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StresStres ErgonomikErgonomik

TekananTekanan ErgonomikErgonomik FisikFisik dandan MentalMental

Stress Stress ErgonomikErgonomik DefinisiDefinisi= = llmullmu yang yang mempelajarimempelajari hubunganhubungan manusiamanusia dandan

lingkunganlingkungan kerjanyakerjanya untukuntuk mencapaimencapai keseimbangankeseimbangandalamdalam efisiensiefisiensi, , kesehatankesehatan dandan kesejahteraankesejahteraan

= = disiplindisiplin ilmuilmu yang yang ditujukanditujukan untukuntuk membantumembantu pekerjapekerjabekerjabekerja secarasecara produktifproduktif, , dalamdalam taraftaraf ekonomiekonomi yang yang dapatdapat diterimaditerima oleholeh pengusaha/pemberipengusaha/pemberi kerjakerja, , dandan padapadasaatsaat yang sama yang sama jugajuga memberikanmemberikan kesejahteraankesejahteraan faalifaalidandan emosionalemosional yang yang tinggitinggi padapada pekerjapekerja

DisiplinDisiplin ilmuilmu yang yang terkaitterkait: : ilmuilmu rekayasarekayasa, , fisikafisika, , biologibiologi, , sosialsosial dandan perilakuperilaku

TUJUAN ERGONOMI:TUJUAN ERGONOMI:MencegahMencegah tekanantekanan kerjakerja, , kelelahankelelahan, , ketidakpedulianketidakpedulian

terhadapterhadap kerjakerja, , produktivitasproduktivitas rendahrendah, labor turn over rate , labor turn over rate yang yang tinggitinggi

IlmuIlmu--ilmuilmu terkaitterkait ergonomikergonomik

Engineering sciences: mechanicsEngineering sciences: mechanicsPhysical sciences: physical energy Physical sciences: physical energy stressesstressesBiological sciences: anatomy, physiology Biological sciences: anatomy, physiology

biomechanicsbiomechanicsSocial and behavioral sciences: Social and behavioral sciences: anthropology, (industrial) psychology, anthropology, (industrial) psychology, (industrial) sociology (industrial) sociology engineering engineering psychologypsychology

AplikasiAplikasi dalamdalam industriindustri

OrientasiOrientasi desaindesain dandan produksiproduksi: : Human factors in engineeringHuman factors in engineeringIndustrial designIndustrial designIndustrial engineeringIndustrial engineering

OrientasiOrientasi kesehatan/keselamatankesehatan/keselamatan::Industrial hygieneIndustrial hygieneSafety engineeringSafety engineeringOccupational medicineOccupational medicine

ErgonomiErgonomi berhubunganberhubungan dengandengan::AnatomiAnatomi, , fisiologifisiologi memberikanmemberikan informasiinformasimengenaimengenai strukturstruktur dandan fungsifungsi tubuhtubuhAnthropometry Anthropometry memberikanmemberikan informasiinformasimengenaimengenai ukuranukuran tubuhtubuhPsikologiPsikologi, , mempelajarimempelajari fungsifungsi daridari otakotak dandansistemsistem syarafsyarafHigieneHigiene industriindustri, , mendefiniskanmendefiniskan kondisikondisipekerjaanpekerjaan yang yang membuktikanmembuktikan adanyaadanya bahayabahayaterhadapterhadap tubuhtubuhIlmuIlmu fisikafisika dandan teknikteknik lainnyalainnya yang yang mendukungmendukung

AhliAhli ergonomiergonomi harusharus menguasaimenguasai::AnatomiAnatomi--fisiologifisiologi tubuhtubuh misalmisal: : efisiensiefisiensi angkatangkat junjungjunjung, , telunjuktelunjuk untukuntuk menunjukmenunjuk/extension, /extension, daridari lain lain untukuntuk operationoperationSystem System muskulomuskulo--skeletal skeletal keseimbangankeseimbangan bebanbeban padapada ototototSystem System neuroneuro--muskulermuskuler kecepatankecepatan rekasi/gerakrekasi/gerak kerjakerja, , kelellahankelellahanSystem System sensorisensori--neural neural display, display, bentukbentuk, , diskriminasidiskriminasipermukaanpermukaan alatalatPancainderaPancaindera display visual, auditory, display visual, auditory, taktualtaktualSystem System kardiokardio--vaskulervaskuler: : kelelahankelelahanBiokimiaBiokimia: : energienergi untukuntuk kerjakerja, , bebanbeban kerjakerjaGiziGizi, , kesehatankesehatan: fitness: fitnessDasarDasar desaindesain peralatanperalatan industriindustri: : handtoolshandtools, , antropometriantropometriLayout Layout ruangruang kerjakerjaPenempatanPenempatan peralatanperalatan

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JenisJenis pekerjaanpekerjaan terbagiterbagi::KERJA STATIK:KERJA STATIK:-- SeringSering dilupakandilupakan-- adaada otototot yang yang lelahlelah-- posturpostur tubuhtubuh perluperlu diperhatikandiperhatikan-- lengkung/bungkuklengkung/bungkuk menyebabkanmenyebabkan lelahlelah karenakarena bebanbebanpadapada satusatu bagianbagian tubuhtubuh, supply , supply oksigenoksigen kurangkurang, , buanganbuangan terakumulasiterakumulasi, , otototot akanakan lelahlelah-- sebaiknyasebaiknya kerjakerja bergantianbergantian statisstatis dandan dinamisdinamisKERJA DINAMIKKERJA DINAMIK-- MembawaMembawa, , mengangkatmengangkat-- perluperlu diperhatikandiperhatikan sandaransandaran lenganlengan yang yang empukempuk-- posisiposisi yang yang tidaktidak alamialami perluperlu dihindaridihindari-- karenakarena perbedaanperbedaan antropometriantropometri alatalat harusharusdisesuaikandisesuaikan

SumberSumber KelelahanKelelahanOrangOrang yang yang lelahlelah mudahmudah mengalamimengalamikecelakaan/cacatkecelakaan/cacat dandan sakitsakitVariabelVariabel pekerjapekerja: : usiausia, , jenisjenis kelaminkelamin, , ukuranukuranantropometriantropometriLelahLelah = = perasaanperasaan yang yang subyektifsubyektifLelahLelah = = penurunanpenurunan efisiensiefisiensi kerjakerja fisikfisik dandan ketahananketahanankerjakerjaSumberSumber kelelahankelelahan: : -- kelelahankelelahan umumumum -- bebanbeban fisikfisik dandan mental mental beratberat-- kelelahankelelahan mental mental dandan lamalama-- kelelahankelelahan visual visual -- lingkunganlingkungan: : suhusuhu, , bisingbising, , -- kelelahankelelahan syarafsyaraf iluminasiiluminasi, , cuacacuaca, , suasanasuasana-- kerjakerja yang yang monotonmonoton kerjakerja-- sakitsakit badaniahbadaniah, , gizigizi, , kebiasaankebiasaan makanmakan-- aktoraktor kejiwaankejiwaan: : tanggungtanggung jawabjawab, , konflikkonflik, , risaurisau

GejalaGejala kelelahankelelahanPerhatianPerhatian turunturunReaksiReaksi lambanlambanSulitSulit berpikirberpikirKemauanKemauan menurunmenurunMotivasiMotivasi kerjakerja turunturunKurangKurang efisienefisien didi kerjakerjafisikfisik/mental/mentalBeratBerat didi kepalakepala, , lelahlelah seluruhseluruhbadanbadanKaki Kaki terasaterasa beratberatMenguapMenguapPikiranPikiran kacaukacauMengantukMengantukBeratBerat matamata

• Kaku dan canggung dalamgerak

• Ingin berbaring, susahberpikir

• Lelah bicara• Menjadi gugup• Tidak dapat konsentrasi• Sukar memberi perhatian• Cenderung lupa• Kurang percaya diri• Cemas• Koordinasi gerak menurun• Kaku di bahu• Nyeri punggung

MencegahMencegah kelelahankelelahan kerjakerja

AspekAspek posturpostur tubuhtubuh: : keserasiankeserasiantubuhtubuh dengandengan alatalat kerjakerja, volume , volume kerjakerjaAspekAspek rekayasarekayasaAspekAspek lain: lain: motivasimotivasi kerjakerja, , aturanaturan istirahatistirahat, , suasanasuasana yang yang menyenangkanmenyenangkan, , perbaikiperbaikikesejahteraankesejahteraan termasuktermasuk gajigaji, , gizigizi..

HubunganHubungan manusiamanusia dengandengan mesinmesinAdaAda perbedaanperbedaan sistemsistem manusiamanusia dandan mesinmesin..ManusiaManusia menerimamenerima dandan memprosesmemproses informasiinformasi kemudiankemudianbertindakbertindakTask stresses, Task stresses, tekanantekanan padapada tugastugas pekerjaanpekerjaan

Yang paling Yang paling utamautama adalahadalah fisiologifisiologi dandan psikologipsikologi, , pekerjaanpekerjaan harusharus sesuaisesuai dengandengan umurumur, , jenisjenis kelaminkelamin, , bentukbentuk tubuhtubuh pekerjapekerja..PekerjaanPekerjaan terlaluterlalu mudahmudah membosankanmembosankan, , terlaluterlalu beratberatakanakan sakitsakit..TugasTugas Industrial Hygienist Industrial Hygienist adalahadalah mencarimencarikeseimbangannyakeseimbangannya..

KemampuanKemampuan manusiamanusia vsvs mesinmesin (1)(1)

MonitoringMonitoringRutinRutin, , berulangberulangDeteksi/ambilDeteksi/ambil informasiinformasidalamdalam waktuwaktu singkatsingkatOperasiOperasi dalamdalam lingkunganlingkunganberbahayaberbahaya

DeteksiDeteksi rangsangrangsangberenergiberenergi rendahrendahMelatihMelatih pertimbanganpertimbanganuntukuntuk kejadiankejadian yang yang tidaktidakdapatdapat didefinisikandidefinisikanKeuntunganKeuntungan daridaripengalamanpengalaman dalamdalammengambilmengambil tindakantindakan

MesinMesin unggulunggul dalamdalamManusiaManusia unggulunggul dalamdalam

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KemampuanKemampuan manusiamanusia vsvs mesinmesin (2)(2)

menghitungmenghitung halhal komplekskompleksdengandengan cepatcepat dandan akurasiakurasitinggitinggimengerjakanmengerjakan banyakbanyak halhal didiwaktuwaktu yang samayang samaresponrespon cepatcepat terhadapterhadapsignal controlsignal control

BelajarBelajar daridari pengalamanpengalamandandan mengubahmengubah jalurjalurtindakantindakandapatdapat berargumentasiberargumentasiinduktifinduktif ((daridari spesifikspesifik kekegeneral)general)dapatdapat membuatmembuat berbagaiberbagaisolusisolusi alternatifalternatif

MesinMesin unggulunggul dalamdalamManusiaManusia unggulunggul dalamdalam

BiomekanikBiomekanik

BiomekanikaBiomekanika = = MekanikaMekanika biologibiologi organismeorganismeBiomekanikaBiomekanika merupakanmerupakan alatalat yang yang dapatdapat mencegahmencegahbebanbeban kerjakerjaMempelajariMempelajari fungsifungsi dandan strukturstruktur bagianbagian tubuhtubuh sertasertaefeknyaefeknya tekanan/bebantekanan/beban internal/internal/eksternaleksternal terhadapnyaterhadapnya..

BebanBeban beratberat yang yang kumulatifkumulatif dapatdapat menyebabkanmenyebabkankelainankelainan fisikfisik..DirasakanDirasakan sebagaisebagai gejalagejala pertamapertama sakitsakit: : sesuatusesuatu yang yang tidaktidak comfortablecomfortableBilaBila tidaktidak diperhatikandiperhatikan dapatdapat menyebabkanmenyebabkan kecelakaankecelakaandidi kemudiankemudian harihari

ContohContoh BiomekanikaBiomekanikaTanganTangan dandan lenganlengan bawahbawahkerjakerja tangantangan dilaksanakandilaksanakan oleholeh otototot yang yang melekatmelekat padapadatulangtulang ulna ulna dandan radius radius memperhatikanmemperhatikan garisgaris fleksifleksitangantangan dandan lenganlengan bawahbawahContohContoh: : memegangmemegang obengobeng, , gegepgegep, , dlldll..TungkaiTungkai bawahbawahBeberapaBeberapa titiktitik lemahlemah::

DaerahDaerah belakangbelakang lututlututBagianBagian bawahbawah dandan belakangbelakang tungkaitungkai atasatasLengkungLengkung bawahbawah kakikakiJanganJangan menekanmenekan bagianbagian iniini

ContohContoh: : posisiposisi dudukduduk, , bilabila tidaktidak sesuaisesuai akanakanmenyebabkanmenyebabkan kesemutankesemutan

TungkaiTungkai bawahbawah

KursiKursi terlaluterlalu dalamdalam akanakanmenekanmenekan lututlututKursiKursi terlaluterlalu tinggitinggi akanakanmenekanmenekan bagianbagian bawahbawahbelakangbelakang tungkaitungkai atasatasSandaranSandaran kaki, kaki, bilabila sepatusepatuempukempuk, , lekuklekuk kaki kaki akanakantertekantertekanTimbulTimbul kesemutankesemutanPedal kaki yang Pedal kaki yang terlaluterlaludekat/jauhdekat/jauh akanakanmenyebabkanmenyebabkan sudutsudut normal normal terlampauiterlampaui

Head height Head height Allow adequate space for the tallest possible worker. Allow adequate space for the tallest possible worker. Position displays at or below eye level because people naturallyPosition displays at or below eye level because people naturally look slightly look slightly downward. downward.

Shoulder height Shoulder height Control panels should be placed between shoulder and waist heighControl panels should be placed between shoulder and waist height. t. Avoid placing above shoulder height objects or controls that areAvoid placing above shoulder height objects or controls that are used often. used often.

Arm reach Arm reach Place items within the shortest arm reach to avoid overPlace items within the shortest arm reach to avoid over--stretching while reaching up stretching while reaching up or outward. or outward. Position items needed for work so that the tallest worker does nPosition items needed for work so that the tallest worker does not need to bend while ot need to bend while reaching down. reaching down. Keep frequently used materials and tools close to and in front oKeep frequently used materials and tools close to and in front of the body. f the body.

Elbow height Elbow height Adjust work surface height so that it is at or below elbow heighAdjust work surface height so that it is at or below elbow height for most job tasks. t for most job tasks.

Hand height Hand height Make sure that items that have to be lifted are kept between hanMake sure that items that have to be lifted are kept between hand and shoulder d and shoulder height. height.

Leg length Leg length Adjust chair height according to leg length and the height of thAdjust chair height according to leg length and the height of the work surface. e work surface. Allow space so that legs can be outstretched, with enough space Allow space so that legs can be outstretched, with enough space for long legs. for long legs. Provide an adjustable footrest so that legs are not dangling andProvide an adjustable footrest so that legs are not dangling and to help the worker to help the worker change body position. change body position.

Hand size Hand size Hand grips should fit the hands. Small hand grips are needed forHand grips should fit the hands. Small hand grips are needed for small hands, larger small hands, larger grips for bigger hands. grips for bigger hands. Allow enough work space for the largest hands. Allow enough work space for the largest hands.

Body size Body size Allow enough space at the workstation for the largest worker. Allow enough space at the workstation for the largest worker.

MengangkatMengangkat--junjungjunjungMengangkatMengangkat--junjungjunjung bendabenda beratberat dapatdapat menyebabkanmenyebabkanterjadinyaterjadinya kecelakaankecelakaanPerluPerlu memperhatikanmemperhatikan::-- VariabelVariabel kerjakerja: : lokasilokasi, , ukuranukuran obyekobyek, , ketinggianketinggian daridaridandan ketempatketempat junjungjunjung, , frekuensifrekuensi kerjakerja, , beratberat obyekobyek, , posisiposisi kerjakerja-- VariabelVariabel manusiamanusia: : usiausia, , jenisjenis kelaminkelamin, , pelatihanpelatihan, , fitness, fitness, ukuranukuran tubuhtubuh-- variabelvariabel lingkunganlingkungan: : temperaturtemperatur, , kelembabankelembaban, , kontaminankontaminan didi udaraudaraMengangkatMengangkat bersamabersama--samasamaSemerataSemerata mungkinmungkin, , janganjangan terlaluterlalu banyakbanyak orangorangsehinggasehingga mengganggumengganggu, , sebaiknyasebaiknya sama sama tinggitinggi, , bergerakbergerakbersamabersama--samasama--komandokomando, , setiapsetiap orangorang padapada posisiposisi dandanpeganganpegangan yang yang benarbenar

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Basic ergonomic principles Basic ergonomic principles It is generally most effective to examine work conditions on a cIt is generally most effective to examine work conditions on a casease--byby--case basis case basis when applying ergonomic principles to solve or prevent problems.when applying ergonomic principles to solve or prevent problems. Sometimes even Sometimes even minor ergonomic changes in the design of equipment, workstationsminor ergonomic changes in the design of equipment, workstations or job tasks can or job tasks can make significant improvements in worker comfort, health, safety make significant improvements in worker comfort, health, safety and productivity. The and productivity. The following are a few examples of ergonomic changes which, if implfollowing are a few examples of ergonomic changes which, if implemented, can result emented, can result in significant improvements: in significant improvements: For assembly jobs, material should be placed in a position such For assembly jobs, material should be placed in a position such that the worker's that the worker's strongest muscles do most of the work. strongest muscles do most of the work. For detailed work which involves close inspection of the materiaFor detailed work which involves close inspection of the materials, the workbench ls, the workbench should be lower than for work which is heavy. should be lower than for work which is heavy. Hand tools that cause discomfort or injury should be modified orHand tools that cause discomfort or injury should be modified or replaced. Workers replaced. Workers are often the best source of ideas on ways to improve a tool to are often the best source of ideas on ways to improve a tool to make using it more make using it more comfortable. For example, pliers can be either straight or bent,comfortable. For example, pliers can be either straight or bent, depending on the depending on the need. need. A task should not require workers to stay in awkward positions, A task should not require workers to stay in awkward positions, such as reaching, such as reaching, bending, or hunching over for long periods of time. bending, or hunching over for long periods of time. Workers need to be trained in proper lifting techniques. A well Workers need to be trained in proper lifting techniques. A well designed job should designed job should minimize how far and how often workers have to lift. minimize how far and how often workers have to lift. Standing work should be minimized, since it is often less tiringStanding work should be minimized, since it is often less tiring to do a job sitting than to do a job sitting than standing. standing. Job assignments should be rotated to minimize the amount of timeJob assignments should be rotated to minimize the amount of time a worker spends a worker spends doing a highly repetitive task, since repetitive work requires udoing a highly repetitive task, since repetitive work requires using the same muscles sing the same muscles again and again and is usually very boring. again and again and is usually very boring. Workers and equipment should be positioned so that workers can pWorkers and equipment should be positioned so that workers can perform their jobs erform their jobs with their upper arms at their sides and with their wrists straiwith their upper arms at their sides and with their wrists straight. ght.

If the workstation is properly designed, the worker should be abIf the workstation is properly designed, the worker should be able to le to maintain a correct and comfortable body posture. This is importamaintain a correct and comfortable body posture. This is important because nt because an uncomfortable work posture can cause a variety of problems, san uncomfortable work posture can cause a variety of problems, such as: uch as: back injury; back injury; development or aggravation of development or aggravation of RSIsRSIs; ; circulatory problems in the legs. circulatory problems in the legs. The main causes of these problems are: The main causes of these problems are: poorly designed seating; poorly designed seating; standing for long periods; standing for long periods; reaching too far; reaching too far; inadequate lighting forcing the worker to get too close to the winadequate lighting forcing the worker to get too close to the work. ork. The following are some basic ergonomic principles for workstatioThe following are some basic ergonomic principles for workstation design. A n design. A general rule of thumb is to consider body size information, suchgeneral rule of thumb is to consider body size information, such as height, as height, when choosing and adjusting workstations. Above all, workstationwhen choosing and adjusting workstations. Above all, workstations must be s must be adjusted so that the worker is comfortable. adjusted so that the worker is comfortable.

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Interactions between man and such Interactions between man and such traditional environmental elements traditional environmental elements including all tools and equipment including all tools and equipment pertaining to the work place.pertaining to the work place.The modern concept: man is to be The modern concept: man is to be considered the monitoring link of a manconsidered the monitoring link of a man--machine environment system.machine environment system.

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Management is interested in the behavior and Management is interested in the behavior and physical operating characteristics of man to the physical operating characteristics of man to the extent that they affect the economic and extent that they affect the economic and productive outputs from such system.productive outputs from such system.A system is an orderly arrangement of A system is an orderly arrangement of components which are interrelated and which components which are interrelated and which act and interact to perform some task or function act and interact to perform some task or function in a particular environment.in a particular environment.

It is essential to recognize that a failure of It is essential to recognize that a failure of malfunction of any component can affect the malfunction of any component can affect the other components and thus degrade other components and thus degrade performance.performance.The environment is an important consideration The environment is an important consideration in a system. Most components (man, tools) in a in a system. Most components (man, tools) in a system will perform their task properly only system will perform their task properly only under a given set of conditions.under a given set of conditions.A component that works well at normal A component that works well at normal temperatures may malfunction or fail if placed in temperatures may malfunction or fail if placed in a system near another component that a system near another component that generates high heat.generates high heat.

To achieve maximum efficiency, a manTo achieve maximum efficiency, a man--machine system must be designed as a machine system must be designed as a whole, with man being complementary to whole, with man being complementary to the machine and the machine being the machine and the machine being complementary to the abilities of man.complementary to the abilities of man.Consideration should be given to the Consideration should be given to the general physical and mental demands of general physical and mental demands of the task, so as not to overload the the task, so as not to overload the operator. operator.

Ergonomics includes the physiological and Ergonomics includes the physiological and psychological stresses of the task.psychological stresses of the task.The task should not require excessive The task should not require excessive mental and muscular effort.mental and muscular effort.The job should not be so easy that The job should not be so easy that boredom and inattention lead to boredom and inattention lead to unnecessary errors and accidents.unnecessary errors and accidents.

These ergonomic stresses can impair the health These ergonomic stresses can impair the health and efficiency of the worker just as significantly and efficiency of the worker just as significantly as the other more common environmental as the other more common environmental stresses. stresses. Most men can work for short periods under Most men can work for short periods under overloaded conditions, such as when there are overloaded conditions, such as when there are high production demands; however, when such high production demands; however, when such an overload reaches some an overload reaches some undefinableundefinable point, point, man may completely breakdown.man may completely breakdown.

The task of the design engineer and safety The task of the design engineer and safety professional is to find the happy blend professional is to find the happy blend between between ““easyeasy”” and difficultand difficult”” jobs. jobs. With very low levels of physiological and With very low levels of physiological and psychological stress, performance is also psychological stress, performance is also low; as stress increases, however, low; as stress increases, however, performance also increasesperformance also increases——to a point.to a point.The task is to design jobs that will be The task is to design jobs that will be centered around optimum performance.centered around optimum performance.

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Often, the manOften, the man’’s contribution to a system s contribution to a system is to provide a countermeasure in the is to provide a countermeasure in the event of system malfunction or component event of system malfunction or component failure. failure. To do this he must know that a failure has To do this he must know that a failure has occurred and what to do about it.occurred and what to do about it.

BiomechanicsBiomechanics——physical demandsphysical demands

Trigger finger (Definition)Trigger finger (Definition)

Trigger finger is an inflammation of the Trigger finger is an inflammation of the synovialsynovial sheath that encloses the flexor sheath that encloses the flexor tendons of the thumb and fingers. tendons of the thumb and fingers. Tendons are the cords that connect Tendons are the cords that connect bones to muscles in the body. Usually, bones to muscles in the body. Usually, tendons slide easily through the sheath tendons slide easily through the sheath as the finger moves.as the finger moves.In the case of trigger finger, however, the In the case of trigger finger, however, the synovialsynovial sheath becomes swollen and the sheath becomes swollen and the tendon cannot move easily through small tendon cannot move easily through small pulleys in the finger, causing the finger to pulleys in the finger, causing the finger to remain in a flexed (bent) position. In mild remain in a flexed (bent) position. In mild cases, the finger may be straightened cases, the finger may be straightened with a pop, like a trigger being released. with a pop, like a trigger being released. In severe cases, the finger becomes In severe cases, the finger becomes stuck in the bent position. Usually this stuck in the bent position. Usually this condition can easily be treated; contact condition can easily be treated; contact your doctor if you think you may have your doctor if you think you may have trigger finger.trigger finger.

Carpal Tunnel SyndromeCarpal Tunnel Syndrome is a disease of the wrist and is a disease of the wrist and hand, which is caused by abnormal pressure on the hand, which is caused by abnormal pressure on the Median Nerve. As the Median Nerve passes through the Median Nerve. As the Median Nerve passes through the wrist and into the hand, it travels through a tunnelwrist and into the hand, it travels through a tunnel--like like structure called the Carpal Tunnel. This tunnel is located structure called the Carpal Tunnel. This tunnel is located on the thumb side of the palm of the hand. Within this on the thumb side of the palm of the hand. Within this tunnel lie tendons, ligaments, blood vessels, and the tunnel lie tendons, ligaments, blood vessels, and the Median Nerve, all covered by a nonMedian Nerve, all covered by a non--elastic tissue band elastic tissue band called the Transverse Carpal Ligament. If one or more of called the Transverse Carpal Ligament. If one or more of the structures within the Carpal Tunnel become enlarged the structures within the Carpal Tunnel become enlarged or swollen, it exerts pressure on the Median nerve, or swollen, it exerts pressure on the Median nerve, causing numbness, tingling, burning, pain, and causing numbness, tingling, burning, pain, and weakness in the fingers and hand. weakness in the fingers and hand.

Symptoms:Symptoms: Symptoms usually begin gradually, and Symptoms usually begin gradually, and may consist of burning, tingling, pain, and/or, numbness may consist of burning, tingling, pain, and/or, numbness in the thumb, index and middle fingers, and in the palm in the thumb, index and middle fingers, and in the palm of the hand. One can usually relate these symptoms to of the hand. One can usually relate these symptoms to some activity that is associated with bending the wrists, some activity that is associated with bending the wrists, such as knitting, typing, or driving. Frequently, these such as knitting, typing, or driving. Frequently, these symptoms will occur during sleep, when many people symptoms will occur during sleep, when many people sleep with their wrists flexed. As this disease progresses, sleep with their wrists flexed. As this disease progresses, one may eventually experience: tingling and numbness one may eventually experience: tingling and numbness with all finger and hand activities; decreased strength in with all finger and hand activities; decreased strength in the hand and thumb; difficulty in making a fist; and the hand and thumb; difficulty in making a fist; and inability to pick up small objects. inability to pick up small objects. If the pressure on the If the pressure on the nerve is relieved early enough, the symptoms will usually nerve is relieved early enough, the symptoms will usually be relieved.be relieved.

Causes:Causes: There may be a developmental reason why some people There may be a developmental reason why some people develop this disease, and others do not. It is felt that some pedevelop this disease, and others do not. It is felt that some people ople are born with a narrower Carpal Tunnel, and this may predispose are born with a narrower Carpal Tunnel, and this may predispose them to Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. With a narrower Tunnel, it is them to Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. With a narrower Tunnel, it is easier for the Median Nerve to become compressed. It is felt thaeasier for the Median Nerve to become compressed. It is felt that the t the most common cause of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is certain repetitivmost common cause of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is certain repetitive e finger and thumb motions, when the hand is flexed either down orfinger and thumb motions, when the hand is flexed either down or up up at the wrist. These motions exert excessive pressure on the at the wrist. These motions exert excessive pressure on the ligaments and tendons that lie within the Carpal Tunnel. The ligaments and tendons that lie within the Carpal Tunnel. The ligaments and tendons respond to this excessive pressure by ligaments and tendons respond to this excessive pressure by swelling; and, because the covering of the Carpal Tunnel is nonswelling; and, because the covering of the Carpal Tunnel is non--elastic (has no "give") it cannot expand; therefore, the swollenelastic (has no "give") it cannot expand; therefore, the swollenstructures press on the Median Nerve, causing the above structures press on the Median Nerve, causing the above symptoms.symptoms.

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Those people that are most at risk for experiencing the Those people that are most at risk for experiencing the symptoms of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome include those that symptoms of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome include those that are engaged in the following activities: are engaged in the following activities: •• Computer keyboard typingComputer keyboard typing•• Driving long distancesDriving long distances•• Use of tools that produce vibrations in the hand, such Use of tools that produce vibrations in the hand, such as: hammers, saws, drills, and jackas: hammers, saws, drills, and jack--hammershammers•• Repetitive assembly line workRepetitive assembly line work•• Folding materials such as laundry and paper productsFolding materials such as laundry and paper products•• Knitting and sewing Knitting and sewing Other, less common causes of Carpal Tunnel swelling Other, less common causes of Carpal Tunnel swelling may include cysts, tumors, fluid retention during may include cysts, tumors, fluid retention during pregnancy, arthritis, and wrist fractures.pregnancy, arthritis, and wrist fractures.

Relief for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome:Relief for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: The The most effective treatment that is most effective treatment that is recommended by physicians and recommended by physicians and therapists is immobilizing the wrist in a therapists is immobilizing the wrist in a splint, to minimize and prevent those wrist splint, to minimize and prevent those wrist motions which cause swelling in the motions which cause swelling in the Carpal Tunnel. This will reduce the Carpal Tunnel. This will reduce the pressure on the Median Nerve, and help to pressure on the Median Nerve, and help to alleviate the symptoms of Carpal Tunnel alleviate the symptoms of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome.Syndrome.

Other treatment tips, which should be used in Other treatment tips, which should be used in conjunction with the above products include: conjunction with the above products include: •• Applying ice to the palm and wrist, may help to reduce Applying ice to the palm and wrist, may help to reduce swelling and pain. Always apply the ice so that it is swelling and pain. Always apply the ice so that it is soothing, and not uncomfortably cold.soothing, and not uncomfortably cold.•• Try to prevent your wrist from flexing and extending Try to prevent your wrist from flexing and extending when doing chores. The Carpal Lock will do this for you.when doing chores. The Carpal Lock will do this for you.•• When using tools, make sure the handle fits your hand, When using tools, make sure the handle fits your hand, and you can grasp the tool with your whole hand, rather and you can grasp the tool with your whole hand, rather than grasping with the tips of your fingers or thumbs.than grasping with the tips of your fingers or thumbs.•• Reduce the speed your wrist and hands work at.Reduce the speed your wrist and hands work at.•• Exercise your wrists and hands regularly at work. Take Exercise your wrists and hands regularly at work. Take a one minute break every 30 minutes to perform some of a one minute break every 30 minutes to perform some of the exercises shown below.the exercises shown below.

1. Range1. Range--ofof--motion exercisesmotion exercises: Clench fist tightly for 5 : Clench fist tightly for 5 seconds, then release, straightening your fingers all the seconds, then release, straightening your fingers all the way and keep them straight for 5 seconds. Repeat 5 way and keep them straight for 5 seconds. Repeat 5 times for each hand. times for each hand. 2. Stretching exercises2. Stretching exercises: Using one hand, bend the : Using one hand, bend the fingers of the other hand gently as far as you can, fingers of the other hand gently as far as you can, stretching the fingers and wrist. Hold for 5 seconds. stretching the fingers and wrist. Hold for 5 seconds. Repeat 5 times for each hand. Repeat 5 times for each hand. 3. Isometric exercises3. Isometric exercises: Clench fist with palm facing up. : Clench fist with palm facing up. Use other hand to push down on fist, while providing Use other hand to push down on fist, while providing resistance with the fist. Hold for 5 seconds. Repeat with resistance with the fist. Hold for 5 seconds. Repeat with palm of clenched fist facing down. Repeat 5 times for palm of clenched fist facing down. Repeat 5 times for each hand.each hand.

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