7. Natural Environment SDT - Feb 2014

8/12/2019 7. Natural Environment SDT - Feb 2014

1/38

1

Prof.(ret.) Shalihuddin Djalal Tandjung, Ph.D

NATURALENVIRONMENT

Edisi Revisi ke-4

Program StudiMagister Manajemen

Fakultas Ekonomi dan BisnisUniversitas Gadjah Mada

Yogyakarta2012


2/38

2

Pengantar

Natural Environment yang ditulis ulang tahun 2012 ini merupakan

edisi ke empat dari uraian menyangkut lingkungan dan ekonomi sumber

daya alam yang sebelumnya pada edisi pertama berjudul Changes of

Ecology yang ditulis tahun 1988. Diupayakan pada edisi terbaru ini

dilengkapi dengan data terbaru.

Yogyakarta, 19 Agustus 2012

Penulis


3/38

3

NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

Introduction

The study of natural environment ( ecosystems or ecological

systems) has become a topical and important subject relevant to

everyone. An ecosystem composed of arrangement of functional natural

resources. Understanding of the study of natural environment also mean

comprehension of renewable and un-renewable resources. In recent

times human activity has disturbed the natural environment to an

unprecedented extent. We have reached a point in the earths history

where the knowledge of ecology or natural environment is essential for

human future. It is therefore important for managers of society whether in

government, business, agriculture, transportation, industry or education,

etc. to appreciate the phenomena of natural environment.

Ecology is the study of totality or pattern of relationship between

organisms and their environment (Odum, 1971 dalam Tandjung 2001).

The ecology is studied under many different titles such as natural

environment, ecosystems, ecological changes, environmental biology, life

science, resources conservation; and in many different sorts of

departments, schools, faculties, and institutions e.g. anthropology, biology,

chemistry, demography, economy, engineering, forestry and geography

under subject title of environmental anthropology, environmental biology,

environmental chemistry, environmental demography, environmental

economy, environmental engineering, environmental forestry,


4/38

4

environmental geography, environmental law, and environmental physics

(Tandjung, 1995, in Tandjung 2008b).

In the context of Natural Environment for General Business

Environment, we should look at national development in utilization of

renewable natural resources such as forest, air, water, and fertile soil;

and un-renewable resources, the minerals, such as fossil fuels, precious

metals, metallic radioactive elements such uranium and radon etc.

Issues of our discussion are based on the reciprocal relationship between

business and ecology and the effort to reach out for sustainable

development (Figure 1) in page 5. This figure is the resume of natural

environment lecture.


5/38

5

NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

(Ecosystems, Ecological Systems)

Public

demandforregulation

Internationaltrade

agreement.Equal

opportunity,Equaltreatment

Competitive

requirementfor eco-labeling

Customer

demand forcleanprocesses

andproducts

& 3 R

Public

demand forenvironmental

protection.CSR and

Com-dev

Indonesian

Instrument forEnvironmentalManagement & SNI;

InternationalEnvironmental

Management System& ISO

Planning Utilization Control Maintenance Supervision Law Enforcement

Figure 1. Natural Environment (Ecosystems)

The reciprocal relationship between business and ecology, and

sustainable development

Business Environment

Environmental Pollution: Air, Water, Land, Cross Media Non point pollution: Chemical substances

Business opportunities

and threats

Environmental

Management SystemNatural Resource

Conservation

Reciprocal relationship

Entropy, Residue

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT


6/38

6

The background study on the Natural Environment based on two (2)

reasons, first, the ecological crisis of the world (figure 2 on page 8), and

second, the UNCED, United Nations Conference on the Environment and

Development (figure 3 on page 10). From those 2 monumental events, the

natural environment or ecology become the object of study at all level of

education, from primary school to university.

Ecological crisis occur all over the world of natural environment; it

took place in America, Europe, and in Asia, e.g.:

1. Donora deadly 1948 smog emission from industrial stacks, polluted

the air and killed 20 people, and such 7000 people suffer of respiratory

disease ( Hopey, 2008 ).

2. The London Smoke Disaster 1952. The smog, toxic substances in the

air formed of chemical reaction between industrial smoke and fog,

killed 4000 people ( De Angelo, L. and B. Black, 2008 )

3. Silent Spring, USA 1962. Environment with out animals, no butterfly,

no birds neither organisms on land and water (Rachel Carson,1962 in

Campbell, 2012). The animals, non target organism killed as an impact

of application of 32 kinds of insecticides in agriculture and garden.

4. Sidoarjo, Indonesia, 2006. Mud Volcanoes Blow Out. The hot mud-

spout out at the ground of Lapindo Brantas Inc. Geothermal Project.

The mud polluted and inundated the land of 10,426 houses, 77

mosques, 30 factories, 18 schools and many other building. About

1900 people lost their job, no less than 25,000 people evacuated, and

about 2000 live-stocks of chicken, duck, sheep, goat, buffalo and cow


7/38


8/38

8

1. Donora Smog 1948 Deadly Emission. USA

(Hopey, 2008).

Toxic chemical from factories caused air

pollution which killed 20 people, 7000 suffering.

2. London Smog Disaster 1952 ( De Angelo L.,

and B. Black, 2008)

Smogpollution killed 4000 people.

3. Silent Spring in USA, 1962 (Campbell, H. 2012)

Insecticides pollute the air, land, and water

exterminated all animals and other living form.

4. Mud volcano Disaster in Sidoarjo, Indonesia,

2006. Mud Volcano Blow out.

Present: 11.000 buildings/constructions

inundated underwater; 25000 person

evacuated. Future: river and ocean pollution

forever (Anonymous, 2007).

Figure 2: Ecological Crisis of the World

ECOLOGICAL CRISIS


9/38

9

The Ecological Crisis of the world occur in all domains of the business

activities, and affect the environment. This phenomena creates the

reciprocal relationships between business and ecology

Environment and Development

The first Earth Summit on the Environment and Development was held in

the first week of June 1972 in Stockholm ( Figure 3). Later, every ten years

the event was held in a member-state of the United Nations Organization,

in Nairobi 1982, Rio de Janeiro in 1992, and 2002 in Johannesburg.


10/38

10

Figure 3: Stockholm Conference on UNCED and RIEPMA for Sustainable Development

WORLD COMMISSION ON ENVIRONMENT ANDDEVELOPMENT

UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON ENVIRONMENTAND DEVELOPMENT (UNCED)

STOCKHOLM CONFERENCE, 1972

BRUNDTLAND REPORT 1987. OUR COMMON FUTURE

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES

PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT

OF NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

PLANNING, UTILIZATION, CONTROL, MAINTENANCE,

SUPERVISION, LAW ENFORCEMENT

UNCE

D1972-1987

RIEPMA

2009


11/38

11

In the first week of June 1972, in the first Earth Summit on the Environment and

Development was formed the Commission on Environment and Development,

chaired by Mrs. Brundtland, the Prime Minister of Norway.

Fifteen (15) years later, in 1987 the Brundtland Report was published. The main

issue of the report was Sustainable Development, this apply for all-country-

members of the United Nations. Think globally on sustainable development, act

locally for implementing the concept.

Implementing sustainable development in education on Natural Environment, is

very encouraging, based on the fact that fortunately the concept has established in

Republic of Indonesia Environmental Protection and Management Act (RIEPMA)

or Undang Undang Republik Indonesia No. 32 tahun 2009 tentang Perlindungan

dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup. The comprehension of verse 18 and 2 of

RIEPMA in Chapter I, paragraph 1 goes in parallel in Natural Environment. To act

locally in the sustainable development, is to implement Conservation of Natural

Resources by Protection and Management of Natural Environment. The

management are efforts on the planning, utilization, control, maintenance,

supervision, and law enforcement.

Natural Environment and Sustainable Development

Based on the Act of the Republic of Indonesia No 32 of 2009 concerning

the Protection and Management of the Living Environment or Republic Indonesia

Environmental Protection and Management Act (RIEPMA) (Undang-undang

Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup), the environment is defined:

"The living environment is the spatial entity with all objects, potentials, conditions

and living organisms, including man and his behavior, which influence the

continuance of the life and welfare of man and other living organisms

(Anonimous, 2009). Tandjung (1982 in Tandjung,2009b) observed the elements of


12/38

12

the living environment are resources consisting of human resource ( sumber daya

manusia, SDM), organic natural resource (sumber daya hayati, SDH), inorganic

natural resources ( sumber daya nonhayat, sumber daya fisik, SDF ), and man-

made resources (sumber daya buatan, SDB) as seen in figure 4

Figure 4. The environment consists of organic natural resources, human resources,inorganic natural resources, and man-made resources

Human resources

Man-made resources

Inorganicnatural resources

Organic

natural resources

SDFSDH


13/38

13

ABC Environment, Components of Natural Environment.

The inorganic natural resources (Physical environment, sumber

daya alam non hayati, sumberdaya fisik, SDF) is A-biotic Environment.

The organic natural resources (Sumber daya alam hayati, SDH) is the

BioticEnvironment. The human resources (Sumber daya manusia, SDM)

and man-made resources (sumber daya buatan, SDB) is combined as the

Cultural Environment (sumberdaya SOSEKBUD). In short, the ABC

environment consists of A-biotic, Biotic and Cultural Environment

(Tandjung 1982, in Tandjung, 2008). A-biotic or physicochemical

environment consists of 3 elements: water, land, and air including mineral

in its. Biotic or ecological environment consists of plant (flora), animals

(fauna, satwa) and microbes (bacteria, yeasts, fungi). Cultural environment

(lingkungan SOSEKBUD) consists of individual environmental interests,

individual well-being, social interactions, and community well-being. Each

component of the natural environment, e.g. the biotic environment consists

of living organisms, which interact with each other and are inseparably

interrelated with their a-biotic and cultural environment (Tandjung, 1995 in

Tandjung 2008b) as seen in figure 5.

Effort to reach out for sustainable development goes together with

conservation of natural resources and management of natural environment

(Anonymous, 2009). Environmental management is an integrated effort to

preserve environmental function, which covers planning, utilization,

control, maintenance, supervision, and law enforcement (RIEPMA 2009).


14/38

14

Figure 5. The effect of proposed actions on B will also affect A on a-b and c on b-cInteraction of environmental components occur on a-b-c

A-biotic Natural Environment of Indonesia

Indonesia is an archipelago of 17,508 islands stretching between

two continents, Asia and Australia. Total coastline of Indonesia is 80,791

km (Anonymous.,1995 in Tandjung, 2008a), ithis is the longest in the

world.

The a-biotic or physical natural environment of Indonesia is

composed of:

A. Land 1.91 million sq km

B. Ocean

Territorial Waters . 5.1 million sq km

Continental Waters . 3.0 million sq km

EEZ .. 2.7 million sq km

Total = 12.71 million sq km

Biotic

Environment

(B)

A-biotic

Environment

(A)

Cultural

Environment

C

a-b-c

a-c b-c

a-b

Proposed Action


15/38

15

C. Coastal Area

Coastal length . 81,000 km

Marsh 10,000,000 ha

Mangrove ... 3,600,000 ha

Brackish Fish Pond (tambak) . 183,000 ha

D. Inland Waters

Open Waters

(lake, river, reservoir, swamp. etc) .. 13,700,000 ha

Fish pond ... 40,000 ha

Rice Field Waters (for minapadi) ... 61,000 ha

E. Mountain and Hill

Volcanoes more than one hundred 100

Biotic Natural Environment

On the 191 million ha land of Indonesia, in 1970 we used to have

143,970 million ha tropical rain forest or 75.38 % of land is covered by

forest, the highest percentage among the tropical rain forest in the world,

(table 3), Among the 143,970 million ha forest is designet for the:

1. Production forest : 64,392,000 ha

2. Conversion forest : 30,537,000 ha

3. Conservation forest : 18,725,000 ha

4. Protected forest : 30,316,000 ha

Now, after 32 (thirty two) years the size of tropical rain forest in Indonesia

decreasing drastically, due to forest fire, deforestation and illegal logging.


16/38

16

However, the land covers by vegetation in our tropical rain forest far more

than minimal requirement for protecting this country from global warming.

The minimum requirement needed by any country in the world for

preventing the global warming, each country must have a minimum of

30% forest vegetation covering the land. Industrial country only have less

than 19% covered, ranging from 7% ( the Nederland ) to 19% ( Canada

and Germany). Who and what country causes green house effect or the

global warming ? In the next paragraph this main issue will be discussed.

Indonesia tropical rain forest plays an important role in maintaining

the atmospheric balance, prevents the global warming or green house

effect, by absorbing the CO2 in photosynthesis process. Industrialized

countries are responsible for the majority of the current and historic

emissions, but many developing countries are significantly increasing

share in contributing GHG (green house gas). Combustion of fossil fuels in

industrial countries are the major contributor to climate change

(Anonymous, 2006). Earlier statement of UNEP (Anonymous, 2006), is an

agreement with United nations Framework Convention on Climate

Change, that the largest share of historical and current global emissions of

green house gas (GHG), has originated from industrial so called

developed countries ((Anonymous, 1999, in Tandjung 2008b).


17/38

17

Ecosystems Type

Based on the vegetation type ranging from alpine meadows of West

Papua (Irian Jaya) to a wide variety of humid low land forest, the biotic

natural environment forms at least 42 different terrestrial, and 5 marine

ecosystems in Indonesia (Tandjung, 2009d).

In terms of species diversity, Indonesia is a very rich country.

Although it occupies only 1.3 % of the world's land area, it possesses up to

about 17 % of the total number species in the world, which include 10% of

the world's flowering plant species, 12.875 % of the world's mammal

species (Table 1).

Table 1. World's biodiversity of major groups

Groups Total number of species

World Indonesia

MammalsBirdsReptileAmphibianFishGastropodsInsectsPlantsMossAlgae

FungiBacteria, andBlue algae

4,0008,9008,0006,000

38,000150,000

1,250,000300,000

13,00016,000

210,000100,000

2,700

5151519

6001,0009,500

20,000250,000

25,0001,2501,500

1,80012,000

300

Indonesia's species-rich forests harbor the world's greatest

diversity of palms, more than 400 species of dipterocarps (the most

valuable commercial timber trees in Southeast Asia) and an estimated

25,000 flowering plants as well as rich and diverse fauna. Indonesia ranks


18/38

18

first in the world for species richness for mammal (515 species, 38%

endemic), first for Shallow-tail butterflies (121 species, 44% endemic),

third for reptiles (600 species), fourth for birds (1519 species, 28 %

endemic), fifth for amphibians (270 species) and seventh for flowering

plants (Anonymous, 1995 in Tandjung, 2011). For that reason, Indonesia

is called as a mega-biodiversity country.

The biotic natural environment of Indonesia offers a wide range of

genetic resources among both plant and animals which are valuable for

immediate and long-term use. At least 6.000 of Indonesia's native species

of plants and animals are used on daily by Indonesians for food,

medicines, dyes, and for a great number of other purposes.

The ocean of Indonesia, the biggest part of natural environment,

supports a highest degree of marine biological diversity, as shown in

table.2, represented result of the research on marine biodiversity in 1985.

Some population inhabit the coastal beach most probably

already decreasing their number of species do to environmental pollution.

Mangrove and aquatic biota living in its ecosystems; fishes, shrimps,

crabs, clams, and see grass in littoral zone were the victims of the coastal

ecosystems degradation.


19/38

19

Table 2. Mega-biodiversity of marine life in Indonesia

(Soegiarto and Polunin, 1985 in Tandjung 2008b)

Major groups Groups Number of species

Plants

CoralsMollusca

Crustaceae

Echinodermata

FishReptileBirds

Mammal

Green algaeBrown algaeRed algaeSea grassMangroveScleractiniansGastropod

BivalveStomatopodsPortunidsSea lilySea starsBrittle starsSea urchinsSea cucumbersPelagic fishTurtleSea birdsWhales and dolphins

1961344521338

>701,500

1,00090

1249187

14284

141>200

515824

Overfishing is one of the culprit of the environmental degradation

in Indonesia. Coral reef ecosystems is a home for many species of biota.

We used to have 85,000 km square of coral reef, now we have only les

than 50 percent of it, about 40 km2. In 1966 Department of Public Work

(PU) stop the illegal using of the coral reef for construction (Zimah, 2004).

It is assumed that there are a huge number of Indonesia's marine

biodiversity that are still unknown and underutilized (Anon.,1995 in

Tandjung, 2008). Indonesia is often called the mega-biodiversity country in

the world.


20/38

20

Cultural Environment

Indonesia has 300 ethnic groups, and very rich in cultures and

traditions which play an important role of life or her people. The traditions

has various patterns of motifs in which ethnical norms are formulated and

ethical decisions are implemented. (Tandjung, 1982 in Tandjung 2008b).

According to latest research (Abdullah, 2005) there are 512 ethnic

languages in Indonesia. In conclusion, Indonesia is not only a mega-

biodiversity but also a mega-ecodiversity (figure 6) as well (Tandjung,

2004).

Figure 6: The Megaecodiversity of Indonesia Natural Environment

Culture and Tradition

Culture and tradition play an important role in natural resources

conservation and environmental management. Tandjung (1990, in

25.000 spFlowering plants400 spMeranti timber

12.000 sp Vertebrate515 sp Mammals

17. 508 Islands

100 Volcanoes

47 Ecosystems

300 Ethnic groups512 Ethnic languages

Multicultures

BIOTIC ENV.ABIOTIC ENV.

CULTURAL ENV.


21/38

21

Tandjung, 2008b) figures out that the role of Indonesian traditions, values,

and beliefs in natural resources conservation and environmental

management are very significant in Indonesia. In the most cases the

traditions symbolized concept of local wisdom including ecological wisdom

needed for managing the Natural Environment (Tandjung, 2010). The

statement is based on the fact of practicable of the wisdom concept in

people tradition and life style. In WISDOM International Confererence at

Gadjah Mada University, the motto : Local wisdom inspiring global

solution was adopted (Tandjung,2009c).

The culture and tradition in Indonesia has various patterns of motif in

which ethnical norms are formulated and ethical decisions are

implemented, resulted local and ecological wisdom. Minangkabau people

of West Sumatera believe that Adat bersandi syara, syara bersandi

kitabullah, alam takambang jadi guru meaning that Tradition is based on

religious conception, religious conception is based on Quran, all of

universe is the teacher, the environment become our teacher (Tandjung,

2008b, Munir 2012). Some other local wisdoms which become the way of

life in Indonesia are Banjarsari (Jakarta), Nyabuk Gunung (West Java),

Bersih Desa (Central Java), Hamemayu Ayuning Bawono (Yogyakarta

Special District ), Karah (Surabaya), Tri Hita Karena (Bali), Awig Awig

(Lombok), Sasi (Sulawesi), and Kassi-Kassi (Maluku).

In the survey on the Bali traditional life style and ecological

conservation, an important note is recorded. Some of the Bali Hindu basic


22/38

22

philosophies are Tri Hita Karana, Yadnya Rwa Bhineda (Semara Ratih)

and Awig-awig. In this paragraph Tri Hita Karana will be discussed.

Tri Hita Karana

Tri Hita Karana means three causes of goodness. There are

several concepts derived from Tri Hita Karana, e.g. Tri Angga concept

divides everything into 3 components of zones. The implication and

practice of this concept is for instance a home yard consists of 3 parts

Parahyangan, Pawongan, and Palemahan. A spatial arrangement is

beginning here. Those 3 spaces have been provided for growing a certain

plants and raring animals.

a. Parahyangan

Parahyanganis a place for growing all kinds of flowers and shrubs and

for the site ofpura(offering quarter) usually placed in front of the house

or at north. Flower is an important material in Hindu Balines Religion

for offering (sesaji, yadnya) to Sang Hyang Widhi(God Almighty). The

religion is to Balinese both race and nationality. The existence of

Parahyangan is to maintain the relationship between man and his

creator. They lose automatically the right to be called Balinese if they

changes their faith (Budihardjo, 1986 in Tandjung 2008b).

b. Pawongan

Pawongan is a place for growing medium size trees of fruits, situated in

the middle, between Parahyangan and Palemahan. The fruits are


23/38

23

given to neighbor, friends, guests and visitors. The practice of this

conduct is to maintain relationship to other people.

c. Palemahan

Palemahan is a habitat for tall trees animal house and fish pond

located at the back of the house, those plants and animals represented

the environment.

There are two important values of the zoning. Firstly that

Parahyangan, Pawongan, and Palemahanare three habitats (spaces)

for certain purposes for growing different groups of green plants and

raring animals: Parahyangan for shrubs and flowers, Pawongan for

medium trees of fruits, and Palemahan for tall trees, and raring

animals. The three types of habitat provide variety of species. The

resultant of this the Spatial Arrangement and Ecological Diversity. It

should be remember that Parahyangan symbolized the relationship

between man and Gods, Pawongan for the harmony of man and man,

and Palemahan is the relationship between man and the environment.

Surveys showed that there was surprisingly good agreement on the

similarity meaning of the concepts; to me the Parahyangan for Bali

Hindu is equal to the hablumminallahfor muslim, and the Pawonganis

the hablumminannas, and Palemahan is hablumninkauniyyah in

Islamic teaching (Tandjung, 1988 in Tandjung, 2008b). More study on

the Hinduism in Ecology reported by Chapple and Tucker (2000). The

role of religions in Ecology have been studied by many scientists and

sociologist, for example Barbour (2002), AbdelHalim (1998, in


24/38

24

Tandjung, 2008b) and Conan (1995 in Tandjung, 2008b). Recent

Harvard publications on relationship religion and environment are Islam

and Ecology (Foltz et al., 2003), and Judaism and Ecology (Tirosh

Samuelson, 2002).

Problems and Issues

The condition of Indonesia environment affected by global changes

as consequence of international business activities and development..

There are also many local or regional activities which produce a great

impact to Indonesia environment. Global climate change such as green

house effect, ozone layer depletion, acid rain, green revolution and

sustainable agriculture, and industrial waste dumping are the examples.

Green House Effect

Green house effect or the increase of temperature in the world

(global warming) is believed to be the result of the trap of heat energy in

our environment. This situation exactly similar to condition of hot and warm

the year around in the experimental glass house or green house. The

culprit of green house effect is CO2gas. It is believed that more than 50%

of green house effect phenomena is caused by CO2. Other gases that also

promote the green house effect are CH4, CFC, N2O, and other industrial

wastes. It is important to remember that there are two kind of CO2:

Firstly, CO2resulted from burning of fossil fuel such as gasoline, kerosene,

avtur (airplane fuel), natural gas, and coal.


25/38

25

Secondly, CO2 which are released by life activity as physiological

phenomena. This CO2 is released from man and animal during their

respiration activity and released by plant in the night or in the dark when

this green plant do not conduct physiological activity so-called

photosynthesis. The burning of today material or natural material such as

wood and paper is also releasing present CO2. All the physiological CO2or

may be we called as natural CO2is absorbed or used by green plants for

their photosynthesis, physiological activity, and in return those plants give

us oxygen (O2) for our respiration. If in the night there is no photosynthesis

activity some of CO2 fill the surrounding as a normal condition in the

nature, they absorb the heat of infrared radiation from surrounding

resulted the temperature of the environment in about 15-35o

C in tropical

country. Some of CO2become a part of cloud for that reason it produces

rain water which a normal acidity of pH > 5.6. Actually if some forest is

burning the CO2resulted from this accident will be absorbed by the forest

neighborhood which are needed for photosynthesis activity during the day.

If the forest fire occur in the night all of this natural CO2most probably

"waiting" for 12 hours before it is used for photosynthesis locally or will be

transported to the other side of the world day-light. This CO2 will not

increase the earth temperature because they only absorb the heat from

infra red radiation, and this infra red radiation only exist during the day

when there is a sun in the sky. And during this time of course all the CO2

will be used for photosynthesis so there is no way to blame forest fire as a

culprit for the green house effect. In conclusion the green house effect is


26/38

26

caused by excessive production of fossil CO2 from fossil fuel combustion

in industrial activity by developed nations. We believe, it is not fair to say

that the green house effects caused by present CO2emission. The issues

is that the green house effect may cause the melting of ice in the polar

region. Many scientist believe if the increasing of world temperature up to

2oC in all parts of the world occur, the flooding will cause to sink most of

coastal area of American continent and West Europe, Japan and Korea

probably also a part of China land. This happen because of increasing the

ocean surface up to 90 m. This "doomsday" scares most people who live

in those areas mentioned earlier. The problems rise when the question

how to protect the earth from the green house effect is not in agreement

with our scientific or our knowledge to day. May be it is fair if the question

arise by industrial countries how to minimize or to reduce the amount of

CO2 the produce. Industrial countries do understand, naturally or

according to natural law, the CO2 will be used by green plant for

photosynthesis. And they understood that the existence of green plant the

year around only on the areas which are not experience fall or autumn

season. The area is the tropical countries. Today Brazil, Congo (Zaire),

and Indonesia are the biggest country with tropical rain forest. It is not

make a sense when industrial countries ask (hope) that those three

countries not to use their forest or minimize the use of forest for their

economic development. Industrial countries such as the United States of

America considers the tropical rain forest as a carbon sink. Carbon trading

maybe the answer to solve the global warming problems.


27/38

27

I think every party in world should understand that for the

atmospheric balance it is a must for every country to have about 30-40%

of forest for land cover that green around the year. In tropical country the

efficiency of forest as a green cover is 100% because the forest is green

around the year. In sub tropic countries such as in the United States,

Canada, West European Countries and Japan the efficiency is about 41-

50% because during the fall and winter most of the plant with out leaves.

By calculation in 1990 Indonesia has about 75% of forest land cover

(Anonymous 1994 in Tandjung, 2008b), the meaning of this, we may use

our forest as half of it or we still have forest two and half time as much as

the amount we need (table.3). And by calculation in that year the

Nederland has 7% and USA has around 15% only (Anonymous,1994 in

Tandjung, 2008b). Contradiction to the fact, industrial countries in that time

always say that global warming caused by tropical deforestation. Logically

industrial countries have no right to ask tropical countries not to use their

own forest since the still have more than they need, in other way the

industrial countries pollute the air with CO2that causes green house effect

and hope another country such as tropical country to clean the mess.

Ozone Layer Depletion

The uses of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) or freon for sprayer, air

condition, refrigerator, and other convenient facility has resulted in

depletion of ozone layer of stratosphere. The stratosphere ozone is the

shield of earth, to protect the life from the danger of the UV light. It is


28/38

28

believed that this UV light may kill microorganisms (for that reason it is

used also for sterilization), affects the physiological activity of plant

(causing the decrease of yield crop, even kills the plants). In human the

UV light cause skin cancer. The only way to avoid those misery mentioned

is to replace CFC with another chemical compound that not affect the

ozone layer and safely to use. The Dupont Company of the US has been

trying to find the substitute for CFC. The introduce the new formula so

called H-CFC which they believe will not react with O3, the ozone layer.

Table. 3. The distribution of the world's major forest

Temperate & Boreal Forests

Country Percent of Forest

The NedherlandUSA

CanadaGermany

7151919

Tropical Rain Forest

Country Percent of Forest

IndonesiaZaire

Brazilia

757169

(Anonymous, 1994 in Tandjung 2008b)

Acid Rain

Acid rain has an acidity lower than pH 5.6. It is caused by the

emission of Sulphur-dioxide from power plants especially coal power

plants which contribute 70% of acidity to acid rain. The other 30% caused

by NOx from automotive and other electric power equipment (Tandjung,

1982 in Tandjung 2008b). The problem of acid rain is that the target area

is out side the country that produce SO2 and NOx. Pollution knows no


29/38

29

national boundaries, so the acid rain that fall in the USA for instance in

Adirondack of up State New York comes from Sudbury, Ontario, Canada.

Acid rain in Scandinavian Country come from West Central Europe.

Because of industrial activity now become world wide it is possible that

acid rain will be a global problem later. In Indonesia occasionally acid rain

occur in Jakarta, Palembang and Surabaya. The source of the acid

perhaps from the Pulau Gadung Industrial Estate, Oil refinery and

Fertilizer Company along the Musi River dan Surabaya Industrial Estate

Rungkut (SIER).

Green Revolution & Sustainable Agriculture

In green revolution movement the usage of pesticide and fertilizer

are encouraged. For that reason the technology to produce pesticide and

fertilizer by the industrial countries are exported to the developing

countries. The target to produce enough food in most countries are met.

However, the side effect of using pesticide and fertilizer is very costly. Un

fortunately the so called developed or industrial countries which involved in

the green revolution export the insecticides that caused silent spring to all

over the world (Ludvik, 1980; Risebrough, 1980 in Tandjung 2008) as

seen in table 4. Environmental pollution and degradation occur in many

places of the worlds. The persistence of pesticide residue in our water and

land may cause environmental pollution. The excessive use of fertilizer

cause excessive blooming of water hyacinth ( eutrophication ofEichhornia

crassipes/eceng gondok) in reservoir and other water bodies. The high


30/38

30

rate of evaporation and transpiration may resulted in lack of water, and

then fish killing because of suffocation (hypoxia, anoxia : less or lack of

oxygen), disturbance of irrigation and hydropower generation.

Sustainable agriculture is agriculture without destruction of

environment. In this case farmers have to use the pesticide and fertilizer

very carefully. Some farmers choose to back to the natural farming or

traditional agricultural system, by putting into practice the organic farming.

Application of natural fertilizer from green plant of legumes (

Leguminosae ) and animal manure used for fertilizing the soil is

recommended for the organic farming.

Table 4. The cancellation of all uses of several insecticides in the USA

(Ludvik, 1980; Risebrough, 1980 in Tandjung 2008b)

No. Names/Year No. Names/Year

1.2.3.4.5.6.7.

DDT 1968Aldrin 1975Dieldrin 1975Toxaphene 1976Endosulfan 1976Kepon 1976Mirex 1976

8.9.10.11.12.13.14.

Heptachlor 1978Chlordane 1978Endrin 1979Diazinon 1979Malathion 1979Parathion 1979and 19 other organophosphorus

insecticidesNote: 1 10 are organochlorine insecticides11 14 are organophosphorusinsecticides


31/38

31

Industrial Waste Dumping

The hazardous chemical of industrial waste are shipped by

industrial countries to developing countries. Most of Indonesian scientists

consider this practice against the human right. Developed country so

called, understood already that the hazardous chemical, the toxic industrial

waste will kill human being. People raises a question about the reason

why they sent those toxic materials to other countries. Many practice of

developed countries against human right. For instance in the USA the

production of DDT has been stopped in 1960 and the use of DDT and 31

other insecticides in this country has been banned since 1968 because

they know the danger of this chemical (table.4). It raised the questions why

they export the poisonous agents to developing countries.

Air Pollution

The other problem in our natural environment is air pollution,

especially from transportation. The government has to pass laws requiring

that the money from vehicle tax is established for the compensation. The

time of usage of car should be regulated, for example in the USA and

Singapore for 10 years.

The action of taking the environment into proper account in this

matter is not to reduce the number of vehicle registration or the ownership,

but the control of emission is a must, a necessity. Environmental

management and natural resource conservation, the tool to conserve our


32/38

32

natural environment, have to be brought to bear and to solve the

problems.

In effect, as suggested in the inauguration speech, we should

have a regulation, decree or even an act concerning the responsibility for

all people to grow green plant as a universal absorber for absorbing all the

energy and substance that causes the air pollution (Tandjung, 2001).

Perhaps it is needed a law that regulate the sellers of automobile have to

plant a tree for each car they sold.

Indicator of Sustainable Development

The United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development

(UNCSD) and the United Nations Department of Economic and Social

Affairs (UNDESA) four major dimensions of sustainable development:

social, economics, environmental and institutional. (Anonymous, 2005). In

term of environment, energy is one of the indicator. Environmental impact

of energy production and use significantly affect the sustainable

development process. Among the environmental dimensions related to

energy production and use are green house gas (GHG), ambient

concentration of air pollutant, air pollutant emission from energy system,

contaminant discharges in liquid effluents, oil discharges into coastal

water, rate of deforestation etc (IAEA, 2005; EEA, 2003; EEA, 2004; EEA,

2005)


33/38

33

Alternative energy for sustainable development is renewable energy

instead of fossil fuels. Among the renewable energy that are currently in

wide use in many areas of the developing world are:

Biogas for decentralized cooking and electricity

Small Hydro Power for local electricity

Small Wind Power for water pumping and local electricity

Solar Photovoltaic (Solar PV) for local electricity

Solar Collectors for water and space heating

Ethanol and Biodiesel for agriculture and transportation

Large Hydro Power for grid electricity

Geothermal Energy for heat and grid electricity

(Anonymous, 2005)

Finally, we may say that sustainable development in state-member of

United Nations Millennium Development Goal (MDGs) must goes together

with alternative energy service (EREC, 2005).

Management of Environmental Pollution

In the abstract of this essay, to manage the environmental pollution it

is suggested to use the concepts of management in the Environmental

Protection and Management Act 2009.

In Planning of business activity, the planner have to realize the

demand of public for regulation related to project. In the long run, public

need to know all activities they thought against human right.


34/38

34

Utilization of opportunity in international trade agreement. Equal

opportunity and equal right have to obey by parties in business, win- win

solution in trade. The parties not buy the industrial waste dumping, neither

sell the bad thing.

Control on application of eco-labeling. The product with out eco-label will be refused by second party, the buyer have the right not toaccommodate the product with out eco-label.

Maintenance the costumer demand for clean process and product.

Apply 3 R to keep the tradition of quality.

Supervisionon public demand for environmental protection. Installthe CSR (Social Corporate Responsibility) and Com-dev ( CommunityDevelopment ).

Law Enforcement on International Environmental ManagementSystems /ISO 14000. First, for organization/institution : EnvironmentalManagement, Business Environment Attitude, Environmental Auditing.Second, for product: Eco-labeling, Product Life Cycle, and Product UsageHistory. Indonesias Environmental Management Instruments:AMDAL,UKL/UPL, Audit Lingkungan, KLHS dan SNI.


35/38

35

References

Abdullah, I. 2005. Personal Communication. Sarasehan Budaya Imlek danIntegrasi Bangsa. Center for Religious & Cross Cultural Studies(CRCS) Graduate Program, Gadjah Mada University PembinaIman Tauhid Islam Persatuan Islam Tionghoa Indonesia (PITI).Yogyakarta.

Anonymous, 2009. Republic Indonesia Environmental Protection andManagement Act ( Undang Undang Republik Indonesia No. 32tahun 2009 tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan

Hidup ). Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup RI Jakarta.Anonymous, 2007. Lapindo Brantas Mud Volcanoes Blow Out.

Compilation of Mass Media Reports. Jakarta

Anonymous, 2006.Changing Climates UNEP. Washington DC, USA

Anonymous, 2005. Energy for Development. REN 21, Washington DC,USA

Anonymous,2001. Environmental Management Act 1997. Republic

Indonesia Environmental Impact Control Agency. Jakarta.

Barbour, I.G. 2002. Nature, human Nature, and God. Theology and theSciences. Fortress Press. Minneapolis.

Campbell, H. 2012. Rachel Carson Wanted GMOs. Silent Spring 50Years. Science, 2.00. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. London.

Chapple, C.K., and M.E. Tucker (eds.) 2000. Hinduism and EcologyHarvard University Press. Cambridge.

De Angelo, L .and B. Black. 2008. The London Smoke Disaster 1952.Environmental Information Coalition for Science and Environment.Washington, DC. USA

EEA, 2003. Air Pollution in Europe 1990-2000. Copenhagen, Denmark

EEA, 2004. Annual European Community Greenhouse Gas Inventory1990-2002 and Inventory Report 2004

EEA, 2005. Europes Water. An Indicator Based Assessment.

Copenhagen, Denmark.

EREC, 2005. Renewable Energy Source. REN 21 Washington DC, USA.


36/38

36

Foltz, R.C., F.M. Denny, and A. Baharuddin (Eds.) 2003. Islam andEcology, A Bestowed Trust. Harvard University Press, Cambrigde.

Hopey, D., 2008. Museum Remembers Donoras Deadly 1948 Smog.Pittsburg Post-Gazette, Pennsylvania, USA

IAEA, 2005. Energy Indicators for Sustainable Development IAEA, Vienna.

Nasution, E.M. 2004. Air Pollution Prevention in Indonesia. ResearchReport. Magister of Management. Faculty of Economic andBusiness. Gadjah Mada University Yogyakarta.

Newell, P. 2000. Climate Change: Non-State Actors and the Global

Politics of the Greenhouse. Cambridge University Press,Cambridge

Tandjung, S.D. 2001. Ekologi, Ekosistem, Lingkungan dan Sumberdaya.Pidato Pengukuhan Guru Besar. Senat Universitas Gadjah Mada.Yogyakarta.

Tandjung, S.D. 2004. Konservasi Biodiversitas. Kawasan Karst. WorkshopNasional Pengelolaan Kawasan Karst. Direktorat TatalingkunganGeologi dan Kawasan Pertambangan, ESDM PemerintahKabupaten Wonogiri.

Tandjung, S.D. 2008a. The Settlement of Environmental Disputes andCorporate Social Responsibility. National Seminar on EIA. STTL-Plaza Hotel Jogjakarta

Tandjung, S.D. 2008b. Natural Environment. 3rd Edition. Magister ofManagement. Faculty of Business and Economic Gadjah MadaUniversity. Jogjakarta.

Tandjung, S.D. 2009a. Conservation of Local Knowledge of CoastalEcosystem. National Seminar on Marine Natural Resources andEnvironment. University of Darul Iman Ambon

Tandjung, S D. 2009b. Conservation of Biodiversity and Environment.National Seminar on Biology and Environment. Jember StateUniversity.

Tandjung, S.D. 2009c. Environment. The Launching Ceremony of WorldConference on Science, Education, and Culture 2010. LocalWisdom Inspiring Global Solution (WISDOM). Gadjah Mada

University


37/38

37

Tandjung, S.D. 2009d. Basic Ecology and Ecosystems Typology. Centerfor Environmental Studies. Gadjah Mada University Yogyakarta.

Tandjung, S.D. 2010. Local Wisdom for Managing the Environment.Learning from the Past, Reaching for the Future. WISDOM 2010.World Conference on Science, Education, and Culture. GadjahMada University Yogyakarta, 5 8 December, 2010.

Tandjung, S.D. 2011a. Conservation of Natural Resources and LocalWisdom. Environmental Engineering College (STTL).Yogyakarta, 8 January, 2011.

Tandjung, S.D. 2011b. Biodiversity and Natural Resources. International

Seminar and Training on Ecotourism in Pacific Island Countries.Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Republic of Indonesia and Center forTourism Studies of the Gadjah Mada University. Yogyakarta, 25April 4 May, 2011

Tandjung, S.D. 2011c. Environmental Management Systems. ISO 14001:2004. Seminar and Training on Environment. Jireh Training andConsulting Yogyakarta, 1 July 2011

Tandjung, S.D. 2011d. Biology and Local Wisdom. National Seminar onBiology and Local Wisdom. Past, Present, and Future. YogyakartaState University, 2 July, 2011.

Tandjung, S.D. 2011e. Conservation of Natural Resources andEnvironmental Protection. National Seminar on Management ofNatural Resources and Environment. World Environment Day2011. General Soedirman University Purwokerto 23 July 2011

Tandjung, S.D. 2012a. Planning, Implementation, and Evaluation ofCompany Achievement (PROPER). National Seminar andTraining on Program Penilaian Peringkat Kinerja Perusahaan

(PROPER). The National Association of Environmental ExpertIndonesia (IALHI). All Seasons Hotel **** Yogyakarta, 7 12 Mei2012.

Tandjung, S.D. 2012b. Ecosystems Service, Utilization of NaturalResources. Susceptibility Level and Adaptation Capacity toClimate Change. Tenacity Level, and Potency of Biodiversity.National Seminar and Training on Strategic Life EnvironmentAssessment (KLHS). The National Association of EnvironmentalExperts Indonesia (IALHI). Grage Ramayana Hotel*** Yogyakarta,23 26 Mei 2012.

Tirosh Samuelson, H. (ed.) 2000. Judaism and Ecology. HarvardUniversity Press, Cambrigde.


38/38

Yuriya, 2004. Pollution Prevention for Textile Manufacturing. Report.

Master of Management, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta

Zimah, R. 2004. The Economic Value of the Coral Reef. Report. Master ofManagement Program, Gadjah Mada University. Yogyakarta

7. Natural Environment SDT - Feb 2014

Documents

Transcript of 7. Natural Environment SDT - Feb 2014