PENGATURAN PERTUMBUHAN 1 · 2011. 3. 17. · KLASIFIKASI POHON TROPIKA BERDASARKAN HABITUS E.W.M....
Transcript of PENGATURAN PERTUMBUHAN 1 · 2011. 3. 17. · KLASIFIKASI POHON TROPIKA BERDASARKAN HABITUS E.W.M....
PENGATURAN PERTUMBUHAN 1
KLASIFIKASI POHON TROPIKA BERDASARKAN HABITUS
E.W.M. Verheij, 1986. Towards a classification of tropical fruit tress. Acta
Horticulturae 175:137-150
Kelompok Pohon Berbatang Tunggal(Single Stemmed Trees)
Tumbuh dan berbuah terus menerus setelahdewasa: pepaya, kelapa, sawit, salak
Tumbuh vegetatif terus-menerus diakhiri denganbunga (mirip kelompok bienial): nenas, pisang, aren (Sagu?)
Tanpa musim; sulit dilakukan peningkatanproduksi dengan memanipulasi tanamanlangsung; korelasi positif antara kondisi lahandengan produksi
Breeding lebih berarti dibanding budidaya!!!
Kelompok Pohon Bercabang(Branched Trees)
1. Tumbuh dan berbuah terus-menerus; tidak bermusim: markisa, lamtoro, talok (kersen)…. Dll.
2. Ada perbedaan antara tunas vegetatif dan tunas bunga:
a) Cauliflorous: tunas bunga tumbuh di batang dan/atau cabang: durian, nangka, kakao, nam-nam
b) Dimorfism: satu tempat, tetapi berbeda wujud: apel, kopi, anggur, jeruk
c) Campuran: bunga ada di batang, cabang dan aksilar: belimbing, jambu bol, jambu air
Kelompok Tanaman Bercabang(Branched Trees)
3. Ada irama pertumbuhan (perbedaan waktu antara vegetatif dan pembungaan)
a) Pertumbuhan serempak (bermusim) umumnya berbunga terminal: mangga, rambutan, apokad
b) Tidak serempak; sehingga dalam satu waktu dapat ditemui tunas vegetatif, bunga, buah (muda –matang): sawo, sirsat, pala hampir tidak
bermusim
c) Dipengaruhi musim: jambu biji, apel, jeruk, anggur
Keunikan Klasifikasi Berbasis Habitus Tanaman
Tidak selalu terkait dengan kekerabatan taksonomi
Satu jenis tanaman dapat menjadi anggota beberapa kelompok secara artifisial
pepaya yang dicabangkan…(?)
Satu kelompok biasanya merujuk syarat agroklimat yang serupa; misalnya durian –nangka – kakao … sama-sama cauliflorous cocok untuk daerah tropika basah
Berbatang Tunggal Bercabang-cabang
Pertumbuhan kontinyu Pertumbuhan berirama
Tajuk : Akar mantap Tajuk : Akar berubah-ubah
Produksi :
Tinggi
Terus meningkat
Sepanjang tahun
Produksi :
Rendah
Tidak pasti
Kebanyakan musiman
Kondisi tumbuh yang baik
meningkatkan pembentukan buah
daripada pertumbuhan
Kondisi tumbuh baik, meningkatkan
pertumbuhan; pembuahan harus
berimbang dengan pertumbuhan
Potensi Peningkatan produktivitas
terbatas:
Peningkatan kondisi tumbuh
Pemuliaan tanaman
Potensi Peningkatan produktivitas
sangat spektakuler:
Manipulasi langsung ke pohon
Perbandingan Karakter Spesies Berbatang Tunggal dan
Spesies Bercabang
(E.W.M. Verheij, 1986. Towards a classification of tropical fruit tress. Acta
Horticulturae 175:137-150)
Kelompok Pohon Bercabang(Branched Trees)
1. Tumbuh dan berbuah terus-menerus; tidak bermusim: markisa, lamtoro, talok (kersen)…. Dll.
2. Ada perbedaan antara tunas vegetatif dan tunas bunga:
a) Cauliflorous: tunas bunga tumbuh di batang dan/atau cabang: durian, nangka, kakao, nam-nam
b) Dimorfism: satu tempat, tetapi berbeda wujud: apel, kopi, anggur, jeruk
c) Campuran: bunga ada di batang, cabang dan aksilar: belimbing, jambu bol, jambu air
Kelompok Tanaman Bercabang(Branched Trees)
3. Ada irama pertumbuhan (perbedaan waktu antara vegetatif dan pembungaan)
a) Pertumbuhan serempak (bermusim) umumnya berbunga terminal: mangga, rambutan, apokad
b) Tidak serempak; sehingga dalam satu waktu dapat ditemui tunas vegetatif, bunga, buah (muda –matang): sawo, sirsat, pala hampir tidak
bermusim
c) Dipengaruhi musim: jambu biji, apel, jeruk, anggur
Keunikan Klasifikasi Berbasis Habitus Tanaman
Tidak selalu terkait dengan kekerabatan taksonomi
Satu jenis tanaman dapat menjadi anggota beberapa kelompok secara artifisial
pepaya yang dicabangkan…(?)
Satu kelompok biasanya merujuk syarat agroklimat yang serupa; misalnya durian –nangka – kakao … sama-sama cauliflorous cocok untuk daerah tropika basah
USULAN SUB-Kelompok: Multi-single Stemmed (WDW, 2009)
Hasil pengamatan produksi dan pola pertumbuhan pada tanaman-tanaman tipe cacti (tunggal = cactus)
Fenomena jelas pada buah naga (Hylocereus sp.)
Tanaman bercabang-cabang dengan modifikasi lanjut ranting menjadi “sistem duri”; fungsi daun digantikan oleh parenchyma sayap batang (stem wings)
Beberapa karakter Buah Naga
Beberapa karakter Buah Naga
Beberapa karakter Buah Naga
Beberapa karakter Buah Naga
Beberapa karakter Buah Naga
Contoh penelitian terkait klasifikasi habitus
1. Pepaya: Beberapa aspek (pembungaan, pertumbuhantanaman, manipulasi penyerbukan, perbaikanmutu buah) disertasi Ir Ketty Suketi, MSi)Pemangkasan pepaya membuktikanpengubahan habitus tidak mempengaruhi hasilper pohon
2. Mangga (W. D. Widodo, 2005)
3. Buah Naga menunggu peminat
Effect of low temperature and
photoperiod on flower bud differentiation
of ‘Irwin’ mango trees
Winarso Drajad Widodo
Project Leader: Hiroshi Fukamachi
Presentation Outline1. Background (Rationalities):
- the characteristics of mango
- mango in the subtropics
2. Objectives of the study
- effective low temperature
- effective photoperiod (short days)
3. Methodology
- experimental design due to the growth-chamber facilities
- observation and measurement
4. Results
- preliminary experiments – third experiment
- effect of treatments on shoot-dome appearances
5. Conclusion
6. Further Issues to be Investigated
7. Acknowledgement
Mango (Mangifera indica L.)
The mango supposedly originated in the
Indo-Burma region, that is in the margin of
area of the distribution of the Mangifera
genus, and in fact in the subtropics
(Verheij, 1992)
It has been cultivated in India for
thousand years, and spread throughout
South-East Asia about 1500 years ago and
was native there (25ON – 25OS).
Background
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35H
arv
est
Ind
ex
Kapok Mango Subtrop spp
Non-seasonal Climatic Strongly seasonal
Source: Verheij (1986), Toward a classification of tropical fruit trees
Verheij’s classification: Mango is a branched species with
floral development and extended growth separated in
time. Usually with terminal inflorescence.
-Growth rhythm synchronous
-Responding to strong stimuli: thermo- and water-period
1. Mango is native to South
Asia (Eastern India and
Myanmar) and naturally
adapted to tropical
lowland (Morton 1987)
2. The developmental fate
of mango buds is strongly
influenced by
temperature and water
relation (under the
tropics: 6 – 12 weeks
water stress)
3. In the subtropics
condition low night
temperature and low day
temperature induce
flowering.
generally in winter
Monthly temperature, day length and precipitation of Ishigaki
Island, related to Mango flowering
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar
deg
.C o
r h
ou
r
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
mm
/mo
nth
Max-temperature Min-temperature
day length Precipitation
flowering
4. In subtropics during winter the day length is shortest. Photoperiod (short day) may
role an important signal for flowering of mangoes grown in the subtropics.
Subtropical Flowering on Mangoes
Objectives
To determine the effective temperature
regime
To determine the effective photoperiod
To determine the effective combination of
temperature and photoperiod for flower-
bud differentiation in mango
Cultivated in subtropics
Materials & Methods
Plant Material:
Three-year-old ‘Irwin’ mangoes with at least 5 rest-shoots grown in 10-12 liters plastic container under greenhouse condition
60 trees were used in 3 series of experiment based on photoperiod exposure
15 Chosen trees then were grown in 3 growth chamber (5 trees of each) with different temperature regime, and 5 trees were remained under greenhouse cultivation as control
Treatments:
Day/Night temperature treatments:1. 15oC/10oC 2. 17oC/12oC3. 19oC/14oC
treatment duration: 14 days, conducted in 3
experiments separated in photoperiod.Examined photoperiods (circadian light/dark in hours):1. 12/12 hours: April 1 – 14, 20042. 10/14 hours: April 16 – 30, 20043. 8/16 hours: May 6 – 20, 2004
outer
inner
Observation & Measurement
Treated trees were grown under greenhouse condition for inflorescence observation and microscopic analysis
Microscopic inflorescence observation were conducted until second-flush formed after treatment (except experiment 3)
Microscopic analysis was done by Scalar Digital Microscope “USB Microscope M2” with 50x magnification, 10 days after treatment
Beside the appearance of vertical section of shoot-dome, the dome width was also measured as outer- and inner width
ResultsLow temperature treatments were decided based on the microscopic observation of shoots of the preliminary experiment that was conducted on 16 – 30 March 2004Treatments:1. 17O/12OC2. 19O/14OC3. Natural (max 31OC, min 25OC)
Photoperiod 12/12 hours.
There was no different on axial-bud appearances among the treatments and remained dormant.
Axial-bud
Preliminary Experiment (12/12 hr)Microscopically Investigation:
March 31, 2004 (0 days After Treatment)
Natural17oC/12oC 19oC/14oC
natural
19o/14oC
17o/12oC
Preliminary
4.24
5.15.48
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
19/14゜C 17/12゜C Natural
Ou
terW
idh
t (m
m)
Photoperiod: 12/12 hr
Observation was done 1 day after treatment:- Bud appearance was not clear - Outer-width of shoot-domes of treated trees
were wider than those of the natural. Low temperature flattened shoot-domes
natural
19o/14oC
17o/12oC
4.78
5.745.38
2.01
2.82
1.94
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
17/12 C゚ 19/14 C゚ Natural
Do
meW
idth
(m
m)
Outer
Inner
Experiment 1, first flush
Photoperiod: 12/12 hr
Observation was done 10 days after treatment:- Bud appearance was clear- No inflorescence primordial can be indicated
whether on natural shoots or treated shoots- Inner-width of shoot-domes of treated trees
were wider than those of the natural. 19O/14OC gave stronger affect on shoot-
dome widening compared to 17O/12OC.
natural
19o/14oC
17o/12oC
4.2
3.82
4.23
2.4 2.53 2.46
0
1
2
3
4
5
19/14 C゚ 17/12 C゚ Natural
Do
meW
idth
(m
m)
Experiment 1, second flush
Photoperiod: 12/12 hr
Observation was done 1 month after treatment on second flush:
- Bud appearance became similar among the treatments
- Inner-width of shoot-domes of all the trees were not different
Low temperature effect was eliminated
17o/12oC
15o/10oC
19o/14oC
5.71
6.19 6.00
2.84
3.58
2.88
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
15/10 C゚ 17/14 C゚ 19/14 C゚
Do
meW
idth
(m
m)
Experiment 2, first flush
Photoperiod: 10/14 hr
Observation was done 10 days after treatment:- Bud appearance was clear- No inflorescence primordial can be indicated
on all treated shoots- Inner-width of shoot-domes were wider
then those of the 12/12 hours (Exp 1) 15O/10OC gave more primordial leaves than
17O/12OC or 19O/14OC.
17o/12oC
15o/10oC
19o/14oC
6.49
5.495.07
2.93
2.452.24
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
15/10 C゚ 17/12 C゚ 19/14 C゚
Do
meW
idth
(m
m)
Experiment 2, second flush
Photoperiod: 10/14 hr
Observation was done 1 month after treatment on second flush:
- Once again like Exp. 1, bud appearance became similar among the treatments
- Inner-width of shoot-domes of all the trees were not different
Low temperature effect was eliminated
17o/12oC
15o/10oC
19o/14oC
6.90
5.47
6.69
3.41
2.69
3.91
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
15/10 C゚ 17/12 C゚ 19/14 C゚
Do
meW
idth
(m
m)
Experiment 3, first flush
Photoperiod: 8/16 hr
Observation was done 10 days after treatment:- Bud appearance was clear- No inflorescence primordial can be indicated
on all treated shoots- Inner-width of shoot-domes were wider
then those of the 10/14 hours (Exp 2) 15O/10OC gave most primordial leaves.
17o/12oC15o/10oC
19o/14oC natural
Conclusion
There was no emerged inflorescence whether on control (natural) and treated trees in all experiments; and all of the axial buds remained dormant after growing the trees under the greenhouse condition.
Shoot-domes of low temperature treated trees were wider than those of control (natural) trees
Deflowering
Natural
15o/10oC
17o/12oC
19o/14oC
Terminal bud appearance 6 weeks after treatment of
Experiment 2; Natural: without treatment, Deflowering:
natural growth after inflorescence abortion
15o/10oC 17o/12oC 19o/14oC
The appearance of 15O/10OC treated shoot was some like the naturally inflorescence aborted shoot. These phenomenon was weaker in the warmer treatments.
14 days treatment of low temperature may not sufficient to signal the flower bud differentiation on mango
Issues to be further investigated
Longer exposure of low temperature,
photoperiod and water stress
Deeper aspects of flowering physiology
e.g. endogenous hormone study during
flower induction and/or flower initiation
Thank you
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