Laboratory Safety Manual

Rahmat Hidayat

K3L Prodi Fisika

Pendahuluan

• Untuk melindungi insan pekerja, perusahaan, lingkungan hidup, dan masyarakat sekitar daribahaya akibat kecelakaan kerja.

• Untuk mencegah, mengurangi, dan bahkanmenihilkan risiko kecelakaan kerja (zero accident).

• Catatan:• Perilaku (manusia) merupakan faktor penentu dalam

menciptakan suasana kerja yang aman dan nyaman

Apa perlunya Keamanan, Kesehatan, Keselamatan Kerja dan Lingkungan(K3L)?

2 January 2015

Pendahuluan

Undang-undang No. 28 Tahun 2002 tentang BangunanGedung, Pasal 16(1) menyatakan bahwa suatu bangunangedung haruslah memiliki keandalan yang sesuai denganfungsinya.

• Syarat keselamatan: pencegahan dan penanggulanganterhadap bahaya kebakaran, instalasi penangkal petir, daninstalasi listrik, dan kemampuan gedung menopang beban

• Syarat kesehatan: penghawaan (ventilasi), pencahayaan dansanitasi bangunan gedung.

Keterandalan bangunan gedung adalah keadaan bangunanyang memenuhi persyaratan keselamatan, kesehatan, kenyamanan dan kemudahan.

3 January 2015

Pendahuluan

Keselamatan kerja: kondisi yang bebas dari risikokecelakaan atau kerusakan atau dengan risiko yang relatif sangat kecil di bawah tingkat tertentu.

Kondisi kerja yang aman perlu dukungan dari saranadan prasarana keselamatan yang berupa peralatankeselamatan, alat perlindungan diri, dan rambu-rambu

4 January 2015

Pendahuluan

Universitas/ Perguruan Tinggi:

Pendidikan: perkuliahan, praktikum

Penelitian: eksperimen, pengujian

Pengabdian pada Masyarakat: pelatihan, seminar

Kemahasiswaan: klub, olahraga, kesenian

Laboratorium: tempat untuk praktikum, praktikum danpengujian yang di dalamnya terdapat beberapa resiko.

5

wajib pula memperhatikanaspek-aspek K3L

January 2015

Bahaya (Hazards) di dalam Lab Chemical Hazards

- Fire/Explosion

- Chemical and Thermal Burns

- Inhalation of Chemicals

- Ingestion of Chemicals

Physical Hazards

- Slips, Trips and Falls

- Cuts, Scrapes, Bruises

Biological Hazards

- Contact with Infectious Agents

Electrical Hazards

Light and Radiation Hazards6January 2015

Chemical Hazards

Potensi bahaya (hazards) dari bahan-bahan kimia dapat dibedakanmenjadi:

bahaya secara fisik (physical hazards)

bahaya terhadap kesehatan (health hazards)

bahaya terhadap lingkungan (environmental hazards).

7January 2015

Routes of Exposure

INHALATION of vapors, gasses, mists, or particulates.

SKIN CONTACT with certain chemicals can cause damage to skin tissue or allow absorption of chemicals into the blood.

INGESTION through the gastrointestinal Tract.

INJECTION from skin punctures from contaminated objects.

8January 2015

Identifying Chemical Hazards: MSDS

Material Safety Data Sheets are designed to provide specific information about chemicals, such as physical properties, physical and health hazards, and proper handling procedures.

MSDS’s should be readily accessible to employees using the products. You should be informed of the location of MSDSs by your supervisor, and how to obtain the MSDSs. Familiarize yourself with the contents of the MSDS for any particularly hazardous material.

9January 2015

Labeling and Storage: General

Physically separate incompatible chemicals according to physical hazard class

Ensure that storage area is dry and well ventilated

Store chemicals away from heat sources and post signs on chemical storage areas

Store liquids in spill trays

Ensure all containers are in good condition, properly capped, and labeled

10January 2015

Safe Use and Storage: Compressed Gasses

Cylinders with regulators shall be individually secured. Only cylinders with valve protection caps may be secured in groups.

Cylinders must be secured in an upright position. Use suitable racks, straps, chains, or stands to support the cylinders.

Use an appropriate cart to move cylinders.

11January 2015

Electrical Hazards

Electricity in the body

Electricity & associated hazards

Electrical AppliancesSafety - design guidelinesConnectors, cables & fusesSelection, maintenance & useDealing with electrocution

January 2015 12

Electricity in the body

Muscles control all the body movements

Including & importantly those that keep us alive -Breathing and Heart

The brain controls voluntary muscles using Current pulses along nerves

January 2015 13

External current through the body causes

Loss of muscle control

Spasms & Involuntary movement

Inability to let go

Burns - external & internal

Electricity - associated Hazards Indirect Injury

Falls from ladder Thrown back. Fall to ground, onto sharp edge Drop objects Thermal burns – Very hot equipment surface, explosion

Wires & cables - Trailing leads => trips & damage, Re-route, tidy up, cover over

Life Support muscles Diaphragm and breathing Heart Fibrillation Random, uncoordinated heart contractions

De-fribrillation: High voltages (3000 V at 20 A) fraction of a second

Burns - death of tissue Internal [organs] External [skin]

January 2015 14

January 2015 15

Electrical Appliances

Safety guiding principle

“keep currents and voltages inside apparatus and awayfrom our bodies”

Inherently safe - Low voltage / low current

Enclosures

Insulation

Safe & secure connections

January 2015 16

Electrical cables & plugs

Mains cable Brown Live - power Blue Neutral Green/yellow Earth

January 2015 17

Electrical cables & plugs

Mains cable

BrownLive power

Blue Neutral

Green/yellowEarth

L

N

January 2015 18

Live, Neutral, Earth & Fuses

L

N

L

N

E

January 2008 Ver 1.1 19

A complete circuit

complete Circuit or loop

is necessary for current to flow

Current takes the path of least resistance

January 2015 20

Live, Neutral, Earth & Fuses

L

N

January 2015 21

Live, Neutral, Earth & Fuses

The Live and Neutral wires carry current around the circuit

The Earth wire is there to protect you. The Earth wire can act like a back-up Neutral wire,

Many appliances have metal cases e.g. kettles, toasters, dishwashers, washing machines etc.

The Fuse is very thin piece of wire. The wire has a quite low melting point. As current flows through

the wire it heats up. If too large a current flows it melts, thus breaking the circuit Use appropriate fuse size/rating

Additional safety devices - RCDs, ELCBs, MCBs

January 2015 22

RCD Residual Current Device

RCCB Residual Current Circuit Breaker

ELCB Electric Leakage Circuit Breaker

MCB Magnetic Circuit Breakers

RCBO Residual Current Breaker

with Overcurrent protection

current difference of >30 mA

for a duration of >30 ms

L

N

E

L

N

January 2015 23

Electrical Equipment Guidelines

Use low & safe voltages

EU 230 VAC / US 110 VAC Hz

Select equipment appropriate for environment & use

Use equipment as per manufacturer’s instruction & design

Ensure adequate maintenance

Insulate and enclose live parts

Prevent conducting parts from becoming live. Earth,double insulation separate supply from earth, limit electricpower

Avoid electricity where its use could be dangerous.Rubbing, Induction & Capacitance effects can build upstatic electricity

POTENSI BAHAYA LISTRIK PADA INSTALASI

Instalasi listrik memiliki potensi bahaya bagi manusia maupun bagi instalasi itu sendiri:

Bahaya kejut listrik karena tersentuh tegangan

Bahaya kebakaran

Bahaya panas yang dapat merusak isolasi

Bahaya ledakan atau percikan metal panas

24January 2015

KONDISI YANG DAPAT MENUNJANG TERJADINYA KECELAKAAN/ KERUSAKAN/ KEBAKARAN Hubungan pendek terjadi tanpa pengaman atau dengan pengaman

yang salah Beban lebih tanpa pengaman atau dengan pengaman yang tidak

sesuai Ledakan, percikan api atau pemanasan lokal yang timbul karena salah

pemilihan dan penggunaan perlengkapan listrik Peralatan tidak memenuhi persyaratan keamanan baik yang

disyaratkan dalam standar maupun dalam PUIL (Persyaratan UmumInstalasi Listrik)

Pelaksanaan pemasangan sistem proteksi termasuk di dalamnyasistem pembumian instalasi yang tidak benar

Penggunaan identifkasi warna atau tanda lain yang tidak benar Kontak pada peralatan pemutus, terminal, sambungan dan pada klem

buruk kondisinya Hilang kontak atau netral putus yang menimbulkan tegangan tidak

berimbang Keadaan lingkungan instalasi yang buruk

25January 2015

SUMBER KECELAKAAN KARENA LISTRIK AKIBAT FAKTOR PERALATAN

Sebab-sebab kemungkinan kecelakaan yang berasaldari peralatan

Peralatan sudah tua

Peralatan yang kondisinya tidak baik

Peralatan yang tidak memenuhi persyaratankeamanan/standar

26January 2015

SUMBER KECELAKAAN KARENA LISTRIK AKIBAT FAKTOR LAIN

Sebab-sebab kemungkinan kecelakaan yang berasal bukan dariperalatan (peralatan memenuhi persyaratan

Kesalahan pengoperasian oleh pemakai instalasi/peralatan listrik

Kesalahan yang dilakukan oleh instalatur, karena salahmemasang peralatan (tidak mengikuti peraturan) atau salahmemasang peralatan/material yang tidak memenuhi persyaratanstandar dan persyaratan PUIL

Kesalahan yang dilakukan oleh pengawas, karena tidak cermatdan tidak disiplin

Kesalahan yang dilakukan oleh perancang atau perencana, baikkarena salah memilih peralatan maupun karena salahperhitungan/perencanaan

Kesalahan-kesalahan karena kondisi peraturan dan kontrol yang belum memadai

27January 2015

Contoh Penggunaan Kabel yang Salah

Kabel tebal bukan untukkoneksi berpindah

28 January 2015

Contoh Pemasangan Ekstensi yang Salah

29 January 2015

Koneksi Listrik yang Tidak Aman

30 January 2015

Koneksi Listrik yang Tidak Aman

31 January 2015

Steker Ber-Grounding

32

A = 110 VB = 0 VC = tanahf = 60 Hz

A, B = 220 VC = tanahf = 50 Hz

January 2015

Kabel Ektensi Ber-Grounding

33

January 2015

Tak Ber-Grounding / Grounding

34

January 2015

Tak Ber-Grounding / Grounding

35

January 2015

Stop kontak Ekstension stop kontak (dapatditempel di dinding)

Perhatikan grounding

Dilengkapisaklar/lampu

36 January 2015

Kabel Listrik

37 January 2015

Light and Radiation Hazards

Light: High intensity light (Laser)

UV-Light

Infrared Light

10-12 10-10 10-8 10-6 10-4 10-2 100 102 104 106 108

x-raysgamma rays

Ultra-violet Infrared Radar

Radiowaves

Electricwaves

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

IonizingRadiation

Wavelength (cm)

Radiation:X-RayRadio and communication wavesMicrowaveRadioactive materials

January 2015 38

Laser light

Laser light has the following properties:

it is monochromatic

it is very intense

it has low divergence

it is coherent.

Lasers can have different types of beam output

continuous wave (CW), or

pulsed.

Laser “speckle” is caused by scattered laser radiation interfering with incident laser radiation.

January 2015 39

Types of laser

Gas lasers

including He-Ne and carbon dioxide lasers

Dye lasers

Solid state lasers

including neodymium-YAG (Nd:YAG) lasers

Semiconductor lasers

diode lasers

Chemical lasers

January 2015 40

Laser Beam Hazards

Burning:

can cause skin burning

even can melt or evaporate substance (which is the basis principle of laser cutting and ablation)

Vision loss:

can cause severe eye injuries resulting both temporary and permanent vision loss

January 2015 41

The Light Hazard on Eye Region

400-1400nm: Affects the retina UV-C (100-280nm) : Cornea surface

UV-A (315-400nm) : Affects the lens

UV-B (280-315nm) : Affects the cornea

UV-C

UV-A

UV-B

Far IR : Affects cornea and aqueoushumor

Near IR (< 1400nm): Affects the retina

Near IR

Far IR

January 2015 42

How the laser beam can expose our eyes

direct intrabeam viewing

specular reflection

which occurs from mirror-like surfaces. The incident beam striking a reflecting surface will leave it on the certain direction determined by the incident angle.

diffuse reflections

which occur from rough surfaces such as paper or matt-painted walls. These reflections bear no relation to the direction of the incident radiation.

January 2015 43

44

How can the laser beam expose our eyes

Laser

Direct Intrabeam Viewing

Laser

E.g. Mirror

Specular Intrabeam Viewing

Laser

Diffuse Reflected Viewing

January 2015

Laser Hazard Classes

The ANSI Laser Safety standard has defined Laser Hazard Classes, which are based on the relative dangers associated with using these lasers.

Class 1

Class 2

Class 3a

Class 3b

Class 4Most Hazardous

Least Hazardous

January 2015 45

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Class 1 Lasers (Exempt) Not capable of producing

damaging radiation levels during normal operation.

Having been completely enclosed

Class 2 lasers Emit visible light.

Not hazardous if viewed less than 0.25 second.

Maximum power is 1 mW for CW lasers. Eg. Barcode Scanner.

Class 3a lasers Probably not hazardous if

viewed within 0.25 seconds. Hazardous if viewed with

collecting optics. Maximum power is 5 mW. Do not cause thermal skin

burn or cause fires.

Class 3b Lasers (Medium Power) Hazardous if viewed directly or by

specular reflection. Diffuse reflection not usually

hazardous. Upper limit is 0.5W for CW lasers.

January 2015

47

Class 4 lasers (High Power) Lasers exceeding 0.5 W

Hazardous under all viewing conditions: direct, specular and diffuse.

Potential fire hazard when in contact with combustible materials

Produce skin hazards from ultraviolet radiation.

Can produce laser generated air contaminants and hazardous plasma radiation.

January 2015

Class 1CLASS 1 LASER PRODUCT

Class 2 LASER RADIATIONDO NOT STARE INTO BEAMCLASS 2 LASER PRODUCT

Class 2M LASER RADIATIONDO NOT STARE INTO BEAM OR VIEW

DIRECTLY WITH OPTICAL INSTRUMENTSCLASS 2M LASER PRODUCT

Class 3B LASER RADIATIONAVOID EXPOSURE TO BEAMCLASS 3B LASER PRODUCT

Class 4 LASER RADIATIONAVOID EYE OR SKIN EXPOSURE TODIRECT OR SCATTERED RADIATION

CLASS 4 LASER PRODUCT

Laser Warning Signs

January 2015 48

Laser Warning Signs

“DANGER” indicates a very dangerous situation that could result in serious

injury or death. This sign should be used for Class 3b and 4 lasers.

“CAUTION” indicates a potentially hazardous situation which could cause a less serious injury. This sign should be used for Class 2 and 3a lasers.

“NOTICE” does not indicate a hazardous situation. This sign should only be used to make people aware of facility policies regarding laser safety and/or

to indicate that a repair operation is in progress.

January 2015 49

“CAUTION” Warning Sign

CAUTION

Laser Class and system go here

Type of Laser, emittedwavelength, pulse duration,and maximum output go here

Safety Instructions may include:

• Eyewear Required

• Invisible laserradiation

• Knock Before Entering

• Do Not Enter When Light is On

• Restricted Area

Safety Instructions go here

January 2015 50

“DANGER” Warning Sign

DANGER

Laser Class and system go here

Type of Laser, emittedwavelength, pulse duration,and maximum output go here

Safety Instructions may include:

• Eyewear Required

• Invisible laserradiation

• Knock Before Entering

• Do Not Enter When Light is On

• Restricted Area

Safety Instructions go here

January 2015 51

NOTICESafety Instructions go here(such as “Laser Repair inProgress”)

Laser Class and system go here

Type of Laser, emittedwavelength, pulse duration,and maximum output go here

Safety Instructions may include:

• Eyewear Required• Invisible laser

radiation• Knock Before

Entering• Do Not Enter When

Light is On• Restricted Area

“NOTICE” Sign for Laser Repair

January 2015 52

Class 1 Lasers

This class cannot produce a hazardous beam because it is of extremely low power,

or

because it has been rendered intrinsically safe due to the laser having been completely enclosed so that no hazardous radiation can escape and cause injury.

January 2015 53

Class 2 Lasers

These lasers are visible light (400-760 nm) continuous wave or pulsed lasers which can emit energy greater than the limit for Class I lasers and radiation power not above 1 mW.

This class is hazardous only if you stare directly into the beam for a long time, which would be similar to staring directly at the sun.

Because class 2 lasers include only visible wavelengths, the aversion reaction will usually prevent us from permanently damaging our eyes. The aversion reaction refers to our tendency to look away from bright light.

January 2015 54

Class 3a Lasers

This class of intermediate power lasers includes any wavelength.

Only hazardous for intrabeam viewing.

This class will not cause thermal skin burn or cause fires.

January 2015 55

Class 3b Lasers

Visible and near-IR lasers are very dangerous to the eye.

Pulsed lasers may be included in this class.

This class will not cause thermal skin burn or cause fires.

Requires a Laser Safety Officer and written Standard Operating Procedures.

January 2015 56

Class 4 Lasers

These high-powered lasers are the most hazardous of all classes.

Even a diffuse reflection can cause injury.

Visible and near-IR lasers will cause severe retinal injury and burn the skin. Even diffuse reflections can cause retinal injuries.

UV and far-IR lasers of this class can cause injury to the surface of the eye and the skin from the direct beam and specular reflections.

This class of laser can cause fires.

Requires a Laser Safety Officer and written Standard Operating Procedures.

January 2015 57

Bekerja di Lab dengan mengikuti kaidah K3L

Lakukan segala sesuatunya dengan cermat dan bertanggungjawab (tidak bermain-main)

Selalu mengacu pada Standard of Operation (SOP) atauProtokol

Rujuk MSDS bahan kimia jika pada botol/tabungnyatercantum harzard symbol

Antisipasi kemungkinan bahaya yang bisa muncul

Perhatikan rambu-rambu K3L

Gunakan alat perlindungan diri (APD)

Ingat lokasi perlengkapan kedaruratan

Jaga agar kondisi tetap bersih dan rapih

Bereskan peralatan dll setelah selesai agar bisa digunakanoleh yang lainnya tanpa bahaya (ingat bahwa Lab adalahtempat publik)

January 2015 58

SOP

Beberapa Standard of Operation (SOP) atau Protokoluntuk Lab di lingkungan Fisika dapat dilihat di:

http://fi.itb.ac.id/k3l/category/sop/

January 2015 59

SOP dari UPT K3L ITB

Ada 36 SOP

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SOP dari UPT K3L ITB

SOP ijin total kegiatan protokoler (Klik di sini)

SOP ijin total pelaksanaan aktivitasmahasiswa (Klik di sini)

SOP ijin total pelaksanaan kegiatanPIHAK internal (Klik di sini)

SOP ijin total pelaksanaan kegiatanPIHAK LUAR (Klik di sini)

SOP Inspeksi K3 Konstruksi 2014 (Klik di sini)

SOP Inspeksi kantin (Klik di sini)

SOP K3 Jasa Konstruksi di Lingkungan ITB 2014 (Klik di sini)

SOP K3 Pekerjaan PemotonganRumput di Lingkungan ITB 2014 (Klik di sini)

SOP K3 Satuan Pengamanan LaluLintas di ITB 2014 (Klik di sini)

SOP kebersihan toilet (Klik di sini)

SOP kedaruratan di ITB (Klik di sini)

SOP Kegiatan di Dalam Gedung (Klik di sini)

SOP Ketertiban Umum di ITB (Klik di sini)

SOP Khusus Emergency Rektor ITB (Klik di sini)

SOP Kondisi Darurat pada saat USM untuk satpam (Klik di sini)

SOP Koordinator USM (Klik di sini)

SOP Mahasiswa Sakit (Klik di sini)

SOP Naik Turun Penumpang di JalanGanesha 2014 (Klik di sini)

SOP operator telepon layanan darurat(Klik di sini)

SOP patroli keamanan kampus dangedung (Klik di sini)

SOP pekerjaan konstruksi (Klik di sini)

SOP Pemegang Kunci Rektorat (Klik di sini)

SOP peminjaman dan penggunaanSEPEDA (Klik di sini)

SOP peminjaman kendaraanAMBULANCE (Klik di sini)

SOP penanganan JENAZAH / orang

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Rambu-rambu K3L

Dapat ditemukan di

Pintu masuk Lab

Area atau meja kerja

Tempat penyimpanan

Macam rambu dan artinya dapatdilihat di: http://fi.itb.ac.id/k3l/rambu-rambu-k3l-dan-artinya/

January 2015 62

Alat Perlidungan Diri

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Jaslab

Goggles

Glove

Earplug

Helmet

Masker

Sepatu

Keadaan Darurat

January 2015 64

022-2500204Kantor UPT K3L ITBJl Ganesha No.10Gedung Laboratorium Pengujian Doping Lantai 1Telp/Fax (022) 251-0456Layanan DaruratTelp (022) 250-0204

Safety Induction

Menjaga kebersihan dan tidak meninggalkan barangberharga tanpa pengawasan

Dilarang merokok (kecuali di tempat yang diijinkan)

Perhatikan lokasi pintu darurat, tangga evakuasi, dan lokasiAssembly Point

Jangan menggunakan lift dalam keadaan darurat

Jika terjadi bahaya, segera hubungi petugas keamanan: 022-2500204

65 January 2015

Penutup

January 2015 66

Lab Safety: Everyone Is Responsible!