Al, Ancylostoma, Toxocara Kuliah (1)
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![Page 1: Al, Ancylostoma, Toxocara Kuliah (1)](https://reader035.fdokumen.com/reader035/viewer/2022062218/55cf9849550346d03396baf3/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
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PARASITOLOGI KEDOKTERAN :
I. HELMINTOLOGIII. PROTOZOLOGIIII. ENTOMOLOGIIV. MIKOLOGI
I. Helmintologi : 1. Nematoda usus 7. Cestoda 2. Nematoda jaringan 3. Nematoda darah 4. Trematoda usus 5. Trematoda hati 6. Trematoda darah
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II. Protozologi :
1. Rhizopoda rhiz=akar, podium=kaki * Entamoeba histolytica * Entamoeba coli 2. Mastigphora= flagellata (mastix=cambuk; phoros=mengandung) * Giardia lamblia * Trichomonas vaginalis * Lieshmania * Trypanosoma 3. Sporozoa * Toxoplasma gondii * Plasmodium
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III. ENTOMOLOGI * Anopheles * Aedes * Culex * mansonia * Vektor penyakit (protozoa,cacing, riketsia,virus bakteri, spiroketa,)
* Insektisida * Penyakit yang disebabkan serangga
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IV. MIKOLOGI : * Mikosis superfisialis dermatofitosis non dermatofitosis
* Mikosis profunda Misetoma Kladosporiosis Kromomikosis Kandidiasis Zigomikosis Kriptokokosis Sporotrikosis Histoplasmosis Keratomikosis Aspergilosis Rinosporidiosis Koksidioidomikosis Aktinomikosis Blastomikosis Nokardiosis Parakoksidioidomikosis
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Nematoda usus :
Cara infeksi menelan telur
1. Ascaris lumbricoides2. Toxocara canis / cati3. Enterobius vermicularis4. Trichuris trichiura5. Trichinella spiralis
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Cestoda :
Cara infeksi menelan telur
1. Taenia saginata2. Taenia solium3. Hymenolepis nana4. Hymenolepis diminuta5. Diphyllobothrium latum
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Nematoda usus :
Cara infeksi melalui kulit(telur rhabditiform filariform
1. Necator americanus2. Ancylostoma duodenale3. Ancylostoma caninum*4. Ancylostoma braziliense *5. Strongyloides stercoralis
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Habitat di usus halus
1.Ascaris lumbricoides2.Strongyloides stercoralis3.Taenia saginata4.Taenia solium5.H. nana6.H. diminuta7.D. latum
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Habitat di usus besar :
1.Trichuris trichiura2.Enterobius vermicularis
Habitat diotot : Trichinella spiralis
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Diagnosis :
Anal swab O. vermicularis
Larva dl tinja S. stercoralis
X-ray kista T. solium (cysticercus cellulose)
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Diagnosis :Pemeriksaan Tinja :
1 A. lumbricoides2 Ancylostoma sp3 T. trichiura4 T. saginata5 T. solium6 H. nana / diminuta7 D. latum
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Hospes : manusia
Penyakit : askariasis
Distribusi geografik :
Kosmopolit. Indonesia ada
Cara infeksi : menelan telur matangHabitat : usus halus
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Cacing dewasa :
* Bentuk bulat panjang• ♂ : * panjang 15 -31 cm * ekor melingkar * spikulum •♀ : * panjang 20 – 35 cm * ekor lurus runcing * cincin kopulasi : 1/3 ant panjang badan
Morfologi A. lumbricoides
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Ascaris lumbricoides:
* Telur yg dibuahi, 60 x 45 µ* Bentuk bulat / lonjong* lapisan luar albuminoid* Lapisan dalam hialin bening
* Besar : 90 x 40 mikron* Bentuk lonjong,* Lebih panjang* Lapisan albuminoid tipis* Isi granula
Telur yang dibuahiTelur tidak dibuahi
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Stadium telur decorticated :
*telur yang dibuahi*lapisan albuminoid tidak ada
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Cacing dewasa A. lumbricoides
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Daur hidup A. lumbricoides :
Telur + tinja tanah 3 mgg infektif telan,menetas di u. halus larva ddg u. halus p. drh / sal. limfe jantung paru trachea faring batuk telan esofagus u.halus dewasa.
Telur matang sp menjadi cacing dewasa Membutuhkan waktu ± 2 bulan
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Gejala klinik A. lumbricoides
Larva : sindrom Loeffler infiltrat di paru hilang setelah 3 minggu
Dewasa : * infeksi ringan tanpa gejala * infeksi berat malabsorbsi * menggumpal (ileus)
Ektopik : sal.empedu, apendix, bronchus
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Cara diagnosis askariasis :
I. Pemeriksaan tinja : 1. Pemeriksaan langsung dengan lugol telur 2. cara Kato telur 3. cara Bearman telur II. Menemukan cacing dewasa dari muntahan / tinja.
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Pengobatan masal :Syarat 1. Obat mudah diterima masyarakat 2. aturan pemakaian sederhana 3. efek samping yang minim 4. bersifat polivalen 5. harga murah
Prognosis : tanpa pengobatan sembuh 1,5 tahun dengan pengobatan kesembuhan 70 – 99 %
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Epidemiologi
Prevalensi di Indonesia : 60 – 90 %
Tanah liat ) baik untukKelembaban tinggi ) pertumbuhan suhu 25℃ – 30 ℃ ) telur
Cara membuang tinja.
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Toxocara canis & Toxocara cati
Hospes : T. canis anjing T. cati kucing
Distribusi geografik : Kosmopolit, Indonesia
Penyakit : Toxocariasis
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Toxocara canis dan Toxocara cati dapat
menginfeksi manusia tapi tidak dapat
menjadi dewasa, hanya sampai stadium
larva yang disebut “viceral larva migran”
Toxocariasis : - asimtomatik
- benign
- “self limiting disease”
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Cara infeksi ( pada manusia )
Menelan telur matang Toxocara sp yang
berasal dari tinja anjing /kucing.
Prevalensi pada anjing : 38,3 %
kucing : 26 %
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Organ yang paling sering terkena : 1. Otak : meningitis, encephalitis, epilepsi 2. Mata : penglihatan ber (-) sampai buta
3. Paru : batuk, sesak napas
4. Hepar: hepatomegali
Paling banyak pd anak usia 2 - 7 tahun dan mempunyai binatang kesayangan terutama anjing atau kucing
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Alae Toxocara catiCacing dewasa
Telur Toxocara sp
Morfologi Toxocara sp :
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Toxocara canis
Morfologi cacing dewasa (anjing)
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TOXOCARIASIS PADA MATA (RETINA)
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Toxocara canis / Toxocara cati :
Manusia :
• Tidak dapat menjadi dewasa
dan hanya stadium larva “viceral larva
migran” , terutama pada mata, jantung,
hati, paru, otak.
* Cara infeksi :menelan telur matang
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Toxocara canis / Toxocara cati
• Cara infeksi : menelan telur matang melalui air susu melalui plasenta• Pada anjing dewasa tidak dapat menjadi dewasa, hanya sampai stadium larva dan terdapat didalam jaringan• Pada anak anjing ( < 5 minggu ) telur menetas , sirkulasi darah, paru,bronchial, esophagus, dewasa didalam usus halus ♀ / ♂ , bertelur telur dalam tinja* Bentuk infektif telur matang
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Cacing tambang :
1. Necator americanus manusia
2. Ancylostoma duodenale manusia
3. Ancylostoma braziliensis kucing , anjing
4. Ancylostoma ceylanicum kucing , anjing
5. Ancylostoma caninum kucing , anjing
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Ancylostoma duodenaleNecator americanus
Hospes : manusia
Penyakit : Ankilostomiasis Nekatoriasis
Distribusi geografi:
N. americanus America , Australia A. duodenale Asia, Afrika utara Eropa selatan
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Morfologi :
A. duodenale “ C “ N. americanus “ S “
Cacing dewasa
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Necator americanus Rongga mulut denganDua benda chitin
Ancylostoma duodenaleRongga mulut dua pasanggigi
gigi
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Ancylostoma caninumRongga mulut tiga pasang gigi
Ancylostoma braziliensisSatu pasang gigi rudimenterSatu pasang gigi besar
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Ekor c.tambang jantanBursa copulatrix.
Telur cacing tambang•Bentuk lonjong•Besar 60 x 40 mikron•Dinding : tipis•Isi : 4 – 8 sel / larva
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Cacing tambang :Larva filariform
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Cacing tambang Larva stadium rhabditiform
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Daur hidup ( N.a. , A.d )
Telur + tinja tanah 1 – 1,5 hari menetas
rhabditiform 3 hari filariform menembus kulit kapiler darah jantung paru trachea laring esofagus usus halus dewasa ♂ / ♀
Cara infeksi : larva filariform menembus kulit menelan larva filariform
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Gejala klinik :
1. Stadium larva Pada kulit “ground itch” 2. Stadium dewasa , mulut melekat pada
mukosa usus mengisap darah N.a. 0,005 – 0,1 cc / hari A.d 0,08 - 0,34 cc / hari anemia hipokrom mikrositer , eosinofilia
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Cara diagnosis : Pemeriksaan tinja : Langsung (lugol) telur Harada Mori larva
Terapi : Pirantel pamoat
Epidemiologi : Indonesia : * pedesaan * perkebunan * pertambangan
Penyebaran : * defikasi ditanah * tinja sebagai pupuk
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Tanah yg baik u/ pertumbuhan larva
* Tanah gembur (pasir humus ) * Suhu : 28℃ – 32℃ (N.a) 23℃ – 25℃ (Ad)
Pencegahan : Hindarkan kontak dg larva filariform (sandal , sepatu )
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Pengobatan A duodenale & N americanus:
Drug of choice : Albendazole 400 mg 1x ( dewasa) 400 mg 1x (anak) Mebendazole Dewasa dan anak anak : 100 mg bid x 3d atau 500mg 1x
Pyrantel pamoat : dewasa dan anak anak : 11mg / kg x 3d (max 3 g)
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Ancylostoma braziliense & Ancylostoma caninumAncylostoma ceylanicum
Hospes :
Hospes definitif : Kucing ,Anjing
Manusia creeping eruption
Distribusi geografik : Tropik ,subtropik (Indonesia) A. braziliense : kucing 72 % anjing 18 % A. caninum : anjing 68 %
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Creeping eruption,A. caninum
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A.brasiliensis dan A.caninum dapat menginfeksi
manusia dan tidak dapat menjadi dewasa hanya
sampai stadium larva di kulit yang disebut :
creeping eruption atau cutaneous larva migran
A caninum, bila “migrate” ke usus manusia dapatmenyebabkan “eosinophilic enteritis”
Cara diagnosis :
1. Gambaran klinis pada kulit 2. Biopsi
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Pengobatan :
1. Semprotan kloretil 2. Albendazol 400 mg selama 3 hari < 2 tahun albendazol salep 12 %