Mankeu Ebisnis Lecture

7/30/2019 Mankeu Ebisnis Lecture

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Manajemen Keuangan & Teknologi E-Bisnis

Program Pascasarjana, Universitas Gunadarma, Magister Management , Budi Hermana-1

Market ICT profile

Introduction IT and Bussiness Concept of Internet

Measurement

Cost Pricing

E-Finance

Type and Model

Economic framework

Manajemen Keuangandan Teknologi E-Bisnis
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/2005/Ngajar/mankeu_ebis/ASIA_ICT.ppthttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/2005/Ngajar/mankeu_ebis/ASIA_ICT.ppt


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Market ICT profile


Measurement

Cost Pricing

E-Finance

Type and Model

Economic framework

Continued Growth Hosts: 36,739,000 (7/98); 16,729,000 (7/97)

.com: 10,301,570

.net: 7,054,863

.edu: 4,464,153

Web servers: 3.35M (10/98); 130%

Bill Goffe, Univ. of Southern Mississippi

Bob Parks, Washington University

George Greenwade, Sam Houston State University


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Market ICT profile


Measurement

Cost Pricing

E-Finance

Type and Model

Economic framework


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Market ICT profile


Measurement

Cost Pricing

E-Finance

Type and Model

Economic framework


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Market ICT profile


Measurement

Cost Pricing

E-Finance

Type and Model

Economic framework


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Market ICT profile


Measurement

Cost Pricing

E-Finance

Type and Model Economic framework


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Market ICT profile


Measurement

Cost Pricing

E-Finance


The Imperatives of Technology Applications of technology require precise

subdivision and coordination of activities.

Large-scale subdivision generates complexitywhich must be comprehended and managed.

Complexity extends production processes in time

and space.

Spatial extension through the supply chain

Temporal extension through component fabrication and

assembly


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Market ICT profile


Measurement

Cost Pricing

E-Finance


The Imperatives of Technology

Microeconomic Consequences:

Large overhead costs.

Significant economies of scale and scope.Multi-dimensional product characteristics.

Consequences for Industrial Organization

Strategic rather than competitive environment.Non-price competition (branding and product

differentiation).


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Market ICT profile


Measurement

Cost Pricing

E-Finance


Information and the Economic Landscape

What is the role of information in the economic

landscape?

The Hayek model: Competitive paradigm Prices are sufficient statistics for information about the

state of the market.

Competitive markets aggregate economic information.

Decentralized decision-making requires only prices asinputs to decision processes.


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Market ICT profile


Measurement

Cost Pricing

E-Finance


Information and the Economic Landscape

Strategic distortions of the competitive model:

Information is internalized in the supply chain and

through long-term contracting relationships betweenfirms.

Market segmentation and price discrimination mask

information content of prices.

Product differentiation fragments information. Strategic interactions (pricing and marketing) entangle

information through versioning and bundling decisions.

k l
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Market ICT profile


Measurement

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E-Finance


The Internet and the New Economy Information technology is simultaneously

intensifying the strategic features of the economic

landscape, while making it more competitive. Strategic Intensification

Greater scope for both B2B and B2C commercial interactions

Tightening of existing supply chains through internet data

transfer protocols

Dis- and re-intermediation of consumer sales.

j & k l i i i


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Market ICT profile


Measurement

Cost Pricing

E-Finance


The Internet and the New Economy Intensification of competition

Digital goods and services are the most extreme examples of

the technological imperative: All costs are fixed costs --

marginal cost is zero. Wide-spread adoption of information technology puts zero cost

production (copying) capabilities in everyones hands.

Wide-spread adoption of technology gives economic agents

vastly expanded access to information about products and

prices.

M j K & T k l i E Bi i


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Market ICT profile


Measurement

Cost Pricing

E-Finance


Electronic Transaction

Transaction

Performance:

Selected

Price

Transaction-Related Value Sources:

Transaction Characteristics

Technology-

Related Value

Sources:Search, Evaluation

and SelectionCa abilities

Transaction Process

Traditional Transaction

Buyer-Related Value Sources:

Buyer Behavior

Traditional vs electronic transaction



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Market ICT profile


Measurement

Cost Pricing

E-Finance


What is the Internet?

Where did it come from?

The Internet is a world-wide network of computer networks that use a

common communications protocol, TCP/IP (Transmission Control

Protocol/Internet Protocol). TCP/IP provides a common language for

interoperation between networks that use a variety of local protocols

(Ethernet, Netware, AppleTalk, DECnet and others).

In the late sixties, the Advanced Research Projects Administration

(ARPA), a division of the U.S. Defense Department, developed the

ARPAnet to link together universities and high-tech defense

contractors. The TCP/IP technology was developed to provide astandard protocol for ARPAnet communications. In the mid-eighties

the NSF created the NSFNET in order to provide connectivity to its

supercomputer centers, and to provide other general services. The

NSFNET adopted the TCP/IP protocol and provided a high-speed

backbone for the developing Internet.



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Market ICT profile


Measurement

Cost Pricing

E-Finance


What do people do on the Internet?

How big is the Internet?

Probably the most frequent use iselectronic mail

(e-mail). After that arefile transfer

(moving data from one computer to another) andremote login (logging into a computerthat is running somewhere else on the Internet). In terms of traffic volume, as of December

1994 about32% of total traffic was file transfer, 16% was World Wide Web (WWW), 11%

was netnews, 6% was email, 4% was gopher, and the rest was for other uses [Merit

Statistics]. People can search databases (including the catalogs of the Library of Congress

and scores of university research libraries), download data and software, and ask (or answer)

questions in discussion groups on numerous topics (including economics research).

From 1985 to December 1994, the Internet grew from about 200 networks to well

over 45,000 and from 1,000 hosts (end-user computers) to over four

million. About 1,000,000 of these hosts are at educational sites, 1,300,000 are commercialsites, and about 385,000 are government/military sites, all in the U.S. Most of the other

1,300,000 hosts are elsewhere in the world [Network Wizards]. NSFNET traffic grew from

85 million packets in January 1988 to 86 billion packets in November 1994. (Packets are

variable in length, with a bimodal distribution. The mean is about 200 bytes on average, and

a byte corresponds to one ASCII character.) This is more than a six hundred-fold increase in

only six years. The traffic on the network is currently increasing at a rate of 6% a month.

(NSFNET statistics are available at Merits Network Information Center1.)



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Market ICT profile


Measurement

Cost Pricing

E-Finance


Types of ecommerce Business to business

Example ESIP 1 to ESIP 3 ecommerce

Business to consumerDistributing data products to non ESIP

customers.

Both types have different needs andresources.

Both types of customers can be served



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Market ICT profile


Measurement

Cost Pricing

E-Finance


Barriers to success in ecommerceSurvey from commerce.netTop Ten Barriers to ecommerce, 2000

1. Security and encryption2. Trust and risk

3. Lack of qualified personnel

4. Lack of business models

5. Culture

6. User authentication and lack of public key infrastructure7. Organization

8. Fraud and risk of loss

9. Internet/Web is too slow and not dependable

10.Legal issues



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Market ICT profile


Measurement

Cost Pricing

E-Finance


Business Models The method of doing business by which a company can generate

revenue.

The business model spells-out how a company makes money by

specifying where it is positioned in the value chain.

Ecommerce Models

There are many models being talked about, so it depends on who

you are asking.

Useful Categories

Transplanted real world business models

Native internet business models



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Market ICT profile


Measurement

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E-Finance


Internet economics is differentfrom real world economics

Real World

It is based on supply and demand

Value comes from a scarcity of goods andservices.

Internet Scarcity doesnt exist on the web. There is

almost no cost to replicate data.

The economics of abundance makes attention

valuable.



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Market ICT profile


Measurement

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E-Finance


Native Internet ModelsLibrary The internet is a source of

free information

Freeware Software is distributed free of

charge GNU or Netscape

Information Barter Provide information in trade

for the use of a product

Digital Products and digitaldelivery Images animation text that ispurchased

Access provision ISPs

Web site hosting and other

internet services

Electronic mail or web sites



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Market ICT profile


Measurement

Cost Pricing

E-Finance


High Level ModelsBrokerage Bring together buyers and sellers charging fees for transactionsAdvertising Extension of media broadcast high volume or specialized

Infomediary Collect data regarding usage Sell collected information

Merchant Classic wholesale and retail Fixed prices or Auctions

Manufacturer Direct to consumer Compress the supply chain

Affiliate Distribute purchase opportunity Sites get paid for referrals

Community Based on loyalty Subscription or sponsors

Subscription High value content May combine free and pay

Utility Pay for what is used May depend on byte payments



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Market ICT profile


Measurement

Cost Pricing

E-Finance


Brokerage ExamplesMarket Exchange (Common B2B model) Broker charges the seller a transaction

fee baed on the value of the sale. Pricing can be offer/buy offer/negotiated buy, or

an auction offer/bid approach.

Virtual Mall-- A site that hosts many online merchants. The Mall typically charges

setup, monthly listing, and/or per transaction fees.

Metamediary -- a business that brings buyers and online merchants together and

provides transaction services such as financial settlement and quality assurance. It is

a virtual mall, but one that will process the transaction, track orders, and providebilling and collection services.

Auction Broker -- A site that conducts auctions for sellers (individuals or

merchants). Broker charges the seller a fee, which is typically scaled with the value

of the transaction.

Ma aj K a a & T k l i E Bi i


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Market ICT profile


Measurement

Cost Pricing

E-Finance


Advertising ExamplesGeneralized Portal high-volume traffic driven by generic or diversified content orservices The high volume makes advertising profitable and permits further

diversification of site services.

Personalized Portal The generic nature of a generalized portal undermines userloyalty. The profitability of this portal in based on volume and possibly the value

of information derived from user choices.

Specialized Portal Also called a "vortal" (i.e., vertical portal). Volume is less

important than a well-defined user base This can be highly sought after as a venuefor certain advertisers who are willing to pay to reach that particular audience

Free Model Give users something for freeFreebies create a high volume site for

advertising opportunities. Viability is hardest when based purely on advertising

revenue. Opportunity to blend with infomediary model.

Manajemen Keuangan & Teknologi E Bisnis


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Market ICT profile


Measurement

Cost Pricing

E-Finance


Infomediary ExamplesRecommender System A site that allows users to exchangeinformation with each other about the quality of products and services --

or the sellers with whom they have had a purchase experience (good or

bad). Recommender systems can take advantage of the affiliate model

offered by merchants to augment revenue from the sale of consumer

information.

Registration Model Content-based sites that are free to view butrequire users simply to register (other information may or may not be

collected). Registration allows inter-session tracking of users' site usage

patterns and thereby generates data of greater potential value in targeted

advertising campaigns. This is the most basic form of infomediary model.



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Market ICT profile


Measurement

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E-Finance


Merchant ExampleBit Vendor a merchant that deals strictly in digital products and services and, in itspurest form, conducts both sales and distribution over the web.

Virtual Merchant a business that operates only over the web and offers eithertraditional or web-specific goods or services (a.k.a., pure-play e-tailers). The method

of selling may be list price or auction

Surf-and-Turf Traditional brick-and-mortar establishment with web storefront. The

model has the potential for channel conflict. Physical stores can prove to be an asset ifcleverly integrated into web operations. Also known as "bricks-and-clicks".

Catalog Merchant The migration of mail-order to a web-based order business.



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Market ICT profile


Measurement

Cost Pricing

E-Finance


Perspective on Market Transactions (Dholakia et all)



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Market ICT profile


Measurement

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E-Finance


Economic Effects of Internet and Impacts on Marketing (Dholakia et all)



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Market ICT profile


Measurement

Cost Pricing

E-Finance


Economic Effects of Internet and Impacts on Marketing (Dholakia et all)



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Market ICT profile


Measurement

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E-Finance


Measuring The Internet Economy (ODonnel)

Four Layer (CREC Univeristy of Texas)

Internet Infrastructure : including

Telecommunication Company, Internet Backbone

Providers, Internet Service Provider

Internet application infrastructure: principally,

software required for internet services, but also

consulting and service company hired to build websites

Internet Intermediary

Internet Commerce



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Market ICT profile


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E-Finance




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Market ICT profile


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Market ICT profile


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E-Finance


Four Common Topics inEconomics

Cost

Price

Demand

Substitutes and Complements

Externalities



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Market ICT profile


Measurement

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E-Finance


Cost

Producing

Duplicating

Distributing

Capacity Limits

Phone Service

Movies

Music

Stock Quotes

Magazines

Internet



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Market ICT profile


Measurement

Cost Pricing

E-Finance


The Cost of Information

The cost of producing the first unit of a digital good is

generally not small, and can be substantial.

As we have seen, the indestructibility and reproducibility

of digital goods means that the marginal cost of producing

an additional unit of the good is close to zero.

Because the cost of storing and transmitting stored

information is cheap (and continues to get cheaper), there

are also no effective capacity constraints on the production

of digital goods.



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Market ICT profile


Measurement

Cost Pricing

E-Finance


HOW IS INTERNET ACCESS PRICED?

What other types of pricing have been considered?

There are three main elements of network costs:

The cost of connecting to the net,

The cost of providing additional network capacity, and

The social cost of congestion.

To reduce congestion

Peer pressure and user ethic

Quee and priority

Overprovisioning



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Market ICT profile


Measurement

Cost Pricing

E-Finance


Cost Issues In typical networks, most of the cost of building and

operating the network is fixed, with the marginal cost

of providing network services (transportation,communication, transactions) generally small.

This implies that as the network increases in size, the

average cost of providing network services decreases.

Hence, there are natural incentives with networkedtechnologies for firms that operate the technology to

grow in size.



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Market ICT profile


Measurement

Cost Pricing

E-Finance


Pricing of Access to The Internet Flat Pricing

Auction Approach

Static Priority Pricing

Dynamic Priority Pricing

PMP Approach

Pricing of Goods and Services onThe Internet ?



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Market ICT profile


Measurement

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E-Finance


Price Value not cost

Segment

Personalize Bundle

Movie Theaters

Airlines

Books Printers

Lexis-Nexis

Amazon.com Super Markets Online

Internet



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Market ICT profile


Measurement

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E-Finance


Microsoft vs. Britannica

Pre-internet: 32 volume set ofEncyclopedia

Britannica cost $1600 in hardback.

Microsofts strategy for marketing electronic

encyclopedic services:

purchase Funk & Wagnalls Encyclopedia

use the content ofF&Wto produce a CD withmultimedia enhancements and a user friendly search

facility

market the result asMS Encarta for $49.95



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Market ICT profile


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E-Finance


Result:

Britannica loses significant market share to the search

features and multimedia enhancements ofEncarta and

other electronic encyclopedias.

Britannica fights back:

Online version for libraries (cost: $2000)

But households, smaller schools and libraries continue to defect

to cheaper electronic encyclopedias and online encyclopediaservices

Britannica offers an online subscription for individuals for

$120/yr and CDROM for $200.

Households still not willing to pay 4 times the cost ofEncarta

Microsoft vs. Britannica



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E-Finance


The Basic Rule for Profit-Maximization (Price - Marginal Cost)/Price = 1/-Ed

Not an operational decision rule - a statement of the condition required for maximum

profit

Can be re-stated in an average cost plus margin format

Pricing and Market Structures Under perfect competition, firms areprice-takers Under monopoly, firms areprice-makers (but still constrained by the requirement to

make maximum profit)

Under monopolistic competition, prices settle at the excess capacity level where P=AC

Price Discrimination Price discrimination exists when the same product is sold for different prices, that are

not attributable to differences in the cost of supply

Two conditions are needed:

the market must be divisible into sub-markets between which there cannot be any

arbitrage

demand conditions (elasticity) must be different in the sub-markets



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E-Finance


Third Degree Price Discrimination

A number of sub-markets, each containing a number of potential customers These markets may be separated by:

distance ( car prices differ between Europe and the UK - but is it really pricediscrimination?)

time (for non-storable commodities) - peak versus off-peak journeys

age and status - Student Railcards, Old Person Railcards

Second Degree Price Discrimination Customers are charged one price for the first block of units they purchase, thena different price for the second block electricity, water, gas tariffs

the producer appropriates part of the consumer surplus

First Degree Price Discrimination Every buyer is charged the maximum they are willing to pay (the demandcurve becomes the marginal revenue curve)

Can be difficult to evaluate willingness to pay but first degree discriminationmay be possible in personal, household or commercial services

Note that the socially optimal level of output will be produced but all thesurplus accrues to the producer

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Market ICT profile


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E-Finance


Type ofmarket

Numberof firms

Freedom ofentry

Nature of product Examples Implications for demandcurve

faced by firm

Perfectcompetition

Verymany Unrestricted

Homogeneous(undifferentiated)

Cabbages,carrots

(approximately)

Horizontal:firm is a price taker

Monopolisticcompetition

Many /several

Unrestricted Differentiated Plumbers,restaurants

Downward sloping,but relatively elastic

Oligopoly Few RestrictedUndifferentiated

or differentiated

Cement

cars, electricalappliances

Downward sloping.Relatively inelastic(shape depends onreactions of rivals)

Monopoly One Restricted orcompletely

blocked

UniqueLocal water

company, gasand electricity inmany countries

Downward sloping:more inelastic thanoligopoly. Firm hasconsiderable control

over price

Market Stucture



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Market ICT profile


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E-Finance


Market Structure Issues

The decreasing cost structure and incentives for firms to

grow will typically lead to market structures which are not

competitive Rather, they are characterized by the emergence of

monopolies or oligopolistic industry structures, with

substantial degrees of both upstream (supply chain) and

downstream (distribution network) integration. One focus of the course, then, will be to examine issues of

industrial organization in networked economic

environments.



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E-Finance


Market Structure Issues

Positive Feedback

The larger the network, the greater the incentive to join

Example: Wintel network

Within the network, dont need adapters for file sharing or

communication

Outside the network, these activities become expensive

When positive feedback effects are strong, it can lead tomarket tipping, with the largest component of the network

growing at the expense of competiting networks.



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Market ICT profile


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E-Finance


Market Strategy Issues

The nature of the demand for networked goods, and the underlying technology involvedin the supply of networked goods determines the optimal strategy for providing such

goods

Strategic dimensions include:

Compatibility or incompatibility

Cooperation or competition

Degree and mix of quality provided

Dynamics and feedback effects in market organization

Technology dictates standards and decision on whether or not to provide

compatibility across different products

These decisions determine the way industry structure will evolve (monopoly,

oligopoly, monopolistic competition, competition)

Market structure then determines pricing and profit margins

Hence, anticipations about the evolution of market structure are important inputs

into the decision on standard setting

Example: Microsofts recent negotiations with AOL over standards for Windows XP



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E-Finance


What will be the market structure of

the information highway?

One interesting question is the interaction between

pricing schemes and market structure. If competingbackbones continue to offer only connection pricing, wouldan entrepreneur be able to skim off high-value users by

charging usage prices, but offering more efficient congestion

control? Alternatively, would a flat-rate connection price

provider be able to undercut usageprice providers, by

capturing a large share of low-value "baseloadcustomers

who prefer to pay for congestion with delay rather than

cash?



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E-Finance


Internet Market Segment

Content Growing rapidly$1.6B in revenue

Portals Raging phenomenon but nearly deadAOL: 34M subscribers, MSN: 8M subsribers, Yahoo: 1/3 of the portal market $2B in revenue

Advertising Declined over the last two yearsfor 2002 $5.5B in revenue

Web Hosting Dilemma: Customers will require less and less space for increasingly powerful server and price ofthe connectivity is falling. In 2000, the hosting markets revenue approximately $4B

ASPs One of the fastest growing segment of the internet economyIndustry estimates vary from $1B to $3B range in revenue

Backbone Highly concentrated segment (in 2002, top-tep backbone providers control 92% of the market)But (profit) margins are not generous.

CDNs CDNs expedite the delivery of internet content. Approximately $300M in 2001. The most widelyrecognized CDN operator is Akamai, with a 60-70% market share.

ISPs ISPs are the one sure expenditure for conumers. In 2002 ISP market to be approximately $31B,almost equally divided between consumer and bussines market.

E-commerce The value of of B2C commerce in 2002 will be approximately $40B. The B2B market issubstantially larger than B2C segment. In 2001 volume of B2B transaction was approximately $1B.


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E-Finance


Making payment in the physical

word

Making payment in cyberspace

using traditional payment

instrument

Making payment in cyberspace

using new means of payment

Alternative Currencies

Digital cash

Reward currencies

Brokerage MonetaryValue

Credit Card

Cardless charge account

Debit Cards

Checks

Stored Value

How monetary value is exchanged?

How payments are made?

Cash

Checks

Debit Cards

Credit Cards Stored value



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a aj a ga & g


Market ICT profile


Measurement

Cost Pricing

E-Finance


E-FinanceThe provision of financial services and markets using

electronic communication and computation

(Allen, McAndrews, and Strahan, 2002)

The use of electronic payment system

The operation of financial services firms

The operation of financial markets

3 Area



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j g g


Market ICT profile


Measurement

Cost Pricing

E-Finance


E-Finance and the financial services industry

Adoption of e-finance by financial services

firms

Financial intermediary

Insurance

Securities firms

The effects of E-finance on the financialservices sector

Disintermediation

ConsolidationAcces to Credit

E-Finance technologies in payment services

The impact on financial markets

Stock marketsForeign exchange markets

Bond Market

---------Jakarta Automated Trading System (JATS)

Sistem Kliring ElectronicReal Time Gross Settlement (RTGS)

Fedwire (US-RTGS)

CHIPS

SWIFT

CHAPS

TARGET

http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/2005/Ngajar/mankeu_ebis/ASIA_ICT.ppthttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/releases/20121107221618/tmp/Elbank/electronic_payment.ppthttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/releases/20121107221618/tmp/Elbank/electronic_payment.ppthttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/releases/20121107221618/tmp/Elbank/electronic_payment.ppthttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/releases/20121107221618/tmp/Elbank/electronic_payment.ppthttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/releases/20121107221618/tmp/Elbank/electronic_payment.ppthttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/releases/20121107221618/tmp/Elbank/electronic_payment.ppthttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/releases/20121107221618/tmp/Elbank/electronic_payment.ppthttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/releases/20121107221618/tmp/Elbank/electronic_payment.ppthttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/2005/Ngajar/mankeu_ebis/ASIA_ICT.ppthttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/2005/Ngajar/mankeu_ebis/ASIA_ICT.ppthttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/2005/Ngajar/mankeu_ebis/ASIA_ICT.ppt


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j g g


Market ICT profile


Measurement

Cost Pricing

E-Finance


E-Finance:Reshaping Financial Landscape

Recent Trends in financial services

Globalization Increased financial integration

Increased mergers and acquisitions within and cross borders

Lower barriers between markets

The new world of financial services Technological advances Change in industry structure

The new model for financial services provision

Change in trading systems

What effect ? Lower costs for providing financial services

Benefits for consumers and corporations

Access

Devices

PortalDistributions

Agregrators

Financial

Institutions

FinancialProduct

Electronic

Enablers

(Claessens, Glaessner, Klingebiel, 2002)



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j g g


Market ICT profile


Measurement

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E-Finance


E-Finance:Reshaping Financial LandscapeCharacteristics of Financial services provision in an internet worldNone

Low

Medium

High



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j g g


Market ICT profile


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E-Finance


E-Finance:Reshaping Financial Landscape

Implication for public policy

Safety and soundness

Competition Policy

Consumer protection

Global public policy

Definition of product, markets,

and barriers to competition

Scale and scope economies

barriers to entry

Organizational structure and

competition Entry by nonbanks, links with

banks, vertical integration, and

competition

Security risks

Privacy

Transparency Investor protection

Development and enforcement of

standard

http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/2005/Ngajar/mankeu_ebis/ASIA_ICT.ppthttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/2005/backup2003/lecture/elbank/electronic_payment.ppthttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/2005/backup2003/lecture/elbank/electronic_payment.ppthttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/2005/backup2003/lecture/elbank/electronic_payment.ppthttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/2005/backup2003/lecture/elbank/electronic_payment.ppthttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/2005/backup2003/lecture/elbank/electronic_payment.ppthttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/2005/backup2003/lecture/elbank/electronic_payment.ppthttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/2005/backup2003/lecture/elbank/electronic_payment.ppthttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/2005/backup2003/lecture/elbank/electronic_payment.ppthttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/2005/backup2003/lecture/elbank/electronic_payment.ppthttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/2005/backup2003/lecture/elbank/electronic_payment.ppthttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/2005/backup2003/lecture/elbank/electronic_payment.ppthttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/2005/backup2003/lecture/elbank/electronic_payment.ppthttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/2005/backup2003/lecture/elbank/electronic_payment.ppthttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/2005/backup2003/lecture/elbank/electronic_payment.ppthttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/2005/backup2003/lecture/elbank/electronic_payment.ppthttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/2005/backup2003/lecture/elbank/electronic_payment.ppthttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/2005/backup2003/lecture/elbank/electronic_payment.ppthttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/2005/backup2003/lecture/elbank/electronic_payment.ppthttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/2005/backup2003/lecture/elbank/electronic_payment.ppthttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/2005/backup2003/lecture/elbank/electronic_payment.ppthttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/2005/backup2003/lecture/elbank/electronic_payment.ppthttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/2005/backup2003/lecture/elbank/electronic_payment.ppthttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/2005/backup2003/lecture/elbank/electronic_payment.ppthttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/2005/backup2003/lecture/elbank/electronic_payment.ppthttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/2005/backup2003/lecture/elbank/electronic_payment.ppthttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/2005/backup2003/lecture/elbank/electronic_payment.ppthttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/2005/backup2003/lecture/elbank/electronic_payment.ppthttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/2005/Ngajar/mankeu_ebis/ASIA_ICT.ppthttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/2005/Ngajar/mankeu_ebis/ASIA_ICT.ppthttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/2005/Ngajar/mankeu_ebis/ASIA_ICT.ppt


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j g gMarket ICT profile


Measurement

Cost Pricing

E-Finance


Model Prilaku Pengguna E-Business (Proses

Adopsi)

ICT dan Makroekonomi (New Economics)

Regulasi tentang ICT di Indonesia Dampak E-bussiness terhadap kinerja

perusahaan

Pengukuran mutu layanan berbasis Electronic

(Webqual)

Mankeu Ebisnis Lecture

Documents

Transcript of Mankeu Ebisnis Lecture