Contoh Laporan Oceanografi 2013 Kel.28

7/22/2019 Contoh Laporan Oceanografi 2013 Kel.28

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FBPJ_BH P_BM^AMYE

JSIBHJG_BLA

Nasusuh Jfid;

MIFJEPJM ?4

LBMYF^BS PI_AMBHBH NBH AFEY MIFBY^BH

YHA\I_SA^BS O_BWAKBQB

EBFBHG

?023


2/57

FBPJ_BH P_BMÂMYE

JSIBHJG_BLA

Nasusuh Jfid;MIFJEPJM ?4

EJCDBEBN HBYLBF A_LBHSQBD 239040xxxxxxxxx

CDBHNAMB FIS^B_A BKA 239040xxxxxxxxx

LBA[B^YF LA^D_AQBD 239040xxxxxxxxx

E. [BANY_ AEBH ^B_AGBH G 239040xxxxxxxxx

HY_ RJEB_AQBD 239040xxxxxxxxx

FBAFA HY_ WBCDANBD 239040xxxxxxxxx_BNA^QB HY_ IMBWBÂ 239040xxxxxxxxx

EYSÂMB LA^D_AQBHÂ _ANYWBH 239040xxxxxxxxx

YFLB WBDQYHAHGSAD 239040xxxxxxxxx

I_AS NWA BP_AFABHA 239040xxxxxxxxx

LBMYF^BS PI_AMBHBH NBH AFEY MIFBY^BH

YHA\I_SA^BS O_BWAKBQB

EBFBHG

?023


3/57

a

FIEOB_ PIHGISBDBH

Fbpjrbh Prbmtamue Jsibhjgrbla Nasusuh Siobgba Sbfbd Sbtu Sybrbt

Eihyifisbambh Prbmtamue Jsibhjgrbla nbh Fufus Ebtb Mufabd Jsibhjgrbla

Ebfbhg, ?3 Hjvieoir ?023

Mjjrnahbtjr Bsastih Bsastih Pihnbepahg

Ifeb _jsatb Y Ahtbh Cbhnrb Niwa

HAE. 209040xxxxxxxxx HAE. 229040xxxxxxxxx

Eihgitbdua,

Njsih Pihgbepu

E. Bral [bahuf Lubn, S. Mif.,E.Sc

21402xxxxxxxxxxxxx


4/57

aa

MB^B PIHGBH^B_

Puka syumur midbnarbt Bffbd SW^ btbs sigbfb rbdebt nbh mbruhab-Hyb

sidahggb mbea nbpbt eihyifisbambh fbpjrbh mitam Jcibhjgrbla aha uhtum eieihudatugbs prbmtamue fbpbhg Jsibhjgrbla, Lbmuftbs Pirambhbh nbh Afeu Mifbutbh.

Mbea eihybepbambh tiraeb mbsad mipbnb Obpbm nbh Aou Njsih Pieoaeoahg

ebtb mufabd Jcibhjgrbla ybhg tifbd eieoirambh afeu obam sicbrb fasbh ebupuh

tufasbh na nbfbe rubhg mifbs. Sirtb sieub padbm ybhg tifbd eieobhtu eihyabpmbh,

eieoirambh ebsumbh nbh eihyusuh fbpjrbh aha.

Bmdarhyb nihgbh sigbfb mitirobtbsbh sirtb pihgitbdubh, mbea eihybnbra

obdwb nbfbe fbpjrbh aha ebsad tirnbpbt mimurbhgbh nbh misbfbdbh. Jfid mbrihb

atu, mbea eihgdbrbpmbh sbrbh nbh mjeihtbr ybhg nbpbt nakbnambh ebsumbh nbfbeeihyiepurhbmbh mimurbhgbh mbea na ebsb ybhg bmbh nbtbhg nbh siejgb

oirebhlbbt obga pirmieobhgbh afeu pihgitbdubh. Beah.

Ebfbhg, 30 Jmtjoir ?023


5/57

aaa

NBL^B_ ASA

FIEOB_ PIHGISBDBH .......................................................................................... a

MB^B PIHGBH^B_ .................................................................................................. aaNBL^B_ ASA .............................................................................................................. aaa

NBL^B_ GBEOB_ .................................................................................................. vaa

NBL^B_ BOIF ..................................................................................................... vaaa

2. PIHNBDYFYBH ............................................................................................... 2

2.2. Fbtbr Oifbmbhg ........................................................................................... 2

2.?. Ebmsun nbh ukubh .................................................................................... 2

2.3. Wbmtu nbh iepbt ..................................................................................... ?

?. ^AHKBYBH PYS^BMB ....................................................................................... 3?.2. Pirbarbh Fbut .............................................................................................. 3

?.?. Pbrbeitir Lasamb ........................................................................................ 3

?.?.2. Sudu .................................................................................................... 3

?.?.?. Micipbtbh Brus ................................................................................... >

?.?.3. Micirbdbh ........................................................................................... >

?.?.>. Pbsbhg Surut ....................................................................................... >

?.?.9. Gifjeobhg .......................................................................................... 9

?.3. Pbrbeitir Maeab .........................................................................................

o. Sbfahatbs ................................................................................................ 29

c. NJ ........................................................................................................ 27

>. DBSAF NBH PIHGBEB^BH ............................................................................ 24

>.2. Nbtb Dbsaf Pihgbebtbh ............................................................................ 24

b. Sudu ..................................................................................................... 24

o. Micipbtbh Brus .................................................................................... 24

c. Micirbdbh............................................................................................. 21

n. Pbsbhg Surut ........................................................................................ 21

i. Gifjeobhg ........................................................................................... ?0

l. pD ......................................................................................................... ?2

g. NJ ........................................................................................................ ?2


7/57

v

>.?. Bhbfasb Prjsinur ...................................................................................... ??

>.?.2. Pbrbeitir Lasamb ............................................................................... ??

b. Sudu ..................................................................................................... ??

o. Micipbtbh Brus .................................................................................... ??c. Micirbdbh............................................................................................. ?3

n. Pbsbhg Surut ........................................................................................ ?3

i. Gifjeobhg ........................................................................................... ?>

>.?.?. Pbrbeitir Maeab ................................................................................ ?>

b. pD ......................................................................................................... ?>

o. Sbfahatbs ................................................................................................ ?9

c. NJ ........................................................................................................ ?.3. Bhbfasb Dbsaf ............................................................................................. ?7>.3.2. Pbrbeitir Lasamb ............................................................................... ?7

b. Sudu ..................................................................................................... ?7

o. Micipbtbh Brus .................................................................................... ?7

c. Micirbdbh............................................................................................. ?4

n. Pbsbhg Surut ........................................................................................ ?4

i. Gifjeobhg ........................................................................................... ?4

>.3.?. Pbrbeitir Maeab ................................................................................ 30

b. PD ......................................................................................................... 30

o. Sbfahatbs ................................................................................................ 30

c. NJ ........................................................................................................ 30

>.>. Ebhlbbt na Oanbhg Pirambhbh ................................................................ 32

>.>.2. Pbrbeitir Lasamb ............................................................................... 32

b. Sudu ..................................................................................................... 32

o. Micipbtbh Brus .................................................................................... 32

c. Micirbdbh............................................................................................. 3?

n. Pbsbhg Surut ........................................................................................ 3?

i. Gifjeobhg ........................................................................................... 33

>.>.?. Pbrbeitir Maeab ................................................................................ 33

b. pD ......................................................................................................... 33

o. Sbfahatbs ................................................................................................ 3>

c. NJ ........................................................................................................ 3>


8/57

va

9. PIHY^YP ....................................................................................................... 3 xva

Gbeobr 2


10/57

vaaa

NBL^B_ ^BOIF

^boif 2. Nbtb Dbsaf Pihgbebtbh Sudu ................................................................... 24

^boif ?. Nbtb Dbsaf Pihgbebtbh Micipbtbh Brus .................................................. 24^boif 3. ^boif Pihgbebtbh Micirbdbh .................................................................. 21

^boif >. Nbtb Dbsaf Pihgbebtbh Pbsbhg Surut ...................................................... 21

^boif 9. Nbtb Dbsaf ^ahgga Gifjeobhg ................................................................... ?0

^boif


11/57

2

MIFJEPJM ?4

2. PIHNBDYFYBH

2.2. Fbtbr Oifbmbhg

Jsibhjgrbla bnbfbd obgabh nbra afeu mioueabh btbu ibrtd scaihcis ybhgeiepifbkbra fbut,sbeunrb oisirtb asa nbh bpb ybhg oirbnb na nbfbehyb dahggb mi

mirbm sbeunirbhyb. Sicbrb ueue, jsibhjgrbla nbpbt namifjepjmmbh mi nbfbe >

(iepbt) oanbhg afeu utbeb ybatu; gijfjga jsibhjgrbla ybhg eiepifbkbra fbhtba

sbeunirb btbu fatjslir na obwbd fbut= lasamb jsibhjgrbla ybhg eiepifbkbra ebsbfbd-

ebsbfbd lasas fbut sipirta brus, gifjeobhg, pbsbhg surut nbh tiepirbtur bar fbut=

maeab jsibhjgrbla ybhg eiepifbkbra ebsbfbd-ebsbfbd maeabwa na fbut, nbh ybhg

tirbmdar oajfjga jsibhjgrbla ybhg eiepifbkbra ebsbfbd-ebsbfbd ybhg oirmbatbh

nihgbh lfjrb nbh lbuhb btbu oajtb na fbut.Jsibhjgrbla nbpbt nanilahasambh sicbrb sinirdbhb siobgba subtu afeu ybhg

eiepifbkbra fbutbh. Afeu aha siebtb-ebtb oumbhfbd eirupbmbh subtu afeu ybhg

eurha, titbpa eirupbmbh pirpbnubh nbra oirebcbe-ebcbe afeu nbsbr ybhg fbah.

Afeu-afeu fbah ybhg tirebsum na nbfbehyb abfbd afeu tbhbd (gijfjgy), afeu ouea

(gijgrbpdy), afeu lasamb (pdysacs), afeu maeab (cdieastry), afeu dbybta (oajfjgy) nbh

afeu amfae (eitirijfjgy) (Dutbobrbt nbh Ivbhs,2149).

Mbtb jsibhjgrbla bnbfbd mjeoahbsa nbra nub mbtb yuhbha; jcibhus

(sbeunirb) nbh grbpdjs (urbabh/nismrapsa) sidahggb jsibhjgrbla eiepuhyba brta

nismrapsa tihtbhg sbeunirb. îtbpa fahgmup jsibhjgrbla pbnb mihybtbbh fioad nbra

siminbr nismrapsa tihtbhg sbeunirb, mbrihb sbeunirb sihnara bmbh eifaobtmbh

oirobgba nasapfah afeu kamb ahgah nauhgmbpmbh. Nbfbe ejnuf aha obdbsbhhyb fioad

naljmusmbh pbnb jsibhjgrbla lasamb (Supbhgbt nbh Susbhhb, ?004 nbfbe Ebdbteb,

?022).

2.?. Ebmsun nbh ûkubh

Ebmsun nbra nabnbmbhhyb prbmtamue jsibhjgrbla aha bnbfbd bgbr prbmtambh

nbpbt eihgitbdua lbmtjr-lbmtjr mubfatbs bar sipirta micipbtbh brus, micirbdbh, sudu,

sbfahatbs, pD, gifjeobhg, pbsbhg surut nbh NJ.

ûkubh nbra nabnbmbhhyb prbmtamue jsibhjgrbla aha bnbfbd bgbr prbmtambh

ebepu eifbmumbh pihgumurbh pbrbeitir mubfatbs bar obam nbra pbrbeitir lasamb

ebupuh pbrbeitir maeab nbh nbpbt eihgbpfambsambhhyb na midanupbh eihnbtbhg.


12/57

?

MIFJEPJM ?4

2.3. Wbmtu nbh ^iepbt

Prbmtamue jsibhjgrbla aha nafbmsbhbmbh pbnb dbra Eahggu, tbhggbf 23

Jmtjoir ?023, pumuf 20.00-sifisba, oirtiepbt na Pifboudbh Ebybhgbh, Mboupbtih

Prjojfahggj, Kbwb ^aeur.


13/57

3

MIFJEPJM ?4

?. ^AHKBYBH PYS^BMB

?.2. Pirbarbh Fbut

Fbutbh eirupbmbh subtu tiepbt ebtb pihcbdbrabh obga jrbhg jrbhg bsabtihggbrb ybhg tifbd oirueur oirbobnbobn fbebhyb. ^anbm naebhbpuh kugb dbf aha

oihbroihbr nbpbt nafadbt na Ahnjhisab na ebhb Higbrb aha tirnara nbra fioad murbhg

23.000 pufbu ybhg tirsiobr. Sikbm nufu fbutbh tifbd eieoira ebhlbbt mipbnb

ebhusab uhtum naprguhbmbh siobgba subtu sbrbhb uhtum oirpirgabh, pirhabgbbh nbh

pirduouhgbh nbra subtu tiepbt mi tiepbt fbah. Bmdar bmdar aha namitbdua obdwb

fbutbh obhybm eihgbhnuhg sueoir sueoir bfbe ybhg oirfaepbd faepbd

kuefbdhyb nbh oirhafba oirkutbkutb njfbr (Dutbobrbt, ?004).

Fbut bnbfbd obgabh nbra ouea matb ybhg tirtutup jfid bar bsah. Mbtb fbut sunbdnamihbf sikbm nbdufu mbfb jfid obhgsb matb nbh obdmbh jfid obhgsb-obhgsb na

oioirbpb Higbrb na bsab tihggbrb sipirta lafapdahb, Ebfbysab, ^dbafbhn, sahgbpurb,

nbh euhgmah oioirbpb sumu obhgsb fbah na mbwbsbh aha. Fbut fipbs ybhg fubs ybhg

naobtbsa jfid oihub-oihub matb mihbf siobgba sbeunirb.Na pirbarbh Ahnjhisab,

dbepar sieub oihtum nbsbr fbut nbpbt natieumbh sipira pbpbrbh, firihg, cimuhgbh

nbh kifum oirupb obsah nbh pbfuhg (_jeaejdtbrtj,?001).

?.?. Pbrbeitir Lasamb

?.?.2. Sudu

Sudu na fbut bnbfbd sbfbd sbtu lbctjr ybhg bebt pihtahg obga

midanupbh jrgbhasei na fbutbh, mbrihb sudu eiepihgbruda obam bmtavatbs

eitbojfasei na fbutbh, mbrihb sudu eiepihgbruda obam bmavatbs

eitbojfasei ebupuh pirmieobhgoabmbh nbra jrgbhasei-jrgbhasei

tirsiout.Jfid mbrihb atu tanbmfbd eihgdirbhmbh kamb obhybm nakuepba

oirebcbe-ebcbe kihas diwbh ybhg tirnbpbt na oirobgba tiepbt na

nuhab.Siobgba cjhtjd, oahbtbhg mbrbhg na ebhb pihyiobrbhhybh sbhgbt na

obtbsa jfid pirbarbh ybhg dbhgbt ybhg tirnbpbt na nbirbd trjpac nbh

suotrjpam (Dutbobrbt, ?004).

Sudu na pirbarbh sbhgbt napihgbruda jfid eusae, fahtbhg (fbfatuni),

mitahggabh nbra pireumbbh fbut (bftatuni), wbmtu nbfbe sbtu dbra, sarmufbsa


14/57

>

MIFJEPJM ?4

unbrb, pihutupbh bwbh, bfarbh, sirtb minbfbebh nbra obnbh bar (Illihna,

?003).

?.?.?. Micipbtbh BrusBrus fbut bnbfbd girbmbh ebssb bar nbra subtu tiepbt (pjsasa) mi

tiepbt ybhg fbah. Brus fbut tirkbna naebhb sbkb na fbut. Pbnb dbmimbthyb,

ihirga ybhg eihggirbmmbh ebssb bar fbut tirsiout oirbsbf nbra ebtbdbra

(Bzaz, ?000 eitir (Dutbobrbt, ?004).

?.?.>. Pbsbhg Surut

Pbsbhg surut eirupbmbh sbfbd sbtu gikbfb fbut ybhg oisbr

pihgbrudhyb tirdbnbp midanupbh oajtb fbut, mdusushyb nawafbybd pbhtba.

Prjsis tirkbnahyb sbbt bmbh eieihnim sicbrb pirfbdbh fbdbh (pbrbs bar


15/57

9

MIFJEPJM ?4

sinbhg hbam), nbh pbnb sbbt ybhg fbah bmbh eiebhkbhg mieobfa. âhgga

rihnbdhyb pbrbs fbut aha naumur nbra subtu pbrbs pbhutbh ybhg tifbd

natihtumbh sihnara, ybhg nahbebmbh nbtue. Nbtue aha oabsbhyb natihtumbh

pbnb tahgmbt bar rihnbd pbnb pbsut oufbh pihud btbu purhbeb oabsb. Kbnambfbu bar rihnbd ybhg tirkbna pbnb pbsut purhbeb fubr oabsb ebmb pbrbs fbut

bmbh tirfitbm na obwbd nbtue (_jeaejdtbrtj, ?001).

Pbsbhg tirutbeb nasiobombh jfid bnbhyb gbyb tbram eihbram bhtbrb

nub tihbgb ybhg tirkbna na fbutbh, ybhg oirbsbf nbra gbyb sihtralugbf ybhg

nasiobombh jfid pirputbrbh ouea pbnb sueouhyb nbh gbyb grbvatbsa ybhg

oirsbf nbra oufbh. Gbyb sihtralugbf bnbfbd subtu tihbgb ybhg nanisbm mibrbd

fubr nbra pusbt ouea ybhg oisbrhyb fioad murbhg sbeb nihgbh tihbgb ybhg

ybhg natbram mi pireumbbh ouea. ânbm sbeb dbfhyb nihgbh gbyb tbramgrbvatbsa oufbh naebhb gbyb aha tirkbna tanbm eirbtb pbnb obgabhobgabh na

pireumbbh ouea. Gbyb aha ioad mubt tirkbna pbnb nbirbd nbirbd ybhg

fitbmhyb fioad nimbt nihgbh oufbh, sidahggb gbyb ybhg tiroisbr tirnbpbt

pbnbobgabh ouea tirnimbt nihgbh oufbh nbh gbyb ybhg pbfahg fiebd

tirnbpbt pbnb obgabh ybhg fitbmhyb tirkbud nbra oufbh (Dutbobrbt, ?004).

?.?.9. Gifjeobhg

Gifjeobhg sifbfu eihaeoufmbh sioubd byuhbh bar ybhg oirgirbm

tbhpb dihta dihtahyb pbnb fbpasbh pireumbbh fbut nbh kbrbhg nbfbe

mibnbbh seb simbfa nabe. Dieousbh bhgah sipja sipja nbfbe mibnbbh

sbeb simbfa nabe. Dieousbh bhgah sipja sipja pbnb cubcb ybhg tihbhg

simbfapuh sunbd cumup uhtum nbpbt eihaeoufmbh rabm gifjeobhg.

Siobfamhyb nbfbe mibnbbh naebhb tirkbna obnba ybhg oisbr nbpbt

eihaeoufmbh subtu gifjeobhg oisbr ybhg nbpbt eihgbmaobtmbh subtu

mirusbmbh diobt pbnb mbpbf btbu nbirbdnbirbd pbhtba (Dutbobrbt, ?004).

Gifjeobhg siobgabh nataeoufmbh jfid njrjhgbh bhgah na btbs

pireumbbh fbut nbh siobgabh fbga jfid timbhbh tbhgihsabf pbnb pbrtamif bar.

Bhgah ybhg oirtaup na pireumbbh fbut eufb eufb eihaeoufmbh rabm

gifjeobhg (rappfis). Kamb mieunabh bhgah oirdihta oirtaup ebmb rabm

gifjeobhg bmbh dafbhg nbh pireumbbh fbut eirbtb mieobfa. îtbpa kamb


16/57

; Yhtum eihgambt J?

?ef HbJD+MA ; Yhtum eieoihtum ihnbpbh cjmfbt nbh A?

?ef D?SJ> ; Yhtum pihgmjhnasabh bsbe nbh

eifbrutmbh ihnbpbh cjmfbt.

Beyfue ; Siobgba ahnambtjr wbrhb uhgu nbh

subsbhb obsb.

Hb?S?J30,0?9H ; Siobgba Fbrutbh tatrbh.


22/57

2?

MIFJEPJM ?4

3.3. Smieb Mirkb

3.3.2. Pbrbeitir Lasamb

b. Sudu

naebsummbh ^direjeitir Dg mi nbfbe pirbarbh.

natuhggu ?-3 eihat.

nabhgmbt nbh naobcb smbfb tirejeitir sioifue tirpihgbrud sudu

fubr.

o. Micipbtbh Brus

naasa sbfbd sbtu ojtjf nihgbh bar siobgba pieoirbt nbh oabrmbh

sbtu ojtjfhyb mjsjhg siobgba pifbepuhg.

nafiepbrmbh mi nbfbe pirbarbh.

nadatuhg eihgguhbmbh stjpwbtcd oirbpb nitam (t) sbbt tbfa pbnb

curriht eitir mjhvihsajhbf eirigbhg nbh tihtumbh brbd curriht

eitir oirgirbm eihgguhbmbh mjepbs.

nacbtbt nbh nadatuhg micipbtbh brus nihgbh eihgguhbmbh rueus

^direjeitir Dg

Dbsaf

Currihteitir mjhvihsajhbf

Dbsaf


23/57

23

MIFJEPJM ?4

c. Micirbdbh

naebsummbh siccda nasm mi nbfbe pirbarbh sicbrb pirfbdbh dahggb

obtbs pirtbeb mbfa tanbm tbepbm, tbhnba nihgbh mbrit, na cbtbt

siobgba N

naturuhmbh mieobfa dahggb oihbr oihbr tanbm tbepbm.

natbram pifbh pifbh dahggb pirtbeb mbfa tbepbm, ambt nihgbh mbrit,

nacbtbt siobgba N

nacbtbt nbh nadatuhg hafba micirbdbh eihgguhbmbh rueus

n. Pbsbhg Surut

napbsbhg pbnb nbirbd pbsbhg surut ybhg ebsad tirihnbe bar

pbnb sbbt surut rihnbd.

nacbtbt tahgga pireumbbh bar pbnb tani stbll siobgba tahgga eufb

eufb t (ce).

nacbtbt tahgga pireumbbh bar sitifbd 9 kbe siobgba t(ce).

nadatuhg micipbtbh pbsbhg surut nihgbh eihgguhbmbh rueus;

\ 5

Siccda Nasm

Dbsaf

^ani Stbll

Dbsaf


24/57

2>

MIFJEPJM ?4

i. Gifjeobhg

natbhcbpmbh tjhgmbt smbfb nbfbe bar.

naumur tahgga gifjeobhg nihgbh cbrb na fadbt fbhgsuhg jfid

prbmtambh.

nadatuhg sifasad bhtbrb oumat nbh fieobd gifjeobhg siobgba

tahgga gifjeobhg

naufbhga pihgumurbh siobhybm 3 mbfa.

nafbmumbh pihgumurbh mieobfa, cbtbt wbmtu bhtbrb puhcbm

gifjeobhg A nbh puhcbm gifjeobhg AA eihgguhbmbh stjpwbtcd

siobgba pirajni gifjeobhg.

naufbhga pihgumurbh siobhybm 3 mbfa.

3.3.?. Pbrbeitir Maeab

b. PD

- Eihgguhbmbh pD pbpir

nacifupmbh mi nbfbe bar

nanabembh sifbeb ? eihat

nabhgmbt nbra sbepif bar fbut

namaobs-maobs mbh sbepba sitihgbd mirahg

nacjcjmmbh wbrhb pD pbpir pbnb mjtbm stbhnbrt

nacbtbt hafba pD hyb

^jhgmbt Smbfb

Dbsaf

pD Pbpir

Dbsaf


25/57

29

MIFJEPJM ?4

- Eihgguhbmbh pD eitir

nacifupmbh mi nbfbe oibmir gfbss oirasambh bar fbut

nahybfbmbh nbh nabebta hafba pD pbnb FCN pD eitir sifbeb 30

nitam

nafadbt hafba tirbmdar pbnb pD eitir ybhg bhgmbhyb sunbd tanbm

oiruobd nbh nacbtbt

nambfaorbsa eihgguhbmbh bqubnis bgbr tanbm rusbm

o. Sbfahatbs

- _ilrbctjeitir

naoumb tutup rilrbmtjeitir

nambfaorbsa nihgbh bqubnis

namirahgmbh nihgbh tassui sicbrb sibrbd

natitisa bar sbepif murbhg fioad ?-3 titis

natutup rilrbctjeitirhyb

nabrbdmbh rilrbctjeitir mi cbdbyb

nafadbt smbfb pbnb rilrbctjeitir

nacbtbt hafba sbfahatbshyb

pD Eitir

Dbsaf

_ilrbctjeitir

Dbsaf


26/57

2 titis beyfue

natatrbsa nihgbh H0,00?9H sbepba tirkbna piruobdbh tanbm

oirwbrhb (oihahg) pirtbeb mbfa

nacbtbt eF tatrbh ybhg tirpbmba

nadatuhg rueus Jmsagih tirfbrut (NJ)

NJ 5

Ojtjf NJ

Dbsaf


28/57

24

MIFJEPJM ?4

>. DBSAF NBH PIHGBEB^BH

>.2. Nbtb Dbsaf Pihgbebtbh

b. Sudu

Pihgumurbh KbeSudu Bar Fbut

(C)

_btb-_btb

Sudu (C)

Pihgumurbh

22?.29 ?1C

?1,


29/57

21

MIFJEPJM ?4

c. Micirbdbh

Pihgumurb

h

Kbe

Minbfbebh

Siccda Nasm

(Eufba ^anbm^bepbm)

Minbfbebh

Siccda Nasm

(Eufba^bepbm)

Hafba

Micirbdb

h (ce)

_btb-_btb

Micirbdb

h (ce)

Pihgumurbh

22?.23 34? ce 2 ce

?72,3 cePihgumurbh

?2?.30 3


30/57

?0

MIFJEPJM ?4

i. Gifjeobhg

- âhgga Gifjeobhg

Pihgumurbh KbePuhcbm

(ce)

Fieobd

(ce)

Sifasad

(ce)

_btb-_btb

âhgga

Gifjeobhg

(ce)

Pihgumurbh

229.20 19 ce 41 ce < ce

9,< cePihgumurbh

?29.20 1< ce 10 ce < ce

Pihgumurbh

329.20 17 ce 1? ce 9 ce

^boif 9. Nbtb Dbsaf âhgga Gifjeobhg

Pihgumurbh;

Pihgumurbh 2 ;

Pihgumurbh? ;

Pihgumurbh3 ;

*_btb-rbtb tahgga gifjeobhg ;


31/57

?2

MIFJEPJM ?4

- Pirajni Gifjeobhg

Pihgumurbh KbePirajni

Gifjeobhg (ce)

_btb-_btb Pirajni

Gifjeobhg (ce)

Pihgumurbh

229.20 3,47 ce

>,>0 cePihgumurbh

?29.20 >,1< ce

Pihgumurbh

329.20 >,34 ce

^boif


32/57

??

MIFJEPJM ?4

>.?. Bhbfasb Prjsinur

>.?.2. Pbrbeitir Lasamb

b. SuduNbfbe pihgumurbh sudu naguhbmbh tdirejeitir Dg siobgba bfbt

pihgumur sudu, tirutbeb na pirbarbh nbh obdbhhyb bnbfbd bar fbut siobgba

obdbh ybhg bmbh na umur suduhyb. Pihgumurbh nafbmumbh nihgbh cbrb

tdirejeitir nacifupmbh mi nbfbe pirbarbh sifbeb ? eihat. Ysbdbmbh

eieoifbmbhga cbdbyb ebtbdbra mbrihb bmbh eiepihgbruda tdirejeitir

nbh tdirejeitir tanbm ojfid oirsihtudbh nihgbh tbhgbh pihgumur mbrihb

bmbh eiepihgbruda pihgumurbh nbra tdirejeitir ybhg nambrihbmbh

pihgbrud nbra pbhbs tuoud, ebmb nbra atu guhbmbh tbfa. Fbfu nabhgmbttdirejeitir nbh cbtbt hafba sudu pbnb smbfb.

o. Micipbtbh Brus

Nbfbe pihgumurbh micipbtbh brus nasabpmbh bfbt curriht eitir

mjhvihsajhbf ybatu bfbt uhtum eihgumur brus fbut, stjpwbtcd ybatu uhtum

eihgdatuhg pirpahnbdbh curriht eitir, nbh mjepbs uhtum eihihtumbh brbd

brus. Pirtbeb-tbeb curriht eitir tirnara nbra nub ojtjf, sbtu ojtjf oimbs bar

eahirbf na asa bar fjcbf nbh ybhg sbtuhyb na oabrmbh mjsjhg. Bar eahirbf naasanihgbh bar fjmbf nbh naduouhgmbh nihgbh ojtjf oimbs bar eahirbf ybhg

mjsjhg eihgguhbmbh tbfa rbllab sipbhkbhg 30ce. Mieunabh ambtmbh tbfa

sipbhkbhg 9 eitir pbnb eufut ojtjf mjsjhg siobgba pigbhgbh nbh ybhg

bmbh na umur. Ojtjf oimbs naasa bar oirtukubh uhtum pieoirbt, sinbhgmbh ybhg

mjsjhg siobgba pifbepuhg. Sifbhkuthyb ojtjf tirsiout nadbhyutmbh

eihgamuta brus nbh tihtumbh brbd brus eihgguhbmbh stjpwbtcd. Wbmtu ybhg

napirfumbh uhtum eihiepud kbrbm 9 eitir, nacbtbt nbh naumur eihgguhbmbh

stjpwbtcd nbh nadatuhg nihgbh rueus;


33/57

?3

MIFJEPJM ?4

c. Micirbdbh

Nbfbe pihgumurbh micirbdbh naguhbmbh bfbt oirhbeb siccda nasm. Bfbt

aha oirluhgsa uhtum eihgumur micirbdbh subtu pirbarbh. Siccda nasm tirnara

nbra parahgbh papad ybhg oirwbrhb oifbhg datbe putad nbh tirnbpbt pieoirbtna obgabh obwbd bgbr eunbd tihggifbe, nbh na obgabh btbshyb tirnbpbt tbfa

uhtum pigbhgbh. Parahgbh pbnb siccda nasm oiroihtum fahgmbrbh nbh tbm

oirsunut bgbr siccda nasm nbpbt siaeobhg siarahg na tirkbf brus pirbarbh

sidahggb pihgumurbh nbpbt ljcus. Pirtbeb-tbeb Siccda nasm naturuhmbh

minbfbe pirbarbh pirfbdbh-fbdbh sbepba obtbs tbepbm nbh tanbm tbepbm

(sisbbt sioifue tanbm tbepbm) nadatuhg siobgba N2 fbfu tbhnba eihgguhbmbh

mbrit gifbhg mieunabh umur eihgguhmbh tjhgmbt smbfb btbu eitirbh nbra

eufba parahgbh sbepba N2 nbh nacbtbt minbfbebhhyb. Siccda nasm naturuhmbhfbga dahggb tanbm tbepbm, mieunabh natbram pirfbdbh dahggb pirtbeb mbfa

tirfadbt, nadatuhg siobgba N? fbfu tbhnba eihgguhbmbh mbrit gifbhg

mieunabh umur eihgguhmbh tjhgmbt smbfb btbu eitirbh nbra eufba parahgbh

sbepba N? nbh nacbtbt minbfbebhhyb, mieunabh nadatuhg nihgbh rueus;

n. Pbsbhg Surut

Nbfbe pihgumurbh pbsbhg surut dbf ybhg nafbmumbh bnbfbd eihyabpmbh

bfbt ybatu tani stbll. ^ani stbll ybatu bfbt uhtum eihgumur pbsbhg surut pbnb

pirbarbh. ^ani stbll tirnara nbra tjhgmbt ybhg pbhkbhghyb ? eitir ybhg na

ukuhghyb oiroihtum ruhcahg nihgbh pbhkbhg 30ce. Pbnb tjhgmbt tirnbpbt

sifbhg oihahg ybhg pbnb ukuhg obwbdhyb tirnbpbt fuobhg micaf oirluhgsa

uhtum ebsumhyb bar fbut pbnb sifbhg nbh na sbepahghyb tirnbpbt eitirbh

nihgbh pbhkbhg ? eitir. Pbnb pihgumurbhhyb pirtbeb-tbeb tani stbll

napbsbhg pbnb tabhg nanbirbd pbsbhg surut tirihnbd. Mieunabh nacbtbt

mitahggabh pbnb smbfb tani stbll. Sitifbd sifbhg wbmtu 9 kbe nafadbt mieobfa

ybhg tirnbpbt pbnb tani stbll, mieunabh nacbtbt dbsafhyb. Sitifbd namitbdua

hafba smbfb bwbf nbh bmdar ebmb nadatuhg micipbtbh pbsbhg surut nihgbh

eihgguhbmbh rueus;


34/57

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MIFJEPJM ?4

i. Gifjeobhg

Nbfbe pihgumurbh tahgga gifjeobhg nbh pirajni gifjeobhg bnb

oioirbpb dbf ybhg dbrus nafbmumbh pirtbeb mbfa ybatu eihyabpmbh bfbt ybatu

tjhgmbt smbfb nbh stjpwbctd. ^jhgmbt smbfb eirupbmbh tjhgmbt ybhg pbnb

tjhgmbthyb tirnbpbt eitirbh nihgbh pbhkbhg ? eitir. Eitirbh aha oirluhgsa

uhtum eihgumur tahgga nbh pirajni gifjeobhg. Sinbhgmbh stjpwbtcd

oirluhgsa uhtum eihcbtbt wbmtu tiepud puhcbm pirtbeb dahggb puhcbm

minub. Pbnb pihgumurbhhyb, pirtbeb mbfa ybhg naumur abfbd tahgga

gifjeobhg. ^jhgmbt oirsmbfb natbhcbpmbh/natigbmmbh jfid prbmtambh nbfbe

bar. Nbh tahgga gifjeobhg naumur btbu nafadbt sicbrb fbhgsuhg btbu vasubf jfid

prbmtambh fbahhyb, sifbhkuthyb pihgumurbh naufbhg siobhybm 3 mbfa.

Minub mbfahyb, ybhg naumur abfbd pirajni gifjeobhg. Prbmtambh fbahhhyb

eieigbhg stjpwbtcd nbh eihgumur fbebhyb wbmtu ybhg napirfumbh

bhbtbrb puhcbm gifjeobhg A nihgbh puhcbm gifjeobhg AA uhtum eifiwbta

tjhgmbt smbfb tirsiout. Nbh pihgumurbh nafbmumbh siobhybm 3 mbfa oirufbhg.

>.?.?. Pbrbeitir Maeab

b. pD

Nbfbe pihgumurbh pD, bnb oioirbpb bfbt ybhg dbrus nasabpmbh ybatu pD

pbpir ybatu mirtbs ybhg nbpbt eihihtumbh pD, mjtbm stbhnbrt ybatu mjtbm

siobgba pihihtu wbrhb pD oisirtb nirbkbt miebsbebhhyb, nbh pD eitir

ybatu bfbt ybhg na guhbmbh uhtum eihgumur pD dbhyb nihgbh eihcifupmbh

pbnb pirbarbh sbkb fbfu bmbh mifubr hafba miebsbebhhyb. Nbfbe pD pbpir

tirnbpbt wbrhb oaru nbh eirbd. Bpboafb na cifupmbh wbrhb eirbd oirgbhta

eihkbna oaru nbh ybhg wbrhb oaru titbp oirbrta pD pirbarbh obsb, kamb wbrhb

oaru eihkbna eirbd nbh eirbd titbp oirbrta pD pirbarbh bsbe. Sinbhgmbh

obdbhhyb bnbfbd pd pbpir nbh bar fbut. Na beoaf bar sbepif oirupb bar fbut.

Sitifbd atu pD pbpir naebsummbh minbfbe sbepif bar fbut sifbeb murbhg

fioad ?-3 eihat. Fbfu nabhgmbt nbh namaobs-maobsmbh dahggb sitihgbd mirahg,


35/57

?9

MIFJEPJM ?4

mieunabh nacjcjmmbh nihgbh mjtbm stbhnbrt, sitifbd cjcjm fbfu nacbtbt

dbsafhyb.

Cbrb pihihtubh pD ybhg minub eihgguhbmbh pD eitir ybatu nihgbh

cbrb eihcifupmbh pD eitir pbnb sbepfi bar fbut sifbeb 2-? eihat.Mieunabh bmbh mifubr bhgmb pbnb fbybr, bhgmb tirsiout eirupbmbh hafba pD

pbnb sbepfi bar fbut.

o. Sbfahatbs

Pbnb pihgumurbh sbfahatbs bnb oioirbpb bfbt ybhg dbrus nasabpmbh ybatu

rilrbmtjeitir bnbfbd bfbt ybhg naguhbmbh uhtum eihgumur sbfahatbs ybhg

oiroihtum papb ybhg pbnb ukuhghyb tirnbpbt eieorbhi tiepbt naebhb bar

sbepfi na titismbh, mieunabh na oifbmbhg tirnbpbt fuobhg uhtum eifadbtsmbfb pbnb rilrbmtjeitir. Sbfahjeitir bnbfbd bfbt ybhg naguhbmbh nbfbe

pihgumurbh sbfahatbs, pbnb sbfahjeitir tirnbpbt tagb tjeojf, FCN, nbh

parahgbh micaf oirwbrhb cdrjei naebhb tiepbt bar sbepfi na titismbh. Papit

titis uhtum eihgbeoaf bar sbepfi mi rilrbmtjeitir nbh sbfahjeitir, nbh

wdbssahg ojttfi ybatu uhtum wbnbd bqubnis. Sinbhgmbh obdbhhyb bnbfbd bar

fbut, bqubnis, nbh tassui uhtum eihgirahgmbh eieorbhi ybhg tifbd na

mbfaorbsa jfid bqubnis. Pirtbeb-tbeb oirsadmbh fihsb pbnb rilrbmtjeitir

nihgbh eihgguhbmbh bqubnis nbh sisunbdhyb namirahgmbh nihgbh tassui

sicbrb sibrbd. Sitifbd oirsad, beoaf cjhtjd bar fbut nihgbh papit titis nbh

titismbh wbtir sbepfi nabtbs eieorbh pbnb rilrbmtjeitir. Mieunabh tutup

fihsbhyb nihgbh miearahgbh >9 nirbkbt nbh nabrbdmbh mi atiepbt ybhg

tirnbpbt cbdbyb. Fbfu cbtbt dbsaf nbra pihgbebtbh.

Cbrb pihihtubh hafba sbfahatbs ybhg minub ybatu eihgguhbmbh

sbfahjeitir. Pirtbeb-tbeb mbfaorbsa sbfahjeitir nihgbh bqubnis ybhg na

titismbh pbnb parahgbh cdrjei nbh na oirsadmbh nihgbh tassui sicbrb

pirfbdbh. ^imbh tjeojf zirj uhtum eihgbtur ufbhg bhgmb pbnb fbybr

eihkbna bhgmb hjf. Sitifbd atu titismbh bar sbepfi ?-3 titis pbnb parahgbh

cdrjei. Mieunabh timbh tjeojf stbrt ebmb bmbh mifubr hafba sbfahatbshyb.


36/57

?uhtum eihgambt

jmsagih, ? ef fbrutbhHbJD+MA uhtum eifipbs A?nbh eieoihtum eihnbpbh

cjmfbt. 3-> titis fbrutbh beyfue uhtum pihgmjhnasabh obsb nbh eieoubt

ahnacbtjr wbrhb uhgu, Hb?S?J30,0?9 H siobgba fbrutbh tatrbh ybhg eihgambt

A? nbh ? ef fbrutbh D?SJ> uhtuhg pihgmjhnasabh bsbe nbh eifbrutmbhihnbpbh cjmfbt.Sitifbd atu naguhbmbh pihgumur ojtjf NJ nbh nacbtbt vjfuei

ybhg bmbh naguhbmbh. Ebsummbh tbouhg NJ minbfbe bar ybhg bmbh naumur

jmsagihhyb nihgbh eihgguhbmbh wbtir sbepfi. Sitifbd atu naebsummbh mi

nbfbe pirbarbh tuhggu nbh nihgbr sicbrb simsbeb pbnb sifbhg. Kamb sunbd

ouhya ofip ybhg nataeoufmbh jfid timbhbh bhtbrb unbrb ybhg bnb nanbfbe

ojtjf NJ nihgbh bar fbut, oirbrta ojtjf NJ sunbd pihud. Bhgmbt ojtjf NJ

simitamb atu kugb nbh tutup sbbt ebsad oirbnb nanbfbe tbouhg NJ. Mieunabh

tbeobdmbh ebsahg-ebsahg ? ef fbrutbh EhSJ>uhtum eihgambt jmsagih nbh

HbJD+MA uhtum eieoubt ihnbpbh wbrhb cjmfbt. Sitifbd atu djejgihmbh

sbepba tirkbna ihnbpbh, mieunabh oubhg cbarbh oihahg ybhg bnb nabtbs

ihnbpbh ybhg oirtukubh uhtum pihgmjhnasabh subsbhb bsbe. Mieunabh

titismbh 3-> titis fbrutbh beyfue nihgbh tukubh ahnambtjr wbrhb uhgu.

Sitifbd atu ihnbpbh tirsiout natitisa nihgbh fbrutbh D?SJ>ybhg oirluhgsa

eihgambt jmsagih nbh tatrbsa. Sifbeb tatrbsa ojtjf NJ nagjybhg-gjybhgmbh

bgbr fbrutbh djejgih. aha nafbmumbh oirtukubh bgbr fbrutbh oihahg uhtum

pirtbeb mbfa. Sitifbd oihahg nanbpbt dbsaf tatrbsa nbh nacbtbt oirbpb Hb?SJ3

ybhg naguhbmbh uhtum tatrbsa. Mieunabh datuhg nihgbh eihgguhbmbh rueus;


37/57

?7

MIFJEPJM ?4

>.3. Bhbfasb Dbsaf

>.3.2. Pbrbeitir Lasamb

b. SuduNbra dbsaf prbmtamue tihtbhg pihgumurbh sudu bar fbut nanbpbtmbh

dbsaf pihgumurbh siobgba oiramut, sudu bar fbut pbnb pumuf 2?.29 WAO bnbfbd

?10C nbh pbnb pumuf 2?.?9 WAO bnbfbd 300C.

Sicbrb misifurudbh, siobgabh oisbr bar sbeunrb atu nahgah. Murbhg

nbra 20% vjfuei bar fbut na eumb ouea suduhyb fioad nbra 200C nbh fioad

nbra 79% suduhyb naobwbd >0C. Bfbsbh utbeb nbra pirobhnahgbh aha bnbfbd

mbrihb sahbr ebtbdbra dbhyb ebepu eihieous fbut sbepba oioirbpb rbtus

eitir sbkb. Sinbhgmbh pihgbrud pihyahbrbh ebtbdbra eusaebh dbhybeihcbpba marbmarb 200 e. bmaobthyb na sbeunrb tirnbpbt fbpasbh btbs ybhg

rifbtavi dbhgbt naduouhgmbh nihgbh fbpasbh trbhsasa eihnbnbm mi bar nahgah

ybhg eirupbmbh mjfje bar sbeunrb sasbhyb.Nbirbd (fbpasbh) nihgbh

pihuruhbh sudu cipbt mi obwbd aha nasiout tirejmfah (_jeaejdtbrtj,?001).

Eihurut Hjhtka (?007), sudu bar pireumbbh na pirbarbh Husbhtbrb matb

ueuehyb oirmasbr bhtbrb ?4-320C.

o. Micipbtbh Brus

Nbra nbtb dbsaf pirdatuhgbh micipbtbh brus nanbpbtmbh hafba ybatu

0,291 e/nitam, nihgbh brbd brus nbra taeur fbut eihuku obrbt nbyb.

Eihurut Dutbobrbt (?004), girbmbh bar na pireumbbh bar fbut tirutbeb

nasiobombh jfid bnbhyb bhgah ybhg oirtaup na btbshyb. Kugb pbfahg

tanbm bnb tagb lbmtjr fbah sifbah bhgah ybatu oihtum tjpjgrbla nbsbr fbutbh

nbh pufbu-pufbu ybhg bnb na simatbrhyb, gbyb cjrajfas, nbh piroinbbh

timbhbh bar.

Girbmbh ybhg tirkbna eirupbmbh dbsaf risuftbh nbra oirobgba ebcbe

gbyb ybhg oimirkb pbnb pireumbbh, mjfje, nbh nbsbr pirbarbh. Dbsaf nbra

girbmbh ebssb bar bnbfbd victjr ybhg eiepuhyba oisbrbh micipbtbh nbh

brbd. Bnb nub kihas gbyb ybhg oimirkb ybatu imstirhbf nbh ahtirhbf Gbyb

imstirhbf bhtbrb fbah bnbfbd grbnaih nihsatbs barfbut, grbnaiht timbhbh

eihnbtbr nbh gisimbh fbpasbh bar (Grjss,2110).
http://www.ilmukelautan.com/http://www.ilmukelautan.com/


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?4

MIFJEPJM ?4

c. Micirbdbh

Oirnbsbrmbh pihgumurbh micirbdbh pbnb pumuf 2?.23 WAO nanbpbt

dbsaf ?7> ce, pbnb pumuf 2?.30 WAO nanbpbtmbh dbsaf rbtb-rbtb bnbfbd

?43.9 ce.^ahgmbt micirbdbh eihybtbmbh tahgmbt cbdbyb ybhg natirusmbh mi

nbfbe mjfje bar nbh nahybtbmbh nbfbe pirsihtbsi (%), nbra oioirbpb

pbhkbhg gifjeobhg ybhg bnb ybhg kbtud bgbm pbnb pireumbbh bar

(\incb, ?001).

Micirbdbh bar sbhgbt pihtahg obga pirtueoudbh rueput fbut.

Micirbdbh bar kugb bmbh eiepihgbruda ebsumhyb ahtihsatbs cbdbyb ybhg

naguhbmbh uhtum prjsis ljtjsahtisas mbfbu bar ybhg mirud eihgbhnuhg

obhybm pbrtamif-pbrtamif btbu ihnbpbh nbh nbpbt eihutupa pireumbbh tuoudsidahggb eihgurbhga micipbtbh tueoud (Ebdbteb nbh Suwbrha, ?022).

n. Pbsbhg Surut

Nbra nbtb pirdatuhgbh nanbpbt hafba pbsbhg surut bnbfbd ce/kbe.

Pihgumurbh aha nanbpbtmbh pbnb tani stbl smbfb bwbf ybatu 9> ce nbh smbfb

bmdar


39/57

?1

MIFJEPJM ?4

Pbnb prbmtamue dbsaf pihgbebtbh ybhg nafbmumbh siobhybm 3

mbfa ybatu puhcbm A 5 19 ce, puhcbm AA 5 1< ce, puhcbm AAA 5 17ce

sinbhgmbh fieobd A 5 41 ce, fieobd AA 5 10 ce, fieobd AAA 5 1? ce.

Nanbpbtmbh sifasad A 5 < ce, sifasadAA5< ce, sifasad AAA 5 9 ce. tahggagifjeobhg rbtb-rbtb bnbfbd 9.,1< ce= nbh pirajni AAA5 >,34

ce. sinbhgmbh fieobd A 5 41 ce, fieobd AA 5 10 ce, fieobd AAA 5

1? ce. Nanbpbtmbh pirajni gifjeobhg rbtb-rbtb bnbfbd >,>0 ce.

Eihurut Nkuhbrskbd, (?009). Mfbsalambsa Gifjeobhg Fbut (oirnbsbrmbh

Pirajni) bnbfbd ;

PirajniKihas

Gifjeobhg6 0,2 nitam

0,2 nitam - 2 nitam

2 nitam - 30 nitam

30 nitam - 9 eihat

9 eihat - 2? kbe

2? kbe - ?> kbe

Mbpafir

Yftrb Grbvatbsa

Grbvatbsa

Ahlrb Grbvatbsa

Pirajni Pbhkbhg

Pbsut Fbut

^boif 20. Mfbsalambsa Gifjeobhg Fbut


40/57

30

MIFJEPJM ?4

>.3.?. Pbrbeitir Maeab

b. PD

Oirnbsbrmbh dbsaf prbmtamue miebrah nanbpbtmbh nihgbh pD 4.Nbpbt

namitbdua obdwb pD nabtbs 7 oirbta eieafama salbt obsb. Dbf aha sisuba nihgbhpihnbpbt Gdulrbh (?004), ybhg eihybtbmbh obdwb bar fbut sinamat obsb,

oabsbhyb oirlbrabsa bhtbrb 7,9 sbepba 4,> mbrihb midbnarbh CJ? nbh salbt

obsb mubt nbra ajh H, M, Cb, nbfbe fbut.

Hafba pD kugb oirmbatbh irbt nihgbh mbrojhnajmsanb nbh bfmbfahatbs.

Siebmah tahgga hafba bfmbfahatbs subtu pirbarbh, nbpbt nadbrbpmbh obdwb

lfumtubsa pD na pirbarbh tanbmfbd oisbr. Pbnb pD 6 9, bfmbfahatbs oasb

eihcbpba hjf. Siebmah tahgga hafba pD, siebmah tahgga pufb bfmbfahatbs nbh

siebmah sinamat mbnbr mbrojhnajmsanb oiobs (Ebcmiritd it.bff., 2141 nbfbeIllihna, ?003).

o. Sbfahatbs

Oirnbsbrmbh pihgumurbh Sbfahatbs eihgdbsafmbh hafba 39.Hafba sbfatbs

tirsiout sunbd obam na pirbarbh fbut.

Sbfahatbs bnbfbd mjhsihtrbsa ajh ybhg tirnbpbt napirbarbh. Sbfahatbs

eihggbeobrmbh pbnbtbh tjtbf na bar sitifbd sieub mbrojhbt namjhvirsa

eihkbna jmsanb, sieub orjeanb nbh ajnanb nagbhtambh nihgbh mfjranb nbh

sieub obdbh jrgbham tifbd najmsanbsa. Sbfahatbs bar fbut oiobs eiepuhyba

masbrbh 30-3< ppt (Orjtjwankjyj it.bf., 2119).

c. NJ

Oirnbsbrmbh dbsaf pihgumurbh NJ nanbpbtmbh dbsaf 1,9 eg/f. Eihurut

Piscjn (2173), obdwb mbhnuhgbh mjhsihtrbsa jmsagih tirfbrut ybhg bebh

obga midanupbh bmubtam dbrus nabtbs tatam mratas (?egJ?/f) nbh tanbm tirnbpbt

obdbh fbah ybhg oirsalbt rbcuh. Mbhnuhgbh jmsagih tirfbrut aha sunbd cumup

eihnumuhg midanupbh jrgbhasei, kbna mjhnasa NJ pbnb sbbt prbmtamue

tirebsum nbfbe mbhnuhgbh jmsagih ybhg hjrebf nbh tanbm tirciebr mbrihb

NJ fioad nbra ?ppe.

Micipbtbh nalusa jmsagih nbra unbrb, tirgbhtuhg nbra oioirbpb lbmtjr,

sipirta mimirudbh bar, sudu, sbfahatbs, pirgirbmbh ebssb nbh unbrb, sipirta


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32

MIFJEPJM ?4

mimirudbh, sudu, sbfahatbs, pirgirbmbh ebssb bar nbh unbrb, sipirta brus,

gifjeobhg nbh pbsbhg surut (Sbfeah, ?009).

>.>. Ebhlbbt na Oanbhg Pirambhbh>.>.2. Pbrbeitir Lasamb

b. Sudu

Sudu nafbut bnbfbd sbfbd sbtu lbmtjr pihtahg obga midanupbh

jrgbhasei nafbut. Sudu eiepirhgbruda eitbojfasei nbh

pirmieobhgoabmmbh jrgbhasei btbu oajtb fbut. Easbfhyb mbrbhg naebhb

pihyiobrbhhyb sbhgbt naobtbsa jfid pirbarbh dbhgbt ybhg tirnbpbt na nbirbd

trjpam nbh suotrjpam (Dutbobrbt nbh Stiwbht, 2149).

Bmaobt piebhbsbh jfid sahbr ebtbdbra bar ybhg bnb na fbut, suhgba,nbhbu, rbwb nbh oihnb-oihnb fbahhyb eihgubp eieououhg mi bhgmbsb.

Sitifbd eihcbpba mitahggabh tirtihtu (mbrihb pihgbrud sudu) ubp bar

oiruobd eihkbna bwbh btbu tatam-tatam bar. Bwbh turuh mi pireumbbh ouea

oirupb dukbh. Siobgabh bar dukbh turuh na pireumbbh fbut nbh siobgabh

fbahhyb turuh na btbs nbrbtbh. Bar dukbh ybhg turuh na nbrbt siobgabh nasaepbh

eihkbna bar tbhbd nbh siobgabh fbga eihgbfar mieobfa mi fbut eifbfua suhgba

(Wbfpjnj, 2111).

Ebhlbbt sudu ybhg tirfbfu oisbr na oanbhg pirambhbh, ybatu bmbh

eihyiobombh ambh striss ybhg nbpbt eihgbmaobtmbh miebtabh pbnb ambh.

o. Micipbtbh Brus

Piruobdbh brbd nbh micipbtbh brus tirdbnbp minbfbebh

eihaeoufmbh subtu trbhspjr ebssb bar ybhg brbdhyb tigbm furus mi brbd

mbhbh brbd bhgah na oifbdbh ouea utbrb nbh mi brbd mara na oifbdbh ouea

sifbtbh. ^rbhspjr ebssb bar aha kugb nasiout siobgba trbhspjr Imebh.

Pihgitbdubh tihtbhg trbhspjr Imebh aha nbpbt naguhbmbh uhtum

eihkifbsmbh eimbhasei taeoufhyb lihjeihb fbut ybhg namihbf nihgbh

hbeb "upwiffahg nbh njwhwiffahg". Ypwiffahg bnbfbd hbamhyb bar nahgah

nbra fbpasbh nbfbe mi pireumbbh fbut sinbhgmbh njwhwiffahg eirupbmbh

turuhhyb bar pireumbbh fbut mi fbpasbh fioad nbfbe. Ypwiffahg eiepiroisbr

kuefbd pfbhmtjh na fbut, mbrihbhyb nbirbd upwiffahg eirupbmbh nbirbd

pirambhbh ybhg mbyb (Bzaz, ?00


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3?

MIFJEPJM ?4

Brus eiebahmbh pirbhbh pihtahg nbfbe eiejnalambsa cubcb nbh

amfae nuhab (Nuxoury it.bf, ?00? nbfbe Bzaz, ?00


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MIFJEPJM ?4

i. Gifjeobhg

Ebhlbbt gifjeobhg bnbfbd nbra girbmbh bar oirpihgbrud tirdbnbp

pihnimbtbh spjrb pbnb suostrbthyb.Mbrbmtirastam spjrb nbh bfgbi ybhg

tueoud pbnb nbirbd oirjeobm nbh oirbrus mubt.Yeuehyb cipbt tihggifbenbh eieafama miebepubh eihiepif nihgbh cipbt nbh mubt. Siobgba

cjhtjd; Iucdueb sirrb, I. Spahjssue, Gifanaue spp nbh Pfirjfbnab spp.

Sieihtbrb atu, bfgbi ybhg tueoud na nbirbd ybhg tihbhg eieafama

mbrbmtirastam spjrb ybhg eihgbhnuhg fbpasbh fihnar nbh eieafama umurbh

sirtb oihtum ybhg fioad oisbr. Girbmbh bar tisiout kugb sbhgbt oirpirbh

nbfbe eiepirtbdbhmbh sarmufbsa zbt dbrb ybhg oirguhb uhtum pirtueoudbh

(Ninny, ?001).

Gifjeobhg fbut pbnb ueuehyb taeouf jfid pihgbrud bhgah,wbfbupuh ebsad bnb lbmtjr-lbmtjr fbah ybhg nbpbt eihaeoufmbh gifjeobhg na

fbut sipirta bmtalatbs siaseam na nbsbr fbut (giepb), fitusbh guhuhg bpa,

girbmbh mbpbf, gbyb tbram oihnb bhgmbsb (oufbh nbh ebtbdbra) (Hahahg,

?00?).

Ebhlbbt gifjeobhg na oanbhg pirambhbh, ybatu uhtum misifbebtbh

pifbybrbh, uhtum nisbah pifboudbh ; pihihtubh tbtb fitbm pifboudbh nbh

pihihtubh bfur pifbybrbh, uhtum pirihcbhbbh obhguhbh pifahnuhg pbhtba.

>.>.?. Pbrbeitir Maeab

b. pD

Kamb pD siebmah tahgga, eihbhnbmbh prjsis ljtjsahtisas jrgbhasei

fbut kugb tahgga nbh eihgdbsafmbh J? ybhg obhybm oisirtb tirfbrut nihgbh

obam, bmaobthyb oajtb fbut nbpbt oirmieobhgoabm nihgbh obam (Illihna, ?003).

pD sbhgbtfbd pihtahg siobgba pbrbeitir mubfatbs bar mbrihb ab

eihgjhtrjf tapi nbh fbku micipbtbh ribmsa oioirbpb obdbh na nbfbe bar,

sifbah atu ambh nbh ebmdfum danup bmubtam fbahhyb danup pbnb sifbhg pD

tirtihtu, sidahggb nihgbh namitbduahyb hafba pD ebmb matb bmbh tbdu bpbmbd

bar tirsiout sisuba btbu tanbm uhtum eihuhkbhg midanupbh eirimb (J-LASD,

?020).


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MIFJEPJM ?4

Ebhlbbt pD na oanbhg pirambhbh, ybatu nbpbt eihgitbdua mubfatbs nbh

mubhtatbs bar, mbrihb pD oirpihgbrud pbnb midanupbh oajtb fbut ybhg bnb

napirbarbh tirsiout.

o. Sbfahatbs

Eihurut tjira, zbt-zbt gbrbe oirbsbf nbra nbfbe nbsbr fbut eifbfua

prjsis jutgissahg, ybmha rieoisbh nbra mufat ouea na nbsbr fbut ybhg

eieoitum gbs mi pireumbbh fbut. Oirsbeb gbs-gbs aha, tirfbrut pufb dbsaf

mamasbh mirbm ouea nbh oirsbeb gbrbe-gbrbe aha eirieois pufb bar, sieub

nbfbe pirobhnahgbh ybhg titbp sidahggb tiroihtum gbrbe na fbut. Mbnbr

gbrbe aha titbp tanbm oiruobd sipbhkbhg ebsb. Brtahyb matb tanbm eihkuepba

obdwb bar fbut ebmah fbeb ebmah bsah (_jeaeudtbrtj, ?001).Mibhimbrbgbebh sbfahatbs nbfbe bar fbut bmbh eiepihgbruda kbsbn-

kbsbn bqubtam eifbfua pihgihnbfabh oirbt kihas nbh mibhimbrbgbebh timbhbh

jsejtam. Pbnb unbhg putad pihgbrud jsejrigufbsa, sbfahatbs ybhg tahgga kugb

oasb eihyiobombh unbhg sufat oirgbhta mufat mbrihb mufat unbhg cihniruhg

mirbs (Nivah, ?022).

Ebhlbbt Sbfahtbs na pirambhbh, ybatu siobgba stuna bar ; b)

pihcbepurbh bar suhgba nbh bar fbut, o) pihcbepurbh bhtbrb bar fbut, c)

bfarbh ebssb bar, siobgba nbtb nbsbr eihgdatuhg oisbrbh fbahhyb, siobgba

stuna imjfjga fbut.

c. NJ

Jmsagih tirfbrut eirupbmbh pituhkum utbeb tbdbp pihcieirbh bar

suhgba.Mibnbbh oajfjgambf suhgba, pihgurbabh obdbh jrgbham nbfbe suhgba

nbh tbdbp puralambsa sicbrb sieufb kbna suhgba. Eirupbmbh lbmtjr pihtahg

siobgba pihgbtur eitbojfasei tuoud jrgbhasei uhtum tueoud oirmieobhg,.

Eirupbmbh ahnambtjr mubfatbs pirbarbh, mbrihb jmsagih tirfbrut oirpirbh

nbfbe prjsis jmsanbsa nbh rinumsa obdbh jrgbham nbh bhjrgbham

(Nivah, ?022).

Sueoir utbeb jmsagih tirfbrut nbfbe bar bnbfbd nalusa nbra unbrb nbh

dbsaf ljtjsahtisas jrgbhasei ybhg eiepuhyba cfjrjlaf ybhg danup na pirbarbh.

Micipbtbh nalusa nbra unbrb mi nbfbe bar oirfbhgsuhg sbhgbt fbeobt. Jfid


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MIFJEPJM ?4

siobo atu, latjpfbhmtjh eihkbna sueoir utbeb nbfbe pihyinabbh jmsagih

tirfbrut nbfbe pirbarbh (Ejraoir, 217> nbfbe Suswbhtj, 2141).

Ebhlbbt NJ na oanbhg pirambhbh, ybatu siobgba lbmtjr pihtahg ybhg

oirpirbh eihgbtur eitbojfasei tuoud jrgbhasei uhtum oirmieobhg.Mbrihb jmsagih tirfbrut oirpirbh nbfbe prjsis jmsanbsa nbh rinumsa obdbh

jrgbham nbh bhjrgbham.


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3 (iepbt) oanbhg afeu utbeb ybatu; gijfjga

jsibhjgrbla ybhg eiepifbkbra fbhtba sbeunirb btbu fatjslir na obwbd fbut=

lasamb jsibhjgrbla ybhg eiepifbkbra ebsbfbd-ebsbfbd lasas fbut sipirta brus,gifjeobhg, pbsbhg surut nbh tiepirbtur bar fbut= maeab jsibhjgrbla ybhg

eiepifbkbra ebsbfbd-ebsbfbd maeabwa na fbut, nbh ybhg tirbmdar oajfjga

jsibhjgrbla ybhg eiepifbkbra ebsbfbd-ebsbfbd ybhg oirmbatbh nihgbh lfjrb

nbh lbuhb btbu oajtb na fbut.

Pbrbeitir lasamb ybhg eiepihgbruda fbutbh ybatu sudu, micipbtbh brus,

micirbdbh, pbsbhg surut, nbh gifjeobhg.

Pbrbeitir maeab ybhg eiepihgbruda fbutbh ybatu pD, sbfahatbs, nbh NJ

(jmsagih tirfbrut). Sudu bnbfbd nirbkbt pbhbs nahgahhyb subtu zbt. Pbnb minbfbebh pirbarbh

fbut, bnb tagb fbpasbh sudu ybatu Ipafaehajh, Eitbfaehajh, nbh Dypjfaehajh.

Pbnb fbpasbh Ipafaehajh tirnbpbt fbpasbh ^direjcfah ybatu fbpasbh ybhg

pirgbhtabh suduhyb nrbstas.

Brus bnbfbd pirgirbmbh ebssb bar fbut sicbrb virtambf btbu djrazjhtbf sbepba

eihuku tatam misiaeobhgbh. Brus nbpbt na pihgbruda bhgahb, sbfahatbs, sudu,

rjtbsa ouea, salbt bar ybatu mibnbbh nbsbr nbh nastraous pbhtba. Brus eieafama

pihgbrud ybatu nastraousa nbh tahgmbd fbmu ambh, trbhspjrtbsa dbrb,pihyigbrbh, eihnbtbhgmbh obdbh ebmbhbh nbh pihcucabh tirueou mbrbhg,

nbh brbd pifbybrbh.

Micirbdbh bnbfbd miebepubh cbdbyb ebsum minbfbe pirbarbh. Micirbdbh

na pihgbruda jfid lbmtjr-lbmtjr ybatu bnbhyb obdbh tirfbrut btbu tirsuspihsa


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MIFJEPJM ?4

na pirbarbh, ahtihsatbs cbdbyb ebtbdbra, tahggahyb tahgmbt mimirudbh,

nihsatbs, latjpfbhmtjh, nbh minbfbebh. Pbnb sbbt pihifatabh, wbmtu

pihgumurbh kugb eiepihgbruda micirbdbh. Micirbdbh pirbarbh ybhg obam

ybatu 200-?00ce, oafb 6 200 ebmb mioirbnbbh latjpfbhmtjh pbnb pirbarbhcumup pimbt.

Pbsbhg surut bnbfbd hbam turuhhyb pireumbbh bar fbut mbrihb ahtirbmsa ouea,

oufbh nbh ebtbdbra. Pbsbhg surut bnb nub ebcbe ybatu pbsbhg surut

purhbeb (sprahg tani)nbh pirobha (hibp tani). Pbsbhg surut tirobga eihkbna

tagb tapi ybatu Naurhbf, Siea-Naurhbf, nbh Eax-Naurhbf.

Gifjeobhg bnbfbd hbam turuhhyb bar sicbrb virtambf tbhpb ebssb bar.

Gifjeobhg na pihgbruda jfid oioirbpb lbmtjr ybatu gifjeobhg bhgah ybhg na

obhgmatmbh jfid bhgah, gifjeobhg pbsbhg surut ybatu gifjeobhg ybhg naobhgmatmbh jfid gbyb tbram oihnb mjseam, gifjeobhg tsuhbea ybatu

gifjeobhg ybhg tirkbna bmaobt bnbhyb fitusbh guhuhg oirbpa btbu giepb

ouea, nbh ybhg tirbmdar bnbfbd gifjeobhg ybhg naobhgmatmbh jfid mbpbf

ybhg oirgirbm.

pD bnbfbd oisbrhyb mjhsihtrbsa ajh danrjgih na pirbarbh. pD sbhgbt

oirpihgbrud pbnb midanupbh jrgbhasei na pirbarbh. pD pbnb masbrbh 6 7

eieafama salbt bsbe nbh pD pbnb masbrbh 8 7 eieafama salbt obsb. pD pbnb

pirbarbh fbut oabsbhyb oirsalbt bgbm obsb ybatu 7.94.>. Sbfahatbs bnbfbd kuefbd oirbt sieub mbnbr gbrbe ybhg tirfbrut nbfbe bar.

Sbfahatbs oirobhnahg furus nihgbh nihsatbs, kamb sbfahatbs tahgga ebmb

mirbpbtbh subtu pirbarbh puh tahgga nbh oigatu pufb siobfamhyb.

Bar fbut tirbsb bsah na bmaobtmbh bnbhyb prjsis jut gissahg. Jut gissahg

bnbfbd lihjeihb pieoiobsbh ajh-ajh nbh eahirbf nbra nbsbr mirbm ouea.

NJ (Jmsagih tirfbrut) bnbfbd pbrbeitir mubfatbs bar. NJ eirupbmbh

pbrbeitir mubfatbs bar ybhg sbhgbt vatbf obga midanupbh jrgbhasei pirbarbh.

Sueoir utbeb jmsagih tirfbrut nbfbe bar bnbfbd nalusa nbra unbrb nbh dbsafljtjsahtisas jrgbhasei ybhg eieafama mfjrjlaf.


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MIFJEPJM ?4

Nbtb dbsaf pihgbebtbh;

Micipbtbh

Brus

(e/s)

Micirbd

bh (ce)

Sudu

(C)

Sbfaha

tbs

(ppt)

PdGifjeo

bhg

Pbsbhg

Surut

(ce/kbe)

NJ

(eg/F)

0,291 e/s ?72,3 ce ?1,


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NBL^B_ PYS^BMB

Bonufeuhtdbfao. ?001. Strbtalambsa Pirbarbh.

dttp;//www.bonufeutdbfao.cj.cc/?001/04/strbtalambsa-nbfbe-pirbarbh-tirgihbhg.dtef. nabmsis pbnb tbhggbf ?3 Kuha ?023. Pumuf 22.0> WAO.

Bzaz, E. Lurqjh. ?00; 1-?2

Dutbobrbt & Ivbhs.2149. Pihgbhtbr Jsibhjgrbla. Pihiroat Yhavirsatbs Ahnjhisab (YA

Priss) = Kbmbrtb.

Ojyn, C.I nbh L.Fahcdjppfir. 2171. Wbtir Rubfaty Ebhbgieih ah Pjhn Lasd

Cufturi. Ahtirhbtajhbf Cihtir ljr Bqubcufturi Ixpiraeiht Stbtajh. Buourh

Yhavirsaty. Buourh. Bfbobeb. Nbfbe Mitirsinabbh Jmsagih ^irfbrut Sifbeb

?> Kbe Sicbrb \irtambf Pbnb Fjmbsa Pirambhbh Mirbeob Kbrahg Bpuhg naWbnum Ar.D.Kubhnb, Purwbmbrtb. Smrapsa Prjgrbe Stuna Ebhbkieih

Sueoirnbyb Pirbarbh. Ahstatut Pirtbhabh Ojgjr. Ojgjr.

Orjtjwakjyj, E. N., Nk. ^raobwjhj., I. Eufoybhtjrj. 2119. Pihgbhtbr Fahgmuhgbh

Pirbarbh nbh Ounanbyb Bar. Qjgybmbrtb; Pihiroat Faoirty.

Ninny, ?001. Ebhlbbt Jcibhjgrbla. dttp;//www.Afeumifbutbh.cje/ Jsibhjgrbla/

Lasamb-Jsibhjgrbla/>0/fbpjrbh prbmtamuejcibh

jgrbla.dtef nabmsis pbnb tbhggbf ?4 Jmtjoir ?023 pumuf 2?.09WAO.

Nkuhbrskbd, Imb. ?009. Salbt-Salbt Lasam Bar Fbut. Gn-3??2 Danrjgrbla Aa. A^S

Grbhnubti.

Illihna, D. ?003. tifbbd mubfatbs bar (obga pihgifjfbbh sueoirnbyb nbh fahgmuhgbh

pirbarbh. Mbhasaus. Surbobyb.

Grjss,E.G.2110.Jcibhjgrbpdy ; B \aiw jl Ibrtd. Prihtaci Dbff, Ahc. Ihgfiwjjn

Cfall. Hiw Kirsiy. dttp;//afeumifbutbh.cje/puofambsa/jsibhjgrbla/lasamb-

jsibhjgrbla/>0


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Piscjn, E.O. 2173. Ahvistagbtajh jl _btajhbf Illfuiht bhn Stribe Stbhnbrn ljr

^rjpacbf Cjuhtrais. Ihvarjheihtbf Ihgahiirahg Navasajh, Bsabh Ahstatuti îc.

Obhgmjm. Nbfbe Mitirsinabbh Jmsagih îrfbrut Sifbeb ?> Kbe Sicbrb

\irtambf Pbnb Fjmbsa Pirambhbh Mirbeob Kbrahg Bpuhg na WbnumAr.D.Kubhnb, Purwbmbrtb. Smrapsa. Prjgrbe Stuna Ebhbkieih Sueoirnbyb

Pirbarbh. Ahstatut Pirtbhabh Ojgjr. Ojgjr.

_jeaejdtbrtj, Mbsakbh. ?001. Oajfjga Fbut. Pihiroat Nkbeobtbh = Kbmbrtb.

Sbfeah. ?009. Jmsagih îrfbrut (NJ) nbh Mioutudbh Jmsagih Oajfjga (OJN) Siobgba

Sbfbd Sbtu Ahnambtjr uhtum Eihihtumbh Mubfatbs Pirbarbh. Jsibhb, \jfuei

TTT, Hjejr 3, ?009 ; ?2?


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FBEPA_BH

Fbeparbh A

Nihbd Fjmbsa Prbmtamue JsibhjgrblaPifboudbh Pirambhbh Pbhtba, Ebybhgbh, Prjojfahggj

Fahtbhg ; Sifbtbh, 7,7?010

Oukur ; ^aeur, 223,?3090

Bmurbt ; 2> eitir/

Mitahggabh ; 33 eitir

Bmurbt tahgga ; 3> eitir

Gbeobr 2. Pitb fjmbsa pifboudbh Ebybhgbh, Prjojfahggj (Gjjgfi ibrtd, ?023)

Gbeobr ?. Pitb fjmbsa pifboudbh Ebybhgbh, Prjojfahggj (Gjjgfi ibrtd, ?023)


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Gbeobr 3. Pitb fjmbsa pifboudbh Ebybhgbh, Prjojfahggj (Gjjgfi ibrtd, ?023)


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xaaa

Fbeparbh AA

Bfbt-Bfbt Qbhg Naguhbmbh Pbnb Sbbt Prbmtamue

Pihgumurbh Gbeobr Bfbt

Sudu

^direjeitir Dg

Micipbtbh Brus

Curiht eitir Mjepbs

Stjpwbtcd

Micirbdbh

Siccda Nasm

Pbsbhg Surut

Nbh

Gifjeobhg ^ani Stbll

pD


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xav

pD Pbpir+Mjtbm Ahnambtjr pD eitir

Sbfahatbs

Sbfahjeitir _ilrbctjeitir

NJ

(Wbtir Sbepfir) (Ojtjf NJ)

^boif 2?. Bfbt-Bfbt Prbmtamue Fbpbhg Jsibhjgrbla


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Fbeparbh AAA

Njmueihtbsa Pihgbeoafbh Nbtb-Nbtb Prbmtamue ^abp Pirfbmubh

b. Sudu

o. Micipbtbh Brus

Gbeobr >. LjtjPihgumurbh Sudu

Eiebmba ^irejeitir Dg

Gbeobr 9. Ljtj CurihtEitir Nadbhyutmbh Gbeobr


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c. Micirbdbh

n. Pbsbhg Surut nbh Gifjeobhg

i. pD

Gbeobr 7. Ljtj SiccdaNasm Sbbt Naebsummbh mi

Pirbarbh

Gbeobr 1. Ljtj Pihgumurbh N2 Gbeobr 4. Ljtj SbbtSiccda Nasm na Nbfbe

Pirbarbh

Gbeobr 20. Ljtj Pihgumurbh PbsbhgSurut Nbh Gifjeobhg

Gbeobr 2?. Ljtj Pihgumurbh pDEihgguhbmbh pD Pbpir

Gbeobr 22. Ljtj Pihgumurbh pDEihgguhbmbh pD Eitir


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l. Sbfahatbs

g. NJ

Gbeobr 2>. Ljtj Pihgumurbh SbfahatbsEihgguhbmbh _ilrbctjeitir

Gbeobr 23. Ljtj Pihgumurbh SbfahatbsEihgguhbmbh Sbfahjeitir

Gbeobr 2

Contoh Laporan Oceanografi 2013 Kel.28

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