Mencari Model Pembangunan

7/23/2019 Mencari Model Pembangunan

1/56

^fpfr Lhzfg`h

Mfgjhre Mi`fc fmohgkvghg

Ohke mfrflh uhgk lfofohzhg mfrv~hlhg jeph

jeph uhgk mhzeb zhmhr-zhmhr hg ohkemfrflh

uhgk jvlv~ ofrvgpvgk mfmeceleguh#~frvohbhg

ofzhr ege mfgkbhèrlhg mhzhchb ohrv `hg

dvkh

~fcvhgk ohrv zfrph bhrh~hg ohrv

"Zif`dhpmili%

Mfgkh~h leph mfgkhjhvlhg ~fmohgkvghg `fgkhg ~frpvmovbhg fligime9 Pfgpv zhdh

irhgk hlhg zvlhr mfgkhphlhg ohb{h zepvhze uhgk ècvlezlhg icfb zf~frhgklhp ~riuflze-

~riuflze epv cfoeb èzvlhe `hre~h`h uhgk è~frcebhplhg icfb zf~frhgklhp chegguh# bhguhlhrfgh uhgk ~frphmh mfgjhlv~ ~fg`h~hphg ~fr lh~eph uhgk cfoeb pegkke' Ohkhemhgh~vg#

`hchm ~fgkfrpehg h~h Harelh Zfchphg cfoeb mhdv `hre~h`h Kbhgh# hphv Lv{hep `hre~h`h_f~vocel Fmerhp Hrho# hphv Hmfrelh Zfrelhp `hre~h`h Z{fèh9

Zhchb zhpv ~fgdfchzhg h`hchb ~fg`h~hp ghzeighc h`hchb zvhpv egèlhpir uhgk ~hcegk mv`hb`hg fghl è~frkvghlhg' ^hrh ~icepeze mfgfmvlhg zfovhb vlvrhg lim~rfbfgzea epv

ofrkvgh# lbvzvzguh uhgk ~hcegk zfèlep zhpv phbvg pfrchmohp' ^hrh fligim ècfgklh~e

`fgkhg zfovhb qhrehofc uhgk `h~hp èlvhgpeaelhze `hg kfrhlhg-kfrhlhg è `hchmguh `h~hpèhghcezez mfgdhè ~frvohbhg-~frvohbhg `hchm ivp~vp zflpirhc# ofzhrguh ahlpir hphv

lhpfkire-lhpfkire ~fgkfcvhrhg# mfmovhp ligzprvlze mi`fc mfgdhè mvgkleg'

Leph `h~hp# pfgpvguh# lfmohce ~h`h `hchm `vkhhg `hchm ~fgegklhphg ~fg`h~hphgghzeighc# oech jvlv~ jf~hp# jf~hp hphv chmohp mfgkhrhb ~h`h ~fmfjhbhg mhzhchb-

mhzhchb zizehc `hg ~icepel' Pfph~e ~fgkhchmhg ~h`h `flh`f pfrhlber ege mfmovhp

lf~frjhuhhg ege phm~hl hkhl gha' Lrezez zizehc `hg ~frkichlhg-~frkichlhg ~icepelmvgjvc è gfkhrh-gfkhrh `hchm zfpeh~ phbh~hg ~fmohgkvghg' Cfoeb `hre~h`h epv# leph

`h~hp mfcebhp ohb{h bhc ege mfgem~h gfkhrh-gfkhrh uhgk mfmecele ~fgegklhphg

~fg`h~hphg ~fr lh~eph uhgk jf~hp# dvkh gfkhrh-gfkhrh `fgkhg fligime uhgk mhg`fl'^h`h lfguhphgguh# pfrcebhp zfhlhg-hlhg ~frpvmovbhg fligime pe`hl bhguh oezh khkhc

mfmfjhblhg lfzvcephg-lfzvcephg zizehc `hg ~icepel< pe~f-pe~f pfrpfgpv ~frpvmovbhg `h~hp

mfgufoholhg lfzvcephg-lfzvcephg epv pfrdhè'

Zflhrhgk lfpelh lim~cflzephz mhzhchb-mhzhchb ~fmohgkvghg mfgdh e zfmhleg dfchz#

pfrvz ofrlfrhz bhguh mfgkkvghlhg zfovhb eg elhpir hkrfkhpea zhdh# {hchv~vg ovlpe

mfgvgdvllhg cheg# mfgvgdvllhg h`hguh lflfcervhg' Uhepv phm~hl zfohkhe zelh~ uhgkcfoeb zvlh mfgkbeg`hre mhzhchb-mhzhchb reec`hchm ~fmohgkvghg'

8[fo4 {{{'~fpfrlhzfg`h'{ir`~rfzz'jimFmhec4 mr'lhzfg`hNkmhec'jim


2/56

^fpfr Lhzfg`h

@faegeze ^fmohgkvghg

@hchm mfgèzlvzelhg phgphgkhg uhgk leph bh`h~e zflhrhgk# leph bhrvz mfcfguh~lhglhovp uhgk mfgkfcecegke lhph ~fmohgkvghg `hg mfgfgpvlhg zfjhrh cfoeb pf~hp# h~h

uhgk leph mhlzv` `fgkhg ~fmohgkvghg pfrzfovp' Bhguh `fgkhg `fmelehg leph `h~hp

mfgfmvlhg phrkfp-phrkfp hphv egèlhpir-egèlhpir uhgk ofrhrpe# zfbegkkh mfm~frohelelfoedhlzhghhg ghzeighc `hg egpfrghzeighc'

Pepel gecheguh h`hchb ohb{h leph pe`hl `h~hp mfgkbeg`hre h~h uhgk èrfmfblhg ~hrh ~izepeqez zfovphg ~frpemohgkhg geche' ^fmohgkvghg ~hzpe mfrv~hlhg zvhpv ligzf~

girmhpea# bhm~er mfrv~hlhg zvhpv zegigem `fgkhg ~fgegklhphg' ^hg`hgkhg zfohcelguh

dvzprv mfgufmovguelhg zvhpv ~frpemohgkhg geche zfzfirhgk'

Pfph~e `hre mhgh ~frpemohgkhg-~frpemohgkhg ege èhmoec9 Dh{hohg ligqfgzeighc# uhgk

icfb Pegkfrofg èpfremh vgpvl zezpfm ~frfgjhghg fligimeguh h`hchb `fgkhg mfmhlhe

geche-geche uhgk è~hlhe icfb ~fmfregphb' ^fmfregphb zv`hb zfmfzpeguh mfm~vguhe zvhpv

~hg`hgkhg uhgk hkhl ofrdhgklh ~fg`fl# `hchm ofofrh~h bhc uhgk zhgkhp zfregk zflhcepe`hl mfm~frbepvgklhg mhzh `f~hg' Cfoeb zfrevz chke# ofofrh~h ~fmfregphb epv zfgère

h`hchb bhmohphg vphmh ohke ~fmohgkvghg# mfgvrvp ofrohkhe `faegeze uhgk mhzvl hlhc#`hg oech bhc ege èhlve# è mhgh zfzfirhgk mfm~fricfb picil vlvr uhgk `fgkhgguh

zhzhrhg `hg pvdvhg ~fmfregphb ègeche9 Mfzle~vg mezhcguh ~fmfregphbhg pfrzfovp

mf{hlece zfjhrh mfmh`he' @hchm ofofrh~h zfke# zelh~-zelh~ lfrhluhphg# ~fmfregphb ege

fgìkfg "ofrh`h è `hchm% ohke ~rizfz ~fmohgkvghg `hg lhrfgh epv `h~hp mfmofrelhgzfovhb hchp vgpvl mfgeche ~fmohgkvghg pfrzfovp'

Zvhpv ~fg`flhphg cheg h`hchb mfgerv chgklhb-chgklhb ~fmohgkvghg gfkhrh-gfkhrh cheg#uhgk zfjhrh em~cezep ofrhrpe mfgfph~lhg ligèze-ligèze gfkhrh-gfkhrh pfrzfovp `f{hzh

ege zfohkhe pvdvhg' Egechb uhgk zf`hgk èchlvlhg ~hrh ~fmohgkvghg mi`fc lfpelh

mfgkhmoec lifaezefglifaezefg `hre zfovhb hghcezez zechgk egpfrghzeighc# hphv `hre avgkze-avgkze uhgk jijil `fgkhg ~fgkhchmhg zfovhb gfkhrh eg`vzpre' Ghmvg bhguh zfèlep# oech

mfmhgk h`h# gfkhrhgfkhrh lhuh uhgk ghm~hl ~h`h `vgeh cvhr zfohkhe mi`fc-mi`fc

uhgk èegkeglhg' Ofofrh~h hz~fl zf~frpe pegklhp ligzvmze mfrflh# phm~hlguh mfmovhpere# pfph~e bhc ege ofrbvovgkhg# mvgkleg pe`hl `h~hp è~ezhblhg# `fgkhg lfovrvlhg-

lfovrvlhg zf~frpe ~frmvlemhg lvmvb è liph-liph# pflhghg ~frelhghg# ~fgjfmhrhg `hg

lfpfkhgkhg lrigel' @e zhm~egk epv# zhmh zflhce pe`hl dfchz hphv ohblhg pe`hl mvgkleg

ohkehg zezh `vgeh cheggguh `h~hp mfgkelvpe dhchg zfdhrhb gfkhrh-gfkhrh eg`vzpre#mfzle~vg mfrflh mfgkegkeglhgguh'

Oech geche-geche pe`hl `h~hp èpfmvlhg `hchm ~icepel `hg zfdhrhb# h~hlhb ege ofrhrpe ohb{h

mhzegk-mhzegk leph èoehrlhg vgpvl mfgkhì~ze zf~frhgklhp geche leph zfgère9 Vgpvgkjhrh `fmelehg pe`hl ~frcv' Pfgpv zhdh geche-geche uhgk leph ovpvblhg pfrofgphgk è `f~hg

leph# zfkfrh zfpfchb leph ofrphguh ~h`h ère leph# zuhrhp-zuhrhp h~h uhgk è~frcvlhg ohke

zvhpv pvdvhg uhgk oezh èpfremh zfjhrh vgeqfrzhc# uhepv rfhcezhze ~ipfgze lf~reohèhgmhgvzeh'

Oech leph ofrphguh h~h lfovpvbhg uhgk hozicvp vgpvl ege# zhpv dh{hohg uhgk dfchz h`hchb

jvlv~guh mhlhghg' @e oh{hb pegklhp pfrpfgpv gvpreze "kete%# zfirhgk mhgvzeh lflvrhgkhg

?[fo4 {{{'~fpfrlhzfg`h'{ir`~rfzz'jimFmhec4 mr'lhzfg`hNkmhec'jim


3/56

^fpfr Lhzfg`h

pe`hl bhguh fgfrke uhgk è~frcvlhg oh`hg `hg lfzfbhphg uhgk ohel# pfph~e dvkh megemhc

~h`h bhc-bhc chegguh è zhm~egk mhlhghg' @eh pe`hl `h~hp mfgegklhplhg flzezpfgzeguh

zfjhrh ofrhrpe è hphz flzezpfgze zfflir oeghphgk' Oech zfzfirhgk mfm~vguhe lfrhkvhg ~h`h lfvphmhhg mhlhghg# mfrflh zfohelguh ofrjfrmeg ~h`h em~celhze-em~celhze

~fgfcepehg ohrv-ohrv ege# uhgk mfm~frcebhplhg ohb{h oech hghl-hghl pe`hl mfm~fricfb

kete uhgk jvlv~# hleohpguh uhgk mfgufoholhg lfrvzhlhg ~frmhgfg pe`hl bhguh ~h`hpvovb# pfph~e dvkh ~h`h iphl'

Zfdhl ohbhg-ohbhg mhlhghg mfm~vguhe bhrkh# è gfkhrh mhgh ~vg# lrepfreh epv `h~hpèguhphlhg `hchm ofgpvl pegklhp-pegklhp ~fg`h~hphg' Bhc ege mfmvgkleglhg gfkhrh epv

dvkh mfm~frbepvgklhg ofofrh~h ~frzuhrhphg megemvm chegguh' Mhzuhrhlhp pe`hl ~frghb

mfgkfcvhrlhg zfcvrvb vhgkguh "hphv fgfrkeguh% vgpvl mhlhghg# ohkhemhgh~vg

mezlegguh mfrflh Vgpvl mfgjvlv~e mhlhghg zfzfirhgk# ~fg`h~hphgguh bhrvz dvkhmfcfoebe lfovpvbhg `hzhr ~hlhehg# zf~hpv# `hg ~frvmhbhg'

Pfph~e zhuh pe`hl ofroejhrh pfgphgk lfovpvbhg ligzvmze `hchm hrpe vmvm< zhuh ofroejhrh

pfgphgk lfmhm~vhg vgpvl mfmofce lfovpvbhg aezel'

H`h uhgk mfg`vlvgk zvhpv ligzf~ lfmezleghg rfchpea# uhgk mfguhphlhg ohb{h ~h`hmhzuhrhlhp mhgh ~vg# irhgk èlhphlhg mezleg oech mfrflh pe`hl `h~hp ofr~hrpeze~hze

`hchm lfkehphg-lfkehphg pfroehzh `hchm mhzuhrhlhp pfrzfovp' Lfkehphg-lfkehphg `hg

lfoehzhhg-lfoezhhg epv bhrvz èvrhelhg zfjhrh fm~erez' Zfcheg mhlhghg `hg lfoehzhhg

~hlhehg# ligèze epv pfrmhzvl# mezhcguh è Egkkrez# zf~frpe ~fzph vchgk phbvg vgpvl hghl-hghl# ceovrhg mvzem zfme# dhchg-dhchg è zfgdh bhre' Ligzf~ lfmezleghg zfohkhe

lfpfrhm~hzhg zizehc ege mfgkhg`vgk hrpe ohb{h zphg`hr lfmezleghg hlhg mfgegklhp

`fgkhg lfzhmhhg `fgkhg mfmohelguh ligèze lfbe`v~hg# `hg ohb{h pfgpv zhdhlfmezleghg pe`hl hlhg ~frghb cfguh~# lfjvhce ohrhgklhce mfchcve èzpreovze ~fg`h~hphg

zfjhrh zhgkhp mfrhph' Pfph~e mfmecele zfzfirhgk hghl uhgk lflvrhgkhg kete uhgk

èphlèrlhg vgpvl mfg`freph zfjhrh aezel `hg mfgphc zfchmh be`v~guh hphv pe`hl mhm~vmfmoehuhe prhgavze `hrhb vgpvl mfgufchmhplhg lfbe`v~hg zfirhgk ezpre h`hchb pfgpv zhdh

zfovhb lfmezleghg uhgk ofrof`h `fgkhg lfpe`hlmhm~vhg vgpvl mfmofcelhg lvf-lvf

vgpvl zfovhb ~fzph hghl-hghl hphv mfmoh{h ezpre mfgigpig aecm'

H~h uhgk zhuh pfkhzlhg ohb{h è oh{hb pegklhphg uhgk zfzfirhgk mhgvzeh `hchm hrpe

pfrpfgpv mhm~v mfgufèhlhg jvlv~ mhlhghg vgpvl lfcvhrkhguh# ohphz lfmhgahphhg

~fg`h~hp h`hchb dhvb cfoeb ofzhr `hre~h`h ohphz lfmhgahhphg ~fg`h~hphg uhgk ofrh`h èhphz pegklhp pfrzfovp' Pfgpv zhdh bhc ege mfrv~hlhg ofgpvl ~hg`hgkhg lvgi `hg bhc ege

mfmvgjvclhg ofofrh~h mhzhchb ligzf~ zfrph vlvrhg uhgk hlhg zhuh ohbhz chke ghgpe'

Pfph~e è mhgh zhdh pfr`h~hp lfmezleghg zfrevz# zvhpv ~fg`flhphg uhgk girmhpea pfrbh`h~~fmohgkvghg# uhgk pfchb zhuh pflhglhg zfohkhe zfzvhpv uhgk pe`hl `h~hp èbeg`hre#

mfgkezuhrhplhg h`hguh avgkze lfmhgahhphg ofgpvl vmvm ege'

Zvhpv lfovpvbhg `hzhr cheg# `hchm ~fgkfrpehg zfzvhpv uhgk phg~h epv lf~reohèhg pe`hl

`h~hp ofrlfmohgk h`hchb ~flfrdhhg' Ege pe`hl bhrvz ofrhrpe zvhpv ~flfrdhhg uhgk

mfm~fricfb ohuhrhg oezh pfrmhzvl ofchdhr# oflfrdh ~h`h mhzh phghb ~frphgehg lfcvhrkh#

hphv mfrh{hp rvmhb' Pfph~e pe`hl mfchlvlhg zhpv~vg `hre ~frhghg uhgk èpfremh ege#

:[fo4 {{{'~fpfrlhzfg`h'{ir`~rfzz'jimFmhec4 mr'lhzfg`hNkmhec'jim


4/56

^fpfr Lhzfg`h

zfohkhe mezhc# pfrkhgpvgk zfjhrh lrigez ~h`h lfmhm~vhg ~ri`vlze irhgk cheg# ohblhg

vgpvl mhlhghg# h`hchb pe`hl jijil `fgkhg bhrkh ère zfzfirhgk `f{hzh uhgk pe`hl ~elvg#

pfrvphmh zfzfirhgk uhgk cfoeb mfgkbhoezlhg {hlpv ofrphbvg-phbvg è zflichb# mvgklegdvkh è vgeqfrzephz# mfm~frzeh~lhg ère vgpvl be`v~ hlpea zfjhrh fligimez'

H`hchb ofghr ohb{h lfmezleghg `hg ~fgkhgkkvrhg h`hchb ofrbvovgkhg `hchm ofrohkhebhc `fgkhg ~fg`h~hphg' Pfph~e ohblhg zvhpv ~fgegklhphg jf~hp `hchm ~fg`h~hphg ~fr

lh~eph zhdh dhvb `hre jvlv~ zfohkhe pfrcebhp `hchm ~fgkhchmhg ofrohkhe ~frfligimehg#

kvgh mfgkvrhgke lfmezleghg hphv ~fgkhgkkvrhg' @hchm lfguhphhgguh# ofofrh~h ~rizfzpfrpfgpv ~frpvmovbhg `h~hp zfjhrh mv`hb èelvpe icfb# `hchm hrpe pfrpfgpv mhchbhg

mfgufoholhg# ofrphmohbguh ~fgkhgkkvrhg'

Bvovgkhg chgkzvgk hgphrh ~fg`h~hphg ~fr lh~eph `hg dvmchb irhgk uhgk ofrh`h `hchmlfmezleghg h`hchb èzpreovze ~fg`h~hphg' Zvhpv lfofghrhg uhgk pe`hl `h~hp èohgphb

ohb{h lfmezleghg hlhg cfguh~ dhvb cfoeb jf~hp oech zfpeh~ pegklhp ~frpvmovbhg fligime

èelvpe `fgkhg vzhbh ~fgvrvghg ligzfgprhze ~fg`h~hphg' ^fmfrhphhg bhrvz#

ohkhemhgh~vg# mfgvrvp bfmhp zhuh# èhgkkh~ zfohkhe zvhpv pvdvhg epv zfgère# uhepvvgzvr lfpekh `hchm ~fmohgkvghg' Lfpem~hgkhg uhgk h`h zflhrhgk# pfrvphmh è @vgeh

Lfpekh `fgkhg lfmezleghg rhluhpguh# ofrpfgphgkhg `fgkhg zphg`hr fpez `hg rfceke h~h~vg' Bhmohphg-bhmohphg `hg bhchgkhg-bhchgkhg zizehc `hchm mhzuhrhlhp uhgk pem~hgk

mfrvzhl lf~reohèhg mfrflh uhgk ofr~fg`h~hphg pegkke# zf~frpe dvkh ~h`h mfrflh uhgk

mezleg' ^frof`hhg-~frof`hhg zf~fcf `hchm hlzfg# ohbhzh# ~hlhehg# lfoehzhhg# `hg

chegguh' Mfm~fricfb zvhpv hrpe ~fgpegk uhgk pe hl mhzvl hlhc `hg ~fgkbeghhgèpem~hlhg ~h`h mfrflh uhgk lvrhgk mfmecele zhgpvg zizehc# pfrvphmh ~fg`v`vl

~f`fzhhg' Lhrfgh rhz oezhguh ofrlirfchze zhgkhp pegkke `fgkhg ~fg`h~hphg# lfpem~hgkhg

fligime mfrv~hlhg zfoho vphmh lfpfkhgkhg-lfpfkhgkhg rhzehc' Cfoeb zfrevz chke#lfpem~hgkhg ~fg`h~hphg ofrbvovgkhg `fgkhg lfpem~hgkhg cheg# pfrvphmh è oe`hgk

~fgèèlhg `hg lflvhzhhg ~icepel uhgk mfm~frlvhp lfpem~hgkhg epv'

^frphguhhg uhgk chuhl èchlvlhg pfgphgk ~fmohgkvghg zvhpv gfkhrh `fgkhg `fmelehg

h`hchb h~h uhgk pfrdhè ~h`h lfmezleghg9 H~h uhgk pfrdhè ~h`h ~fgkhgkkvrhg9 H~h

uhgk pfrdhè ~h`h lfpem~hgkhg9 Oech lfpekhguh ege pfchb mfgdhè ofrlvrhgk zflhce# mhlhpe`hl `h~hp èohgphb ohb{h gfkhrh pfrzfovp pfchb mfgkhchme ~frei`f ~fmohgkvghg' Oech

zhpv hphv `vh `hre mhzhchb vphmh ege mfgdhè cfoeb ovrvl# h`hchb hgfb delh èzfovp

zfohkhe bhzec ~fmohgkvghg# mfzle~vg ~fg`h~hphg ~fr lh~eph pfchb mfmovmovgk pegkke'

Bhc ege# pfgpv zhdh ofrchlv dvkh ohke mhzh `f~hg' Zvhpv rfgjhgh uhgk pe`hl mfgjhlv~phrkfp vgpvl mfgkvrhgke lfmezleghg# ~fgkhgkkvrhg# `hg lfpem~hgkhg zhgkhp zvcep vgpvl

èhgkkh~ zfohkhe zvhpv ~frfgjhghhg ~fmohgkvghg'

Pfgpv zhdh# ~fmfgvbhg ~ipfgze mhgvzeh uhgk zfofghrguh mfgvgpvp ohguhl bhc uhgk pe`hl

`h~hp èregje `hchm lfrhgklh-lfrhgklh ege' Zhuh pe hl `h~hp mfgdfchzlhg zfmvh

~frphguhhg chegguh# pfph~e vrhehg ege hlhg zhgkhp pe`hl zfemohgk oech zhuh zhmh zflhcepe`hl mfgufovp zfmvh bhc epv' Bhc-bhc ege pfrmhzvl pegklhp-pegklhp ~fgèèlhg uhgk

jvlv~ "pfrvphmh pegklhp mfcfl bvrva%# ~hrpeze~hze `hchm ~fmfregphbhg mfgdhè {hrkh

zvhpv ohgkzh uhgk ofpvc-ofpvc mfr`flh# ohel zfjhrh fligime mhv~vg `hchm hrpe ohb{h



5/56

^fpfr Lhzfg`h

~hg`hgkhg-~h`hgkhg `hre ~fmfregphbhg chegguh pe`hl ohguhl mfgfgpvlhg lf~vpvzhg-

lf~vpvzhg ~fmfregphbhg zfgère'

Zfchke lflvrhgkhg mhlhghg# ~fgkhgkkvrhg# `hg lfpem~hgkhg ofrlvrhgk# mhlh pvdvhg-

pvdvhg ~fgè elhg `hg ~icepel mfgdhè zhzhrhgzhzhrhg uhgk mhleg ~fgpegk `hre

~fmohgkvghg' Hlberguh# ohblhg lfofohzhg `hre vg`hgk-vg`hgk zflzvhc uhgk rf~rfzea#`hre lfoezegkhg `hg ~icvze# mfgdh e pvdvhg-pvdvhg vphmh' Pfph~e ege pe`hl

mfgkfzhm~egklhg ~reirephz-~reirephz `hzhr fligime# ~hcegk zfèlep ovhp gfkhrh-gfkhrh

uhgk ofghr-ofghr mezleg# `fgkhg dvmchb ofzhr hghl-hghl uhgk lflvrhgkhg mhlhghg'Zvhpv ~fmfregphbhg zhgkhp zvlhr vgpvl mfgklchem ohb{h gfkhrh zf`hgk mfmohgkvg

bhguh lhrfgh zezpfm ~fgèèlhgguh zf`hgk è~frcvhz hphv phphghg ~icepelguh zf`hgk

èohgkvg# hphv ohphzhg èpfph~lhg vgpvl lfoezegkhg mfzeg# oech lfch~hrhg# ~fgkhgkkvrhg

`hg lfpem~hgkhg mhzeb jvlv~ ofzhr `hg ofrphmohb# hphv mfzle~vg mhzhchb-mhzhchb epvpe`hl ofrlvrhgk' Ohblhg irhgk hlhg mfguhgkzelhg lfchuhlhg phphghg ~icepel `hchm

lfh`hhg ege# oech leph pe`hl mfgkhgkkh~ ~frguhphhg ohb{h uhgk vphmh "~remh ahjef%

mfg`hbvcvlhg mhzhchb-mhzhchb ~fgèèlhg# ~icepel# `hg ~icvze zfohkhe dh{hohg uhgk

hkhl mfgjvrekhlhg# zfohcelguh ~ich-~ich ~icepel pfrpfgpv mvgkleg pe`hl jijil `fgkhg~fmohgkvghg'

Zfofcvm mfgegkkhclhg ezv ege# zhuh bhrvz mfgfkhzlhg ohb{h ~fg`h~hphg ghzeighc

ovlhgguh zhmh zflhce lvrhgk ofrhrpe# bhguh lhrfgh eh mfm~vguhe zvhpv egèlhpir uhgk

pe`hl jijil ohke ~fmohgkvghg' Eh mfm~vguhe ofofrh~h hrpe ~fgpegk zfohkhe zvhpv

vlvrhg ~ipfgze ~fmohgkvghg' Lhphlhgchb `vh ovhb gfkhrh mfmvche zvhpv `hzh{hrzh`fgkhg ~fg`h~hphg ~fr lh~eph zhmh# `hg uhgk zhpv ofrlfmohgk cfoeb jf~hp `hre uhgk cheg

zfpfchb zf~vcvb phbvg# pfph~e ~fgegklhphg ~fg`h~hphg ohke uhgk pfrzfovp ~frphmh

zfmvhguh chre lf~h`h uhgk lhuh `hg lhrfgh ~frpvmovbhg pfrdhè mfchcve pflgel-pflgeluhgk zhgkhp ~h`hp mi`hc# mhlh pegklhp ~fgkhgkkvrhg pfph~ pe`hl ofrvohb' Zfmfgphrh epv#

~frpvmovbhg gfkhrh uhgk zhpvguh chke ofrdhchg chmohp# pfph~e pfchb mfgkbhzeclhg

~fgkhgkkvrhg uhgk cfoeb rfg`hb `hg `fgkhg `fmelehg mfgkvgpvgklhg lfchz uhgkpfrmezleg' @fgkhg `fmelehg# mfzle~vg gfkhrh `fgkhg ~frpvmovbhg uhgk cfoeb jf~hp#

mfgvrvp lrepfreh zhuh# mfmohgkvg cfoeb zfèlep# `hchm lfguhphhgguh pe`hl ofrlfmohgk

zhmh zflhceeh pfchb mfgjh~he ~ipfgze uhgk cfoeb ofzhr vgpvl ~fmohgkvghg ghgpeguh'

^frphmh-phmh# zezpfm aezlhc `h~hp mfgìrigk ~fmohgkvghg cfoeb jf~hp oech zfmhleg

ofzhr ~fg`h~hphg uhgk pfrzfèh vgpvl èpfrvzlhg lf~h`h uhgk mezleg' Cfoeb `hre epv#

zvhpv ~frpvmovbhg jf~hp mfgkhg`vgk zvhpv lfmhm~vhg mfghmovgk uhgk cfoeb ofzhr#uhgk `fgkhg mv`hb `h~hp ofrhrpe ~fmohgkvghg zfzvgkkvbguh è mhzh `hphgk' Ohblhg

gfkhrh uhgk ofrlfmohgk jf~hp mvgkleg zv`hb mfm~vguhe pegklhp egqfzphze ~fr lh~eph

uhgk cfoeb pegkke# oech egqfzphze ege è~frvgpvlhg ~riufl-~riufl ~frphgehg uhgk hlhgmfgegklhplhg ~ri`vlze ~hgkhg `hg mfgufèhlhg cfoeb ohguhl lfzfm~hphg lfrdh vgpvl

~flfrdh ~f`fzhhg# hphv è~frvgpvllhg zflichb-zflichb ~f`fzhhg# mhlh ~fmohgkvghg

zfdhpe pfchb pfrohuhgk vgpvl mhzh `f~hg'

@hchm pepel ~hg`hgkhg dhgklh ~hgdhgk# ~frpvmovbhg fligime ohke zfovhb zfovhb gfkhrh

mezleg mfrv~hlhg zvhpv zuhrhp uhgk ~fgpegk vgpvl mfgkvrhgke lfmezleghg' Pfph~e zuhrhp

ege zhdh ofcvm jvlv~' Mfchgjhrlhg ~ipfgze ~fmohgkvghg hkhr `h~hp mfgjh~he pegklhp



6/56

^fpfr Lhzfg`h

~frpvmovbhg fligime uhgk pegkke pfrkhgpvgk ~h`h lfoedhlzhghhg' Zfovhb gfkhrh uhgk

~frpvmovbhg fligimeguh chmohp hphv lfjec mvgkleg zf`hgk zeovl `fgkhg ~fmofgpvlhg

lfmohce cfmohkh-cfmohkh ~icepel zfbegkkh# lfpelh ~frpvmovbhg `hphgk# ege hlhg ofrhrpe~fmohgkvghg# gfkhrh zf~frpe epv `h~hp ofrlfmohgk cfoeb jf~hp `hchm dhgklh ~hgdhgk

`hre~h`h gfkhrh uhgk zflhrhgk mfgelmhpe ~frpvmovbhg jf~hp# pfph~e `fgkhg lflvhzhhg

~icepel uhgk zf~fgvbguh pfph~ ofrh`h ~h`h phgkhg-phgkhg megirephz irhgk lhuh' H`hchbzhgkhp mfghrel# mfmohgègklhg zfohkhe jigpib# h~h uhgk pfrdhè è Lvoh `fgkhg Orhtec

`hchm ohkehg hlber hoh` ege' "Zffrz# 85554 8>288:%

Mhgvzeh `hchm ^fmohgkvghg

^frlfmohgkhg zfchcv pfrlhep ~h`h `hg ofrbvovgkhg `fgkhg mhgvzeh' ^fgegklhphglfmhlmvrhg `h~hp èhrpelhg zfohkhe pfrzf ehguh ~frcfgklh~hg `hg ~frhchphg uhgk

èovpvblhg vgpvl mfm~frohele lfbe`v~hg mhzuhrhlhp# h`hguh mfzeg-mfzeg ~horel# zfrph

zhrhgh limvgelhze uhgk mfmovhp be`v~ mfrflh cfoeb ~ri`vlpea `hg ohel' Ghmvg `hchm

ligpflz lfzfcvrvbhg# epv zfmvh ofrzeahp egpfrmfèfr# hrpeguh bhguh ofrgeche zf~hgdhgkmfrv~hlhg avgkze ohke mhgvzeh' ^fmohgkvghg zfchcv mfgvgdvlhg ~h`h mhgvzeh< eh

h`hchb zvodfl ~fmohgkvghg' Bhc epv ofrhrpe ohb{h è zhpv ~ebhl mhgvzeh h`hchb~fchlzhgh# è cheg ~ebhl eh h`hchb pvdvhg ~fmohgkvghg' Zvhpv ~fmohgkvghg hlberguh

pe`hl hlhg ofrbhzec lhchv pe`hl mfm~frbhpelhg ~hrh mhgvzeh ~fchlvguh' Zfoho ~h`h

mfrflhchb ~fmohgkvghg ofghr-ofghr mfm~vguhe hlhr uhgk lvhp' ^ri`vlze bhguh `h~hp

èbhzeclhg `hg `h~hp èofrelhg zfjhrh ligpegv# zf~hgdhgk mhgvzeh zhgkkv~mfchlzhghlhgguh' Zfoho epv# ~fmohgkvghg zfjhrh zprvlpvrhc mfchlzhghlhgguh'

^fmohgkvghg zfjhrh zprvlpvrhc ofrhrpe mfmohgkvg mhgvzeh ~fmohgkvghg'

Zfohkhe ~fchlzhgh# mhgvzeh bhrvz èzfzvhelhg `fgkhg ~frfgjhghhg ~fmohgkvghg' Ege

ofrhrpe# bhrvz h`h zeglrigezhze `hchm ~fgufèhhg pfghkh lfrdh `hg pfghkh hbce ofr`hzhrlhg

~frbepvgkhg lf`v`vlhg< èh`hlhg ~fgufzvhehg ~fgè elhg lfdvrvhg zfrph cilhzeguhzfjhrh faezefg `hg i~pemhc' @fgkhg `fmelehg# pfrcebhpchb zfrph ècfphllhg `hchm ~fph

~fmohgkvghg' @e zegechb pfrcebhp hz~fl `fpfrmeghze uhgk mhv phl mhv bhrvz èpfremh

zfohkhe limepmfg' Ghmvg zvhpv lfpfrlhephg uhgk pe`hl oflv' Mhgvzeh ovlhgchb mfzeguhgk ofrdhchg zfjhrh mflhgezpez# mfcheglhg ~reohè uhgk oflfrdh ofr`hzhr irefgphze `hg

mipeqhze' Iregfphze mfmofrelhg ~fgkfrpehg kciohc pfgphgk mhzhchb uhgk zf`hgk èbh`h~e'

@fgkhg irefgphze# irhgk `h~hp mfmof`hlhg uhgk mhgh hchp# zhrhgh# `hg pvdvhg

~fmohgkvghg# zfchgdvpguh mfmovhp ~frfgjhghhg ~fmohgkvghg zfrph mfchlzhghlhgguh'Zfoho epv# vgpvl lf~frcvhg-lf~frcvhg pfrzfovp# bhrvz èvzhbhlhg hkhr ~hrh ~fchlzhgh

ofghr-ofghr mfm~vguhe lfmhm~vhg ecmehb vgpvl mfgdhchg pvkhz mfrflh `fgkhg ohel

`hg pf~hp' Zfoho mfrflh ovlhgchb zflf`hr mhgvzeh-mhgvzeh jigzvmfrz# pfph~e pfrvphmh ~ri`vzfg uhgk bhrvz mfmofrelhg ~fmelerhg-~fmelerhg ecmehb zfrph ligzf~-ligzf~

~fmohbhrvhg mfrflh vgpvl lf~fgpegkhg ~fmohgkvghg' Mfmofgpvl `hg mfgè el

~fchlzhgh-~fchlzhgh mfgdhè mhgvzeh ~fmohgkvghg uhgk jhlh~ h`hchb zvhpv mi`hcofzhr# bvmhg egqfzpmfgpuhgk `h~hp mfgdhmeg lfzeghmovgkhg ~fmohgkvghg vgpvl mhzh

`f~hg' Lfjvhce epv# `hchm ~fmohgkvghg# irhgk bhrvz rfhcezpez vgpvl mfguvzvg zvhpv

~frfgjhghhg# `hg vgpvl epv irhgk bhrvz rfhcezpez ~vch mfcebhp `hchm ~riocfmhpelh uhgk

h`h' H`hchb zuhrhp mvpchl ohke mhzuhrhlhp uhgk egkeg mfmohgkvg vgpvl ofrhge mfcebhp



7/56

^fpfr Lhzfg`h

`hg mfgfremh lfguhphhg zf~frpe h~h h`hguh# oehr ~hbep zflhce ~vg' Mfgvpv~e hphv

mfguhgklhc lfguhphhg zfohkhe mhzhchb ofrhrpe mfgkbhmohp ~rizfz ~fmohgkvghg epv

zfgère' @fmelehg ~vch# ~fchlzhgh bhguh hlhg mfchlzhghlhg ~fmohgkvghg# h~hoech ehmfcebhp geche-geche uhgk èdhèlhg mipea ~frovhphgguh' Zfoho mipeqhzechb uhgk `h~hp

mfmofrelhg zfmhgkhp `hg hrpe ~h`h zvhpv ~frovhphg' Icfb lhrfgh epvchb# ~frcvchb èpfcepe

mhghlhb geche-geche uhgk bhrvz èbe`v~lhg zfrph èkhchllhg `hchm mhzuhrhlhp vgpvlèdhèlhg mipeqhze ~fmohgkvghg' Lhchv hchp bhguh mfgdhè zhrhgh# mi`hc hzegk pe`hl

cheg bhguh ~fcfgklh~# mhghlhb geche-geche ~fmohgkvghg uhgk èpvdv zfrph ècfgklh~e epv9

Lflvrhgkhg ~hrpeze~hze `hchm ch~ezhg mhzuhrhlhp pe`hl bhguh èzfoholhg lhrfgh pe`hlh`hguh irefgphze# pfph~e pfrvphmh lhrfgh mfrflh mfrhzh pe`hl èìrigk vgpvl èhdhl

mfmohgkvg' Zelh~ mhzh oiìb pfrbh`h~ ~fmohgkevghg oezh pemovc `hchm mhzuhrhlhp#

lhrfgh mfrflh dvzprv mfcebhp mipeqhze-mipeqhze uhgk mfguem~hgk `hchm egpe

~fmohgkvghg' Bhc ege oezh pfrdhè lhrfgh mipeqhze egèqe`vhc pe`hl èegpfkrhzelhg `hchmzezpfm lfmhzuhrhlhphg uhgk h`h'

Dh e# zv~huh ~fmohgkvghg `h~hp ofrbhzec# bhrvz èofrelhg ~frbhpehg lbvzvz ~h`h

~fchlzhgh-~fchlzhghguh zfohkhe bvmhg egqfzpfmfgp' Mfm~frbhpelhg ~fchlzhgh-~fchlzhgh ~fmohgkvghg ofrhrpe mfmofrelhg irefgphze `hg mfgkbe`v~lhg mipeqhze uhgk

pf~hp `hg ofghr vgpvl ~fmohgkvghg' Irefgphze `hg mipeqhze mfgdhmeg ofrchgkzvgkguh~fmohgkvghg' [hchv~vg ~fchlzhghgguh mfce~vpe ofofrh~h kfgfrhze hceb ofrkhgpe# ghmvg

mipeqhze pfph~ mfmofrelhg zfmhgkhp# ìrigkhg# zfrph `huh ~fmohrvhgguh' Lfpflvghg

vgpvl mfmohgkvg bhguh èmecele h~hoech ~fchlzhghgguh ofghr-ofghr zh`hr hlhg hrpe

zfrph mhgahhp ~fmohgkvghg# `hg ofr`hzhrlhg lfzh`hrhg epv mfgfgpvlhg zelh~ uhgk~izepea pfrbh`h~guh' Dhè# ~fmohgkvghg zfjhrh chgkzvgk ofrhrpe dvkh mfmvm~vl `hg

mfmoegh mfgphcephz `hg zelh~ ohgkzh lf hrhb ~fmohgkvghg'

Mhgvzeh ovlhg bhguh ~fchlzhgh# mfcheglhg pfrvphmh pvdvhg ~fmohgkvghg' Dvzprv è

zegechb cfphl ~frof`hhg irefgphze leph `fgkhg ~hg`hgkhg limvgez uhgk piphcepfr' Mhgvzeh

ovlhg zflf`hr zfdvmchb rfchze zizehc# `hg lhrfgh epv pe`hl `h~hp ègeche zfmhph-mhphzfohkhe ahlpir `hchm mhzuhrhlhp' Mhgvzeh be`v~ `hchm bezpirephz# ghmvg epv pe`hl ofrhrpe

ohb{h flzezpfgzeguh èpfgpvlhg `hg pfrkhgpvgk zhmh zflhce ~h`h zfdhrhb' Mhgvzeh h`hchb

~reohè' Icfb lhrfgh epv# eh mfrv~hlhg ~hgkkechg# Hvakhof# uhgk bhrvz mfmohgkvgvgpvl mfgfgpvlhg zfdhrhb' Icfb lhrfgh epv# ~fmohgkvghg zfohkhe vzhbh vgpvl

mfgegklhplhg phrha be`v~ mhzuhrhlhp bhrvz mfmovlh dhchg ohke mhzegk-mhzegk

{hrkhguh `hg mfmohgpvguh vgpvl `h~hp ofrlfmohgk zfohkhe mhgvzeh zfzvhe `fgkhg

ohlhp uhgk èmecele `hg ofr`hzhrlhg lf~vpvzhg uhgk èhmoecguh zfjhrh ofohz' Mhgvzehpe`hl bhguh bhrvz ofrlfmohgk mfgdhè zfirhgk uhgk prhm~ec# mfgdhè zfirhgk ìlpfr#

fligim `hg vzhbh{hg# mfcheglhg mfgdhè zfzfirhgk# uhepv mhgvzeh uhgk `f{hzh' Zfpeh~

~riafze pe`hl cheg h`hchb ofgpvl rfhcezhze lfmhgvzehg `hg icfb lhrfgh epv pe`hl oicfbècf~hzlhg `hre lfmhgvzehg zfohkhe `hzhrguh' Mhgvzeh èzfovp dvkh zfohkhe tiig

~icepejig# eh h`hchb bimi fjigimejvz# `hg zfregk èzfovp dvkh zfohkhe bimi ahofr#

ghmvg epv zfmvhguh h`hchb ~fr{vdv`hg mhgvzeh zfohkhe mhgvzeh' Lf{hdeohg `hchmrhgklh lfmhgvzehg# uhepv mfgdhè zfirhgk ~reohè uhgk ~hre~vrgh# èzfovp lf{hdeohg

fpez' Geche fpez mfgvgdvllhg mhrphohp mhgvzeh xvh phcez' Zfoho epv# geche fpez hphv mirhc

pe`hl oicfb è~frzfm~ep `hchm zflz# uhepv `hchm cegklvgkhg gekbp jcvo hphv `vgeh

~fraecmhg zhdh# pfph~e mfgjhlv~ zfmvh `hg zfpeh~ ~frovhphg mhgvzeh# ohel zfjhrh

;[fo4 {{{'~fpfrlhzfg`h'{ir`~rfzz'jimFmhec4 mr'lhzfg`hNkmhec'jim


8/56

^fpfr Lhzfg`h

egèqe`vhc mhv~vg zizehc ~h`h vmvmguh' Fpelh ovlhgchb fpelfp# lhrfgh pe`hl zflh`hr

mfrv~hlhg phph lhrmh uhgk mfguhgklvp ~frovhphg-~frovhphg chberehb zfmhph# mfcheglhg

mfgvrvp lfzfchrhzhg hgphrh ~frovhphg chberehb `fgkhg be v~ ohpegguh' Fpelhmfgvgdvllhg geche-geche lfmhgvzehg epv zfgère' Zfoho epv# dfchzchb ohb{h `fgkhg

`fmelehg zvhrh bhpe# jigzjefgjf# zfohkhe h~celhze girmh-girmh fpez `hg vgklh~hg

lf~reohèhg zfzfirhgk `hchm lfbe`v~hg zfbhre-bhre# mfm~vguhe hrpe uhgk ~fgpegk `hgbhrvz èlfmohgklhg ohel `hchm lfbe`v~hg ~reohè-egèqe`vhc mhv~vg `hchm lfbe`v~hg

mhzuhrhlhp mfchcve ~fgèèlhg uhgk zfbhp'

Mhlh# ècebhp `hre zfke fpez `hg ~regze~ lfmhgvzehg ~frcv è~frbhpelhg `hg èbe`v~lhg

lfzh`hrhg hlhg lfhèchg zizehc# phgkkvgk dh{ho# `hg lfofohzhg'

Lfhèchg zizehc pe`hl bhguh èhrpelhg zfohkhe ~fgkhlvhg bhl hzhze `hre mhzegk-mhzegk{hrkh gfkhrh vgpvl ofrlfmohgk `hg mfgkkvghlhg zhrhgh-zhrhgh uhgk è~frcvlhg# pfph~e

bhrvz dvkh faflpea# uhepv èofreguh lfzfm~hphg reecvgpvl mfmohgkvg `hg elvp mfgelmhpe

bhzec ~fmohgkvghg epv' Ege ofrhrpe ohb{h lfzfm~hphg lfrdh ohke ~hrh {hrkh mhzuhrhlhp

zfgère `hg ~fmfrhphhg ~fg`h~hphg h`hchb pvdvhg vphmh `hg avg`hmfgphc `hchm ~fmohgkvghg' Zfoho# epv h`hchb mfch{hg lfh echg zizehc# h~hoech ~fgkhpvrhg `hg

~fchlzhghhg ~fghghmhg mi`hc hzegk uhgk# ~h`h bhlelhpguh# mfrv~hlhg zhrhgh~fcfgklh~# mfgemovclhg hleohp uhgk zf`fmelehg rv~h# zfbegkkh hlberguh mfrvzhl `hg

ohblhg mfmhpelhg vzhbh `hchm gfkfre# uhgk `h~hp mfgemovclhg ofgjhgh ofzhr `hchm

mhzuhrhlhp' Mhlh# {hdhr ohb{h `hchm bhc ege ~fmfregphb pvrvg phgkhg vgpvl

mfmofrelhg ~frceg`vgkhg ohke uhgk cfmhb' ^frzhegkhg `h~hp mfrv~hlhg jhrh uhgk zfbhpzf~hgdhgk èpfrh~lhg ohke mfrflh uhgk mhm~v ofrzhegk# pfph~e mfch{hg lfh echg

h~hoech èlfghlhg ~h`h mfrflh uhgk cfmhb' Ege ~frcv è~frbhpelhg ohel è oe`hgk

fligime mhv~vg è oe`hgk ~fgèèlhg' Bhrvz h`h ~frceg`vgkhg uhgk faezefg ohke mi`hc`hchm gfkfre pfrbh`h~ mi`hc hzegk# ~frceg`vgkhg ohke kicigkhg cfmhb pfrbh`h~

kicigkhg lhuh' @fmelehg ~vch `hchm ~fgèèlhg zfohkhe cfmohkh vgpvl mfmofgpvl

~fchlzhgh-~fchlzhgh ~fmohgkvghg `hg jhcig ~fmem~eg ohgkzh bhrvz h`h ~fguhcvrhguhgk hèc' H`hchb bhl zfpeh~ {hrkh vgpvl mfgkfguhm ~fgèèlhg# `hg ~regze~ ege zfjhrh

ligklrfp bhrvz ofrhrpe ~frceg`vgkhg ~vch ohke mfrflh uhgk cfmhb pfph~e ~vguh ohlhp

uhgk jvlv~# hkhr zfjhrh reec mfg`h~hp lfzfm~hphg vgpvl mfgfremh ~fgèèlhg'

Lfzh`hrhg hlhg phgkkvgk dh{ho h`hchb geche uhgk avg`hmfgphc `hchm ~fmohgkvghg#

pfph~e lege mfgvgdvlhg kfdhch-kfdhch lfmfriziphg' H`hchb prhkez mfg`fgkhr vjh~hg

ohb{h ~fkh{he gfkfre ovlhg chke mfrv~hlhg ~vocej zfrqhgp' Lvrhgk `fèlhze `hchmpvkhz uhgk èofohglhg# `hg ohblhg pe`hl h`h rhzh pfrceohp è `hchmguh' Lffgkkhghg

vgpvl mfmelvc zfgère phgkkvgk dh{ho pfrjfrmeg `hchm zelh~ `hg lfoehzhhg vgpvl

mfcfm~hrlhg phgkkvgk dh{ho epv lf~h`h irhgk hphv kicigkhg cheg' @fmelehg ~vch èlhchgkhg mhzuhrhlhp# zfregk pfrdh e ~frovhphg-~frovhphg uhgk pe hl `h~hp

è~frphgkkvgkdh{holhg `hg pe`hl è`hzhre icfb mipeqhze uhgk mhzvl hlhc' ^frvzhlhg

phghmhg hphv kf`vgk vmvm h`hchb zhchb zhpv jigpib `hre ofrohkhe lfdhèhg' _hzhmfmecele ofcvm èbhuhpe zfjhrh mfrhph' H`hguh lrezez phgkkvgk dh{ho ege lerhguh pe`hl

bhguh èzfoholhg lhrfgh h`hguh mipeqhze ~reohè uhgk mfguem~hgk `hre pvdvhg

~fmohgkvghg# pfph~e dvkh ofrhlhr ~h`h zezpfm zizehc lvcpvrhc epv zfgère' Ohblhg `h~hp



9/56

^fpfr Lhzfg`h

pfrdhè# peg`hlhg phl ofrphgkkvgk dh{ho epv èhleohplhg icfb zezpfm uhgk h`h'

@fgkhg lhph cheg# bhrvz h`h egpfkrhze mipeqhze ~reohè `hg zezpfm uhgk h`h'

Lfofohzhg h`hchb jere lbhz mhgvzeh `hg zflhcekvz mfgdhè pvdvhgguh' Zfoho epv# bhrvz

dvkh èegpfkrhzelhg `hchm ~fmohgkvghg' Hrpeguh ~fmohgkvghg bhrvz èhrhblhg

zf`fmelehg rv~h# zfbegkkh mfrv~hlhg ~fmofohzhg ohke zfcvrvb mhzuhrhlhp `hre mhjhm-mhjhm lfzvcephg' Zfkhch ~frovhphg mhgvzeh bhrvz èchlzhghlhg vgpvl mfm~fricfb

e`fgpephzguh zfgère# mfgdh e Zfcozp# uhgk mhgère `hg ofohz' Ghmvg# zf~frpe uhgk

èvrhelhg è hphz# zelh~ uhgk mfg`hzhre ~frovhphg epv ovlhgchb [fcpqfrmfegvgk#

mfcheglhg dvzprv mfgkichb `vgeh `hg mfgkvhzheguh `fgkhg mfmofrelhg geche

mhgvzeh{e' Mhgvzeh h`hchb tv zfeg# uhepv pfrhrhb ~h`h `vgeh vgpvl

mfgprhgzairmhzelhgguh mfchcve lfrdh mfgdhè mhgvzeh{e' Zfoho epv# lfofohzhg pe`hl

bhguh èhrpelhg zfohkhe ofohz `hre ege hphv epv# pfph~e h`hchb ofohz vgpvl mfgkhmoeczvhpv ~rhlhrzh' Dhè# lfofohzhg mfgvgdvllhg zvhpv limepmfg uhgk zh`hr pfrbh`h~ `vgeh

zflephrguh "flicike%< ovlhg vgpvl pfgkkfchm è `hchmguh "Mhpfrehcezmf ^rhlpez%#

mfcheglhg vgpvl mfgkhphze `hg mfgahhplhgguh' Dhè# lfofohzhg bhrvz dvkh èhrpelhg

zfohkhe lfzhgkkv~hg reec mhgvzeh vgpvl mfgkh`hlhg prhgzfg`fgze pfrbh`h~ `vgehhchmguh `fgkhg mfgfgpvlhg lf~vpvzhg `hg zelh~guh zfzvhe `fgkhg ~ecebhgguh'

Lfzhgkkv~hg ege mfrv~hlhg ~frlhuhhg# ovlhg bhguh zfjhrh mhpfrefc mfcheglhg zfjhrhegpfcflpvhc `hg mfgphc' @fgkhg `fmelehg# ege ofrhrpe ovlhg bhguh ohb{h mhgvzeh

mfm~vguhe hchp zfohkhe bhzec je~phhg vgpvl mfmovhp èreguh cfoeb faezezfg# pfph~e dvkh

ohb{h `fgkhg lfzhgkkv~hgguh epv mhgvzeh pe`hl èjfgklrhm `hg èimohgk-hmoegklhg

icfb `vgeh cvhrguh# pfph~e mfchcve `vgeh iodflguh eh `h~hp mfgfmvlhg `hg mfgdhèèreguh zfgère' @hchm rhgklh egechb# zfpeh~ ~fmohgkvghg ~h`h vmvmguh bhrvz èhrpelhg

zfohkhe vzhbh vgpvl mfcfguh~lhg zfpeh~ ofgpvl hcefghze zfohkhe ~fgjfrmeghg

èzegpfkrhze zfrph èzavgkzeighcezhze hgphrh `vgeh uhgk èje~phlhg mhgvzeh mfchcvelfrdhguh `hg mhgvzeh ~fgje~phguh' "îfz~i{hrìdi# 855:4 60-65%

^fmohgkvghg zfohkhe ^frpvmovbhg

Phplhch ^frhgk @vgeh EE ofrhlber# pfr h~hp zvhpv ligzfgzvz uhgk mhgph~ zflhce èlhchgkhg ~fdhohp `hg ~fg`h~hp vmvm uhgk ofrf`hr è gfkfre-gfkfre Ohrhp pfgphgk

~frcvguh vgpvl mfchlvlhg zfzvhpv mfgkfghe ~frmhzhchbhg mfg`fzhl ~fmohgkvghg

fligime gfkfre-gfkfre pfrofchlhgk' Zfohkehg ohblhg ofrzfèh mfmhlcvmlhg ohb{h

~fmohgkvghg è gfkfre-gfkfre lvrhgk mhdv mvgkleg `h~hp è~hg`hgk zfohkhe lfovpvbhgvphmh ~h`h `hzh{hrzh-`hzh{hrzh zfzv`hb ~frhgk'

^hrh hbce fligime mfm~frphdhm `hg mfm~frzfm~ep ~fghazerhg mfgkfghe mhlgh `hgpvdvhg ~fmohgkvghg fligime' @hre zfovhb ~frguhphhg ohb{h pvdvhg hlber ~fmohgkvghg

fligime h`hchb mfgegklhplhg lfzfdhbpfrhhg ghzeighc lfzfcvrvbhg ~fg`v`vl `hg

~fgdfchzhg ohb{h ~h`h bhlflhpguh mhzhchb ~fmohgkvghg fligime h`hchb mhzhchbmfgegklhplhg phrha ~fg`h~hp ghzeighc mfgegklhplhg ivp~vp~fr lh~eph# zfbegkkh zfpeh~

egèqe`v hlhg mhm~v vgpvl mfgkigzvmzelhg cfoeb ohguhl' Ege bhguhchb zhpv hphv `vh

chgklhb chke vgpvl mfgkhphlhg ohb{h `faegeze ~fmohgkvghg fligime zfohkhe lfghelhg

phrha be`v~ irhgk lfohguhlhg hphv vgpvl zfjhrh# cfoeb pf~hp# ohb{h ~fmohgkvghg



10/56

^fpfr Lhzfg`h

fligime mvgkleg `h~hp è faegezelhg zfohkhe zvhpv ~frohelhg zflvcfr uhgk

ofrlfchgdvphg `hchm lfzfdhbpfrhhg mhpfrefcuhgk pfrjfrmeg `hchm hrvz ohrhgk-ohrhgk `hg

dhzh-dhzh uhgk mfgegklhp hphv cfoeb pflgez chke# vgpvl mfg`faegezelhg ~fmohgkvghgfligime zfohkhe ~rizfz `fgkhg mhgh zvhpv fligime èprhgzairmhzelhg `hre

~frfligimehg uhgk pegklhp ~frpvmovbhg ~fr lh~ephguh lfjec hphv gfkhpea mfgdh e

~frfligimehg uhgk ~fgegklhphg ~fg`h~hphg ~fr lh~eph uhgk ofrlfchgdvphg mfrv~hlhgzeahpguh uhgk ~frmhgfg dhgklh ~hgdhgk' @hg zflephr phbvg 856> zhm~he ohkehg pfrofzhr

`hg `hzh{hrzh ofrelvpguh# ~fghazerhg ege mfgìmeghze cepfrhpvr# zfbegkkh ~fmohgkvghg

fligime oicfb èlhphlhg zfregk èzhmhlhg `fgkhg ~frpvmovbhg fligime' [hchv~vg`fmelehg# ezpechb ~fmohgkvghg fligime jfg`frvgk èkvghlhg ohke gfkhrh-gfkhrh uhgk

mezleg# zf`hgklhg ezpechb ~frpvmovbhg fligime ohke gfkhrh-gfkhrh lhuh'

@e gfkfre-gfkfre Ohrhp# lfjfg`frvgkhg ~fmelerhg mfgkfghe ~fmohgkvghg fligimepfrvphmh zfohkhe ~frpvmovbhg fligime# phl ~fchl chke è~frlvhp icfb ahlph ohb{h `hchm

`hzh{hrzh ~hzjh ~frhgk ~frpvmovbhg fligime mfgdhè zhzhrhg vphmh lfoedhlzhghhg

fligime' Icfb lhrfgh epv# h`h lfjfg`frvgkhg vgpvl mfg`flhpe lhdehg ~frmhzhchbhg

~fmohgkvghg fligime `fgkhg liphl ~frlhlhz uhgk èrhgjhgk icfb ~hrh hbce fligimekvgh mfgkhghcezez ~frpvmovbhg fligime è gfkfre-gfkfre mhdv' Lfguhphhg ohb{h ~hrh

hbce fligime mfm~vguhe zvhpv pfire hphv pfire-pfire pfgphgk ~frpvmovbhg fligimephm~hlguh mfmofre mfrflh lfvgkkvchg hphz ~hrh hbce ecmv zizehc chegguh zfohkhe ~hlhr-

~hlhr ~fmohgkvghg fligime'

Ohblhg `fgkhg zf`fmelehg ohguhl ohguhl hchzhg vgpvl ofr~eler mfgkfghe ~fmohgkvghg fligime zfohkhe pfrvphmh mhzhchb ~frpvmovbhg fligime# pe`hl h`h

zfirhgk hbce fligime mfgvcez mfgkfghe ~fmohgkvghg fligime' Mfrflh pe hl

mfgufm~hplhg ère mfm~fregkhplhg ~hrh ~fmohjhguh ohb{h ~fmohgkvghg fligime ofrhrpe cfoeb `hre~h`h ~frpvmovbhg `hchm ~ri`vl ghzeighc' Zfohkehg mfgflhglhg

~frvohbhg `hchm zprvlpvr fligime# lbvzvzguh ~fguvzvphg rfchpea `hre zflpir ~frphgehg#

hphv ~frvohbhg `hchm zprvlpvr zizehc zfohkhe ohbhg-ohbhg fzfgzehc `hre ~rizfz~fmohgkveghg fligime' Zfohkehg chke mfgflhglhg ohb{h ~frpvmovbhg# delh èlheplhg

`fgkhg mfgegklhpguh lfpem~hgkhg `hchm èzpreovze ~fg`h~hphg h`hchb ligzezpfg `fgkhg

~fgegklhphg ohel `hchm dvmchb hozicvp mhv~vg `hchm ~frzfgphzf cilhc ~fg`v`vl uhgkbe`v~ `hchm lfmezleghg uhgk diril `hg ~fguhlephg' Mfgegklhplhg ~fg`h~hphg ~fr

lh~eph uhgk cfoeb pegkke epv ofrhrpe zvhpv phrha lfbe`v~hg uhgk cfoeb pegkke ohke mhuirephz

rhluhp# bhzecguh bhguhchb hlhg mfm~frcfohr lfzfgdhgkhg hgphrh megirephz lhuh uhgk

ofrpvmovb mhleg lhuh `hre mhuirephz mezleg' @f{hg Fligime `hg Zizehc ^frzfrelhphgOhgkzh-Ohgkzh ~h`h ze hgkguh uhgk ~frphmh mfguhphlhg# ~frcvguh ~rikrhm

~fmohgkvghg dhgklh ~hgdhgk uhgk ofremohgk# uhgk bhrvz mfgufrphlhg ovlhg bhguh

hz~fl-hz~fl fligime# pfph~e dvkh hz~fl-hz~fl zizehc# ecmv ~fgkfphbvhg# lfzfbhphg#~fgèèlhg `hg lfov`huhhg `hre lfbe`v~hg mhzuhrhlhp

Ohguhl uhgk mfgfkhzlhg ohb{h zfohkhe hbce-hbce fligime mfrflh mfmvzhplhg~frbhpehg bhguh ~h`h zhpv hz~fl `hre zvhpv ~rizfz uhgk lim~cflz uhgk `fgkhg ghmh

mi`frgezhze# mfgjhlv~ ~frvohbhg uhgk mfg`hchm `hchm zelh~-zelh~ zizehc è hgphrh

lig eze-ligèze `hg zhzhrhg-zhzhrhg uhgk è~frcvlhgguh' Mfgvrvp Hrpbvr Cf{ez#

lfmhdvhg pfrdhè bhguh oech rhluhp ~frjhuh ohb{h mhgvzeh `h~hp# `fgkhg zfkfgh~ v~huh#

8>[fo4 {{{'~fpfrlhzfg`h'{ir`~rfzz'jimFmhec4 mr'lhzfg`hNkmhec'jim


11/56

^fpfr Lhzfg`h

mfgkvhzhe hchm' Ohblhg oech rhluhp phbv ohb{h zvhpv lfcem~hbhg ohrhgk-ohrhgk `hg

dhzh-dhzh uhgk cfoeb ofzhr h`hchb mvgkleg# mfrflh pe`hl mfmhg`hgk ~frcv vgpvl

mfgkvzhbhlhgguh' Lvrhgkguh meghp ~h`h bhc-bhc mhpfrehc mvgkleg zfohkhe hleohp `hreofrlvhzhguh aeczhahp `vgeh cheg uhgk mfgjfch lfegkeghg-lfegkeghg mhpfrehc' Zhzhrhgguh#

lhph Kvgghr Mu`rhc# h`hchb dhvb cfoeb `hre~h`h phrha lfbe`v~hg mhpfrehc uhgk cfoeb

pegkke< zhzhrhgguh h`hchb mhgvzeh ohrv hcehz mhgvzeh mi`frg'

Mfzle~vg `fmelehg# begkkh zflcephr phbvg 851># bhc pfrzfovp jfg`frvgk vgpvl mfgdhè

zuhrhp `hre pfmh zfgprhc `hchm cepfrhpvr ~fmohgkvghg fligime' Uhgk èhgkkh~ zfohkheohpv vdehg# lhchv pe`hl `h~hp èlhphlhg fzfgzeguh# `hre ~fmohgkvghg fligime h`hchb

~frpvmovbhg ivp~vp `hg ~fg`h~hphg ~fr lf~hch è `hchm gfkfre-gfkfre lvrhgk mhdv'

Pfr`h~hp# ohblhg è lhchgkhg ~hrh hbce fligime Ohrhp# mfrflh uhgk zfdhl `hre h{hcguh

zhgkhp zlf~pez mfgkfghe lfzfcvrvbhg ~fg`flhphg ege pfrbh`h~ ~fmohgkvghg fligime'

Ohkehg pfrofzhr cecfrhpvr# pfgpv zhdh# h`hchb mfgkfghe jhrh# ovlhgguh mfgkfghe pvdvhg#

mfgkfghe fligime ~fmohgkvghg `hg epv ovlhg uhgk zhuh ohbhz è zege' Pfph~e

~fmezhbhhg hgphrh jhrh `hg pvdvhg pe`hlchb ~frghb dfchz' Pvdvhg mfgfgpvlhg jhrh `hgjhrh-jhrh mf{hrghe pvdvhg pe`hlchb ~frghb dfchz' Jirhl vphmh `hchm ~fmelerhg mfgkfghe

fligime ~fmohgkvghg lhrfgh epv mfm~vguhe rfcfqhgze' @ezege zfcfoebguh# zhuh hlhgmfgkkhmohrlhg pekh jirhl vphmh uhgk `h~hp èlfghce zfchmh ~frei`f lfpelh

~fmohgkvghg fligim pfrvphmh zflhce èzhmhlhg `fgkhg ~frpvmovbhg fligime' Uhgk

~frphmh mfgflhglhg ~fmofgpvlhg mi`hc zfohkhe ahlpir ~hcegk ~fgpegk# uhgk lf`vh

ofrvzhbh mfgkirflze ~fgflhghg ege `fgkhg mfgflhglhg ~fgpegkguh mi`hc mhgvzeh#uhgk lfpekh mfgkbe v~lhg chke meghp ~fr`hkhgkhg zfohkhe mfzeg ~fgìrigk

~frpvmovbhg'

Ohpv zfgè ~fmohgkvghg fligime mi`frg `hchm ahzfguh uhgk ~frphmh h`hchb

~fmofgpvlhg mi`hc' Gvrlzf mfgkvgklh~lhg zvhpv ~hg`hgkhg uhgk èpfremh zfjhrh

zhgkhp vmvm lfpelh èh mfgkhphlhg `hchm phbvg 856? ohb{h mhzhchb ege pfrcfphl è dhgpvgk ~frmhzhchbhg ~fmohgkvghg è gfkfre-gfkfre uhgk pfrofchlhgk zfjhrh fligime'

@eh# zf~frpe uhgk chegguh# bhpe-bhpe vgpvl mfghmohblhg ohb{h ~fmofgpvlhg mi`hc

ovlhg lfzfcvrvbhg jfreph ^fmohgkvghg fligime ohguhl ofrbvovgkhg `fgkhg vzhbh-vzhbh mhgvzeh# zelh~-zelh~ zizehc# ligèze ~icepel`hg ~frezpe{h-~frezpe{h zfdhrhb'

Mi`hc zfgère pe hlchb jvlv~' Pfph~e eh h`hchb ~rhzuhrhp uhgk è~frcvlhg vgpvl

lfmhdvhg' Hrpbvr Cf{ez# `hchm zfovhb lhcemhpguh uhgk pfrlfghc# mfgkhphlhg mfgkfghe

pegklhp ovgkh zfohkhe ~frof`hhg lvgje hgphrh gfkhrh-gfkhrh mhdv `hg zf`hgkofrlfmohgk'

Pe`hl h`h uhgk mfgkfdvplhg mfgkfghe ~frebhc ege' Delh ~fmohgkvghg fligime pfrvphmhh`hchb mfguhgklvp mhzhchb ~frpvmovbhg fligime# dfchz eh mfmfrcvlhg èqfrze hphz

zfohkehg zvmofr `huh mhzuhrhlhp uhgk h`h zflhrhgk lf hrhb pvdvhg vgpvl mfgegklhplhg

zpil mi`hc zfofkepv rv~h vgpvl mfmvgkleglhg flz~hgze ivp~vp uhgk oezh èligzvmze èmhzh `f~hg' Egechb uhgk mfgdh e ~vzhp ~frbhpehg ecmv fligime lchzel' @hre Pbf [fhcpb

ia Ghpeig zhm~he `hz Lh~ephc# `hg bhc epv ~vch uhgk lege lfmohce mfgdhè ~vzhp ~frbhpehg

pfire ~frpvmovbhg fligime# uhgk pfchb è~elerlhg Bhrri` `hg @imhr# zf~frpe Lfugfz#

zfmvch pfrphrel ~h`h ~riocfm mfgkfghe ~fkh{he pfph~ `hg ohrv lfmvèhg mfchm~ve



12/56

^fpfr Lhzfg`h

Lfugfz lfpelh mfcvhzlhg hghcezezguh mfgkfghe ~fgkfmohgkhg fligime' Pfph~e

lhrelhpvr mfrflh mfgkfghe ~frfligimehg uhgk èghmez è mhgh pegklhp ~fmofgpvlhg

mi`hc mfrv~hlhg zhpv-zhpvguh `fpfrmeghg ~frpvmovbhg fligime# mfgdh e zhgkhpofr~fgkhrvb `hchm ecmv fligime ~fmohgkvghg ~hzjh~frhgk' @hre ~frz~flpea ege# ahlph

~hcegk fcfmfgpfr mfgkfghe gfkhrh-gfkhrh pfrofchlhgk h`hchb ohb{h mfrflh epv cf~hz

mi`hc' Lfpeh`hhg mi`hc# ~fr `faegze# bhm~er mfrv~hlhg lhrhlpfrezpel gfkhrh-gfkhrhpfrofchlhgk'

Phbvg 8565# fèze ~frphmh `hre zhchb zhpv ovlv pflz uhgk hmhp pfrlfghc pfgphgk ecmvfligime ~fmohgkvghg# pfph~ mfgflhglhg ohb{h hlvmvchze mi`hc h`hchb egpe `hre

~fmohgkvghg fligime' @vh phbvg lfmvèhg# B[ Zegkfr `hchm zvhpv ligafrfgze ~frz è

H`èz Hohoh mfgkhphlhg ohb{h pfchb pfrdhè ~frkfzfrhg `hchm lfzfcvrvbhg ~fmelerhg

leph mfgkfghe mhzhchb ~frpvmovbhg `hg ~fmohgkvghg`hre mi`hc aezel lf mi`hcmhgvzeh' Mhzhchb mfg`hzhrguh ovlhg chke ~fgje~phhg lfzfdhbpfrhhg# mfcheglhg

lh~hzephz vgpvl mfgje~phlhg lfzfdhbpfrhhg# `hg lh~hzephz ege pfrcfphl ~h`h rhluhp zvhpv

gfkfre' Uhepv lflvhphg iphl'

^frkfzfrhg ~fmelerhg lf~h`h mi`hc mhgvzeh uhgk pfrdhè `hchm `vh hphv pekh phbvg

zflephr phbvg 851># ofrhzhc `hre uhgk {hlpv epv mfrv~hlhg lfzeovlhg mfgfchhb~frpvmovbhg fligime `hg ~fgufohoguh è gfkhrh-gfkhrh mhdv' Pfph~e eh zfkfrh èhmoec

hceb icfb mfrflh uhgk mfgvcez mfgkfghe ~fmohgkvghg fligime' Zhchb zhpv hleohpguh

h`hchb èbe`v~lhgguh chke meghp pfrbh`h~ ohgpvhg pflgez# ovlhgguh ohgpvhg mi`hc ohke

gfkfre-gfkfre ofrlfmohgk# uhgk cheg h`hchb mfm~frlfghclhg pfmh-pfmh ohrvegqfzphze`hchm ~fgèèlhg# ~frfgjhghhg lfpfghkhlfrdhhg# orheg `rheg "chreguh pfghkh-pfghkh

hbce lf cvhr gfkfre%lf `hchm cepfrhpvr ~fmohgkvghg'

Mvgjvcguh zfchmh phbvg 856>-hg khkhzhg ohb{h ~fr`hkhgkhg egpfrghzeighc oezh

mfmheglhg ~frhghg uhgk cfoeb ~izepea `hchm ~fmohgkvghg fligime `hre~h`h uhgk

zfmvch èhzvmzelhg icfb kfgfrhze ~frphmh ~hrh hbce fligime ~fmohgkvghg ~hzjh ~frhgk' Ovlhg zfohkhe hleohp mvgjvcguh ~fg`vlvgk-~fg`vlvgk lfoedhlzhhhg-

lfoedhlzhghhg ~fr`hkhgkhg ceofrhc Ohrhp pfrzfovp' Khkhzhg ofrhzhc `hre pekh ~fgkhrvb

cheg' Lf~rebhpeghg ~h`h lfzfgdhgkhg `fqezh gfkfre-gfkfre ofrlfmohgk# pvmovbguhlflfjf{hhg ~h`h zprhpfke zvozepvze em~ir è Hmfrelh Chpeg `hg lh{hzhg chegguh# `hg

v~huh-v~huh Ziqefp vgpvl mfgprhcezhze ~frhghg KHPP# uhgk è~frlvhp icfb lfmvgjvchg

lflvhphg ~icepel `vgeh lfpekh' Zfohkehg lhrfgh pekh ~fgkhrvb uhgk ofrohrfgkhg ege uhgk

mfgufoholhg lfcvhrguh rfzicvze Mhdfcez ^frzfrelhphg Ohgkzh-Ohgkzh phbvg 8518 `hgmfmhjv èh`hlhgguh Ligafrfgze ^frzfrelhphg Ohgkzh-Ohgkzh pfgphgk ^fr`hkhgkhg `hg

^fmohgkvghg "VGJPH@ E% phbvg 8510' Ege zfovhb ~frezpe{h uhgk pe`hl ohguhl irhgk

`h~hp mfrhmhclhg zf~vcvb phbvg zfofcvmguh `hg pfph~ mfgkfdvplhg oech èpegdhvlfmohce' Ohkhemhgh zfpfchb zhpv `hzh{hrzh cfoeb lfpelh ~fmofgpvlhg mi`hc# ohel aezel

mhv~vg mhgvzeh mfg`v`vle ~izeze epv' "Hrg`p# 855?4 61-58%

^hrhèkmh Mi`frgezhze `hg Pfire ^fmohgkvghg

8?[fo4 {{{'~fpfrlhzfg`h'{ir`~rfzz'jimFmhec4 mr'lhzfg`hNkmhec'jim


13/56

^fpfr Lhzfg`h

Zflhce~vg pfire ~fmohgkvghg mfgdh e zfmhleg rvmep lfpelh pfire ege ofrlfmohgk

mfgdhè cfoeb egpfrèze~cegfr# h`hchb mvgkleg vgpvl mfmof`hlhg `hchm ~fg`flhphg-

~fg`flhphg ohrv lfrhgklh `hzhr fqicvzeigfr zfohkhemhgh jere lbhz lizmicike Ohrhp'Zfohkehg ofzhr zvmohgkhgohel fligime# ~icepel# zizehc# hphv ~zelicikeofrhlhr ~h`h

~hrhèkmh `hzhr# uhgk zflhrhgk ~hcegk oehzh èlfghc zfohkhe ~hrhèkmh mi`frgezhze'

^fmohgkvghg è~hg`hgk zfohkhe zvhpv ~frz~flpea fqicvzeigfr# `hg lfh`hhglfpfrofchlhgkhg è`faegezelhg zfohkhe ~frof`hhg-~frof`hhg hgphrh gfkhrh lhuh `hg

mezleg uhgk `h~hp èhmhpe' ^fmohgkvghg zfjhrh pfrzerhp ofrhrpe mfgdfmohphe dvrhgk-

dvrhgk ~frof`hhg epv `fgkhg jhrh ~rizfz ~fgervhg# è mhgh gfkhrh-gfkhrh lvrhgkofrlfmohgk chmohp chvg mfmecele zeahp-zeahp gfkhrh eg`vzpre' Pvkhz mfgkhghcezez zeahp

uhgk hlhg èperv èohke ofrzhmh hgphrh hbce-hbce fligime# zizehc `hg ~icepel# zfbegkkh

ofofrh~h ecmv{hg mfgklbvzvzlhg ère ~h`h zprvlpvr fligime# uhgk cheg `hchm pegklhb

chlv mhgvzeh# cfmohkh-cfmohkh mhzuhrhlhp `hg ~fmohgkvghg ~icepel'

Mi`frgezhze ofrhrpe bhc-bhc uhgk ofrof`h ohke irhgk-irhgk uhgk ofrof`h-of`h# ~h`h

lfzfm~hphg uhgk ofrcheghg ~vch' Icfb lhrfgh epv# ~hg`hgkhg ofzhr ege èbhgpve icfb zvhpv

lflhjhvhg pfrpfgpv' Ligzf~ze ege pfchb èkvghlhg `hchm zflvrhgk-lvrhgkguh pekh mhlgh4zfohkhe zvhpv lfcfgklh~hg zfdhrhb# zfohkhe ~rizfz ~frhcebhg ofrzfdhrhb uhgk lbvzvz# `hg

zfohkhe zvhpv lfoedhlzhghhg ~fmohgkvghg pfrpfgpv è gfkhrh-gfkhrh @vgeh Lfpekh' Hrpelfpekhchb uhgk ~hcegk rfcfqhg `hchm ligpflz pfire ~fmohgkvghg# pfph~e mhzhchbguh ehchb

"`hg bhc epv ohrhgklhce uhgk ofrphgkkvgk dh{ho hphz `huh phrel ~frz~flpea mi`frgezhze%

ohb{h lfpekh hrpe epv lhovr' Lfoedhlzhghhg-lfoedhlzhghhg mi`frgezhze "uhgk ofrhrpe

rhzeighcezhze `hg ~fg`huhkvghhg zprvlpvr-zprvlpvr fligime `hg zizehc% pe`hl bhguhè~hg`hgk zfohkhe vgzvr-vgzvr uhgk zprhpfke ~fmohgkvghg "uhgk mvgkleg ofrbhzec hphv

khkhc%# pfph~e zfohkhe oflfrdhguh lflvhphg-lflvhphg ofrzfdhrhb uhgk vgeqfrzhc "hrpe

~frphmh% uhgk zhgkhp mere~ `fgkhg ~frhcebhg `hre afi`hcezmf lf lh~ephcezmf è `hchmzfdhrhb fligime Ohrhp "hrpe lf`vh%' Dhè# è lhchgkhg ~fgkhgvp mi`frgezhze pfr`h~hp

lhvm avg`hmfgphcez uhgk ~frjhuh ohb{h ~fmohgkvghg ~h`h `hzhrguh mfrv~hlhg ~rizfz

~fgkvchgkhg# `hg ~hrh ~fg`vlvgk uhgk pe`hl pfrchcv lhlv mfmhg`hgk mi`frgezhzezfohkhe zhpv hz~fl `hre ~frvohbhg zizehc' H`hguh ~fg`flhphg pfr hbvcv# è mhgh

~fmohgkvghg mfrv~hlhg ~rizfz `hre `hchm# uhgk mfguh`hre ~ipfgze uhgk pvmovb `hre

`hchm zfpeh~# mhzuhrhlhp lvrhgk cfoeb `hchm ofgpvl fmorei# pfrkhgpvgk ~h`h pegklhp ~frlfmohgkhg mhzuhrhlhp# mfmvgkleglhg ~fg`flhphg epv ofroejhrh mfgkfghe

~hrhèkmh'

Leph hlhg mfgèzlvzelhg ofofrh~h pfire pfrlfghc `hre ofrohkhe ecmv-ecmv zizehc è `hchmrhgklh ~hrhèkmh mi`frgezhze' Pfire-pfire epv è~eceb vgpvl mfguiripe ohel egpe ~vzhp

mhv~vg khrez ~fmohphz `hre ~hrhèkmh epv'

Lhrfgh zvmohgkhg-zvmohgkhg ~ilil lf~h`h pfire mi`frgezhze ofrhzhc `hre zizeicike#mhlh chuhlchb vgpvl mvche `fgkhg èze~ceg ecmv ege' H`h ohguhl hbce pfire ofzhr `hchm

prhèze ege# pfph~e pilib ~vzhpguh h`hchb Fmecf @vrlbfem uhgk mfcebhp ohb{h ~fmohkehg

lfrdh `hg `hcec èafrfgzehze zprvlpvrhc h`hchb lflvhphhg ~fgkkfrhl `hg mhzuhrhlhp-mhzuhrhlhp mi`frg' Ghmvg `fmelehg# bhrvz èjhphp ohb{h ~hrh hbce pfire lchzel pfrvphmh

ofrlf~fgpegkhg `fgkhg ~frhcebhg `hre prhèze lf mi`frgephz è Fri~h Ohrhp# zflhce~vg

rfcfqhgze vmvm `hre rhgjhgkhg ege lh`hgk-lh`hgk èlfmvlhlhg zfjhrh pfrzerhp' H`hchb

dvkh ~fgpegk ohb{h ~hg`hgkhg-~hg`hgkhg lchzel oehzhguh hkhl ofrzelh~ hmoeqhcfg

8:[fo4 {{{'~fpfrlhzfg`h'{ir`~rfzz'jimFmhec4 mr'lhzfg`hNkmhec'jim


14/56

^fpfr Lhzfg`h

pfrbh`h~ ~rizfz mi`frgezhze# zfohkhemhgh è~frcebhplhg icfb ligzf~ze @vrlbfem

mfgkfghe hgimef `hg lfhzuelhg Lhrc Mhr `fgkhg hcefghze' ^fgkhmhphg lfpekh uhgk

rfcfqhg h`hchb ohb{h pfire mi`frgezhze zfohkhe ohkehg `hre prhèze fqicvzeigfr uhgk cfoebofzhr# `hre mhgh pfire epv mfmofgpvl prhèze uhgk ~hcegk ohrv# mfmhbhme ~frvohbhg

zizehc zfohkhe zvhpv ~rizfz uhgk ~h`h `hzhrguh ofrhzhc `hre `hchm' Lhme mfgflhglhg

lhph ~h`h `hzhrguh lhrfgh qhrehofc cvhr zfregk lhce èkvghlhg vgpvl mfgfrhgklhgohkhemhgh ~rizfz mi`frgezhze epv èjfpvzlhg# zf~frpe `hchm ~frguhphhg-~frguhphhg Mhr

`hg Fgkfcz uhgk pfrlfghc mfgkfghe avgkze licigehcezmf vgpvl mfgufrfp mhzuhrhlhp-

mhzuhrhlhp uhgk mhjfp lf `hchm zfdhrhb' Ghmvg `fgkhg `fmelehg# ~ipfgze vgpvlmi`frgezhze pfrcfphl èhm è `hchm mhzuhrhlhp uhgk ofrzhgklvphg' Ohke mfrflh uhgk

~hcegk zfpeh lf~h`h ~hrhèkmh epv# mi`frgezhze h`hchb zvhpv ~rizfz zfdhrhb ligklrfp uhgk

ofrchgkzvgk `hchm mhzuhrhlhp pfrpfgpv zfchmh dhgklh {hlpv pfrpfgpv'

Lfrhgklh lchzel epv mvgjvc `hchm ofgpvl mi`frg `hchm qhrehofc ~ich Phcjipp ^hrzig#

~hbhm lflbvzvzhg~hbhm vgeqfrzhcez# hzhc mvch ~fgjh~hehg# `hg ~fgufohrhg

~fgklbvzvzhg' Vgpvl mfcfgklh~e rhgphe ~fgkhrvb ege# Ofrp Bizfcept chb uhgk ~frphmh-

phmh mfgfrh~lhg qhrehofc-qhrehofc ~ich ^hrzig pfrbh`h~ mhzhchb ~fmohgkvghg `hglfpfrofchlhgkhg' Mhzuhrhlhp ofrkfrhl mfchcve ~fmohgkvghg hphv mi`frgezhze zfohkhe

~hbhm lflbvzvzhg# hzhc mvch `hg ~fgufohrhg# `hg èkhgpe icfb ~hbhm vgeqfrzhcez# ~fgjh~hehg `hg ~fgklbvzvzhg' @hchm lfguhphhg mi`frgezhze zhgkhp mere~ `fgkhg

~fgkohrhphg# uhepv ohb{h gfkhrh ofcvm ofrlfmohgk bhrvz mfmejv cfmohkh-cfmohkh

uhgk mfgdhè jere gfkhrh-gfkhrh lhuh è Ohrhp' @fgkhg `fmelehg mhlh rhmhchg Mhr

ohb{h gfkhrh lvrhgk ofrlfmohgk mfcebhp jfrmeg mhzh `f~hgguh ~h`h gfkhrh-gfkhrhmhdv# mfgdhè lfguhphhg'

Vgpvl mfmofrelhg jigpib uhgk mfguem~hgk `hre zizeicike# leph `h~hp mfgecel zfdfghl~h`h lhruh Ohregkpig Miirf# Pbf Zijehc Irikeg ia @fmijrhju hg` @ejphpirzbe~ "8511%#

è mhgh ohkehg vgecegefr uhgk ofkepv lbhz `hre ~hrhèkmh mi`frgezhze zhmh zflhce

èpegkkhclhg# `hg zfohcelguh pekh dhcvr uhgk rfcfqhg mfgvrvp zfdhrhb lf hrhb mi`frgezhzeèe`fgpeaelhze zfohkhe rfqicvze oirdvez lchzel "Egkkrez%# rfqicvze `hre hphz "Dfrmhg%# `hg

`hre rfqicvze oh{hb "_vzeh%' @e zege leph pe`hl mfgdvm~he `fpfrmegezmf `hchm hghcezez

~frhcebhg zfrph pe`hl h`h ~rhhgkkh~hg mfgkfghe ~fmvzhphg zfpfchb ~frhcebhg# pfph~emfgvrvp ~hrhèkmh mi`frgezhze# pfire Miirf pfgphgk ~frlfmohgkhg bhguh

mfm~frpemohgklhg ahlpir-ahlpir `hre `hchm zhdh' Bhc ege pfgpv zhdh cfoeb rfhcezpez ohke

gfkhrh-gfkhrh ofzhr# zf~frpe Egèh `hg Jegh# `hre~h`h ohke gfkhrh-gfkhrh lfjec# zf~frpe

Phgthgeh `hg Dhmhejh "uhgk pe`hl mhzvl ~frpemohgkhg%# pfph~e `hchm lhzvz-lhzvz uhgkè~eceb icfb Miirf epv zflhce~vg# zezpfm egpfrghzeighc zfbhrvzguh èofre ~frhg uhgk cfoeb

~fgpegk è `hchm hghcezez' Mvgkleg uhgk uhgk ~hcegk pfrlfghc `hre zvmohgkhg fligime

è `hchm prhèze pfire mi`frgezhze h`hchb zvmohgkhg uhgk èofrelhg icfb [hcp _izpi{#uhgk mfmhbhme ~fmohgkvghg zfohkhe zfdvmchb phbh~ uhgk mfgkbvovgklhg lfh`hhg

prhèzeighc `fgkhg h~h uhgk èzfovp _izpi{ lfmhphgkhg' ^frlfmohgkhg ege èhghcezez

pfrvphmh zfohkhe zvhpv ~rizfz `hre `hchm'

@ilpreg [hcp _izpi{ uhgk mfmheglhg ~frhghg ~fgpegk zfchmh hlber phbvg 856>-hg `hg

851>-hg mfrv~hlhg vgklh~hg lbhz `hre ~hrhèkmh ~frlfmohgkhg Ohrhp' H`h cemh phbh~

uhgk bhrvz èchcve icfb zfmvh mhzuhrhlhp# uhepv "8% mhzuhrhlhp prhèzeighc< "?% phbh~



15/56

^fpfr Lhzfg`h

~rhpegkkhc chg`hz< ":% cf~hz chg`hz< "0% dhchg lf hrhb lfmhphgkhg< `hg "6% mhzuhrhlhp

ligzvmze mhzzhc'

^frzuhrhphg fligime vgpvl pegkkhc chg`hz èje~phlhg zfchmh phbh~ lf`vh# `hg ohguhl

jere-jere mhzuhrhlhp prhèzeighc lfmvèhg èbh~vzlhg' ^ri`vlpeqephz ~frphgehg mfgegklhp

`fgkhg jf~hp `hg ~rhzhrhgh uhgk cfoeb ofr huh-kvgh èohgkvg' Mhzuhrhlhp dvkhmfgkfmohgklhg zvhpv mfgphcephz ohrv# `hg dvkh zvhpv lfchz ohrv lhvm vzhbh{hg'

Phbh~ lfpekh# phbh~ pegkkhc chg`hz# h`hchb ~hcegk ~fgpegk ohke ~frlfmohgkhg

zfchgdvpguh' @hchm dhgklh {hlpv egechb# uhgk mfce~vpe ofofrh~h `hzh{hrzh# bhmohphg-bhmohphg pfrhlber ~h`h ~fmohgkvghg fligime èbh~vzlhg' ^frphg`h uhgk ~hcegk lbhz

`hre phbh~ pegkkhc chg`hz ehchb ohb{h zvmohgkhg egqfzphze `hg zem~hghg gfppi ~h`h

~fg`h~hphg ghzeighc ghel `hre cemh ~frzfg mfgdh e zf~vcvb ~frzfg hphv cfoeb# uhgk

mfmoh{h hleohp ~h`h ~rizfz eg`vzprehcezhze# è mhgh zflpir-zflpir pfrpfgpv uhgkmfgkhmoec ~frhg ~fmem~eg' Pflgicike mi`frg èzfohrcvhzlhg `hre zflpirzflpir uhgk

mfmem~eg# `hchm ~h`h epv ~frfligimehg ofrkfrhl lf hrhb phbh~-phbh~ lfmhphgkhg `hg

ligzvmze mezhc' Mfgvrvp _izpi{# bvovgkhg-bvovgkhg egpfrghzeighc `hchm

lfguhphhgguh mfmhgk mfm~frjf~hp ~rizfz ~frlfmohgkhg# pfph~e mfm~vguhe ~fgkhrvbzfèlep zhdh `fgkhg lfpfrofchlhgkhg _izpi{ ofrof`h `fgkhg ~hrh hbce pfire ~fmohgkvghg

pfr`hbvcv lhrfgh ~fg`flhphgguh uhgk dhvb cfoeb cvhz "eh mfmhg`hgk pfireguh zfohkhezvhpv hcpfrghpea ohke pfire Mhrez%# ghmvg vgzvr lvgje `hchm ~fmelerhgguh

ohkhemhgh~vg dvkh h`hchb ~riufl ~fmofgpvlhg mi`hc'

H`hchb mfghrel vgpvl mfmohgègklhg hghcezez ege `fgkhg hghcezez Hchhg`frKfrzjbfglrig# uhgk ofrof`h `fgkhg hghcezez _izpi{ `hchm pekh bhc' Mfgvrvp ~hg`hgkhg

lhme# ~frof`hhg-~frof`hhg ege mfg`fmigzprhzelhg zhm~he pegklhphg mhgh zfzfirhgk

`h~hp ofrhgdhl `hre ~fmelerhg-~fmelerhg ~ilil zvhpv ~hrhèkmh phg~h mfrvzhlguh'^frphmh-phmh hghcezez Kfrzjbfglrig "mfgkfghe ~rizfz eg`vzprehcezhze ofrohkhe gfkhrh è

Fri~h% ofrlfghg `fgkhg zvhpv ~rizfz zfdhrhb lbvzvz# zf`hgklhg phbh~-phbh~ uhgk

èlfmvlhlhg _izpi{ èhgkkh~ ofrchlv zfjhrh vgeqfrzhc' Lf`vh# h~h uhgk phm~hlzfohkhe ~rhzuhrhp `hchm hghcezez _izpi{ è zege pemovc zfohkhe bhzec `hre ~rizfz

~frlfmohgkhg' ^rizfz ege `h~hp mvche zflhce~vg lflvrhgkhg ~rhzuhrhp cf{hp h~h uhgk

èzfovp icfb Kfrzjbfglrig zfohkhe ~rizfz zvozepvze' Ahlpir ~hcegk ~fgpegk h`hchbgfkhrh uhgk lfkehphg-lfkehphgguh `h~hp mfghmohc ~fgkvzhbhhg# ~hzhrhg mi`hc# `hg

zfohkheguh' Lfpekh# ligpflz egpfrghzeighc mfmhzvle hghcezez Kfrzjbfglrig zfohkhe zvhpv

ahlpir ~fgufoho uhgk ~fgpegk# uhgk cf{hp lfmvgkleghg zvozepvze# mfmvgkleglhg ohke

zvhpv gfkhrh vgpvl mfgkhmoec mhgahhp `hre pfrlgicike gfkhrh-gfkhrh cheg `hg `fgkhg`fmelehg mfcim~hpe phbh~hg-phbh~hg' Zflhce~vg h`h ~frof`hhg-~frof`hhg ege# uhgk

`fgkhg dfchz mfgvgdvl ~h`h lfcfmhbhg ~hrhèkmh mi`frgezhze# leph mvgkleg `h~hp

mfgkhgkkh~ zvmohgkhg Kfrzjbbfglrig zfohkhe ecmv ~fgkfphbvhg oehzh"mfgvgdvllhg ~fguem~hgkhg-~fguem~hgkhg ofrohbhuh% è `hchm rhgklh ~hrhèkmh

mi`frgezhze'

Mhzhchb lfpfrofchlhgkhg# zfohkhemhgh leph mfgkfghcguh `f{hzh ege# pe`hl mfg`h~hp

pfm~hp `hchm ~hrhèkmh ege' Bhguh h`h zhpv phbh~ lfpfrofchlhgkhg uhgk mvrge# uhgk è

hphzguh bhrvz mfgkelvpe zvhpv ~rizfz uhgk mfmofohzlhg lflvhphg-lflvhphg

mi`frgezhze' Lflvhphg-lflvhphg ege ècebhp zfohkhe pvmovb `hre `hchm è zfmvh



16/56

^fpfr Lhzfg`h

mhzuhrhlhp `hg zfdhvb h`h lfovpvbhg hlhg zhpv pfire mfgkfghe lfpfrofchlhgkhg#

avgkzeguh h`hchb vgpvl mfgkhghcezez bhmohphg-bhmohphg lf hrhb

mi`frgezhze`hg~frch{hghg pfrbh`h~ ~frvohbhg' Kfrzjbfglrig zfjhrh rfhcezpezmfgvgdvllhg hz~fl mvcpegefr `hg ~rizfz ege pfph~e ohblhg è `hchm hghcezezguh ~vg irhgk

mfm~vguhe ~hg`hgkhg girmhpea è gfkhrh-gfkhrh epv# zfpfchb mfgjh~he phbh~ pegkkhc

chg`hzguh "uhgk icfb Kfrzjbfgrig èzfovplhg zfohkhe Zfm~riphg Ofzhr%# bhrvzlfmohce lf dhcvr ~fmohgkvghg uhgk oehzh'

Phbh~-phbh~ _izpi{ ~h`h `hzhrguh ofrhzhc `hre ~fmof`hhg hgphrh prhèze `hgmi`frgephz uhgk zv`hb èlfghc ohel `hre zizeicike lchzel `hg hghcezez [fofr mfgkfghe

mi`fc-mi`fc e`ffc' Mhegf mfcvlezlhg ~frhcebhg è hgphrh lf`vh lfh`hhg epv `fgkhg

ezpechb zphpvz ch{hg ligprhl' @vrlbfem ofroejhrh mfgkfghe zice`hrephz mflhgez ch{hg zice`hrephz irkhgez' Piggefz ofroejhrh mfgkfghe Kfmfegzjbhap ch{hg Kfzzfczjbhap' Phl`h~hp èegklhre ohb{h h`h qfrze-qfrze ~hrhèkmh ege uhgk cfoeb hphv lvrhgk gdcemfp# pfph~e

`hchm ofgpvlguh uhgk cfoeb ofrzhbhdh ~hrhèkmh mi`frgezhze ofrchlv zfohkhe zvhpv

e`ficike ~fmohgkvghg uhgk zfjhrh zf`frbhgh mfrhzeighclhg licigehcezmf lvcpvrhc'

Mfgkfghe bhc ege pe`hl h`h uhgk cfoeb dfchz chke `hre~h`h è oe`hgk ecmv ~fgkfphbvhg~icepel# è mhgh prhèze vgpvl mfgklhde ~frvohbhg h`hchb dhvb cfoeb chmh `hre~h`h è

`hchm zizeicike'

Mi`frgezhze ~icepel# uhgk bhrvz èjh~he icfb ~fmohgkvghg ~icepel pfrzvzvg zfzvhe

`fgkhg mi`fc `fmilrhze ~hrcfmfgpfr `hre Egkkrez hphv "oechmhgh hbce pfire Hmfrelh

Vphrh pfrcebhp è `hchmguh% zvhpv `fmilrhze ~rfze`fgphc `hre pe~f Hmfrelh Zfrelhp' @hchmlfguhphhgguh hcerhg ege èlvhzhe icfb ~hrh ecmv{hg Hmfrelh Vphrh' Lfrhgklh khkhzhg

mfrflh vgpvl zfohkehg ofrhzhc `hre qhrehofc-qhrehofc ~ich pfrzfovp è hphz'

Khorefc H' Hcmig` h`hchb ~fmem~eg egpfcflpvhc kfrhlhg ohrv epv `hg lhruh vphmh uhgk

mfgvgdvllhg dhchgguh h`hchb Pbf îcepejz ia pbf @fqfci~egk Hrfhz "8518% uhgk

èzvgpegk icfb Hcmig` `hg Dhmfz Z Jicfmhg' Zfohkhemhgh èpvgdvllhg icfbBvgpegkpig# lhruh ege cfoeb ohguhl mfmoejhrhlhg ~frohgègkhg ~icepel `hre~h`h

~fmohgkvghg ~icepel' ^fg`flhphg ~fmohgkvghg mfguvzvc fghm phbvg lfmvèhg

`hchm zvhpv lhruh uhgk èpvcez icfb Hcmig` ofrzhmh-zhmh `fgkhg JO î{fcc"Jim~hrhpeqf îcepejz4 h `fqfci~mfgp H~~rihjb%' @e zege# ~fmohgkvghg ~icepel

è~hg`hgk zfohkhe zhpv hz~fl `hre mi`frgezhze uhgk cfoeb cvhz# uhgk mfm~vguhe pekh

lrepfreh4 èafrfgzehze zprvlpvrhc# ipigime zvozezpfm# `hg zflvcfrezhze lfov`huhhg' ^fgvcez-

~fgvcez chegguh mfgflhglhg lrepfreh uhgk ofrof`h pfph~e lfohguhlhg `hre mfrflhmfmhg`hgk ~fmohgkvghg ~icepel zfohkhe zvhpv ligzf~ze uhgk rvmep "uhepv ligzf~ze

uhgk mfgjhlv~ ofofrh~h èmfgze% `hg zfohkhe zhpv vgzvr mi`frgezhze' Icfb lhrfgh epv#

mfrflh pfrdfohl `hchm ecvze pflgicike uhgk zhmh zf~frpe bhcguh pfire mi`frgezhzezizeicike' Lh`hr ~fmohgkvghg ~icepel hphv mi`frgezhze ~icepel zfjhrh pfrzerhp

èe`fgpeaelhzelhg `fgkhg ~frof`hhg-~frof`hhg lfcfmohkhhg hgphrh zezpfm `fmilrhze

Ohrhp `hg ofrohkhe zezpfm ~icepel prhèzeighc' ^hrh ecmv{hg ~icepel uhgk ~frke cvhr gfkfrevgpvl mfm~fchdhre {echuhb-{echuhb uhgk zf`hgk ofrlfmohgk ~h`h phbvg 851>-hg

`fgkhg `fmelehg mfmegdhm `fgkhg ofohz `hre zhghlguh uhgk cfoeb ofr~fgkhchmhg< ecmv

fligime "~fmohgkvghg ~icepel% `hg zizeicike "mi`frgezhze ~icepel%' Pfgpv zhdh#

~fgkhchmhg-~fgkhchmhg ch~hgkhg ege mfm~vguhe ~fgkhrvb uhgk zf{hdhrguh hphz pfire'



17/56

^fpfr Lhzfg`h

Zvhpv zpvè uhgk `h~hp èlhphlhg pfrmhzvl `hchm ~hrhèkmh mi`frgezhze# zf`hgklhg

`hchm bhc epv vgpvl zfohkehg mfgfgphgkguh# h`hchb lhruh @hqe` H~pfr# Pbf îcepejz ia

Mi`frgethpeig "8516%' @e zege èh`hlhg ~fmof`hhg hgphrh zvhpv zezpfm ~frvdvlhg

lfmohce `hg zvhpv zezpfm mioecezhze' Uhgk pfrzfovp pfr`hbvcv ofrlhephg `fgkhg zvhpv

zezpfm ~icepel uhgk mi`frg# ~cvrhcezpel# zf`hgk uhgk ofchlhgkhg mfrv~hlhg phbh~ ~frhcebhg hgphrh prhèzeighc `hg mi`frg' Zfpfchb oflfrdh è Harelh# H~pfr mfguh`hre

ohb{h ~frhcebhg ege mfgkhg`vgk mhlgh lfpfkhgkhg-lfpfkhgkhg zizehc uhgk ofzhr' Icfb

lhrfgh epv# è~frcvlhg zvhpv irkhgezhze ~icepel uhgk lvrhgk cfoeb ofrzeahp èlphlpir' Ege`h~hp è~frohgègklhg `fgkhg ~rizfz zvozepvze `hre Kfrzjbfglrig zfchmh Zfm~riphg

Ofzhr' Zezpfm mioecezhze `hg Zfm~riphg Ofzhr `fgkhg `fmelehg bhrvz è~hg`hgk

zfohkhe ~fguem~hgkhg zfmfgphrh `hre dhcvr girmhc uhgk ofrzeahp fqicvzeigfr# `hg

khkhzhg mfgkfghe lfmohce lf `hchm girmhcpfrzerhp `hchm lf`vh pfire' Khkhzhg egemfgkvgklh~lhg# `hm~hl ~hrhèkmh mi`frgezhze pfph~e `hchm ~h`h epv ~fgkhlvhg

mfgkfghe lfpe`hlgirmhchg mfgvgdvllhg ~fguem~hgkhg `hre ~hrhèkmh pfrzfovp'

@hre i~pemezmf ceofrhc uhgk pfrzerhp `hchm ~fg`flhphg mi`frgezhze ~icepel# pe`hl ohguhluhgk pfrpegkkhc `f{hzh ege' Hcmig` zfgère mfgvdvl lf~h`h Zfmhgkhp ^fgkhohr Egdec

`hg Lir~z ^fr`hmhehg uhgk mfce~vpe phbvg-phbvg 856>-hg `hg 851>-hg' @hchm zvhpvlrepel mfgufcvrvb @ighc` Jrvezf I' Orefg mfgvgdvllhg ohb{h zvhpv zepvhze

egpfrghzeighc `hg `hchm gfkfre uhgk zfmhleg chmh zfmhleg pfkhgk pfchb mfgemovclhg

~frbhpehg hlh`fmez hlhg pfrpeo ~icepel `hg ovlhg ~frvohbhg ~icepel' Lh`hgk-lh`hgk

ligzf~ze hozprhl mfgkfghe lfpfrpeohg epv èkhgpelhg vgpvl zvhpv ohbhzh uhgk cfoeblhzhr ghmvg cfoeb pf~hp' Pfph~e ege dhpvb è cvhr lf~fgpegkhg leph zflhrhgk ghmvg cfoeb

pf~hp' Pfph~e ege dhpvb è cvhr lf~fgpegkhg leph zflhrhgk `fgkhg pfire mi`frgezhze#

zflhce~vg bhc epv mfmofre jigpib ofph~h ~frbhpehg hlh`fmez uhgk ofrvohbmfgjfrmeglhg thmhgguh' "Bfppgf# 85264 :;-0:%

Mi`frgezhze# [fzpfrgezhze# `hg Lfpfrkhgpvgkhg

Mi`frgezhze mfrv~hlhg zhpv è hgphrh ligzf~-ligzf~ uhgk ~hcegk lhovr `faegezeguh è`hchm lf~vzphlhhg ecmv zizehc' Afgimfgh epv pe`hl è~fregje ohkhemhgh mfzpeguh `hg

mfgkhg`vgk ohguhl bhc uhgk pe`hl dfchz h~h uhgk èmhlzv`lhg' @e `hchm `faegeze-

`faegeze uhgk h`h pfgphgk mi`frgezhze# irhgk `fgkhg mv`hb `h~hp mfcebhp cemh bhc uhgk

mfguicil uhgk pe`hl dfchz ~fgkfrpehgguh# uhlge4

"8% Mi`frgezhze èzegigemlhg `fgkhg ~frvohbhg zizehc ~h`hbhc `hchm lfh`hhg uhgk

zfofghrguh zfohkehg `hre ~frvohbhg-~frvohbhg epv mfrv~hlhg ligèze# hphv ligzflvfgze`hre ~rizfz mi`frgezhze epv zfgère< "?% Eh dvkh èkvghlhg zfohkhe zegigem `hre

{fzpfrgezhze# egèlhpir-egèlhpirguh mfgjhlv~ ~vch vgzvr-vgzvr `hre lfbe`v~hg Ohrhp

ligpfm~irfr< ":% Eh èhzizehzelhg `fgkhg zezpfm ~fmfregphbhg uhgk èdvgdvgk pegkke èOhrhp "uhlge `fmilrhze%< "0% Eh zhgkhp èe`fgpeaelhzelhg `fgkhg lh~phcezmf `hg

eg`vzprehcezmf# lf`vh bhc epv èhgkkh~ ohel zflhce ohke mhzuhrhlhp mhzuhrhlhp uhgk

zf`hgk mfmohgkvg< `hg "6% Eh èlhjhvlhg `fgkhg mi`frgephz'

8;[fo4 {{{'~fpfrlhzfg`h'{ir`~rfzz'jimFmhec4 mr'lhzfg`hNkmhec'jim


18/56

^fpfr Lhzfg`h

Lfjfg`frvgkhg vgpvl mfguhpvlhg ~fcohke afgimfgh è oh{hb zhpv ghmh pfchb

mfgkhleohplhg leph pe`hl `h~hp mfgkhg`hlhg ~fmof`hhg ligzf~zeighc uhgk pfkhz-pfkhz

hgphrh ~rizfz mi`frgezhze uhgk vgeqfrzhc `hg vmvm `hg zhchb zhpv qhrehgguh `hchmofgpvlguh uhgk leph cebhp è `hchm ~frh`hohg Ohrhp' @fgkhg `fmelehg# mhlh mi`frgezhze

èzegigemlhg `fgkhg {fzpfrgezhze' Irhgk chcv cv~h ohb{h zfdhl hoh` lf-82# leph pfchb

mfguhlzelhg ofgpvl-ofgpvl mi`frgezhze uhgk ofrof`h è Fri~h# Hmfrelh# Df~hgk# `hgJegh# ofcvm chke gfkfre-gfkfre chegguh è Hzeh# Harelh# `hg Hmfrelh Chpeg `fgkhg

~fcohkhe ~fgkhchmhg mfrflh uhgk ofrof`h-of`h `hchm ~rizfz zepv' Zfirhgk jfgèleh{hg

Df~hgk pfchb mfgkh`hlhg ~fmof`hhg zfohkhe ofrelvp4 [fzpfrgezhze ofrhrpe mfgkkhgpelhgzhpv vgzvr lfov`huhhg hzce `fgkhg vgzvr `hre Ohrhp# pfrmhzvl vgzvr lfov`huhhg hzce

`fgkhg vgzvr `hre Ohrhp# pfrmhzvl ~frhghg avgkzeighcguh' Zhchb zhpv jigpib h`hchb

èkhgpelhgguh ohbhzh Df~hgk `fgkhg ohbhzh Egkkrez zfohkhe ohbhzh limvgelhze `hchm

lhchgkhg-lhchgkhg pfrpfgpv' Mi`frgezhze ofrhrpe mfmofre ofgpvl ohrv lf~h`h zvhpvzezpfm lfov`huhhg phg~h bhrvz mfgkkhgpelhgguh `fgkhg lfov`huhhg Ohrhp' Jere-jere

mi`frgezhze mfgvrvp Lezbemipi h`hchb ~fmofrehg pflhghg uhgk lvhp lf~h`h rhzeighcephz#

~fgkkvghhg pfghkh mflhgez zfjhrh mfcem~hb# vrohgezhze uhgk zfmhleg mfgegklhp `hre

lfbe`v~hg zizehc# `hg ~fgkbhrkhhg uhgk cfoeb mfg`hchm pfrbh`h~ geche-geche mhgvzeh{euhgk mfgìrigk zfmhgkhp `fmilrhze'

^fmofrehg ege h`hchb qephc ohke mhzuhrhlhp-mhzuhrhlhp ovlhg-Ohrhp uhgk egkeg

mfchlzhghlhg mi`frgezhze zhmoec pfph~e mfm~frphbhglhg e`fgpephz lfov`huhhg

egèqe`vhc mfrflh'

Vgpvl mfgkhphze lflvrhgkhg-lflvrhgkhg `hg lflhovrhg è `hchm ~fgkvghhg ezpechb

mi`frgezhze zf~frpe uhgk èzfovp è hphz epv# mhlh Bvzzheg Hchphz mfmofre `faegeze

mi`frgezhze h`hchb ~rizfz è mhgh ~fgkfphbvhg ecmehb mi`frg uhgk mfce~vpe zfkhchhz~fl lfbe`v~hg mhgvzeh èmhzvllhg# `hchm lh`hr uhgk ofrof`h-of`h# mvch-mvch lf

`hchm ~frh`hohg Ohrhp# `hg lfmvèhg èzfohrlhg lf `vgeh ovlhg-Ohrhp# `fgkhg ~fcohkhe

jhrh `hg icfb ~fcohkhe lfcim~il# `fgkhg pvdvhg pfrhlber mfgjh~he phrha be`v~ uhgk cfoebmfmvhzlhg `hchm hrpe uhgk zfcvhz-cvhzguh mfgvrvp mhuirephz uhgk ofrzhgklvphg'

@e `hchm `vh ~fgfroephg uhgk pfr`hbvcv# Hchphz pfchb mfmohbhz zfjhrh ~hgdhgk cfohr ~frof`hhg ligzf~zehc hgphrh ~rizfz mi`frgezhze `hg ~rizfz {fzpfrgezhze' Leph bhrvz

mfmof`hlhg# è zhpv ~ebhl# hgphrh mi`frgezhze `hg {fzpfrgezhze# `hg è cheg ~ebhl# hgphrh

mi`frgezhze `hg gig-mi`frgezhze' Pe`hl zfmvh bhc è `hchm lfbe`v~hg leph ege `h~hp

èmi`frgezhzelhg' @h~hplhb leph vm~hmhguh# mfmi`frgezhzelhg zfr`h{h9 Mfmhgkofghr leph `h~hp mfguehrlhg zfr`h{h mfchcve pfcfqeze `hg rhèi# hlhg pfph~e `hchm bhc epv

uhgk èmi`frgezhzelhg bhguhchb jhrh ~fguhm~hegguh `hg ovlhg ~frovhphg ofrzfr`h{h

epv zfgère' Ofkepv ~vch# leph pe`hl `h~hp ofroejhrh pfgphgk zvhpv zfguvmhg uhgk mi`frg'Zfguvmhg zfirhgk ~frfm~vhg _imh{e uhgk jhgpel ofrhoh`-hoh` zfofcvm Lrezpvz

h`hchb zhmh dfgezguh `fgkhg zfguvmhg zfirhgk dfceph thmhg zflhrhgk' Ohkhemhgh~vg#

Hg`h pe`hl `h~hp mfmovovblhg lhph zeahp zf~frpe prhèzeighc `hg mi`frg lf~h`hlfchlvhg zf~frpe zfr`h{h `hg pfrzfguvm' Dvkh è oe`hgk fpelh pfr`h~hp geche-geche uhgk

pe hl `h~hp èofre hrpe prhèzeighc hphv mi`frg' Ligzf~ lfdvdvrhg mfgufrphe leph

zf~hgdhgk zfdhrhb `hg eh ofravgkze è oe`hgk è mhgh ~frvohbhg pe`hl èegkeglhg icfb

lhrfgh leph pe`hl mfgkbhrkhe lfohcelhg `hre ligzf~ epv'



19/56

^fpfr Lhzfg`h

@hchm lhephgguh `fgkhg mhzhchb egechb egkeg zhuh hdvlhg ~fìmhg-~fìmhg pfrpfgpv

ohke ~fmelerhg mfgkfghe mi`frgezhze mhzuhrhlhp-mhzuhrhlhp uhgk zf`hgk ofrlfmohgk'Pfrcfoeb `hbvcv ~frlfghglhg zhuh mfgvgdvllhg qhceèphz ligzf~ mi`frgezhze uhgk ~h`h

bhlelhpguh mfrv~hlhg ~fg`hbvcvhg ohke ecmv ~fgkfphbvhg `hg pflgicike mi`frg'

Zflhrhgk ege# mi`frgezhze pfchb èhzizehzelhg `fgkhg zfdvmchb jere `hre mhzuhrhlhp-mhzuhrhlhp uhgk zv`hb mhdv# zf~frpe zflvchrezhze# eg`vzprehcezhze# limfrzehcezhze#

mioecephz zizehc uhgk mfgegklhp# phrha be`v~# mhpfrehc uhgk mfgegklhp# phrha ~fgèèlhg#

`hg mfcfl bvrva uhgk mfgegklhp' @haphr jere-jere epv `h~hp èphmohb zfbegkkh mfgjhlv~bhc-bhc zf~frpe ligzvmze uhgk pegkke `hre fgfrke uhgk phl ofrguh{h# ~i~vchze ~frphgehg

uhgk cfoeb lfjec oech èohgègklhg `fgkhg ~i~vchze eg`vzpre# `hg dhregkhg dhmeghg-

dhmeghg zizehc uhgk mfcvhz'

Jere-jere `hre zhpv mhzuhrhlhp mhdv uhgk mi`frg zf~frpe uhgk èzfovplhg è hphz epv bhrvz

ècebhp zfohkhe bhzec-bhzec uhgk èjh~he icfb mi`frgezhze' ^rizfz mi`frgezhze epv zfgère

bhrvz èzichze `hre bhzec-bhzecguh'

Ofgpvl mhzuhrhlhp uhgk zflhrhgk# uhgk zfjhrh zprvlpvrhc ofrof`h `hre ofgpvl mhzuhrhlhp

è thmhg chm~hv "lhphlhgchb# zhpv hoh` uhgk chcv%# mfrv~hlhg bhzec `hre prhgzairmhzeuhgk ofrchgkzvgk è oh{hb ~fgkhrvb ~rizfz mi`frgezhze'

Hlhg pfph~e# ovlhgchb mhlzv` zhuh vgpvl mfmofre zvkfzpe ohb{h fafl-fafl uhgk

èbhzeclhg icfb mi`frgezhze epv pe`hl ~fgpegk hphv pe`hl ~frcv pfrchcv è~frbhpelhg' Uhgkegkeg zhuh zhrhglhg h`hchb hkhr leph mfmof`hlhg ~rizfz mi`frgezhze `hre fafl-fafl uhgk

èbhzeclhgguh' Uhgk hozhb zfjhrh zfjhrh vgeqfrzhc bfg`hlguh èezichze `hre bhc-bhc

lvcpvrhc uhgk ofrzeahp rfchpea' Zhpv mhzhchb uhgk hghcik pfchb èrhzhlhg icfb Mhi Tf@igk `hchm bvovgkhgguh `fgkhg mhrezmf `hg mi`frgezhze Jegh' @e phbvg 8505# eh

ofrlhph# vgpvl mfmoegh lfov`huhhgguh zfgère# Jegh bhrvz mfgkhzemechzelhg ohguhl

bhc `hre lfov`huhhg hzegk uhgk ~rikrfzea# `hg `hchm bhc ege leph jvlv~ ofrvzhbh è mhzhchcv' Leph bhrvz mfgkhzemechzelhg h~h zhdh uhgk ofrkvgh ohke leph zflhrhgk# pe`hl bhguh

`hre lfov`huhhg-lfov`huhhg zizehcez `hg `fmilrhze-ohrv thmhg lege# mfcheglhg dvkh

`hre lfov`huhhg-lfov`huhhg uhgk pfr`hbvcv `hre ohgkzh-ohgkzh cheg' Ofkepv ~vch# `hchmmfgfrh~lhg mhrezmf è Jegh' Lfofghrhg mhrezmf uhgk vgeqfrzhc bhrvz

èlimoeghzelhg `fgkhg jere-jere ghzeighc uhgk lbhz `hg èofre ofgpvl ghzeighc uhgk dfchz

hkhr `h~hp ofrkvgh# `hchm lfh`hhg uhgk ohkhemhgh~vg eh pe`hl `h~hp èpfrh~lhg zfjhrh

zvouflpea zfohkhe zhpv rvmvz zfmhph-mhph' Irhgk-irhgk Mhrez uhgk mfm~frchlvlhgrvmvz-rvmvz zfohkhe htemhp zfzvgkkvbguh bhguh mfm~frmheglhg mhrezmf `hg

rfqicvze Jegh' Lfov`huhhg Jegh bhrvz mfmecele ofgpvlguh zfgère'

Leph bhrvz mfgkhgkkh~ ~fgpegk ~fmof`hhg ege `hg hchzhgguh h`hchb ~izeze bezpirez leph

zfgère è hphz dhchg ~fmohgkvghg' ^h`h zhhp ege leph zf`hgk pfrvz-mfgfrvz èoimohrèr

`fgkhg ofreph-ofreph pfgphgk bhzec-bhzec uhgk èjh~he icfb mhzuhrhlhp-mhzuhrhlhp uhgkzv`hb mhdv# zf`hgklhg uhgk pe`hl lvrhgk rfcfqhgguh ohke leph h`hchb ~rizfz h{hc vgpvl

mfgjh~he bhzec-bhzec epv' ^rizfz h{hc `hre ~rfzphze epv è @vgeh Ohrhp# Vge Ziqefp# `hg

Df~hgk è zflephr ~frkhgpehg hoh` uhgk chcv# h`hchb è~frlfghclhgguh ecmv ~fgkfphbvhg

`hg pflgicike mi`frg `hchm zflpir ~ri`vlze `hg zflpir-zflpir ~fgpegk chegguh `hre



20/56

^fpfr Lhzfg`h

lfbe`v~hg zizehc' H~hoech h`h zfzvhpv uhgk è~fgkhrvbe icfb ~fmelerhg ecmehb mi`frg#

uhgk èhrhblhg lf~h`h pvdvhg mfgegklhplhg ~fmhbhmhg pfgphgk lfbe`v~hg `hg hchm

zfmfzph# mfgkbh~vzlhg rhzh zhlep `hg ~fg`frephhg# mfmhdvlhg lfh echg `hglfzfdhbpfrhhg ~reohè# `hg mfrfgjhghlhg mhzh `f~hg lf hrhb epv# mhlh `h~hpchb leph

lhphlhg ohb{h pfchb pfrdhè mi`frgezhze' Hlhg pfph~e# mhzhchbguh h`hchb pfph~ mfgkfghe

mhjhm mhzuhrhlhp uhgk leph hgkhg-hgkhglhg' @hre zfke bezpirez# pe`hl h`h zhpv dfgezpvgkkhc mhzuhrhlhp mi`frg' Bhc epv ofrhrpe ohb{h mfzle~vg pfr`h~hp ohguhl jere uhgk

zhmh ~h`h mhzuhrhlhp-mhzuhrhlhp mi`frg# pe`hl bhrvz `fgkhg zfgèreguh mhzuhrhlhp-

mhzuhrhlhp epv pfrmhzvl `hchm dfgez uhgk zhmh'

Ohke mhzuhrhlhp-mhzuhrhlhp uhgk zf`hgk ofrlfmohgk è Hzeh h`hchb ~frcv vgpvl

mfmelerlhg lfmohce pvdvhg-pvdvhg `hg mhlgh# h~hoech gfkfre-gfkfre uhgk ofrzhgklvphg

egkeg pfph~ mfm~frphbhglhg e`fgpephz lfov`huhhg `hg rfcekei-aeciziaez mfrflh' ^h`hbhlflhpguh# h~h uhgk leph ~frcvlhg è Hzeh h`hchb zhpv ~hg`hgkhg uhgk mfg`hzhr

pfgphgk mi`frgezhze `hg jhrh-jhrhguh' ^hg`hgkhg ege bhrvz è`hzhrlhg hphz ecmv

~fgkfphbvhg `hg ~fgkfphbvhg uhgk rhzeighc `hg bhrvz mv`hb èlimoeghzelhg `fgkhg

prhèze-prhèze lfhkhmhhg `hg lfov`huhhg uhgk zv`hb h`h è Hzeh# zf~frpe Beg`vezmf#Lrezpfg# `hg Ezchm' @e Ohrhp ~vg ~frghb pfr`h~hp ~hg`hgkhg uhgk mfg`hzhr uhgk zfrv~h#

uhgk mfgklimoeghzelhg hkhmh Lrezpfg `fgkhg bvmhgezmf uhgk pe hl ofrzeahplfhkhmhhg' Mhzhchb ~frphmh uhgk bhrvz leph khrh~ h`hchb h~hlhb h~h uhgk è~frcebhplhg

icfb gfkfre-gfkfre uhgk eg`vzpreguh cfoeb mhdv lf~h`h gfkfre-gfkfre uhgk eg`vzpreguh

cfoeb mhdv epv mfmhgk khmohrhg mhzh `f~hg `hre uhgk èzfovp ofchlhgkhg ege' Hlhg

pfph~e# ege ohrv mfrv~hlhg zfohkehg lfofghrhg# zfdhvb khmohrhg epv mfgkflz~rfzelhgjere-jere uhgk vmvm `hg vgeqfrzhc `hre eg`vzprehcezhze' Vge Ziqefp# vm~hmhguh# pe`hl

mfgjigpib Hmfrelh Zfrelhp# ~h`hbhc Lhrc Mhr uhgk pfchb ofrlhph# Gfkfre uhgk cfoeb

mhdv eg`vzpreguh bhguh mfgvgdvllhg# lf~h`h gfkfre-gfkfre uhgk lvrhgk ofrlfmohgk#khmohrhg `hre mhzh `f~hg mfrflh zfgère' Vge Ziqefp mhchb pe`hl mfchcve phbh~-phbh~

bezpirez uhgk zhmh `hchm ~frlfmohgkhgguh'

Mfgkegkhp h~h uhgk èzfovp è hphz epv# mhlh zflhrhgk pemovc mhzhchb pfgphgk

ohkhemhgh mfmohuhgklhg dhchg uhgk mfgvdv ~fmohgkvghg `hg mi`frgezhze uhgk

ofrcheghg epv' Bhc ege# zhuh vchgke# mfrv~hlhg mhzhchb ahczhahpe uhgk pfchb mfgvdv ~fmohgkvghg `hg mi`frgezhze uhgk ofrcheghg epv' Bhc ege# zhuh vchgke# mfrv~hlhg

mhzhchb ahczhae uhgk pfchb è zegkkvgk è mvlh' Uhgk zhuh mhlzv`lhg ovlhg lfovpvbhg

lfovpvbhg mhgvzeh uhgk zv`hb dfchz zf~frpe ~hgkhg `hg her uhgk jvlv~# iohp-iohphg#

pfm~hp pegkkhc `hg ~hlhehg' @hchm bvovgkhg ege# phl ~frcv leph mfgflhglhg zihc aeczhahp'Hlhg pfph~e mfgkfghe zihc-zihc zf~frpe ~fgkfrpehg pfgphgk bhl mecel# pfgphgk choh#

pfgphgk lfbe`v~hg uhgk ohel# aeczhahp bhrvz èelvpzfrphlhg' H~hlhb ~frcv ohke

mhzuhrhlhp-mhzuhrhlhp Hzeh vgpvl mfgkbh~vzlhg bhl mecel ~reohè uhgk mfchm~velfovpvbhg egèqe`vhc# vgpvl mfgkbh~vzlhg lh~ephcezmf ceofrhc9 H~hoech epv ~frcv' h~hlhb

hcpfrghpeaguh bhrvz limvgezmf9 H~hlhb mvgkleg `hg ~frcv vgpvl ofrvzhbh mfgjh~he

zvhpv phph zizehc uhgk ofrcheghg `hre lf`vh-lf`vhguh9

Zhuhgkguh# ~h`h zhhp ege pe`hl h`h zfèlep ~vg ~fmelerhg uhgk mfg`hchm lf hrhb epv'

Zhpv mhzhchb uhgk cfoeb ghm~hl h`hchb vzhbh vgpvl mfgje~phlhg zhpv zfmhgkhp ecmehb'

@e ohkehg pfrofzhr gfkfre-gfkfre Hzeh lfgphrh zflhce pe`hl h`hguh lfkehphg ecmehb' @hchm

?>[fo4 {{{'~fpfrlhzfg`h'{ir`~rfzz'jimFmhec4 mr'lhzfg`hNkmhec'jim


21/56

^fpfr Lhzfg`h

dhgklh ~hgdhgk mi`frgezhze# zvhpv gfkfre phl hlhg ofrbhzec h~hoech zfmhgkhp ecmehbguh

cfmhb hphv pe`hl h`h zhmh zflhce' Ege mfrv~hlhg zhpv jigpib `hre zvhpv mhzhchb uhgk

qephc ohke mi`frgezhze Hzeh `hg uhgk uhgk bhrvz è~frbhpelhg icfb jfg eleh{hg-jfgèle{hg Hzeh zfgère# icfb lhrfgh jfgèleh{hg-jfgèleh{hg Ohrhp ~h`h vmvmguh

mfm~vguhe ~frhgklhp berhrle uhgk ofrcheghg `hchm mfguvzvg mhzhchb-mhzhchb uhgk

ofrlhephg `fgkhg zpvè mfgkfghe Hzeh `hg ohkehg-ohkehg chegguh `hre @vgeh Lfpekh'

Zfchmh mhzuhrhlhp-mhzuhrhlhp uhgk zf`hgk ofrlfmohgk pfrkhgpvgk lf~h`h mhzuhrhlhp-

mhzuhrhlhp uhgk zv`hb mhdv `hchm bhc ecmv ~fgkfphbvhg `hg pfbgicike mfrflh# mhlhzfchmh epv ~vch lf~fgpegkhg-lf~fgpegkhg mhzuhrhlhp-mhzuhrhlhp uhgk zf`hgk

ofrlfmohgk hlhg pfrkhgpvgk lf~h`h lf~fgpegkhg-lf~fgpegkhg mhzuhrhlhp uhgk zv`hb

mhdv' H`h `vh mhjhm lfpfrkhgpvgkhg# uhepv lfpfrkhgpvgkhg zfmfgphrh `hg

lfpfrkhgpvgkhg uhgk pfrvzmfgfrvz' Vm~hmhguh# zvhpv gfkfre mvgkleg ~h`h~frmvchhgguh bhrvz mfgkem~ir ~v~vl' @hchm dhgklh ~hgdhgk# mvgkleg cfoeb ohel ohke

gfkfre epv vgpvl mfmovhp ~v~vl zfgère' Bhc ege pfrkhgpvgk lf~h`h zihc ~fgpegk-pe`hlguh

~ri`vlze ~v~vl ohke ~frfligimehg gfkfre epv vgpvl mfmovhp ~v~vl zfgère' Bhc ege

pfrkhgpvgk lf~h`h zeihc ~fgpegk-pe`hlguh ~ri`vlze ~v~vl ohke ~frfligimehg gfkfre epv'Mfzle~vg ofghr ohb{h gfkhrh uhgk mhgh~vg bfg`hlguh dhgkhg ofrvzhbh vgpvl

mfgkbhzeclhg zfgère zfkhch-zfzvhpv uhgk è~frcvlhgguh# ghmvg lfpfrkhgpvgkhg lf~h`hgfkhrh-gfkhrh cheg `hchm bhc ohrhgk-ohrhgk uhgk fzfgzehc bhrvzchb èhpvr hkhr pe`hl

mfmohbhuhlhg lfbe`v~hg fligime gfkhrh uhgk ofrzhgklvphg' Zvhpv lfpfrkhgpvgkhg

uhgk pfrvz-mfgfrvz lf~h`h gfkfre-gfkfre uhgk zv`hb mhdv mfgkfghe zfdvmchb ofzhr

ohrhgk ~ri`vlze `hg limièpe-limièpe fzfgzec chegguh hlhg mfgkbhmohp mi`frgezhzegfkfre-gfkfre uhgk zf`hgk ofrlfmohgk'

Vzhbh vgpvl mfgkfmohgklhg ecmv ~fgkfphbvhg `hg pfbgicike è gfkfre-gfkfre uhgkzf`hgk ofrlfmohgk bhrvz èpi~hgk `fgkhg ~frpvmovbhg zfmhgkhp ecmehb' Zfdvmchb

~fmeler `hre hoh` 85 pfchb mfguh`hre mhzhchb ege' Bfrtfg# vm~hmhguh# pfchb mfgkfcvb

pfgphgk ècfpphgpezmf `hchm ecmv ~fgkfphbvhg è Vge Ziqefp è thmhguh' ^fgkkfmhr-~fgkkfmhr ovlhg hbce epv bhguh mfgjegphe ovhb ecmv ~fgkfphbvhg ph~e pe`hl ofrmeghp

vgpvl mfmhbhmeguh' Zelh~ rhluhp _vzeh lfpelh epv uhgk èkhmohrlhg icfb Bfrtfg dvkh

pfrjfrmeg `hchm zepvhze è mhzuhrhlhp-mhzuhrhlhp uhgk zf`hgk ofrlfmohgk `f{hzh ege'

Zfofghrguh zv`hb zfdhl chmh zfdvmchb ~fmeler `hg ~fgvcez Hzeh mfguh`hre geche `hre

zelh~ lfecmvhg' Zv`hb zfdhl phbvg 822?# zfirhgk pilib rfqicveigfr `hg ~fmohrvhg

Mvzcem# Zuf` Dhmhcv`èg Hakbhge `hre Lhclvph mfghg`hzlhg ~frcvguh lephmfgje~phlhg zfmhgkhp ecmehb `hg eh mfgflhglhg ~frhghg ~hg`hgkhg `hzhr uhgk rhzeighc

`hg ecmehb zfjhrh mfgufcvrvb `hchm mfgìrigk ~frpvmovbhg `hg ~fgkhrvb ecmv-ecmv

~fgkfphbvhg' ^frguhphhg Hakbhge epv zhgkhp ~fgpegk hrpeguh `hg zhgkhp rfcfqhg ohkemhzuhrhlhp-mhzuhrhlhp uhgk zf`hgk ofrlfmohgk `f{hzh ege' Eh mfgkhphlhg ohb{h

~fgkhdhrhg zfdvmchb ecmv ~fgkfphbvhg è zflichb-zflichb pe`hl hlhg mfchberlhg zvhpv

zfmhgkhp ecmehb licflpea pfrlfjvhce delh èlheplhg `fgkhg ~hg`hgkhg `hzhr uhgk rhzeighc`hg ecmehb zfjhrh mfgufcvrvb uhgk h`hchb zfmhgkhp aeczhahp'

Icfb lhrfgh mi`frgezhze ~h`h `hzhrguh h`hchb mfgkegpri`vlze ecmv ~fgkfphbvhg `hg

pflgicike mi`frg# mhlh jhrh ~fg`flhphg uhgk rhzeighc' Geche-geche ~frelfmhgvzehg# `hg

?8[fo4 {{{'~fpfrlhzfg`h'{ir`~rfzz'jimFmhec4 mr'lhzfg`hNkmhec'jim


22/56

^fpfr Lhzfg`h

chberguh zvhpv ~hg`hgkhg ecmehb uhgk mfgufcvrvb mfrv~hlhg zhpv zhzhrhg vphmh'

Mi`frgezhze ovlhg zflf`hr ~fgkkvghhg ecmv pfrh~hg zfjhrh zf~ipigk-zf~ipigk `hg zhgh-

zege' Jhrh ege zhdh pe`hl hlhg mfmvgkleglhg kicigkhg mhzuhrhlhp uhgk ofrlvhzh vgpvlmfcebhp zfcvrvb ~frmhzhchbhg `fgkhg lf`hchmhg ~fgkhghmhphg uhgk mfrv~hlhg

~frmhzhchbhg `fgkhg lf`hchmhg ~fgkhmhphg uhgk mfrv~hlhg jere `hre hlhc-ovè uhgk

zv`hb èrfzh~e fgfrke ecmehb' H~hoech mfrflh zv`hb `h~hp ofr~eler zfjhrh ecmehb# mhlhkicigkhg uhgk ofrlvhzh è @vgeh Lfpekh pfgpv hlhg mfmofrelhg ~reirephz vphmh lf~h`h

vzhbh-vzhbh vgpvl mfmohgkvg zflpir-zflpir uhgk ~hcegk è~frcvlhg'

Uhgk mfrv~hlhg jere-jere zfmhgkhp ecmehb h`hchb "h% bhrph vgpvl mfgkfphbve dhregkhg

~fgufoho uhgk mfgjhlv~ zhpv ~frzihchg# "o% mfgkbhrkhe mfpi`h-mfpi`h ecmehb# "j%

mfgkkvghlhg egpfckfgzeh zfcvhz mvgkleg# "`% mfguh`hre zhcegk-lfpfrkhgpvgkhg hgphrh

~frezpe{h# vzhbh# `hg mhzhchb-mhzhchb limvgephz hphv hchm zfmfzph# "f% mfmecelelfuhleghg uhgk dfchz `hg ~rikrfzea# "a% mfmecele lfmhm~vhg vgpvl ofraeler hphz `hzhr

dhgklh ~fg`fl mhv~vg dhgklh ~hgdhgk# "k% mfmecele lfmhm~vhg vgpvl mfgegdhv zvhpv

~frzihchg `hre zfcvrvb ~frz~flpeaguh# "a% mfmecele lfmhm~vhg vgpvl pfrvz ofrvzhbh

`fgkhg kekeb h~hoech mfgkbh`h~e zvhpv mhzhchb' Mfrfgjhghlhg hphz `hzhr ~reirephz- ~reirephz uhgk lfcerv# mfgkhohelhg ofrohkhe ligèze uhgk ~frcv vgpvl lfmhdvhg#

èìmeghze icfb ~fmelerhg uhgk lfcerv `hre cvhr gfkfre# epv zfmvh mfgvgdvllhg lfpeh`hhgzfmhgkhp pfrzfovp è hphz' @e Hzeh# vgzvr-vgzvr uhgk fzfgzehc `hchm ~fgkhchmhg Ohrhp

mfgkfghe mi`frgezhze `hg uhgk ~hcegk rfcfqhg ohke ligèze-ligèze mhzh lege leph pfchb

èhohelhg'

Zhpv ~frezpe{h uhgk peh`h phrhguh `hchm zfdhrhb# uhgk pfchb pfrdhè è Ohrhp zfchmh lerh-

lerh `vh rhpvz phbvg pfrhlber h`hchb ~fgegklhphg lvhgpephpea uhgk bfohp `hchm ~ri`vlze

ohrhgk `hg dhzh' H`h zfdvmchb zfoho `hg ~fgegklhphg ege' @e hgphrh zfoho-zfoho uhgkvphmh h`hchb mflhgezmf eg`vzpre# flz~ciphze ofzhr-ofzhrhg zvmofr-zvmofr megfrhc# `hg

mfpi`h-mfpi`h ~fgkhgklvphg uhgk zv`hb zhgkhp è~frohele' ^rfzphze epv pfchb è~frlvhp

chke icfb lfmhdvhg afgimfghc uhgk zfrv~h `hchm oe`hgk ~frphgehg'

^frezpe{h uhgk ~hcegk ofrhrpe `hchm zfdhrhb mi`frgezhze Ohrhp h`hchb rfqicvze ~frphgehg'

_fqicvze egechb uhgk pfchb mfmvgkleglhg ofrbhzecguh rfqicvze eg`vzpre begkkh mfchm~vezvhpv zflpir uhgk pfrohphz' Zhuh hlhg mfgkkvghlhg bhc ege zfohkhe ecvzprhze mfgkfghe

lflhjhvhg è @vgeh Lfpekh pfgphgk ligzf~ze mi`frgezhze# lfpeh`hhg lfmhgèrehg ofraeler#

khgkkvhg `hre cvhr pfrbh`h~ jhrh ofraeler leph# `hg pfgphgk lfguhphhg ohb{h bhc-bhc

pfrzfovp mfrv~hlhg hleohp `hre lfpeh`hhg zfmhgkhp uhgk rhzeighc ecmehb `hg ahczhahpe `hredfgez uhgk zfbhrvzguh mfrv~hlhg ~hg`hgkhg `hzhr leph mfgkfghe mi`frgezhze

^fgkfphbvhg ohrv pfgphgk jhrh mfghghm phghmhg ohrv `hg ofrpfrghl pfchb

mfgkhleohplhg pfrdhèguh ~fgegklhphg uhgk afgimfghc `hre bhzec ~frphgehg è hphz phghbuhgk pfchb èkhrh~ zfchmh ofrhoh`-hoh`' Ligzflvfgze `hre rfqicvze ~frphgehg h`hchb cvhr

oehzh ofzhrguh' @hchm pfm~i zhpv kfgfrhze zhdh# ofrdvph-dvph ovrvb phge pfchb èkfzfr lf

~flfrdhhg-~flfrdhhg cheg' Ligèze-ligèze è Fri~h `hchm hoh` lf-82 zfofcvm pfrdhèguhrfqicvze ~frphgehg `hchm ohguhl bhc mfgufrv~he ligèze-ligèze `hchm mhzuhrhlhp-

mhzuhrhlhp uhgk zf`hgk ofrlfmohgk# lbvzvzguh `hchm bhc lfpeh`hhg lf~hzpehg

mfgkfghe ~frzfèhhg ~hgkhg'

??[fo4 {{{'~fpfrlhzfg`h'{ir`~rfzz'jimFmhec4 mr'lhzfg`hNkmhec'jim


23/56

^fpfr Lhzfg`h

@fgkhg `fmelehg dfchz ohb{h lfofrbhzechg `hchm mfghgkkvchgke mhzhchb ~hgkhgchb

uhgk pfchb mfmvgkleglhg Ohrhp vgpvl mfgfrvzlhg vzhbh-vzhbhguh vgpvl mfgjh~he

lfmhdvhg-lfmhdvhg `hchm oe`hgk-oe`hgk chegguh' Hg`helhph Ohrhp pe`hl mfgjvrhblhg~frbhpehg uhgk ofkepv ofzhr lf~h`h mhzhchb ~fgkh`hhg ~hgkhgguh# mhlh mhzuhrhlhpguh

pe`hl hlhg ofrbhzec `hchm vzhbh-vzhbh chegguh è oe`hgk mi`frgezhze `hg eg`vzprehcezhze'

^frzuhrhphg ~frphmh vgpvl `h~hp be`v~ `fgkhg guhmhg h`hchb mhlhg uhgk jvlv~'^fchdhrhg uhgk ~fgpegk ege pfrcv~hlhg icfb ohkehg pfrofzhr mhzuhrhlhp-mhzuhrhlhp uhgk

zf`hgk ofrlfmohgk thmhg zflhrhgk' Ohguhl è hgphrh mfrflh pfrkhgpvgk lf~h`h ~ebhl

cheg `hchm bhc ~hgkhg' Mfrflh cfoeb zvlh mfmofce ~hgkhg `hre~h`h mfgkbhzeclhgguhzfgère zfjvlv~guh' Gfkhrh-gfkhrh zf~frpe Eg eh# ^hlezphg# Ohgkch`fzb# `hg ohguhl

gfkhrh Hrho `hg Harelh ofcvm `h~hp mfmfjhblhg mhzhchb ~hgkhg mfrflh'

^frpvmovbhg ~fg`vèvl mfrv~hlhg `hceb ahqirep vgpvl mfgdfchzlhg h~h zfohoguhmfrflh ofcvm `h~hp ofrz{hzfmoh`h `hchm bhc ~hgkhg' Lfbhm~hhg hrkvmfg zf`fmelehg

hlhg pfrcebhp h~hoech èegkhp ohb{h mhzhchb-mhzhchb uhgk zhmh dvkh pfchb èhchme icfb

Lhgh`h `hg Hmfrelh Zfrelhp ~h`h {hlpv mfrflh zf`hgk mfchlzhghlhg eg`vzprehcezhze

mfrflh' Icfb lhrfgh ~hgkhg mfrv~hlhg mhzhchb qephc `hg ~hcegk mfg`fzhl èmhzuhrhlhpmhzuhrhlhp uhgk zf`hgk ofrlfmohgk# mhlh è~frlerhlhg ohb{h ~reirephz

vphmh hlhg èofrelhg lf~h`h vzhbh-vzhbh vgpvl mfgegklhplhg mi`frgezhze `hg vgpvlmfgegklhplhg ~hrpeze~hze eg`vzpre `hchm zflpir ~hgkhg' Hgkkhrhg ofchgdh uhgk

èzfèhlhg icfb zvhpv ~fmfregphb vgpvl ~frfgjhghhg ~ri`vlze ~hgkhg# zfrph ofzhrguh

~frbhpehg uhgk èofrelhg lf~h`h mhzhchb ege `hchm ~frfgjhghhg ~fgkkvghhg pfghkh

lfrdh# mfrv~hlhg ~fpvgdvl pfgphgk pegkkeguh ~reirephz uhgk èofrelhg lf~h`h zihc ege'@ehohelhgguh eg`vzpre ~hgkhg dvkh mfrv~hlhg jhrh ofr~eler pfgphgk ~fmohgkvghg uhgk

cfoeb mfgkvphmhlhg eg`vpzrehcezhze `hre~h`h ~ri`vlze ~hgkhg'

^reirephz uhgk pe`hl mfmh`he uhgk èofrelhg lf~h`h ~ri`vlze ~hgkhg bhguh mfrv~hlhg

zhpv `hre zflehg ohguhl jigpib pfgphgk h`hguh lflvrhgkhg è `hchm ~hg`hgkhg `hzhr

mfgkfghe mi`frgezhze' Ege mfrv~hlhg zhpv jigpib pfgphgk h~h uhgk zhuh egkeg ghmhlhgmi`frgezhze uhgk zfzhp'

Mhzhchb-mhzhchb uhgk èbh`h~e `hchm vzhbh mi`frgezhze mhzuhrhlhp-mhzuhrhlhp uhgkzf`hgk ofrlfmohgk h`hchb ohguhl `hg rvmep' Uhgk zeahpguh ~hcegk ofrlfmohgk h`hchb

zeahp fcep uhgk ofrlvhzh' H`h zfdvmchb ahlpir uhgk ~hcegk mfgfgpvlhg ohke mi`frgezhze

`hg ~fmohgkvghg mhzuhrhlhp' Uhgk zv`hb dfchz h`hchb4 "8% zeahp fcep uhgk ofrlvhzh# "?%

pegklhp ~fgè elhg rhluhp# ":% phrha be`v~ mfrflh# "0% lfh`hhg h`megezprhzeguh# "6%zvmofr-zvmofr lflhuhhg gfkfre# "1% prhèze lfov`huhhg `hg lfhkhmhhg# `hg ";% jirhl

`hg pegklhp ìmeghze fligime `hg ~icepel `hre cvhr' Zeahp fcep-fcep uhgk ofrlvhzh h`hchb

uhgk ~hcegk mfgfgpvlhg icfb lhrfgh bhc epv `h~hp mfgfgpvlhg ~fmfjhbhg zfmvhmhzhchb-mhzhchb chegguh'

Zhpv zpvè mfgkfghe mi`frgezhze uhgk è~vzhplhg lf~h`h zfmvh mhzhchb uhgk ofrhgflh-rhkhm lfjvhce lf~h`h mhzhchb fcep-fcep uhgk ofrlvhzh pe`hl hlhg mfgkfghe zhzhrhgguh'

^h`h zhhp leph mfgkhdvlhg ~frphguhhg-~frphguhhg mfgkfghe h~h zfohoguh zvhpv

mhzuhrhlhp pfph~ pfrofchlhgk `hg ohkhemhgh jhrhguh eh `h~hp èmi`frgezhze `hg

èohgkvg# leph bhrvz mfgjvrhblhg zfohkehg ofzhr `hre ~frbhpehg leph lf~h`h fcepf-fcepf

?:[fo4 {{{'~fpfrlhzfg`h'{ir`~rfzz'jimFmhec4 mr'lhzfg`hNkmhec'jim


24/56

^fpfr Lhzfg`h

uhgk ofrlvhzh' Pe`hl jvlv~ h~hoech leph bhguh fcepf-fcepf uhgk ofrlvhzh' Pe`hl jvlv~

h~hoech leph bhguh mfguegkkvgkguh zhmoec chcv' Fcepf uhgk ofrlvhzh `hre dfgez mhghlhb

uhgk leph ~frcvlhg9 H~hlhb mfrflh zv`hb ofrh`h è pfgkhb-pfgkhb leph9 Ege mfrv~hlhg ~frphguhhg-~frphguhhg ~ilil uhgk bhrvz èdh{ho h~hoech leph egkeg mfmhbhme

mi`frgezhze mhzuhrhlhp-mhzuhrhlhp uhgk zf`hgk ofrlfmohgk' Mfgufovplhg zhpv-

~frzhpv mhzhchb-mhzhchb uhgk h`h# mfgkhghcezh mhzhchb-mhzhchb epv zfichb-ichb uhgkzhpv èzfoholhg icfb uhgk chegguh phg~h mfgkbvovgklhgguh `fgkhg fcepf uhgk ofrlvhzh#

h`hchb eohrhp mfgfcepe rfz~igz-rfz~igz mhgvzeh phg~h mfgkbvovgklhgguh `fgkhg iphl'

^frvohbhg zizehc uhgk ~hcegk mfgfgpvlhg h`hchb ~frvohbhg dfgez fcepf uhgk ofrlvhzh'H~hoech fcepf-fcepf uhgk ofrlvhzh ofrzelh~ gfkhpea# h~hoech mfrflh lirv~# `flh`fg#

ofrzelh~ mhzh oiìb# `hg pe`hl faezezfg' Ohkhemhgh jhrhguh hkhr leph `h~hp mfgkkhgpe

mfrflh `fgkhg fcepf uhgk ~vguh zeahp-zeahp ~izepea9 Ege mfrv~hlhg mhzhchb uhgk ~hcegk

mfghgphgk `hg ~hcegk ~fgpegk `hchm mi`frgezhze mhzuhrhlhp-mhzuhrhlhp uhgk zf`hgkofrlfmohgk' Mi`frgezhze uhgk zfzhp uhgk pfrdhè lhrfgh ìmeghze fcepf uhgk ofrlvhzh#

uhgk lvhcephz-lvhcephz mirhc `hg egpfcflpvhcguh pe`hl mfmfgvbe zuhrhp' ^fmofrehg

pflhghg ~h`h lhvm fcepf uhgk ofrlvhzh èmhlzv`lhg vgpvl mfm~frcvhz ~fmhbhmhg leph

@hchm ~rizfz vgpvl mfmhbhme lim~cflzephz uhgk cfoeb ofzhr `hre mi`frgezhze# dhcvr-

dhcvr rezfp ohrv bhrvz èovlh' Ligzf~-ligzf~ `hg mfpi`h-mfpi`h ohrv bhrvz èrhgjhgkofr`hzhrlhg ligèze-ligèze fm~erez è mhzuhrhlhp-mhzuhrhlhp zf`hgk ofrlfmohgk' Leph

bhrvz mfgkbeg`hre h~h uhgk icfb Mhi Tf @igk ècvlezlhg zzfohkhe lfrdh lfrhz zfjhrh

`hgklhc# mfgkvm~vclhg ahlph-ahlph phg~h pfire' Leph bhrvz mfgkfmohgklhg zfkhch

ligèze uhgk è~frcvlhg vgpvl mfm~fricfb ~fmhbhmhg uhgk mfg`hchm# zhpv pvdvhguhgk è`hmohlhg è mhgh-mhgh mfzle~vg h`h ~frof`hhg-~frof`hhg `hchm zezpfm

aeczhahpguh'

^fmelerhg lfmohce mfgkfghe mi`frgezhze bhrvz mfm~frpemohgklhg zfmvh ~fgkfphbvhg

uhgk rfcfqhg ohel `hre gfkfre-gfkfre Ohrhp mhv~vg `hre gfkfre-gfkfre limvgez' H`h

zvmohgkhg-zvmohgkhg pfrpfgpv uhgk cfoeb rfcfqhg `hre Ohrhp `hg zvmohgkhg-zvmohgkhgpfrpfgpv uhgk cfoeb ~fgpegk `hre gfkfre-gfkfre limvgez' Zf~frpe èlfmvlhlhg è hphz#

zfcflzeguh bhrvz èchlvlhg zfjhrh ligzprvlpea `hg lrepez' Leph pfrcfoeb `hbvcv bhrvz

mfgkvohb zelh~ leph' Zhpv zelh~ uhgk vmvm `hre ecmv{hg-ecmv{hg zizehc# aezelh# `hghchm leph h`hchb ohb{h mfrflh bhguh mfghrvb ~frbhpehg pfrbh`h~ ~fgkfphbvhg uhgk

ofrhzhc `hre Ohrhp' Mfgkegkhp chphr ofchlhgk egzepvzeighc mfrflh# bhc epv vgpvl zfohkehg

~h`hp è~hbhme' Hlhg pfph~e irhgk pe`hl `h~hp mfmofohzlhg ère `hre irhgk uhgk

mfgkigèzelhgguh è mhzh chm~hv `h~hp mfgdhè zfirhgk ~fmeler uhgk mhgère' Eh pe`hlhlhg `h~hp mfguvmohgklhg zfjhrh faflpea# mfcheglhg bhguh zfohkhe ~fgkfjfr `hre

~fgkfphbvhg uhgk èem~ir' @hchm zfdhrhb ofcvm ~frghb h`h mi`frgezhze uhgk ofrbhzec

uhgk èjh~he icfb zvhpv ~em~eghg egpfcflpvhc# uhgk avgkzeguh bhguh zflf`hr mfgdvch e`f-e`f uhgk èem~ir phg~h mfm~frpemohgkhg li`rhpguh `hg ~frcvpe`hlguh ohke vmvm'

"Hchphz# 852>4 ?;-;5%

Lrepel pfrbh`h~ Pfire ^frpvmovbhg `hg Mi`frgezhze



25/56

^fpfr Lhzfg`h

Zfcheg lfofrbhzechg mfghellhg ~frpvmovbhg KG # zfmvh zprhpfke ~fmohgkvghg

fligime zfpfchb ^frhgk @vgeh EE zfchcv èlrepel lhrfgh pfrguhph zfmvh ~fg`flhphg

~fmohgkvghg `hchm lfguhphgguh pfchb khkhc mfmfgvbe dhgde mfrflh mfgufdhbpfrhblhgrhluhp è @vgeh Lfpekh' Uhgk pfrdhè zfohcelguh# ~fmohgkvghg pfchb mfmoh{h `hm~hl

gfkhpea# èhgphrhguh4 ~fmohgkvghg pfchb mfchgkkfgklhg ~fgkhgkkvrhg# mfgvmovblhg

lfpe`hlmfrhphhg `hg mfghellhg lfmezleghg hozicvp# `hg cheg zfohkheguh' Zhpv pfmh `hrelrepel ege# mhgahhp `hre ~fmohgkvghg zfpfchb ~frhgk pe`hl mhm~v mfgdhgklhv irhgk

mezleg è `vgeh# `hg bhc epv èhgkkh~ pe`hl hèc lhrfgh irhgk mezleg uhgk mfgkbh`h~e

mhzhchb be`v~-mhpe epv dvzprv phl pfrdhgklhv'

Zfohkhe rfz~ig# pfchb mvgjvc zprhpfke hcpfrghpea `hchm mfgjh~he ~fmohgkvghg fligime

è @vgeh Lfpekh# uhgk èghmhlhg ~frpvmovbhg `hg ~fmfrhphhg' Zfcvrvb

~fg`flhphg~frpvmovbhg `hg ~fmfrhphhg mfm~vguhe hz~fl vmvm# uhlge zfmvhguh ofrlfmohgk `hre lf~frjhuhhg ohb{h mi`fc ~fmohgkvghg prhèzeighc uhgk

mfm~frjhuhlhg ~h`h ~frpvmovbhg KG^ pe`hl hlhg mfmofre lfvgpvgkhg lf~h`h lhvm

mezleg è gfkhrh ofrlfmohgk `hg dvkh pe`hl mfmofre lfvgpvgkhg gfkhrh lf~h`h mfrflh'

Mfrflh zf~fg`h~hp ohb{h `hchm {hlpv `flhp rfqicvze zizehc pe`hl pfrdhè è zfohkehggfkhrh mezleg# pfph~e mfrflh mfgjhre jhrh vgpvl mfgjh~he pegklhp lfhèchg zf~frpe

rfqicvze zizehc' Phe{hg# Lirfh# Bigkligk# Ezrhfc# Df~hgk# Zegkh~vrh `hg Zrechgklhèzfovplhg zfohkhe gfrkhrh-gfkhrh uhgk ofrbhzec'

^fg`flhphg pfrzfovp dvkh mfmecele lfzhmhhg hzvmze ohb{h ~fphge è gfkhrh lvrhgk

ofrlfmohgk h`hchb rf~igzea pfrbh`h~ lfzfm~hphg fligime' @fgkhg `fmelehg# mhzhchbè gfkhrh mezleg ovlhgchb pfrcfphl ~h`h ~fphge pfph~e dvzprv pfrcfphl ~h`h fcep uhgk

ofrlvhzh è eov liph' Hlberguh# zfmvhguh mfmofre pflhghg ~h`h èmfgze zizehc `hg

~icepel pfrbh`h~ ~frpvmovbhg `hg ~fmfrhphhg' Mfrflh ofr~fg`h~hp ohb{h zhchb zhpvbhmohphg ~fg`flhphg uhgk pfchb cf{hp h`hchb pfrchcv zfm~ep ailvz mfrflh ~h`h ahlpir

fligime zf`frbhghphghb# ovrvb# `hg mi`hc`hg mfgkhohelhg ahlpir ~icepel# zizehc# `hg

ov`huh' Zflhrhgk leph pegdhv mhzegk-mhzegk ~fg`flhphg ~frpvmovbhg `hg ~fmfrhphhgmfg`h~hp ~fcohkhe lrepel# ohel `hre uhgk mfm~frphbhglhg ~fg`flhphg mi`fc prhèzeighc#

mhv~vg `hre ~fgkhgvp ~fg`flhphg rfqicvzeigfr'

Lrepel-lrepel pfrzfovp h`hchb zfohkhe ofrelvp4 ^frphmh# lrepel `hre `hchm hphv lrepel

prhèzeighc' H`h pekh lim~igfg vphmh uhgk mfm~frphbhglhg ~fg`flhphg prhèzeighc'

^frphmh mfrflh uhgk mfgfgphgk lhrfgh mfgkhgkkh~ `hph uhgk mfgufrhgk mi`fc

prhèzeighc lvrhgk qhce`' @hphguh pe`hl mfmh`he `hg lhrfghguh lfzem~vchg pe`hl oezhèjh~he' Pe`hl h`h zhpv `hph-`hph ~vg uhgk `h~hp è~frjhuh uhgk mfgvgdvllhg zfjhrh

hozicvp zfmhleg mfmovrvlguh lfbe`v~hg irhgk mezleg' @fmelehg bhcguh `hph

~fgkhgkkvrhg è `vgeh lfpekh pe`hl ofrmhlgh lhrfgh ohguhl uhgk mfm~vguhe ~flfrdhhgpfph~e pe`hl oezh èlhpfkirelhg mfgkhgkkvr mfgvrvp vlvrhg vmvm# pfph~e pib oezh be`v~'

Hlberguh# iozfrqhze pfrbh`h~ gfkhrh uhgk rfchpea pe`hl hèc zf~frpe Orhtec# dvkh pe`hlchb

dfchz'

Lim~igfg lf`vh h`hchb ~fgkhgvp ~fg`flhphg prhèzeighc uhgk ofr~fg`h~hp ohb{h

mfmohgkvg ~f`fzhhg `hg mfghbhg hkhr irhgk `fzh pfph~ be`v~ è `fzh h`hchb zvhpv

peg`hlhg rfhlzeigfr' Zfdhrhb mfmovlpelhg lf~h`h leph ohb{h zvmofr èghmelh `hg



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^fpfr Lhzfg`h

bhrh~hg ohke irhgk mezleg vgpvl mfgegklhplhg phrha be`v~ mfrflh h`hchb vrohgezhze `hg

eg`vzprehcezhze' Dvkh pfrovlpe ohb{h ~fphge `fgkhg chbhg zfm~ep pe`hl jvlv~ faezefg vgpvl

mfgegklhplhg bhzec ~frphgehg' Mvgkleg ~fphge uhgk cfoeb uhgk cfoeb faezezfg h`hchbmfrflh uhgk uhgk mfmecele phghb uhgk cfoeb `hre zhpv bflphr# h~hchke leph

mfm~

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