n t u k d a p a t m e l a k u k a n t i n d a k a n p r o f e s i n y a , d i m a n a

y a n g b e r w e n a n g m e n g e l u a r k a n s e r t i f i k a t k o m p e t e n s i d a n r e g i s t r a s i i n i a d a l a h

K o n s i l K e d o k t e r a n I n d o n e s i a , y a i t u s u a t u b a d a n o t o n o m , m a n d i r i , n o n s t r u k t u r a l ,

d a n b e r s i f a t i n d e p e n d e n t y a n g t e r d i r i a t a s K o n s i l K e d o k t e r a n d a n K o n s i l

K e d o k t e r a n G i g i .

B. Kode Etik Kedokteran

S e c a r a e t i m o l o g i s e t i k a d i a m b i l d a r i b a h a s a Y u n a n i ethos a r t i n y a a d a l a h

a d a t i s t i a d a t a t a u k e b i a s a a n . D i d a l a m p e n g e r t i a n i n i e t i k a d a n e t i k e t m e m i l i k i

m a k n a y a n g k u r a n g l e b i h s a m a . "

H i p o c r a t e s d a r i Y u n a n i m e r u p a k a n t o k o h p o l o p o r k u n o y a n g t e l a h

m e l e t a k a n s e n d i - s e n d i p e r m u l a a n u n t u k d a p a t t e r b i n a n y a s u a t u t r a d i s i k e d o k t e r a n

y a n g m u l i a , y a n g m e n d a s a r k a n t u g a s d a n k e w a j i b a n n y a b e r d a s a r k a n d i s i p l i n

k e d o k t e r a n a t a s s u a t u e t i k p r o f e s s i o n a l d a l a m m e n g e m b a n t u g a s . E t i k t e r s e b u t

s e p a n j a n g m a s a m e n g u t a m a k a n p e n d e r i t a a n y a n g b e r o b a t d e m i k e s e l a m a t a n d a n

k e p e n t i n g a n n y a .

A l e x a n d r a I n d r i y a n t i m e n g u t i p p e n d a p a t B e r t e n s m e m b e d a k a n e t i k a d a l a m

3 ( t i g a ) p e n g e r t i a n , y a i t u :

'^Alexandra indriyanti, E t i k a D a n H u k u m Kesehatan, Pustaka Book Publisher, Yogyakarta, 2008, him. 17

13

a. E l i k d a l a m a r t i n i l a i a t a u m o r a l y a n g m e n j a d i p e g a n g a n b a g i s e s e o r a n g a t a u k e i o m p o k u n t u k m e n g a t u r t i n g k a l a k u y a n g d i d a l a m h a l i n i b i s a d i s a m a k a n d e n g a n a d a t i s t i a d a t a t a u k e b i a s a a n

b . E t i k a d i a r t i k a n s e b a g a i k u m p u l a n a s a s a t a u n i l a i m o r a l y a n g j u g a l e b i h d i k e n a l d e n g a n k o d e e l i k

c. E t i k a y a n g m e m p u n y a i a r t i s e b a g a i i l m u t e n t a n g b a i k b u r u k . D i d a l a m h a l i n i e t i k a b a r u m e n j a d i i l m u a p a b i l a k e m u n g k i n a n e t i s y a n g b e g i t u s a j a H i t p r i m a d a l a m s u a t u m a s y a r a k a t m e n j a d i b a h a n r e f l e k s i b a g i s u a t u p e n e l i t i a n s i s l c m a l i s d a n m e t o d i s . "

D a l a m p r a k t e k n y a a p a y a n g d i m a k s u d d e n g a n e t i k k e d o k t e r a n i n i ,

m e m p u n y a i d u a s i s i d i m a n a s a t u s a m a l a i n s a l i n g b e r k a i t a n d a n s a l i n g

m e m p e n g a r u h i . K e d u a s i s i t e r s e b u t a d a l a h :

Pertama: E t i k j a b a t a n a t a u y a n g d i k e n a l d e n g a n i s t i l a h medical ethics, y a i t u

m e n y a n g k u t m a s a l a h y a n g b e r h u b u n g a n d e n g a n s i k a p p a r a d o k t e r

t e r h a d a p s e j a w a t n y a , s i k a p d o k t e r t e r h a d a p p a r a p e m b a n t u n y a d a n

s i k a p d o k t e r t e r h a d a p m a s y a r a k a t d a n p e m e r i n t a h a n .

Kedua: E t i k a s u h a n a t a u y a n g d i k e n a l d e n g a n s e b u t a n ethiscs of the medical

care y a i t u m e r u p a k a n e t i k k e d o k t e r a n d a l a m k e h i d u p a n s e h a r i - h a r i

m e n g e n a i s i k a p d a n t i n d a k a n s e o r a n g d o k t e r t e r h a d a p p e n d e r i t a y a n g

m e n j a d i t a n g g u n g j a w a b n y a . "

S e l a n j u t n y a A l e x a n d r a I n d r i y a n t i b e r p e n d a p a t b a h w a e t i k a t i d a k

m e n e n t u k a n b e n a r a t a u s a l a h , k a r e n a h a l i t u d i a t u r o l e h k o n s e p m o r a l . N a m u n

k e b e n a r a n e t i k a d i t e n t u k a n o l e h b a i k f a c t o r i n t e r n a l m a p u n f a c t o r e k s t e m a l .

a . F a k t o r i n t e r n a l y a n g m e l a n d a s i t i n d a k a n e t i s

- K e p e r c a y a a n a t a u k e i m a n a n s e s e o r a n g

- P e n d i a i k a n s e s e o r a n g

'*Ibid, him. 18 '̂ Syahrul Machmud, Penegakan Hukum D a n P e r l i n d u n g a n Hukum B a g i Dokter Yang

D i d u g a M e l a k u k a n M e d i k a l M a l p r a k t e k , Mandar Maju, Bandung, 2008, him. 137

1 4

- K e p r i b a d i a n d a n a s p e k p s i k o l o g i s n y a

b . F a k t o r e k s t e m a l y a n g m e l a n d a s i t i n d a k a n e t i s

- S i t u a s i d a n k o n d i s i y a n g d i a l a m n i n y a

- A s p e k p o l i t i k

- A s p e k e k o n o m i

- A s p e k t e k n l o g i d a n i l m u p e n g e t a h u a n

- A s p e k h u k u m d a n a d a t i s t i a d a t

- A s p e k s o s i a l . '^

A s a s e t i k m e m p a k a n k e p e r c a y a a n a t a u a t u r a n u m u m y a n g m e n d a s a r y a n g

d i k e m b a n g k a n d a r i s i s t e m e t i k . D a r i d a s a r e t i k t e r s e b u t d i s u s u n k o d e e t i k p r o f e s i ,

t e r m a s u k d a l a m h a l i n i p r o f e s i k e d o k t e r a n , y a n g m e s k i p u n t e r d a p a t p e r b e d a a n

a l i r a n d a n p a n d a n g a n h i d u p s e r t a a d a n y a p e r u b a h a n t a t a n i l a i k e h i d u p a n

m a s y a r a k a t s e c a r a g l o b a l , t e t a p i d a s a r e t i k a p r o f e s i k e d o k t e r a n y a n g d i t u r u n k a n

s e j a k z a m a n H i p p o c r a t e s : " K e s e h a t a n p e n d e r i t a {the health of my patien will be

my first consideation) t e t a p m e r u p a k a n a sa s y a n g t i d a k p e m a h b e m b a h d a n

m e r u p a k a n r a n g k a i a n k a t a y a n g m e m p e r s a t u k a n p a r a d o k t e r d u n i a " . "

C. Pengertian Malpraktek

A d a h a r . y a k p e n g e r t i a n y a n g d i k e m u k a k a n o l e h p a r a a h l i h u k u m , a h l i

k e d o k t e r a n , p e n u l i s d a r i b e r b a g a i l i t e r a t u r s e r t a b e b e r a p a k a m u s t e n t a n g

p e n g e r t i a n m a l p r a k t e k . P e n g e r t i a n - p e n g e r t i a n t e r s e b u t a n t a r a t a i n y a i t u :

Alexandra Indriyanti, Op. Cit, him. 22 '^R. Harladi, Dasar-dasar E t i k a Kedokteran, Kajian Beotik, Surabaya, 2005, him. 6

15

1 . V o r s m a n m e m b e r i k a n d e f e n i s i m a l p r a k t e k s e b a g a i b e r i k u t : " M a l p r a k t e k

a d a l a h s e o r a n g d o k t e r m e l a k u k a n s u a t u k e s a l a h a n p r o f e s i j i k a i a t i d a k

m e l a k u k a n s u a t u a t a u t i d a k m e m b i a r k a n s e s u a t u y a n g o l e h d o k t e r y a n g

b a i k p a d a u m u m n y a d a n d e n g a n s i t u a s i , k o n d i s i y a n g s a m a a k a n d i l a k u k a n

p e m e r i k s a a n t e r s e b u t , a a n m e l a k u k a n s e s u a t u t e r s e b u t a t a u a k a n

18

m e m b i a r k a n s e s u a t u t e r s e b u t " .

2 . M e n u r u t V o r s m a n d a n B e r h u o w e r

M e n y a t a k a n b a h w a s e o r a n g d o k t e r m e l a k u k a n k e s a l a h a n a p a b i l a t e r j a d i

d i a b e r t i n d a k t i d a k s e s u a i d e n g a n k e w a j i b a n - k e w a j i b a n y a n g t i m b u l d a r i

p r o f e s i n y a . "

P e r u m u s a n i n i m e m p u n y a i m a k n a t i n d a k a n d o k t e r t e r s e b u t , y a n g s u d a h

m e n y i m p a n g d a r i a t u r a n - a t u r a n y a n g t e l a h d i g a r i s k a n d a r i k e w a j i b a n y a n g

t i m b u l d a r i p a d a n y a a t a u t e l a h m e n y a l a h g u n a k a n w e w e n a n g y a n g a d a

p a d a n y a .

3 . M e n u r u t C h a r l e s s W e n d e l l C a m a h a n

M a l p r a k t e k a d a l a h : In ageneral sense malpractice is "bad" practice, a

failure to comply with the standart set by the profession. From the stand

point of a patient who has sustained in juries, it may cover the range on

incidents from diagnosis trough operation and after treatment?^

Y a n g t e r j e m a h a n b e b a s n y a k i r a - k i r a s e b a g a i b e r i k u t : M a l p r a k t e k a d a l a h :

'̂ Freed Ameln, Tanggungjawab Profesi M e d i s , Makalah Pada Simposium Hukum Kedokteran, Oleh BPHN dan Depkeh Bekerjasama Dengan IDI, Jakarta, 1993, him. 3

'̂ Soerjono Soekanto dan Loeby Loqman, T a n g u n g j a w a b Hukum (Liability) Dokter D i t i n j a u D a r i Segi H u k u m P i d a n a , Seminar Perhuki Wil Jakarta, di Jakarta, 16 Maret 1985, him. 22

^^Charless Wendell Camahan, The Detentis A n d The L a w , Morby Company, Secend Printing, United States Of America, 1995, him. 121

1 6

a . D a l a m a r t i u m u m a d a l a h p r a t e k j a h a t a t a u b u r u k , y a n g t i d a k m e m e n u h i

s t a n d a r t y a n g t e l a h d i t e n t u k a n o l e h p r o f e s i

b . D i l i h a t d a r i s u d u t p a s i e n y a n g t e l a h d i r u g i k a n i t u , m e l i p u t i k e s a l a h a n

p e m b e r i a n d i a g n o s a , s e l a m a o p e r a s i d a n s e s u d a h p e r a w a t a n .

S e c a r a h a r f i a h m a l p r a k t e k b e r a s a l d a r i k a t a " m a l " y a n g b e r a r t i b u r u k d a n

k a t a p r a k t e k y a n g b e r a r t i t i n d a k a n . J a d i m a l p r a k t e k a d a l a h s u a t u t i n d a k a n a t a u

p r a k t e k y a n g b u r u k . D e n g a n k a t a l a i n m a l p r a k t e k a d a l a h k e l a l a i a n k a u m p r o f e s i

y a n g t e r j a d i s e w a k t u m e l a k s a n a k a n p r o f e s i n y a , D e n g a n d e m i k i a n d a p a t l a h

d i k a t a k a n , b a h w a a n t a r a k e l a l a i a n d o k t e r d e n g a n m a l p r a k t e k s a n g a t d e k a t

k a i t a n n y a . S e s e o r a n g d i a n g g a p l a l a i a p a b i l a i a t e l a h b e r t i n d a k k u r a n g h a t i - h a t i ,

s e m b r o n o , a c u h t e r h a d a p k e p e n t i n g a n o r a n g l a i n , w a l a u p i m t i d a k d i l a k u k a n

d e n g a n s e n g a j a d a n a k i b a t i t u t i d a k d i k e h e n d a k i n y a . K a l a u u n s u r k e l a l a i a n i t u

d i j a d i k a n a l a s a n u n t u k m e n g a d u k a n d o k t e r k e p e n g a d i l a n , m a k a t e r j a d i a p a y a n g

d i s e b u t " t u d u h a n m a l p r a k t e k " . T e t a p i b i l a k e l a l a i a n i t u t i d a k d i a j u k a n k e

p e n g a d i l a n , m a k a t i d a k t e r j a d i k a s u s ( t u d u h a n ) m a l p r a k t e k d a l a m p e n g e r t i a n

b a h w a p e r i s t i w a i t u t i d a k d i p r o s e s s e c a r a h u k u m .

J a d i " k e l a l a i a n " a d a l a h s u a t u k e j a d i a n a k i b a t d o k t e r t i d a k m e n j a l a n k a n

t u g a s p r o f e s i n y a s e b a g a i m a n a y a n g s e h a r u s n y a . S c d a n g k a n " t u d u h a n m a l p r a k t e k "

A d a l a h k e j a d i a n k e t i k a k e l a l a i a n t a d i d i a d u k a n d a n d i p r o s e s s e c a r a h u k u m .

B e r h u b u n g k e s a d a r a n h u k u m m a s y a r a k a t s u d a h m e n i n g k a t , a d a k e c e n d e r u n g a n

u n t u k m e n g a d u k a n d o k t e r k e p e n g a d i l a n d e n g a n t u d u h a n m a l p r a k t e k a k a n j u g a

m e n i n g k a t .

^'Gunawan, M e m a h a m i E t i k a Kedokteran, Kanisius, Yogyakarta, 1991, him. 61

1 8

D a r i a p a y a n g t e l a h d i u r a i k a n d i a t a s , m a k a d a p a t d i k e t a h u i b a h w a

p e n g e r t i a n m a l p r a k t e k a d a l a h p e r b u a t a n a t a u t i n d a k a n y a n g m e n u n j u k k a n p a d a

s e t i a p s i k a p t i n d a k y a n g k e l i r u .

A d a p u n r u a n g l i n g k u p n y a m e n c a k u p k u r a n g n y a k e m a m p u a n u n t u k

m e l a k s a n a k a n k e w a j i b a n - k e w a j i b a n p r o f e s s i o n a l a t a u d i d a s a r k a n k e p a d a

k e p e r c a y a a n d a n m e r u p a k a n s u a t u t i n d a k a n m e d i s y a n g d i l a k u k a n t i d a k d e n g a n

s e n g a j a t e t a p i d i s i n i a d a u n s u r l a l a i y a n g t i d a k p a t u t d i l a k u k a n o l e h s e o r a n g a h l i

d a l a m d u n i a m e d i s d a n t i n d a k a n y a n g m e n g a k i b a t k a n s u a t u h a l y a n g p a t a l

( m i s a l n y a m a t i , c a c a t k a r e n a l a l a i ) .

M e n u r u t N i n i k M a r y a n t i , m a l p r a k t e k i t u s e b e n a m y a m e m p u n y a i s u a t u

p e n g e r t i a n y a n g l u a s , y a n g d a p a t d i j a b a r k a n s e b a g a i b e r i k u t :

1 . D a l a m p e n g e r t i a n ( k h u s u s p r a k t e k d o k t e r ) y a n g b u r u k , y a n g t i d a k m e m e n u h i s t a n d a r y a n g t e l a h d i t e n t u k a n o l e h p r o f e s i

2 . D a l a m a r t i k h u s u s ( d i l i h a t d a r i p a s i e n ) , m a l p r a k t e k d a p a t t e r j a d i d a l a m : a . M e n e n t u k a n diagnosis, m i s a l n y a : d i a g n o s i s n y a s a k i t maag, t e t a p i

t e m y a t a p a s i e n s a k i t lever b . M e n j a l a n k a n o p e r a s i , m i s a l n y a : s e h a r u s n y a d i o p e r a s i m a t a s e b e l a h

k a n a n , t e t a p i d i l a k u k a n p a d a m a t a s e b e l a h k i r i c . S e l a m a m e n j a l a n k a n p e r a w a t a n

d . S e s u d a h p e r a w a t a n , t e n t u s a j a d a l a m b a t a s w a k t u y a n g t e l a h d i t e n t u k a n . ' ^ ^

D e n g a n d e m i k i a n m a l p r a k t e k d a p a t t e r j a d i t i d a k s a j a s e l a m a w a k t u

m e n j a l a n k a n o p e r a s i , t e t a p i d a p a t t e r j a d i s e j a k d i m u l a i p e m b e r i a n d i a g n o s a

s a m p a i d e n g a n s e s u d a h d i l a k u k a n p e r a w a t a n s a m p a i s e m b u h n y a p a s i e n .

B e r t i t i k t o l a k d a r i a p a y a n g t e l a h d i u r a i k a n d i a t a s , b a h w a y a n g d i m a k s u d

d e n g a n m a l p r a k t e k a d a l a h s u a t u t i n d a k a n y a n g d i l a k u k a n o l e h t e n a g a k e s e h a t a n

"^Ninik Maryanti, Malpraktek Kedokteran D a r i Segi Hukum P i d a n a D a n P e r d a t a , Bina Aksara, Jakarta, 1998, him. 3

^fbid, him. 5

1 9

y a n g t i d a k s e s u a i d e n g a n s t a d a r p r o f e s i n y a , k a l a u d i t i n j a u d a r i b a t a s a n m a l p r a k t e k

t e r s e b u t m a k a a d a h a l y a n g s a n g a t p e n t i n g , b e r b a g a i p a t o k a n u n t u k m e n y a t a k a n

s e o r a n g d o k l e r t e l a h m e l a k u k a n m a l p r a k t e k . F a k t o t e r s e b u t a d a l a h s t a n d a r p r o f e s i

k e d o k t e r a n . M e n u r u t I I J J L e e n e n d i m a k s u d d e n g a n s t a n d a r p r o f e s i i l u a d a l a h :

" T i n d a k a n m e d i s s e o r a n g d o k t e r y a n g m e m e n u h i p e n g e t a h u a n y a n g b i a s a n y a

d i m i l i k i o l e h s e o r a n g "average" d o k t e r d a l a m b i d a n g k e a h l i a n k e d o k t e r a n

t e r s e b u t , m e n u r u t s i t u a s i k o n d i s i d i m a n a t i n d a k a n m e d i s t e r s e b u t d i l a k u k a n " . ^ ' '

M e n g e n a i s t a n d a r p r o f e s i k r i t e r i a y a n g d a p a t d i j a d i k a n s u a t u p e g a n g a n

b a h w a s t a n d a r p r o f e s i s e o r a n g d o k t e r i t u b e r b e d a - b e d a . P e r b e d a a n i t u t e r g a n t u n g

d a r i b e b e r a p a f a k t o r s e b a g a i b e r i k u t :

1 . S t a n d a r p r o f e s i i t u s e n d i r i

2 . F a s i l t a s y a n g i t u s e n d i r i

3 . S e n i o r i t a s .

K e m u d i a n d i b e r i k a n c o n t o h s e b a g a i b e r i k u t , m e n g e n a i f a s i l i t a s y a n g ada ,

s t a n d a r p r o f e s i d o k t e r y a n g b e r t u g a s s e b a g a i d o k t e r d i p u s k e s m a s d e n g a n

p e r a i a t a n p e n g o b a t a n y a n g m i n i m b e r b e d a d e n g a n s t a n d a r p r o f e s i s e o r a n g d o k t e r

y a n g b e r t u g a s d i R S U y a n g m e m p u n y a i p e r a i a t a n k e s e h a t a n y a n g m e m a d a i

w a l a u p u n d a r i s e g i k e i l m u a n d a n d a r i s e g i k e m a m p u a n d o k t e r t e r s e b u t s a m a ,

t e t a p i k a r e n a f a s i l i t a s b e r b e d a . H a l i n i p e n t i n g a p a b i l a n a n t i n y a m e n j a d i

m a l p r a k t e k s e b a g a i p e n i l a i a n d a n p e r t i m b a n g a n b a g i h a k i m d a n m e n g a d i l i p e r k a r a

^^Fred Ameln, Op. Cit, him. 7

2 0

m a l p r a k t e k i n i k e m u d i a n j u g a m e n g e n a i s e n i o r i t a s p a d a d o k t e r a k a n b e r b e d a

s t a n d a r p r o f e s i n y a . ^ ^

D e n g a n d e m i k i a n d a p a t d i k e t a h u i b a h w a s t a n d a r p r o f e s i i t u d a r i s e o r a n g

d o k t e r d e n g a n l a i n n y a t i d a k d a p a t d i s a m a r a t a k a n s a t u d e n g a n y a n g l a i n n y a a t a u

p e n d e k k a t a b a h w a s t a n d a r p r o f e s i a t a u b e r b e d a - b e d a . P e r b e d a a n i n i d i s e b a b k a n

o l e h a d a n y a s p e s i a l i s a s i k e i l m u a n y a n g d i m i l i k i o l e h d o k t e r i t u s e n d i r i .

D. Kriteria Menilai Dan Membuktikan Malpraktek

M e n u r u t N i n i k M a r y a n t i k r i t e r i a m e m b u k t i k a n a d a n y a m a l p r a k t e k d a p a t

d i j a b a r k a n s e b a g a i b e r i k u t :

a . A p a k a h p e r a w a t a n y a n g d i b e r i k a n o l e h d o k t e r c u k u p l a y a k (duty od due

care). D a l a m h a l s t a n d a r p e r a w a t a n y a n g d i b e r i k a n o l e h p e l a k s a n a

k e s e h a t a n d i n i l a i a p a k a h s e s u a i d e n g a n a p a y a n g d i h a r a p k a n ( p e r s y a r a t a n ) .

M i s a l n y a s e o r a n g d o k t e r s p e s i a l i s y a n g m e m p u n y a i t a n g g u n g j a w a b

m e m b e r i k a n s t a n d a r p e r a w a t a n y a n g l e b i h t i n g g i d a r i p a d a d o k t e r u m u m ,

s e s u a i d e n g a n k e d u d u k a n s t a t u s p r o f e s i n y a .

b . A p a k a h t e r d a p a t p e l a n g g a r a n k e w a j i b a n (the breach of the duty). U n t u k

m e m b u k t i k a n b a h w a t e l a h t e r j a d i s u a t u p e l a n g g a r a n t e r h a d a p s t a n d a r

p e r a w a t a n y a n g d i b e r i k a n k e p a d a s e o r a n g p a s i e n , m a k a d i p e r l u k a n

k e s a k s i a n a h l i d a r i s e o r a n g d o k t e r I a i n y a n g m e n g e r t i . K e s a k s i a n i n i s u l i t

d i p e r o l e h k a r e n a a d a n y a k e c e n d e r u n g a n b a h w a d o k t e r m e l i n d u n g i t e m a n

s e j a w a t n y a . D a l a m h a l i n i p e m y a t a a n a t a u p e n g a k u a n y a n g d i u c a p k a n o l e h

'Ibid, Mm. 10

2 1

s e o r a n g d o k t e r d i l u a r s i d a n g p e n g a d i l a n u m p a m a n y a d a p a t d i p e r g u n a k a n

d a l a m k e s a k s i a n . C o n t o h d a l a m h a l i n i a d a l a h s e o r a n g d o k t e r m e l a k u k a n

p e m e r i k s a a n u s u s b e s a r , t a n p a d i s e n g a j a t e l a h m e r u s a k u s u s b e s a r s e o r a n g

p a s i e n . S e w a k t u k e l u a r d a r i k a m a r b e d a h i a m e n g e l u h p a d a t e m a n n y a

" w a h p e k e r j a a n s a y a b e r a n t a k a n " . K e b e t u l a n k e l u h a n i t u d i d e n g a r o l e h

s u a m i p a s i e n , y a n g s e g e r a m e n y a t a k a n k e p a d a d o k t e r y a n g b e r s a n g k u t a n

t e n t a n g a p a m a k s u d n y a d e n g a n p e r k a t a a n t a d i . D o k t e r m e n j a w a b b a h w a i a

t e l a h b e r b u a t k e s a l a h a n k a r e n a w a k t u m e m a s u k k a n a l a t "sigmoidoscope"

k e d a l a m rectum p a s i e n a l a t i t u t e l a h m e r u s a k u s u s b e a s a r {large intestine)

p e n g a d i l a n m e n g a n g g a p b a h w a p e n g a k u a n d o k t e r d i l u a r s i d i n g i t u c u k u p

k u a t d i a n g g a p s e b a g a i k e s a k s i a n s e r t a m e n y a t a k a n b a h w a d o k t e r t e r s e b u t

l a l a i k a r e n a t i d a k m e m b e r i k a n p e r a w a t a n y a n g m e m e n u h i p e r s y a r a t a n

s e l a y a k n y a .

c . A p a k a h k e l a l a i a n i t u b e n a r - b e n a r m e r u p a k a n p e n y e b a b c i d e r a ( c a u s a t i o n ) .

S e b a g a i c o n t o h d a l a m i n i , s e o r a n g a n a k l a k i - l a k i b e r u m u r 1 6 t a h u n d i r a w a t

d i u n i t g a w a t d a r u r a t s e t e l a h d i t a b r a k t r u k . D o k t e r m e m e r i k s a n y a d a n

m e n g i r i m p u l a n g , t e t a p i p a d a e s o k p a g i n y a m e n i n g g a l d u n i a k a r e n a p a t a h

d a s a r t u l a n g t e n g k o r a k n y a . D a l a m h a l i n i p e n g a d i l a n m e n y a t a k a n b a h w a

d o k t e r t e r s e b u t t e l a h l a l a i k a r e n a t i d a k m e n g e i j a k a n s e n d i r i d e t e k s i {vitasl

sign), d a n t i d a k p u l a m e n c e t a k a p a k a h s u d a h a d a o r a n g l a i n y a n g

m e l a k u k a n n y a . H a n y a s a j a d i d a l a m k a s u s i n i p e n g a d i l a n m e n g a n g g a p

t i d a k c u k u p b u k t i b a h w a k e l a l a i a n t e r s e b u t s e b a g a i p e n y e b a b k e m a t i a n .

2 2

M e n j a d i p e m y a t a a n d i s i n i , s e a n d a i n y a d i b e d a h p u n b e l u m t e n t u a k a n

t e r s e b u t b i a s d i s e l a m a t k a n .

d . A d a n y a g a n t i - r u g i {damages). B i l a d a p a t d i b u k t i k a n b a h w a k e l a l a i a n

p e n y e b a b c i d c r a , m a k a p a s i e n b e r h a k m e m p e r o l e h g a n t i - r u g i y a n g t e r d i r i

d a r i p e n g g a n t i a n b i a y a p e n g o b a t a n , k e h i l a n g a n p e n d a p a t , k e s a k i t a n f i s i k ,

t e k a n a n j i w a f r u s t a s i ,

S e l a i n d i k e n a l a d a n y a b e b e r a p a t e o r i t e n t a n g s u m b e r p e r b u a t a n m a l p r a k t e k

s e r t a b e b e r a p a k r i t e r i a y a n g d a p a t d i j a d i k a n p a t o k a n d a l a m m e n i l a i d a n

m e m b u k t i k a n a d a n y a p e r b u a t a n m a l p r a k t e k , y a n g a p a b i l a d i t i n j a u d a r i k e g u n a a n

t e o r i - t e o r i t e r s e b u t t e n t u s a j a s a n g a t b e r g u n a b a g i p i h a k p a s i e n d a n p a r a a p a r a t

p e n e g a k h u k u m , k a r e n a d e n g a n t e o r i - t e o r i t e r s e b u t p a s i e n d a p a t m e m p e r g u n a k a n

s e b a g a i d a s a r s u a t u g u g a t a n , d a n b a g i a p a r a t p e n e g a k h u k u m d a p a t d i j a d i k a n

d a s a r u n t u k m e n u n t u t , m a k a d i p i h a k d o k t e r d i j u m p a i p u l a a d a n y a b e b e r a p a t e o r i

y a n g d a p a t d i j a d i k a n p e g a n g a n u n t u k m e n g a d a k a n p e m b e l a a n a p a b i l a i a

m e n g h a d a p i t u n t u t a n m a l p r s i k t e k . T e o r i - t e o r i t e r s e b u t a d a l a h : ^ ^

a . T e o r i k e s e d i a a n u n t u k m e n e r i m a r e s i k o {assumption of risk) t e o r i i n i

m e n g a t a k a n b a h w a s e o r a n g d o k t e r a k a n t e r l i n d u n g d a r i t u n t u t a n

m a l p r a k t e k , b i l a p a s i e n m e m b e r i k a n i z i n a t a u p e r s e t u j u a n a t a s

p e m b e d a h a n t e r s e b u t , s e r t a d i b e r i p e n j e l a s a n l u a s m e n g e n a i b a h a y a d a n

r e s i k o y a n g a k a n d i h a d a p i n y a d a n b e r s e d i a m e n g h a d a p i n y a

T e o r i i n i m e m p u n y a i a r t i y a n g s a n g a t b e s a r b a g i d o k t e r , s e l a m a t i n d a k a n

d o k t e r i t u b e r t u j u a n u n t u k i n d i k a s i m e d i s .

^^inik Maryanti, Op. Cit him. 56

2 3

b . T e o r i p a s i e n i k u t b e r p e r a n d a r i k e l a l a i a n {contributory negligence)

Y a i t u d i m a n a d o k t e r d a n p a s i e n d i n y a t a k a n o l e h p e n g a d i l a n s a m a - s a m a

m e l a k u k a n s u a t u k a s u s k e l a l a i a n

c. P e r j a n j i a n m e m b c b a s k a n d a r i k e l a l a i a n (exculpatory contract)

Cara I a i n b a g i d o k t e r u n t u k m e l i n d u n g i d i r i d a r i t u n t u t a n m a l p r a k t e k i a l a h

d e n g a n m e n g a d a k a n s u a t u p e r j a n j i a n a t a u k o n t r a k k h u s u s d e n g a n

p e n d e r i t a , y a n g b e r j a n j i t i d a k a k a n m e n u n t u t d o k t e r d a n r u m a h s a k i t b i l a

m i s a l n y a t e r j a d i k e l a l a i a n m a l p r a k t e k

d . P e r a t u r a n G o o d S a m a r i t a n

M e n u r u t t e o r i i n i , s e o r a n g d o k t e r a t a u p e r a w a t y a n g m e m b e r i p e r t o l o n g a n

g a w a t d a r u r a t d e n g a n t u j u a n y a n g m u m i ( s e t u l u s h a t i ) p a d a s u a t u

p e r i s t i w a d i b e b a s k a n d a r i t u n t u t a n h u k u m m a l p r a k t e k k e c u a l i j i k a t e r d a p a t

s u a t u k e l a l a i a n y a n g s a n g a t m e n c o l o k

e. P e m b e b a s a n a t a u t u n t u t a n (release)

Y a i t u s u a t u k a s u s d i m a n a p a s i e n m e m b e b a s k a n d o k t e r d a r i s e l u r u h

t u n t u t a n m a l p r a k t e k , d a n k e d u a b e l a h p i h a k b e r s e p a k a t u n t u k m e n g a d k a n

p e n y e l e s a i a n b e r s a m a . T e o r i p e m b e l a a n y a n g b e m p a p e m b e b a s a n i n i ,

d i l a k s a n a k a n s e p a n j a n g k e s a l a h a n d o k t e r t e r s e b u t m e n y a n g k u t t a n g g u n g

j a w a b p e r d a t a

f . P e r a t u r a n m e n g e n a i j a n g k a w a k t u b o l e h m e n u n t u t (statute of limitation)

M e n u r u t t e o r i i n i , t u n t u t a n m a l p r a k t e k h a n y a d a p a t d i l a k u k a n d a l a m

j a n g k a w a k t u t e r t e n t u , y a n g b i a s a n y a r e l a t i v e l e b i h p e n d e k d a r i p a d a

t u n t u t a n - t u n t u t a n y a n g l a i n .

2 4

g. Workmen's compesation

B i l a s e o r a n g d o k l e r d a n p a s i e n y a n g t e r l i b a t d a l a m s u a t u k a s u s m a l p r a k t e k

k e d u a n y a b e k e r j a p a d a s u a t u l e m b a g a a t a u b a d a n u s a h a y a n g s a m a , m a k a

p a s i e n t e r s e b u t t i d a k a k a n m e m p e r o l e h g a n t r u g i d a r i k a s u s m a l p r a k t e k

y a n g d i b u a t o l e h d o k t e r i t u . H a l i n i d i s e b a b k a n m e n u r u t p e r a t u r a n

workmen's compasation, s e m u a p e g a w a i d a n p e k e r j a m e n e r i m a g a n t i r u g i

b a g i s e t i a p k e c e l a k a a n y a n g t e r j a d i d i s i t u d a n t i d a k m e n j a d i p e r s o a i a n

k e s a l a h a n s i a p a d a n a p a s e b e n a m y a p e n y e b a b c e d e r a a t a u l u k a .

B e b e r a p a k e s u l i t a n y a n g d i a l a m i o l e h a p a r a t p e n e g a k h u k u m d a l a m

m e n c a r i b u k t i i m t u k m e n i l a i a p a k a h p e r b u a t a n i t u t e r m a s u k d a l a m k a t a g o r i

m a l p r a k t e k , a n t a r a I a i n :

I . K u r a n g y a p e n g e t a h u a n , k e a h l i a n d a n p e n g a l a m a n y a n g c u k u p d i b i d a n g i t u

o l e h a p a r a t p e n e g a k h u k u m

S e b a g a i b a h a n p e r b a n d i n g a n , d i k e m u k a k a n s u a t u c o n t o h y a i t u k e l a l a i a n

y a n g d i b u a t o l e h s e o r a n g s u p i r y a n g m e n g e n d a r a i m o b i l k a r e n a k u r a n g

h a t i - h a t i n y a m e n g e m u d i , m a k a t e r j a d i l a h s u a t u k e c e l a k a a n t e r h a d a p o r a n g

l a i n . U n t u k m e m b u k t i k a n k e l a l a i a n p e n g e m u d i , d i s i n i t i d a l a h t e r l a l u s u l i t ,

k a r e n a h a l i t u m e r u p a k a n s u a t u h a l y a n g u m u m , b a h w a o r a n g a w a m p u n

t e n t u t a h u a k a n p e r a t u r a n l a l u l i n t a s , a p a l a g i m e r e k a y a n g t e l a h

m e m p u n y a i S I M s e h i n g g a d a p a t m e n i l a i a p a k a h s e o r a n g i t u t e l a h

m e n g e m u d i k a n k e n d a r a a n d e n g a n b a i k d a n l a y a k . L a i n h a l n y a d e n g a n

k e l a l a i a n m e d i s y a n g d i b u a t o l e h s e o r a n g d o k t e r a t a u a h l i b e d a h m e s k i p u n

medical record d a p a t m e n o l o n g , n a m u n u n t u k m e n i l a i a p a k a h b e t u l - b e t u i

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t e l a h t e r j a d i s u a t u p e r b u a t a n m a l p r a k t e k m a k a d i p e r l u k a n p e n g e t a h u a n

y a n g c u k u p , k e a h l i a n d a n p e n g a l a m a n t e r u t a m a b a g i m e r e k a y a n g m e n j a d i

a p a r a t h u k u m .

2 . K e s u l i t a n k a r e n a b i a s a n y a s e o r a n g d o k t e r s e g a n u n t u k m e m b e r i k a n

k e t e r a n g a n d a n k e s a k s i a n y a n g d a p a t m e m b e r a t k a n t u d u h a n t e r h a d a p

r e k a n s e j a w a t n y a , b i l a d i p a n g g i l o l e h p e n g a d i l a n s e b a g a i s a k s i , s e h i n g g a

d o k t e r t e r s e b u t c e n d e r u n g u n t u k d i a m . D a l a m h a l d e m i k i a n , p i h a k

p e n g a d i l a n s e r i n g k a l i t e r p a k s a h a r u s m e m a n g g i l " o r a n g l u a r " y a n g

d i a n g g a p c u k u p a h l i m e m b e r i k a n p e n d a p a t d a n k e s a k s i a n n y a .

D e n g a n d e m i k i a n d a p a t l a h d i k e t a h u i b a l i w a k r i t e r i a m e n i l a i d a n

m e m b u k t i k a n m a l p r a k t e k d i p e r l u k a n s u a t u b u k t i a t a u k e t e r a n g a n - k e t e r a n g a n y a n g

c u k u p j e l a s , s e h i n g g a t i d a k t e r j a d i k e s a l a h p a h a m a n d a n k e r u g i a n d i s e b e l a h p i h a k .

E . Sumber Perbuatan Malpraktek

1. Kelalaian (Neglegence)

D i d a l a m p e r b u a t a n m a l p r a k t e k d a p a t p u l a t e r j a d i k e l a l a i a n y a n g m a n a d i

d a l a m p e r u m u s a n n y a t i d a k t e r d a p a t d i d a l a m K U H P , h a n y a d o k t r i n y a n g

m e m b e r i k a n p e r u m u s a n n y a , m e n u r u t d o k t r i n i n t i d a r i culpa a d a l a h t e r d i r i d a r i d u a

s y a r a t , y a i t u :

1 . S e o r a n g y a n g d a p a t d i k a t a k a n l a l a i , h a r u s d a p a t d i k a t a k a n i a

k u r a n g h a t i - h a t i d a l a m m e l a k u k a n p e r b u a t a n {het gcmis aan

demedige voorzicung)

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2 . A k i b a t y a n g d i t u j u o l e h p e r b u a t a n s e s e o r a n g i t u d i l a r a n g d a n

d i a n c a m d e n g a n h u k u m a n i t u h a r u s d a p a t d i b a y a n g k a n o l e h s i

p e m b u a t {hel gcvolgmcet voorzienbaar zijn). J i k a t i d a k t e r d a p a t

d i k a t a k a n l a l a i .

A r t i k a t a culpa i a l a h k e s a l a h a n p a d a u m u m n y a , a k a n t e t a p i "culpa" d i

d a l a m i l m u p e n g e t a h u a n h u k u m m e m p u n y a i a r t i t e k n i s y a i t u s u a t u m a c a m

k e s a l a h a n s e b a g a i a k i b a t k u r a n g b e r h a t i - h a t i s e h i n g g a s e c a r a t i d a k s e n g a j a s e s u a t u

t e r j a d i .

M e n u r u t p e n d a p a t V O S , culpa m e m p u n y a i d u a u n s u r , y a i t u :

1 . K e m u n g k i n a n p e n d u g a a n t e r h a d a p a k i b a t

2 . T i d a k b e r h a t i - h a t i m e n g e n a i a p a y a n g a t a u t i d a k d iperbua t . "^^

V a n H a m e l j u g a m e n g a t a k a n b a h w a culpa m e m p u n y a i d u a s y a r a t :

1 . K u r a n g n y a p e n d u g a a n y a n g d i p e r l u k a n

2 . K u r a n g n y a b e r h a t i - h a t i a n d i p e r l u k a n .

T i m b u l s u a t u p e r t a n y a a n , b a g a i m a n a h a l i n i d i b e d a k a n d a l a m p r a k t e k .

P r a k t e k d a p a t m e n e m p u h d u a j a l a n :

1 . L e b i h m e m p e r h a t i k a n s y a r a t t i d a k a d a n y a k e b e r h a t i - h a t i a n d a l a m

p e n g e r t i a n o r a n g n y a t i d a k b e r b u a t s e c a r a h a t i - h a t i s e b a g a i m a n a m e s t i n y a .

2 . T a n p a m e m p e r t i m b a n g k a n k e b e r h a t i - h a t i a n l e b i h m u d a h g u n a m e n e n t u k a n

cupa.

^^Satochid Karlanegara, Hukum P i d a n a K u m p u l a n K u l i a h I, Balai Lektur Mahasiswa, Tanpa Tahun, him. 68

^^Mustafa Abdullah Dan Ruben Achmad, I n t i s a r i Hukum P i d a n a , Ghalia Indonesia, Jakarta, 1983, him. 44

2 7

U n t u k y a n g p e r t a m a s i t e r d a k w a m a s i h d a p a t m e m b u a t t a n g k i s a n n y a ,

b a h w a i a t i d a k m u n g k i n u n t u k m e n g a d a k a n p e n d u g a a n , s c d a n g k a n u n t u k y a n g

k e d u a m a k a b i l a s u d a h t e r b u k t i b e r a r l i i m p l i s i t t i d a k m e n g a d a k a n p e n d u g a a n d i

d a l a m h a l i t u k a r e n a t i d a k b e r h a t i - h a t i . D a l a m h u k u m p i d a n a s e s e o r a n g b a r u d a p a t

d i m i n t a i t a n g g u n g j a w a b k a l a u i a m e m p u n y a i ( u n s u r ) k e s a l a h a n , a s a s n y a : T i a d a

p i d a n a t a n p a k e s a l a h a n , h a r g a y a n g s a l a h y a n g d i p i d a n a . U n s u r k e s a l a h a n d a l a m

h u k u m p i d a n a b e r u p a : s e n g a j a d a n k e l a l a i a n . W a l a u p u n t e r h a d a p k e l a l a i a n , h u k u m

p i d a n a m a s i h m e m b e r i k a n u p a y a p e m a a f n y a .

S c d a n g k a n m e n u r u t S a t o c h i d K e r t a n e g a r a b a h w a u n t u k m e n g u k u r

s e s e o r a n g i t u h a r u s h a t i - h a t i d a l a m m e l a k s a n a k a n p e r b u a t n n y a , i n i d a p a t d i a m b i l

d e n g a n p e r b a n d i n g a n o r a n g l a i n y a n g b e r a d a d a l a m k e a d a a n y a n g s a m a d e n g a n s i

p e m b u a t .

M e n u r u t d o k t r i n "culpa" i t u d a p a t d i k a t a g o r i k a n m e n j a d i d u a , y a k n i :

1 . Culva Levissima ( k e a l p a a n ringan) A d a l a h m e n e n t u k a n a p a k a h s e s e o r a n g m e l a k u k a n k e l a l a i a n r i n g a d e n g a n m e m b a n d i n g k a n p e r b u a t a n o r a n g y a n g l e b i h a h l i d a r i g o l o n g a n s i p e l a k u . A p a k a h i a d a l a m y a n g s a m a d e n g a n p e l a k u d i a n g g a p m e l a k u k a n k e l a l a i a n ringan d e n g a n k a t a l a i n m a k a s i p e l a k u d i a m b i l d a r i o r a n g y a n g t e r p a n d a i d a r i g o l o n g a n n y a .

2 . Culva Lata ( k e a l p a a n b e r a t ) K e s a l a h a n d i s e b a b k a n o l e h t e r d a p a t k e k u r a n g h a t i - h a t i a n y a n g m e n y o l o k d a n s e b a g a i u k u r a n n y a u n t u k m e n e n t u k a n a p a k a h s e s e o r a n g m e l a k u k a n k e l a l a i a n b e r a t a d a l a h a n t a r a l a i n d e n g a n m e m b a n d i n g k a n p e r b u a t a n s i p e l a k u t e r h a d a p p e r b u a t a n r a t a - r a t a o r a n g d e n g a n g o l o n g a n d e n g a n n y a . A p a k a h o r a n g t e r s e b u t d a l a m k e a d a a n y a n g s a m a b e r b u a t l a i n a t a u d e n g a n k a t a l a i n u n t u k m e n g u k u m y a d i p a k a i p e r b a n d i n g a n d e n g a n o r a n g y a n g s e t i n g k a t d e n g a n n y a . ^

J u g a d a l a m i l m u h u k u m p i d a n a , d i d a p a t p e r i n c i a n culpa s e b a g a i b e r i k u t :

^^Bambang Poemomo, Asas-asas H u k u m P i d a n a , Ghalia Indonesia, Jakarta, 19 87, him. 172

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a . Bewuste Schuld D i s i n i s i p e m b u a t t e l a h d a p a t m e m b a y a n g k a n a k i b a t d i l a r a n g , k a r e n a i a b e r u s a h a u n t u k n i c n g h a l a n g - h a l a n g i a k i b a t n y a m a s i h t i m b u l j u g a

b. Onveweste Schuld S e s e o r a n g y a n g m e l a k u k a n p e r b u a t a n d e n g a n t i d a k m e m b a y a n g k a n a k i b a t y a n g t i m b u l , p a d a h a l s e h a r u s n y a i a m e m p e r h i t u n g k a n n y a . " ' * '

2 . Perbuatan Yang Disengaja { t n t e r t i o n a l Tort)

D a l a m k e h i d u p a n s e h a r i - h a r i , s e r i n g k a l i t i n d a k a n - t i n d a k a n y a n g d i l a k u k a n

o l e h s e s e o r a n g t e r h a d a p s e s a m a n y a d i m a n a t i n d a k a n d a n a t a u p e r b u a t a n a d a y a n g

t e r j a d i t a n p a d i s e n g a j a d a n a d a j u g a y a n g d i l a k u k a n d e n g a n s e n g a j a . D a r i k a t a -

k a t a i t u d i a m b i l s u a t u k e s i m p u l a n b a h w a p e r b u a t a n d i l a k u k a n d e n g a n m e n g e t a h u i ,

d a n m e n g i n s a f i s e j a u h m a n a a k i b a t y a n g d a p a t t i m b u l d e n g a n d i l a k u k a n n y a

p e r b u a t a n i t u . M e n g e n a i p e n g e r t i a n i n i k a l a u d i l i h a t d i d a l a m k e p u s t a k a a n

t e r d a p a t d u a t e o r i , y a i t u :

a. T e o r i K e h e n d a k M a k s u d n y a b a h w a p e r b u a t a n i t u b e s e r t a a k i b a t y a n g t e r j a d i s u d a h m e r u p a k a n k e h e n d a k d a r i p a d a s i p e l a k u

b . T e o r i P e n g e t a h u a n M a k s u d n y a b a h w a s e j a u h m a n a y a n g d a p a t d i b a y a n g k a n s i p e l a k u k e t i k a m e l a k u k a n p e r b u a t a n i t u , t e r h a d a p a k i b a t y a n g t e r j a d i . ^ '

P e n g a n j u r t e o r i k e h e n d a k i n i a d a l a h V o n H i p p e l y a n g m e n g e m u k a k a n

b a h w a " s e n g a j a " a d a l a h k e h e n d a k u n t u k m e l a k u k a n s e s u a t u d a n k e h e n d a k u n t u k

m e n i m b u l k a n a k i b a t . A j a r a n V o n H i p p e l i n i d i k e n a l d a l a m t u l i s a n n y a : Die Grenze

Von Vorsatz and Fahrlas Sigkeit, t e r b i t a n t a h u n 1 9 0 3 .

S e d a n g k a n p e n g a n j u r t e o r i p e n g e t a h u a n d i k e m u k a k a n o l e h F r a n k d a l a m

Festchift Gleszen s e k i t a r t a h u n 1 9 0 7 y a n g m e n g a t a k a n b a h w a s u a t u a k i b a t t i d a k

*̂*Satochid Karlanegara, Op.Cit, him. 7 ^'A. Halim, Hukum P i d a n a D a l a m Tanya Jawab, Ghalia Indonesia, Jakarta, 1983, him.

54

2 9

m u n g k i n d a p a t d i k e h e n d a k i . D i k a t a k a n b a h w a m a n u s i a h a n y a m e m i l i k i

k e m a m p u a n u n t u k m e n g h e n d a k i , m e n g i n g i n k a n a t a u m e m b a y a n g k a n a k i b a t

p e r b u a t a n n y a .

K e d u a t e o r i i n i s e c a r a y u r i d i s m u n g k i n t i d a k a d a p e r b e d a a n . D i d a l a m

k e h e n d a k s e b e n a m y a m e n g a n d u n g s u a t u p e n g e t a h u a n , k a r e n a s e s e o r a n g y a n g

n o r m a l b i l a d i k e h e n d a k i s e b e n a m y a m e n g a n d u n g s u a t u p e n g e t a h u a n , k a r e n a

s e s e o r a n g y a n g n o r m a l b i l a d i k e h e n d a k i s e s u a t u t e n t u n t e l a h m e m p u n y a i

p e n g e t a h u a n a t a u b a y a n g a n t e n t a n g s e s ' j a t u i t u . S e d a n g k a n a p a y a n g d i k e t a h u i

s e s e o r a n g b e l u m t e n t u d i k e h e n d a k i p u l a , j a d i k e h e n d a k m e r u p a k a n m o t i f ,

p e n d o r o n g b e r b u a t . K a l a u s e o r a n g d o k t e r m e n g g u g u r k a n k a n d u n g a n s e o r a n g

w a n i t a d e n g a n m o t i f m e m p e r o l e h u a n g , i n i b e r a r t i p e n g g u g u i a n t e r s e b u t

d i l a k u k a n d e n g a n k e s e n g a j a a n , d o k t e r t e r s e b u t m e m a n g m e n g h e n d a k i t e r j a d i n y a

p e n g g u g u r a n t e r s e b u t .

D a l a m i l m u h u k u m p i d a n a s e n g a j a i t u d i b e d a k a n a t a s t i g a g r a d a t i e :

1 . S e n g a j a s e b a g a i t u j u a n a t a u a r a h a n h a s i l p e r b u a t a n s e s u a i d e n g a n m a k s u d

o r a n g n y a (opzet als oogmerk)

2. S e n g a j a d e n g a n k e s a d a r a n y a n g p a s t i m e n g e n a i t u j u a n a t a u a k i b a t

p e r b u a t a n n y a (opzet hij zekerheldsbewmtzijn)

3 . S e n g a j a d e n g a n k e s a d a r a n a k a n k e m u n g k i n a n t e r c a p a i n y a t u j u a n a t a u

a k i b a t p e r b u a t a n (opzet bij mogelijkheidbewustzijn).

D a l a m k e s e n g a j a a n b e n t u k y a n g p e r t a m a s i p e m b u a t m e n g h e n d a k i

s e s u a t u , i a b e r t i n d a k d a n m e n c i p t a k a n s u a t u a k i b a t y a n g s e s u a i d e n g a n a p a y a n g

d i k e h e n d a k i n y a

3 0

D a l a m k e s e n g a j a a n b e n t u k k e d u a s e s e o r a n g m e n g h e n d a k i s e s u a t u a k a n

t e t a p i t e r h a l a n g o l e h k e a d a a n , n a m u n i a b e r t e k a d u n t u k m e m e n u h i k e h e n d a k n y a

s a m b i l m e n e m b u s a t a u m e n y i n g k i r k a n p e n g h a k m g n y a , i a s a d a r b a h w a t u j u a n n y a

h a n y a d a p a t d i c a p a i d e n g a n c a r a m e n y i n g k i r k a n p e n g h a l a n g . M e n y i n g k i r k a n

p e n g h a l a n g i t u p u n m e r u p a k a n s u a t u p e r i s t i w a p i d a n a t e r s e n d i r i n a m u n s i

p e m b u a t i t u p u n m e l a k u k a n n y a d e m i t e r c a p a i n y a t u j u a n u t a m a n y a .

K e s e n g a j a a n d a l a m b e n t u k k e t i g a , l a z i m n y a d i s e b u t dolus eventualis,

m e r u p a k a n k e s e n g a j a a n b e r s y a r a t .

D e n g a n d e m i k i a n k a s u s m a l p r a k t e k m e n u r u t t e o r i i n i , d a l a m a r t i y a n g

s e s u n g g u h n y a j a r a n g t e r j a d i d a n d a p a t d i g o l o n g k a n s e b a g a i t i n d a k a n k r i m i n a l a t a s

d a s a r u n s u r k e s e n g a j a a n .

F . Kedudukan Dan Tugas Majelis Kehormatan Etik Kedokteran

S e p e r t i d i k e t a h u i b a l i w a s e t i a p p r o f e s i s u d a h p a s t i m e m p u n y a i w a d a h b a g i

p a r a a n g g o t a n y a , s u p a y a p a r a p r o f e s i o n a l t e r h i m p u n d i d a l a m w a d a h s e b a g a i

p e n y a k u r a n g a g a s a n , a s p i r a s i d a n j u g a s e b a g a i t e m p a t m e n g a d u n y a ( c o n t o h ) b a g i

m a s y a r a k a t t e r h a d a p t i n d a k a n - t i n d a k a n p a r a a n g g o t a o r g a n i s a s i t e r s e b u t , y a n g

s i f a t n y a m e r u g i k a n m a s y a r a k a t .

M a j e l i s K e h o r m a t a n E t i k K e d o k t e r a n ( M K E K ) m e r u p a k a n s u a t u b a d a n

k h u s u s d a r i o r g a n i s a s i p r o f e s i I k a t a n D o k t e r I n d o n e s i a ( I D I ) y a n g m e m p u n y a i

k e d u d u k a n d d a l a m t i n g k a t y a i t u M a j e l i s K e h o r m a t a n E t i k K e d o k t e r a n ( M K E K )

P u s a t , M K E K W i l a y a h p a d a t i n g k a t I a t a u P r o v i n s i s e r t a M K E K c a b a n g p a d a

T i n g k a t I I a t a u K o t a m a d y a a t a u K a b u p a t e n .

3 1

M e n u r u t P a s a l 16 A n g g a r a n R u m a h T a n g g a ( A R T ) I D I , M K E K

m e m p u n y a i t u g a s d a n w e w e n a n g s e b a g a i b e r i k u t :

a. M e l a k u k a n t u g a s b i m b i n g a n , p e n g a w a s a n d a n p e n i l a i a n d a l a m m e l a k s a n a k a n e t i k k e d o k t e r a n

b . M e m p e r j u a n g k a n e t i k k e d o k t e r a n d a p a t d i t e g a k k a n d i I n d o n e s i a z. M e m b e r i k a n u s u l d a n s a r a n d i m i n t a a t a u t i d a k d i m i n t a k e p a d a

D e w a n P e r t i m b a n g a n d a l a m h u b u n g a n d e n g a n m a s a l a h e t i k k e d o k t e r a n I n d o n e s i a

d M e m b i n a h u b u n g a n y a n g b a i k d e n g a n a p a r a t e t i k y a n g a d a , b a i k p e m e r i n t a h m a u p u n o r g a n i s a s i p r o f e s i l a i n n y a d e n g a n s e p e n g e t a h u a n D e w a n P e r t i m b a n g a n

e. B e r t a n g g u n g j a w a b k e p a d a m u k t a m a r a t a u r a p a t p e m b e n t u k a n

w i l a y a h m e l a l u i D e w a n P e r t i m b a n g a n .

D e n g a n d e m i k i a n d a p a t d i t a r i k k e s i m p u l a n b a h w a k e d u d u k a n d a n t u g a s

p o k o k d a r i M a j e l i s K e h o r m a t a n E t i k K e d o k t e r a n ( M K E K ) a d a l a h s u a t u b a d a n

y a n g k h u s u s d a r i o r g a n i s a s i p r o f e s i I k a t a n D o k t e r I n d o n e s i a y a n g m e m p u n y a i

k e d u d u k a n d i d a l a m t i n g k a t M a j e l i s K e h o r m a t a n E t i k K e d o k t e r a n ( M K E K ) P u s a t

d a n W i l a y a h T i n g k a t s a t u P r o v i n s i s e r t a M K E K c a b a n g p a d a t i n g a k t d u a

K o t a m a d y a a t a u K a b u p a t e n . D a n m e l a k u k a n t u g a s b i m b i n g a n , p e n g a w a s a n d a n

p e n i l a i a n d a l a m p e l a k s a n a a n e t i k k e d o k t e r a n s e b a g a i m a n a d i a t u r p a d a b u t i r a

d i a t a s .

B A B . I l l

P E M B A H A S A N

A . r e r a n M a j e l i s X e h o r i a a t a n E t i k K e d o k t e r a n — D a l a m — M e n e n t u k a n

T e r j a d i n y a T i n d a k a n M a l p r a k t e k D o k t e r

S e p e r t i d i k e t a h u i b a h w a M a j e l i s K e h o r m a t a n E t i k K e d o k t e r a n ( M K E K )

m e r u p a k a n s u a t u b a d a n u s a h a d a r i o r g a n i s a s i p r o f e s i I k a t a n D o k t e r I n d o n e s i a

( I D I ) y a n g b e r k e d u d u k a n d a l a m t i n g k a t M a j e l i s K e h o r m a t a n E t i k K e d o k t e r a n

P u s a t M a j e l i s K e h o r m a t a E t i k K e d o k t e r a n ( M K E K ) W i l a y a h p a d a T i n g k a t I a t a u

P r o v i n s i s e r t a M a j e l i s K e h o r m a t a n E t i k K e d o k t e r a n ( M K E K ) c a b a n g p a d a

T i n g k a t I I a t a u K o t a m a d y a / K a b u p a t e n y a n g m e m p u n y a i t u g a s p o k o k m e l a k u k a n

b i m b i n g a n , p e n g a w a s a n d a n p e n i l a i a n d a l a m p e l a k s a n a a n k o d e e t i k k e d o k t e r a n

s e b a g a i m a n a y a n g d i c a n t u m k a n d a l a m P a s a l 6 A R T I D I b u t i r a.

P e r w u j u d a n d a r i t u g a s - t u g a s d i a t a s a d a l a h m e n y e l e s a i k a n m a s a l a h y a n g

b e r h u b u n g a n d e n g a n p e n g a m a l a n p r o f e s i k e d o k t e r a n . A p a b i l a d i d u g a t e r j a d i k a s u s

m a l p r a k t e k b a d a b M K E K i n i l a h n a n t i n y a y a n g a k a n m e m e r i k s a , a p a k a h k a s u s

k e d o k t e r a n i t u m e n y a n g k u t k o d e e t i k m a k a b a d a n M K E K i n i l a h k e m u d i a n

m c u g a m b i l k c p u i u s a n , o l e h k a r e n a i t u t u g a s M K E K i n i h a n y a t e r b a t a s d a l a m

b i d a n g e t i k , d a n a p a b i l a t e r j a d i p e l a n g g a r a n e t i k , m a k a M K E K a n t a r a l a i n

m e m b e r i k a n p e r i n g a t a n s e c a r a l i s a n a t a u t e r t u l i s . B i l a p e r i n g a t a n i n i t i d a k

d i i n d a h k a n a t a u d i d e n g a r , m a k a M K E K m e n g u s u l k a n k e p a d a I D I a g a r

32 Gunawan, Op. Cit, him. 64

3 2

3 3

m e r e k o m e n d a s i k a n p r a k t e k d o k t e r t a d i d i t a r i k . S e t e l a h i t u D e p a r t e m e n K e s e h a t a n

y a n g m e n e n t u k a n p e n c a b u t a n i z i n p r a k t e k d o k t e r y a n g b e r s a n g k u t a n .

D a s a r p e n i l a i a n u n t u k m e n e n t u k a n a p a k a h t i n d a k a n i t u m e r u p a k a n

p e l a n g g a r a n e t i k , m a k a d i g u n a k a n b e b e r a p a p e r t i m b a n g a n s e b a g a i b e r i k u t :

a. T u j u a n s p e s i f i k y a n g i n g i n d i c a p a i

b