Daftar Isi Skripsi Fingga 2
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PENENTUAN DAYA HAMBAT MINIMAL DAN DAYA BUNUH MINIMAL EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN SALAM
(Syzygium polyanthum) TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN Pseudomonas aeruginosa ISOLAT KLINIS
SKRIPSI
Diajukan untuk melengkapi tugas-tugas danmemenuhi syarat-syarat guna memperoleh
gelar Sarjana Kedokteran
Oleh:
FINGGA PRAHASTI NASUTIONNIM: 1007101010056
PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN DOKTERFAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN
UNIVERSITAS SYIAH KUALADARUSSALAM BANDA ACEH
TAHUN 2013
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LEMBAR PENGESAHAN
PENENTUAN DAYA HAMBAT MINIMAL DAN DAYA BUNUH MINIMAL EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN SALAM (Syzygium polyanthum)
TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN Pseudomonas aeruginosa ISOLAT KLINIS
SKRIPSI
Diajukan untuk melengkapi tugas-tugas danmemenuhi syarat-syarat guna memperoleh
gelar Sarjana Kedokteran
Oleh:
FINGGA PRAHASTI NASUTIONNIM: 1007101010056
Mahasiswa Program Studi Pendidikan DokterFakultas Kedokteran Universitas Syiah Kuala
Banda Aceh, Desember 2013
Dosen pembimbing I Dosen pembimbing II
Suryawati, S.Si, Apt, M.sc Dr. dr. Zinatul Hayati, M. Kes, Sp. MK (K)NIP: 19820407 200604 2 002 NIP: 19640305 199802 2 001
Mengetahui ,
Dr. dr. Mulyadi, Sp. P(K)NIP: 19620202 198903 1 001
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DAFTAR ISI
HALAMAN JUDUL....................................................................................... iHALAMAN PENGESAHAN........................................................................ iiKATA PENGANTAR.................................................................................... iiiABSTRAK....................................................................................................... vABSTRACT...................................................................................................... viDAFTAR ISI................................................................................................... viiDAFTAR TABEL........................................................................................... ixDAFTAR GAMBAR...................................................................................... xDAFTAR LAMPIRAN................................................................................... xi
BAB I PENDAHULUAN........................................................................... 11.1 Latar Belakang................................................................................. 11.2 Rumusan Masalah............................................................................ 21.3 Tujuan Penelitian............................................................................. 31.4 Manfaat Penelitian........................................................................... 31.5 Hipotesis Penelitian.......................................................................... 3
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA................................................................. 42.1 Infeksi Nosokomial.......................................................................... 4
2.1.1 Faktor Penyebab Perkembangan Infeksi Nosokomial............ 52.1.2 Jenis Penyakit yang Disebabkan oleh Infeksi Nosokomial.... 6
2.2 Pseudomonas aeruginosa................................................................. 72.2.1 Taksonomi, morfologi dan identifikasi................................... 72.2.2 Epidemiologi........................................................................... 92.2.3 Patogenesis............................................................................. 102.2.4 Manifestasi klinis.................................................................... 122.2.5 Diagnosis laboratorium........................................................... 132.2.6 Pengobatan.............................................................................. 132.2.7 Mekanisme resistensi Pseudomonas aeruginosa.................... 14
2.3 Tanaman Salam (Syzygium polyanthum)......................................... 152.3.1 Ciri-ciri Morfologi Daun Salam............................................. 162.3.2 Senyawa Aktif yang Terkandung dalam Daun Salam............ 16
2.4 Metode Ekstraksi.............................................................................. 192.4.1 Cara Dingin............................................................................. 192.4.2 Cara Panas.............................................................................. 20
2.5 Uji Kepekaan Antimikroba.............................................................. 21
BAB III METODE PENELITIAN.............................................................. 243.1 Jenis dan Rancangan Penelitian....................................................... 24
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3.2 Tempat dan Waktu Penelitian.......................................................... 253.3 Subjek Penelitian.............................................................................. 253.4 Alat dan Bahan Penelitian................................................................ 25
3.4.1 Alat Penelitian........................................................................ 253.4.2 Bahan Penelitian..................................................................... 26
3.5 Persiapan Penelitian......................................................................... 263.5.1 Uji Herbarium Daun Salam.................................................... 263.5.2 Pembuatan Ekstrak Etanol Daun Salam................................. 263.5.3 Uji Fitokimia Daun Salam...................................................... 273.5.4 Sterilisasi Alat dan Bahan....................................................... 283.5.5 Pembuatan Media Pertumbuhan Bakteri................................ 28
3.6 Cara Penelitian................................................................................. 293.6.1 Reisolasi Bakteri..................................................................... 293.6.2 Reidentifikasi Bakteri............................................................. 293.6.3 Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Daun Salam
terhadap Pertumbuhan Pseudomonas aeruginosa.................. 313.7 Parameter.......................................................................................... 323.8 Analisis Data.................................................................................... 32
BAB IV HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN...................................................... 334.1 Identifikasi Daun Salam................................................................... 334.2 Ekstraksi Daun Salam...................................................................... 334.3 Uji Fitokimia.................................................................................... 334.4 Identfikasi Bakteri............................................................................ 344.5 Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Daun Salam
terhadap Pertumbuhan Pseudomonas aeruginosa........................... 34
BAB V KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN...................................................... 355.1 Kesimpulan...................................................................................... 355.2 Saran................................................................................................. 35
DAFTAR PUSTAKA...................................................................................... 36
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DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 2.1 Sifat Fisika dan Kimia Etanol........................................................ 20Tabel 2.2 Klasifikasi Respon Hambatan Pertumbuhan Bakteri..................... 23Tabel 2.3 Klasifikasi Respon Hambatan Pertumbuhan Bakteri..................... 23Tabel 3.1 Rancangan Penelitian Ekstrak Etanol Daun Salam....................... 25Tabel 4.1 Hasil Uji Fitokimia Ekstrak Etanol Daun Salam........................... 33Tabel 4.2 Hasil Pengamatan KHM Ekstrak Etanol Daun Salam terhadap
P. aeruginosa................................................................................. 34Tabel 4.3 Hasil Pengamatan Absorbansi KHM Ekstrak Etanol Daun
Salam terhadap P. aeruginosa....................................................... 35Tabel 4.4 Hasil Pengamatan KBM Ekstrak Etanol Daun Salam terhadap
P. aeruginosa................................................................................. 36Tabel 4.5 Perbandingan Daya Hambat Ekstrak Etanol Daun Salam dengan
Berbagai Konsentrasi terhadap P. aeruginosa Dengan Uji Duncan pada Taraf 1%................................................................................ 38
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DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 2.1 Morfologi P. aeruginosa............................................................. 8Gambar 2.2 Morfologi Daun Salam................................................................ 16
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DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
Lampiran 1 Rencana Kegiatan Penelitian..................................................... 48Lampiran 2 Hasil Uji Herbarium Daun Salam............................................. 49Lampiran 3 Skema Ekstraksi Daun Salam................................................... 50Lampiran 4 Gambar Hasil Uji Fitokimia Ekstrak Etanol Daun Salam........ 52Lampiran 5 Skema Reidentifikasi Bakteri P. aeruginosa............................ 54Lampiran 6 Gambar Hasil Pengamatan KHM Ekstrak Etanol Daun Salam
terhadap Pertumbuhan P. aeruginosa....................................... 56Lampiran 7 Gambar Hasil Pengamatan KBM Ekstrak Etanol Daun Salam
terhadap Pertumbuhan P. aeruginosa....................................... 58Lampiran 8 Tabel Analisis Data KHM Menggunakan ANOVA................. 64Lampiran 9 Tabel Analisis Data KHM Menggunakan Uji Tukey dan
Uji Duncan................................................................................ 65Lampiran 10 Tabel Analisis Data KBM Menggunakan Uji Pearson
Chi-Square................................................................................ 68Lampiran 11 Surat Keterangan Ekstraksi....................................................... 69Lampiran 12 Surat Keterangan Hasil Uji Fitokimia....................................... 70Lampiran 13 Surat Keterangan Selesai Penelitian.......................................... 71Lampiran 14 Biodata Penulis.......................................................................... 72