2010-Kuliah-1

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

1/92

PERTEMUAN KE I

MENGENAL PANAS BUMI

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

2/92

1
http://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld002.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld002.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld002.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld002.htm

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

3/92

Geothermal energy is the natural heat of the Earth. 2
http://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld003.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld003.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld004.htm

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

4/92

Heat flows outward from Earth's interior. The crust insulates us from Earth's interior heat.

The mantle is semi-molten, the outer core is liquid and the inner core is solid. 3

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

5/92

The deeper you go, the hotter it gets (in Celsius and kilometers). 5

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

6/92

Earth's crust is broken into huge plates that move apart or push together at

about the rate our fingernails grow. Convection of semi-molten rock in theupper mantle helps drive plate tectonics. 6

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

7/92

New crust forms along mid-ocean spreading centers and continental rift zones. When plates

meet, one can slide beneath another. Plumes of magma rise from the edges of sinkingplates. 7

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

8/92

Thinned or fractured crust allows magma to rise to the surface as lava. Mostmagma doesn't reach the surface but heats large regions of underground rock. 8

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

9/92

Rainwater can seep down faults and fractured rocks for miles. After being heated,

it can return to the surface as steam or hot water. 9

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

10/92

This steaming ground is in the Philippines. 10
http://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld011.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld011.htm

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

11/92
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_WrgAYbWWzWY/SgPgrNSoSgI/AAAAAAAAABM/7aFN8rWyU40/s1600-h/hydrothermal.jpg

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

12/92
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_WrgAYbWWzWY/SgPgrNSoSgI/AAAAAAAAABM/7aFN8rWyU40/s1600-h/hydrothermal.jpghttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld013.htm

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

13/92

When the rising hot water and steam is trapped in permeable and porous rocks under alayer of impermeable rock, it can form a geothermal reservoir. 12

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

14/92

A geothermal reservoir is a powerful source of energy! 13

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

15/92
http://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld016.htm

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

16/92

Many areas have accessible geothermal resources, especially countries along the

circum-Pacific "Ring of Fire," spreading centers, continental rift zones and otherhot spots. 15

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

17/92

These and other methods are used. 16

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

18/92

Exploration commonly begins with analysis of satellite images and aerialphotographs 17

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

19/92

Volcanoes are obvious indications of underground heat, this volcano, Mt. Mayon

in the Albay province of the Philippines erupted in 1999. 18

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

20/92

Geologists explore volcanic regions to find the most likely areas for further study,

like this steaming hillside in El Hoyo, Nicaragua. 1`9

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

21/92

Geologic landforms and fault structures are mapped in the region. This viewoverlooks Basin and Range terrain East of the Sierra Nevadas. 20

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

22/92

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

23/92

Geologic maps like this one are created, showing rock type and ages in differentcolors. 22

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

24/92

Data from electrical, magnetic, chemical and seismic surveys is gathered in thefield. 23

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

25/92

The data obtained in the field are displayed in various ways and analyzed. 24

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

26/92

Geothermal power plants are clean and are operating successfully in sensitiveenvironments. 46

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

27/92

These geothermal plants are operating successfully in a Philippine cornfield, at Mammoth Lakes, Calif., inthe Mojave Desert of California, and in a tropical forest, at Mt. Apo, Philippines. 47

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

28/92

STOP

DI BAWAH INI ASPEK

MANFAAT

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

29/92

This small binary power plant is in Fang,Thailand.64

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

30/92

Geothermal power has many local and globalbenefits. 66

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

31/92

The fastest growth in US geothermalcapacity was from 1980 to 1990, followingenactment of federal laws that compelledutilities to purchase electricity fromindependent power producers. 66

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

32/92

67

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

33/92

68

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

34/92

People who live in these areas are receivingelectricity from geothermal power plants.69

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

35/92

Geothermal power could serve 100% of theelectrical needs of 39 countries (over620,000,000 people) in Africa, Central/South America and the Pacific. See: 70www.geotherm.org/PotentialReport.htm
http://www.geotherm.org/PotentialReport.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld071.htmhttp://www.geotherm.org/PotentialReport.htm

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

36/92

72

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

37/92

73

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

38/92

This historical drawing depicts NativeAmericans using hot springs at what isnow Calistoga, California. Some tribesconsidered hot springs to be neutralterritory where no wars were allowed. 74

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

39/92

Use of hot springs by Maoris of New Zealandfor cooking and other purposes extendsinto modern times. 75

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

40/92

Modern day Beppu Japan uses geothermalwater and heat in buildings and factoriesand has 4,000 hot springs and bathingfacilities that attract 12 million tourists ayear. 76

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

41/92

Bathing in hot pools like these at Hot Creek,Mammoth Lakes, California, has beenpracticed throughout history. Be careful --people and animals have been burnedbadly in unfamiliar pools. 77

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

42/92

Since Roman times, we have piped the hotwater into pools to better control thetemperature. These are photos of outdoorand indoor pool and spa bathing in Japan,the US, and Europe. 78

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

43/92

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

44/92

In several western US states, many longgreenhouses are built and heated withgeothermal water. This one is in NewMexico. 80

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

45/92

Peppers, tomatoes, and flowers arecommonly grown in geothermally heatedgreenhouses. 81

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

46/92

Geothermal water is also used to speed thegrowth of fish. These are growing in ageothermally heated hatchery atMammoth Lakes, California. 82

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

47/92

This net full of fish was grown ingeothermally heated waters in California'sImperial Valley. 83

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

48/92

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

49/92

Closeup of individual fish from a geothermalfish farm. 85

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

50/92

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

51/92

Geothermal water is also used for industrialuses, like drying lumber or food products.This plant in Brady, Nevada, providesdried onions to Burger King. 87

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

52/92

Pipes of geothermal water can be installedunder sidewalks and roads to keep themfrom icing over in winter, like thissidewalk in Klamath Falls, Oregon. 88

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

53/92

In some places, geothermal water is pipedfrom wells to heat single homes or wholeresidential or commercial districts. Thistruck-mounted drill rig is drilling a well foruse in Klamath Falls, Oregon. 89

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

54/92

Hot water from one or more geothermal wellsis piped through a heat exchanger plantto heat city water in separate pipes. Hotcity water is piped to heat exchangers inbuildings to warm the air. 90

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

55/92

The geothermal water never mixes with thecity water. Once its heat is transferred tothe city water, the geothermal water isinjected back into the reservoir to bereheated and recycled. 91

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

56/92

This is a "plate type" heat exchanger whichpasses hot geothermal water past manylayers of metal plates, transferring theheat to other water passing through theother side of each plate. 92

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

57/92

These pumps are used to pump the heatedwater to buildings in a district heatingsystem, after it has passed through theheat exchanger. 93

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

58/92

This photo of Reykjavik, Iceland, was takenin 1932, when buildings were all heated byburning of (imported) fossil fuels. 94

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

59/92

Today, about 95% of the buildings inReykjavik are heated with geothermalwater. Reykjavik is now one of thecleanest cities in the world. 95

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

60/92

The first geothermal district heating systemin the US was built in Boise, Idaho. Today,Boise's capital and city buildings areheated with a geothermal district heatingsystem. 96

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

61/92

97

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

62/92

98

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

63/92

99

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

64/92

100

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

65/92

Geothermal heat pumps can be used almosteverywhere in the world, without ageothermal reservoir. The insulatingproperties of the earth, just below ourfeet, can keep us warm or cool. 101

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

66/92

102

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

67/92

103
http://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld104.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld104.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld104.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld104.htm

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

68/92

Different styles of pipes are installed besidea building. A liquid is piped through thepipes to pick up the heat FROM theground or (in the summer) to bring heatfrom the building TO the ground. 104

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

69/92

In a poll, over 95% of people who hadinstalled a geothermal heat pump saidthey would recommend it and would do itagain. 105

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

70/92

106

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

71/92

107

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

72/92

The entire U.S. (and most other areas of theworld) are suitable for geothermal heatpumps. In the U.S., geothermal reservoirsoccur primarily in western states. 108

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

73/92

It is of critical importance that we use energysources that are easy on the environment109

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

74/92

Our modern world relies more and more onelectricity -- to run our simplesthousehold appliances, to keepbusinesses humming, to operate ourcomputers and to light the night. 110

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

75/92

We rely on abundant, affordable energy. Wemust conserve, use energy moreefficiently, and diversify our energyresource base. 111

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

76/92

Today, coal provides 55% of the U.S. electricity supply and the U.S.imports more than half of the oil it consumes. The burning of fossilfuels cannot be sustained. 112

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

77/92

113
http://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld114.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld114.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld114.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld114.htmhttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld116.htm

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

78/92

Currently we are using primarily fossil fuels 115

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

79/92

What will be the consequences if our growing energy needs are alsomet by fossil fuels? 116

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

80/92

117

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

81/92

118

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

82/92

118

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

83/92

120

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

84/92

You can choose clean renewable energyfrom wind, solar, small hydropower andgeothermal resources. 121

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

85/92

Geothermal Education Office1-800-866-4436http://geothermal.marin.org 122

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

86/92

Geothermal power plant in the Imperial Valley, California.

There are three geothermal power plant technologies being used to convert hydrothermal fluids toelectricity. The conversion technologies are dry steam, flash, and binary cycle. The type ofconversion used depends on the state of the fluid (whether steam or water) and its temperature. Drysteam power plants systems were the first type of geothermal power generation plants built. Theyuse the steam from the geothermal reservoir as it comes from wells, and route it directly throughturbine/generator units to produce electricity. Flash steam plants are the most common type ofgeothermal power generation plants in operation today. They use water at temperatures greaterthan 360 F (182 C) that is pumped under high pressure to the generation equipment at the

surface. Binary cycle geothermal power generation plants differ from Dry Steam and Flash Steam

systems in that the water or steam from the geothermal reservoir never comes in contact with theturbine/generator units.

Dry Steam Power Plants.

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

87/92

Dry steam power plants atThe Geysers in California.

Steam plants use hydrothermal fluids that are primarily steam. The steam goes directly to a turbine, which drives agenerator that produces electricity. The steam eliminates the need to burn fossil fuels to run the turbine. (Alsoeliminating the need to transport and store fuels!) This is the oldest type of geothermal power plant. It was firstused at Lardarello in Italy in 1904, and is still very effective. Steam technology is used today at The Geysers in

northern California, the world's largest single source of geothermal power. These plants emit only excess steam andvery minor amounts of gases.

Flash Steam Power PlantsHydrothermal fluids above 360F (182C) can be used in flash plants to make electricity. Fluid is sprayed into a tankheld at a much lower pressure than the fluid causing some of the fluid to rapidly vaporize or "flash " The vapor

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

88/92

held at a much lower pressure than the fluid, causing some of the fluid to rapidly vaporize, or flash. The vaporthen drives a turbine, which drives a generator. If any liquid remains in the tank, it can be flashed again in a secondtank to extract even more energy.

Binary-Cycle Power Plants.Most geothermal areas contain moderate-temperature water (below 400 degrees F). Energy is extracted

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

89/92

from these fluids in binary-cycle power plants. Hot geothermal fluid and a secondary (hence, "binary")fluid with a much lower boiling point than water pass through a heat exchanger. Heat from the geothermalfluid causes the secondary fluid to flash to vapor, which then drives the turbines. Because this is a closed-loop system, virtually nothing is emitted to the atmosphere. Moderate-temperature water is by far themore common geothermal resource, and most geothermal power plants in the future will be binary-cycle

plants.

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

90/92

The Future of Geothermal Electricity

Steam and hot water reservoirs are just a small part of the geothermalresource. The Earth's magma and hot dry rock will provide cheap, clean, and

almost unlimited energy as soon as we develop the technology to use them. In

the meantime, because they're so abundant, moderate-temperature sitesrunning binary-cycle power plants will be the most common electricity

producers.Before geothermal electricity can be considered a key element of the U.S.

energy infrastructure, it must become cost-competitive with traditional forms ofenergy. The U.S. Department of Energy is working with the geothermal industryto achieve $0.03 to $0.05 per kilowatt-hour. We believe the result will be about

15,000 megawatts of new capacity within the next decade.

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

91/92

The deeper you go, the hotter it gets (in Fahrenheit and miles). 4

7/28/2019 2010-Kuliah-1

92/92

Geothermal Power Plants

2010-Kuliah-1

Documents

Transcript of 2010-Kuliah-1