Al Fluida (D1)

BAB III

119

BAB I

PENDAHULUAN

A. MAKSUD PERCOBAAN

1. Mempelajari karakteristik pompa, yaitu hubungan antara debit aliran (Q) dengan head pompa (H).

2. Mempelajari hubungan antara panjang ekuivalen (Le) dengan derajat pembukaan kran (oK).

3. Mempelajari hubungan antara coefficient of discharge (Co) dengan bilangan Reynold (Re).

4. Menera rotameter yaitu hubungan antara debit aliran (Q) dengan tinggi float (h).

B. LATAR BELAKANG

Proses transportasi dengan menggunakan aliran fluida merupakan suatu hal yang sangat penting, karena banyak digunakan dalam industri. Aliran fluida adalah salah satu cara untuk mengangkut fluida dari satu tempat ke tempat lain dengan cara mengalirkannya melalui pipa. Transportasi aliran fluida dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan pipa karena lebih mudah dan aman. Setiap pengangkutan dalam industri yang berupa cairan, larutan ataupun suspensi akan sering dijumpai dalam transportasi fluida, baik dengan pipa tertutup (closed duck) maupun saluran terbuka (open channel). Untuk pengangkutan zat padat dilakukan secara fluidized, artinya zat padat tersebut dimasukkan kedalam fluida sehingga menjadi campuran dua fase, dengan demikian zat padat dapat diangkut. Aliran fluida terjadi karena adanya perbedaan tekanan dan elevasi (pengaruh gravitasi).

C. TINJAUAN PUSTAKA

Dalam proses transportasi fluida, salah satu faktor yang berpengaruh adalah densitas atau berat jenis. Fluida dapat dipengaruhi oleh tekanan dan suhu, tetapi ada pula fluida yang tidak dipengaruhi oleh suhu dan tekanan.

1. Berdasarkan pengaruh suhu dan tekanan, fluida dibagi menjadi dua, yaitu :

a. Fluida Compressible, yaitu jenis fluida yang sangat dipengaruhi oleh suhu dan tekanan. Sering disebut fluida termampatkan. Contohnya uap dan gas.

b. Fluida Incompressible, yaitu jenis fluida yang densitasnya tidak dipengaruhi oleh suhu dan tekanan atau biasanya disebut fluida tak termampatkan. Contohnya air.

2. Jenis aliran fluida dapat dibagi menjadi dua, yaitu :

a. Aliran laminer, dalam jenis ini partikel-partikel fluida mengalir secara sejajar dengan sumbu tabung.

b. Aliran turbulen, dalam jenis ini partikel-partikel fluida dalam aliran turbulen tidak lagi mengalir teratur dan mempunyai komponen kecepatan tegak lurus dengan arah aliran.

3. Aliran zat cair dalam pipa dapat dibagi menjadi dua, yaitu :

a. Aliran Steady State, untuk aliran yang harga dari masing-masing kuantita yang ada dalam aliran tersebut tidak berubah dengan waktu.

b. Aliran Unsteady State, untuk aliran yang harga dari kuantitanya berubah menurut waktu.

Jika fluida mengalir melalui sebuah pipa tertutup, maka akan terjadi perbedaan bentuk aliran yang dapat ditentukan dengan bilangan Reynold (Re), yaitu :

Re =

Dimana :

( = massa jenis cairan .

U = kecepatan aliran .

D = diameter pipa (m).

( = viskositas .

Persamaan kontinuitas dapat dipergunakan untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan dalam aliran fluida.

Persamaan kontinuitas untuk aliran incompressible adalah :

Asumsi :

(1 = (2

maka :

Q = A1 . U1 = A2 . U2

. . . . . . . . . . (1)

Persamaan kontinuitas untuk aliran incompressible adalah :

m = ( . A1 . U1 = ( . A2 . U2

. . . . . . . . . . (2)

Hubungan energi pada fluida atau zat/material yang mengalir melintasi pipa dapat ditentukan dengan keseimbangan energi. Energi dibawa oleh fluida yang mengalir dan juga ditransfer dari fluida ke sekeliling atau sebaliknya.

Energi yang dibawa fluida mencakup :

1. Internal energy (E), yaitu energi yang disebabkan oleh gerakan molekul atom dan elektron. Termasuk seluruh energi yang mempunyai sifat-sifat khusus dari fluida, tanpa memperhatikan lokasi atau tempat relatifnya atau posisinya.

2. Energi yang dibawa fluida karena kondisi alirannya atau posisinya :

a. Energi Kinetik (Ek), adalah energi fluida karena gerakannya.

Ek =

b. Energi potensial (Ep), yaitu energi fluida karena tempat kedudukannya yang dipengaruhi gravitasi.

Ep =

c. Energi tekanan (Et), adalah energi untuk melakukan kerja melawan tekanan yang dibawa oleh zat karena alirannya dari awal masuk sampai keluar.

Et = m P V

Energi yang ditransfer antara fluida atau sistem dalam aliran dan sekelilingnya ada dua jenis :

1. Energi panas (q), yaitu energi yang diserap oleh zat alir dari sekelilingnya selama aliran.

2. Energi kerja (W), yaitu kerja yang diterima atau yang dihasilkan atau dilakukan oleh zat yang mengalir ke sekeliling selama aliran dan sering disebut shaf work. (Brown, G.G., 1978)

Selain itu ada juga yang disebut energi friksi (F), yaitu energi yang hilang karena gesekan. Rugi energi terdapat pada sambungan, pipa lurus atau penampang yang tidak sama. Neraca energi untuk sistem aliran fluida dapat ditulis sebagai berikut :

Energi masuk :

mE1 + + + mP1V1

Energi keluar :

mE2 + + + mP2V2 + mq - mWsMaka :

Energi masuk = Energi keluar.

mE1 + + + mP1V1 = mE2 + + + mP2V2 + mq - mWs

. . . . . . . . . . (3)

Bila :

(E = E1 - E2

((PV) = P1 V 1 - P2 V 2

(u2= u12 - u 22

(z= z1 - z 2Maka didapatkan neraca energi untuk setiap satuan massa, yaitu :

(E + + + ( (PV) = q Ws . . . . . . . . . . (4)

Bila aliran isothermal (E = 0) dan fluida incompressible, sedangkan volumenya diasumsikan konstan, maka persamaan diatas menjadi :

+ + = q Ws

. . . . . . . . . . (5)

Apabila ada gesekan (( ( 0) dan diasumsikan aliran adiabatis (q = 0) maka persamaannya dikenal dengan persamaan Bernoully :

+ + = - ( Ws + F ) . . . . . . . . . . (6)

Keterangan :

(P= beda tekanan posisi 2 dan 1 .

(u2= beda kecepatan posisi 2 dan 1 .

(= berat jenis fluida .

g= akselerasi

gc= akselerasi .

(Z= beda tinggi posisi 2 dan 1 (ft).

F= kerja yang hilang .

Ws= kerja pompa .

Jika persamaan (6) dibagi dengan , dimensi masing-masing suku dinyatakan dalam ft cairan (cm cairan) dengan :

(w =

+ + (Z = -F - Ws

+ + (Z = -F - Ws

. . . . . . . . . . (7)

(Brown, G.G.,1978)

Alat-alat aliran fluida.

a. Pompa.

Pompa adalah alat untuk mengalirkan fluida dari satu tempat ke tempat lain. Dari berbagai jenis pompa dapat digolongkan menjadi dua golongan :

1. Centrifugal Pump.

Pada pompa jenis ini, gaya sentrifugal yang dihasilkan akan melemparkan fluida yang ada ke dinding pompa (casing) sehingga zat memiliki tenaga kinetik yang membuat cairan meninggalkan impeler.

2. Positive Displacement Pump.

Yang termasuk jenis ini adalah :

Rotary Pump.

Pompa jenis ini cocok untuk cairan yang kental. Pompa rotary memiliki unsur-unsur putaran yang memberikan energi ke cairan.

Reciprocating Pump.

Pada jenis ini, tenaga yang diberikan ke sistem adalah berupa gerakan piston yang menekan sistem tersebut. Cocok pada tekanan tinggi.

b. Kran (Valve).

Kran adalah salah satu jenis fitting yang dipakai untuk mengatur, mengontrol dan membuka ataupun menutup aliran. Pemilihan terhadap jenis kran tergantung jumlah dan jenis cairan yang akan dialirkan serta tujuan pemakaiannya.

c. Orificemeter.

Orificemeter adalah suatu alat yang digunakan untuk mengukur perbedaan tekanan. Alat membutuhkan tempat yang besar dan rasio diameter leher terhadap pipa tidakdapat diubah-ubah. Prinsip orifice ini adalah penurunan penampang arus aliran melalui orifice itu, akan menyebabkan tinggi tekan kecepatan meningkat tetapi tinggi tekan tekanan menurun dan penurunan tekanan antara dua titik diukur dengan manometer.

d. Rotameter.

Rotameter adalah alat untuk fluida yang area alirannya berubah-ubah. Rotameter terdiri dari tabung gelas yang bentuknya kerucut (tappered glass tube), yang didalamnya terdapat pelampung (float) yang bergerak naik turun. Bila alirannya besar, float akan terangkat dan sebaliknya, bila aliran kecil float turun.

e. Manometer.

Manometer adalah piranti yang berfungsi dalam mengukur beda tekan. Pada gambar berikut ini diperlihatkan bentuk manometer. (Mc Cabe, 1976)

Manometer untuk pompa.

Bila :Z1 = Z2,karena tidak ada beda ketinggian.

u1 = u2,karena luas penampang sama.

F = 0

Maka persamaan (6) menjadi :

-Ws = =

. . . . . . . . . . (8)

Tekanan di A = tekanan di B.

PA = P1 + +

PB = P2 +

P2 + = P1 + +

P2 - P1 = + - -

=

-Ws=

. . . . . . . . . . (9)

Bila persamaan (9) dibagi dengan , maka persamaannya menjadi :

-Ws = H = . (h

. . . . . . . . . . (10)

Dimana :

-Ws= H = head pompa (cm).

(Hg= densitas air raksa .

(air= densitas air .

(h= perbedaan tinggi Hg dalam manometer (cm).

Manometer kran.


u1 = u2,karena luas penampang sama.

Ws = 0,karena tidak ada kerja.

maka persamaan (6) menjadi :

F = = . (h.g

Menurut Fanning dan D`Archy :

F =

maka :

= . (h.g

. . . . . . . . . . (11)

Kalau persamaan (11) dibagi maka menjadi :

= . (h.g

Le =

. . . . . . . . . . (12)

dimana :

Le= panjang ekivalen (cm).

g= percepatan gravitasi .

D= diameter pipa (cm).

f= faktor gesekan.

u= kecepatan .

Manometer orifice.


Ws = 0,karena tidak ada kerja.

maka persamaan (6) menjadi :

+ = -F

. . . . . . . . . . (13)

. . . . . . . . . . (14)

Dari persamaan (1) didapatkan :

. . . . . . . . . . (15)

Substitusi persamaan (15) ke persamaan (14) :

=

. . . . . . . . . . (16)

- F= Co2

. . . . . . . . . . (17)

Persamaan (17) dikombinasikan dengan persamaan (16) :

= Co

Co=

EMBED Equation.3

. . . . . . . . . . (18)

Karena persamaan = , maka persamaan (18) menjadi :

Co=

EMBED Equation.3

Diketahui :

-(P =

Co=

EMBED Equation.3

Co=

EMBED Equation.3

dimana :

Co= Coefficient of Discharge (koefisien orifice).

D1= diameter pipa (cm).

D2= diameter orifice (cm).

f. Pipa.

Faktor-faktor yang perlu diperhatikan dalam pemilihan pipa yaitu :

1. Suhu operasi.

Suhu operasi ini akan menentukan bahan pipa yang akan dipakai dan perlu tidaknya isolasi.

2. Internal/External pressure.

Ini akan menentukan schedule number, dimana :

Schedule Number = 1000 (P/S)

P = internal pressure yang bekerja (psi).

S = tegangan yang diijinkan oleh pipa (psi).

3. Fluida yang mengalir.

4. Jenis-jenis fitting.

g. Fitting.

Adalah sepotong pipa yang mempengaruhi dalam menentukan kebutuhan :

1. Menyambung 2 buah pipa dengan :

Tanpa merubah arah dan diameternya, disebut coupling.

Merubah arah, disebut elbow.

Merubah diameter, disebut reducing.

2. Mengatasi arus dalam pipa, disebut plug.

3. Membuat percabangan pipa sehingga arus bercabang.

Misalnya : tees, crosses.

BAB II

PELAKSANAAN PERCOBAAN

A. ALAT DAN BAHAN

1. Alat-alat yang digunakan :

a. Bak penampung air/tangki air.

b. Pompa air.

c. Kran.

d. Orificemeter.

e. Rotameter.

f. Busur derajat.

g. Beker glass.

h. Thermometer.

i. Gelas ukur.

j. Stopwatch.

k. Piknometer.

l. Manometer.

Manometer pompa.

Manometer kran.

Manometer orifice.

2. Bahan-bahan yang digunakan :

a. Air.

b. Air raksa.

B. RANGKAIAN ALAT

Keterangan gambar :

1. Bak penampung air/tangki air.

2. Pompa air.

3. Kran.

4. Orificemeter.

5. Rotameter.

6. Manometer pompa.

7. Manometer kran.

8. Manometer orifice.

9. Busur derajat.

C. CARA KERJA

1. Memeriksa rangkaian alat.

2. Mengisi air ke dalam tangki dan menghidupkan pompa.

3. Membuka kran dengan derajat pembukaan penuh.

4. Setelah aliran konstan, mencatat kedudukan dari beda tinggi manometer pompa, manometer kran, manometer orifice dan tinggi float pada rotameter.

5. Mengukur debit aliran dengan alat penampung dan stopwatch.

6. Mengulangi langkah 2,3 dan 4 dengan derajat pembukaan kran yang berbeda-beda.

7. Mengukur :

a. Temperatur air.

b. Densitas air dengan menggunakan piknometer.

c. Diameter pipa dan diameter orifice.

BAB III

HASIL PERCOBAAN DAN PEMBAHASAN

A. HASIL PERCOBAAN

1. Tabel hasil percobaan.

oKranVolumeWaktuQManometerPompaManometerKranManometer OrificeTinggi

(K)(ml)(det)ml/detKiriKananKiriKananKiriKananFloat

1080590229548,29,51817,626,87,843,5

580229047,210,218,117,826,18,343,9

100555022754710,818,217,525,98,743

765325547,81018,117,826,2843,8

9307603253,3346,711,118,317,425,5942,7

6353211,6646,711,518,117,824,89,342

8558503283,3347,99,818,117,926,29,843,6

8653288,33489,818,117,626,48,143,8

7808003266,6647,8101817,826,18,343,5

8003266,6648,19,818,217,426,38,243,7

7057903263,3347,710,117,917,726843,4

7653255489,818,317,526,58,143,5

6308153271,6647,81018,217,525,98,343,2

8803293,3348,29,518,517,326,48,243,8

555720324047,81018,617,225,68,743

7703256,6648,29,519,216,725,98,643,2

4806203206,6647,510,219,316,425,29,142,7

810327047,79,919,516,525,58,742,3

4056253208,3347,99,920,115,7259,342,3

7003233,3347,79,920,215,725,29,341,6

3307903263,3348,59,321,514,324,59,641,7

7253241,6648,49,421,514,424,410,241

Diameter orifice

= 0,8 cm.

Diameter dalam pipa

= 1,65 cm.

Diameter luar pipa

= 2,15 cm.

Berat piknometer + Aquadest = 45,33 gram.

Berat piknometer kosong = 20,2 gram.

Berat Aquadest

= 25,13 gram.

Suhu Aquadest

= 31 oC.

Aquadest

= 1,0052 .

Berat piknometer + air = 45,35 gram.

Berat piknometer kosong = 20,2 gram

Berat air

= 25,15 gram.

Volume piknometer

= 25 ml.

( cairan

= 1,006 .

( Hg

= 13,5213 .

Suhu air

= 31 oC.

2. Grafik hasil percobaan.

a. Grafik hubungan antara debit aliran (Q) dengan head pompa (H).

b. Grafik hubungan antara panjang ekivalen (Le) dengan derajat pembukaan kran (oK).

c. Grafik hubungan antara bilangan Reynold (Re) dengan coeficient of discharge (Co).

d. Grafik hubungan antara debit aliran (Q) dengan tinggi float (h).

B. PEMBAHASAN

1. Mempelajari karakteristik pompa, yaitu hubungan antara debit aliran (Q) dengan head pompa (H).

Dari percobaan diperoleh, semakin besar derajat pembukaan kran, maka perbedaan tinggi air raksa dalam manometer ((h) semakin kecil. Hal ini menyebabkan head pompa semakin kecil. Sehingga energi yang dibutuhkan untuk mengalirkan fluida semakin kecil.

Rumus head pompa :

- Ws = H =

2. Mempelajari hubungan antara panjang ekivalen (Le) dengan derajat pembukaan kran (oK).

Untuk menentukan panjang ekivalen (Le) digunakan rumus :

Le =

Dengan f = 0,0056 +

Semakin besar derajat pembukaan kran, maka tekanan makin kecil dan bilangan Reynold (Re) semakin naik, sehingga faktor gesekan (f) semakin kecil, maka harga Le makin kecil.

3. Mempelajari hubungan antara coefficient of discharge (Co) dengan bilangan Reynold (Re).

Untuk menentukan Co digunakan rumus :

Co = u

Penurunan penampang arus pada pipa menyebabkan kecepatan aliran (u) bertambah, sehingga bilangan Reynold (Re) akan bertambah besar selaras dengan pertambahan harga coefficient of discharge (Co).

4. Menera rotameter, yaitu hubungan antara debit aliran (Q) dengan tinggi float (h).

Semakin besar aliran (Q), semakin besar pula tinggi float (h). Bertambahnya debit aliran (Q) menyebabkan semakin tinggi float terdorong oleh aliran. Karena float dapat bergerak bebas sesuai dengan besarnya aliran yang mendorong.

BAB IV

KESIMPULAN

Dari hasil perhitungan dan grafik, maka dapat diambil kesimpulan, yaitu :

1. Dalam aliran fluida, makin besar debit aliran (Q), maka makin kecil head pompa (H) dengan persamaan garis

y = -0,0034 x2 + 1,9181 x + 202,42

dengan prosentase kesalahan rata-rata sebesar 1,55(.

2. Untuk suatu kran yang digunakan untuk mengatur aliran fluida, panjang ekivalen akan berkurang dengan bertambahnya derajat pembukaan kran (oK), sehingga didapat persamaan garis

y = 3.10 9 x 2,8803dengan prosentase kesalahan rata-rata sebesar 33,71 (.

3. Untuk suatu orifice, harga Co (Coefficient of discharge akan bertambah selaras dengan pertambahan bilangan Reynold, didapat persamaan garis

y = 0,0012 x 0,7277dengan prosentase kesalahan sebesar 3,82 (.

4. Pada floatmeter, bertambahnya debit aliran menyebabkan semakin tinggi float terdorong oleh aliran, didapat persamaan garis

y = -6.10 -5 x2 + 0,0576 x + 32,142

dengan prosentase kesalahan rata-rata sebesar 0,69 (.

BAB V

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

1. Brown, G.G., 1978, Unit Operation, 14th printing, John Willey and Sons Inc., New York.

2. McCabe, W.L. and Smith, J.C., 1976, Unit Operation of Chemical Engineering, International Student Edition, McGraw Hill, Kogakusha, Tokyo.

3. Perry, H.R. and Don Green, 1973, Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook, 6th ed., McGraw Hill Book Company Inc., New York.

4. Sumardi, 1981, Operasi Teknik Kimia I, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta.

BAB VI

PERHITUNGAN

1. Untuk menetukan perhitungan-perhitungan mengenai karakteristik menara, maka data-data debit aliran (Q), Manometer pompa, Manometer kran, Manometer orifice dan tinggi float dihitung nilai rata-ratanya, dan nilai inilah yang dipergunakan dalam perhitungan.

KranQManometerPompaManometerKranManometerOrificeTinggi

(K)(ml/det)KiriKananKiriKananKiriKananFloat

1080292,547,79,8518,0517,726,458,0543,7

100526547,410,418,1517,6526,058,3543,4

930232,49546,711,318,217,625,159,1542,35

855285,8347,959,818,117,7526,38,9543,7

780266,6647,959,918,117,626,28,2543,6

705259,16547,859,9518,117,626,258,0543,45

630282,495489,7518,3517,426,158,2543,5

555248,33489,7518,916,9525,758,6543,1

480238,3347,610,0519,416,4525,358,942,5

405220,8347,89,920,1515,725,19,341,95

330252,49548,459,3521,514,3524,459,941,35

1. Karakteristik pompa adalah hubungan antara debit aliran (Q) dengan head pompa (H). Rumus head pompa adalah :

- Ws = H =

(Hg = 13,5213 .

(H2O = 1,006 .

(h = beda tinggi rata-rata manometer pompa.

(hQ = xH = yX 2xyX 3x4x2y

(cm)(ml/det)(cm)

37,85292,5470,878885556,25137732,125025203731987191440286627

37265460,304370225121980,618609625493155062532324868

35,4232,495440,399254053,93102390,612567267292182681123805307

38,15285,83474,61181698,79135658,123351965667469210838775146

38,05266,66473,36771107,5612622818961541505628446333659968

37,9259,165471,500967166,5122196,517407205451133834931669062

38,25282,495475,855179803,43134426,722544069636858664637974866

38,25248,33475,855161667,79118169,115313962380291618829344932

37,55238,33467,146656801,19111335,113537427322637506026534484

37,9220,83471,500948765,89104121,510768971237811192022993159

39,1252,495486,429763753,73122821,116097497406453745531011702

Jumlah2844,135167,84974060013370591,94E+085,1256E+10348380120

Dari tabel, dibuat grafik hubungan Q vs H.

Dari grafik maka membentuk persamaan polynomial dengan persamaan :

y = cx2 +bx + a

Dan dengan least square :

(y = na + b(x + c(x2

(xy = a(x + b(x2 + c(x3

(x2y = a(x2 + b(x3 + c(x4

Persamaan :

5167,849 = 11a + 2844,13b + 740600c

. . . . . . . . . . (1)

1337059 = 2844,13a + 740600b + 1,94.10 8c

. . . . . . . . . . (2)

348380120 = 740600a + 1,94.10 8b + 5,1256.10 10c . . . . . . . . . . (3)

(1) dan (2)

55167,849 = 11a + 2844,13b + 740600c

x 28,4413

1337059 = 2844,13a + 740600b + 1,94.10 8c

x 0,11

146980,3438 = 312,8543a + 80890,75457b + 21063626,78c

147076,49 = 312,8543a + 81466b + 21340000c _

-96,146236 = -575,245431b - 276373,22c. . . . . . . . . . (4)

(1) dan (3)

5167,849 = 11a + 2844,13b + 740600c

x 7406

348380120 = 740600a + 1,94.10 8b + 5,1256.10 10c x 0,11

38273089,69 = 81466a + 21063626,78b + 5484883600c

38321813,2 = 81466a + 21340000b + 663816000c

-48723,51 = - 276373,22b - 153274600c. . . . . . . . . . (5)

(4)dan (5)

96,146236 = 575,245431b + 276373,22c

x 276,37322

48723,51 = 276373,22b + 153274600c

x 0,57534531

26572,24483 = 158982,4321b + 88171530,23c

48723,51 = 158982,4321b + 76382156,73c _

-1455,72578 = 11789373,5c

c = -0,0034

b = 1,9181

a = 202,42

Persamaan :

y = -0.0034 x2 + 1.9181x + 202.42

Q = xH = yH Hitung% salah

(ml/det)(cm)

292,5470,879472,5730,359789

265460,304471,95152,530332

232,5440,399464,58535,491856

285,83474,611472,89460,361641

266,66473,367472,13490,260286

259,17471,501471,15830,072655

282,5475,855472,9420,612178

248,33475,855469,07131,425603

238,33467,147466,43670,151966

220,83471,501460,192,398906

252,5486,43469,9683,384181

Rata-rata1,549945

% kesalahan rata-rata = 1,55 %

2. Hubungan antara panjang ekivalen (Le) dengan derajat pembukaan kran (oKran).

A = 0,25 ( D12

= (0,25) (3,14) (1,65) 2

= 2,1372 cm2

Menentukan kecepatan linier :

u =

u =

u = 0,4679 Q

Menentukan bilangan Reynold :

Re =

Panjang ekivalen :

Le =

f = 0,0056 +

Kran Le x = log Ky = log Lex2xyy Hitung% salah

(K)

10806,8890843,0334240,8381619,201662,5424995,49478620,23923

100511,635773,0021661,0657959,0130013,1996946,76055541,89851

93017,431782,9684831,2413428,8118913,6849028,45278551,50935

8557,1640012,9319660,8551568,5964252,50728710,769150,32236

78011,513192,8920951,0611968,3642113,06907814,0288221,84999

70512,083522,8481891,0821938,1121813,08229118,7707755,34197

63019,836142,7993411,2974577,8363083,63202425,9525930,83487

55550,665072,7442931,7047097,5311444,6782237,3881726,20524

48082,179192,6812411,9147627,1890555,13393856,7991930,88373

405141,07412,6074552,1494476,7988225,60458792,6549334,3218

330180,60572,5185142,2567316,3429125,683609167,12667,463264

Jumlah31,0271715,4669587,7976142,81813Rata-rata33,71548

Dari tabel dapat dibuat grafik hubungan oK vs Le

Dari grafik diperoleh titik-titik data yang mempunyai tendensi membentuk garis sehingga persamaannya :

y = log Le

x = log K

(y = nA + B(x

(xy = A(x + B(x 2

15,46695 = 11 a + 31,02717 b

x 31,02717

42,8183 = 31,02717 a + 87,79761 b

x 11

479,895687 = 341,2989 a + 962,6852782 b

470,99943 = 341,2989 a + 965,77371b

8,896257 = -3,0884318 b

b = -2,8805

a = 3.10 9y = 3.10 9 x 0,7277% kesalahan rata-rata adalah :33,7%.

3. Hubungan antara Coefficient of discharge (Co) dengan bilangan Reynold.

A = 0,25 ( D02

= (0,25) (3,14) (0,8) 2

= 0,5024 cm2

u =

u =

u = 1,9904 Q

Menentukan bilangan Reynold :

Re =

Co = u

Hubungan antara bilangan Reynold (Re) dengan Coefficient of discharge (Co) adalah sebagai berikut :

Manometer OrificeQuReCo

KiriKanan(ml/det)

26,458,05292,5582,205457141,333,59446707

26,058,35265527,468251769,073,32029591

25,159,15232,495462,768745419,063,06387594

26,38,95285,83568,929155838,313,6172258

26,28,25266,66530,772352093,363,31774649

26,258,05259,165515,853950629,173,20227191

26,158,25282,495562,29155186,83,51966881

25,758,65248,33494,287448512,53,1655464

25,358,9238,33474,38346558,953,09751424

25,19,3220,83439,550243140,242,92851248

24,459,9252,495502,577649326,163,48930422

x = log Rey = log Cox^2xyCo hitung%salah

4,756950,55563522,628582,6431263,4738743,354973

4,714070,52117722,222462,4568643,2330342,628142

4,6572380,48627121,689872,2646812,9393644,063861

4,7469320,55837622,533372,6505713,4160475,561679

4,7167820,52084322,248042,4567043,2477592,109495

4,7044010,50545822,131392,3778783,1810740,661974

4,7418350,54650222,4852,5914213,3869973,769452

4,6858540,50044921,957222,3450293,0837342,584451

4,6680030,49101321,790252,2920522,9928653,378481

4,6348830,46664721,482142,1628542,8312963,319652

4,6930770,54273922,024972,5471153,12128610,54704

51,720035,695109243,193326,7883Rata-rata3,816291

Dari grafik diperoleh titik-titik data yang mempunyai tendensi membentuk garis sehingga persamaannya :

y = log Le

x = log K

(y = nA + B(x

(xy = A(x + B(x 2

5,6951 = 11 a + 51,72 b

x 5,72

26,7883 = 51,72 a + 243,1933 b

x 11

294,550572 = 568,92 a + 2674,9584 b

294,6713 = 586,92 a + 2675,1263b

-0,120728 = -0,1679 b

b = 0,7277

a = 0,0012

y = 0,0012 x 0,7277% kesalahan rata-rata adalah :3,82%.

4. Menera rotameter.

KranQ = xTinggix^2xyx^3x^4x^2yh%

(K)(ml/det)Float = yhitungsalah

1080292,543,785556,2512782,25250252037319871914373880843,856630,358

100526543,47022511501186096254931550625304776543,19250,478

930232,49542,3554053,939846,163125672672921826811228918442,290480,141

855285,8343,781698,7912490,77233519656674692108357023743,703880,009

780266,6643,671107,5611626,38189615415056284463310028943,235160,837

705259,16543,4567166,511260,72174072054511338349291838443,039910,944

630282,49543,579803,4312288,53225440696368586646347144943,625510,289

555248,3343,161667,7910703,02153139623802916188265788242,745740,822

480238,3342,556801,1910129,03135374273226375060241405142,461740,09

405220,8341,9548765,899263,819107689712378111920204572941,935850,034

330252,49541,3563753,7310440,67160974974064537455263621742,860493,653

2844,13472,6740600122332,31,94E+085,1256E+1031889994Rata-rata0,696

Dari grafik diperoleh titik-titik data yang mempunyai tendensi polynomial, maka didekati dengan persamaan garis polynomial :

y = cx2 + bx + a

Dengan least square :

(y = na + b(x + c(x2

(xy = a(x + b(x2 + c(x3

(x2y = a(x2 + b(x3 + c(x4

Dari tabel maka diperoleh persamaan :

472,6 = 11a + 2844,13b + 740600c

. . . . . . . . . . (1)

122322,3 = 2844,13a + 740600b + 1,94.10 8c

. . . . . . . . . . (2)

31889994 = 740600a + 1,94.10 8b + 5,1256.10 10c . . . . . . . . . . (3)

(1) dan (2)

472,6 = 11a + 2844,13b + 740600c

x 28,4413

122322,3 = 2844,13a + 740600b + 1,94.10 8c

x 0,11

13441,35838 = 312,8543a + 80890,75457b + 21063626,78c

13455,453 = 312,8543a + 81466b + 21340000c _

-14,09462 = -575,245431b - 276373,22c. . . . . . . . . . (4)

(1) dan (3)

472,6 = 11a + 2844,13b + 740600c

x 7406

31889994 = 740600a + 1,94.10 8b + 5,1256.10 10c x 0,11

3500075,6 = 81466a + 21063626,78b + 5484883600c

3507899,34 = 81466a + 21340000b + 663816000c

-7823,74 = - 276373,22b - 153274600c. . . . . . . . . . (5)

(4)dan (5)

14,09462 = 575,245431b + 276373,22c

x 276,37322

7823,74 = 276373,22b + 153274600c

x 0,57534531

3869,22508 = 158982,4321b + 88171530,23c

4500,569742 = 158982,4321b + 76382156,73c _

-631,3446617 = 11789373,5c

c = -6.10 -5 b = 0,0576

a = 32,142

Persamaan :

y = -6.10 -5 x2 + 0,0576x + 32,142

Didapatkan prosentase kesalahan sebesar 0,69%.

EMBED Excel.Sheet.8

EMBED Excel.Sheet.8

EMBED Excel.Sheet.8

EMBED Excel.Sheet.8

EMBED Excel.Sheet.8

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487.7064478.745

476.4227478.582

475.169477.8

474.5421477.076

474.2287476.802

472.9749476.038

473.9152474.664

473.9152473.565

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472.6615473.65

472.6615472.98

H data

H perhitungan

Debit Aliran ( Q )

Head Pompa ( H )

Sheet1

Grafik Hubungan Antara Debit Aliran ( Q ) dengan Head Pompa ( H )

QH dataH perhitungan

85487.7064478.745

86.25476.4227478.582

92.5475.169477.8

98.75474.5421477.076

101.25474.2287476.802

108.75472.9749476.038

125473.9152474.664

143.75473.9152473.565

160473.2884473.03

206.25472.6615473.65

223.75472.6615472.98

Sheet1

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

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H data

H perhitungan

Debit Aliran ( Q )

Head Pompa ( H )

Sheet2

Grafik Hubungan Antara Derajat Pembukaan Kran dengan Panjang Ekivalen

KranLe dataLe perhitungan

330758.8782792.037

405739.2592725.332

480656.3488658.627

555584.766591.922

630559.6834525.217

705494.3355458.512

780388.8749391.807

855305.0489325.102

930253.1227258.397

1005162.5616191.692

1080140.7513124.987

Sheet2

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

Le data

Le perhitungan

Kran

Le

Sheet3

Grafik Hubungan Antara Bilangan Reynold ( Re ) dengan Coefficient of Discharge ( Co )

ReCo dataCo perhitungan

16486.08151.18111.144

16728.52391.14751.155

17940.73581.19481.212

19152.94761.25121.271

19637.83241.27181.295

21092.48661.35261.369

24244.23751.54821.535

27880.87311.77551.738

31032.6241.961.926

40002.99192.51632.512

43397.18512.71162.754

Grafik Hubungan Antara Debit Aliran ( Q ) dengan Tinggi Float ( Y )

QY dataY perhitungan

8540.946.01

86.2541.7545.74

92.542.144.46

98.7543.0543.31

101.2543.1542.88

108.7543.441.73

12543.4539.87

143.7543.538.81

16043.6538.83

206.2543.743.65

223.754447.32

Sheet3

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

Co data

Co perhitungan

Re

Co

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

Y data

Y perhitungan

Q

Y

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3.5944670654

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3.6172257978

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3.5196688111

3.1655463958

3.0975142403

2.9285124776

3.4893042194

Re

Co

Sheet1

KranVolumeWaktuQManometerPompaManometerKranManometerOrificeTinggi

(K)(ml)(det)(ml/det)KiriKananKiriKananKiriKananFloat

1080590229548.29.51817.626.87.843.5

580229047.210.218.117.826.18.343.9

100555022754710.818.217.525.98.743

765325547.81018.117.826.2843.8

9307603253.3346.711.118.317.425.5942.7

6353211.6646.711.518.117.824.89.342

8558503283.3347.99.818.117.926.29.843.6

8653288.33489.818.117.626.48.143.8

7808003266.6647.8101817.826.18.343.5

8003266.6648.19.818.217.426.38.243.7

7057903263.3347.710.117.917.726843.4

7653255489.818.317.526.58.143.5

6308153271.6647.81018.217.525.98.343.2hub debit dg head pompa

8803293.3348.29.518.517.326.48.243.8hQ = xH = yx^2xyx^3x^4x^2y

555720324047.81018.617.225.68.743(cm)(ml/det)(cm)

7703256.6648.29.519.216.725.98.643.237.85292.5470.87883200885556.25137732.05836232625025203.1257319871914.062540286627.0709804

4806203206.6647.510.219.316.425.29.142.737265460.304274353970225121980.63270377718609625493155062532324867.666501

810327047.79.919.516.525.58.742.335.4232.495440.399224652154053.925025102390.61773548712567267.29868742921826810.6083223805306.6704121

4056253208.3347.99.920.115.7259.342.338.15285.83474.61102882781698.7889135658.07036963223351964.8312876674692107.7267638775146.253752

7003233.3347.79.920.215.725.29.341.638.05266.66473.366963220771107.5556126228.03441242518961540.7762965056284463.4070933659967.6564174

3307903263.3348.59.321.514.324.59.641.737.9259.165471.500864811167166.497225122196.52162877717407205.25331714511338349.4759331669061.5279221

7253241.6648.49.421.514.424.410.24138.25282.495475.855094433479803.425025134426.68490196322544068.55243746368586645.720837974866.3513801

Rerata38.25248.33475.855094433461667.7889118169.09560064615313962.0175373802916187.8149629344931.5105085

KranQManometerPompaManometerKranManometerOrificeTinggi37.55238.33467.146635188956801.1889111335.05756456313537427.3505373226375060.4534826534484.2693622

(K)(ml/det)KiriKananKiriKananKiriKananFloat37.9220.83471.500864811148765.8889104121.53597624310768971.2457872378111920.2071422993158.7896336

1080292.547.79.8518.0517.726.458.0543.739.1252.495486.429652087563753.725025122821.05500382716097496.80018744064537454.5633131011702.2831913

100526547.410.418.1517.6526.058.3543.4Jumlah2844.135167.848528827740600.03351337059.36425967194184732.25107351256091539.0403348380120.050061

930232.49546.711.318.217.625.159.1542.35

855285.8347.959.818.117.7526.38.9543.7% salah H

780266.6647.959.918.117.626.28.2543.6

705259.16547.859.9518.117.626.258.0543.45Q = xH = yH Hitung% salah

630282.495489.7518.3517.426.158.2543.5(ml/det)(cm)

555248.33489.7518.916.9525.758.6543.1292.5470.878832008472.5730.3597885224

480238.3347.610.0519.416.4525.358.942.5265460.3042743539471.95152.5303318468

405220.8347.89.920.1515.725.19.341.95232.495440.3992246521464.5853144155.4918556639

330252.49548.459.3521.514.3524.459.941.35285.83474.611028827472.894640740.3616410034

266.66473.3669632207472.134856960.2602856465

259.165471.5008648111471.1582959350.0726549836

282.495475.8550944334472.9420144150.6121779618

248.33475.8550944334469.071290741.4256028301

238.33467.1466351889466.436730740.1519660842

220.83471.5008648111460.190000742.3989063256

252.495486.4296520875469.9679944153.3841805494

Rata-rata1.5499446743

Sheet1

Q (debit)

H (Head)

Sheet2

Hubungan Kran dengan LeHubungan Re dengan Co

Q = xManometerKranuRefu^2fu^2LeManometerOrificeQuReCoCo hitung%salah

(ml/det)KiriKananKiriKanan(ml/det)

292.518.0517.7136.861313868627704.4018159160.10920010118731.0192338432045.42919199646.88908421326.458.05292.5582.205414012757141.3313655433.59446706543.47387365753.3549732338

26518.1517.65123.994010855325099.71446570160.112525620115374.51472799041730.026803784511.635768486826.058.35265527.468152866251769.06944228683.32029591093.23303380712.6281423746

232.49518.217.6108.784858693622020.97401774830.117098262511834.14548099041385.757873918617.431782342625.159.15232.495462.768710191145419.0558489983.0638759382.93936428484.0638607985

285.8318.117.75133.740408010527072.64673860940.109967662917886.49673480991966.93624288127.164001378426.38.95285.83568.929140127455838.31365542963.61722579783.41604730665.5616791

266.6618.117.6124.770728055425256.94286575090.112312166615567.73457947451748.445998919811.513190214226.28.25266.66530.772292993652093.35870747243.31774648793.24775880582.1094945751

259.16518.117.6121.263803106924547.0471679380.113290160814704.90994394141665.921611498912.083516550726.258.05259.165515.853901273950629.17313966133.20227191073.18107371730.661973562

282.49518.3517.4132.179955081426756.76919995620.110360367317471.54052532491928.165629326419.836140117526.158.25282.495562.291003184755186.80480037293.51966881113.38699657533.7694522686

248.3318.916.95116.194085719623520.80035195350.114771962413501.06555622151549.543788427150.665071170525.758.65248.33494.287420382248512.50194189843.16554639583.08373438932.584451348

238.3319.416.45111.515066442122573.6413155120.116217354912435.61004358011445.233705214782.179185707825.358.9238.33474.382961783446558.95215162343.09751424032.99286531353.378480893

220.8320.1515.7103.326782706320916.11300173920.118950091310676.42402444421269.9616120238141.074109209225.19.3220.83439.550159235743140.24001864222.92851247762.83129604843.3196522086

252.49521.514.35118.142897248723915.29209063150.114192433813957.74417032561593.8687777118180.605668760924.459.9252.495502.577627388549326.15542954793.48930421943.121286063910.5470355241

Rata-rata3.8162905351

Kran = xLe = yy Hitung% salah

(K)

10806.8890842135.494786363620.2392336374

100511.63576848686.760554949141.8985092666

93017.43178234268.452784909351.5093480221

8557.164001378410.769096149250.3223628848

78011.513190214214.028820893121.8499879889

70512.083516550718.770772280855.341966902

63019.836140117525.952587868930.834868655

55550.665071170537.388167134826.2052410644

48082.179185707856.799186903530.8837311853

405141.074109209292.654934067834.3218010823

330180.6056687609167.12659062817.4632641518

Rata-rata33.7154831673

Sheet2

Kran

Le

Sheet3

Re

Co

Hub debit dan Tinggi float

KranQTinggih%

(K)(ml/det)Float = hhitungsalah

1080292.543.743.8566250.358409611

100526543.443.19250.4781105991

930232.49542.3542.29047649850.1405513613

855285.8343.743.7038806660.0088802426

780266.6643.643.2351626640.8367828807

705259.16543.4543.03991416650.9438108941

630282.49543.543.62550649850.2885206862

555248.3343.142.7457406660.8219474107

480238.3342.542.4617366660.0900313741

405220.8341.9541.9358546660.0337195089

330252.49541.3542.86048849853.6529347001

Rata-rata0.6957908426

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Q

h

_1045723424.unknown


43.7

43.4

42.35

43.7

43.6

43.45

43.5

43.1

42.5

41.95

41.35

Q

h

Sheet1



1080590229548.29.51817.626.87.843.5

580229047.210.218.117.826.18.343.9

100555022754710.818.217.525.98.743

765325547.81018.117.826.2843.8

9307603253.3346.711.118.317.425.5942.7

6353211.6646.711.518.117.824.89.342

8558503283.3347.99.818.117.926.29.843.6

8653288.33489.818.117.626.48.143.8

7808003266.6647.8101817.826.18.343.5

8003266.6648.19.818.217.426.38.243.7

7057903263.3347.710.117.917.726843.4

7653255489.818.317.526.58.143.5


8803293.3348.29.518.517.326.48.243.8hQ = xH = yx^2xyx^3x^4x^2y

555720324047.81018.617.225.68.743(cm)(ml/det)(cm)

7703256.6648.29.519.216.725.98.643.237.85292.5470.87883200885556.25137732.05836232625025203.1257319871914.062540286627.0709804

4806203206.6647.510.219.316.425.29.142.737265460.304274353970225121980.63270377718609625493155062532324867.666501

810327047.79.919.516.525.58.742.335.4232.495440.399224652154053.925025102390.61773548712567267.29868742921826810.6083223805306.6704121

4056253208.3347.99.920.115.7259.342.338.15285.83474.61102882781698.7889135658.07036963223351964.8312876674692107.7267638775146.253752

7003233.3347.79.920.215.725.29.341.638.05266.66473.366963220771107.5556126228.03441242518961540.7762965056284463.4070933659967.6564174

3307903263.3348.59.321.514.324.59.641.737.9259.165471.500864811167166.497225122196.52162877717407205.25331714511338349.4759331669061.5279221

7253241.6648.49.421.514.424.410.24138.25282.495475.855094433479803.425025134426.68490196322544068.55243746368586645.720837974866.3513801

Rerata38.25248.33475.855094433461667.7889118169.09560064615313962.0175373802916187.8149629344931.5105085



1080292.547.79.8518.0517.726.458.0543.739.1252.495486.429652087563753.725025122821.05500382716097496.80018744064537454.5633131011702.2831913

100526547.410.418.1517.6526.058.3543.4Jumlah2844.135167.848528827740600.03351337059.36425967194184732.25107351256091539.0403348380120.050061

930232.49546.711.318.217.625.159.1542.35

855285.8347.959.818.117.7526.38.9543.7% salah H

780266.6647.959.918.117.626.28.2543.6


630282.495489.7518.3517.426.158.2543.5(ml/det)(cm)

555248.33489.7518.916.9525.758.6543.1292.5470.878832008472.5730.3597885224

480238.3347.610.0519.416.4525.358.942.5265460.3042743539471.95152.5303318468

405220.8347.89.920.1515.725.19.341.95232.495440.3992246521464.5853144155.4918556639

330252.49548.459.3521.514.3524.459.941.35285.83474.611028827472.894640740.3616410034

266.66473.3669632207472.134856960.2602856465

259.165471.5008648111471.1582959350.0726549836

282.495475.8550944334472.9420144150.6121779618

248.33475.8550944334469.071290741.4256028301

238.33467.1466351889466.436730740.1519660842

220.83471.5008648111460.190000742.3989063256

252.495486.4296520875469.9679944153.3841805494

Rata-rata1.5499446743

Sheet1

Q (debit)

H (Head)

Sheet2




292.518.0517.7136.861313868627704.4018159160.10920010118731.0192338432045.42919199646.88908421326.458.05292.5582.205414012757141.3313655433.59446706543.47387365753.3549732338

26518.1517.65123.994010855325099.71446570160.112525620115374.51472799041730.026803784511.635768486826.058.35265527.468152866251769.06944228683.32029591093.23303380712.6281423746

232.49518.217.6108.784858693622020.97401774830.117098262511834.14548099041385.757873918617.431782342625.159.15232.495462.768710191145419.0558489983.0638759382.93936428484.0638607985

285.8318.117.75133.740408010527072.64673860940.109967662917886.49673480991966.93624288127.164001378426.38.95285.83568.929140127455838.31365542963.61722579783.41604730665.5616791

266.6618.117.6124.770728055425256.94286575090.112312166615567.73457947451748.445998919811.513190214226.28.25266.66530.772292993652093.35870747243.31774648793.24775880582.1094945751

259.16518.117.6121.263803106924547.0471679380.113290160814704.90994394141665.921611498912.083516550726.258.05259.165515.853901273950629.17313966133.20227191073.18107371730.661973562

282.49518.3517.4132.179955081426756.76919995620.110360367317471.54052532491928.165629326419.836140117526.158.25282.495562.291003184755186.80480037293.51966881113.38699657533.7694522686

248.3318.916.95116.194085719623520.80035195350.114771962413501.06555622151549.543788427150.665071170525.758.65248.33494.287420382248512.50194189843.16554639583.08373438932.584451348

238.3319.416.45111.515066442122573.6413155120.116217354912435.61004358011445.233705214782.179185707825.358.9238.33474.382961783446558.95215162343.09751424032.99286531353.378480893

220.8320.1515.7103.326782706320916.11300173920.118950091310676.42402444421269.9616120238141.074109209225.19.3220.83439.550159235743140.24001864222.92851247762.83129604843.3196522086

252.49521.514.35118.142897248723915.29209063150.114192433813957.74417032561593.8687777118180.605668760924.459.9252.495502.577627388549326.15542954793.48930421943.121286063910.5470355241

Rata-rata3.8162905351


(K)

10806.8890842135.494786363620.2392336374

100511.63576848686.760554949141.8985092666

93017.43178234268.452784909351.5093480221

8557.164001378410.769096149250.3223628848

78011.513190214214.028820893121.8499879889

70512.083516550718.770772280855.341966902

63019.836140117525.952587868930.834868655

55550.665071170537.388167134826.2052410644

48082.179185707856.799186903530.8837311853

405141.074109209292.654934067834.3218010823

330180.6056687609167.12659062817.4632641518

Rata-rata33.7154831673

Sheet2

Kran

Le

Sheet3

Re

Co


KranQTinggih%


1080292.543.743.8566250.358409611

100526543.443.19250.4781105991

930232.49542.3542.29047649850.1405513613

855285.8343.743.7038806660.0088802426

780266.6643.643.2351626640.8367828807

705259.16543.4543.03991416650.9438108941

630282.49543.543.62550649850.2885206862

555248.3343.142.7457406660.8219474107

480238.3342.542.4617366660.0900313741

405220.8341.9541.9358546660.0337195089

330252.49541.3542.86048849853.6529347001

Rata-rata0.6957908426

Q

h


6.889084213

11.6357684868

17.4317823426

7.1640013784

11.5131902142

12.0835165507

19.8361401175

50.6650711705

82.1791857078

141.0741092092

180.6056687609

Kran

Le

Sheet1



1080590229548.29.51817.626.87.843.5

580229047.210.218.117.826.18.343.9

100555022754710.818.217.525.98.743

765325547.81018.117.826.2843.8

9307603253.3346.711.118.317.425.5942.7

6353211.6646.711.518.117.824.89.342

8558503283.3347.99.818.117.926.29.843.6

8653288.33489.818.117.626.48.143.8

7808003266.6647.8101817.826.18.343.5

8003266.6648.19.818.217.426.38.243.7

7057903263.3347.710.117.917.726843.4

7653255489.818.317.526.58.143.5


8803293.3348.29.518.517.326.48.243.8hQ = xH = yx^2xyx^3x^4x^2y

555720324047.81018.617.225.68.743(cm)(ml/det)(cm)

7703256.6648.29.519.216.725.98.643.237.85292.5470.87883200885556.25137732.05836232625025203.1257319871914.062540286627.0709804

4806203206.6647.510.219.316.425.29.142.737265460.304274353970225121980.63270377718609625493155062532324867.666501

810327047.79.919.516.525.58.742.335.4232.495440.399224652154053.925025102390.61773548712567267.29868742921826810.6083223805306.6704121

4056253208.3347.99.920.115.7259.342.338.15285.83474.61102882781698.7889135658.07036963223351964.8312876674692107.7267638775146.253752

7003233.3347.79.920.215.725.29.341.638.05266.66473.366963220771107.5556126228.03441242518961540.7762965056284463.4070933659967.6564174

3307903263.3348.59.321.514.324.59.641.737.9259.165471.500864811167166.497225122196.52162877717407205.25331714511338349.4759331669061.5279221

7253241.6648.49.421.514.424.410.24138.25282.495475.855094433479803.425025134426.68490196322544068.55243746368586645.720837974866.3513801

Rerata38.25248.33475.855094433461667.7889118169.09560064615313962.0175373802916187.8149629344931.5105085



1080292.547.79.8518.0517.726.458.0543.739.1252.495486.429652087563753.725025122821.05500382716097496.80018744064537454.5633131011702.2831913

100526547.410.418.1517.6526.058.3543.4Jumlah2844.135167.848528827740600.03351337059.36425967194184732.25107351256091539.0403348380120.050061

930232.49546.711.318.217.625.159.1542.35

855285.8347.959.818.117.7526.38.9543.7% salah H

780266.6647.959.918.117.626.28.2543.6


630282.495489.7518.3517.426.158.2543.5(ml/det)(cm)

555248.33489.7518.916.9525.758.6543.1292.5470.878832008472.5730.3597885224

480238.3347.610.0519.416.4525.358.942.5265460.3042743539471.95152.5303318468

405220.8347.89.920.1515.725.19.341.95232.495440.3992246521464.5853144155.4918556639

330252.49548.459.3521.514.3524.459.941.35285.83474.611028827472.894640740.3616410034

266.66473.3669632207472.134856960.2602856465

259.165471.5008648111471.1582959350.0726549836

282.495475.8550944334472.9420144150.6121779618

248.33475.8550944334469.071290741.4256028301

238.33467.1466351889466.436730740.1519660842

220.83471.5008648111460.190000742.3989063256

252.495486.4296520875469.9679944153.3841805494

Rata-rata1.5499446743

Sheet1

Q (debit)

H (Head)

Sheet2




292.518.0517.7136.861313868627704.4018159160.10920010118731.0192338432045.42919199646.88908421326.458.05292.5582.205414012757141.3313655433.59446706543.47387365753.3549732338

26518.1517.65123.994010855325099.71446570160.112525620115374.51472799041730.026803784511.635768486826.058.35265527.468152866251769.06944228683.32029591093.23303380712.6281423746

232.49518.217.6108.784858693622020.97401774830.117098262511834.14548099041385.757873918617.431782342625.159.15232.495462.768710191145419.0558489983.0638759382.93936428484.0638607985

285.8318.117.75133.740408010527072.64673860940.109967662917886.49673480991966.93624288127.164001378426.38.95285.83568.929140127455838.31365542963.61722579783.41604730665.5616791

266.6618.117.6124.770728055425256.94286575090.112312166615567.73457947451748.445998919811.513190214226.28.25266.66530.772292993652093.35870747243.31774648793.24775880582.1094945751

259.16518.117.6121.263803106924547.0471679380.113290160814704.90994394141665.921611498912.083516550726.258.05259.165515.853901273950629.17313966133.20227191073.18107371730.661973562

282.49518.3517.4132.179955081426756.76919995620.110360367317471.54052532491928.165629326419.836140117526.158.25282.495562.291003184755186.80480037293.51966881113.38699657533.7694522686

248.3318.916.95116.194085719623520.80035195350.114771962413501.06555622151549.543788427150.665071170525.758.65248.33494.287420382248512.50194189843.16554639583.08373438932.584451348

238.3319.416.45111.515066442122573.6413155120.116217354912435.61004358011445.233705214782.179185707825.358.9238.33474.382961783446558.95215162343.09751424032.99286531353.378480893

220.8320.1515.7103.326782706320916.11300173920.118950091310676.42402444421269.9616120238141.074109209225.19.3220.83439.550159235743140.24001864222.92851247762.83129604843.3196522086

252.49521.514.35118.142897248723915.29209063150.114192433813957.74417032561593.8687777118180.605668760924.459.9252.495502.577627388549326.15542954793.48930421943.121286063910.5470355241

Rata-rata3.8162905351


(K)

10806.8890842135.494786363620.2392336374

100511.63576848686.760554949141.8985092666

93017.43178234268.452784909351.5093480221

8557.164001378410.769096149250.3223628848

78011.513190214214.028820893121.8499879889

70512.083516550718.770772280855.341966902

63019.836140117525.952587868930.834868655

55550.665071170537.388167134826.2052410644

48082.179185707856.799186903530.8837311853

405141.074109209292.654934067834.3218010823

330180.6056687609167.12659062817.4632641518

Rata-rata33.7154831673

Sheet2

Kran

Le

Sheet3

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Re

Co


KranQTinggih%


1080292.543.743.8566250.358409611

100526543.443.19250.4781105991

930232.49542.3542.29047649850.1405513613

855285.8343.743.7038806660.0088802426

780266.6643.643.2351626640.8367828807

705259.16543.4543.03991416650.9438108941

630282.49543.543.62550649850.2885206862

555248.3343.142.7457406660.8219474107

480238.3342.542.4617366660.0900313741

405220.8341.9541.9358546660.0337195089

330252.49541.3542.86048849853.6529347001

Rata-rata0.6957908426

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Q

h


470.878832008

460.3042743539

440.3992246521

474.611028827

473.3669632207

471.5008648111

475.8550944334

475.8550944334

467.1466351889

471.5008648111

486.4296520875

Q (debit)

H (Head)

Sheet1



1080590229548.29.51817.626.87.843.5

580229047.210.218.117.826.18.343.9

100555022754710.818.217.525.98.743

765325547.81018.117.826.2843.8

9307603253.3346.711.118.317.425.5942.7

6353211.6646.711.518.117.824.89.342

8558503283.3347.99.818.117.926.29.843.6

8653288.33489.818.117.626.48.143.8

7808003266.6647.8101817.826.18.343.5

8003266.6648.19.818.217.426.38.243.7

7057903263.3347.710.117.917.726843.4

7653255489.818.317.526.58.143.5


8803293.3348.29.518.517.326.48.243.8hQ = xH = yx^2xyx^3x^4x^2y

555720324047.81018.617.225.68.743(cm)(ml/det)(cm)

7703256.6648.29.519.216.725.98.643.237.85292.5470.87883200885556.25137732.05836232625025203.1257319871914.062540286627.0709804

4806203206.6647.510.219.316.425.29.142.737265460.304274353970225121980.63270377718609625493155062532324867.666501

810327047.79.919.516.525.58.742.335.4232.495440.399224652154053.925025102390.61773548712567267.29868742921826810.6083223805306.6704121

4056253208.3347.99.920.115.7259.342.338.15285.83474.61102882781698.7889135658.07036963223351964.8312876674692107.7267638775146.253752

7003233.3347.79.920.215.725.29.341.638.05266.66473.366963220771107.5556126228.03441242518961540.7762965056284463.4070933659967.6564174

3307903263.3348.59.321.514.324.59.641.737.9259.165471.500864811167166.497225122196.52162877717407205.25331714511338349.4759331669061.5279221

7253241.6648.49.421.514.424.410.24138.25282.495475.855094433479803.425025134426.68490196322544068.55243746368586645.720837974866.3513801

Rerata38.25248.33475.855094433461667.7889118169.09560064615313962.0175373802916187.8149629344931.5105085



1080292.547.79.8518.0517.726.458.0543.739.1252.495486.429652087563753.725025122821.05500382716097496.80018744064537454.5633131011702.2831913

100526547.410.418.1517.6526.058.3543.4Jumlah2844.135167.848528827740600.03351337059.36425967194184732.25107351256091539.0403348380120.050061

930232.49546.711.318.217.625.159.1542.35

855285.8347.959.818.117.7526.38.9543.7% salah H

780266.6647.959.918.117.626.28.2543.6


630282.495489.7518.3517.426.158.2543.5(ml/det)(cm)

555248.33489.7518.916.9525.758.6543.1292.5470.878832008472.5730.3597885224

480238.3347.610.0519.416.4525.358.942.5265460.3042743539471.95152.5303318468

405220.8347.89.920.1515.725.19.341.95232.495440.3992246521464.5853144155.4918556639

330252.49548.459.3521.514.3524.459.941.35285.83474.611028827472.894640740.3616410034

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Al Fluida (D1)

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