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KONSEP EKONOMI KESEHATANDesy Indra Yani

Bagian Keperawatan Komunitas

Fakultas Ilmu Keperawatan

Universitas Padjadjaran

Definisi Ekonomi

Ilmu bagaimana individu dan masyarakatakhirnya sampai memilih untuk menggunakansumber daya yang langka dan dapat digunakansebagai alternatif (Samuelson)

Ekonomi adalah ilmu bagaimana orang-orangmengalokasikan sumber daya yang terbatasdalam usaha untuk memuaskan keinginan yangtidak terbatas

Definisi Ekonomi

Ekonomi adalah ilmu bagaimana orang-orangmembuat pilihan

Ekonomi adalah ilmu tentang pilihan ataulangka yang akhirnya membantu bagaimanauntuk menggunakan sumber daya yang langkadan terbatas

Definisi Ekonomi

Economics is a social science that studies howindividuals and organizations in society engagein

the production

distribution and

consumption of goods and services.

Definisi Ekonomi

Ekonomi berkaitan degan produksi, distribusidan konsumsi barang-barang ekonomi

Ekonomi juga berkaitan berapa banyak yangdikeluarkan untuk pendidikan, kesehatan, buku,travel, makanan, atau pakaian dan terkaitpolitik, sosial atau lainnya

Jenis Ekonomi

Makro ekonomi: mempelajari fungsi ekonomisebagai suatu keseluruhan

Mikro ekonomi: menganalisis perilakukomponen individu seperti industri, frima danrumah tangga

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Makro Ekonomi

Ilmu tentang perilaku ekonomi secarakeseluruhan dan berfokus padaperilakuekonomi sebagai keseluruhan atauagregat kehidupan ekonomi yanglebih luas seperti output nasional,penghasilan, level biaya secarakeseluruhan, tidak memiliki pekerjaan,dan perdagangan internasional.

Makro Ekonomi

Untuk membantu orang-orang dalamkehidupanpersonalnya, ekonomi dibutuhkan untukmemahami isu nasional utama dan untukmengembangkan dalam mengatasinya.

Peran ekonomi dalam meningkatkan pemahamanisu ekonomi nasional:

Membantuuntuk menggambarkan, menjelaskandan memprediksi perilaku ekonomiContoh: ekonomimembantukita untukmemahami penyebab kemiskinan

Makro Ekonomi

Peran ekonomi dalam meningkatkanpemahaman isu ekonomi nasional: Untuk pembayaran seperti pengetahuan

ekonomi untuk meningkatkan penampilanekonomi

Perbedaan antara deskripsidan rekomendasiadalah sentral ekonomi modern.

Mikro Ekonomi

Terkait dengan biaya dan kuantitas perilakuindividu (isu pada level individu)

Pemahaman tentang ekonomi membantu kitamengatur kehidupan individu kita, memahamimasyarakat dan membuat kebijakan ekonomilebih baik

Peran pemahaman ekonomi yang lebih baikuntuk mengarahkan kehidupan individu akan

bervariasi

Ekonomi Normatif VS Ekonomi Positif

Ketika penggunaan ekonomi, kita harus berhati-hati untuk membedakan antara penyataan

normatif (pertimbangannilai) dan penyataanpositif (faktual) Ekonomipositif: menggambarkan fakta dan

perilaku dalam ekonomi.contoh: persentase remaja yang tidak bekerja

Ekonominormatif: melibatkan pertimbangan etikdan nilai.contoh: bolehkan pemerintah memberikan uangpada orang yang miskin?

Konsep Persediaan dan Analisis

Tuntutan Definisi tuntutan: kebutuan + kemampuan dan

keinginan untuk membayar komoditas

Waktu jumlah produk yang pembeli akan belipada biaya yang berbeda selama waktu yang sama

Keinginan merupakan keinginan orang-oranguntuk memiliki suatu barang

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Konsep Persediaan dan Analisis

Tuntutan Tuntutan adalah jumlah suatu barang yang

pembeli ingin dan mampu untuk membeli padabiaya yang ditetapkan.

Definisi persediaan: jumlah produser suatubarang yang mau dan mampu untuk menjualpada harga yang ditetapkan.

Perbedaan Kebutuhan dan Tuntutan

Kebutuhan TuntutanIdesubjektif seseorangberdasarkanpada suatu formula yang diaplikasikansecara objektif tetapi pilihanuntuk

menggunakan formula adalah idesubjektif seseorang.

Dapatdioberservasi secara objektifsebagai perilakudalam pasar

Uang bukan s uatu f aktor Uang adalah faktor k unci. Tuntutanjuga disebut tuntutan efektif karenadiekspresikan hanyaoleh pengeluaran

uang

Tugas Utama Ekonomi

i. Ekonomi Deskriptif

Meliputi identifikasi, definisi, danpengukuran fenomena

Berfokus pada penentuan fenomenaalami dan mengumpulkan estimasimgnitude

Tidak ada penjelasan

Tugas Utama Ekonomi.

ii. Ekonomi eksplanatori

Melibatkan penjelasan dan prediksi padafenomena tertentu

Melakukan analisis dengan format penyebab-efek.

Dilakukan dengan model yngmengklasifikasikan berbagai faktor penyebabpada kerangka sistematik (contoh: statuskesehatan dan biaya pelayanan kesehatan)

Tugas Utama Ekonomi

iii. Evaluasi;

Melibatkan penentuan atau mengurutkan

fenomena alternatif tergantung pada beberapastandar.

Standar yang diterima harus digunakan

Berdasarkan standar, cara-cara alternatifpenggunaan sumber yang terbatas kemudiandiurutkan

Dalam pemilihan standar, kriteria utamaadalah penerimaan.

Jenis Ekonomi

A. Macroeconomics is the study of aggregateeconomic activities, such as:

1. The economy level of outputs;

We can measure that by some variables such as;GDP, Rate of depression, Rate of slackness, ets.

Real GDP is the market value of all final goods andservices produced in the domestic economy duringa one year period measured with constant prices.

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Jenis Ekonomi

2. Level of national income; We can measure that by some variables

such as N.I. National income (N.I) is the income earned

by the factors of production. Income earned of the sold or consumed

GDP.

Jenis Ekonomi

3. Level of employment;

We can measure that by some variablessuch as the rate of unemployment.

The Rate of Unemployment is the percentof the total labor force which isunemployed.

Jenis Ekonomi

4. General price level

We can measure that by some variablessuch as Inflation or Deflation Rate ets.

Inflation is the annual rate of increase in a

price index.

Deflation is the annual rate of decrease inthe price level.

Jenis Ekonomi

B. Microeconomics the study of economic behavior ofindividual decision making units such as:

Consumers resource owners and business firms in a free enterprise

economy. We can measure that by some studies such as

market , pilot and feasibility studies.

Pertanyaan Dasar Ekonomi

2.a. Economic Problem.2.b. Health Care And Health.

2.c. The Demand For Health Care.2.d. The Production Of Health.2.e. The Demand For Health Care.2.f. Requirements Of Health Services.2.g. Health Care And Economics.2.h. Economics And Management.

Masalah Ekonomi

Economic problem based on that

because of limited productive

capabilities, there is a need to makedecision about:

what to produce,

how to produce and

the distribution of out put.

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Masalah Ekonomim

Factors of production are

land, labor

capital

They are the inputs necessary for the production ofgood and services .

The terms factors of production and economicresources are interchangeable.

Tuntutan Pelayanan Kesehatan

The demand for health care services will depend on

the demand for health and on the perception of thelink between health care and health.

One complication of trying to model or predict thisdemand is that individuals value apparently equalhealth states differently.

Most health care is carried out by families within thehome.

Tuntutan Pelayanan Kesehatan

Health care systems may produce outputs other thanhealth (Comfort, Security, etc).

The demand for health care will also vary accordingto the age structure of the population.

Produksi Kesehatan

It is assumed that the individual seeks to maximizelife time utility.

Health care is only one input into the production ofhealth.

Weather privately insured or dependent upon publicservices, we seek a comprehensive service forexamination and diagnosis.

Tuntutan Pelayanan Kesehatan

We expect to be effective public and environmentalhealth services which will protect us from infectiousdiseases

A diverse and sometime conflicting set of interestsmay happened between;

1. Those who pay for health services.2. Those who provide them.3. Those who shape them through strategic and

operational management.4. Those who would like to benefit from them, if

necessary.

Requirements of health services

1. Economy.

2. Effectiveness.3. Efficiency.

4. Value for money {VFM}.

5. Equity.

6. Ethical issues.

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Requirements of health services

1. Economy; We would like the services to be inexpensive. Somebody always pays either directly or indirectly.

2. Effectiveness; We expect the service to be effective we want each

procedure to produce perceptible health gains {orreductions in suffering}.

The evidence based medicine beginning to influencehealth care providers.

Requirements of health services

3. Efficiency; We expect our services to be efficient. If we candeliver an equally effective service in differentways then we would want to choose the leastexpensive.

4. Value for money {VFM}; These three requirements, economy,

effectiveness and efficiency, come under theheading of value for money {VFM}.

Requirements of health services

5. Equity; Three broad ways of defining equity in health care;

A. Equality of health status attained.

B. Equality of use of health care {for equal need}.

C. Equality of access to health care {for equalneed}.

Horizontal equity the principal of equal treatmentfor equal need.

Vertical equity provision of unequal treatment forunequal need.

Requirements of health services

6. Ethical issues; The behavior of doctors and other health care

professional and may put them into conflict withthose who manage resources.

The doctor could manipulate the situation forfinancial gain.

The patient is protected from these abuses by thedoctor's ethical and professional codes of conduct.

Health care and economics1. Which goods and services to

produce?

E.g. How many resources should beallocated to the different

specialties?. Should cosmeticsurgery or infertility treatment beprovided at public expense?

Health care and economics2. How to produce the goods and

services?

E.g. Will the mentally ill be caredfor in small community based units

or in large hospitals?. Whatproportion of surgical procedures

will be carried out on a day care

basis?

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Health care and economics3. Who receives the good and

services?

E.g. Should the state provide healthservices only for the poor? Whenfunds are scare will preference begiven to patients of fund holdingpractitioners?

Demand and Supply

Change in market demand is a shift the market

demand curve that results from: a change in the number of consumers in the

market consumer preferences

consumer money income

the price of a substitute commodity

the price of a complementary commodity.

Demand and Supply

Change market supply is a shift of the market supplycurve that results from:

a change in the number and or size ofproducers.

a change in the technology a change in theprice of a factor of a production

a change in the price of other commoditiesused in production.