AAPSE08S1AA.ppt

19 April 2023 Copyright © 2014 by Achmadi 1

Pokok Bahasan 8Pokok Bahasan 8

Perekonomian di Asia : Perekonomian di Asia :

Jepang dan Korea SelatanJepang dan Korea Selatan

Pokok Bahasan 8Pokok Bahasan 8

Perekonomian di Asia : Perekonomian di Asia :

Jepang dan Korea SelatanJepang dan Korea Selatan

Perbandingan Sistem EkonomiPerbandingan Sistem Ekonomi

19 April 2023 Copyright © 2014 by Achmadi 219 April 2023 2

Tujuan Pembelajaran 8Tujuan Pembelajaran 8

Menjelaskan Perekonomian di Menjelaskan Perekonomian di

Asia Asia (HPAEs) :(HPAEs) :

* Menjelaskan Perekonomian di * Menjelaskan Perekonomian di

Jepang : Pasar Kapitalistik Berencana.Jepang : Pasar Kapitalistik Berencana.

* Menjelaskan Perekonomian di * Menjelaskan Perekonomian di

Korea Selatan : Industrialisasi.Korea Selatan : Industrialisasi.

Perekonomian Asia : Menuju FTAAPPerekonomian Asia : Menuju FTAAP

3

Pertumbuhan GDP Riil di AsiaPertumbuhan GDP Riil di Asia

4

Kinerja Negara HPAEs Kinerja Negara HPAEs HPAEs (High Performing Asian Economies) :HPAEs (High Performing Asian Economies) : Japan, Asian / Four Tigers (Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore, Japan, Asian / Four Tigers (Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore,

Taiwan), three NIEs in Southeast Asia (Taiwan), three NIEs in Southeast Asia (Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand).Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand).

Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Cepat & Berkelanjutan :Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Cepat & Berkelanjutan : Tumbuh sekitar 5.5% per Tahun era 1965 – 1990-an.Tumbuh sekitar 5.5% per Tahun era 1965 – 1990-an. Tumbuh 2 X lebih cepat dari “the rest of East Asia”.Tumbuh 2 X lebih cepat dari “the rest of East Asia”. Tumbuh 3 X lebih cepat dari “Amerika Latin”.Tumbuh 3 X lebih cepat dari “Amerika Latin”. Tumbuh 2 X lebih cepat dari the advanced economies.Tumbuh 2 X lebih cepat dari the advanced economies.

Distribusi Pendapatan semakin merata :Distribusi Pendapatan semakin merata : Koefisien Gini menurun & lebih rendah dari “other developing economies”Koefisien Gini menurun & lebih rendah dari “other developing economies”

Aspek-aspek yang mendukung Pembangunan Ekonomi :Aspek-aspek yang mendukung Pembangunan Ekonomi : Peningkatan “life expectancy” dari 56 (1960) ke 71 (1990), pe- Peningkatan “life expectancy” dari 56 (1960) ke 71 (1990), pe-

nurunan penduduk dibawah kemiskinan mutlak, dan lain-lain nurunan penduduk dibawah kemiskinan mutlak, dan lain-lain


Latar Belakang Perekonomian JepangLatar Belakang Perekonomian Jepang

• Luas NegaraLuas Negara 378 000 km 378 000 km2 2 (6,852 islands).(6,852 islands).

• Jumlah & Pertumbuhan PendudukJumlah & Pertumbuhan Penduduk 128 million (0,3%). 128 million (0,3%).

• GDP PKPGDP PKP $ 42,810, and $ 42,810, and GDP GDP $ 5,855 trillion (2012). $ 5,855 trillion (2012).

• % of GDP (2010)% of GDP (2010) Agricultural (1,5%), Industry (36%), Agricultural (1,5%), Industry (36%), Services (75%), Exports (25%), Public Revenue (38%).Services (75%), Exports (25%), Public Revenue (38%).

• The world’s highest Life Expectancy (2013). The world’s highest Life Expectancy (2013). • The world’s largest Overseas Investor (creditor nation).The world’s largest Overseas Investor (creditor nation).• The world’s third-biggest Economy only after the USA’s The world’s third-biggest Economy only after the USA’s and China’s and largest economy in Asia (IMF, 2013).and China’s and largest economy in Asia (IMF, 2013).• Third largest share of world trade behind the US and Germany.Third largest share of world trade behind the US and Germany.


Karakteristik Sistem Ekonomi di JepangKarakteristik Sistem Ekonomi di Jepang

• Model Sistem Pasar Kapitalistik Berencana Model Sistem Pasar Kapitalistik Berencana ::

* Konstalasi Kekuatan (* Konstalasi Kekuatan (Iron TriangleIron Triangle)) : : * * Kelompok Politisi Kelompok Politisi Partai Liberal : Partai Liberal : Held a near monopoly of Government. Held a near monopoly of Government. * * Kepemimpinan Industri Kepemimpinan Industri The Keiretsu. The Keiretsu. ** Teknokrasi Perencanaan & FinansialTeknokrasi Perencanaan & Finansial : : * * Ministry of International Ministry of International TradeTrade and Industry and Industry (MITI). (MITI). * The Ministry* The Ministry of Finance (MoF).of Finance (MoF).

* Jepang sebagai kunci bagi pusat dan In- * Jepang sebagai kunci bagi pusat dan In- tegrasi pertumbuhan ekonomi di Asia.tegrasi pertumbuhan ekonomi di Asia.


Karakteristik Sistem Ekonomi di JepangKarakteristik Sistem Ekonomi di Jepang

Sistem Pasar Kapitalistik BerencanaSistem Pasar Kapitalistik Berencana : : ** Cooperative government - industry relations Cooperative government - industry relations or Busi-or Busi- ness - Government Partnership (Chalmers Johnson). ness - Government Partnership (Chalmers Johnson). * * Humanistic enterprise system of lifetime employmentHumanistic enterprise system of lifetime employment and “egalitarianism” (William Ouchi, Robert Ozaki).and “egalitarianism” (William Ouchi, Robert Ozaki). * * Traditional setting or CulturalTraditional setting or Cultural BBasease.. * Open up the Economy Policy to Foreign Trade.* Open up the Economy Policy to Foreign Trade.

• Kapitalisme Kroni (Crony Capitalism)Kapitalisme Kroni (Crony Capitalism) : : Government protection of Industry and Finance.Government protection of Industry and Finance.

• Sistem Terintegrasi Sistem Terintegrasi :: The long-term relationships between People, Goods, and Money. The long-term relationships between People, Goods, and Money.


Perspektif Historis Sistem Ekonomi di JepangPerspektif Historis Sistem Ekonomi di Jepang

Era / Abad Sistem-Sistem Ekonomi yang Memiliki Ka-Era / Abad Sistem-Sistem Ekonomi yang Memiliki Ka- rakteristik Umum Pertanian, Industri, dan Informasi :rakteristik Umum Pertanian, Industri, dan Informasi :

* Era Sistem Ekonomi Pertanian* Era Sistem Ekonomi Pertanian :: Feudal economic systems and earlier ancient empire economic systems based on sFeudal economic systems and earlier ancient empire economic systems based on slavelavery. ry.

* Era Sistem Ekonomi * Era Sistem Ekonomi Industri Industri :: Rise of capitalist economic systems and then socialist economic systems. Rise of capitalist economic systems and then socialist economic systems.

* Era Sistem Ekonomi Informasi * Era Sistem Ekonomi Informasi :: * * Both Capitalist and Socialist Economic Systems are being greatly Both Capitalist and Socialist Economic Systems are being greatly restructured as they become part of a global economy.restructured as they become part of a global economy. * * Privatization trends world wide- including in former Soci-Privatization trends world wide- including in former Soci- alist countries (Suzanne Tatikian; Ron Tatum). alist countries (Suzanne Tatikian; Ron Tatum).


Karakteristik Sosial-Traditional di JepangKarakteristik Sosial-Traditional di Jepang Karakteristik Sosial Karakteristik Sosial : :

* * Karakteristik FKarakteristik Feeodalismeodalisme : : The System of Vertical and Reciprocal Personal Obligations. The System of Vertical and Reciprocal Personal Obligations. P Personal ersonal respect forrespect for Authority and mutual Obligation between members of society.Authority and mutual Obligation between members of society.

* * HHierarchical and Respectfulierarchical and Respectful ReRelations within lations within the Firmthe Firm..

Sistem Tradisional-Bisnis JepangSistem Tradisional-Bisnis Jepang : : * * Friendly Shareholders and internally-promoted Managers.Friendly Shareholders and internally-promoted Managers. * Long-term Employment with internal training and rotation.* Long-term Employment with internal training and rotation. * Long-term Assembler-Supplier relationship.* Long-term Assembler-Supplier relationship. * * Flexibility in rearranging workshops and the workers skills.Flexibility in rearranging workshops and the workers skills.


Peranan Pemerintah di JepangPeranan Pemerintah di Jepang

Peranan Pemerintah dalam PembangunanPeranan Pemerintah dalam Pembangunan EkonomiEkonomi :: * * Sektor Infrastruktur Sektor Infrastruktur :: Transportasi dan Komunikasi, Kode Perdaga-Transportasi dan Komunikasi, Kode Perdaga- ngan, Hak Paten, dan sistem legalitas lainnya.ngan, Hak Paten, dan sistem legalitas lainnya. * * Subsidi dan Konsesi Perpajakan.Subsidi dan Konsesi Perpajakan. * * Proteksi vs. Kompetitor Luar Negeri.Proteksi vs. Kompetitor Luar Negeri. * * Pendanaan Pemerintah dalam R & DPendanaan Pemerintah dalam R & D : : Jepang = 20% vs. USA = 28% (2000)Jepang = 20% vs. USA = 28% (2000)..

Peranan Negara secara Langsung RendahPeranan Negara secara Langsung Rendah : :

Pembelian dan Penjualan Barang dan Jasa Pembelian dan Penjualan Barang dan Jasa oleh oleh

Sektor Pemerintah sangat rendah.Sektor Pemerintah sangat rendah.

Komposisi Anggaran Pemerintah di JepangKomposisi Anggaran Pemerintah di Jepang

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Organisasi Industrial di JepangOrganisasi Industrial di Jepang

A. A. Bisnis Besar :Bisnis Besar : * * ZaibatZaibatsusu -- Family-owned holding company in a diversified group of -- Family-owned holding company in a diversified group of industrial corporations, trading companies, and banks. industrial corporations, trading companies, and banks. * * KeiretKeiretsusu - cross holdings of stock, interlocking directo- - cross holdings of stock, interlocking directo- rates, presidents' clubs, and other cooperative arrangements.rates, presidents' clubs, and other cooperative arrangements. * F* Financial Keiretsuinancial Keiretsu -- Mitsui, Mitsubishi, and Sumitomo. -- Mitsui, Mitsubishi, and Sumitomo. * P* Production Keiretsuroduction Keiretsu – a large industrial concern and its – a large industrial concern and its subsidiaries and subcontractors such as Toyota. subsidiaries and subcontractors such as Toyota. * * distribution keiretsudistribution keiretsu -- products from manufacturers to consumers. -- products from manufacturers to consumers.

B. B. Bisnis Kecil :Bisnis Kecil : 99% of Japanese Companies99% of Japanese Companies, employing 75% of work force, , employing 75% of work force,

employ fewer than 100 workers.employ fewer than 100 workers.

19 April 2023 13Copyright © 2014 by Achmadi


Kebijakan Industrial di JepangKebijakan Industrial di Jepang

• Kebijakan Makroekonomi Industri Kebijakan Makroekonomi Industri :: To increase tTo increase the pace of he pace of overall industrial growth, to overall industrial growth, to protectprotect

industry from overseas competition, and to stimulate exportsindustry from overseas competition, and to stimulate exports

• Kebijakan MikKebijakan Mikrroekonomi Industri oekonomi Industri :: TTo affect the structureo affect the structure of output, a substituteof output, a substitute forfor the the

allocatallocativeive function function of theof the market market by toby to invesinvesmment ent fundsfunds direct subsidies,direct subsidies, T Tariff and quota protection .ariff and quota protection .

• Kebijakan Industri Tinggi :Kebijakan Industri Tinggi : the the aactive interventionctive intervention of of the government to promote the government to promote

oror cha change thnge thee course of industrial course of industrial ggrowth and rowth and devdeveelolopment.pment.

• Kebijakan Industri Berbasis Kemajuan Ilmu Pengetahuan.Kebijakan Industri Berbasis Kemajuan Ilmu Pengetahuan.

Kinerja Pembangunan Ekonomi di JepangKinerja Pembangunan Ekonomi di Jepang

Nilai Tukar (Nilai Tukar (Yen per US $ 1) Yen per US $ 1) :: 88.67 88.67 (2010),(2010), 93.57 93.57 (2009), (2009), 103.58103.58 (2008), (2008), 117.99117.99 (2007), (2007), 116.18 (2006), 109.69 (2005), 115.93 (2003), 125.39116.18 (2006), 109.69 (2005), 115.93 (2003), 125.39 (2002), 121.529 (2001), 105.16 (January 2000), 113.91 (1999), (2002), 121.529 (2001), 105.16 (January 2000), 113.91 (1999), 130.91 (1998), 120.99 (1997), 108.78 (1996), 94.06 (1995).130.91 (1998), 120.99 (1997), 108.78 (1996), 94.06 (1995). Pertumbuhan Output IndustriPertumbuhan Output Industri → 7.5% (2010 est.). → 7.5% (2010 est.). Investasi (gross fixed)Investasi (gross fixed) → → 20.3% of GDP (2010 est.).20.3% of GDP (2010 est.). Produk PertanianProduk Pertanian → rice, sugar beets, vegetables, → rice, sugar beets, vegetables, fruit, pork, poultry, dairy products, eggs, fish (2011)fruit, pork, poultry, dairy products, eggs, fish (2011) Komoditi Ekspor → Machinery & Equipment, motor vehicles, semiconductors, chemicals (2011).vehicles, semiconductors, chemicals (2011). Komoditi Impor Komoditi Impor → → machinery and equipment, fuels, machinery and equipment, fuels, foodstuffs, chemicals, textiles, raw materials (2011)foodstuffs, chemicals, textiles, raw materials (2011)



Kinerja Pembangunan Ekonomi di JepangKinerja Pembangunan Ekonomi di Jepang

Tingkat Pertumbuhan EkonomiTingkat Pertumbuhan Ekonomi : : * a 10% average in the 1960s.* a 10% average in the 1960s. * a 5% average in the 1970s.* a 5% average in the 1970s. * a 4% average in the 1980s.* a 4% average in the 1980s. * The 1990s and the 2000s : * The 1990s and the 2000s : The decades of sluggish growth, recessions = economic stagna-The decades of sluggish growth, recessions = economic stagna- tion / slump (the property market crashed, huge public debts, tion / slump (the property market crashed, huge public debts, bankruptcies, government budget deficits, corruption scandals).bankruptcies, government budget deficits, corruption scandals). * growing at 2.0% per year in 2003 and 2004.* growing at 2.0% per year in 2003 and 2004. * growing at 2.8% in 2005, and at 3,2% in 2010.* growing at 2.8% in 2005, and at 3,2% in 2010.

Proses IndustrialisasiProses Industrialisasi :: BBerlangsung cepat, berdasarkan latar belakang Kebudayaan, erlangsung cepat, berdasarkan latar belakang Kebudayaan, NNilai-ilai- nilai, dan Kelembagaan dan Masyarakat tradisional.nilai, dan Kelembagaan dan Masyarakat tradisional.

Pembangunan Ekonomi di JepangPembangunan Ekonomi di Jepang

Reasons of Economic Success :Reasons of Economic Success :

* * High Growth of Capital Investment :High Growth of Capital Investment : Tingkat Tabungan tinggi.Tingkat Tabungan tinggi. Close relations between Close relations between Firms and Banks.Firms and Banks.

* Sharing of Growth :* Sharing of Growth : Heavy Heavy investmentinvestment in Human C in Human Capital apital

(Education).(Education). Helping rural areas not to fall behind.Helping rural areas not to fall behind. Income inequality did not increase.Income inequality did not increase. Hard work, discipline, governmental guidance and market forcesHard work, discipline, governmental guidance and market forces

* Outward-Oriented Policies * Outward-Oriented Policies Promosi Ekspor.Promosi Ekspor.

19 April 2023 1719 April 2023 17Copyright © 2014 by Achmadi


Pembangunan Ekonomi di JepangPembangunan Ekonomi di Jepang Alasan-alasam Keberhasilan Ekonomi :Alasan-alasam Keberhasilan Ekonomi :

* * Sistem Pengelolaan Pekerja :Sistem Pengelolaan Pekerja : Transfer of LaborTransfer of Labor from the Agricultural Sector to industry.from the Agricultural Sector to industry. * * The role of industrial Policy and Trading Companies The role of industrial Policy and Trading Companies (Sogo Shoshas).(Sogo Shoshas). * * Sistem Pengarahan Kredit.Sistem Pengarahan Kredit. * * Respect for Social Order.Respect for Social Order. * The absence of large defense expenditures * The absence of large defense expenditures for high Investment rates.for high Investment rates.

Moving Toward a More Advanced Knowledge EonomyMoving Toward a More Advanced Knowledge Eonomy :: An economy that creates, acquires, adapts, and uses know-An economy that creates, acquires, adapts, and uses knowledge effectively for its economic and social development.ledge effectively for its economic and social development.

Japan : The Foundations of the Asian ModelJapan : The Foundations of the Asian Model

Surplus Tenaga Kerja Surplus Tenaga Kerja Model Dua-Sektor Lewis. Model Dua-Sektor Lewis. Sistem Grup Keiretsu Sistem Grup Keiretsu : : firms in different industries held together firms in different industries held together

by by a common Bank or a Trading Company.a common Bank or a Trading Company. Managerial Decision-Making Managerial Decision-Making consensual decision-making. consensual decision-making. Pasar Tenaga Kerja :Pasar Tenaga Kerja :

Lifetime Employment.Lifetime Employment. Tingkat Upah Senioritas. Tingkat Upah Senioritas.

Kebijakan MikroekonomiKebijakan Mikroekonomi I Industri:ndustri: Eksistensi Skala EkonomiEksistensi Skala Ekonomi, Barang , Barang Pu-Pu- blik, Pasar Modal Tidak Sempurna.blik, Pasar Modal Tidak Sempurna.



South Korea : Economic BackgroundSouth Korea : Economic Background

• Country AreaCountry Area 96,920 km96,920 km22, with 16.58% of arable land. , with 16.58% of arable land.

• Population Number and growth ratePopulation Number and growth rate 48 ,75 million (1,0%), 2010. 48 ,75 million (1,0%), 2010.

• GNI PKP 2010GNI PKP 2010 ($ 19,830), ($ 19,830), GDP growth rateGDP growth rate = 6% (2010). = 6% (2010).

• Economic sectors contribution of Economic sectors contribution of GDPGDP (2010): (2010): Agricultural (3%), InvesmentAgricultural (3%), Invesment (37%),(37%), Industry (40%), Services Industry (40%), Services ((57%), 57%), ExExports (38%),ports (38%), Government revenue (26,3%).Government revenue (26,3%).

• Labor ForceLabor Force (2010) (2010) ::

Agricultural = 7,3%, Industry = 24,3%, Services = 68,4%.Agricultural = 7,3%, Industry = 24,3%, Services = 68,4%.

• HDIHDI 0,897 (2011), 0,897 (2011), Unemployment = 3,4% (2011).Unemployment = 3,4% (2011).

• The 12th largest economy in the world (2011).The 12th largest economy in the world (2011).


Sistem Ekonomi di KorSistem Ekonomi di Korsselel

1960 – 1973 : 1960 – 1973 : The System of State-DirectedThe System of State-Directed DevelopmentDevelopment or State Capitalism or State Capitalism

1973 – Sekarang :1973 – Sekarang : Sistem Ekonomi Pasar Campuran atau Sis-Sistem Ekonomi Pasar Campuran atau Sis- tem Ekonomi Pasar Kapitalistik :tem Ekonomi Pasar Kapitalistik :

Peranan Chaebol Corporation dengan Peran-Peranan Chaebol Corporation dengan Peran- an Pemerintah yang Kuat dan terbatas da-an Pemerintah yang Kuat dan terbatas dalam Perencanaan, dengan kerangka kerja lam Perencanaan, dengan kerangka kerja Perekonomian Terbuka (Open Economy).Perekonomian Terbuka (Open Economy).


Reformasi Ekonomi di KorselReformasi Ekonomi di Korsel

A very poor Agricultural CountryA very poor Agricultural Country Land-Reform and Agriculture Land-Reform and Agriculture Sector Reform Sector Reform (in 1940s and 1950s).(in 1940s and 1950s).

Reformasi Ekonomi (1960 – 2000)Reformasi Ekonomi (1960 – 2000) : : * Pengembangan Strategi Promosi Ekspor. * Pengembangan Strategi Promosi Ekspor. * Peningkatan sektor Industri Ringan yang bersi- * Peningkatan sektor Industri Ringan yang bersi- fat Padat Karyafat Padat Karya (Labor Intensive) (Labor Intensive).. * * Perencanaan Perencanaan EEkonomi yang fleksibel. konomi yang fleksibel. * Otonomi Sistem Perbankan, pemantapan lem- * Otonomi Sistem Perbankan, pemantapan lem- baga Keuangan, dan reformasi Mata Uang.baga Keuangan, dan reformasi Mata Uang. * Penerima Bantuan Luar Negeri dari USA sejak * Penerima Bantuan Luar Negeri dari USA sejak

tahun 1945 (dihentikan tahun 1980). tahun 1945 (dihentikan tahun 1980).


Reformasi Ekonomi di KorselReformasi Ekonomi di Korsel

The Phases of Growth inThe Phases of Growth in South Korea (Average % Annual Rates of Change)South Korea (Average % Annual Rates of Change)

Phases Phases Years Real GDP Real p er Capita GDP PopulationYears Real GDP Real p er Capita GDP Population



Perencanaan Ekonomi di KorselPerencanaan Ekonomi di Korsel

The Economic Planning AgencyThe Economic Planning Agency (EPA) 1960 : (EPA) 1960 :

Solicits proposals from Business, labor, government, and Solicits proposals from Business, labor, government, and academia. It provides Information and improve Communi- academia. It provides Information and improve Communi-

cation between all segments of the economy.cation between all segments of the economy. * The EPA used an input / Output Matrices Model.* The EPA used an input / Output Matrices Model. * The EPA did not stablish Firm production tar- * The EPA did not stablish Firm production tar- gets, but each firm was given an Export Quota. gets, but each firm was given an Export Quota. * To shift away from Goverment direction toward * To shift away from Goverment direction toward

a system of market coordination.a system of market coordination. * Prepare five-year Plan by top down (1960-1961): * Prepare five-year Plan by top down (1960-1961): * The First Plan (1962 – 1966).* The First Plan (1962 – 1966). * The Second Plan (1967 – 1971). * The Second Plan (1967 – 1971).


State-led Planning (1962 - 1976) :State-led Planning (1962 - 1976) :

1st, 2nd, and 3rd Five-year Economic Development Plans :1st, 2nd, and 3rd Five-year Economic Development Plans :

Suitable for an under-developed, small-sized Suitable for an under-developed, small-sized economy with a relatively simple structure.economy with a relatively simple structure.

Focused on setting up Sectoral investment Focused on setting up Sectoral investment plans and mobilizing and allocating domestic plans and mobilizing and allocating domestic and external resources to support the imple- and external resources to support the imple- mentation of the plans.mentation of the plans.

Supplemented by Annual Supplemented by Annual Economic Management PlansEconomic Management Plans..


Perencanaan Indikatif (1977 - 1991) :Perencanaan Indikatif (1977 - 1991) :

4th, 5th, and 6th Five-year Economic Development Plans :4th, 5th, and 6th Five-year Economic Development Plans : to cope with the growing size and sophistication of the economyto cope with the growing size and sophistication of the economy Giving a greater role to private initiatives.Giving a greater role to private initiatives. Reflecting a growing concern on equity issuesReflecting a growing concern on equity issues Medium-term Fiscal Plan introduced in the Medium-term Fiscal Plan introduced in the

early 1980s to bridge the gap between EDPs early 1980s to bridge the gap between EDPs and annual budgeting :and annual budgeting :

Not published to the public.Not published to the public. Not tightly linked to annual budgeting.Not tightly linked to annual budgeting.



Strategic Planning (1992-96); 7th Five-year Strategic Planning (1992-96); 7th Five-year Economic and Social Development Plan :Economic and Social Development Plan :

Addressing strategic issues to be tackled Addressing strategic issues to be tackled through a concerted effort by the govern- through a concerted effort by the government and the private sector.ment and the private sector.

Replaced by the Five-year Plan for New Economy in 1993Replaced by the Five-year Plan for New Economy in 1993 : : Setting out various reform agenda -- fiscal, fi-Setting out various reform agenda -- fiscal, fi-

nancial, and regulatory reforms, accelerated nancial, and regulatory reforms, accelerated external liberalization, improved social equityexternal liberalization, improved social equity

““Planning” effectively abandoned.Planning” effectively abandoned.




Pembangunan Industri di KorselPembangunan Industri di Korsel

Light Industry to Heavy and Chemical IndustryLight Industry to Heavy and Chemical Industry Development Plan (1973 – 1979) Development Plan (1973 – 1979) : :

* * Sektor-Sektor PertumbuhanSektor-Sektor Pertumbuhan Industri : Industri : Iron and steel, nonferrous metals, sIron and steel, nonferrous metals, shipbuilding, machinery, chemical industries.hipbuilding, machinery, chemical industries.

* * Struktur Industri (Output)Struktur Industri (Output) : :

* 1971 * 1971 Light industry = 56%, Heavy industry = 44%. Light industry = 56%, Heavy industry = 44%. * 1980 * 1980 Light industry = 44%, Heavy industry = 56%. Light industry = 44%, Heavy industry = 56%.

* * Sumber-Sumber Sektor PertumbuhanSumber-Sumber Sektor Pertumbuhan Industri :Industri :

* * The beliefs that military self-sufficiency.The beliefs that military self-sufficiency. * Increased Globalization of Production and Accelerating * Increased Globalization of Production and Accelerating

in-in- tegration of Asian countries Into the global economy.tegration of Asian countries Into the global economy. ** Th The rapid export e rapid export ggrowth rowth and reduce import dependence.and reduce import dependence.



Struktur Industri Struktur Industri ::

* * The dominance of the large industrial groups (the The dominance of the large industrial groups (the ChaChaebebooll)) * The top 10 * The top 10 chaebolschaebols produced 60% of South Korea’s GDP, produced 60% of South Korea’s GDP, while the top 4 produced 40%(2000).while the top 4 produced 40%(2000).

* * Karakteristik Grup ChaebolKarakteristik Grup Chaebol : :

* A conglomerate of many companies.* A conglomerate of many companies. * Companies hold shares in each other. * Companies hold shares in each other. * Concentration of national economy.* Concentration of national economy. * Does not have own financial institution.* Does not have own financial institution. * Spreads across industries.* Spreads across industries. * Has centralized structure and control.* Has centralized structure and control. * Tends to be family-based.* Tends to be family-based.


Perbandingan antara Grup Chaebol dan Keiretsu :Perbandingan antara Grup Chaebol dan Keiretsu :

* Chaebol groups had no access* Chaebol groups had no access to internal finance, to internal finance, KeireKeiretsu tsu

provides credit to member companies. provides credit to member companies.

* The * The managementmanagement structure structure headed by original founder headed by original founder

(family) in Chaebol, led by(family) in Chaebol, led by professional management in Keiretsu. professional management in Keiretsu.

* The relationship between the industrial groups and govern-* The relationship between the industrial groups and govern-

ment has been less cooperative in Chaebol than in Keiretsu. ment has been less cooperative in Chaebol than in Keiretsu.

* Chaebol conduct * Chaebol conduct an even wider range ofan even wider range of activities than Keiretsu. activities than Keiretsu.

* Chaebol are even more burdered by debt than Keiretsu. * Chaebol are even more burdered by debt than Keiretsu.



Peranan Pemerintah di KorselPeranan Pemerintah di Korsel

Pemerintah mengendalikan semua Kegiatan Ekonomi Pemerintah mengendalikan semua Kegiatan Ekonomi

Government approved all bank loans.Government approved all bank loans. Granted licenses for virtually all businesses.Granted licenses for virtually all businesses. Controlled many prices of goods and services.Controlled many prices of goods and services.

• Peniruan Model JepangPeniruan Model Jepang : : Emphasis on political and military influence Emphasis on political and military influence in running the economy.in running the economy.

• Intervensi Pemerintah di DN dan Perdagangan LN.Intervensi Pemerintah di DN dan Perdagangan LN.

• Keringanan Pajak, dan Insentif bagi Perusahaan.Keringanan Pajak, dan Insentif bagi Perusahaan.

• Peningkatan Teknologi di berbagai sektor Industri.Peningkatan Teknologi di berbagai sektor Industri.


Kinerja Pembangunan Ekonomi di KorselKinerja Pembangunan Ekonomi di Korsel

Pertumbuhan Investasi (%) era 1961 – 1990 Pertumbuhan Investasi (%) era 1961 – 1990 :: 14,8 (1961-1965), 25,8 (1966-1970), 27,6 (1971-1975), 14,8 (1961-1965), 25,8 (1966-1970), 27,6 (1971-1975), 31,3 (1976-1980), 30,1 (1981-1985), 31,6 (1986-1990).31,3 (1976-1980), 30,1 (1981-1985), 31,6 (1986-1990).

PePertumbuhrtumbuhan Ekonomi an Ekonomi 1965 - 19901965 - 1990 :: Pendapatan PKP rata-rata = 7% per tahun.Pendapatan PKP rata-rata = 7% per tahun.

Pembangunan Ekonomi (Pembangunan Ekonomi (19901990-an) :-an) : PPerekonomian menuju tahap Maturityerekonomian menuju tahap Maturity (Rostow), (Rostow), % Investasi terhadap GNP riil = 37% / tahun.% Investasi terhadap GNP riil = 37% / tahun.

Nilai ULN Nilai ULN US $ 42 Miliar (1992).US $ 42 Miliar (1992).

Korea Selatan, Hong Kong, Singapura & Taiwan: Korea Selatan, Hong Kong, Singapura & Taiwan: ““The Asian TigersThe Asian Tigers” atau “The Little Dragon”. ” atau “The Little Dragon”.


Kinerja Pembangunan Ekonomi di KorselKinerja Pembangunan Ekonomi di Korsel

1983 1983 Economic Recovery Economic Recovery dengan penekanan dari dengan penekanan dari High EconomicHigh Economic growth to Stable Economic growth.growth to Stable Economic growth.

• 1965 – 19961965 – 1996 Pembangunan Industri Ringan padat karya ke sektor pro-Pembangunan Industri Ringan padat karya ke sektor pro- duksi Hightech & Capital Intensive (duksi Hightech & Capital Intensive ( ekspor = 16% / th.). ekspor = 16% / th.).

• 19971997 Krisis mata uang di Asia, depresiasi mata uang Korsel (Won) Krisis mata uang di Asia, depresiasi mata uang Korsel (Won) (30%), pertumbuhan GDP Riil (30%), pertumbuhan GDP Riil (6% pada tahun 1997 ke 5% ta- (6% pada tahun 1997 ke 5% tahun 1998),hun 1998), pengangguran pengangguran (3,5% ke 9% tahun 1997 ke 1998). (3,5% ke 9% tahun 1997 ke 1998).

• 1999 - 2000 1999 - 2000 Pemulihan EkonomiPemulihan Ekonomi, GDP riil Growth = 8% / tahun., GDP riil Growth = 8% / tahun.

• The 13th World ExporterThe 13th World Exporter goods, services, and income (2010). goods, services, and income (2010).

Kinerja Pembangunan Ekonomi di Korsel (1962 - 2007)Kinerja Pembangunan Ekonomi di Korsel (1962 - 2007)66

19621962 19921992 19971997 20072007

Economic DevelopmentEconomic Development (Per Capita GDP)(Per Capita GDP) $101$101 $7,527$7,527 $11,176$11,176 $20,014$20,014

Investment (% of GDP)Investment (% of GDP) 13.813.8 37.337.3 36.036.0 29.029.0

Exports (% of GDP)Exports (% of GDP) 5.15.1 26.626.6 32.432.4 45.645.6

Imports (% of GDP)Imports (% of GDP) 16.816.8 27.727.7 33.033.0 44.844.8

Social Development :Social Development :

Life expectancy at birthLife expectancy at birth 5555 7272 7474 7979

Infant mortality rateInfant mortality rate (per 1000 births) (per 1000 births) 9090 88 5.85.8 --

19701970 19801980 19901990 20002000

Years SchoolYears School 5.75.7 7.67.6 9.59.5 10.610.6

Middle school enrollment ratio (%)Middle school enrollment ratio (%) 51.251.2 95.195.1 98.298.2 99.199.1

High school enrollment ratio (%)High school enrollment ratio (%) 28.128.1 63.563.5 88.088.0 96.496.4

Tertiary school enrollment ratio (%)Tertiary school enrollment ratio (%) 8.48.4 15.915.9 37.737.7 80.580.5



Kebijakan Pertumbuhan Ekonomi di KorselKebijakan Pertumbuhan Ekonomi di Korsel

1950s 1950s Import-Substitutive Industrialization, Import-Substitutive Industrialization, Farmland Reform Act. Farmland Reform Act.

1960s 1960s Five-Year Economic Development Plan, Export-Five-Year Economic Development Plan, Export- Led Growth, Light Industry.Led Growth, Light Industry.

1970s 1970s Export-Led growth, heavy chemical Industry, re-Export-Led growth, heavy chemical Industry, re- vitalizing reform, spirit modernization.vitalizing reform, spirit modernization.

1980s 1980s Growth with Social Stability and Autonomy, Liberalization of Import.Growth with Social Stability and Autonomy, Liberalization of Import.

1990s 1990s Strengthen Corporate Competitiveness, Real Name Financial Tran- Strengthen Corporate Competitiveness, Real Name Financial Tran- saction System, Democratization, Social Reformation, Globalizationsaction System, Democratization, Social Reformation, Globalization

2000s 2000s Privatization, Market Opening, Growth with Ven-Privatization, Market Opening, Growth with Ven- ture and IT, Globalization, internet, welfare.ture and IT, Globalization, internet, welfare.

Pertumbuhan Ekonomi menurut Pengeluaran di KorselPertumbuhan Ekonomi menurut Pengeluaran di Korsel

36

Tren Pertumbuhan Ekonomi di KorselTren Pertumbuhan Ekonomi di Korsel

37

Perekonomian Korsel dalam Lingkup GlobalPerekonomian Korsel dalam Lingkup Global

6th Largest6th Largest

FX reserves in FX reserves in

the Worldthe World

(US$295.9bn,(US$295.9bn,

Jan. 2011)Jan. 2011)

Sound Sound

Macroeconomic PlatformMacroeconomic Platform

$$$$$$$$

LargestLargest

Producer Producer

in Semi in Semi

cconductor, onductor,

LCD and LCD and

Shipbuilding in Shipbuilding in

the World the World

9th Largest 9th Largest

Trader in the Trader in the

WorldWorld

(Ex: (Ex:

US$467bnUS$467bn

Imp: Imp:

US$426bn, US$426bn,

2010)2010)

A Leader in A Leader in

Global TradeGlobal Trade

Technological & Technological &

Industrial PowerhouseIndustrial Powerhouse

15th Largest

GDP in the GDP in the

WorldWorld

(US$928bn,(US$928bn,

IMF, 2010)IMF, 2010)

A RobustA Robust

EconomyEconomy


Tugas Minggu ke 8Tugas Minggu ke 8

Bandingkan model Sistem ekonomi Bandingkan model Sistem ekonomi yang dilaksanakan oleh Jepang de-yang dilaksanakan oleh Jepang de-ngan Korea Selatan ! ngan Korea Selatan !

Bandingkan Faktor-faktor yang me-Bandingkan Faktor-faktor yang me-nentukan Keberhasilan Pembangu- nentukan Keberhasilan Pembangu- nan (Pertumbuhan) Ekonomi di Je-nan (Pertumbuhan) Ekonomi di Je-pang dengan Korea Selatan !pang dengan Korea Selatan !


Selamat Belajar Semoga SuksesSelamat Belajar Semoga Sukses

AAPSE08S1AA.ppt

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