PASSIVE VOICE 3 comments

PASSIVE VOICE

P

assive voice atau kalimat pasif, maksudnya kalimat yang subjeknya dikenai pekerjaan ( bukan melakukan pekerjaan ). Biasa diterjemahkan dalam bahasa Indonesia dengan penambahan imbuhan di/ter….

Dapat dirumuskan :

Be + Past participle ( V3 ) + By….

Keterangan :

Be : kata kerja bantu yang disesuakan dengan bentuk pola kalimatnya ( Simple present, Past, Future, dll )

Past participle : Bentuk kata kerja ke-3

l Penggunaan Passive voice bentuk simple present

D

apat dirumuskan :

S

ubyek + Be + Past participle + By…

Be yang digunakan dalam bentuk simple present, yaitu:

• am

• are

• is

contoh kalimat positif :

1) Faisal helps ulfi (aktif)→artinya”Faisal menolong ulfi”

Ulfi is helped by faisal (pasif)→artinya”Ulfi ditolong oleh faisal”

2) Mazsis eats donat (aktif)→artinya”Mazsis makan donat”

Donat is eaten by mazsis (pasif)→artinya”Donat dimakan oleh mazsis”

c

ontoh kalimat negatif :

1) Faisal doesn’t ulfi (aktif)→artinya”Faisal tidak menolong ulfi”

Ulfi isn’t helped by faisal (pasif)→artinya”Ulfi tidak ditolong oleh faisal”

2) Mazsis doesn’t eat donat (aktif)→artinya”Mazsis tidak makan donat”

The donat isn’t eaten by mazsis (pasif)→artinya”Donat tidak dimakan oleh mazsis”

c

ontoh kalimat tanya :

1) Does faisal help ulfi? (aktif)→artinya”Apakah faisal menolong ulfi?”

Is ulfi helped by faisal? (pasif)→artinya”Apakah ulfi ditolong oleh faisal?”

2) Does mazsis eat donat? (aktif)→artinya”Apakah mazsis makan donat?”

Is donat eaten by mazsis?(pasif)→artinya”apakah donat dimakan oleh mazsis?”

l Penggunaan Passive voice bentuk simple past

D

apat dirumuskan :

S

ubyek + Be + Past participle + By…

Be yang digunakan dalam bentuk simple present, yaitu:

• was

• were

contoh kalimat positif :

1) Asri made a cake this morning (aktif)→artinya”Asri membuat sebuah kue tadi pagi”

Cake was made by asri this morning (pasif)→artinya”Kue dibuat oleh asri tadi pagi”

2) They watched tom&jerry movies last sunday (aktif)→artinya”mereka menonton film-film tom&jerry minggu lalu”

Tom&jerry movies were watched by them last sunday (pasif)→artinya”Film-film tom&jerry ditonton mereka minggu lalu”

c

ontoh kalimat negatif :

1) Asri didn’t make a cake this morning (aktif)→artinya”Asri tidak membuat sebuah kue tadi pagi”

The cake wasn’t made by asri this morning (pasif)→artinya”Sebuah kue tidak dibuat oleh asri tadi pagi”

2) They didn’t watch tom&jerry movies last sunday (aktif)→artinya”Meraka tidak menonton film-film tom&jerry minggu lalu”

Tom&jerry movies weren’t watched by them last sunday (pasif)→artinya”Film-film tom&jerry tidak ditonton oleh mereka minggu lalu”

c

ontoh kalimat tanya :

1) Did asri make a cake this morning? (aktif)→artinnya”apakah asri membuat sebuah kue tadi pagi?”

Was a cake made by asri this morning? (pasif)→artinya”apakah sebuah kue itu dibuat oleh asri tadi pagi?”

2) Did they watch tom&jerry movies last sunday? (aktif)→artinya”Apakah mereka menonton film-film tom&jerry minggu lalu?”

Were tom&jerry movies wacthed by them last sunday? (pasif)→artinya”apakah film-film tom&jerry ditonton oleh mereka minggu lalu?”

Contoh kalimat passive berbentuk negatif dan kalimat tanya

1) Passive voice negatif

- Ray isn’t helped by Ade

- The paper isn’t cut by Merry

- A ceremony is not held by somebody

- The movies were not watched by them yesterday

- You were not shown the sights.

- The house was not built by me.

- He will not have been shown the sights.

- We should not be shown the sights.

- The cat was not kicked by me

- The motorcycle is not driven by him

2)Kalimat tanya

- Is The King of Majapahit built the castle?

- Is that girl who kicking me?

- Is cake eaten by her?

- Were they watched the movies last sunday?

- Were you shown the sights?

- Were the project worked by them this month?

- Is the car driven by him?

- Is Andy riding the bicycle?

- Were the concert successed last nigh?

- were they finished the papers this month?

Hopefully this blog be of benefit to all of us and me...

Kamis, 31 Maret 2011

Active And Passive Voice

Active and Passive Voice

Kalimat aktif (active voice) adalah kalimat dimana subject-nya melakukan pekerjaan, sebaliknya, kalimat pasif (passive voice) adalah kalimat dimana subject-nya dikenai pekerjaan oleh object kalimat. Active voice lebih sering digunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dibandingkan dengan passive voice. Namun demikian, sering kita temukan passive voice di surat-surat kabar, artikel-artikel di majalah-majalah dan tulisan-tulisan ilmiah. Passive voice digunakan karena object dari active voice merupakan informasi yang lebih penting dibandingkan dengan subject-nya.

Contoh :

• Active : We fertilize the soil every 6 months

• Passive: The soil is fertilized by us every 6 months

Dari contoh ini dapat kita lihat bahwa:

1. Object dari active voice (the soil) menjadi subject dari passive voice

2. Subject dari active voice (we) menjadi object dari passive voice. Perhatikan pula bahwa terjadi perubahan dari subject pronoun ‘we’ menjadi object pronoun ‘us’.

3. Verb1 (fertilize) pada active voice menjadi verb3 (fertilized) pada passive voice.

4. Ditambahkannya be ‘is’ di depan verb3. Be yang digunakan adalah tergantung pada subject passive voice dan tenses yang digunakan. (Perhatikan pola-pola passive voice di bawah).

5. Ditambahkannya kata ‘by’ di belakang verb3. Namun, jika object dari passive voice dianggap tidak penting atau tidak diketahui, maka object biasanya tidak dikemukakan dan begitu pula kata ‘by’.

6. Khusus untuk kalimat-kalimat progressive (present, past, past perfect, future, past future, dan past future perfect continuous, perlu menambahkan ‘being’ di depan verb3). Kalau tidak ditambahkan “being”, tensisnya akan berubah, bukan progressive/continuous lagi. Perhatikan contoh-contoh pada poin h – o di bawah.

Berdasarkan keenam poin di atas maka passive voice mengikuti pola sebagai berikut:

Subject + Be + Verb3 + By + Object + Modifier

Pola active dan passive voice pada tiap tensis

a. Jika active voice dalam simple present tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah is, am atau are.

Contoh:

• Active : He meets them everyday.

• Passive : They are met by him everyday.

• Active : She waters this plant every two days.

• Passive : This plant is watered by her every two days.

b. Jika active voice dalam simple past tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah was atauwere

Contoh:

• Active : He met them yesterday

• Passive : They were met by him yesterday

• Active : She watered this plant this morning

• Passive : This plant was watered by her this morning

c. Jika active voice dalam present perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah beenyang diletakkan setelah auxiliary has atau have, sehingga menjadi ‘has been’ atau ‘have been’

Contoh:

• Active : He has met them

• Passive : They have been met by him

• Active : She has watered this plant for 5 minutes.

• Passive : This plant has been watered by her for 5 minutes.

d. Jika active voice dalam past perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah beenyang diletakkan setelah auxiliary had, sehingga menjadi had been

Contoh:

• Active : He had met them before I came.

• Passive : They had been met by him before I came.

• Active : She had watered this plant for 5 minutes when I got here

• Passive : This plant had been watered by her for 5 minutes when I got here

e. Jika active voice dalam simple future tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah be

Contoh:

• Active : He will meet them tomorrow.

• Passive : They will be met by him tomorrow.

• Active : She will water this plant this afternoon.

• Passive : This plant will be watered by her this afternoon.

• Active : The farmers are going to harvest the crops next week

• Passive : The crops are going to be harvested by the farmers next week.

f. Jika active voice dalam future perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah beenyang diletakkan setelah auxiliary will have, sehingga menjadi ‘will have been’

Contoh:

• Active : He will have met them before I get there tomorrow.

• Passive : They will have been met by him before I get there tomorrow.

• Active : She will have watered this plant before I get here this afternoon.

• Passive : This plant will have been watered by her before I get here this afternoon.

g. Jika active voice dalam past future perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalahbeen yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary would have, sehingga menjadi ‘would have been’.

Contoh:

• Active : He would have met them.

• Passive : They would have been met by him.

• Active : She would have watered this plant.

• Passive : This plant would have been watered by her.

h. Jika active voice dalam present continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (is, am atau are) + being.

Contoh:

• Active : He is meeting them now.

• Passive : They are being met by him now.

• Active : She is watering this plant now.

• Passive : This plant is being watered by her now.

i. Jika active voice dalam past continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (wasatau were) + being.

Contoh:

• Active : He was meeting them.

• Passive : They were being met by him.

• Active : She was watering this plant.

• Passive : This plant was being watered by her.

j. Jika active voice dalam perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (has/have) been + being.

Contoh:

• Active : He has been meeting them.

• Passive : They have been being met by him.

• Active : She has been watering this plant.

• Passive : This plant has been being watered by her.

k. Jika active voice dalam past perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah had been + being.

Contoh:

• Active : He had been meeting them.

• Passive : They had been being met by him.

• Active : She had been watering this plant.

• Passive : This plant had been being watered by her.

l. Jika active voice dalam future continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalahwill be + being.

Contoh:

• Active : He will be meeting them.

• Passive : They will be being met by him.

• Active : She will be watering this plant.

• Passive : This plant will be being watered by her.

m. Jika active voice dalam past future continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah would be + being.

Contoh:

• Active : He would be meeting them.

• Passive : They would be being met by him.

• Active : She would be watering this plant.

• Passive : This plant would be being watered by her.

n. Jika active voice dalam future perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah will have been + being.

Contoh:

• Active : He will have been meeting them.

• Passive : They will have been being met by him.

• Active : She will have been watering this plant.

• Passive : This plant will have been being watered by her.

o. Jika active voice dalam past future perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah would have been + being.

Contoh:

• Active : He would be meeting them.

• Passive : They would be being met by him.

• Active : She would be watering this plant.

• Passive : This plant would be being watered by her.

F Clause Type 1

Form

if + Simple Present, will-Future

Example: If I find her address, I will send her an invitation.

The main clause can also be at the beginning of the sentence. In this case, don't use a comma.

Example: I will send her an invitation if I find her address.

Note: Main clause and / or if clause might be negative. See Simple Present und will-Future on how to form negative sentences.

Example: If I don’t see him this afternoon, I will phone him in the evening.

F Clause Type 2

Form

if + Simple Past, main clause with Conditional I (= would + Infinitive)

Example: If I found her address, I would send her an invitation.

The main clause can also be at the beginning of the sentence. In this case, don't use a comma.

Example: I would send her an invitation if I found her address.

Note: Main clause and / or if clause might be negative. See Simple Past und Conditional I on how to form negative sentences.

Example: If I had a lot of money, I wouldn’t stay here.

Were instead of Was

In IF Clauses Type II, we usually use ‚were‘ – even if the pronoun is I, he, she or it –.

Example: If I were you, I would not do this.

IF Clause Type 3

Form

if + Past Perfect, main clause with Conditional II

Example: If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation.

The main clause can also be at the beginning of the sentence. In this case, don't use a comma.

Example: I would have sent her an invitation if I had found her address.

Note: Main clause and / or if clause might be negative. See Past Perfect and Conditional II on how to form negative sentences.

Example: If I hadn’t studied, I wouldn’t have passed my exams.

Kalimat Pasif dalam bentuk Kalimat Negatif dan Kalimat Tanda tanya

06:18 Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 1(Tugas 9) No comments

1) Negative Passive Imperative Sentence

Rumus:

Subjek + be + Kata kerja III + not to + infinitive

(kata kerja III yang sering digunakan adalah: advised, asked, begged, commanded, requested)

Don’t wait for me (active)

You are advised not to wait for me (passive)

I wasn’t sad last night

They weren’t there last Tuesday

He didn’t go to the movie last night

I didn’t sleep well last night

They didn’t come yesterday

We didn’t see action movie last night

I don’t go to the office last week

I wasn’t busy yesterday

Contoh kalimat Pasif dalam bentuk kalimat Tanya :

1. Were his friends sent any news by Jacky ?

2. Was any news sent to his friends ?

3. Are we going to be given a book by her ?

4. Is a book going to be given to us ?

5. Did the rat frighten you ?

6. Were you frighrened by the rat ?

7. The bill includes service, doesn’t it ?

8. Do they wash their hands before every meal?

S P O (Simple Present Tense)

9. Did he go to the bus station ?

10. Where did you watch the movie ?

11. Did you see alex yesterday ?

12. Was he busy last night ?

* Kata kerja pada predikat do + wash menjadi wash. Kata wash dioasifkan menjadi be + washed (Vɪɪɪ); be untuk subjek theid hands (dalam Simple Present Tense) adalah are.

1. * Karena kalimatnya adalah kalimat tanya (yes/No Question), kalimat pasifnya jugs menjadi kalimat tanya, yakni dengan memindahkan kata kerja bantu (auxiliary verb) ke awal kalimat: Are their hands washed before every meal?

contoh lain :

1) Simple present

Aktif

John bites Mary

John doesn’t bite Mary

Does John bite Mary?

What does John do?

Who bites Mary?

Who does John bite?

Pasif

Mary is bitten by John

Mary isn’t bitten by John

Is Mary bitten by John?

What is done by John?

Who is Mary bitten by?

Who is bitten by John?

2) Simple continuous

Aktif

John is biting Mary

John isn’t biting Mary

Is John biting Mary?

What is John doing?

Who is biting Mary?

Who is John biting?

Pasif

Mary is being bitten by John

Mary isn’t being bitten by John

Is Mary being bitten by John?

What is being done by John?

Who is Mary being bitten by?

Who is being bitten by John?

3) Present perfect

Aktif John has bitten Mary

John hasn’t bitten Mary

Has John bitten Mary?

What has John done?

Who has bitten Mary?

Who has John bitten?

Pasif

Mary has been bitten by John

Mary hasn’t been bitten by John

Has Mary been bitten by John?

What has been done by John?

Who has Mary been bitten by?

Who has been bitten by John?

4) Present perfect continuous

Aktif

John has been biting Mary

John hasn’t been biting Mary

Has John been biting Mary?

What has John been doing?

Who has been biting Mary?

Who has John been biting?

Pasif

Mary has been being bitten by John

Mary hasn’t been being bitten by John

Has Mary been being bitten by John?

What has been being done by John?

Who has Mary been being bitten by?

Who has been being bitten by John?

5) Simple past

Aktif

John bit Mary

John didn’t bite Mary

Did John bite Mary?

What did John do?

Who bit Mary?

Who did John bite?

Pasif

Mary was bitten by John

Mary wasn’t bitten by John

Was Mary bitten by John?

What was done by John?

Who was Mary bitten by?

Who was bitten by John?

6) Past continuous

Aktif

John was biting Mary

John wasn’t biting Mary

Was John biting Mary?

What was John doing?

Who was biting Mary?

Who was John biting?

Pasif

Mary was being bitten by John

Mary wasn’t being bitten by John

Was Mary being bitten by John?

What was being done by John?

Who was Mary being bitten by?

Who was being bitten by John?

7.) Past perfect

Aktif

John had bitten Mary

John hadn’t bitten Mary

Had John bitten Mary?

What had John done?

Who had bitten Mary?

Who had John bitten?

Pasif

Mary had been bitten by John

Mary hadn’t been bitten by John

Had Mary been bitten by John?

What had been done by John?

Who had Mary been bitten by?

Who had been bitten by John?

8.) Past perfect continuous

Aktif

John had been biting Mary

John hadn’t been biting Mary

Had John been biting Mary?

What had John been doing?

Who had been biting Mary?

Who had John been biting?

Pasif

Mary had been being bitten by John

Mary hadn’t been being bitten by John

Had Mary been being bitten by John?

What had been being done by John?

Who had Mary been being bitten by?

Who had been being bitten by John?

9) Future

Aktif

John will bite Mary

John won’t bite Mary

Will John bite Mary?

What will John do?

Who will bite Mary?

Who will John bite?

Pasif

Mary will be bitten by John

Mary won’t be bitten by John

Will Mary be bitten by John?

What will be done by John?

Who will Mary be bitten by?

Who will be bitten by John?

10) Future continuous

Aktif

John will be biting Mary

John won’t be biting Mary

Will John be biting Mary?

What will John be doing?

Who will be biting Mary?

Who will John be biting?

Pasif

Mary will be being bitten by John

Mary won’t be being bitten by John

Will Mary be being bitten by John?

What will be being done by John?

Who will Mary be being bitten by?

Who will be being bitten by John?

11) Future perfect

Aktif

John will have bitten Mary

John won’t have bitten Mary

Will John have bitten Mary?

What will John have done?

Who will have bitten Mary?

Who will John have bitten?

Pasif

Mary will have been bitten by John

Mary won’t have been bitten by John

Will Mary have been bitten by John?

What will have been done by John?

Who will Mary have been bitten by?

Who will have been bitten by John?

12) Future perfect continuous

Aktif

John will have been biting Mary

John won’t have been biting Mary

Will John have been biting Mary?

What will John have been doing?

Who will have been biting Mary?

Who will John have been biting?

Pasif

Mary will have been being bitten by John

Mary won’t have been being bitten by John

Will Mary have been being bitten by John?

What will have been being done by John?

Who will Mary have been being bitten by?

Who will have been being bitten by John?

Passive voice for Present/Future Modals“CAN, MAY, MIGHT, SHOULD, MUST, OUGHT TO”

The places of subject and object in sentence are inter-changed in passive voice. 3rd form of verb (past participle) will be used only (as main verb) in passive voice. To change sentences having present/future modal into passive voice, auxiliary verb “be” is

added after modal in sentence.

Passive voice for Present/Future Modals

 “CAN, MAY, MIGHT, SHOULD, MUST, OUGHT TO”

Auxiliary verb in passive voice: be

Active voice: CANShe can play a violin.She cannot play a violin.Can she play a violin?

Passive voice: CAN BEA violin can be played by her.A violin cannot be played by her.Can a violin be played by her?

Active voice: MAYI may buy the computer.I may not buy the computer.May I buy the computer?

Active voice: MAY BEThe computer may be bought by me.The computer may not be bought by me.May the computer be bought by me?

Active voice: MIGHT Guests might play chess.Guests might not play chess.

Active voice: MIGHT BEChess might be played by guests.Chess might not be played guests.

Active voice: SHOULDStudents should study all lessons.Students should not study all lessons.Should students study all lessons?

Active voice: SHOULD BEAll lessons should be studied by students.All lessons should not be studied by students.Should all lessons be studied by students?

Active voice: MUSTYou must learn the test-taking strategies.You must not learn the test-taking strategies.

Active voice: MUST BETest-taking strategies must be learnt by you.Test-taking strategies must not be learned by you.

Active voice: OUGHT TOThey ought to take the examination.

Active voice: OUGHT TO BEThe examination ought to be taken by them.

Passive voice for Past Modals“MAY HAVE, MIGHT HAVE, SHOULD HAVE, MUST HAVE, OUGHT TO HAVE”

The places of subject and object in sentence are inter-changed in passive voice. 3rd form of verb (past participle) will be used only (as main verb) in passive voice. To change sentences having past modal into passive voice, auxiliary verb “been” is added after

modal in sentence.

Passive voice for Present/Future Modals  “MAY HAVE, MIGHT HAVE, SHOULD HAVE, MUST HAVE, OUGHT HAVE TO”

Auxiliary verb in passive voice: been Active voice: MAY HAVEYou may have availed the opportunity.

Active voice: MAY HAVE BEENThe opportunity may have been availed by

You may not have availed the opportunity.you.The opportunity may not have been availed by you.

Active voice: MIGHT HAVEHe might have eaten meal.He might not have eaten meal.

Active voice: MIGHT HAVE BEENMeal might have been eaten by him.Meal might not have been eaten by him.

Active voice: SHOULD HAVEYou should have studied the book.You should not have studied the book.

Active voice: SHOULD HAVE BEENThe book should have been studied by you.The book should have not been studied by you.

Active voice: MUST HAVEHe must have started job.He must not have started job.

Active voice: MUST HAVE BEENJob must have been started by you.Job must not have been started by you.

Active voice: OUGHT TO HAVEYou ought to have helped him.

Active voice: OUGHT TO HAVE BEENHe ought to have been helped by you

 

Click on the following links to study each aspect of active and passive voice.

Active and Passive VoicePassive voice for all TENSES - Rules, use of auxiliary verbs and examples.Passive voice for Present Modals like “CAN, MAY, MIGHT, SHOULD, MUST,       OUGHT

TO” and Past Modals like “MAY HAVE, MIGHT HAVE, SHOULD HAVE,       MUST HAVE, OUGHT TO HAVE”

Passive voice of imperative sentences (command and request)Sentences which cannot be changed into passive voice – Intransitive verbs.

 

 

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE TENSES CHART

SIMPLE PRESENT and SIMPLE PAST The active object becomes the passive subject.

am/is/are +  past participle was/were + past participle

Active: Simple Present The movie fascinates me. The movie bores Jack. The movie surprises them.

Passive: Simple Present I am fascinated by the movie. Jack is bored by the movie. They are surprised by the movie.

Active: Simple Past The movie bored me. The movie fascinated Jack. The movie surprised them.

Passive: Simple Past I was bored by the movie. Jack was fascinated by the movie. They were surprisedby the movie.

PRESENT and PAST CONTINUOUS (PROGRESSIVE) Passive form: 

am/is/are + being + past participle was/were + being + past participle

Active: Present Continuous I am helping Shannon. June is helping Su and Ling.

 Passive: Present Continuous Shannon is being helped by me. Su and Ling are being helped by June.

Active: Past Continuous I was cleaning the bathroom. They were cleaning the bedroom. Susan was cleaning the kitchen and patio.

Passive: Past Continuous The bathroom was being cleaned by me. The bedroom  was being cleaned by them. The kitchen and patio were being cleaned by Susan.

PRESENT PERFECT, PAST PERFECT and FUTURE PERFECT Passive form: 

have/has been + past participle had been + past participle

Active: Present Perfect I have mailed the gift. Jack has mailed the gifts.

Passive: Present Perfect The gift has been mailed by me. The gifts have been mailed by Jack.

Active: Past Perfect Steven Spielberg had directed the movie. Penny Marshall had directed those movies.

Passive: Past Perfect The movie had been directed by Steven Spielberg. The movies had been directed by Penny Marshall.

Active: Future Perfect John will have finished the project next month. They will have finished the projects before then.

Passive: Future Perfect The project will have been finished by next month. The projects will have been finished before then.

FUTURE TENSES

Passive forms: will + be + past participle is/are going to be + past participle

Active: Future with WILL I will mail the gift. Jack will mail the gifts.

Passive: Future with WILL The gift will be mailed by me. The gifts will be mailed by Jack.

Active: Future with GOING TO I am going to make the cake. Sue is going to make two cakes.

Passive: Future with GOING TO The cake is going to be made by me. Two cakes are going to be made by Sue.

PRESENT / FUTURE MODALS The passive form follows this pattern:

modal + be + past participle

Active: WILL / WON'T (WILL NOT) Sharon will invite Tom to the party. Sharon won't invite Jeff to the party. (Sharon will not invite Jeff to the party.)

Passive: WILL / WON'T (WILL NOT) Tom will be invited to the party by Sharon. Jeff won't be invited to the party by Sharon. (Jeff will not be invited to the party by Sharon.)

Active: CAN / CAN'T (CAN NOT)

Mai can foretell the future. Terry can't foretell the future. (Terry can not foretell the future.)

Passive: CAN / CAN'T (CAN NOT) The future can be foretold by Mai. The future can't be foretold by Terry.

(The future can not be foretold by Terry.)

Active: MAY / MAY NOT Her company may give Katya a new office. The lazy students may not do the homework. MIGHT / MIGHT NOT Her company might give Katya a new office. The lazy students might not do the homework.

Passive: MAY / MAY NOT Katya may be given a new office by her company. The homework may not be done by the lazy students. MIGHT / MIGHT NOT Katya might be given a new office by her company. The homework might not be done by the lazy students.

Active: SHOULD / SHOULDN'T Students should memorize English verbs.

Passive: SHOULD / SHOULDN'T English verbs should be memorized  by students.

Children shouldn't smoke cigarettes.Cigarettes shouldn't be smoked  by children.

Active: OUGHT TO Students ought to learn English verbs. (negative ought to is rarely used)

Passive: OUGHT TO English verbs ought to be memorized by students.

Active: HAD BETTER / HAD BETTER NOT Students had better practice English every day. Children had better not drink whiskey.

Passive: HAD BETTER / HAD BETTER NOT English had better be practiced every day by students. Whiskey had better not be drunk by children.

Active: MUST / MUST NOT Tourists must apply for a passport to travel abroad. Customers must not use that door.

Passive: MUST / MUST NOT A passport to travel abroad must be applied for. That door must not be used by customers.

Active: HAS TO / HAVE TO She has to practice English every day. Sara and Miho have to wash the dishes every day. DOESN'T HAVE TO/ DON'T HAVE TO Maria doesn't have to clean her bedroom every day. The children don't have to clean their bedrooms every day.

Passive: HAS TO / HAVE TO English has to be practiced every day. The dishes have to be washed by them every day. DOESN'T HAVE TO/ DON'T HAVE TO Her bedroom doesn't have to be cleaned every day. Their bedrooms don't have to be cleaned every day.

Active: BE SUPPOSED TO I am supposed to type the composition. I am not supposed to copy the stories in the book. Janet is supposed to clean the living room. She isn't supposed to eat candy and gum. They are supposed to make dinner for the family. They aren't supposed to make dessert.

Passive: BE SUPPOSED TO The composition is supposed to be typed by me. The stories in the book are not supposed to be copied. The living room is supposed to be cleaned by Janet. Candy and gum aren't supposed to be eaten by her. Dinner for the family is supposed to be made by them. Dessert isn't supposed to be made by them.

PAST MODALS The past passive form follows this pattern:

modal + have been + past participle

Active: SHOULD HAVE / SHOULDN'T HAVE The students should have learned the verbs. The children shouldn't have broken the window.

Passive: SHOULD HAVE / SHOULDN'T HAVE The verbs should have been learned by the students. The window shouldn't have been broken by the children.

Active: OUGHT TO Students ought to have learned the verbs. (negative ought to is rarely used)

Passive: OUGHT TO The verbs ought to have been learned by the students.

Active: BE SUPPOSED TO (past time) I was supposed to type the composition. I wasn't supposed to copy the story in the book. Janet was supposed to clean the living room. She wasn't supposed to eat candy and gum. Frank and Jane were supposed to make dinner. They weren't supposed to make dessert.

Passive: BE SUPPOSED TO (past time) The composition was supposed to be typed  by me. The story in the book wasn't supposed to be copied. The living room was supposed to be cleaned by Janet. Candy and gum weren't supposed to be eaten by her. Dinner was supposed to be made by them. Dessert wasn't supposed to be made by them.

Active: MAY / MAY NOT That firm may have offered Katya a new job. The students may not have written the paper. MIGHT / MIGHT NOT That firm might have offered Katya a new job. The students might not have written the paper.

Passive: MAY / MAY NOT Katya may have been offered a new job by that firm. The paper may not have been written by the students. MIGHT / MIGHT NOT Katya might have been offered a new job by that firm. The paper might not have been written by the students.

Active and Passive Voice

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

Kalimat Aktif dan Kalimat Pasif

Kata kerja transitif mempunyai dua voice (ragam gramatikal), aktif dan pasif.

1) Bentuk aktif adalah orang, binatang, atau benda yang ditunjukkan oleh subjek dikatakan

melakukan sesuatu pada yang lain.

Contoh: Karim killed a tiger. Karim membunuh seekor harimau

2) Bentuk pasif adalah orang, binatang atau benda dikatakan menderita sesuatu dari sesuatu yang lain.

Contoh: A tiger was killed by Karim. Seekor harimau dibunuh oleh Karim

Bentuk pasif :

To Be + Past Participle

Aturan-aturan :

a) Kata kerja transitif tidak digunakan dalam bentuk pasif, kecuali kalau kata kerja itu menggunakan cognate object dalam bentuk aktif.

Aktif : She sang a fine song. Ia menyanyikan sebuah nyanyian yang merdu

Pasif : A fine song was sung by her. Sebuah nyanyian yang merdu dinyanyikan olehnya

b) Bilamana kalimat diubah dari bentuk aktif ke pasif, objek untuk kata kerja aktif menjadi subjek untuk kalimat kerja pasif.

objek untuk kata kerja aktif :

Aktif: Linda can make tarts. Linda dapat membuat kue tart

Subjek untuk kata kerja pasif :

Pasif: Tarts can be made by Linda

c) Retained object (objek yang tetap dipakai/dipertahankan dalam pasif)

Dua buah objek dalam kalimat aktif, ketika diubah menjadi kalimat pasif, masih tetap ada sebuah objek dipertahankan, objek ini dinamakan retained object. Objek ini mungkin objek tak langsung dari kata kerja aktif atau objek langsung dari kata kerja aktif.

Objek tak langsung dari kata kerja aktif

Kata Kerja aktif Kata kerja pasif

We gave him a prize A prize was given him by us

Objek langsung dari kata kerja aktif

Kata Kerja aktif Kata kerja pasif

We gave him a prize He was given a prize by us

Berikut contoh-contoh kalimat aktif yang dirubah menjadi kalimat pasif dalam bentuk tenses :

1) Simple present

Aktif

John bites Mary

John doesn’t bite Mary

Does John bite Mary?

What does John do?

Who bites Mary?

Who does John bite?

Pasif

Mary is bitten by John

Mary isn’t bitten by John

Is Mary bitten by John?

What is done by John?

Who is Mary bitten by?

Who is bitten by John?

2) Simple continuous

Aktif

John is biting Mary

John isn’t biting Mary

Is John biting Mary?

What is John doing?

Pasif

Mary is being bitten by John

Mary isn’t being bitten by John

Is Mary being bitten by John?

What is being done by John?

Who is biting Mary?

Who is John biting?

Who is Mary being bitten by?

Who is being bitten by John?

3) Present perfect

Aktif

John has bitten Mary

John hasn’t bitten Mary

Has John bitten Mary?

What has John done?

Who has bitten Mary?

Who has John bitten?

Pasif

Mary has been bitten by John

Mary hasn’t been bitten by John

Has Mary been bitten by John?

What has been done by John?

Who has Mary been bitten by?

Who has been bitten by John?

4) Present perfect continuous

Aktif

John has been biting Mary

John hasn’t been biting Mary

Has John been biting Mary?

What has John been doing?

Who has been biting Mary?

Who has John been biting?

Pasif

Mary has been being bitten by John

Mary hasn’t been being bitten by John

Has Mary been being bitten by John?

What has been being done by John?

Who has Mary been being bitten by?

Who has been being bitten by John?

5) Simple past

Aktif

John bit Mary

John didn’t bite Mary

Pasif

Mary was bitten by John

Mary wasn’t bitten by John

Did John bite Mary?

What did John do?

Who bit Mary?

Who did John bite?

Was Mary bitten by John?

What was done by John?

Who was Mary bitten by?

Who was bitten by John?

6) Past continuous

Aktif

John was biting Mary

John wasn’t biting Mary

Was John biting Mary?

What was John doing?

Who was biting Mary?

Who was John biting?

Pasif

Mary was being bitten by John

Mary wasn’t being bitten by John

Was Mary being bitten by John?

What was being done by John?

Who was Mary being bitten by?

Who was being bitten by John?

7) Past perfect

Aktif

John had bitten Mary

John hadn’t bitten Mary

Had John bitten Mary?

What had John done?

Who had bitten Mary?

Who had John bitten?

Pasif

Mary had been bitten by John

Mary hadn’t been bitten by John

Had Mary been bitten by John?

What had been done by John?

Who had Mary been bitten by?

Who had been bitten by John?

Past perfect continuous

Aktif Pasif

John had been biting Mary

John hadn’t been biting Mary

Had John been biting Mary?

What had John been doing?

Who had been biting Mary?

Who had John been biting?

Mary had been being bitten by John

Mary hadn’t been being bitten by John

Had Mary been being bitten by John?

What had been being done by John?

Who had Mary been being bitten by?

Who had been being bitten by John?

9) Future

Aktif

John will bite Mary

John won’t bite Mary

Will John bite Mary?

What will John do?

Who will bite Mary?

Who will John bite?

Pasif

Mary will be bitten by John

Mary won’t be bitten by John

Will Mary be bitten by John?

What will be done by John?

Who will Mary be bitten by?

Who will be bitten by John?

10) Future continuous

Aktif

John will be biting Mary

John won’t be biting Mary

Will John be biting Mary?

What will John be doing?

Who will be biting Mary?

Who will John be biting?

Pasif

Mary will be being bitten by John

Mary won’t be being bitten by John

Will Mary be being bitten by John?

What will be being done by John?

Who will Mary be being bitten by?

Who will be being bitten by John?

11) Future perfect

Aktif

John will have bitten Mary

John won’t have bitten Mary

Will John have bitten Mary?

What will John have done?

Who will have bitten Mary?

Who will John have bitten?

Pasif

Mary will have been bitten by John

Mary won’t have been bitten by John

Will Mary have been bitten by John?

What will have been done by John?

Who will Mary have been bitten by?

Who will have been bitten by John?

12) Future perfect continuous

Aktif

John will have been biting Mary

John won’t have been biting Mary

Will John have been biting Mary?

What will John have been doing?

Who will have been biting Mary?

Who will John have been biting?

Pasif

Mary will have been being bitten by John

Mary won’t have been being bitten by John

Will Mary have been being bitten by John?

What will have been being done by John?

Who will Mary have been being bitten by?

Who will have been being bitten by John?

Kata-kata kerja transitif kadang-kadang mempunyai arti pasif walaupun bentuk kalimatnya adalah aktif :

a) Dengan komplemen

Sugar tastes sweet (pasif: sugar is sweet when it is tasted). Gula manis rasanya (gula manis bila

dirasakan)

b) Tanpa komplemen

The books is printing (pasif: the book is being printed). Buku itu sedang dicetak

The cows are milking (pasif: the cows are being milked). Sapi-sapi itu sedang diperah

Kesimpulan :

TENSES ACTIVE PASSIVE

Simple Present

Present Continuous

Present Perfect

Past Tense

Past Continuous

Simple Future

Be going to

Past perfect

Future perfect

Mary

Mary

Mary

Mary

Mary

Mary

Mary Mary

Mary

Helps

is helping

has helped

helped

was helping

will help

is going to help

had helped

will have helped

John

John

John

John

John

John

John

John

John

John

John

John

John

John

John

John

John

John

is helped

is being helped

has been helped

was helped

was being helped

will be helped

is going to be helped

had been helped

will have been helped

by Mary

by Mary

by Mary

by Mary

by Mary

by Mary

by Mary

by Mary

by Mary