Tinjauan Pustaka

GANGGUAN GINJAL AKUT PADA ANAK

Oleh

S.Ked

Pembimbing

dr. Selli Muljanto, Sp.A

BAGIAN/UPF ILMU KESEHATAN ANAK

FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNLAM – RSUD ULIN

BANJARMASIN

MEI 2013

DAFTAR ISI

Halaman Judul............................................................................................................

i

Daftar Isi.....................................................................................................................

ii

Daftar tabel…………………………………………….............................................

iii

Daftar gambar.............................................................................................................

iv

BAB I. PENDAHULUAN.........................................................................................

1

BAB II. TINJAUAN PUSTAKA

2.1. Definisi...........................................................................................

3

2.2. Insidensi.........................................................................................

4

2.3. Klasifikasi......................................................................................

4

2.4. Etiologi...........................................................................................

8

2.4.1. GGA prerenal...........................................................................

10

2.4.2. GGA renal................................................................................

13

2.4.3. GGA post-renal........................................................................

18

2.5. manajemen GGA............................................................................

19

2.6. Prognosis........................................................................................

28

BAB III PENUTUP..................................................................................................

29

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

DAFTAR TABEL

2.1. Penyebab GGA pada anak-anak antara negara berkembang dan negara maju..........

4

2.2. Klasifikasi GGA dengan sistem RIFLE........................................................................................................

5

2.3. klasifikasi GGA dari berbagai sistem......................................................................

6

2.4. nilai GFR dan rentang GFR normal pada bayi dan anak-anak...........................

6

2.5. nilai serum kreatinin dan rentang normal pada bayi dan anak-anak...................

7

2.6. penyebab GGA prerenal..............................................................................................

11

2.7. penyebab terjadinya GGA renal..........................................................................

14

2.8. Fase Terjadinya iskemik Acute Tubuler Necrosis (ATN)...................................

15

2.9. penyebab GGA postrenal....................................................................................

18

2.10. pemeriksaan urinalisa pada GGA prerenal dan postrenal.................................

22

2.11. berbagai gangguan elektrolit pada pasien GGA dan penanganannya...............

23

2.12. pemberian Vitamin D pada pasien GGA..........................................................

26

2.13. berbagai pilihan antihipertensi pada pasien GGA............................................

27

DAFTAR GAMBAR

2.1. bagan penyebab GGAberdasarkan kondisi klinik yang mendasarinya...............

9

2.2. mekanisme GGA dari tinjauan Molekular. jalur-jalur peristiwa yang terlibat

dalam patofisiologi dari GGA....................................................................................

10

2.3. kebocoran cairan tubular ke dalam sirkulasi melalui tubular yang rusak...........

15

2.4. evaluasi dalam penegakkan diagnosis GGA.......................................................

19

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

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2. Anderson RJ, Barry DW. Clinical and laboratory diagnosis of acute renal failure. Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology 2004;18(1):1-20

3. Basu RK, Devarajan P, Wong H, Wheeler DS. An update and review of acute kidney injury in paediatrics: Riview article. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2011;12(3):339-47

4. Hariweni T. Pengaruh Metabolit Tumor Akibat Sindrom Tumor Lisis pada Terjadinya Gagal Ginjal Akut Serta pada Anak. Sari Pediatri 2005;7(2): 93-6

5. Lattanzio MR, Kopyt NP. Acute Kidney Injury: New Concepts in Definition, Diagnosis, Pathophysiology, and Treatment. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2009;109:13-19

6. Radityo AN, Kosim MS, Muryawan H. Asfiksia Neonatorum Sebagai Faktor Risiko Gagal Ginjal Akut. Sari Pediatri 2012;13(5):305-10.

7. Whyte DA, Fine RN. Acute Renal Failure in Children. Pediatric in Riview 2008;29(9):299-307

8. Mehta RL, Kellum JA, Shah SV, et al. Acute Kidney Injury Network: report of an initiative to improve outcomes in acute kidney injury. Critical Care 2007;11(2):1-8

9. Bunchman TE. Treatment of acute kidney injury in children:from conservative management to renal replacement therapy. Nature Clinical Practice Nephrology 2008;4(9):510-14

10. Chan JCM, Williams DM, Torh KS. Kidney Failure in Infanst and Children. Pediatrics in Review 2002;23(2):47-60

11. Liu KD, Chertow GM. Acute Renal Failure. Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine 98-112