Kesrawan untuk hewan penelitian - Pertanian
Transcript of Kesrawan untuk hewan penelitian - Pertanian
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Kesrawan untuk hewanpenelitian
Disampaikan pada Pertemuan Koordinasi Nasional Kesrawan, Bogor 1 Agustus 2018
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Biologi komparatif hewan laboratorium
- unggas & hewan besar *)
Drh Huda S Darusman, PhD
(* Disampaikan pada pelatihan etika hewan penelitian, LPPM
IPB, Bogor 26-27 Oktober 2015
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Prof. Drh. Dondin Sajuthi, MST, Ph.D.Ketua Komisi Etik Hewan IPB 2016
Ketua Asosiasi Dokter Hewan Praktisi Hewan Laboratorium Indonesia
Staff Ahli Pusat Studi Satwa Primata LPPM IPB
Etika Penggunaan HewanLaboratorium dalam
Penelitian, Pengujian dan Pendidikan
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Kajian kesrawan pada hewanpenelitian
Konsep, implementasi kesrawan pada penelitian dan komisi etik
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Welfare?
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Etis?
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Kesrawan pada hewan penelitian
• High Quality Laboratory Animal Science
requires
• Optimal Welfare of the Animals
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Pentingnya Hewan dalamPengujian dan Penelitian Biomedis
• Hewan apa saja yang digunakan dalam penelitian dan pengujian?
– Rodensia (tikus, mencit dan hamster) mencapai 90% dari total hewan yang digunakan dalam penelitian
– Sisanya (10%) menggunakan anjing, kucing, kelinci, satwa primata, hewan agrikultur, ikan, katak, unggas dan lainnya
Source: AALAS
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Perlunya Memahami Keterbatasan danKeunggulan Model yang dipilih
• Tidak semua hewan memiliki fiturfenotip yang sama
• Potensi Translasi hasil studi hewanuntuk aplikasi pada manusia
www.criver.com
jaxmice.jax.orgVS.
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Tambahan ...
Pelatihan etika penggunaan hewan coba
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Kanker payudara padahewan model tikusSprague Dawley(induksi dengan DMBA)
Sumber: Krishnamoorthy and Sankaran (2016)Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics
www.taconic.com
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Sapi dan Domba sebagaimodel untuk mempelajariPrion dan Transmissible SpongioformEncephalopathy di ternakmaupun manusia
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Beruk (Macaca nemestrina) sebagai hewan model untukstudi Dengue dan HIV
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Tupaia javanica sebagaisumber hepatosit untukkultur sel model in-vitro studi Hepatitis
Sumber Foto: W. Sinaga dan M. Surya (PSSP LPPM IPB)
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Hewan model obesitas
Macacafascicularis
Ob/Ob Mouse
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monyet ekor panjang danproduksi vaksin polio
ww
w.b
usi
nes
sin
sid
er.c
om
cdc.gov
wikipedia
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Hewan model Alcoholism, Ketergantungan Obat, Neuro-angiologi & teratologi
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu
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We as a research community are charged by the public with the responsibility to assure animal welfare in exchange for the privilege of utilizing animals in the advancement of human welfare.
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Hasil penelitian seperti apakah yang akan diperoleh dari hewan yang
tidak terpenuhi aspek kesrawannya?
KESALAHAN EKSTRAPOLASI DATA!
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Kondisi Hewan
HasilPenelitianmenjadi
bias
Lapar danhaus
Nyeri, lukaatau sakit
Ketakutandan stress
Tidaknyaman
Tidak bisabertingkahlaku alami
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Pentingnya Aspek Kesrawan
• Hewan yang lapar/haus→mengakibatkan terganggunya metabolisme
• Hewan yang menderita karena nyeri, luka atau sakit→ terganggu baiksecara fisik maupun mental, daya tahan tubuh, sistem reproduksibahkan bisa berakibat kematian
• Hewan yang ketakutan dan stress →Terganggu sistem hormon(misalnya : cortisol yang dapat mengakibatkan perubahan mental), danhewan menjadi mudah terkena penyakit
• Hewan yang tidak merasa nyaman→Meningkatkan stress, melemahnya daya tahan tubuh terhadap penyakit
• Hewan yang tidak bisa bebas bertingkah laku alami→meningkatkanstress
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Berawal dari keyakinan akan peran hewan dalammendukung kesejahteraan manusia
(Lelana 2003)
Kesejahteraan Manusia
Mahluk Ciptaan Tuhan
Sumberdaya Pengetahuan
Pemanfaatan berlandaskan aspek moral
Pemanfaatan berlandaskan aspek sains
Rambu-Rambu Sains
Rambu-Rambu Etika dan Legalitas
HEWAN
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Definisi Umum
” The welfare of an individual is its
state as regards its attempts to
cope with its environment ”(Donald Broom)
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Three animal welfare concepts
MentalPhysical
NaturalnessRestrict natural behaviour
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Penjabaran Konsep
• Prinsip 5 F’s & 3R’s
• Diawali dengan konsep kebutuhan-Antroposentrik?
• Anthropocentric implies as:“So far as animals are concerned it matters not what we
think or feel but what we do”
(Webster 1993)
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Konsep 3R
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Laboratory Animal Welfare
• Optimization of wellfare is refinement
The three R:s
• Replacement
• Reduction
• Refinement(Russel and Burch 1959)
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Replacement:
• Mengganti hewan coba dengan metode alternatif
• Menggunakan hewan coba yang relevan dengan penelitian dengan pertimbangan sentience
➔ Peneliti harus dapat menjelaskan kepentingan menggunakan hewan dan menjelaskan mengapa memilih spesies yang berhubungan
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Reduction
• Menggunakan hewan dalam jumlah tertentu yang masih memberikan signifikan pada hasil penelitian DALAM JUMLAH SE-MINIMUM MUNGKIN
• Sedikit namun tdk memberi signifikan = NO
➔Peneliti mengetahui justifikasi penentuan jumlah hewan dalam penelitian
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The Planning
• Clear Objectives
• Hypothesis or Exploration
• Literature search
• Expected result
• Design and Statistical data treatment (level
of significance)
• Necessary data
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Necessary Data - Experimental
Procedure
• Size of experiment
• Type of experiment
• duration and sequencing of exp.
• model, species, strains/stocks
• adaptation
• group sizes, randomisation
• pilot experiments
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Pilot Experiment
• To analyse Effect of Treatment
• To analyse Variation (Noise)
• Determine Size of Experiment
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Controlling Variation
EffectVariation
Strong statistical significance
Effect
Variation
No statistical significance
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Determination of Group size
• Power Analysis method
• Resource Equation method
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Groups Size Estimated Using
Power Analysis
• For simple expensive experiments
• For clinical trials
• For repetitive experiments
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The Power of the Experiment
Probability of detecting the specified
effect at the specified significance
level
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Power analysis depends on 6
Variables
• The effect of treatment
• The standard deviation
• The chosen significance level
• The chosen power
• The group (sample) size
• The alternative hypothesis (1 or 2-sided test)
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Groups Size Estimated Using Power
Analysis
Mean(E)-Mean(C)
d= -----------------standard deviation
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Power analysis
• Set power to 80 – 90 %
• Mean(E)= mean effect in treatment group
• Mean(C)= mean effect in control group
• Standard deviation of the experiment – the variability of the animals, procedure and analyses
• d in the table gives us the number of animals necessary to give statistically significant results on the 5 % level
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Refinement
• Menggunakan metode penelitian terbaik, baik prosedur uji maupun pemeliharaan (husbandry) yang mengedepankan hasil yang optimal dan kesejahteraan hewan➔Peneliti mengetahui metode terbaik yang sesuai dengan topik
penelitian dan cara-cara yang dapat meminimalisir penderitaan pada hewan ➔ Didasarkan pada 5F dan ini diupayakan SEMAKSIMAL MUNGKIN agar tujuan penelitian pun dapat tercapai
• Disinilah diperlukan profesi medik veteriner sebagai penjamin– Dokter hewan yang memiliki keilmuan dan pengalaman dalam dunia
kedokteran komparatif (comparative medicine) – tidak profesor, tidak doktor/Ph.D
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Laboratory Animal Welfare
A practical approach
” select a minimal but conclusive set of parameters” which are:
• Predictive of welfare
• Feasible to assess by technician
• Supplemented by mutant-specific parameters / characteristics
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” A good knowledge of normal behaviour is a pre-requisite for identification of abnormal behaviour indicative of
stress or reduced welfare
(Carlsson, 2003) ”
Terima kasih☺
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Laboratory Animal
Assessment
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Laboratory Animal Welfare
Welfare / Stress Assessment
Acute stress Chronic stress
◼ Hormone quantification
◼ Heart rate
◼ Blood pressure
◼ Food and water intake
◼ Behaviour
◼ Pathology
◼ Reproduction
◼ Immune suppression
◼ Body weight
◼ Behaviour
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Laboratory Animal Welfare
Clinical signs
Metric Parametric
◼ Body temperature
◼ Respiration
◼ Heart rate
◼ Behaviour
◼ Quality of respiration
◼ Posture
◼ Appearance such as closed eyes, disturbed pelage as with ruffled fur or feathers
◼ Diarrhoea
◼ Coughing
◼ grimace scale
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Laboratory Animal Welfare
• Refinement during normal husbandry
• Controlled and constant environment
– Physical parameters
– Biological parameters
– Enrichment
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• Refinement during normal husbandry
• Inspection and monitoring
– Behaviour
– Stress related substances
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Laboratory Animal Welfare
Refinement during experimental procedures
• Condition animals to staff and set-up
• Use non-invasive procedures when possible
• Eliminate pain through opioids, NSAIDs etc
• Thorough care and monitoring
• Introduce early endpoints
• Use competent staff
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