Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Surya

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00 00 00 40 00 00 02 70 1fff f03 00 00 00 00 00Written by Administrator Monday, 17 August 2009 09:50

Indonesia memiliki karunia sinar matahari. Hampir di setiap pelosok Indonesia, matahari menyinari sepanjang pagi sampai sore. Energi matahari yang dipancarkan dapat diubah menjadi energi listrik dengan menggunakan solar cells panel.

Pembangkit listrik tenaga surya adalah ramah lingkungan, dan sangat menjanjikan. Sebagai salah satu alternatif untuk menggantikan pembangkit listrik menggunakan uap (dengan minyak dan batubara). Perkembangan teknologi dalam membuat solar panel yang lebih baik dari tingkat efisiensi, pembuatan aki yang tahan lama, dan pembuatan alat elektronik yang dapat menggunakan Direct Current. Pada saat ini penggunaan tenaga matahari (solar panel) masih dirasakan mahal karena tidak adanya subsidi. Listrik yang kita gunakan saat ini sebenarnya adalah listrik bersubsidi. Bayangkan pengusahaan/

penambangan minyak tanah, batubara (yang merusak lingkungan), pembuatan pembangkit tenaga listrik uap, distribusi tenaga listrik, yang semuanya dibangun dengan biaya besar.

Kelebihan Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Surya:* Energi yang terbarukan/ tidak pernah habis * Bersih, ramah lingkungan * Umur panel sel surya panjang/ investasi jangka panjang * Praktis, tidak memerlukan perawatan * Sangat cocok untuk daerah tropis seperti Indonesia Solar panel sebagai komponen penting pembangkit listrik tenaga surya, mengubah sinar matahari menjadi tenaga listrik. Umumnya kita menghitung maksimun sinar matahari yang diubah menjadi tenaga listrik sepanjang hari adalah 5 jam. Tenaga listrik pada pagi - sore disimpan dalam baterai, sehingga listrik dapat digunakan pada malam hari, dimana tanpa sinar matahari.

Perencanaan Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga SuryaKarena pembangkit listrik tenaga surya sangat tergantung kepada sinar matahari, maka perencanaan yang baik sangat diperlukan. Perencanaan terdiri dari:

Jumlah daya yang dibutuhkan dalam pemakaian sehari-hari (Watt). Berapa besar arus yang dihasilkan solar cells panel (dalam Ampere hour), dalam hal ini memperhitungkan berapa jumlah panel surya yang harus dipasang.

Berapa unit baterai yang diperlukan untuk kapasitas yang diinginkan dan pertimbangan penggunaan tanpa sinar matahari. (Ampere hour).

Dalam nilai ke-ekonomian, pembangkit listrik tenaga surya memiliki nilai yang lebih tinggi, dimana listrik dari PT. PLN tidak dimungkinkan, ataupun instalasi generator listrik bensin ataupun solar. Misalnya daerah terpencil: pertambangan, perkebunan, perikanan, desa terpencil, dll. Dari segi jangka panjang, nilai keekonomian juga tinggi, karena dengan perencanaan yang baik, pembangkit listrik tenaga surya dengan panel surya memiliki daya tahan 20 - 25 tahun. Baterai dan beberapa komponen lainnya dengan daya tahan 3 - 5 tahun.

Komponen Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga SuryaUntuk instalasi listrik tenaga surya sebagai pembangkit listrik, diperlukan komponen sebagai berikut:

1. 2. 3. 4.

Solar panel Charge controller Inverter Battery

Solar panel mengkonversikan tenaga matahari menjadi listrik. Sel silikon (disebut juga solar cells) yang disinari matahari/ surya, membuat photon yang menghasilkan arus listrik. Sebuah solar cells menghasilkan kurang lebih tegangan 0.5 Volt. Jadi sebuah panel surya 12 Volt terdiri dari kurang lebih 36 sel (untuk menghasilkan 17 Volt tegangan maksimun). Jenis solar panel dapat di baca disini.

Charge controller, digunakan untuk mengatur pengaturan pengisian baterai. Tegangan maksimun yang dihasilkan solar cells panel pada hari yang terik akan menghasilkan tegangan tinggi yang dapat merusak baterai. Inverter, adalah perangkat elektrik yang mengkonversikan tegangan searah (DC - direct current) menjadi tegangan bolak balik (AC - alternating current). Baterai, adalah perangkat kimia untuk menyimpan tenaga listrik dari tenaga surya. Tanpa baterai, energi surya hanya dapat digunakan pada saat ada sinar matahari.

Diagram Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga SuryaDiagram instalasi pembangkit listrik tenaga surya ini terdiri dari solar panel, charge controller, inverter, baterai.

Dari diagram pembangkit listrik tenaga surya diatas: beberapa solar panel di paralel untuk menghasilkan arus yang lebih besar. Combiner pada gambar diatas menghubungkan kaki positif panel surya satu dengan panel surya lainnya. Kaki/ kutub negatif panel satu dan lainnya juga dihubungkan. Ujung kaki positif panel surya dihubungkan ke kaki positif charge controller, dan kaki negatif panel surya dihubungkan ke kaki negatif charge controller. Tegangan panel surya yang dihasilkan akan digunakan oleh charge controller untuk mengisi baterai. Untuk menghidupkan beban perangkat AC (alternating current) seperti Televisi, Radio, komputer, dll, arus baterai disupply oleh inverter. Instalasi pembangkit listrik dengan tenaga surya membutuhkan perencanaan mengenai kebutuhan daya:

Jumlah pemakaian Jumlah solar panel Jumlah baterai

Perhitungan Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga SuryaPerhitungan keperluan daya (perhitungan daya listrik perangkat dapat dilihat pada label di belakang perangkat, ataupun dibaca dari manual):

Penerangan rumah: 10 lampu CFL @ 15 Watt x 4 jam sehari = 600 Watt hour. Televisi 21": @ 100 Watt x 5 jam sehari = 500 Watt hour Kulkas 360 liter : @ 135 Watt x 24 jam x 1/3 (karena compressor kulkas tidak selalu hidup, umumnya mereka bekerja lebih sering apabila kulkas lebih sering dibuka pintu) = 1080 Watt hour

Komputer : @ 150 Watt x 6 jam = 900 Watt hour Perangkat lainnya = 400 Watt hour

Total kebutuhan daya = 3480 Watt hour

Jumlah solar cells panel yang dibutuhkan, satu panel kita hitung 100 Watt (perhitungan adalah 5 jam maksimun tenaga surya):

Kebutuhan solar cells panel : (3480 / 100 x 5) = 7 panel surya.

Jumlah kebutuhan batere 12 Volt dengan masing-masing 100 Ah:

Kebutuhan batere minimun (batere hanya digunakan 50% untuk pemenuhan kebutuhan listrik), dengan demikian kebutuhan daya kita kalikan 2 x lipat : 3480 x 2 = 6960 Watt hour = 6960 / 12 Volt / 100 Amp = 6 batere 100 Ah.

Kebutuhan batere (dengan pertimbangan dapat melayani kebutuhan 3 hari tanpa sinar matahari) : 3480 x 3 x 2 = 20880 Watt hour =20880 / 12 Volt / 100 Amp = 17 batere 100 Ah.

Instalasi pembangkit listrik tenaga surya dapat dilihat pada gambar-gambar di National Geographic Indonesia.Last Updated on Tuesday, 11 May 2010 03:25