Bagian no 2

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Bagian no 2,,, Poverty Even in the wealthiest countries, the poor have higher rates of illness and death. The differences in death rates between social classes are not removed by having a national helath service with free access to medical care. In Britain, for example, after more than 40 years of the National Health service, there are still large differencess between rich and poor. Some of these differences are no doubt due to environmental factors. Tudor hart (1971) in Britain and Ford (1976) in the United States have shown that the poorest areas of the country also have the poorest health services. Even though economic barriers may have been removed, there are other less visible barriers between the poor and the health services: difficult with transport, long wait in clinics, lack of knowledge of services, communication problems, the sheer weight of problems a family has to bear, of which illness is only one. Many of these problems can be eased by family physicians who help poorer families to use the health and social services and mobilize extra support for them. Nevertheless, medical care has a limited role as a

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Transcript of Bagian no 2

Bagian no 2,,,

Poverty

Even in the wealthiest countries, the poor have higher rates of illness and death. The differences in death rates between social classes are not removed by having a national helath service with free access to medical care. In Britain, for example, after more than 40 years of the National Health service, there are still large differencess between rich and poor. Some of these differences are no doubt due to environmental factors. Tudor hart (1971) in Britain and Ford (1976) in the United States have shown that the poorest areas of the country also have the poorest health services. Even though economic barriers may have been removed, there are other less visible barriers between the poor and the health services: difficult with transport, long wait in clinics, lack of knowledge of services, communication problems, the sheer weight of problems a family has to bear, of which illness is only one. Many of these problems can be eased by family physicians who help poorer families to use the health and social services and mobilize extra support for them. Nevertheless, medical care has a limited role as a factor in social inequalities in health (marmot et al, 1995).

In poorer countries, poverty is a major reason for ill health trough malnutrition, overcrowding, contaminated water, and ignorance of hygine. Some of these problems may be so basic that the physicians most important task is to work with the community to raise standards of public health. In these conditions, however,a family approach to health is even more necessary. Teaching mothers about nutrition and about the management of infant diarrhea, for example, can improve child health and reduce infant mortality.

Kemiskinan

Bahkan di negara-negara terkaya, kaum miskin memiliki angka penyakit dan kematian yang tinggi. Perbedaan angka kematian antara kelas sosial tidak dihapus dengan memiliki layanan pematauan terhadap keadaan nasional dengan akses gratis ke perawatan medis. Di Inggris, misalnya, setelah lebih dari 40 tahun dari layanan Kesehatan Nasional, masih ada perbedaan besar antara kaya dan miskin. Beberapa perbedaan ini tidak diragukan lagi karena faktor lingkungan. Tudor Hart (1971) di Inggris dan Ford (1976) di Amerika Serikat telah menunjukkan bahwa daerah-daerah termiskin di negara ini juga memiliki pelayanan kesehatan miskin. Meskipun hambatan ekonomi mungkin telah dihapus, ada hambatan lain yang kurang terlihat antara miskin dan pelayanan kesehatan: sulit dengan transportasi, menunggu lama di klinik, kurangnya pengetahuan tentang layanan kesehatan, masalah komunikasi, beratnya masalah keluarga telah ke beruang, yang sakit hanya satu. Kebanyakan masalah ini bisa mereda oleh dokter keluarga yang membantu keluarga miskin untuk menggunakan layanan kesehatan dan sosial dan memobilisasi dukungan ekstra untuk mereka. Namun demikian, perawatan medis memiliki peran yang terbatas sebagai faktor dalam kesenjangan sosial dalam kesehatan (marmut et al, 1995).

Di negara-negara miskin, kemiskinan merupakan alasan utama untuk kesehatan melalui gizi buruk sakit, penuh sesak, air yang terkontaminasi, dan ketidaktahuan hygine. Beberapa masalah ini mungkin sangat mendasari bahwa tugas dokter terpenting adalah bekerja dengan masyarakat untuk meningkatkan standar kesehatan masyarakat. Dalam kondisi ini, bagaimanapun, pendekatan keluarga untuk kesehatan bahkan lebih diperlukan. Pengajaran ibu tentang gizi dan tentang manajemen diare pada bayi, misalnya, dapat meningkatkan kesehatan anak dan mengurangi kematian bayi.