dokumen.tips_makalah-riset-operasi (1)
Transcript of dokumen.tips_makalah-riset-operasi (1)
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MAKALAH MANAJEMEN OPERASI
( RISET OPERASI )
DI
S
U
S
U
N
OLEH:
1.RULI YULIANTARA
2.ZAELANI
( RUANG 303 )
EKONOMOMI MANAJEMEN PEMASARAN SEMESTER VII B
UNIVERSITAS PAMULANG-TANGERANG BANTEN
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MAKALAH MANAJEMEN OPERASI :KELOMPOK SEBELAS TENTANG
MANAJEMEN MUTU (TQM )
BAB I
PENDAHULUAN
LATAR BELAKANG
D!"#" $%$ &'*"%+"% ,%+$ #"$% "/ "%
*'*"%+. K"/"% ,%+$ *"% "%" &'*"%+"%
#$%-#$% &'#$ "% ,'"%#&',"#$4 "$%"% ,%+$
$%5'"#$.
S"'"%+ $%$ *"%" #"$ '"%+ ""$ ,%+$4 *""%
,%+$ '&""% *"+$"% "'$ $&%". T"%&" ,%+$4
'"%+ #&',$ $%$ ""% '"#" "&" $ "" $&%".
T%+$ $%$ 6%,%" #&',$ ,%+$ $%5'"#$ "%
,$$". M"#"'"", ""$ "%&% %,
*'%$"#$. M'" ""$ "&,& "%+ $&"#"%+ GPS
(G*" P#$,$%$%+ S#,) !", #",$, %, "% '"
%, %%/"% "'" "% ,&",. 7*#$,-!*#$, "%+ "'"
*'"' $ "" %$" $%,'%, #*"+"$ #"'"%" *$#%$# ","&%$*'"%. M"#"'"", "%+ &'/""% #"'$-"'$%" %/"$
!"',"!"% "," 5,+'"5' #"%+", '", %+"% "'".
B""%+"%4 "&"*$" "#"'"", #"", ""$ ,%+$
,'#*, %+""$ #", +"%++"%. D#"$% +'"8# #"", *",
!*#$,4 ,'%"," &,'%" hang. 7"',"!"% "% 5,+'"5'
""$ "'" ,'%"," "'" ,'#*, "&", "$
&%++%"%%". P"'" &*$#%$# #"", %+"""% '"&", !",
"%&% (,$ 6%9'%6) ,'%"," *",'"$ "%&%
,'#*, '#". B""%+"% "&"*$" &"'" &%"$ +%%+ ""$
"&,& "% $%,'%, ,'#*, '#" #$%++" ,$" ""%#$ GPS #",$,. D"% *""%+"% "&"*$" "%" %+'/""%
#", &'4 """#'$$ "$ &,' "%+ ,'%","
&,' ,'#*, ,'$%5#$ 9$'#. B""%+"%4 "% "&" "%+
,'/"$; D#"$% +'"8# ""% #$,"% %, *", !*#$, "'$
&#"%"% &"%++"%. 7"',"!"% "% 5,+'"5' ,$" *$#"
%+"*$ */6, %, $$&,. P*$#%$# ""% *",""%
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'"&", "% "$'%" &'/"%/$"% $"%,"'" '" *",". P"'" &%"$
+%%+ &"#,$ ""% ,'##",. D"% &"#,$%" $," ""% #,'## ,$"
&'4 """#'$$ "%+ $," *",4 $""% 9$'#.
K$," ,$" *$#" %/"$% *"!" *"'"%+ "%+ $&'#$
""$ #$%-#$% 6"%++$4 "&""+$ &' ,%+$4 "",%" /+" 6"%++$ &". N"4 $ #$%$ "$ ""% %6"'$ ,"
#*"*-#*"* ,'/"$%" '#""% &' ,'#*,.
NOKIA < SONY '&""% &'#"""% ,'%"" ,'%" $
%$". K"$ ,',"'$ %, *""# &'#"""% ,'#*,4
"'%" &'#"""% *#"' /+" *$#" *'&,%#$ *",
#"""% "%+ 5",". NOKIA "%+ &%"$ #"""% ""
&'#$ *",'"$ "%+ $&'#$ M",##$," *",'"$
$%#,'$" =. L,. D"% SONY &%"$ #"""% ""
&'%6"%""% &*","% "'"4 #$%++" "'" ,'#*,
"&", "$ /"'$ &%++%"%%". Y"%+ *", "$ *$,',"'$ $""4 " &'#"""% ,'#*, #"%+", &'5#$%"$#
"" &',"%++%+/"!"*"% '#""% &' '".
M'" %++"%,$ #" &%% "%+ '#" #6"'" 6"-
6" ","# #"""% '"4 "% "$ /+" ,',"'$ ","#
&%++"%,$"% #6"'" 6"-6" ,'#*,4 "'%" &%++"%,$"%
#6"'" 6"-6" ""% *$"" "%+ #"%+", *"%".
BATASAN PERMASALAHAN
K"'%" *"%"%" &'"#"""% "" ,&$ "%+ "$ "*$4
"" &%$# ("$) *","#$ &'"#"""% ## &""
"$,"# &' "% ,'#*"'%" &' +"+" $ &"#"'""%4 ,,"&$
"$ /+" ""% *""# #$$, %+%"$ T," >"$, M,
"% S,"%"'$#"#$ P'4 " $%$ "$ *'$"% "'%" T," >"$,
M, "% S,"%"'$#"#$ P' ,$" "&", $&$#""% %+"%
K"$,"# M"%"+%.
RUMUSAN MASALAH
1. A&" $, "$,"#; D"% 5",'-5",' "&" #"/" "%+&%+"'$ "$,"#;
2. A&" "%+ ,'/"$ &"" &' $%$;
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3. M%+"&" &' $%$ *$#" # #"&"$ &"#"'"%;
?. B"+"$"%" 6"'" &'#"""% *", #", #,"%"';
@. A&" #"/" "&" #6"'" "6' &"" &'#"""% ,'#*,"% %#%;
. B"+"$"%" 6"'" %, %+-cover (%,&$) '+$"%,'#*,;
. A&"*$" %$*"% '+$"% /$!" %#%4 "&" "%+""% $""% &'#"""% ,'#*,;
C. U%, %6+" '+$"% "%+ #"$% *#"'4 "&" "%+"'# $""% &$" &'#"""%;
TUJUAN
T/"% "$ *", """ $%$ """
1. U%, %#'$$"% "&" $, "$,"#
2. U%, %6"'$ 5",'-5",' "%+ &%+"'$ "$,"#.
3. U%, %6"'$ ," "#"" "%+ ,'/"$ &"" &'#"""%
,'#*,.
?. U%, %6"'$ 5",'-5",' "%+ %*"*"% &'
'#" *'"' $ "#"'"",.
@. U%, %6"'$ ," 6"'"-6"'" "%+ $&""$ &'#"""%
%, %%,"% #,"%"' &'%".
. U%, %6"'$ ," ,$%""%-,$%""% &'#"""% ""
%+","#$ "#"" '+$"% *"+$ /$!" %#% "%
'+$"% "%+ ,'# *#"'.
. U%, %+,"$ "&"-"&" #6"'" "' *"+$
&'#"""% < %#%.
C. U%, %6"'$ ," 6"'"-6"'" %+-cover '+$"% ,'#*,.
BAB II
LANDASAN TEORI
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KUALITAS
1. P%+',$"%
D"" $&"% #"'$-"'$4 #'$%+ "$ $," %%+"' '"%+*$6"'""% "#"" "$,"#4 $#"%" %+%"$ "$,"#
#*"+$"% *#"' &' *","% "' %+'$ "%+ *$ *"$"'$&"" &' "" %+'$. J"$ "&" ##%++%" "$,"# $,;
M%', "$4 ," "" 8%$#$ "%+ &"# %+%"$ "$,"#"%+ $,'$" #6"'" %$9'#"4 "'$ 8%$#$-8%$#$ "%+ "",'"&", **'"&" &'#"""%4 "$, "" %-%#*"+"$ *'$,
•K"$,"# $&,$ #"" %$ "," *$$ "'"&"%&"%++"%.
•K"$,"# %6"& &'4 /"#"4 "%#$"4 &'##4 "%
$%+%+"%.
•K","# '&""% %$#$ "%+ #" *'*"4 $#"%" "&""%+ $"%++"& '&""% *'"$,"# #"", $%$ %+$%$"%++"& '"%+ *'"$,"# &"" "#" %","%+.
D%+"% *'"#"'"% %-% ,'#*,4 "$ *",8%$#$ %+%"$ "$,"# "%+ *$ "# 6"&"%%". D8%$#$,'#*, """:
Kualitas merupakan suatu kondisi dinamis yangberhubungan dengan produk, jasa, manusia,
proses, dan lingkungan yang memenuhi ataumelebihi harapan.
2. S*' K"$,"#
P"$%+ ,$" "" $" #*' "$,"# "%+ *$"#" $/&"$4"$,
•P'+'"4 *$/""%4 "% #$"& "%+ $*","% $,% "'$"%"+%, &%6".
•S#, $%5'"#$ "%+ %"%"% ,,"&"%4 *"$ &""!", "&% ,"$.
•D#"$% &' "%+ %"%"% "%""% "% &'/"%/$"%extensi (&'&"%/"%+"%) &' #* $&"# &"#"'.
•K*$/""% &'#$ "% ,%"+" '/" "%+ %"%"%&'"","% "%+ ,'&$"'" *"$4 &'/" "%+ ,'",$ *"$4"% &%"% &%$&"%+"% #6"'" ,&",.
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•M"%"+%, 9%' (&%/"+") "%+ %"%"% "$,"##*"+"$ #"#"'"% ,"".
3. ",'-5",' Y"%+ M&%+"'$ K"$,"#
• Fungsi suatu baang %', "$4 #", *"'"%+ "%+
$"#$"% %"%" &'",$"% 5%+#$ %, "&" *"'"%+,'#*, $"#"%4 #"%+"% *"'"%+-*"'"%+ "%+$"#$"% "'# *%"'-*%"' %$ 5%+#$ ,'#*,. O"'%" $, &%"% 5%+#$ ,'#*, &%+"'$ &"#"%&"'" %#%.
M, "%+ %" $6"&"$ ##"$ %+"% 5%+#$ %, "&" *"'"%+,'#*, $+%""% "," $*,"%. %+#$ $%$ ,'6$% &""#&#$8"#$ "'$ *"'"%+ ,'#*,4 #&',$ 6&","%4 ,""% ""%"4+%""%%"4 *'",4 *%$4 " "," #$,%" ""%"% #'9$#4"% &'6"""%%".
• !u"u# $ua %', "$4 !/ "' $"" #"" #", 5",'"%+ &%,$%+ "% #'$%+ $&'+%""% %#% ""$", #", *"'"%+ &',"" "$%". M'" %+"%++"&*"!" %, %%,"% , #", *"'"%+ $"" "'$ !/"'%".
K""%+-""%+ !""&% *"'"%+ "%+ $"#$"% #6"'" ,%$#"," "%$# ," "/4 ,,"&$ *$" !/ "'%" ,$" %"'$4"" " $%$ "&", %*"*"% *"'"%+ ,'#*, '"%+$#%"%+$ &*$. ",'-5",' "%+ &%+"'$ !/
"' #&',$ *%,4 !"'%"4 ,"," ," &%#%"% (lay out )4 "%"-" "$%%".
• Bia%a baang& %', "$ %" *$"" "," "'+" #",*"'"%+ ""% "&", %%,"% , *"'"%+ ,'#*,. H" $%$,'$", "'$ #", *"'"%+ "%+ "'+"%" ""4 "" ,%"$&'6"" #"%+", *"$4 ,,"&$ /$" #", *"'"%+ "%+ "'+"%"'"4 "" ,%" $&'6"" '"%+ *"$ (*')4 "%#*"$%" /$" "'+"%" '"4 %#% ""% *'"%++"&"%*"!" *"'"%+ ,'#*, ,$" "" %, $%##$.
M%', "$4 &'%",""% "$ $","# '&""% ,'"$#$%#% "%+ ,'"$#$%". A&"*$" #", *"'"%+ $",""% '"4* ,%, '" &'#$ %+"% , '%"4"$%"% '" *$#" #"/" ""% 8#$%#$ "%","%+'"%+$ "*" "%+ $"&",.
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PENGA7ASAN MUTU
1. M"# < P%+',$"%
M"# &%+"!"#"% , """ +$","% %, "#,$"%
"&"" *$/"#"%""% "" " , "&", ,'6$% "" "#$"$'. D%+"% "," "$% &%+"!"#"% , '&""% #"" %,
&',""%"% ,"$,"# "'$ *"'"%+ "%+ $"#$"%4 "+"'
##"$ %+"% #&#$8"#$ &' "%+ ," $,,"&"%
*'"#"'"% *$/"#"%""% &$&$%"% &'#"""%.
2. T/"%
M%', "$ ,/"% "'$ &%+"!"#"% , "" "4 "$, "+"'
&' "%+ $"#$"% ##"$ %+"% "&" "%+ $'%6"%""%
&$&$%"% "% "+"' #"" &'## &'#$ "% %% &'#$ ,$",'/"$ &*'#"% "," *"F$'.
K"$ %/"*"'"% ,/"% &%+"!"#"% , %/"$ &", &$%4
"$,
•A+"' *"'"%+ "#$ &'#$ "&", %6"&"$ #,"%"' , "%+," $,,"&"%.
•M%+#"""% "+"' *$"" $%#&#$ "&", %/"$ #6$%+$%.
•M%+#"""% "+"' *$"" #"$% "'$ &' "% &'##%+"% %++%""% , &'#$ ,',%, "&", %/"$#6$ %+$%.
•M%+#"""% "+"' *$"" &'#$ "&", %/"$ #'%"%+$%
3. R"%+ L$%+&
K+$","% &%+"!"#"% , #"%+"," "#. K"$ *'"#$
%$&"% #6"'" +"'$# *#"'4 *"!" &%+"!"#"% , ,'$'$
"'$ " ,$%+","%4 "$,
•P'ngaasan s'$aa *'ng'$+$a,an& "$, &%+"!"#"%"%+ $""% "%" ,'"&", #*"+$"% "'$ &'##4 "%+%+$%"% ,$" "" "',$%" *$" ,$" $$,$ %+"%&%+"!"#"% &"" *"+$"% "$%. P%+"!"#"% ,'""& &'##$%$ ,'"# &%+"!"#"% %, *""%-*""% %,".
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•P'ngaasan atas baang %ang t'$a, #i,asi$-an& "$,&%+"!"#"% %, %/"+" *"'"%+-*"'"%+ "#$ "%+ 6&*"$ "% %/"+" "+"' *"'"%+ "%+ &"$%+ #$$, '#"%""+"' ,$" # "'$ &"*'$ %, #"&"$ %#%.
TOTAL >UALITY MANAGEMENT
S&',$ "%" %+"% "$,"#4 8%$#$ T>M /+" "" *'"6"-
"6". U%, ""% &"""%%"4 &%+',$"% T>M
"&", $*""% "" " "#&.
1. P%+',$"%
As*'- *'taa %+'"$"% "&" $, T>M. M%', "$4 T>M $""
Suatu pendekatan dalam menjalankan usaha yang mencoba untuk memaksimalkan daya saingorganisasi melalui perbaikan terus-menerus atas produk, jasa, manusia, proses, danlingkungannya.
2. K"'",'$#,$ T>M
As*'- -'#ua *""# *"+"$"%" %6"&"$%%". M%',"$4 T>M "&", $6"&"$ %+"% &'",$"% "'",'$#,$ T>M*'$, $%$:
• 6# &"" &"%++"% ,',"" &"%++"% ,'%" "&%$%,'%".
D"" T>M4 *"$ &"%++"% $%,'%" "&% ,'%"'&""% '$9'. P"%++"% '.t'na$ %%,"%"$,"# produk "," jasa "%+ $#"&"$"% &"" '"4#"%+"% &"%++"% int'na$ %%,"% "$,"#manusia, proses, "% lingkungan "%+ *'*%+"% %+"%&' "," /"#".
•
M$$$ *##$ "%+ ,$%++$ ,'""& "$,"#.
D"" '+"%$#"#$ "%+ %'"&"% T>M4 &"%++"% $%,'%""% ,'%" %%,"% "$,"#. D%+"% "$,"# "%+$,,"&"% ,'#*,4 '+"%$#"#$ "'# ,'*##$ %,%$ "," *$$ "&" "%+ $,%,"% ,'#*,. H"$%$ *'"',$ *"!"4 #" "'"!"% &"" #,$"& 9*'#"" "#"%""% #,$"& "#& &'/""%%"
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*'"#"'"% &'#&,$5 *"+"$"%" $," "&", ""%%"%+"% *$ *"$; B$" #", '+"%$#"#$ ,'*##$ %+"%"$,"#4 "" *'" &'$%#$& + %+ $# %9' +%+.
• M%++%""% &%","% $$" "" &%+"*$"% &,#"%"% &6""% "#"".
P%","% $$" #"%+", $&'"% "" &%'"&"% T>M4,',"" %, %#"$% &'/""% "% "" &'##&%+"*$"% &,#"% "% &6""% "#"" "%+*'"$,"% %+"% &'/""% "%+ $#"$% ,'#*,. D%+"%$$"% "," $&'"% "% $&'+%""% "" %#%&", +" (*%6"')/4 "%," &'#,"#$4 "%"#"%""% &'*"$"%.
• M$$$ $,% /"%+" &"%/"%+.
T>M '&""% #", &"'"$+" *"' "" "#"%""%*$#%$#. U%, $, $*,"% *"" &'#"""% "%+ *"'&". O "'%" $,4 $,% /"%+" &"%/"%+ #"%+",&%,$%+ +%" %+"""% &'*""% *"" "+"'&%'"&"% T>M "&", *'/""% %+"% ###.
• M*,"% '/"#"" ,$.
D"" '+"%$#"#$ "%+ $" #6"'" ,'"$#$%"4 #'$%+ "$$6$&,""% &'#"$%+"% "%,"' &"',% "%+ "" ""
'+"%$#"#$ ,'#*, "+"' "" #"$%+%" ,'%+'". A"%,,"&$ &'#"$%+"% $%,'%" ,'#*, 6%'%+ "%"%++%""% "% %+"*$#"% %'+ "%+ #"'#%"$&#","% &"" &"" &'*"$"% "$,"#4 "%+ &""+$$'"%%" %, %$%+","% "" #"$%+ ,'%".
S%,"'" $, "" '+"%$#"#$ "%+ %'"&"% T>M4'/"#"" ,$4 $,'""% "% *%+"% $/"$% "% $*$%"4*"$ "%,"' "'"!"% &'#"""% "&% %+"% &"#4*"+"-*"+" &'$%,"4 "% "#"'"", #$,"'%".
• M&'*"$$ &'## #6"'" ,'#-%'#.
S,$"& &' "% "," /"#" $"#$"% %+"%"%5"","% &'##-&'## ,',%, $"" #",##,$%+%+"%. O "'%" $, ##, "%+ "" &'$&'*"$$ #6"'" ,'#-%'# "+"' "$,"# "%+$"#$"%%" "&", %$%+",.
• M%%++"'""% &%$$"% "% &",$"%.
http://stevan777.wordpress.com/wp-admin/#sdfootnote2symhttp://stevan777.wordpress.com/wp-admin/#sdfootnote2sym
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S"", $%$ "#$ ,'"&", &'#"""% "%+ %,& ",",'""& &%,$%+%" &%$$"% "% &",$"%. M'"*'"%++"&"% *"!" &'#"""% *"%" #"4 "%+$&'"% """ ,%"+" ,'"&$ #$"& &""$. J"$4&'#"""%-&'#"""% #&',$ $, "%" ""% *'$"%
&",$"% #"'%" &"" "'"!"%%". K%$#$ #&',$ $,%*"*"% &'#"""% "%+ *'#"%+,"% ,$"*'*"%+ "% #$, *'#"$%+ %+"% &'#"""% "$%%"4"&""+$ "" '" &'#"$%+"% +*".
S"%+"% "" '+"%$#"#$ "%+ %'"&"% T>M4&%$$"% "% &",$"% '&""% 5",' "%+5%"%,". S,$"& '"%+ $"'"&"% "% $'%+ %,,'# *"/"'. D"" " $%$ *'" &'$%#$& *"!" *"/"''&""% &'## "%+ ,$" "" "$'%" "% ,$"%+%" *","# #$". D%+"% *"/"'4 #,$"& '"%+ ""&'#"""% "&", %$%+","% ,'"&$"% ,%$# "%"$"% &'5#$%"%".
• M*'$"% **"#"% "%+ ,'%"$.
D"" T>M ,'$*","% "% &*'"""% "'"!"% ""&%+"*$"% &,#"% "% &6""% "#"" '&""%%#' "%+ #"%+", &%,$%+. H" $%$ $"'%""% %#','#*, "&", %*"*"% '"#" $$$ "% ,"%++%+ /"!"* "'"!"% ,'""& &,#"% "%+ ," $*",. S"$%$, %#' $%$ /+" "&", &'"" !"!"#"% "%&%"%+"% "" #", &,#"% "%+ $"*$4 "'%"
&$" "%+ ,'$*", *$ *"%".
M#$&% $$"%4 **"#"% "%+ ,$* "'%",'$*","% "% &*'"""% ,'#*, '&""% "#$"'$ &%+%"$"% "%+ ,'%6"%" "% ,'"#"%" %+"%*"$. P%+%"$"% $, #%$'$ $""% ,'""& ,-, &"#"%""% #,$"& &'## ,',%,. D"" " $%$"'"!"% "%+ ""% #,"%"'$#"#$ &'## "% '"&" "%+ *'#"" %6"'$ 6"'" %, "$%"% #,$"&'"%+ "+"' *'#$" %+$,$ &'#' #,"%"' ,'#*,.
•
M$$$ #","% ,/"%.
S&"" T>M "&", $,'"&"% %+"% *"$ "" &'#"""%"'# $$$ #","% ,/"%. D%+"% $$"% #,$"&#"" "&", $"'""% &"" ,/"% "%+ #"". A"% ,,"&$#","% ,/"% $%$ ,$" *'",$ *"!" "'# #" ""&'#,/"%#&"","% "%,"'" &$" "%"+%, "%"'"!"% %+%"$ &" "% %$#$ '/".
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• D"% ""%" ,'$*","% "% &*'"""% "'"!"%.
K,'$*","% "% &*'"""% "'"!"% '&""% ""%+ &%,$%+ "" %'"&"% T>M. U#"" %,$*","% "'"!"% *"!" " "%5"", ,"".
P'taa& " $%$ ""% %$%+","% %+$%"%$"#$"%%" &,#"% "%+ *"$4 '%6"%" "%+ *$ *"$4"," &'*"$"% "%+ *$ 5,$5 "'%" /+" %6"&&"%"%+"% "% &$$'"% "'$ &$"-&$" "%+ "%+#%+**%+"% %+"% #$,"#$ '/".
K'#ua& ,'$*","% "'"!"% /+" %$%+","% '"#"$$$ "% ,"%++%+ /"!"* ","# &,#"% "%$*","% '"%+-'"%+ "%+ "'# "#"%""%%".
&*'"""% *"% *'",$ #"' $*","% "'"!"%
,,"&$ /+" $*","% '" %+"% *'$"% &%+"'"%+ #%++-#%++ *'",$. S"" #", 6"'" "%+ "&",$""% """ %+"% %#% &'/""% "%+%+$%"% &"'" "'"!"% %, %+"*$ &,#"%%+%"$ &'*"$"% &'## &'/""%%" "" &"'",'"%+ $,,"&"% %+"% /"#.
STANDARISASI MUTU
1. P%+',$"%
I"" &"% "%+ ""% "&", '+%""% %, "#"%""%
&'## &'#$4 #&',$ #,"%"'$#"#$ &" "% +"/$4 #,"%"'$#"#$
&%++%""% *""%4 /" '/"4 .
2. S*' S,"%"'$#"#$ P'
M%', "$4 #*%"'%" #*' #,"%"' &'#$ *'"#" "'$**'"&" #*'4 %"% #6"'" #,"%"' *'"#" "'$&", #*'4 "$,
•
A-ti0itas P'usa,aan•As+siasi P'usa,aan 1 Mas%aa-at
•Stan#a Nasi+na$ $,/"% %, &%+""%"% "%&%+"!"#"% &%++%""% #,"%"' %"#$%" "% %/"+",'&""%4 "%+#%+"% &',*"%4 "%&'*"%+"% &'#"""% "%+ *'#"%+,"%.
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•Stan#a Int'nasi+na$ *'" #6"'" I%,'%"#$%".P'#"""% $ #", %+"'" "%+ %+$,$ #,"%"'I%,'%"#$%"4 "" #$% "% &'"","% &'#$ "%+ ""%$+%""% "" &'#"""% '&""% #$% "%+ #""&" "%+ $+%""% &'#"""% "$% $ %+"'" "$%.
O "'%" $, &' "%+ $"#$"% "'$ &'#"""% "%+*'#"%+,"% '&""% &' "%+ %$ #,"%"'I%,'%"#$%".
3. M"6"-"6" S,"%"'$#"#$
• Stan#a Ju$a, """ #,"%"' "%+ %,"&"% /"(%$,4 94 "% *'",). S,"%"' $%$ $,,"&"% %,%,"&"% /" ,',%, #", *"'"%+ "" #",&*%+#"%. S,"%"'$#"#$ $%$ *$"#"%" #6"'" %#%##$"$ &'#"""% *'#""-#"".
• Stan#a U-uan """ &%,"&"% '"% ,',%, %,*"'"%+-*"'"%+ ,',%,. S,"%"' '"% "&", $,,"&"% &'$%,"4 *""%-*""% ## ","# &'#,/"%.U%, #,"%"' $%$ #*%"'%" ,$" "" #"%#$ %, ,$"%+$,$%"4 ,,"&$ "$*",%" *"+$ &'#"""% """%+$%"% *"'"%+%" ,$" " ,'/"
• Stan#a Kua$itas """ &%,"&"% "$,"# ,',%, %,*"'"%+-*"'"%+ ,',%,. P%,"&"% #,"%"' "$,"# &%$,,"&"% P'$%,"4 D$'/% POM4 "," *""%-*""%## ","# &'#,/"% *"+" %#%. T/"% "'$
#,"%"' "$,"# $%$ """ %, $%%+$ %#% "+"',$" $'+$"%.
?. J%$# S,"%"'
•Stan#a T'-nis """ #,"%"' "%+ $&,$ &'## &'#$"% "#$ &'#$.
=%,%" #,"%"' *""% *"4 #,"%"' &'##4 #,"%"'&""$"% *""% *"4 #,"%"' *%, "% '"%4 "%#,"%"' "$,"# &'
•Stan#a Manag'ia$ """ #,"%"' "%+ $&,$ *$"%+-*$"%+ "$%$,'"#$ &'#"""%.
=%,%" #,"%"' "'+"4 #,"%"' +"/$ < &"4 #,"%"'&*"%4 #,"%"' &%$"$"%4 #,"%"' //"%+ &"%+","%< /"*","%.
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BAB III
KEGAGALAN SON2 32BER4SHOT 1 NOKIA
MASALAH PERUSAHAAN
P'#"""% SONY "% NOKIA '&""% &'#"""% ,'%""4
,,"&$ "" "## $%$ &$" SONY "% NOKIA %+""$ **'"&"
"#""4 $ "%,"'"%"
1. P' SONY $$$ "#"" &"" %," *"+$"% *"!"*$ "'" *$#" *%+ *"!" "'%" "" 6"6",&'#$. P$%++$' "%+ ,"/" $%$ *$#" "$ /"'$&%++%"%". SONY "'# ""% &'*"$"% #$,"'?1.000 "'". M'" ""% %++"%,$ &", * *"!"$%$ #6"'" +'",$#. K"'" "%+ ,'%" $$$ %' #'$"$ ?@00001 #"&"$ ?@3@0.
2. P' NOKIA %"'$ #$,"' ? /," *",'"$ '". S"",$$#$ "%+4 *",'"$ #'$ BL-@= "%+ $&'#$ M",##$," *",'"$ $%#,'$" =. L, "$ &'$ #*'200@ #"&"$ %9*' 200 *'#$ %+""$ *%+"%&%.
LOLOSNYA PRODUK
L#%" &' $%$ $"'%""%
•K'"%+"%" &%+"!"#"% $ &"*'$ &%%+&*",.
•K'"%+%" &'$,%+"% "" *", &'.
•M$%$%" &%+/$"% ,'""& &' ,'#*,.
• T'" 6&", "#"'"% &' &"%++"% ,"%&" '%6"%""%+ ","%+.
• T'!",$%" #", #* #$#, "" &'#$"% *"'"%+.
•P%++%""% #$% "%+ ,$" ##"$ &'#'-&'#'
&'#"""%.
DAMPAK SE=ARA MAKRO
1. P'#"""%
•M'#" %"" &'#"""%.
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•P'#"""% %+""$ '+$"% "%+ 6& *"%".
•A$*", "'$ /"$"% $%$4 &'#"""% ""% *"/"' "'$&%+"""%%" %, ,'# %+"!"#$ "% %+$%9"#$,'# &'%".
•
P'#"""% "'# *", #,'",+$ *"' "%+ #'",$5 %+$% %, %"'$ &"'" &"%++"%%" *"$.
2. K%#%
•B''"%+%" &'6"""% %#% ,'""& &' $%$(6!").
•K%#% ""% *"/"' %, $$ &' "%+ "%""$,"#%" *"$.
•K%#% "'# "%+"% *$ *"%" !", "% *$"""$%-"$% %, &%++"%,$"% &' ,'#*,4 #$%++"
%#% /"# *$ $'+$"%.
PENETAPAN STANDAR PERUSAHAAN
D"" " $%$ &'#"""% #&',$ SONY "% NOKIA "&",""% &%,"&"% #,"%"'$#"#$ &'%"4 #&',$
1. B"+$ SONY4 SONY "&", ""% &'&"% %+"%&'#"""% #/%$# ("'")4 $#"%" &%,"&"% 5'",+"*"' "" "'". P%,"&"% 5'", $%$ #&',$ JPEG.
SONY "'# *'/"#"" %+"% J$%, P,+'"&$6 E&',G'&. H" $%$ $""% "+"' %#% *$ """$ "'" SONY4 "'%" 5'", +"*"' "%+$+%""%4 $&""$ #" &'#"""% $ %$".
2. B"+$ SONY "% NOKIA4 '" "&", $$ ' "&""%+ '" &""$ #*"+"$ $" &%$&"%"%4 #&',$MM=4 SD4 M$6' SD4 . M'" $$ $%$ /+" "'#&'",$"% *"%"%" %#% "%+ ""$ $"&%$&"%"% ,'#*,.
3. B"+$ SONY "% NOKIA4 '" "'# %/"+" #$%-#$%
&'#$ %+"% *"$ "% "" &*","% &' *"'4'" "'# &'$,%+"% ","%+-","%+ "+"'&' "%+ $"#$"% ,$" ,'/"$ 5 "%+ '+$"%%, /"%+" &"%/"%+.
?. B"+$ NOKIA4 '" "'# %+$,$ #,"%"' O&'",$%+S#, $ "" "%&%. O&'",$%+ S#, $%$ $""S*$"%. S" '"%+ ""$ O&'",$%+ ##, $%$ $
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"" H"%&% '". B"'-*"' $%$ ," "'O&'",$%+ S#, *"' "$, M$%$ 7$%!# "'$ M$6'#5, =.A&"*$" NOKIA ""$ O&'",$%+ S#, *"' $%$4 *"%"%#% ""% %$%++""% &' $%$4 "'%" #$,"%%+"% %++%""% O&'",$%+ S#, "%+ *"'.
MENG =OVER KERUGIAN
M%', "$4 &"" "+"' &'#"""% %, %,&$ (69')*$"" ,"*""% "$,:
1. S*' *'"#" "'$ =""%+"% G"'"%#$
• P'#""% "'# *", "66%, 6""%+"% +"'"%#$ ("!"%6
5' +"'"%, &%##) $ "" &*"% &'#"""% $,.M"# "$4 "$, $"%" #*" &%++"%,$"% #", &'","# ""$"% &'#"""% $"#"% "" +"'"%#$&'#"""%. D"" "## $%$ *"+"$"%" /$" "#" ""'"#"+"'"%#$ #", &' ," *'"$'; D"" "## $%$ &'#"""%""% *'$"% &%++"%,$"% #6"'" 6"-6" &""&' "%+ ," !",$ "#" +"'"%#$ (""'"#").
• S," *", "66%, 6""%+"% %, *$"" +"'"%#$4&'#"""% %+$'"-$'" *'"&" *"%"%" %$%" "%+"'# $,,"&"% "" "!"%6 5' +"'"%, &%##.P'$'""% (#,$"#$) $%$ *$#" *'"#"'"% *"%"%" +"'"%,
&%## &"" "#" "&" "," 6*"-6*".• D%+"% $$"% &'#"""% %+69' '+$"% ","#
'#"%" *"'"%+ "'$ 6""%+"% *$"" +"'"%#$ (+"'"%,&%##). S*"+"$ 6%,
P'#"""% SONY $$$ /" "# #*#"' 300 $"''&$". '" ,#"% %, %6""%+"%"%+%" "" 6""%+"% *$"" +"'"%#$ #*#"' 1$"' '&$". M"" "# ""% *''"%+ 1 $"' %,$,"*""% "" 6""%+"% %, *$"" +"'"%#$4#$%++" "# "%+ *"' %/"$ 2 $"' '&$".
=""%+"% %, *$"" +"'"%#$ 1 $"'
K"#1 $"'
S," $,4 &'#"""% SONY %"&", #$*" *"!"&'%" '#" "% ,$" $,'$" %#%. M""#*"+"$ &'$%,""% ""54 SONY *'$"% +"%,$ '+$
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%, &'*"$"% *$ #6"'" +'",$# &"" &' "'""%+ ,'%" $$$ %' #'$ "$ ?@00001 #"&"$?@3@0. S," $$,%+-$,%+4 &*'$"% &'*"$"%*$ #6"'" 6"-6" $%$ ""% *$"" #*#"' C00 /," '&$"4 "" SONY %+"*$ "%+ %, %,&$
'+$"% ","# &' $, "'$ 6""%+"% %, *$"" +"'"%#$#*#"' C00 /," '&$".
B$"" +"'"%#$ C00 /,"
=""%+"% %, *$"" +"'"%#$C00 /," 2. M%++%""% A#'"%#$
J"$ "# "%+ #" #*#"' 2 $"' ,$" ""%*''"%+ "$*", #$*" "%+ %$&" &' SONY4"$%"% 6""%+"% %, *$"" +"'"%#$ "%+ *''"%+%, %,&$ '+$"% "%+ $,$*"% "'$ "## $%$.
M, #"6" $%$ "&", $&'+%""% %, &'NOKIA ","# #$*" "%+ ,'/"$ &"" *",'"$ BL-@= "%+$&'#$ M",##$," *",'"$ $%#,'$" =. L,.
2. M%++%""% A#'"%#$
P'#"""% &"#,$%" %+"#'"%#$"% #' *"+$"%&'#"""%%"4 "$ "'$ *"%+%"% 8#$4 &'4 #"&"$"'"!"%-"'"!"% $"#'"%#$"%. K$," "'# *""'&'$ "#'"%#$%" #,$"& &'$ (&'*"%4 &'##,'4"," &',"%)4 !""&% $," *""' &'$ "#'"%#$
#,$"& &'$%"4 %"% $," %"&","% &'$%%+"%","# "#'"%#$ $%$.
D"" "## $%$4 &'#"""% NOKIA %"&","% #",#$*" *"!" #," $,$,$ &%$,$4 *"!" *",'"$NOKIA ,$& BL-@= %+$%"% ,'/"$%" *%+"% #$%+","%+ "&", '#" $%'/" "%&%. D"'$ &$" NOKIA#%$'$4 '" * %+,"$ 5 #"&$%+ "'$ &','#*, %, /"%+" &"%/"%+.
S," &$" "#'"%#$ %"&","% 6"$ "'$ NOKIA4'" (&$" "#'"%#$) ""% *'$"% &%++"%,$"% "%+
","# ,," &%++"%,$"% &' *",'"$ BL-@= $%$. D%+"%$$"% &'#"""% NOKIA ,'**"# "'$ '+$"% "%+%$&" $'$%".
TINDAKAN PERUSAHAAN
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1. M*'$"% +"'"%#$ &"" &' ,'#*,.
2. M%+"""% 9""#$ "% &'*"$"% ,'# %'#4 #&',$
• Mulai dengan suatu proyek contoh.
M"#%" $," *", #", &' $"%" &' $%$,/"%%" %, %$,$ "$,"# *"'"%+ ,'#*,. S," $,"*", &'4 $," %+"*$ #"& #*"+"$ #"& %,&' $,".
• Analisis variasi dari semua proses.
S," #"&6%, $"&",4 $," "%"$#$# "$ "'$ ++#%"$ ,%". G+# %"$ , $"" &%$%+","% ,&"" #,$"& % #$%++" , #6"'" ,,"$,"# *"$.
• Memperhatikan proses tidak hanya hasil.
S," #,$"& % $"%"$#$#4 &',""-,"" $," $",*"+"$"%" &'## &'#$ $, $""%. H" $%$ $""% "+"'"" &'##"% *"'"%+4 #$#, "%+ $""% ##"$ %+"%&'#'-&'#' &'#"""%. H"#$ '&""% %' ".
• Membuat proses menjadi lebih sederhana, dan lebih sederhana lagi.
S," $," %+"%"$#$# &'##4 "" $," "&", %+"*$&,#"% %, ""% ,$%""% #$%#$ "% %$%+","%
5,$9$,"# "'$ &'## ,'#*,.• Mengusahakan secara konstan untuk melakukan investasi dalam teknologi
baru.
K$," "&", ""% *$ *"%" #$%#$ "% 5,$9$,"#%+"% 6"'" $," $%9#,"#$ %, *$ ,%+$ "%+ &"$%+6"%++$4 !""&% $," %+"'"% *$ *"%" "%" %,$%9#,"#$ $%$4 ,,"&$ "#$ %, &%+","% "% "#$ "%+&,$" %, '% !", &"% *$ *"$ "'$ &"" ,"%&"$%9#,"#$.
• Memandang masalah dan kegagalan sebagai kesempatan untuk perbaikan.
J$" $," %"&", "#"" "" +"+""% &' $,"4 ""$," /"%+"% *'6$ ",$ "," &,# "#"4 ,,"&$ %+"% %$#$#&',$ $%$ $," $"'""% %, %+"#$"% #", &' "%+*"'. K$," ,'#-%'# ,"%&" " %, $8"#$ &'$," "+"' %#% '"#" &"# %+"% &' $,". I%$","%,"%+"% $,"
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• Melakukan reorganisasi termasuk realokasi sumber daya untuk
memudahkan perbaikan terus menerus.
R'+"%$#"#$ $#$%$ "#%" $," #*"+"$ &$&$%"% "'#&'*"$$ #$#, "" '+"%$#"#$. M"$ "'$ *"+$"%
"$%$#,'"#$4 &%/""%4 *"+$"% SDM (%% &'#$) #"&"$ *"+$"%&'#$%". H" $%$ $,/"% "+"' $%'/" "'"!"% #,$"& *"+$"%%$%+",. K$%'/" $#$%$ &%+"'$ "$,"# , #,$"&*"'"%+ "%+""% $&'#$.
R""#$ $#$%$ "#%" $," #*"+"$ &$&$% &'#"""%%6"'$ #", #*' "" "%+ *"'4 %," #*' "" $, /""&% ", "'$ ,&", $," *'&'#$. H" $%$ $""%"'%" /$" $," &'#$ "'" "% #*' ""%" *'&"'$ %, * "'" ,'#*,. M"" " &',"" "%+"'# $," ""% $"" %6"'$ #*' "" ('$) "%+ "$%"%+ ,%" *$ *"$4 !""&% #*' ,'#*, /"4 ,,"&$5 %, &"%%" ##"$ %+"% "'"&"% &'#"""%. T'$ '&""% *""% %," "%+ ,$" " '#".
3. M%/"+" '"#$ "%,"'" &"# "% &"%++"%4 #&',$• M'ng,ubung-an 0isi +ganisasi -' -'*uasan *'$anggan5
D%+"% *'$"% 9$#$ "%+ /"#4 " $%$ "&", &#++#,$ &"%++"% %, *$ &' ,'#*,.• M'b'i-an *'ng,agaan -' *'as+-5
J"#4 %+"% *'$"% &%+"'+""% &"#4 "" $,"*", &"# #"%+", &%,$%+4 #$%++" '/"#"" "%,"'"&"# "% &'#"""% "&", *'/""% %+"% *"$.• In#'nti6-asi *'$anggan '.t'na$ #an int'na$5
S*"+"$ &$&$%4 $," "'# $", "%+ "%" &"%++"%,'%" "% &"%++"% $%,'%". K$," "'# %+$%%,$8"#$'"4 "'%" &'""% $," ,'""& &"%++"% ,'%" "%$%,'%" *'*".
?. P'#"""% "'# %+',$ "&" "%+ $$%+$%"% %#%.
BAB I7
KESIMPULAN
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D"'$ "#$ """ "%+ "$ *""# $%$4 "$ %$&"%
*"!" &'#"""% /"#" "&", %++%""% , $%$. D"" "
"$,"#&'#"""% /"#" "&", %$%+","% , %+"% 6"'"%"," *"$ ,"," ",%"4 #&',$ #"$% '"%+"%4 #"$%
+%+4 %"*" 5"#$$,"#4 *", #"#"%" &'#"""% "%+
%""%4 #$%++" &"'" "'"!"% "&", *'/" *$ &',$5
"% %#% ""% %$"$ *"!" &'#"""% ,'#*, ,"
&%"$ "$,"# "%+ *$ *"$.
D"" &'#"""% "%5",' "&% /"#"4 '" "'#""$ &%+"!"# ,4 "+"' , "%+ $,,"&"% ##"$%+"% #,"%"' &'#"""%. D%+"% ""%" &%+"!"# , $%$
$"'"&"% &'#"""% "&", $%$"$#"#$ '#""%-'#""% ","# ""$"% "'"!"% ","&% #$%.
A+"' &'6"""% "#"'"", &' &'#"""% ,'#*,4#*"$%" &'#"""% ,'# %6"'$ $%5'"#$ ,'#-%'#%, "&", %+"%"$#" '"%+"%-'"%+"% "" &','#*,4 %+*"%+"% "$,"# &'%"4 &'*"$$'#""%-'#""% "" 9'#$ #*%"4 %"*" 8,'-8,' *"' "%+ $$%+$%"% %#%4 #'," %/"+" '"#$"%+ *"$ %+"% &"# "&% &"%++"%.
DATAR PUSTAKA
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S"'% < I%"',$4 200C4 Managemen Operational4M""%+66!"'"4 M""%+
T/$&,%4 "% < A%"#,"#$" D$"%"4 1@4 Total uality Management 4A%$ O#,4 Y+""',"
R%'4 B"'' < J" H$F'4 20014 !rinsip-prinsip Management Operasi4 S"*" E&",4 J""',"
G"#&'#F4 V$%6%,. 1. Management Kualitas " !enerapan Konsep-Konsep Kualitas4 E M$" K&,$%4 J""',"
S*' "'$ "/"" #$%! $#$ 10 O,*' 200C4 G'"#$%4 J""',"
KASUS
SON2 32BER4SHOT
8igi9a Lu-ai P'ngguna
P' S% %"&", #$*" "+$. B*'"&" !", "4 *",'"$%,* #% " #$%++" "'# $,"'$ "'$ &'"'"%.K$%$4 $+$6" "$ &%++%"%".
=*'-S, DS=-T@ *$#" "$ /"'$ &%++%"%". M%," *"+$"%*"!" *$ "'" *$#" *%+ *"!" "'%" "" 6"6",&'#$. P$%++$' "%+ ,"/" $%$ *$#" "$ /"'$ &%++%"%".S% "'# ""% &'*"$"% #$,"' ?1.000 "'". M'"""% %++"%,$ &", * *"!" $%$ #6"'" +'",$#. K"'" "%+,'%" $$$ %' #'$ "$ ?@00001 #"&"$ ?@3@0.
NOKIA
Jutaan Bat'ai B'ba,a%a
N$"4 &'#% &%# ,'*#"' $ %$"4 %"'$ #$,"' ? /,"*",'"$ '". S"", $$#$ "%+4 *",'"$ #'$ BL-@= "%+ $&'#$
M",##$," *",'"$ $%#,'$" =. L, "$ &'$ #*'200@ #"&"$ %9*' 200 *'#$ %+""$ *%+"%&%.
B",'"$ $%$ *"%" "$ "# ", N$" 1100 #"&"$ "# ","# N0 "," N1. S"" $%$4 #" 100 *",'"$"%+ *'"#"". N"% * %$*"% '+$"% ",'$""," &% /$!".
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U%, '$#"%"4 *",'"$ "'# $&"# "'$ &%#. J$" $*"+$"% ,'"&", ,$#"% N$" "% BL-@=4 &'$#""% % ID 2 $+$,*"+$"% *""%+ "$ !*#$, N$"4 !!!.N$".6. A&"*$"*",'"$ ,'#*, ,'"# $ ""%"4 N$" ""% *'$"%*",'"$ &%++"%,$ #6"'" 6"-=".
La*+an M+#'$ Jaingan;
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A%"$#" J"'$%+"% K'/"
P%+""% &'-&' *'#"" *#"' "%+ *'"#$
'"% &'%6"%""%4 &%/"!""%4 "% &%+'$%"#$"% "%+
",$-",$ "'$ *'*"+"$ ",$9$,"# "%+ #"$%+ *'"$,"%. U%, $,$"% $*"%+"% &'#'-&'#' 5'" "%+ $"#"'"%
","# &%++%""% /"'$%+"% '/" (net&ork ) "% ,%$-,%$ net&ork .
A%"$#" /"'$%+"% '/" '&""% #", &'&""% &$$'"%
"%+ +$#4 $+"*"'"% %+"% #", /"'$%+"% "%+ *'$#$ $%,"#"%-
$%,"#"% +$","% "% %+$%"% &%+""% #6"'" "%"$,$#.
A%"$#" /"'$%+"% '/" %+$%"% #", &'%6"%""% "%+ 5,$5
"'$ #", '"%+"$"% "%+ &%"$ $%,'",$9$,"#. K%,%+"% "'$
&%++%""% "%"$#" /"'$%+"% '/" """:
1. D"&", '%6"%""% #", &' #6"'" #'"%.
2. P%/"!""% &'/""% "" ',"% "%+ &'",$# "% 8#$%.
3. P%+"""% &%+"!"#"% "% &*"+$"% '/" "&% *$"".
?. P%/"!""% "%+ %, %+","#$ "*","% "%
,'"*","%.
@. M%%,"% %+$%"% &',"'"% "%,"'" !", "% *$"".
S"" #", &'#' "%+ ," $*"%+"% *'"#"'"%
/"'$%+"% '/" %, %+","#$ &'"#"""% &%+""% #",
&' """ PERT (!rogram 'valuation and (evie& Techni)ue) "%
=PM (#ritical !ath Method)4 "%+ #*%"'%" $ "%,"'" "%"
,'"&", &'*""% &%,$%+4 "$,:
1. =PM %++%""% #", /%$# !", %, ,"#$'"% !",
+$","% #"%+"% PERT %++%""% ,$+" /%$# !",4 "$,:
&'"$'""% !", ,'&,$$#4 ,'%+$%4 "% ,'&#$$#.
2. =PM $+%""% "" ,"#$'"% !", &%+'/""% #,$"& ",$9$,"#
$,"$ %+"% /"# $"%" 9$"#$ '",$5 6$ "," "&",
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$"*"$"% #"%+"% PERT $+%""% #"", ,"#$'"% !",
",$9$,"# ,$" "&", $&"#,$"% #&',$ ",$9$,"# ,'#*, *
&'%" $""% "," *'9"'$"#$ !", "%+ *#"'.
3. =PM $+%""% %, &'$'""% !", +$","% #",
&' %+"% &%","% ,'$%$#,$4 #%,"'" PERT
$'""#" %, %+""&$ #$,"#$ %+"% ""'
,$"&"#,$"% "%+ ,$%++$ &"" "#& '% !", +$","%..
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6%'%+"% !"#" $%$ """ %++"*%+"% " &%","%
,'#*, %/"$ PERT-type system.
PERT-type system $'"%6"%+ %, *"%, ""
&'%6"%""% "% &%+%"$"%4 #$%++" ,$" "%+#%+ ,'$*",
"" "" &,$"#$. T/"% #$#, $%$ """:
1. U%, %%,"% &'*"*$$,"# %+$%"% ,'6"&"$%" *","#
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2. U%, %,"&"% +$","% "%" ("'$ #", &') "%+
'&""% bottlenecks (%%,"% !", &%#"$"%
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$," "'# *'/" '"# "+"' /"!" ,'&%$.
3. U%, %+9""#$ "$*", "'$ &'*""%-&'*""% &'+'".
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/"!" &'.
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D"" %++"*"'"% #", /"'$%+"% '/" $+%""% ,$+"
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K+$","% $ #$%$ $8%$#$"% #*"+"$ " "%+ '"%
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/"%+" !", ,',%, "" &""$"% #/" #*' ""
(#*' ,%"+"4 &'"","%4 ",'$"4 *$"")
2. L$%+"'"% 6$ (node)4 %",""% #*" /"$"% ","
&'$#,$!" "," event . K/"$"% $8%$#$"% #*"+"$ /%+ ","
&',"% "'$ #", "," **'"&" +$","%.
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dummy . *ummy ,$" &%"$ /"%+" !", ,',%,4
"'%" ,$" ""$ #/" #*' "".
P%++%""% #$*-#$* $%$ %+$,$ ",'"%-",'"% #*"+"$
*'$,:
1. D$ "%,"'" " event "%+ #""4 "%" * $+"*"'"% #",
"%" &"%".
2. N"" #", ",$9$,"# $%",""% %+"% '5 "," %' ',
event .
3. A,$9$,"# "'# %+"$' "'$ event *'%' '%" event
*'%' ,$%++$.
?. D$"+'" "%" $$$ #*" initial evet "% #*" terminal
event .
Ja$u T'*'n#'- ( SHORTEST PATH )
A%"$"% $*'$"% #*" +'"& G "" ,$"& +"'$# +x,y $*%+"%
%+"% ,$,$ a x,y ) !"$$ panjang "'$ +"'$#. D"" **'"&" "4
&"%/"%+ #*%"'%" !"$$ *$"" "," **'"&" %$"$ "$%%".
!anjang dari lintasan """ %%,"% &"%/"%+ /" "'$ "#$%+-
"#$%+ +"'$# "%+ ,'$'$ "'$ $%,"#"%. U%, 2 9',# s "% t ""
G4 "" **'"&" $%,"#"% "'$ s t . M"#"" $%,"#"% ,'&%
$&,$ &%6"'$"% $%,"#"% "'$ s t "%+ &%"$ $%,"#"%
,'&% "% *$"" ,''".
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". D5%$#$ J"' T'&%
J"' ,'&% (S',#, P",) "%,"'" " 9',# "'$ # , ""
/"'$%+"% """ $%,"#"% +'"& *'"'" #'"%" "'$ # , %+"%
#$5", $"%" ,$" "" $%,"#"% "$% "%+ $$$ %$"$ ,'%". P""
&'#""% $%$ ""% ,''%+ %, %#"$"% #", &'#""%
%, %%,"% /"' ,'&% "% *$"" ,''" "" #",
/"'$%+"% %+"% %+$&%,"#$"%%" "" "## ,'"9$%+
#"#"% &'* "%+ '&""% #"" #", &'#""% ""
J"'$%+"% S"'"5 T$'"%.
S,$"& &", "" $+'"& &%"$ %$"$ "%+ $*%+"% %+"%
nilai path ,'#*,4 "%+ %$"$%" """ /" "'$ %$"$ + &",
,'#*,. D"'$ '"% "#"' $%$ "&", $'#"% "#"" #&',$
%6"'$ $%,"#"% ,'&% "%,"'" " 9', "% $%$"%
*$"".
B"%" *$"%+ &%'"&"% %#"'","% %, %%,"% $%,"#"%
,'&% *'"'" "'$ asal tujuan $ "" #", $#,'$*#$ "$'"%
*'"'". A+'$," "%+ $*'$"% "&", $$8"#$ %+"% "
%, %+""&$ $%,"#"% *'"'" &"" #,$"& $,'"#$%". S", 9'#$
"%+ *$ "'$ "#"" $%,"#"% ,'&% """ %%,"%
$%,"#"% ,'&% "'$ #*"'"%+ 9',# %/ #,$"& 9',#
"$%%". P$$"% "$% """ *"%+ %"" ," %+",$5 *"+$
/"'". S", %"" "$% "&", /+" $*'""% "" #",
"#"" $%,"#"% ,'&%.
8'6nisi
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Gaba
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A$g+ita Lintasan4T'*'n#'-
D"" +'"5 *'**,4 $," #'$%+ "$ $%+$% %6"'$ #*" $%,"#"%
,'&% ("%$4 #*" $%,"#"% "%+ &%"$ &"%/"%+ $%$)
"%,"'" " 9',# "%+ $,"$.
U%, +'"5 *'**, ,'#"*%+4 ,%$ &%6"'$"% $%,"#"% ,'&%
$*'$"% A+'$," D$/#,'". A+'$," D$/#,'" $*","%
&"#"%+"% "* &"" 9',#. K$," $#""% L(9) %",""% "*
"'$ 9',# 9. P"" #,$"& &*""#"%4 **'"&" 9',# &%"$
"* #%,"'" "% "%+ "$% &%"$ "* ,,"&. K$," $#""% T
%",""% $&%"% 9',# "%+ &%"$ "* #%,"'".
D"" %++"*"'"% "+'$," ,'#*,4 $," ""% $%+"'$
9',#-9',# "%+ &%"$ "* ,,"&. S"%/,%" ""% $,"
,%/"% *"!" /$" L(9) """ "* ,,"& "'$ 9',# 94 "" L(9)
'&""% &"%/"%+ $%,"#"% ,'&% "'$ " 9. S*%" #"
9',# &%"$ "* #%,"'". S,$"& $,'"#$ "'$ "+'$,"
,'#*, %+*" #,",# #", "* "'$ #%,"'" ,,"&
#$%++" $," "&", %+"$'$ "+'$," ,'#*, /$" F %'$"
#*" "* ,,"&. P"" *"+$"% $%$ L(F) '&""% &"%/"%+ $%,"#"%
,'&% "'$ " F.
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A$g+ita + #" 9',# ≠" #+?. L() :Q ∞@. T :Q $&%"% #" 9',#. T """ $&%"% 9',# "%+ &"%/"%+ ,'&%%" "'$ "
* $,"%. ,i$' F∈ T #+C. b'gin. &$$ 9∈ T %+"% $%$ L(9)10. T:QT-911. >+ #,$"& ∈ T $ #"&$%+ 9 #+12. L():Q$%L()4 L(9)!(94)13. 'n#1?. 'n# dijkstra
3+nt+,
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P%#"$"% :
K$," ""% %'"&"% A+'$," D$/#,'". H"#$ &"#"%""% *"'$# 2-?
"'$ A+'$," 10.1 """ L(") Q 04 L(*) Q L(6) Q L() Q L() Q L(5) Q
L(+) Q L(F) Q ∞. P"" *"'$# 4 F ,$" $$%+"'$. K$," "%/,"% *"'$#
4 $ "%" $," $$ 9',# "4 9',# ," $$%+"'$ %+"% "*
,'6$4 "% $%+"'$%". P"" *"'$# 11 "% 12 $," &'*"'$ #,$"&
9',# ," ,'$%"'$4 * "% 54 "%+ *'","% %+"% ". K$,"
"&","% "*-"* *"'
L(*) Q $%∞ 4 02 Q 24 L(5) Q $%∞ 4 01 Q 1.
S"&"$ &"" *"+$"% $%$4 $," *"$ *"'$# .
K"'%" F ," $$%+"'$4 $," "%/,"% *"'$# 4 $ "%" $," $$
9',# 54 9',# ," $$%+"'$ %+"% "* ,'6$4 "%
$%+"'$%". P"" *"'$# 12 "% 13 $," &'*"'$ #,$"& "* "'$
9',# ," $$%+"'$4 "% +4 "%+ *'","% %+"% 5. K$,"
"&","% "*-"* *"'
L() Q $%∞ 4 13 Q ?4 L(5) Q $%∞ 4 1@ Q .
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,'&% "'$ " F """ @. S*" $%,"#"% ,'&% $*'$"%
("4*464F).
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MINIMAL SPANNING TREE
P% '%,"%+ $%$ ($%$" #&"%%$%+ ,') """ ,%$
%6"'$ /""% &%+*%+ "%+ "&", %+*%+"% #" ,$,$
"" /"'$%+"% #6"'" *'#"""% #"&"$ $&' /"'" $%$.
M"#"" &% '%,"%+ $%$ #'&" %+"% "#"" ',
,'&% (#',#, ',)4 6"$ *"!" ,/"%%" """ %,
%+*%+"% #' #$& "" /"'$%+"% #$%++" ,," &"%/"%+6"*"%+ ,'#*, $$%$$#"#$. J"'$%+"% "%+ $"#$"% '%,"%+"%
(%+*%+"%) #" ,$,$"" /"'$%+"% ,'#*, &"" ,," /"'"
(&"%/"%+) $%$.
L"%+"-"%+" "'$ &% '%,"%+ $%$ """ :
1. &$$ #6"'" "'*$,'' #*" % "" /"'$%+"%
2. *%+"% % ,'#*, %+"% % ,'", "%+ "&",
$%$""% ,," /"'"
3. &'",$"% #" % "&"" ,'"&", % "%+ *,'*%+4 ,"% "% *%+"% % ,'", "%+ *,'*%+
?. "%+$ "%+" ,$+" #"&"$ #' % "&", ,'*%+
S*"+"$ 6%,4 +%+ Ist'9 3+*+ati+n "%+ *"' $$$
**'"&" '"%+"% "% ,$"& '"%+"% *,"% 1 *"%+ "$'"%
$#,'$ ("," *$"#" $#*, #*"+"$ #,'). T%$#$ $#,'$ ""%
%"'"% $#,'$ "'$ '"%+ *"+$"% &"% #"&"$ #'
'"%+"% %+"% ,," &"%/"%+ "* "%+ #8#$% %+$%.
A" &% /"'" "%,"' '"%+"% "&", $ +"*"'"% "" +"*"'
/"'$%+"% *'$, $%$4#"%+"%
http://dickyrahardi.blogspot.com/2008/05/minimal-spanning-tree.htmlhttp://dickyrahardi.blogspot.com/2008/05/minimal-spanning-tree.html
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"%+*"+$"%&"%$+"*"'"%#*"+"$%-1.
K"'%" %-1 """ '"%+"% ,'&"% "%+ %/"$ #*' "$'"%
$#,'$ ,""4 "" %-1 ""% $/"$"% #*"+"$ &","% ""
/"'$%+"%. N "%+ &"$%+ ", %+"% %-1 """ % %+"%
/"'" 2 ,'4 #$%++" $," *%+"% % 1 %+"% %-3.
K$"% $," $", %-% ,'", "%+ * ,'*%+
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%+"% % 1 "% 34 "$, % 4 "% 2. Y"%+ ,'", %+"%
% 3 """ % %+"% /"'" 3 ,'. K$"% % 3 "%
% "&", $*%+"%.
N "%+ * ,'*%+ ,'", %+"% % 14 3 "% """
% %+"% &"%/"%+ 2 ,'.
N "%+ * ,'*%+ "% ", %+"% % 1434 "%
""" @ "% 2. N @ "&", ,'*%+ %+"% % %+"% /"'"
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3 ,'4 #"%+"% % 3 "&", $*%+"% %+"% %-1 %+"%
/"'" 3 ,'.
S$#" % "%+ * ,'*%+ """ % C4 ? "% . N ? "&",
$*%+"% %+"% % @ %+"% /"'" 3 ,'4 "% %,
%6"&"$ % ,," /"'" ,'", *$ &% /$" $,& "'$
% C "'$ &"" "$ % ?.
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K"'%" #' % ," ,'*%+ "," ," ,'"$, "" #",
/"'$%+"%4 "" ##$ $ ","# ," &,$. J"$ ,%$#$ $#,'$ "&",
"$ '%,"%+"% "*%" %+"% %+*%+"% % 1 24
1 34 3 4 4 @ 4 ? @4 C4 C
P"%/"%+ "* "%+ $*,"% """ : 21 ,'
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ALGORITMA 8IJKSTRA
P"" ,"% 1@ #*" ,$#"% #&"%/"%+ ,$+" """% "%+ *'/
4 5ote on T&o !roblems in #onnexion &ith 6raphs $,'*$,"% &""
/'%" 5umerische Mathematik. P"" ,$#"% $%$4 E#+' 7. D$/#,'" #'"%+ $!"% 6&,' *'' " & #*$"% ,"%
-%+#"% "+'$,"-"+'$," %, ##$ "'$ ""#""
,'$,$# +'"5 "#"': , minimum &eight A+'$," D$/#,'" %,
"#"" /""% ,'&% """ #", "'$ "+'$,"-"+'$," &"$%+
,'%"" &"" $ &,' "% #*" "+'$," &"$%+ &&"'
&"" &"'"#$ &%6"'$"%(OR). I&%,"#$ "+'$," $/#,'"
&"" $ 6&,' "%,"'" "$% """ &"" $%-#,", ',$%+ &',64
OSP "% IS-IS.
P"" $,'",' ,'#*,4 "+'$," $%$ #'$%+ $+"*"'"% #*"+"$
#*" "+'$," "%+ ,"". =%,%"4 * 4lgorithmics (B'"##"'
"% B'", 1CC4 &&. C-2W)%+"# $%$ &"" *"* ,'#*, %+"%
/ 6reedy 4lgorithms. 'ncyclopedia o7 Operations (esearch and
Management Science (G"## "% H"''$# 14 &&. 1-1W)
%++"*"'"% "+'$," $%$ #*"+"$ #*" Xnode labelling greedy
algorithm X "% #*" "+'$," "%+ ,"" $+"*"'"% #*"+"$ Xa
heuristic algorithm that at every step selects the best choice available
at that step &ithout regard to 7uture conse)uences X (G"## "% H"''$#
14 &. 2?W).
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,'&% "" #/" "%+". A+'$," $%$ %++%""%
#,'",+$ greedy #*"+"$ *'$, :
U%, #,$"& #$& #*'(source) "" +'"54 "+',$" $%$ ""%
%6"'$ /"' %+%" 6#, $%$ "%,"'" #$& ,'#*, %+"%
#$& "$%%". A+'$," /+" "&", $+%""% %, %6"'$ ,,"
*$""(cost ) "'$ $%,"#"% ,'&% "%+ $*%, "'$ #*" #$&
#*" #$& ,/"%. S*"+"$ 6%,4 *$" #$& &"" +'"5
'&'#%,"#$"% ," "% **, #$#$ '&'#%,"#$"% /"'" "%,"'"
2 ," "%+ %+"&$,%"4 "" "+'$," $/#,'" "&", $+%""%
%, %6"'$ ', ,'&% "%,"'" #*" ," %+"% ," "$%%".
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MA?IMUM FLO! PROBLEM
N't+- F$+
6 J" "'# "%+ %+"$' &"" ,$"& #$#$ "'# *$ 6$ "," #""%+"% "&"#$,"# #$#$ ,'#*,.P"" "&$"#$%"4 #*" +'"5 *'"'"
#'$%+ $#*, %+"% net&ork. S,$"& "'#(:o&) "%+ "" ""
net&ork, "'# %$ #*" *","#"% "$, "'# "%+ "#
&"" #", #$& "'# #"" %+"% "'# "%+ "' &"" #$&
,'#*,4 6"$ &"" source, "%+
"'# "'%" *$ *#"' "'$ "'# "#4 "% sink, "%+ "'#
"#%" *$ *#"' "'$ "'# "'.
S*" net&ork *$"#"%" $+%""% %, "% #$#,
"$%,"#4 #"'"% &$&"4 #$'$, ,'$4 #*.
PEN2ELESAIAN MA?IMUM FLO! PROBLEM 8ENGANALGORITMA 8IJKSTRA
Lang-a, P'n%'$'saianU%, %#"$"% Maximum ;lo& !roblem %+"% "+'$,"
D$/#,'"4 "" $," "'# ""% #$$, $8"#$ "'$ "+'$,"
$%$. S6"'" +"'$# *#"'4 #" "'$ "+'$," "%+ ""% $/"#"%
""" #*"+"$ *'$,:
1. ="'$ #*" $%,"#"% "%+ * $&$$ "%+ %+*%+"%
#$& "!" %+"% #$&
1. ,/"%.
2. P"" $%,"#"% "%+ $&$$4 6"'$" #*" #$#$ %+"% "&"#$,"#
#$#" $%$.
3. K"&"#$,"# #$#" $%$ $"&", "'$ "&"#$,"# #$#$ ,'#*,
$'"%+$ "'# "%+ #" %+"$' &"" #$#$ $,(c -7 ). B$"
"&"#$,"# $%$ #$#" #"" %+"% 04 "%+#%+ "%+" ?.
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?. A$'"% "'# #/" "&"#$,"# $%$ #$#" &"" $%,"#"%
"%+ $&$$.
@. K*"$ "%+" 1 #"&"$ #" $%,"#"% $&'$#". =%,
$&%,"#$%" """ #*"+"$ *'$, :
D"" net&ork +"*"' 2 *$#" $," $", ,'"&", @ $%,"#"% "%+
%+*%+"% #$& "!" (S) "% #$& ,/"% ().
Lang-a, < : P$$ $%,"#"% S-A-D-. P"" $%,"#"% $%$ %$"$ "&"#$,"#
$%$ #$#"%" """ 2. A$'"% "'# #/" 2 #","%.
Lang-a, / :
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P$$ $%,"#"% S-B-D-. %$"$ "&"#$,"# #$#" $%$ &"" $%,"#"% $%$
""" 2. A$'"% "'# #*"%" 2 #","%.
Lang-a, @ :
&$$ $%,"#"% S-B-E-. $%,"#"% $%$ #" ,$" "&", $"$'$ "'# "+$
"'%" %$"$ "&"#$,"#" #$#" $%$%" 0.
Lang-a, :
&$$ $%,"#"% S-=-B-E-. N$"$ "&"#$,"# #$#" $%$ &"" $%,"#"% $%$
""" 1. A$'"% "'# #*"%" 1 #","%.
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Lang-a, :
&$$ $%,"#"% ,'"$' "$, S-=-. N$"$ "&"#$,"# #$#" $%$ $%,"#"%
$%$ """ 2.
G"*"' '&""% ##$ "'$ "#"" maximum:o& &"" net&ork
&"" +"*"' 2. D"'$ +"*"' $%$ "&", $$", *"!" /" "'#"#$ "%+ "&", %+"$' "'$ net&ork ,'#*, """ 4 "$,
/" "'# "%+ %$%++""% #$& "!" "," /" "'# "%+
"# #$& ,/"%.
@5/ Ana$isis
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A+'$," $/#,'" "%+ $+%""% $ ","#4 "," ,'""%+ $#*,
P'$'$, $'#, S"'6(PS)4 "& *'$"% ##$ &,$" %,
*"%""% "##4 "" " $%$ Maximum ;lo& !roblem. A"% ,,"&$4
#"" "%" #&',$ "+'$," greedy &"" %"4 ,'"&",
**'"&" "## $"%" "+'$," $/#,'" ,$" *'$"% ##$
"#$. H" $%$ *$"#"%" '&""% "$*", "'$ &$$"%
',"% $%,"#"% "%+ '"%+ ,&",. K"'%" $,4 &$$"% ',"%
$%,"#"% ""% #"%+", %%,"% ##$ "'$ &'"#"""% $%$. S""
#&',$ "+'$," greedy, $," "&", %%,"% 5%+#$ &'$'$,"# %,
%%,"% ',"% $%,"#"% "%+ ""% $&'##. B$"#"%"4 &'$'$,"#
,"" "" maximum :o& problem $%$ """ $%,"#"% "%+ $$$
"&"#$,"# ,',$%++$. A"% ,,"&$4 %+"% 5%+#$ &'$'$,"# $%$ &% "#$
"" "## "%+ ,$" *'$"% "#$ &,$"4 $#"%" :
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S#$ "%+ ,'"&", &"" +"*"' C '&""% ##$ Maximum ;lo&
!roblem %+"% %++%""% "+'$," ' '#%4 "+'$,"
"%+ &"$%+ #'$%+ $+%""% %, %#"$"% "#""
"#$ !. A+'$," $%$ ,'%"," "%+ *$ *"$ "'$&""
"+'$," $/#,'" "" %6"'$ ##$ &,$" &"" maximum :o&
problem "'%" "+'$," $%$ "%+ $'"%6"%+ %, %#"$"%
"#"" $%$4 ,$" #&',$ "+'$," $/#,'" "%+ $'"%6"%+ %,%#"$"% "#"" shortest
path #6"'" +*".
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PENGERTIAN PERT 8AN 3PM
PERT '&""% #$%+","% "'$ !rogram 'valuation and (evie&
Techni)ue (,%$ %$"$ "% %$%/" *"$ &'+'")4 #"%+"%
=PM """ #$%+","% "'$ #ritical !ath Method (, /"' '$,$#)$"%" "%" '&""% #", ,%$ "%"/%. T%$ PERT
""" #", , "%+ *',/"% %, #*"%" %+$%
%+'"%+$ ""%" &%%""%4 "&% +"%++"% &'#$4 #',"
%+'$%"#$"% *'*"+"$ *"+$"% #", &'/""% #6"'"
%' "% &'6&", ##"$%" &'. T%$ $%$
%+$%"% $"#$"%%" #", &'/""% "%+ ,'%"$ "%
,'",'4 "'%" /"!" "% "%++"'"% "'$ #", &'/""% ,"
$,%,"% ,'*$ " #* $"#"%""%.
T/"% "'$ PERT """ &%6"&"$"% #", ,"'"5 ,',%, $"%" !",
'&""% "#"' &%,$%+ "'$ PERT "" &%#"$"% +$","%-
+$","% *"+$ #", &'. D"" , PERT "% =PM "#""
,"" "$, ,%$ %, %%,"% /"!" +$","% *#',"
"%++"'"% *$""%" %+"% "# &'/""%-&'/""% "%+ ,"
$/"!""% $, "&", $##"$"% #6"'" ,&", !", #'," ,&",
*$"".
=PM """ #", , &'%6"%""% "% &%+%"$"% &'-
&' "%+ '&""% #$#, "%+ &"$%+ *"%" $+%""%
$"%,"'" #" #$#, "%+ ""$ &'$%#$& &*%,"% /"'$%+"%.
D%+"% =PM4 /" !", "%+ $*,"% %, %#"$"%
*'*"+"$ ,""& #", &' $"%++"& $,"$ %+"% &"#,$4
$$"% &" *%+"% "%,"'" #*' "%+ $+%""% "% !",
"%+ $&'"% %, %#"$"% &'. J"$ =PM '&""%
"%"$#" /"'$%+"% '/" "%+ *'#"" %+&,$""% *$"" ,,"
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&' "$ &%+'"%+"% !", &%#"$"% ,," &' "%+
*'#"%+,"%.
T%$ &%#%"% /"'$%+"% '/" "%+ ,'"&", &"" =PM4 #""
%+"% "%+ $+%""% &"" PERT. P'*""% "%+ ,'$", """
*"!" PERT %++%""% activity oriented4 #"%+"% "" =PM
%++%""% event oriented. P"" activity oriented "%"-&"%"
%%/"% activity "," &'/""% %+"% **'"&" ,'"%+"%
",$9$,"#%"4 #"%+ event oriented &"" &'$#,$!"" "%+
'&""% & &'",$"% "'$ #", ",$9$,"#. P%+',$"% PERT "%
=PM #&',$ "%+ $""% &"'" "$ $,$&"% #&',$
*'$, :
T%$ PERT """ #", , "%+ *',/"% %, #*"%"
%+$% %+'"%+$ ""%" &%%""% "&% %$ "%
+"%++"% &'#$4 #'," %+'$%"#$"% "%
%+#$%+'%$#"#$"% *'*"+"$ *"+$"% "'$ #'"% &'/""% "%
&'6&", ##"$%" &'. S"%+"% =PM """ #", ,%$
&'%6"%""% "% &%+%"$"% "%+ $&'+%""% "" &'
*'"#"'"% &"" "," *$"" "'$ "#" "&" +past cost data).
T. H"'$ H"% (13 ". : ?01) %+""% *"!" : PERT
""" #", , "%"$#$# "%+ $'"%6"%+ %, *"%, ""
&%/"!""% "% &%+%"$"% &'-&' "%+  "%+
%%,, *"!" "#"" ,"" "%+ $*""# "$, "#"" ,%$
%, %%,"% /"!" +$","% *#'," "%++"'"% *$""%"
#$%++" "&", $##"$"% #6"'" ,&", !", "% *$""4 #"%+"%
=PM """ #", , "%+ $'"%6"%+ %, %+&,$""%
*$"" &' $"%" "&", $,%,"% "&"% &',"'"% *$"" "%
!", "'# $""% %, %$ /"!" &%#"$"% &'
%+"% *$"" #$%$" %+$%
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P'b'#aan PERT #an 3PM
P"" &'$%#$&%" "%+ %"%+, &'*""% PERT "% =PM """
#*"+"$ *'$, :
". PERT $+%""% &"" &'%6"%""% "% &%+%"$"% &' "%+
* &'%" $'/""%4 #"%+"% =PM $+%""% %,
%/"!""% "% %+%"$"% ",$9$,"# "%+ #" &'%"
$'/""% #$%++" ","4 !", "% *$"" #,$"& %#' +$","% ,"
$,"$ evaluator .
*. P"" PERT $+%""% ,$+" /%$# !", &%+'/""% "$, "%+
,'6&",4 ,'"" #'," ,'""4 #"%+"% &"" =PM "%" $$$#", /%$# $%5'"#$ !", &%+'/""% "$, !", "%+ &"$%+ ,&",
"% "" %, %#"$"% #", &'.
6. P"" PERT "%+ $,"%"% ,&", !",4 #*"* %+"%
&%$%+","% !", "" *$"" &' ,', %+6$4 #"%+"%
&"" =PM %"%"% ,&", *$"".
. D"" PERT "%" &"%" %%/"% ,"," ',"% (*%+"%
&'#$%,$)4 #"%+"% &"" =PM ,"%" &"%" """ +$","%.
PENJA8!ALAN PRO2EK PERANGKAT LUNAK
P%/"!""% &' $&,$ +$","% %,"&"% /"%+" !",
+$","% &' "%+ "'# $##"$"%4 *""% *"4 ,%"+" '/"
#'," !", "%+ $*,"% #,$"& ",$9$,"#. P%","% "%+
"F$ $+%""% """ $+'" G"%,, ="',4 PERT (P'/6, E9"",$%"% R9$! T6%$)4 "% =PM (='$,$6" P", M,).
P'n"a#a$an #ibutu,-an untu- 'bantu:
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M%%/"% *%+"% ,$"& +$","% "$%%" "% ,'""&
#'"% &'.
M%+$%,$8"#$"% *%+"% "%+ "'# $""% $ "%,"'"
+$","%.
M%%/"% &'$'""% *$"" "% !", "%+ '"$#,$# %, ,$"&
+$","%.
M*"%, &%++%""% ,%"+" '/"4 "%+ "% #*' ""
"$%%" %+"% 6"'" "-" '$,$# &"" &'
Fa-t+4>a-t+ %ang ,aus #i*'tibang-an #a$a 'buat
"a#a$ *'$a-sanaan *+%'- :
1. *,"% "% 5%+#$ &' ,'#*,. D%+"% ##"$%"
&' $, &' $"'"&"% "&", $"%5"","% ##"$ %+"%
!", "%+ #" $,%,"%.
2. ,'"$,"%%" %+"% &' *'$,%" ","&% "%/,"%
"'$ &' #"%/,%".
3. ""#"% #6$" &$,$# "$%%"4 "&"*$" &' ,'#*, $$
&'$%,".
?. %$#$ "" "% "#$ &'.
@. ,'/"%+""% "#$ &' $,$%/" "'$ 5"#$$,"#
&'*%+"%%".
. ,'#$""% "% ,'"$,"% #*' "" ",'$"4 &'"","%4
"% ",'$" &%+"& "$%%" "%+ %%/"%+ ,'!/%"
&' ,'#*,.
. "&"#$,"# "," "" ,"&%+ "'" '/" &' ,'""& #*'
"" "%+ $&'+%""% #"" &'"#$%" &"#"%""%*'"%+#%+.
C. &',$9$,"# #*' ""4 &'"","% &' "% ,%"+" '/"
&'4 #"" &'"#$%" *'"%+#%+ %+"% '5'%#$ "%
&'$,%+"% "%+ %$ ",'"% ,%$#.
. 6"6"4 #$ "% +/"" "" "$%%".
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10. '5'%#$ "'$ '/" 5,$5.
Gantt 3,at
G"%,, 6"', """ #", "", "%+ *'%$"$ ##%" %,
&'-&' %+"% /" "%++," ,$ "%+ #$$,4 &'
%",$ &%#"$"% "% **'"&" %"" &'.
1. G"%,, 6"', #6"'" "# $%" #*"+"$ "", 5%"%," "%
" $,'"&"% &"'" "%"/' &' %,
%+$%"% ##'"%+ $", %+"% " !", $"$
"% ##"$%" ,+"#-,+"# "% #*- #* ,+"# "'$ &'.
2. S"$% *"%" ,+"#-,+"# "" &' "% #$% &%,$%+
',"% "%,"'" ,+"#-,+"# "" #"$% *#"' 6%'%+"%
"% $%+$%"% %, $8"#$ +"%,, 6"',.
3. G"%,, 6"', *"%, %/"!"* &',"%""%-&',"%""% !",
$5 #"", $", #&","%-#&","% %, *",
&'*""% ,'*$ " ,'""& *,"%.
K'untungan 'ngguna-an Gantt 9,at :
S'"%"4 " $*", "% $&""$4 #$%++" #"%+",
*'"%5"", #*"+"$ "", %$"#$ "" &%%++"'""%
&'.
D"&", %++"*"'"% /"!" #", +$","% "% %",""%
"/"% ##%++%" &"" #"", &"&'"%
B$" $+"*%+"% %+"% ," "$% "&", $&""$ &"" #"",
&"&'"%
K'$'a,an Gantt 3,at : T$" %%/"% #6"'" #&#$8 *%+"% ,'+"%,%+"%
"%,"'" #", +$","% "% +$","% "%+ "$%4 #$%++" #$, %,
%+,"$ "&" "%+ $"$*","% ,'"*","% #",
+$","% ,'""& /"!" #'"% &'.
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S$, %+"""% &%#"$"% "," &'*"$"%&*""'"%
*$" $&'"%4 "'%" &"" %" $%$ *'"',$ *",
*"+"% *" *"'.
B'i-ut ini a#a$a, b'ntu- s'#',ana #ai PERT :
". 1 /"' '$,$#4 2 '"%+ "" 1 ,$ &'
*. 3 /"' '$,$#4 3 '"%+ "" 1 ,$ &'
6. 10 /"' '$,$#4 @ '"%+ "" 1 ,$ &'
=%, K"##:
D$,"$ ",$9$,"# #*" &' #*"+$ *'$,:
D"'$ "## ,'#*, $##"$"% %+"% %++%""% POM 5'
7$%!#
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D"'$ ,"* ,'#*, "&", $$", !", "%+ $&'"% "$ /"'
'$,$# "$, 1
Gantt 9,at
D"'$ G"%,, ="', ,'#*, /"' "%+ *'!"'%" '" """ /"'
'$,$#4 "$, /"' %+"% !", &%#"$"% &' ,'"". A" 2
/"' '$,$# "$,:
A - = - G "% B E G .
8iaga PERT
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J"'%" """:
A = G : 3 10 Q 1
B E G : @ ? 10 Q 1