Low Alloy Wear Resistant Steel (0806455950 - Yudi Prasetyo)

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Low Alloy Wear Resistant Steel

Baja Khusus & Paduan SuperBaja Khusus & Paduan Super

0806455950

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Alloy Steel Definisi: Baja yang dipadukan dengan unsur lain dengan

 jumlah total 1%-50% wt untuk meningkatkan sifat-sifatmekaniknya.

 

Pembagian alloy steel: Low-alloy steel

menurut Smith and Hashemi = 4%

menurut Degarmo = 8%High-alloy steel

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Alloy Steel (Cont’d)

Unsur paduan yang umum digunakan: manganese

(unsur yang paling banyak digunakan), nickel,chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, silicon, and boron.

Unsur paduan yang jarang digunakan: aluminum,

cobalt, copper, cerium, niobium, titanium,tungsten, tin, zinc, lead, and zirconium.

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Alloy Steel (Cont’d)

Sifat-sifat pada alloy steel yang meningkat

apabila dibandingkan dengan carbon steel:strength, hardness, toughness, wear

, , .

Untuk mencapai peningkatan sifat tersbutmaka logam juga membutuhkan heattreating

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Low-Alloy Steel

Low Alloy Steel merupakan kategori dari

material ferrous yang memperlihatkan sifatmekanik yang lebih unggul dibandingkan

.

Pada medium to high carbon level, low-alloysteel cenderung sulit untuk dilas.

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Low-Alloy Steel (Cont’d)

Peningkatan weldability dan formability

terjadi pada kadar karbon 0.1%-0.3% (high-strength low-alloy class).

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Principal Low-Alloy SteelsSAE designation Composition

13xx Mn 1.75%

40xx Mo 0.20% or 0.25% or 0.25% Mo & 0.042% S

41xx Cr 0.50% or 0.80% or 0.95%, Mo 0.12% or 0.20% or 0.25% or 0.30%43xx Ni 1.82%, Cr 0.50% to 0.80%, Mo 0.25%

44xx Mo 0.40% or 0.52%

46xx Ni 0.85% or 1.82%, Mo 0.20% or 0.25%

47xx Ni 1.05%, Cr 0.45%, Mo 0.20% or 0.35%

48xx Ni 3.50%, Mo 0.25% 

50xx Cr 0.27% or 0.40% or 0.50% or 0.65%50xxx Cr 0.50%, C 1.00% min

50Bxx Cr 0.28% or 0.50%

51xx Cr 0.80% or 0.87% or 0.92% or 1.00% or 1.05%

51xxx Cr 1.02%, C 1.00% min

51Bxx Cr 0.80%

52xxx Cr 1.45%, C 1.00% min

61xx Cr 0.60% or 0.80% or 0.95%, V 0.10% or 0.15% min

86xx Ni 0.55%, Cr 0.50%, Mo 0.20%

87xx Ni 0.55%, Cr 0.50%, Mo 0.25%

88xx Ni 0.55%, Cr 0.50%, Mo 0.35%

92xx Si 1.40% or 2.00%, Mn 0.65% or 0.82% or 0.85%, Cr 0.00% or 0.65%

94Bxx Ni 0.45%, Cr 0.40%, Mo 0.12%

ES-1 Ni 5%, Cr 2%, Si 1.25%, W 1%, Mn 0.85%, Mo 0.55%, Cu 0.5%, Cr 0.40%, C 0.2%, V 0.1%

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Principal Effects of Major Alloying 

Elements for SteelElement Percentage Primary function

Aluminium 0.95–1.30 Alloying element in nitriding steels

Bismuth - Improves machinability

Boron 0.001–0.003 A powerful hardenability agent

Chromium0.5–2 Increases hardenability

4–18 Increases corrosion resistance

Copper 0.1–0.4 Corrosion resistance

Lead - Improved machinability

 

Manganese

0.25–0.40om nes w su ur an w p osp orus o re uce e r eness. so e ps o

remove excess oxygen from molten steel.

>1Increases hardenability by lowering transformation points and causing

transformations to be sluggish

Molybdenum 0.2–5 Stable carbides; inhibits grain growth. Increases the toughness of steel

Nickel2–5 Toughener

12–20 Increases corrosion resistance

Silicon0.2–0.7 Increases strength2 Spring steels

Higher percentages Improves magnetic properties

Sulfur 0.08–0.15 Free-machining properties

Titanium - Fixes carbon in inert particles; reduces martensitic hardness in chromium steels

Tungsten - Also increases the melting point.

Vanadium 0.15Stable carbides; increases strength while retaining ductility; promotes fine grain

structure. Increases the toughness at high temperatures

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Perbandingan Karakteristik Baja

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Steel making process

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Steel making process (Cont’d)

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Heat Treatment Low Alloy SteelTujuan dilakukan perlakuan panas

Mempersiapkan material logam sebagai produk setengah jadi agar layak

diproses lanjut (pelunakan) Meningkatkan umur pakai material logam sebagai produk jadi

(pengerasan)

Meningkatkan ketahanan aus (Surface heat treatment)

Secara khusus perlakuan panas terhadap low alloy steel ditujukan untuk

meningkatkan sifat mekanis dan mengoptimalkan nilai kekerasan & keuletan.

Seperti diketahui bahwa untuk menghasilkan material dengan ketahanan ausyang tinggi maka dibutuhkan nilai kekerasan dan ketangguhan yang tinggi.

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Pelunakan TermalBertujuan untuk meningkatkan machinability dan nilai ketangguhan

 baja paduan

 Jenis proses pelunakan termal

Homogenising

Normalizing Full annealing

Spherodising

Stress relieving

Process and recrystallisation annealing

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Pelunakan Termal

911°C Austenite( γ)

Full-Annealing (A)

Normalising (N)

Homogenising (H)

 γ + Fe3C

Recrystallisation annealing

Stress-relief annealing

723 °C

     T   e   m   p   e   r   a    t   u   r   e

Ferrite(α)

0.80 1.4

Eutectoid

Carbon %2.0

A3

Hypoeutectoid

Hypereutectoid

(H) (N) Full (A)

Temp. *** ** *

Metoda -- udara dapurpendinginan

Wkt. Proses *** * *

Karakteristik

Rendah * Tinggi***

α + Fe3C

A1

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Pengerasan TermalBertujuan meningkatkan hardenability  baja paduan dengan membentuk strukturmartensit/bainit

Terdiri dari 3 proses

QUENCHINGBATH

HEATINGFURNACE

TEMPERINGBATH

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Pengerasan Termal

Transformasiα→γ

Baja menyusut

Baja sangat lunak - σu << ,struktur: γ + karbida(sisa)

Baja keras dan mulai tangguh :struktur: M(temper+sterssed)

+  γsisa + Karbida(sisa) + lainnya

Holding

Transformasiα→γ

Baja memuai

Baja keras tapi rapuh ,struktur: M(stressed) +  γsisa

+ Karbida(sisa) + lainnya

               

Ketangguhan lebih baik :struktur: M(temper)

+ Karbida + lainnya

WAKTU

Temper 1Temper 2

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Surface Heat TreatmentBertujuan untuk meningkatkan kekuatan material (ketahanan aus) melaluipembentukan lapisan keras pada permukaan (surface hardening)

 Jenis surface heat treatment

Pengerasan Nyala api (Flame hardening)

Pen erasan Induksi Induction hardeninTermal 

 

Nitridisasi (Nitriding)

Nitrokarburisasi (Nitrocarburising)

Karburisasi (Carburising)

Karbonitridisasi (Carbonitriding)

Termokimia

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Strukur Mikro Low Alloy Steel

Cementite ProeutectoidFerrite

 ru ur ar ow oy ee a a

Bainite dengan ditandai oleh adanyadaerah cementite dan ferrite yanghalus. Jika dilakukan sperodizing makaakan muncul cementite proeutectoid yang bulat.

 Atau mungkin dapat terbentukMartensite Temper jika dilakukanQuenched dan Temper

1% carbon, 0.2% silicon, 0.2%manganese and 0.2% vanadium

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Klasifikasi Low-Alloy

(Elemen paduan < 8%)

Baja yang digunakan untuk low alloy steel:• Low Carbon (< 0,2% C)• Medium Carbon (0,2-0,5% C)• High Carbon (> 0,5% C)

Berdasarkan komposisi kimia (karbon)

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Klasifikasi Low-Alloy (Cont’d) Berdasarkan kombinasi elemen paduan

Carbon-manganese cast steelsManganese-molybdenum cast steels

Manganese-Nickel-Chromium-molybdenum cast steels

 

Nickel cast steelsNickel-chromium-molybdenum cast steels

Chromium-molybdenum cast steels

Copper Bearing cast steelsHigh strength cast steels

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C-Mn cast steels Komposisi paduan

Mn = 1-1,75% Mn C = 0,20-0,50% C

Seri 1300 (mediummanganese steels) : 1,6-1,9% Mn

Sifat

- nilai kekerasan dan kekuatan ↑

 - baja paduan yang relatif tidak mahal

Heat Treatment

- single normalizing

- normalizing & tempering heat treatment

Aplikasi

Struktural dan peralatan permesinan

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Mn-Mo cast steels KomposisiKomposisiKomposisiKomposisi paduanpaduanpaduanpaduan

C = 0,20 & 0,35%

- Seri 8000 (1-1,35% Mn & 0,1-0,3% Mo)

- Seri 8400 (1,35-1,75% Mn & 0,25-0,55% Mo)

- sifat mekanisnya setara dengan medium-manganese steels

- yield strength ↑ pada peningkatan temperatur

- rasio YS terhadap TS ↑ pada temp. ruang

- nilai kekerasan ↑

Aplikasi

Peralatan permesinan

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Mn-Ni-Cr-Mo cast steels Komposisi paduan

Seri 9500

Sifat

Element Mn Ni Cr Mo

Composition, % 1.30-1.60 0.40-0.70 0.55-0.75 0.30-0.40

- kekerasan ↑

Heat Treatment

Ketebalan produk 27 mm (5 in.), di kuens dan temper untuk mendapatkan struktur fullmartensit.

Aplikasi

Peralatan permesinan dan konstruksi industri hulu

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Nickel cast steels Komposisi paduan

C = 0,20 & 0,35%

- Seri 8000 (1-1,35% Mn & 0,1-0,3% Mo)- Seri 8400 (1,35-1,75% Mn & 0,25-0,55% Mo)

- tensile strength ↑

- elastic limit ↑

- good ductility

- excellent resistance to impact

Aplikasi

Peralatan permesinan

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Ni-Cr-Mo cast steels Komposisi

Seri 4700

(Ni 1.05%; Cr 0.45%; Mo 0.20%)

Sifat

-

- imun terhadap temper embrittlement

Aplikasi

Peralatan permesinan dan konstruksi industri hulu

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Cr-Mo cast steels Komposisi

Cr = 1% Cr→ penambahan meningkat seiring peningkatan temperatur aplikasi

Seri 5100→ 0.7-1.1% Cr

Sifat

tahan terhada korosi

Molybdenum meningkatkan kekuatan dengan meningkatnya temperatur.

Heat Treatment

AplikasiChromium-molybdenum steels are widely used in the oil and gas industries and in fossilfuel and nuclear power plants

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Copper Bearing cast steels Komposisi

Cr = 1% Cr→ penambahan meningkat seiring peningkatan temperatur aplikasi

Seri 5100→ 0.7-1.1% Cr

Sifat

Heat Treatment

age-hardening

Aplikasi

Peralatan permesinan

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High strength cast steels Komposisi

Seri 4300

(Ni 1.80%; Cr 0.5-0.80%; Mo 0.25%)

Sifat

- -

Heat Treatment

liquid-quenching techniques dan tempering pada temperatur rendah

Aplikasi

Peralatan permesinan dan konstruksi

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Referensi Degarmo, E. Paul; Black, J T.; Kohser, Ronald A. (2007), Materials and Processes in

Manufacturing (10th ed.), Wiley, ISBN 978-0-470-05512-0.

Groover, M. P., 2007, p. 105-106, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing: Materials,Processes and Systems, 3rd ed, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ, ISBN 978-0-471-74485-6.

 , . , ,

(4th ed.), McGraw-Hill, p. 394, ISBN 0-07-295358-6

ASM Metals Handbook, Vol 01

ASM Metals Handbook, Vol 15

Slide Kuliah, Nofrijon Sofyan, Ph.D, Heat Treatment and Surface Engineering, DepartemenTeknik Metalurgi dan Material FakultasTeknik Universitas Indonesia.