BAHASA INGGRIS OLEH:

WINDA SURYA SABRINA

XII IIS 1

THE EXPRESSION OF SOMETHING

OFFERING SOMETHINGFORMAL

Offering something formal word, usually used to older people.

Example :• Could i offer you a glass of lemonade?• Would you mind joining us?• Shall i get you a bottle of water?

INFORMAL

Informal said offering something, usually used to people the same age

Example :• What can i get for you?• Won't you have a pancake?• Cheese sandwich?

Declining an Offering Something

Is the means used to refuse assistance or offer from someone.Examples:• No,thanks• No, i really won't ,thank you• Not for me ,thanks

Accepting an Offering Something

Is the means used to receive help or offer from someone.Examples:• Thank you• Yes, please!• I'd like it• Thank you, i would

Asking for Help Giving HelpCould you possibly help me ? I will do it for you.Could I possibly ask you to help me ? I’d like to help you.Would you be willing to help me ? I’d be happy to help you.Could you do me a favor, please ? Let me help you.Can you help me, please ? Let me give you my hand.

Offering Help Refusing HelpCan I help ? No, you don’t need to.Do you need any help ? Don’t bother yourself, thanks.May I help you ? No, thank you.

Do you need a hand ? That’s very kind, but I can manage myself.

Can I do anything to help ? That’s very kind of you, but I don’t think it’s necessary.

OFFERING HELP

IF CONDITIONAL CLAUSE

Conditional Sentence Type 1

→ It is possible and also very likely that the condition will be fulfilled.Form: if + Simple Present, will-Future

Conditional Sentence Type 2

→ It is possible but very unlikely, that the condition will be fulfilled.Form: if + Simple Past, ConditionaL I (= would + Infinitive)

Conditional Sentence Type 3

→ It is impossible that the condition will be fulfilled because it refers to the past.Form: if + Past Perfect, Conditional II (= would + have + Past Participle)

Type   Examples    long forms short/contracted forms

I

+ If I study, I will pass the exam. If I study, I'll pass the exam.

-If I study, I will not fail the exam.If I do not study, I will fail the exam. If I study, I won't fail the exam.

If I don't study, I'll fail the exam.

II

+ If I studied, I would pass the exam. If I studied, I'd pass the exam.

- If I studied, I would not fail the exam.If I did not study, I would fail the exam.

If I studied, I wouldn't fail the exam.If I didn't study, I'd fail the exam.

III

+ If I had studied, I would have passed the exam. If I'd studied, I'd have passed the exam.

- If I had studied, I would not have failed the exam.If I had not studied, I would have failed the exam.

If I'd studied, I wouldn't have failed the exam.If I hadn't studied, I'd have failed the exam.

JOB APPLICATION

LETTER

A job application letter also known as a cover letter should be sent or uploaded with your resumewhen applying for jobs. While

your resume offers a history of your work experience and an outline of your skills and accomplishments, the job application

letter you send to an employer explains why you are qualified for the position and should be selected for an interview. 

Job APPLICATION LETTER FORMAT

Use the application letter format below as a guideline to create customized application lettersto send to employers.

Contact Information

NameAddressCity, State, Zip CodePhone NumberEmail AddressDate

Employer Contact Information (if you have it)

NameTitleCompanyAddressCity, State, Zip Code

Body of Application Letter

The body of your application letter lets the employer know what position you are applying for, why the employer should select you for an

interview, and how you will follow-up. See below for a paragraph-by-paragraph breakdown of the

body of the letter.

Salutation

Dear Mr./Ms. Last Name, (leave out if you don't have a contact)

First ParagraphThe first paragraph of your letter should

include information on why you are writing. Mention the job you are

applying for and where you found the job listing. Include the name of a mutual

contact, if you have one

Complimentary Close

Sincerely,Signature

Final Paragraph

Conclude your application letter by thanking the employer for considering you for the position. Include information on how you will follow-up.

Middle Paragraph(s)

The next section of your application letter should describe what you have to offer the

employer. It can be a single paragraph, or you can break it up into a couple of paragraphs. If the section gets lengthy, you may use bullet

points to break up the text. Remember, you are interpreting your resume, not repeating it. Mention specifically how your qualifications

match the job you are applying for. In this portion of the letter, make your case for your

candidacy.

DIRECT & INDERECTSPEECH

Reporting Statements

Table for change in tense of reported

speech for all TENSES

DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH

   PRESENT TENSE                 PRESENT SIMPLE changes into PAST SIMPLE

He said, “I write a letter”

She said, “he goes to school daily”

They said, “we love our country”

He said, “he does not like computer”

He said that he wrote a letter.

He said that she went to school daily.

They said that they loved their country

He said that he did not like computer.   PRESENT CONTINUOUS changes into PAST CONTINUOUS

She said, “I am washing my clothes”

They said, “we are enjoying the weather”

She said, “I am not laughing”

She said that she was washing her clothes.

They said that they were not enjoying the weather.

She said that she was not laughing.              PRESENT PERFECT changes into PAST PERFECT

She said, “he has finished his work”

He said, “I have started a job”

I said, “she have eaten the meal”

They said, “we have not gone to New York.

She said that he had finished his work.

He said that he had started a job.

I said that she had eaten the meal.

They said that they had not gone to New York.PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS changes into PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

He said, “I have been studying since 3 O’clock”

She said, “It has been raining for three days.”

I said, “She has been working in this office since 2007”

He said that he had been studying since 3 O’clock.

She said that it been raining for three days.

I said that she had been working in this office since 2007.

PAST TENSE                PAST SIMPLE changes into PAST PERFECT

He said to me, “you answered correctly”

John said, “they went to cinema” 

He said, “I made a table”

She said, “I didn’t buy a car”

He said to me that I had answered correctly.

John said that they had gone to cinema.

He said that he had made a table.

She said that she had not bought a car.PAST CONTINUOUS changes into PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

They said, “we were enjoying the weather”

He said to me, “ I was waiting for you”

I said, “It was raining”

She said, “I was not laughing”

They said that they had been enjoying.

He said to me that he had been waiting for me.

I said that it had been raining.

She said that she not been laughing.PAST PERFECT changes into PAST PERFECT (tense does not change)

She said, “She had visited a doctor”

He said, “I had started a business”

I said, “she had eaten the meal”

They said, “we had not gone to New York.

She said that she had visited a doctor.

He said that he had started a business.

I said that she had eaten the meal.

They said they had not gone to New York.

 FUTURE TENSEFUTURE SIMPLE TENSE

WILL changes into WOULDHe said, “I will study the book”

She said, “I will buy a computer”

They said to me, “we will send you gifts”

I said, “I will not take the exam”

He said that he would study the book.

She said that she would buy a computer.

They said to me that they would send you gifts.

I said that I would not take the exam.FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE

WILL BE changes into WOULD BEI said to him, “ I will be waiting for him”

She said,” I will be shifting to new home”

He said, “I will be working hard”

He said, “he will not be flying kite”

I said to him that I would be waiting for him.

She said that she would be shifting to a new home.

He said that he would be working hard.

She said that he would not be flying kites.FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

WILL HAVE changes into WOULD HAVEHe said, “I will have finished the work”

She said, “they will have passed the examination”

He said, “I will have gone”

He said that he would have finished the work.

She said that they would have passed the examination.

He said that he would have gone.

Modal Direct speech Reported speechcan "I can do it." He said he could do it.

may "May I go out?" He wanted to know if he might go out.

must "She must apply for the job." He said that she must/had to apply for the job.

will "They will call you." He told her that they would call her.

PLACE, DEMONSTRATIVES AND TIME EXPRESSIONS

Direct Speech Reported SpeechTime Expressions

today that daynow then

yesterday the day before… days ago … days beforelast week the week beforenext year the following yeartomorrow the next day / the following day

Placehere there

Demonstrativesthis that

these those

REPORTING QUESTIONSTypes of questions Direct speech Reported speechWith question word (what, why, where, how...)

"Why" don’t you speak English?”

He asked me why I didn’t speak English.

Without question word (yes or no questions)

“Do you speak English?” He asked me whether / if I spoke English.

Direct speech Reported speech“Nancy,do the exercise.“ He told Nancy to do the exercise.

"Nancy, give me your pen, please." He asked Nancy to give him her pen.

Reporting Requests / commands

For affirmative use to + infinitive (without to)For negative requests, use not to + infinitive

(without to)

NEWS ITEM

News item is a text which informs readers about events of

the day. The events are considered newsworthy or

important

Generic Structure of News Item

1. Main event2. Elaboration (background,

participant, time, place)3. Resource of information

Language Feature of News Item1. Focusing on circumstances2. Using material process

Town ‘ContaminatedNewsworthy events

Moscow – A Russian journalist has uncovered evidence of another Soviet nuclear catastrophe, which killed 10 sailors and contaminated an entire town.

Background Events Yelena Vazrshavskya is the first journalist to speak to people who witnessed the explosion of a nuclear submarine at the naval base of shkotovo – 22 near Vladivostock.The accident, which occurred 13 months before the Chernobyl disaster, spread radioactive fall-out over the base and nearby town, but was covered up by officials of the Soviet Union. Residents were told the explosion in the reactor of the Victor-class submarine during a refit had been a ‘thermal’ and not a nuclear explosion. And those involved in the clean up operation to remove more than 600 tones of contaminated material were sworn to secrecy.

Sources A board of investigators was later to describe it as the worst accident in the history of the Soviet Navy.

Examples and structures of the text