Guia Didactica Para Ingles 4

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GUIA DIDACTICA DE INGLES 4

SAETA

PRESENTACION

El tren sigue su marcha, CONTINUAMOS ,

Efectivamente tu que ya decidiste subirte a este tren no te queda otra

mas que seguirle para adelante.

Como ya debes de saber el ingles es una lengua considerada como

universal, que actualmente se utiliza en casi todos los pases del mundo porquedetermina la comunicacin en los mbitos social, cientfico, Tecnolgico,

econmico, deportivo, etc. Ante este fenmeno nuestro pas no se excluye por el

contrario nuestra situacin geogrfica nos provoca la imperiosa necesidad de

incorporar a nuestros conocimientos el idioma ingles; aunado a lo anterior

debemos de reconocer que esta modernidad cientfica y sobretodo tecnolgica

que las herramientas fundamentales las representa precisamente el INGLES Y

LA INFORMATICA.

Este momento tmalo como la oportunidad de tu vida para volverte a

conectar con el idioma ingles, quizs sea el espacio de reafirmacin de tus

conocimientos previos, aceptando que el comn denominador del estudiante de

SAETA es la voluntad y la afrontacin de retos.

Dentro de ese orden de ideas nos encontramos ante una segunda

oportunidad con el idioma ingles acurdate que para fortuna de muchos y por

demanda social contempornea la materia de ingles se ha incrementado a 5

semestres. Y con este material habremos de incursionar en el CUARTO NIVEL

DE INGLES.

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Para desarrollar el contenido programtico de esta materia se ha tenido a

bien disear el presente material auto-instruccional que contiene una serie de

actividades clasificadas a travs de diferentes NOCIONES GRAMATICALES,

sugeridas para el facilitador y el estudiante.

Concibiendo a una secuencia didctica como una forma de organizar las

actividades acadmicas. El presente documento contiene una serie actividades,

a manera de sugerencias, al no concebirse como un modelo rgido de

planeacin; en las cuales el facilitador podr, en comunin con el estudiante,

disear las propias actividades de aprendizaje e incluso definir los materiales de

apoyo para el logro de los objetivos. Acatando la caracterstica de flexibilidad y la

enorme capacidad de adaptacin a las condiciones nacionales, regionales ylocales que presentan los programas. Haciendo acopio de textos, videos,

casetes, CD-ROMS, pginas WEB, y a todos los medios a los cuales se tenga

acceso para el enriquecimiento de las mismas.

En este curso, el alumno recupera lo visto en los niveles anteriores. Los

conceptos fundamentales son: Aprovechamiento y preservacin de recursos y

Sociedad del conocimiento, as como los subsidiarios son: Tipos: naturales,

humanos y del conocimiento; y Usos: benficos y perjudiciales. Al llegar a este

punto de desarrollo, nuestro alumno est en condiciones de poder aprovechar

esos recursos del saber que ya ha obtenido, porque ahora, al relacionar esta

asignatura con los aprendizajes que de manera vertical, horizontal y transversal

proporcionan las dems materias del plan de estudios, es capaz de analizar y

valorar la importancia presente y futura de los recursos naturales y participar

activamente en la preservacin de stos, incluyendo los referentes a la cultura,

as como los del conocimiento cientfico y tecnolgico, al hacer un uso adecuado

en su entorno local, regional, nacional y mundial.

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INDICE

Mapa Conceptual de la asignatura 7Descripcin temtica 8

NOCION GRAMATICAL Voz Pasiva 10

NOCION GRAMATICAL Tag questions 20

NOCION GRAMATICAL

Segundo y Tercer condicional 25NOCION GRAMATICAL Pasado Perfecto 32

NOCION GRAMATICAL Clausulas relativas 37

EJRCICIOS DE VOCABULARIO 49

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INGLS IV

Mapa Conceptual de la Asignatura de Ingls IV

Antecedente

Ingls III

ConceptosfundamentalesConceptossubsidiarios

Tipos

1 Naturales2 Humanos3 Del conocimiento

Usos1 Benficos2 Perjudiciales

Aprovechamiento y preservacin de recursos

Sociedad del conocimiento

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Ingls IVConcepto Fundamental:Aprovechamiento y preservacin de recursos.Concepto Subsidiario: Tipos:

-Naturales-Humanos-Del conocimientoFunciones del lenguaje sugeridas:1 Solicitar y dar informacin sobre eventos relevantes.2 Pedir y dar informacin sobre la elaboracin y consistencia de diversosproductos.

Nociones Gramaticales:1 - Voz pasiva en presente(aff-neg-int)

2 - Tag questions (formaafirmativa y negativa)3 - Voz pasiva en pasado( aff-neg-int)4 - Segundo Condicional(unreal condicional) Aff-neg-int.(World, could, might).5 - Todas las estructurasanteriores vistas en los semestresanteriores.

Vocabulario:1 - Pasado participio de verbos regularese irregulares

2 - Preposiciones: of, by3 - Materiales: Wood, plastic, iron,leather, etc.4 - Elementos de la naturaleza: river,ocean, mountain, hill, forrest, volcano, etc.

Principales Categoras:DiversidadEspacioEnergaMateriaTiempo

Principales Valores a fomentar:LibertadJusticiaSolidaridad

Contexto de aprendizaje:Acorde al Tema Integrador propuesto.

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Ingls IVConcepto Fundamental: Sociedad del conocimiento.Concepto Subsidiario: Usos:

Funciones del lenguaje sugeridas:1 - Conocer y relatar eventos importantes de su localidad, pas y del mundo,suscitados en un tiempo antes del pasado.2 - Pedir y dar informacin sobre acontecimientos que han impactado el rumbo delpas y del mundo.3 - Investigar y recrear la cultura popular en su comunidad y su pas.

Nociones Gramaticales:1 - Pasado Perfecto (af-neg-int)2 - Tercer condicional (pastunreal conditional)3 - Clusulas o proposicionesrelativas (definidas y no definidas:who, whom, whose, what, which,that)4 - Todas las estructurasgramaticales vistas en lossemestres anteriores.

Vocabulario:1 - Pasado participio de verbos regulares e

irregulares1 - Expresiones de tiempo acorde a lasestructuras gramaticales propuestas.2 - Beneficios derivados del trabajo,educacin, poltica, investigacin, economa, etc.

Principales Categoras:DiversidadEspacioEnerga

Principales Valores a fomentar:LibertadJusticiaSolidaridad

Contexto de aprendizaje:Acorde al Tema Integrador propuesto.

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NOCION GRAMATICAL

VOZ PASIVA

Existen dos voces en ingles, LA VOZ ACTIVA Y LA VOZ PASIVA.

Active Voice Passive Voice

[1] Paul congratulated David[2] David was congratulated by

Paul

La VOZ PASIVA se forma usando el auxiliar pasivo del verbo TO BE y el verboprincipal con terminacin ED. En oraciones activas, no existe un auxiliar de pasivo,sin embargo otros auxiliares pueden ser utilizados.

Paul is congratulating DavidPaul will congratulate DavidPaul has congratulated David

Los ejemplos anteriores son oraciones activas que no contienen auxiliar pasivo.Note que en el primero el auxiliar es auxiliar progresivo no pasivo, lo notamos porla terminacin del verbo principal ING y no ED.

En la oracin 2 nos referimos a Paul como el agente o sea quien realiza la accin.En ocasiones el agente no esta especificado.

David was congratulated

CARACTERISTICAS

1. Se dice que una oracin est en VOZ ACTIVA cuando la significacin del verboes producida por la persona gramatical a quien aqul se refiere:Pedro de Mendoza foundedBuenos Aires.(Pedro de Mendoza fund Buenos Aires).

2. Se dice que una oracin est en VOZ PASIVA cuando la significacin del verboes recibida por la persona gramatical a quien aqul se refiere:Buenos Aires was founded byPedro de Mendoza.

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(Buenos Aires fue fundada porPedro de Mendoza).

3. Se forma con el auxiliar del verbo to be y el participio pasado del verbo que seconjuga.

4. El complemento de la oracin activa pasa a sujeto de la pasiva. Como encastellano, el sujeto de la activa se puede conservar como sujeto agente.

5. Cuando un verbo tiene dos complementos se pueden hacer dos estructuras depasiva:a)A book was sent to Tom by Mr. Smith, Un libro fue enviado a Tom por Mr.Smith.b) Tom was sent a book by Mr. Smith (pasiva idiomtica). Esta estructura no esposible en castellano.

MODELO DE VERBO EN VOZ PASIVATO BE SEEN = SER VISTO

PRESENTEI am seen, soy vistoyou are seen, eres vistohe is seen, es vistowe are seen, somos vistosyou are seen, sois vistosthey are seen, son vistos

PRETERITO PERFECTOI have been seen, he sido vistoyou have been seen, has sido vistohe has been seen, ha sido vistowe have been seen, hemos sido vistosyou have been seen, habis sido vistosthey have been seen, han sido vistos

PASADOI was seen, fui vistoyou were seen, fuiste vistohe was seen, fue vistowe were seen, fuimos vistosyou were seen, fuisteis vistosthey were seen, fueron vistos

FUTUROI shall be seen, ser vistoyou will be seen, sers vistohe will be seen, ser vistowe shall be seen, seremos vistosyou will be seen, seris vistosthey will be seen, sern vistos

VOZ ACTIVA Y PASIVA: REGLAS PRCTICAS EN 4 PASOS.

1. La voz pasiva se forma con el verbo to be conjugado ms el participio delverbo principal. En ingls es mucho ms frecuente que en espaol y,normalmente, aparece cuando no es importante quien realiza una accin sinoel hecho en s. Por eso, no siempre que veamos una pasiva, tenemos que

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traducirlo literalmente, puesto que en espaol suena ms forzado. Slo esposible el uso de la voz pasiva con verbos transitivos (verbos que llevancomplemento directo).

VOZ ACTIVATom writes a letterTom is writing a letterTom was writing a letterTom wrote a letterTom has written a letterTom had written a letterTom will write a letter

Tom is going to write a letterTom can write a letterTom could write a letterTom must write a letterTom may write a letterTom might write a letter

VOZ PASIVAA letteris written by TomA letteris being written by TomA letterwas being written by TomA letterwas written by TomA letterhas been written by TomA letterhad been written by TomA letterwill be written by Tom

A letteris going to be written by TomA lettercan be written by TomA lettercould be written by TomA lettermust be written by TomA lettermay be written...A lettermight be written...

2. El sujeto agente se expresa con by. Sin embargo, en la mayora de lasocasiones se prescinde del sujeto ya que no nos interesa saber quinexactamente ejecuta la accin. Si una oracin activa tiene complemento directo e

indirecto, cualquiera de los dos complementos puede ser sujeto paciente de lapasiva:

ACTIVE: Someone gives me a dogPASSIVE 1: A dog is given to mePASSIVE 2: I am given a dog (forma pasiva idiomtica)

La forma pasiva de doing, seeing, etces being done, being seen, etc.

ACTIVE: I don't like people telling me what to doPASSIVE: I don't like being told what to do

En ocasiones en las que ocurre algo a veces imprevisto, no planeado o fortuitopara la formacin de la voz pasiva se prefiere usar get y no be:get hurt, get annoyed, get divorced, get married, get invited, get bored, get lost

3. Las construcciones impersonales (se dice, se comenta, etc.) son muy tpicasde la pasiva y difciles de traducir para los hispanoparlantes. Este tipo de

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construccin pasiva -utilizada cada vez con mayor frecuencia en los medios- seforma con la estructura sujeto + to be + participle: It is reported (Se informa); Itis said (Se dice); It is known (Se sabe); It is supposed (Se supone); It isconsidered (Se considera); It is expected (Se espera). Veamos algunos ejemplos:

ACTIVE: Everybody thinks Cathy works very hard.PASSIVE 1: Cathy is thought to work very hard. (Se piensa que Cathy...)PASSIVE 2:It is thought that Cathy works very hard. (Se piensa que Cathy...)

ACTIVE: They believe Tom is wearing a white pullover.PASSIVE 1: Tom is believed to be wearing a white pullover. (Se cree que...)PASSIVE 2:It is believed that Tom is wearing a white pullover. (Se cree que...)

4. USOS ADICIONALES DE SUPPOSEa) Se usa en afirmativo para acciones que estaban planeadas, que se suponeque van a realizar, u obligaciones que uno debera cumplir.You were supposed to be here at 9:00 am!!b) Otras veces, el uso de supposed indica que estos planes o obligacionesfinalmente no se cumplieron:The train was supposed to arrive at 5 o'clock. (but it arrived at 8 o'clock)You were supposed to go to the supermarket. (but you didn't go)c) Por el contrario, en negativo, supposed significa la no conveniencia oprohibicin de hacer algo:You are not supposed to smoke here. (you are not allowed to smoke here)You are not supposed to copy our web files. (you must not copy our web files)

Como en espaol, la voz pasiva se forma con el verbo 'to be' (ser) y el participiopasado. They made this car in 1963. (active) This carwas made in 1963.(passive)

El sujeto de un verbo en pasiva corresponde al objeto de un verbo en activa.

Spanishis spoken in

Argentina

PASIVA

(sujeto)

Argentiniansspeak

Spanish ACTIVA

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(objeto)

Estudia la siguiente lista de las formas del verbo en pasiva.(pp = participio pasado)

Verb Tense Structure Example

PRESENT SIMPLE am/are/is + pp Spanish is spoken here.

PRESENTCONTINUOUS

am/are/is being +pp

Your questions are beinganswered.

FUTURE (WILL) will be + pp Itll be paintedby next week.

FUTURE (GOING

TO)

am/are/is going to

be + pp

Terry is going to be made redundant

next year.

PAST SIMPLE was/were + ppWe were invited to the party, but wedidnt go.

PAST CONTINUOUSwas/were being +pp

The hotel room was being cleanedwhen we got back from shopping.

PRESENT PERFECThave/has been +pp

The President of America has beenshot.

PAST PERFECT had been + ppWhen he got home he found that all ofhis moneyhad been stolen.

FUTURE PERFECTwill have been +pp

Our baby will have been born beforeChristmas.

En las formas del future progressive (will be being + pp) y perfect progressive(has been being + pp) no es muy comn su uso.

Para decir quin haca la accin o qu la causaba, usa 'by'.

This house was built by my mother. / Esta casa fue construida por mi madre.Washington was bombed by Pakistan. / Washington fue bombardeado porPakistn.

La voz pasiva se suele utilizar cuando se desconoce o no interesa mencionarquin o qu hace la accin.Es ms normal encontrar en espaol formas con se, por ejemplo: se habla, sealquila o verbos en plural como venden, compran.

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In the same way, this construction has a passive meaning. Theimportant thing in our minds is the person or thing that will experiencethe action, e.g.

a. The ceilingneeds painting(= the ceiling needs to bepainted)b. My hairneeds cutting(= my hair needs to be cut)

German is spoken here / Aqu se habla alemnWhen was this house built? / Cuando se construy ( fue construida) sta casa?A lot of songs have been written about love / Se han escrito muchas cancionessobre el amor

Are the following constructions active or passive?

1. Jane decided to cancel theparty

Active

Passive

2. The lecturer was impressed byyour essay

Active

Passive

3. Your horse is walking on ourlawn Active

Passive

4. The top floor was destroyedActive

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Passive

5. The pills should be taken twicea day

Active

Passive

1 - Relaciona los siguientes carteles con el sitio donde los veas siguiendo el

ejemplo.

1. car park - 2. pub - 3. restaurant - 4. airport - 5. shop6. hotel - 7. library - 8. garage - 9. web page

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2 - Completa cada frase con su correspondiente participio pasado de lossiguientes verbos: BUILT, OFFER, STEAL, BREAK, INVITE, TRASLATE,

1. The beds in our room havent been yet.

2. Do you think well be to the party?

3. La Mansin del Ingls is so successful it will probably be into

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twenty different languages.

4. When our flat was last month, my laptop computer was

.

5. I went to work early to go to the meeting yesterday and I realised that the date

had been to the 13th February.

6. A new sports centre is being in front of our house and itscompletely spoiling our view of the sea.7. When I saw my grandmother yesterday she told me she had been

in the street on her way to bingo.

8. Cathy cant use her office until next week as it s being .

9. Elton John was in Pinner, Middlesex, England.

10. I thought the interview went well, but I still wasnt the job.

EXERCISE ARead the sentence and then write another sentence with the samemeaning.Begin each sentence as shown in the examples.

Examples:Somebody stole my bag in the store. My bag was stolen in the storeThe police have arrested three men. Three men have been arrested by the police.

1. The bill includes service.

Service .

2. People don't use this road very often.

This road .

3. They canceled all flights because of fog.

All flights .

4. Somebody accused me of stealing the money.

I .

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5. They are building a new shopping center downtown.

A new shopping center .

6. I didn't realize that someone was recording our conversation.

I didn't realize that our conversation .

7. They have changed the date of the meeting.

The date of the meeting .

8. Brian told me that somebody had attacked and robbed him in the street.

Brian told me that he .

EXERCISE B Make a PASSIVE SENTENCE form the words in parentheses.

Examples:That builing looks very old. (when / it /build?) When was it built?

A: Is Margaret popular? B: Yes, (she / like / by everybody) She is liked by everybody.1. This is a very popular television program. (every week it / watch / by millions of people)

Every week it .

2. What happens to the cars produced in this factory? (most of them / export?)

.

3. A: Was there any trouble at the demonstration?

B: Yes. (about 20 people / arrested) .

4. A: There is no longer military service in Argentina.

B: Really? (when / it / abolish?) .

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5. A: Did anybody call an ambulance to the scene of the accident?

B: Yes. (but nobody / injure / so it / not / need) .

6. A: Last night someone broke into our house.

B: Oh no! (anything / take?) .

7. Mr. Kelly can't use his office right now. (it / redecorate)

.

8. Linda didn't have her car yesterday.. (it / tune up / at the garage)

.

9. Where's my bicycle? It's gone !!! (it /

steal !!!) .

10. The people next door disappeared six months ago. (they / not /see / since then)

.

11. This room looks different. (it / paint / since I was last here?)

.

12. A tree was lying across the road. (it / blow / down in the storm)

.

NOCION GRAMATICALTAG QUESTIONS

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Los tag questions son pequeas frases o preguntas (mini-questions) que secolocan al final de una oracin afirmativa o negativa y que generalmente tienencomo objetivo confirmar o negar el contenido de la frase misma. Es el equivalente alverdad? espaol o al no? ms utilizado en pases de Amrica.

TRES REGLAS BASICAS QUE DEBES RECORDAR

1. Los tag questions utilizan siempre los verbos

auxiliares.

2. Con oraciones afirmativas utilizamos un tag question

en NEGATIVO.

3. Con oraciones negativas utilizamos un tag question en

AFIRMATIVO o POSITIVO.

Analicemos ahora las diferentes alternativas que pueden presentarse:

a) ORACIONES AFIRMATIVAS CON EL VERBO TO BEEN PRESENT

SIMPLE O CONTINUO.

Se utiliza la misma forma del verbo en NEGATIVO: aren't you? isn't he? isn'tshe? isn't it? aren't we? aren't you? aren't they? Aqu tienes algunos ejemplos:

It's a beautiful day, isn't it?(Es un da hermoso, no?)Martha is angry, isn't she?(Marta est enojada, verdad?)You are really tired, aren't you?(Ests muy cansado, no?)They're very nice people, aren't they?(Son personas muy agradables, no?)You are coming tomorrow, aren't you?(Vas a venir maana, verdad?)Pedro's flying now, isn't he?(Pedro est volando en estos momentos, no?)

Por favor recuerda que, en ingls americano y UNICAMENTE en este caso enparticular, para la primera persona del verbo to be se utiliza aren't I? comoequivalente de am I not?:

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I'm late, aren't I?(Llego tarde, no?)I'm arriving late at night, aren't I?(LLegar tarde por la noche, no?)

b) ORACIONES NEGATIVAS CON EL VERBO TO BEEN PRESENTSIMPLE O CONTINUO.

Se utiliza la misma forma del verbo en AFIRMATIVO o POSITIVO: am I?are you?is he? is she? is it? are we? are you? are they? Aqu tienes algunos ejemplos:

I'm not late, am I?(No llego tarde, no?)It isn't a beautiful day, is it?(No es un da hermoso, verdad?)Martha isn't angry, is she?(Marta no est enojada, no?)

You aren't really tired, are you?(No ests muy cansado, verdad?)They aren't very nice people, are they?(No son personas muy agradables,no?)You aren't coming tomorrow, are you?(No vas a venir maana, no?)Pedro isn't flying now, is he?(Pedro no est volando en estos momentos,no?)

c) ORACIONES AFIRMATIVAS CON EL VERBO TO BEEN PASTSIMPLE O CONTINUO.

Se utiliza la misma forma del verbo en NEGATIVO: wasn't I? weren't you? wasn'the? wan't she? wasn't it? weren't we? weren't you? were't they? Aqu tienesalgunos ejemplos:

It was a beautiful day, wasn't it?(Fue un da hermoso, verdad?)Martha was angry, wasn't she?(Marta estaba enojada, no?)You were really tired, weren't you?(Estabas muy cansado, verdad?)You were studying at 6, weren't you?(Estuviste estudiando a las 6, no?)He was flying when I phoned, wasn't he?(Estaba volando cuando llam,no?)

d) ORACIONES NEGATIVAS CON EL VERBO TO BEEN PAST SIMPLEO CONTINUO.

Se utiliza la misma forma del verbo en AFIRMATIVO o POSITIVO: was I?wereyou? was he? was she? was it? were we? were you? were they? Aqu tienes

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algunos ejemplos:

It wasn't a beautiful day, was it?(No fue un da hermoso, no?)Martha wasn't angry, was she?(Marta no estaba enojada, no?)You weren't really tired, were you?(No estabas muy cansado, verdad?)You weren't studying at 6, were you?(No estuviste estudiando a las 6, no?)He wasn't flying when I phoned, was he?(No estaba volando cuando llam,no?)

e) ORACIONES AFIRMATIVAS CON OTROS VERBOS COMUNES ODEFECTIVOS.

Teniendo siempre en cuenta el TIEMPO VERBAL, se utiliza el auxiliar enNEGATIVO que corresponde a la persona de la oracin: didn't she? hasn't she?won't she? shouldn't she? can't she? couldn't she?, etc. Aqu tienes algunosejemplos:

You went to Costa Rica in 1990, didn't you?(Fuiste a Costa Rica en 1990,no?)Elena has traveled a lot, hasn't she?(Elena ha viajado mucho, no?)

Ann will be here soon, won't she?(Ana estar pronto aqu, verdad?)Tom should pass his exam, shouldn't he?(Tom debera aprobar su examen,no?)You can play the violin, can't you?(Sabes tocar el violn, no?)He could find a job, couldn't he?(Pudo encontrar trabajo, verdad?)

f) IMPERATIVOS Y SUGERENCIAS O INVITACIONES.

Despus de la clusula Let's... el tag question que corresponde es shall we? (eninterrogativo AFIRMATIVO). Aqu tienes algunos ejemplos:

Let's go out for a walk, shall we?(Salgamos a dar una vuelta, qu teparece?)Let's study tomorrow morning, shall we?(Estudiemos maana por lamaana, s?)

Despus del imperativo (do/don't do something) el tag que corresponde es willyou? (en interrogativo AFIRMATIVO). Aqu tienes algunos ejemplos:

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Open the door, will you?(Abre la puerta, s?)Don't smoke in this room, will you?(No fumes en esta habitacin, deacuerdo?)

PLEASE REMEMBER THIS GRAMMAR NOTE:

POSITIVE SENTENCE + NEGATIVE TAG(in the same verbal tense)

NEGATIVE SENTENCE +POSITIVE TAG

(in the same verbal tense)

You will come to the party, won't you? You won't be late, will you?

EXERCISE A Put a QUESTION TAG at the end of each sentence.

Examples: Tom won't be late, will he? / They were very angry, weren't they?

1. Ann is on vacation, ?

2. You weren't listening to me,, ?

3. Sue doesn't like onions, ?

4. Jack applied for his new job, ?

5. You have a camera, ?

6. You can type well, ?

7. He won't mind if I leave early, ?

8. Tom could help you with the work, ?

9. There are a lot of people here, ?

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10. Let's have dinner at 8:30, ?

11. This movie isn't very interesting, ?

12. I'm too fat, ?

13. You wouldn't tell anyone, ?

14. I shouldn't have gotten angry, ?

15. They had to go home, ?

16.He'd never seen you before, ?

EXERCISE B

In these situations you are asking people for information, asking people todo things, etc.Make sentences using QUESTION TAGS. Please, check out the examplebelow.

Example: You want a chocolate. PerhapsTom has one. ASK HIM ... Tom, you don't have achocolate, do you?

1. Jack is just going out. You want him to get some stamps for you. ASK HIM ...

Jack, you couldn't .

2. You're looking for Ann. Perhaps Alan knows where she is. ASK HIM ...

Alan, you .

3. You need some paper. Perhaps Tom has some. ASK HIM ...

Tom, .

4. Ann has a car, and you don't want to walk home. You want her to give you a lift. ASK HER ...

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Ann, .

5. You're looking for your purse. Perhaps Liz has seen it. ASK HER ...

.

NOCION GRAMATICAL

SEGUNDO Y TERCER CONDICIONAL

ESTRUCTURA GRAMATICAL

'IF' CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE

If + simple pastIf it rained

If you went to bed earlier

Present conditionalyou would get wet

you wouldn't be so tired.

FORMA DEL PRESENTE CONDICIONAL

El presente condicional del cualquier verbo esta compuesto de dospartes el auxiliar modal WOULD mas el infinitivo del verbo principalde la oracin sin la preposicin TO.

Subject would infinitive without to

She would learn

Affirmative

I would go

Negative

I wouldn't ask

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Interrogative

Would she come?

Interrogative negative

Wouldn't they accept?

Contractions of would

In spoken English, would is contracted to 'd.

I'd We'd

you'd you'd

he'd, she'd they'd

The negative contraction = wouldn't.

Example: to accept,Present conditional

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I would accept I wouldn't accept Would I accept?

You would accept You wouldn't accept Would you accept?

He would accept She wouldn't accept Would he accept?

We would accept We wouldn't accept Would we accept?

You would accept You wouldn't accept Would you accept?

They would accept They wouldn't accept Would they accept?

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FUNCION DEL CONDICIONAL

En estas oraciones el tiempo es ahora o cualquier tiempo y lasituacin es irreal. No estn basados en hechos o se refieren acitaciones hipotticas y a su probable resultado. El uso del tiempopasado despus del IF indica algo no real.- Podemos agregar unafrase que inicie con BUT que exprese una situacin real.

If the weatherwasn'tso bad, we wouldgo to the park (...but it is

bad, so we can't go)

If Iwas the Queen of England, Iwould give everyone 100.

(...but I'm not, so I won't)

Examples of use:

1. To make a statement about something that is not real at present,but is possible:

Iwould visither if Ihadtime. (= I haven't got time but I might have

some time)

2. To make a statement about a situation that is not real now andnever could be real:

If Iwere you, I'd give up smoking (but I could never be you)

Examples:

a. If I was a plant, I would love the rain.b. If you really lovedme, you would buyme a diamond ring.

c. If I knewwhere she lived, I would go and see her.d. You wouldn't needto read this if you understoodEnglishgrammar.e. Would he go to the concert if I gave him a ticket?f. They wouldn't invite her if they didn't like herg. We would be able to buy a larger house if we hadmore money

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NOTE: It is correct, and very common, to say "If I were" instead of "If Iwas".

Would es el pasado de will en algunos casos y es un verbo modal auxiliar. Se

forma sin do y despus de would ponemos el infinitivo sin to.

I'd like some more whisky. / Quisiera un poco ms de whiskyWould you like to go out with me on Saturday night? / Te gustara salir conmigo elsabado por la noche?I wish you wouldnt smoke. / Preferira que no fumaras

- Would puede ser el pasado de will en el estilo indirecto.

Se usa para hablar sobre el futuro en el pasado, cuando hablamos sobre unaccin en el pasado que todava no ha ocurrido en el tiempo del que estamos

hablando.

When I saw her on the bus. I didn't know that I would fall in love with her.Cuando la vi en el autobus, no saba que me enamorara de ellaI had no idea that they would offer me the job.No tena ni idea de que me ofreceran el trabajo

- Would se usa como will para pedir cosas, y ofrecer.

Would you sign here, please? / Querra usted firmar aqu?Would you like some chocolate cake? / Le apetece un poco de pastel dechocolate?I`d like to see you again /.Me gustara volver a verteWould you mind waiting in my office? / Le importa esperar en mi oficina?

- Tambin would puede indicar los habitos en el pasado y una firme voluntaden elpasado de hacer algo.

He would play football, rugby and tennis, but he hated playing golf.Jugaba futbol, rugby y tenis, pero odiaba jugar golf.My grandmotherwould sit in her room all day in a bad mood, and would only cheerup when she went to the casino.Mi abuela sola sentarse en su habitacin todo el da de mal humor, y sololevantaba el animo cuando se iba al casino.

- Pero no se puede usar el would cuando la accin ocurre en una sola ocasin enel pasado.

Comparar :

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Bono sang at the concert last Sunday. / Bono cant en el concierto el domingopasado(Y no Bono would sing at the concert last Sunday )

- Sin embargo, would not se puede usar para indicar la negacin de unaocasin.

I invited her to my flat, but she wouldnt come. / Le invit a mi piso, pero ella noquiso venirThe bloody T.V. wouldn`t work last night. / No funcionaba el maldito televisor ayer

por la noche

- Para criticar el comportamiento de la gente, se puede usar would. En est casose da ms nfasis (stress) en el would.

You were a good boy, but you WOULD leave your clothes all over the bedroomfloorEras un buen chico, pero siempre dejabas tu ropa en el sueloThat`s typical of you, you WOULD go to the pub without leaving me a note!.Eso es tpico de t,te fuistes al pub sin dejarme una nota!

- Would, como used to, puede hablar de acciones repetidas y cosas en elpasado, pero no para referirse a estados como vivir, estar etc.

I used to play football in the park every Sunday. / Solia jugar futbol en el parquetodos los domingos

I would play football in the park every Sunday. / Solia jugar futbol en el parquetodos los domingos)I used to live in London. / Solia vivir en londresPero no: I would live in London

- Would (y tambin should), como un verbo auxiliar, se usa con verbos querefieren a situaciones no reales o no ciertas. Se puede comparar con el subjuntivoen espaol. Aparecen mucho con las frases con if.

If I were a rich man, I'd build a big, tall house. / Si fuera rico, construria una casagrande y alta

If I had a hammer, I'd hammer in the morning. / Si tubiera un martillo, martillearapor la maanaIf I ruled the world, every day would/should be the first day of spring.Si gobernara el mundo, todos los das sera el primer da de la primaveraIf I had known you were married, I wouldnt have asked you to dinner.Si hubiera sabido que estabas casada, no te habra invitado a cenar

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EJERCICIOS:

Traduce las siguientes frases al ingls:1. Preferira que no hicieras eso.

I w ish ...

2. Me gustara una cerveza, por favor.

3. Le apetece ir al cine conmigo?

4. Sola ir a la playa con mi abuela todos los domingos.

5. Yo la telefone, pero ella no quiso hablarme.

EXERCISE A Put the verb into the correct form.

Examples:If I found a $100 bill on the street, I would keep (keep) it.They'd be very angry if you didn't visit (not / visit) them.

1. If the company offered me the job, I think I (take) it.

2. I'm sure Liz will lend you some money. I would be very surprised if she (refuse).

3. Many people would be out of work if that factory (close) down.

4. If she sold her car, she (not / get) much money for it.

5. They're expecting us. They would be disappointed if we (not / come).

6. Would George be angry if I (take) his bicycle without asking?

7. Ann gave me this ring. She (be) terribly upset if I lost it.

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8. If someone (walk) in here with a gun, I'd be very frightened.

9. What would happen if you (not / go) to work tomorrow?

10.I'm sure she (understand) if you explained the situation to her.

EXERCISE B Make questions.

Example:Perhaps one day somebody will give you a lot of money.What would you do if someone gave you a lot of money?

1. Perhaps one day a millionaire will ask you to marry him/her.

What would you do if ?

2. Perhaps one day you will lose your passport in a foreign country.


3. Perhaps one day somebody will throw an egg at you.


4. Perhaps one day your car will be stolen.


5. Perhaps one day somebody will park a car on your foot.


EXERCISE C Answer these questions in the way shown.

Example:Are you going to take the 10:30 train? (we / arrive too early)No. If we took the 10:30 train, we would arrrive too early.

1. Is he going to take the exam? (he / fail it)

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No. If he , he .

2. Are you going to invite Bill to the party? (I / have to invite Linda too)

No. If I .

3. Are you going to bed now? (I / not / sleep)

No. .

4. Is she going to apply for the job? (she / not / get it)

No. .

NOCION GRAMATICALPASADO PERFECTO

PAST PERFECT

Past perfect, form.-

EL tiempo pasado perfecto esta compuesto de dos partes: el tiempopsado del verbo TO HAVE (had) mas el pasado participio del verbopirncipal..

Subject hadpast participle

We had decided...

Affirmative

She had given.

Negative

We hadn't asked.

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Interrogative

Had they arrived?

Interrogative negative

Hadn't you finished?

Example:to decide, Past perfect

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I had decided I hadn't decided Had I decided?

You had decided You hadn't decided Had you decided?

He, she, it had decided He hadn't decided Had she decided?

We had decided We hadn't decided Had we decided?

You had decided You hadn't decided Had you decided?

They had decided They hadn't decided Had they decided?

PAST PERFECT, FUNCTION:

USE 1 Accion completada antes deAlgo en el pasado.

El pasado perefecto expresa la idea de que algo ocurrio antes de otra acion en elpasado. Eso tambien puede mostrar que algo paso antes en una momentoespecifico en el pasado.

EXAMPLES:

I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai.

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Had you ever visited the U.S. before your trip in 1992?

Yes, I had been to the U.S. once before in 1988.

USE 2 Duracin antes de algo en el pasado.

Con un verbo no progresivo y algunos uso de los verbos no progresivos, podemosusar el pasado perfecto para mostrar que algo empez en el pasado y continuohasta otra accin en el mismo pasado..

EXAMPLES:

We had had that car for ten years before it broke down.

By the time Alex finished his studies, he had been in London for over eight years.

IMPORTANTE Momentos especficos con el pasado perfecto.Sin parecerse al presente perfecto, es posible usar palabras o frases de momentosespecficos con el pasado perfecto. Aunque esto es posible, usualmente no esnecesario.

EXAMPLE:

She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with themin 1996.

Si la accin del pasado perfecto ocurri an un momento especifico, el pasadosimple puede ser usado en vez del pasado perfecto cuando es usado before oafteren la oracin. Las palabras antes o despus realmente te dicen que paso

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primero asi que el pasado perfecto es opcional. Ambas oraciones de abajo estancorrectas:EXAMPLE:

She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with themin 1996.

She visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in1996.

SIN EMBARGO, Si la accin del pasado perfecto no paso en un momentoespecifico, el pasado perfecto debe ser usado en todos los tiempos. Comparelas dos oraciones de abajo.

EXAMPLE:

She had never seen a bear before she moved to Alaska. Correct

She never saw a bear before she moved to Alaska. Not Correct

EJERCICIO.- Complete con la forma correcta del verbo el siguiente parrafo:

I can't believe I (get) that apartment. I (submit)my application last week, but I didn't think I had a chance of actually

getting it. When I (show) up to take a look around, there

were at least twenty other people who (arrive) before me.Most of them (fill, already) out their applications andwere already leaving. The landlord said I could still apply, so I did.

I (try) to fill out the form, but I couldn't answer half of the

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questions. They (want) me to include references, but I

didn't want to list my previous landlord because I (have)some problems with him and I knew he wouldn't recommend me. I

(end) up listing my father as a reference.

It was total luck that he (decide) to give me the apartment.

It turns out that the landlord and my father (go) to highschool together. He decided that I could have the apartment before he

(look) at my credit report. I really lucked out!

CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER:

1 What is the correct past perfect form of "I do the laundry"? I have done the laundry.

I did the laundry.

I had did the laundry.

I had done the laundry.

2 What is the correct past perfect form of "She makes somedelicious cookies"?

She had made some delicious cookies.

She has made some delicious cookies.

She made some delicious cookies.

She had make some delicious cookies.

3 What is the correct past perfect form of "We visit Paris"? We'd visit Paris.

We'd visiting Paris.

We'd visited Paris.

We've visited Paris.

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4 What is the correct past perfect form of "We can rent a car"? We had rented a car.

We had been able to rent a car.

We could rent a car.

We 'd rent a car.

5 What is the correct past perfect form of "It is hot."? It was hot.

It had hot.

It had be hot.

It had been hot.

NOCION GRAMATICALCLAUSULAS RELATIVAS

Existen dos tipos de clausulas relativas:1. Una CLAUSULA DEFINIDA, nos dice de que persona o cosa

estamos hablando.

2. Una CLAUSULA INDEFINIDA, la cual nos da mas informacionacerca de la persona o cosa de la que estamos hablando. Estetipo de clausula frecuentemente esta escrtia entre parentesis.

CLAUSULAS RELATIVAS DEFINIDASComo su nombre lo indica, estas clausulas dan la informacionesencial para definer la persona o la cosa de la cual estamoshablando. Obviamente esto es necesario solalmente si existen masde una persona o cosa involucrada.

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Example:Elephants who marry mice are very unusual.

En esta oracion entendemos que hay muchos elefantes, pero esta

claro que estamos hablando de solamente uno el que esta casado

PuntuacionLas comas no son usadas en las clausulas definidas.

Pronombres relativosLos siguientes pronombres son usados en clausulas relativasdefinidas.

Person Thing Place Time Reason

Subject who/that which/that

Objectwho/whom/that/ which/that/ where when why

Possessivewhose whose

Notas:

1. El pronombre relativo permanece en el lugar del sustantivo.

Este sustantivo usualmente aparece en los principios de la oracion.

Thewoman

who/that spoke at themeeting

was veryknowledgeable.

Noun,subject of

main clause

relativepronoun

referring to'the

woman',

subject of'spoke'

verb + rest ofrelative clause

verb + rest of mainclause

2. Who, whom and which pueden ser reemplazados porthat. Esto esmuy comun en el ingles hablado.

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3. El pronombre relativo puede ser omitido cuando es objeto de laclausula.

The mouse that the elephant lovedwas very beautiful.OR The mouse the elephant lovedwas very beautiful.

Las dos oraciones anteriores son correctas, aunque la segunda esmas comun en el ingles hablado..

The mouse that/ the elephantloved

was very beautiful.

Noun, subjectof main clause

relativepronoun,

referring to'the mouse,

object of'loved'

verb + rest ofrelative clause

verb + rest of mainclause.

Puedes decidir cuando un pronombre relativo es un objeto porque eso estanormalmente seguido por otro sujeto mas el verbo

4. Whose es usado para cosas como para personas.

Examples:The man whose car was stolen.

A tree whose leaves have fallen.

5. Whom es muy formal y es solamente usado en el ingles escrito.Puedes usarwho/that, u omitir el pronombre completamente.

The doctorwhom/who/that/ I was hoping to see wasn't on duty.

6.That normalmente esta seguido por palabras como something,anything, everything, nothing, all, y superlativos.

Examples:

There's somethingthat you should know. It was the best film that I've ever seen.

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Examples:

A clown is someone who makes you laugh. An elephant is an animal that lives in hot countries. The plums that were in the fridgewere delicious. I have eaten them. Where are the plums (that) I put in the fridge? Has anyone seen the book I was reading? Nothing that anyone does can replace my lost bag. Let's go to a country where the sun always shines. They live in the house whose roof is full of holes.

.

CLAUSULAS RELATIVAS NO DEFINIDAS

La informacin que proporciona este tipo de clausulas no es esencial.Eso nos dice mas acerca de alguien o algo, pero no nos ayuda aidentificarlo.

Compare:

1. Elephants that love mice are very unusual. (Este nos dice decuales elefantes estamos hablando)

2. Elephants, which are large and grey, can sometimes be found inzoos. (Este nos da informacion extra acerca de elefantes, estamoshablando de todos los elefantes, no solo de uno o de un tipo)

3. John's mother, who lives in Scotland, has 6 grandchildren.(Sabemos quien es la mama de John y que solo tiene uno. Lainformacion mas importante es el numero de nietos, pero el hecho esel que vive en Escocia puede ser seguido con palabras by the wayeso es informacion adicional.

PuntuacionLas clausulas no definidas son siempre separadas del resto de laoracion mediante comas. Las comas tienen function similar a losparentesis.

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My friend John has just written a best-selling novel. (He went to thesame school as me) > My friend John, who went to the same schoolas me, has just written a best-selling novel.

CLAUSULAS RELATIVAS EN CLAUSULAS NO DEFINIDAS

Person Thing Place

Subject who which

Object who/whom which where

Possessive whose

Notas:

1. En las clausulas NO DEFINIDAS tu no puedes usar THAT en vezde who, whom orwhich.

2. No puedes obviar un pronombre relativo aun cuando sea el objetodel verbo en la clausula relativa.He gave me the letter, which was in a blue envelope.

He gave me the letter, which I read immediately

3. La preposicin en estas clausulas pueden ir al final de la clausula.e.g. This is Stratford-on-Avon, which you have all heard about.

Este modelo es utilizado frecuentemente en el ingles hablado, pero enel escrito o ingles formal tu puedes tambien poner la preposicionantes del pronombre.:

e.g. Stratford-on-Avon, about which many people have written isShakespeares birthplace.

4. Las clausulas NO DEFINIDAS pueden ser presentadas porexpresiones como all of, many of+ el pronombre relativo:

Person Thingall of + whom + which

any of + whom + which

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(a) few of + whom + which

both of + whom + which

each of + whom + which

either of + whom + whichhalf of + whom + which

many of + whom + which

most of + whom + which

much of + whom + which

none of + whom + which

one of + whom + which

two of etc + whom + which

Examples:

a. There were a lot of people at the party, many of whom I hadknown for years.

b. He was carrying his belongings, many of which were broken.

5. El pronombre relativo which al principio de una clausula NODEFINIDA, puede referir a toda la informacin contenida en la parteprevia de la oracin, ser llamada incluso con una sola palabra.

a. Chris did really well in his exams,which was a big surprise. (= thefact that he did well in his exams was a big surprise).

b. An elephant and a mouse fell in love,which is most unusual. (=the fact that they fell in love is unusual).

Examples:

a. My grandmother, who is dead now, came from the North ofEngland.b. I spoke to Fred, who explained the problem.c. The elephant looked at the tree, under which she had often sat.d. We stopped at the museum, which wed never been into.e. Shes studying maths, which many people hate.

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f. Ive just met Susan, whose husband works in London.g. He had thousands of books,most of which he had read.

DONDE COLOCAR LA PREPOSICION EN UNA CLAUSULA

RELATIVA

Existen diversas preposiciones de las clausulaas relativas, y elpronombre relative es el objeto de la preposicion, Esto significa que lapreposicion en ocasiones puede ser omitida.

1. La preposicion esta normalmente ubicada al final de la clausularelative.:

Is that the man (who) you arrived with?Do you know the girl (that) John is talkingto?

2. En ingles escrito o formal la preposicion esta ubicada antes delpronombre relative, y en este caso el pronombre no puede seromitido.:

The person with whom he is negotiating is the Chairmanof a large company.

It is a society to which many important people belong.

.

Examples:

The jungle the elephant lived in was full of strange andunusual animals.

He was very fond of the mouse that he lived with. The tree under which they had their home was the largest

and oldest in the jungle. In the middle of the jungle was a riverthat all the animals

went to every day. It was the stream in which the elephant and the mouse

preferred to swim.

ORACIONES IF Y PASADO IRREAL.

En esta seccin encontraras informacion en oraciones que contienenla palabra IF el uso de los tiempos condicionales y el pasado irreal esasi, cuando usamos un tiempo pasado pero no nos estamosreferiendo al tiempo pasado.

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IF Y EL CONDICIONAL

Existen cuatro tipos principales de ORACIONES CON IF en ingles.

1. The 'zero' conditional, donde el tiempo en ambas partes de laoracion es el presente simple.


If + simple presentIf you heat ice

If it rains

simple presentit melts.

you get wet

En estas oraciones, el tiempo es NOW o ALWAYS y la situacion esreal o posible. So utilizados para referir verdades en general

2..The Type 1 conditional Donde el tiempo en la clausula IF es elpresente simple, y el tiempo en la clausula principal es el futurosimple.


If + simple presentIf it rains

If you don't hurry

Simple futureyou will get wet

we will miss the train.

En estas oraciones, el tiempo es el presente o futuro y la situacin esla real. Ellos refierea la condicion posible y su probable resultado.

3. The Type 2 conditional, donde el tiempo en la clausula IF es elpasado simple y el tiempo de la clausula principal es el presente

condicional.:


If + simple pastIf it rained

Present conditionalyou would get wet

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http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/IF2.cfmhttp://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/IF3.cfmhttp://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/IF3.cfmhttp://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/IF4.cfmhttp://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/IF2.cfmhttp://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/IF3.cfmhttp://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/IF4.cfm


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If you went to bed earlier you wouldn't be so tired.

En estas oraciones, el tiempo es ahora y siempre, y la situacion es noreal. Ellas no estan basadas en hechos,y se refieren a una condicionhipotetica y no agradable y su probable resultado. .

4. The Type 3 conditional, Donde el tiempo en la clausula IF es elpasado perfecto, y el tiempo en la oracion principal es el perfectocondicional.


If + past perfectIf it had rainedIf you had worked harder

Perfect conditionalyou would have got wetyou would have passed the exam.

En estas oraciones, el tiempo es pasado y la situacin es contraria ala realidad. Los hechos estan basados en lo expuesto de loexpresado, y se refieren a una condicion irreal del pasado y suposible resultado en pasado.

Existe otro tipo de oracion donde se mezclan oraciones de ambostipos. El tiempo de la clausula IF es el pasado perfecto y el tiempo enla clausula principal es el presente condicional.:


If + past perfectIf I had worked harder at school

If we had looked at the map

Present conditionalI would have a better job now.

we wouldn't be lost.

En estas oraciones, el tiempo pasado en la clausula IF y presente enla clausula principal. Ellos se refieren a una condicion irreal delpasado y su probable resultado en presente.

ORACIONES CONDICIONALES MEZCLADAS.

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Es posible para las dos partes de una oracion condicional referir adiferentes tiempos, y la oracion resutante es una mezcla de oracionescondicional. Existen dos tipos de oraciones condicionales mezcladas.:

A. Resultado presente de una condicion en pasado:

FormaEl tiempo en la clausula IF es el pasado perfecto, y el tiempo en laclausula principal es el presente condicional.:


If + past perfectIf I had worked harder at school

If we had looked at the map

Present conditionalI would have a better job now.

we wouldn't be lost.

FuncionEn estas oraciones, el tiempo es pasado en la clausula IF y presente enla clausula principal. Elos se refieren a una condicion irreal del pasado y

su probable resultado en el presente. Ellos expresan una situacin la cuales contraria a la realidad ambas en pasado y en el presente.

'If I had worked harder at school'is contrary to past fact - I didn't workhard at school, and 'I would have a better job now'is contrary to presentfact - I haven't got a good job.If we had looked at the map (we didn't), we wouldn't be lost(we are lost).

Examples:

I would be a millionaire now if I had taken that job. Ifyou'd caughtthat plane you'd be deadnow. If you hadn't spent all your money on CDs, you wouldn't be

broke.

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B. Resultado en pasado de una condicion en presente ocontinua.

Forma

El tiempo en la clausula IF es el pasado simple, y el tiempo en laclausula principal es el perfecto condicional.

Funcion

En estas oraciones el tiempo en la clausula IF es NOW o ALWAYS, yel tiempo en la clausula principal es BEFORE o NOW. Y se refieren auna situacion irreal presente y su probable resultado en pasado:

'If I wasn't afraid of spiders'is contrary topresentreality - I am afraid of

spiders, and 'I would have picked it up'is contrary topastreality - I didn'tpick it up.

'If we didn't trust him'is contrary topresentreality - we do trust him, and 'wewould have sacked him'is contrary topastreality - we haven't sacked him.

Examples:

a. If she wasn't afraidof flying she wouldn't have travelledby

boat.b.I'd have been able to translate the letter if my Italian wasbetter.c. If I was a good cook, I'd have invitedthem to lunch.d. If the elephantwasn'tin love with the mouse, she'd havetrodden on him by now.

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If + simple pastIf I wasn't afraid of spiders

If we didn't trust him

Perfect conditionalI would have picked it up.

we would have sacked him months ago.


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EJERCICIOS:

EXERCISE AExplain what these words mean. Choose the right meaning from the listand then writea sentence with WHO. Use a dictionary if necessary.

he/she steals froma storehe/she doesn't eat

meat

he/she designsbuildings

he/she breaks into a house and steals thingshe/she fills prescriptions for medicinehe/she buys something from a store

1. AN ARCHITECT: An architect is someone who designs buildings.

2. A BURGLAR: .

3. A VEGETARIAN: .

4. A CUSTOMER: .

5. A SHOPLIFTER: .

6.A PHARMACIST: .

EXERCISE BRead the two sentences and then write one sentence with the samemeaning.Use a RELATIVE CLAUSE (THAT, WHO or WHICH) in your sentence.

Example:

A girl was injured in the accident. She is now in the hospital.The girl who was injured in the accident is now in the hospital.

1. A man answered the phone. He told me you were out.

The man .

2. A waitress served us. She was very impolite and impatient.

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The .

3. Some boys were arrested. They have now been released.The boys .

EXERCISE CThe sentences in this exercise are not complete. Choose the mostappropriate ending from the list and make it into a RELATIVE CLAUSE.

he invented thetelephoneshe runs away fromhome

they are never on timethey stole my carthey used to hang onthat wall

it makes typewritersit gives you the meaning of wordsit won the raceit can support life

it was found last week

1. Jerry works for a company that (which) makes typewriters.

2. The book is about a girl .

3. What was the name of the horse ?

4. The police have caught the men .

5. Alexander Bell was the man .

6. Where are the pictures ?

7. The police are still trying to identify the body .

8. A dictionary is a book .

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9. I don't like people .

10. It seems that Earth is the only planet .

EJERCICIO DE VOCABULARIO

ELEMENTOS DE LA NATURALEZA

Acantilado Cliff

Afluente Tributary

Altura sobre el nivel del mar Height above sea level

Archipilago Archipelago

Arroyo Stream ; Brook

Atlas Atlas

Baha Bay

Cabo Cape

Canal Canal

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Cascada Waterfall

Catarata Waterfalls / Falls (Niagara Falls)

Caudal Flow

Cielo Sky

Crculo polar Polar circle

Clima Climate

Colina Hill

Colina Hill

Continente Continent

Cordillera ; Cadenas demontaas Mountain range ; Chain

Costa Coast

Delta Delta

Desembocadura Mouth

Desfiladero Narrow pass

Desierto Desert

Duna Dune

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Ecuador Equator

Estanque Pond

Estrecho Strait

Estuario Estuary

Fiordo Fiord

Geografa Geography

Geologa Geology

Golfo Gulf

Hidrografa Hydrography

Iceberg ; Tmpano Iceberg

Isla Island

Jungla Jungle

Ladera Slope

Lago Lake

Latitud Latitude

Litoral Littoral ; Coast ; Shore

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Llanura Plain

Longitud Longitude

Manantial Spring

Mapa Map

Mar Sea

Meandro Meander

Meridiano Meridian

Meseta Plateau ; Tableland

Meteorologa Meteorology

Montaoso ; Accidentado Hilly

Monte ; Sierra Mountain ; Mount

Mundo World

Oasis Oasis

Ocano Ocean

Oceanografa Oceanography

Orografa Orography

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Paisaje Landscape

Pantano(natural) Marsh

Paralelo Parallel

Pennsula Peninsula

Peon ; Roca Rock

Playa Beach ; Shore

Polo Norte North pole

Polo Sur South pole

Pradera (pequea) Meadow

Pradera(grande) Prairie

Precipicio Precipice

Puerto Port ; Harbour (U.K.) ; Harbor (USA)

Puntos cardinales Cardinal points

Relieve Relief

Ria Estuary

Riachuelo ; Arroyo Stream

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Rio River

Sabana Savannah

Selva virgen Virgin forest

Tierra Earth

Tierra ; Suelo Soil

Torrente Torrent

Tropico de Cancer Tropic of Cancer

Tropico de Capricornio Tropic of Capricorn

Valle Valley

Vegetacin Vegetation

Volcn Volcano

COLOCA EL NOMBRE A CADAILUSTRACIN:

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1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

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EJERCICIODEVOCABULARIO

BENEFICIOS DERIVADOS DELTRABAJO

Accidente de trabajo Industrial accident

Agencia de colocaciones Employment Bureau; agency

Aprendiz Trainee ; Apprentice

Asalariado Salary earner

Bolsa de TrabajoEmployment exchange (U.K.) ; EmploymentBureau (USA)

Clase obrera Working class

Colocacin Situation ; Post

Contratar To employ

Contrato de trabajo Work contract

Derecho laboral Labour law

Despido Dismissal

Da de paga Payday

Da laborable ; Da detrabajo

Working day ; Workday

Empleado Employee

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Empleo Employment ; Job

Empleo de media jornada Part-time employment: part-time job

Empresario Employer

Especialista Specialist

Formacin profesional Vocational training

Horas de trabajo Working hours

Horas extraordinarias Overtime

Huelga Strike

Jornal Daily wages

Jornalero Day labourer

Jubilacin ; Retiro Retirement

Legislacin laboral Labour legislation

Manifestacin Demonstration

Mercado del trabajo Labour market

Ministerio de TrabajoMinistry of Labour (U.K.) ; Department of Labour(USA)

Negociacin Negotiation

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Nmina(de sueldos) Payroll

Obrero Worker

Obrero agrcola Farm worker

Obrero cualificado Skilled worker

Obrero no cualificado Unskilled worker

Oficial Skilled worker

Oficio Trade ; Craft

Parado Unemployed person

Paro; Desempleo ;Desocupacin

Unemployment

Pensin de vejez Old-age pension

Permiso de trabajo Work permit

Personal Personnel ; Staff

Profesin Profession ; Occupation

Puesto de trabajo Job

Reivindicaciones Claims

Remuneracin Remuneration

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Rescindir un contrato To terminate a contract

Salario ; Sueldo Pay ; Wage ; Salary

Salario mnimo Minimum Wage

Sindicato Trade union (U.K.) ; Labour union (USA)

Solicitar un empleo To apply for a job

Subsidio de paro Unemployment benefit

Sueldo base Basic wage

Taller Workshop

Temporero Seasonal worker

Trabajador ; Productor Worker

Trabajador de plantilla Permanent worker

Trabajar por horas To be paid by the hour

Trabajo Work

Trabajo en cadenaAssembly line work (U.K.) ; Serial production(USA)

Trabajo estacional Seasonal work

Vacaciones Holidays (U.K.); Vacation (USA

COLOCA EL NOMBRE CORRECTA A CADA ILUSTRACIN

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2

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Guia Didactica Para Ingles 4

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Transcript of Guia Didactica Para Ingles 4