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VVoolluummee1155,,NNoommoorr22,,NNooppeemmbbeerr22000066 IISSSSNN00221155--119911XX

ZZOOOOIINNDDOONNEESSIIAAJurnal Fauna Tropika

STATUS TAKSONOMI FAUNA DI INDONESIA DENGAN TINJAUANKHUSUS PADA COLLEMBOLA. Yayuk R. Suhardjono................. 67

PENERAPAN DAN PEMANFAATAN TAKSONOMI UNTUKMENDAYAGUNAKAN FAUNA DAERAH. Soenartono

Adisoemarto..................................................................................... 87

PEMBELAJARAN TAKSONOMI FAUNA DI PERGURUAN TINGGI.Jusup Subagja ................................................................................101

THE AMPHIBIANS SPECIES IN GUNUNG HALIMUN NATIONALPARK, WEST JAVA, INDONESIA. Hellen Kurniati........................107

ANALISIS ISI PERUT DAN UKURAN TUBUH ULAR JALI (Ptyas

mucosus). Irvan Sidik.................................................................... 121

Zoo Indonesia Volume 15 (2) 67-127 2006 ISSN 0215-191X

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Ketua Redaksi

Dr. Dede Irving Hartoto (Limnologi)

Anggota Redaks i

Dr. Hagi Yulia Sugeha (Oseanologi)Dr. Rosichon Ubaidillah (Entomologi)

Dr. Dewi Malia Prawiradilaga (Ornitologi)Ir. Ike Rachmatika MSc. (Ikhtiologi)

Sekretaris Redaksi & Produksi

Rochmanah S.KomYulia Aris Kartika S.Kom

Mitra Bestari

Dr. Gono SemiadiDr. Allen Allison

Amir Hamidy S.SiDr. Sri Hartini

Alamat RedaksiZoo Indonesia

Bidang Zoologi, Puslit Biologi LIPIGd. Widyasatwaloka

Jl. Raya Bogor-Jakarta KM. 46Cibinong 16911

Telp. (021) 8765056

Fax. (021) [email protected]

Masyarakat Zoologi Indonesia (MZI) adalah suatu organisasi profesi dengan anggotaterdiri dari peneliti, pengajar, pemerhati dan simpatisan kehidupan fauna tropika,khususnya fauna Indonesia. Kegiatan utama MZI adalah pemasyarakatan tentangilmu kehidupan fauna tropika Indonesia, dalam segala aspeknya, baik dalam bentukpublikasi ilmiah, publikasi popular, pendidikan, penelitian, pameran ataupunpemantauan.

Zoo Indonesia adalah sebuah jurnal ilmiah di bidang fauna tropika yang diterbitkanoleh organisasi profesi keilmiahan Masyarakat Zoologi Indonesia (MZI) sejak tahun1983. Terbit satu tahun satu volume dengan dua nomor (Nopember & Juni). Memuattulisan hasil penelitian dan tinjauan ilmiah yang berhubungan dengan aspek fauna,

khususnya wilayah Indonesia dan Asia. Publikasi ilmiah lain adalah Monograph ZooIndonesia - Seri Publikasi Ilmiah, terbit tidak menentu.

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KATA PENGANTAR

Sejalan dengan perkembangan peraturan mengenai jurnal ilmiah di lingkungan

lembaga penelitian Departemen dan Non Departemen, maka jurnal ilmiah Zoo

Indonesia tidak akan terlepas dari keharusan untuk mengikuti perkembangan yang

ada. Untuk itu sejak tahun penerbitan 2006, akreditasi yang pernah dikeluarkan

Departemen Pendidikan untuk Zoo Indonesia (No. 69/DIKTI/Kep./2000) sementara

waktu tidak diperpanjang kembali, tetapi akan diganti dengan akreditasi yang

dikeluarkan oleh Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia. Hal ini sejalan dengan

sejarah kelahiran organisasi profesi itu sendiri yang dibidani dan disokong hingga

saat ini oleh lembaga penelitian non departemen.

Perkembangan lainnya adalah adanya penyesuaian tata letak sampul depan,

penomoran terbitan dan halaman yang mengikuti aturan baku, serta anggota redaksi

baru. Ini adalah suatu kebaharuan setelah sekitar dua tahun lebih jurnal ini dorman.

Selalu menjadi harapan redaksi Zoo Indonesia, bahwa jurnal ini mampu untuk

menempatkan diri di jajaran khasanah jurnal ilmiah di Indonesia yang mempunyai

mutu tinggi. Rasanya hal ini tidak terlalu berlebihan mengingat semakin hari kriteria

pengakuan suatu karya tulis ilmiah semakin ketat.

Cibinong, Nopember 2006

Redaksi

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THE AMPHIBIANS SPECIES IN GUNUNG HALIMUN NATIONAL PARK, WEST JAVA,INDONESIA: Zoo Indonesia Vol. 15(2):107120.

107

THE AMPHIBIANS SPECIES IN GUNUNG HALIMUN NATIONAL PARK,WEST JAVA, INDONESIA

Hellen Kurniati

Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI),Widyasatwaloka Building, Jalan Raya Cibinong Km 46,

Cibinong 16911, West Java, Indonesia.e-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRAK

Kurniati. H. 2006. Jenis-jenis amfibi di Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun, JawaBarat. Zoo Indonesia. Vol. 15 (2): 107-120. Lima suku kodok yang terdapat di Jawadijumpai di Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun. Kelima suku tersebut adalah:

Megophryidae, Bufonidae, Microhylidae, Ranidae dan Rhacophoridae. SukuBufonidae terdiri dari dua anak suku, yaitu Adenominae dan Bufoninae. SukuMicrohylidae hanya terdiri dari satu anak suku, Microhylinae; sedangkan suku Ranidaeterdiri dari dua anak suku, yaitu Raninae dan Dicroglossinae. Jenis fauna kodok diTaman Nasional Gunung Halimun termasuk kaya, karena dijumpai 25 jenis dari 33

jenis kodok asli Jawa. Selama survei herpetofauna yang dilakukan pada bulanOktober 2001 sampai Agustus 2002, 25 jenis kodok dijumpai di Taman NasionalGunung Halimun, yang terdiri dari dua jenis dari suku Megophryidae, lima jenis darisuku Bufonidae, satu jenis dari suku Microhylidae, 12 jenis dari suku Ranidae dan lima

jenis dari suku Rhacophoridae.Di antara 33 jenis kodok asli Jawa, delapan jenismerupakan jenis endemik; enam dari ke delapan jenis endemik tersebut terdapat diTaman Nasional Gunung Halimun. Ke enam jenis tersebut adalah: Leptophrynecruentata, Microhyla achatina, Huia masonii, Nyctyxalus margaritifer, Philautus vittiger

dan Rhacophorus javanus. Di Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun dua tipe makrohabitat kodok yang umum dijumpai adalah hutan primer dan habitat terganggu.Habitat hutan primer adalah habitat di mana kodok jenis Leptobrachium hasseltii,Leptophryne borbonica, L. cruentata, Huia masonii, Rana hosii, Limnonectesmicrodiscus, N. margaritifer, P. aurifasciatus dan P. vittiger sangat tergantung padahabitat ini. Habitat terganggu karena intervensi manusia meliputi hutan sekunder,hutan terdegradasi, kebun atau sawah, di mana lebih dari separuh jenis kodokdijumpai pada habitat ini.

Kata kunci:amfibia, kodok, Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun.

ABSTRACT

Kurniati. H. 2006. The amphibians species in Gunung Halimun National Park,West Java. Zoo Indonesia Vol. 15 (2): 107-120. Five families of frog that exist inJava are represented in Gunung Halimun National Park: the Megophryidae, theBufonidae, the Microhylidae, the Ranidae and the Rhacophoridae. In the park, theBufonidae consists of two subfamilies, the Adenominae and the Bufoninae. TheMicrohylidae only has one subfamily, the Microhylinae, whereas the Ranidae consistsof two subfamilies, the Raninae and the Dicroglossinae. Frog fauna in GunungHalimun National Park is comparatively rich, including 25 species of the 33 species ofnative javan frogs. During herpetofauna survey in October 2001 to August 2002,twenty-five species of amphibian were found in Gunung Halimun National Park; theyconsist of two species of the Megophryidae, five species of the Bufonidae, one species

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of the Microhylidae, twelve species of the Ranidae and five species of theRhacophoridae. Among 33 species of the native javan frogs, eight species areendemic to Java; however six species of the endemic species are inhabited in the

park; they are Leptophryne cruentata, Microhyla achatina, Huia masonii, Nyctyxalusmargaritifer, Philautus vittiger and Rhacophorus javanus.. In Gunung Halimun NationalPark, two major type macro habitats of frog are generally recognized. One major typemacro habitat is primary forest, where Leptobrachium hasseltii, Leptophryneborbonica, L. cruentata, Huia masonii, Rana hosii, Limnonectes microdiscus, N.margaritifer, P. aurifasciatus and P. vittiger are very restricted to this habitat. Anothertype is disturbed habitat, where human has intervened the habitat as secondary forest,degraded forest, cultivation or paddy field. More than half frogs species occur in thesehabitats.

Keywords:amphibian, frog, Gunung Halimun National Park.

INTRODUCTION

Gunung Halimun National Park liesabout 100 km southwest of Jakarta(Figure 1), at altitudes between 500-2000 meters above sea level (asl).The highest point is the peak ofGunung Halimun with a height of 1929meters asl. Covering 40.000 hectares,this area is the largest sub-mountainforest in West Java. The park isclassified into four types of habitat:lowland forest, sub-mountain forest,

upland crop and bush. Based onanalysis of aerial photographs, thevegetation was divided into primaryforest, secondary forest, cultivatedareas and tea plantations. Primaryforest covers nearly 70% of the parkarea (Niijima 1997).

The park herpetofauna (amphibiansand reptiles) has never been reviewedsystematically. Intensiveherpetofaunal surveys were conductedin Ujung Kulon National Park in 1990(Kurniati et al. 2001); Liem (1973)surveyed the amphibians in Gede-Pangrango National Park. In order toprovide comprehensive coverage ofthe national parks in West Java, I havebeen conducting an intensiveherpetofauna survey, with anemphasis on amphibians, in Gunung

Halimun National Park since October2001. This survey also obtained basicecological information on all species ofamphibians in the park in order toassist park staff with the managementand protection of the parks interestingherpetofauna.

Figure 1. Location of Ujung Kulon, Gunung Halimun and Gede-Pangrango NationalPark (Map courtesy from Anonymous 1997).

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MATERIAL & METHODS

Survey sites

The study areas were located in tensurvey sites (Figure 2), where thealtitudes between 700 meters to 1900meters above sea level (asl). Thestudy sites elevation of Citalahab,Cikaniki, and Cianten were atelevation 1000 meters asl; Cibunar,Gunung Wangun, Gunung Bedil andCigadog are between 700 to 1200meters asl; Cikeris, Legok Karang and

Gunung Botol were between 1500 to1900 meters asl. In the ten studysites, seven habitat types were found.Citalahab, Cikaniki and Cigadogconsist of rain forest, edificarian andcultivated land; Cianten, GunungWangun, Gunung Bedil and consist ofdisturbed forest, secondaryvegetation, ruderal and edificarian;whereas Cibunar, Cikeris, LegokKarang and Gunung Botol consist ofrain forest and cloud forest. The

average daily temperature was 25

0

Cand at night between 150C to 20

0C.

Relative humidity averages 70% to85%. Brief descriptions of the habitatsas follow :1. Edificarian : Building and other

manmade structures of wood,stone, concrete and othermaterials provide an importanthabitat especially for some geckospecial that were commensallywith humans.

2. Ruderal : This habitat consists of

grassy, weedy areas usually nearsettlements and adjacent tohuman habitation, includesroadsides ditch.

3. Cultivated land : Paddy field andtea plantations were dominant inthis area.

4. Disturbed forest : Disturbed forestoccurs frequently between 700 to1000 meters asl, where many ofnative trees have been selectivecut and the under story had been

cleared or modified by humanactivity directly or by livestock.

5. Secondary vegetation : Thishabitat consists mainly of thicketsof small trees, shrubs and vineswhere the forest has been moreseverely disturbed, and most ofthe mature trees had beenremoved.

6. Rainforest : This was the mostwidespread and abundantvegetation type on the main areaof Gunung Halimun National Park,ranging from 1000 meters to 1500

meters asl. Tree ferns werecommon in this habitat, especiallyat the higher elevation.

7. Cloud forest : This vegetation typeknown as moss forest, usuallyabove 1500 meters asl. Mossesand fern festoon the trunks, limbsand branches of trees and shrubs,and they provide much of theground cover.

1. Amphibian species diversity

The suitable techniques for collectingthe species were :a. Catching by hand:

This technique was suitable forfrogs inhabiting microhabitatssuch as leaf litter, tree bark andbuttresses, low-lying vegetationand in or under logs.

b. Lighting:This technique was used to catchfrogs in the night using a powerful

flashlight. The frogs weretemporary blinded when theflashlight shines in their eyes,making them easy to catch.

Altitude and microhabitat wererecorded when the frog found in everysurvey sites. All specimens werekilled by injecting 96% ethanol into thebrain and fixed in 10% formalin andpreserved in 70% alcohol.

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2. Species richness & relativeabundance

.This technique was utilized manualsighting in a certain time sequence. Itwas applied to different habitat amongseveral sample sites throughoutGunung Halimun National Park. Theabundance rating was based on thefollowing scale (Buden, 2000):a. Common: at least 30

sightings/day in suitable habitatand under optimal weatherconditions.

b. Fairly common : 10-30sighting/day.

c. Uncommon : up to 10sightings/day on most days.

d. Scarce : up to 5 sighting/day.e. Rare : under 5 sighting in most of

time surveys.

Identification of all species follows thetaxonomy of Inger (1966), Iskandar(1998), Liem (1973), Van Kampen(1923) and Yang (1991).

Figure 2. Ten survey sites of herpetofauna diversity study in Gunung HalimunNational Park. (1) Citalahab; (2) Cikaniki; (3) Cianten; (4) Cigadog; (5)Cibunar; (6) Gunung Botol; (7) Legok Karang; (8) Cikeris; (9) GunungWangun; (10) Gunung Bedil.

RESULTS & DISCUSSION

Five families of frog that exist in Javawere represented in Gunung HalimunNational Park: the Megophryidae, theBufonidae, the Microhylidae, theRanidae and the Rhacophoridae. Inthe park, the Bufonidae consisted oftwo subfamilies, the Adenominae andthe Bufoninae. The Microhylidae onlyhad one subfamily, the Microhylinae,whereas the Ranidae consisted of two

subfamilies, the Raninae and theDicroglossinae. Frog fauna in GunungHalimun National Park wascomparatively rich, including 24species of the 33 species of nativeJavan frogs. Twenty-five species ofamphibian in Gunung HalimunNational Park consisted of two speciesof Megophryidae, five species ofBufonidae, one species ofMicrohylidae, twelve species of

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Ranidae and five speciesRhacophoridae.

Species Accounts :

AMPHIBIAANURA

A. Family MEGOPHRYIDAE

Leptobrachium h asselt iTschudi,1838

Ecological notes : Leptobrachiumhasselti is restricted to primary

forest of the main area of GunungHalimun National Park. They canbe found on the forest floor, undershrubs and among leaf litteraround Cikaniki Trail and LoopTrail in the Cikaniki and Citalahabareas.

Abundance rating : The frogs arefound fairly common at Cikanikiand Loop Trails.

Vertical distribution : These frogshave been observed on the forest

floor at elevations from sea levelin Ujung Kulon National Park(Kurniati et al. 2001) to 1200meters asl in Gunung HalimunNational Park and Gede-Pangrango National Park (Liem1973).

Megophrys montanaKuhl & vanHasselt, 1822

Ecological notes : Megophrys

montanais a mountain forest frogthat usually forages on the forestfloor. In Gede-Pangrango thefrogs are restricted to primaryrainforest (Liem 1973), but InGunung Halimun the this specieshas a wide distribution and can befound in primary, secondary ordisturbed forest.

Abundance rating : In Gunung

Halimun the frog is common.

Vertical distribution : In GunungHalimun the frogs can be found atelevation 800 to 1700 meters asl(Gunung Botol).

B. Family BUFONIDAEB.1. Subfamily ADENOMINAE

Leptophryne borbonica

(Kuhl & van Hasselt, 1827)

Ecological notes : Leptophryneborbonicais a primary forest frog,they are found at slow movingwater at Cikaniki and Loop Trails

in the Citalahap and Cikanikiareas.

Abundance rating : At Cikaniki andLoop Trails the frog is common.

Vertical distribution :The species is

found between 600 to 1500meters asl in Kalimantan (Inger1963); but in Gunung HalimunNational Park, this frog can befound in abundance at 1000 to1200 meters asl.

Leptophryne cruentata

(Tschudi, 1838)

Ecological notes : Leptophrynecruentata is a primary forest frog,they are found at stream bank offast moving water at Cikerisprimary forest areas.

Abundance rating : At Cikeris the

frog is scarce (only 5 individualswere recorded).

Vertical distribution :The species is

found at 1500 meters asl. InGede-Pangrango National Park,they found in Cibeureum waterfallat the elevation above 1000meters but less than 2000 metersasl (Liem 1973).

Note : This species was listed asEndangered under criterion B1ab(v)(IUCN, Conservation Internationaland Nature Serve 2004).

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B.2. Subfamily BUFONINAE

Bufo asperGravenhorst, 1829

Ecological notes :Bufo asperoccursalong the banks of rivers, creeksand small streams in primary andsecondary forest, but sometimesthey are found in small streamsnear paddy fields or humanhabitation. In Ujung Kulon thefrogs occur in Nypa mangroves

on riverbanks in the Cijungkulonarea near the sea (Kurniati et al.2001). In Gede-Pangrango (Liem1973) and Gunung Halimun the

frogs usually occur along inriparian habitats withinin primaryand secondary forest. In someplaces in Gunung Halimun thefrog is found at small streamsclose to paddy fields or humanhabitations.

Abundance rating : In GunungHalimun the abundance of thefrog depends on altitude; it iscommon at elevations around 800meters asl.

Vertical distribution : The species

can be found from sea level(Kurniati et al. 2001) to 1000meters asl.

Bufo biporcatusGravenhorst, 1829

Ecological notes :Bufo biporcatusis

usually found in degraded habitat.In Ujung Kulon this frog is foundin marshy Chrysopogondominated Banteng grazing area

near Cigenter River (Kurniati et al.2001). In Gede-Pangrango it isrestricted to Rarahan, alongvillage clearings or footpaths(Liem 1973). In Gunung Halimunit is widespread in footpaths alongtea plantation, fishponds or inhuman habitation at elevations600-1000 asl; they are neverabundant.

Abundance rating : The frog is rare

(under 5 sightings) in Ujung kulon

(Kurniati et al. 2001); It isuncommon in Gede-Pangrango(Liem 1973) and GunungHalimun.

Vertical distribution : The frog canbe found from sea level in UjungKulon (Kurniati et al. 2001) to1500 meters from sea level (Liem1973). In Gunung Halimun it isusually found at elevationsbetween 600 to 1000 meters asl.

Bufo melanost ic tusSchneider, 1799

Ecological notes : Bufo

melanostictus is never found inprimary, secondary or degradedforest; they usually found close toor in human habitations. This iswhy it is absent from Ujung Kulon(Kurniati et al. 2001). In GunungHalimun the frogs have awidespread distribution.

Abundance rating : They are

common in low elevation (600asl), but rare at high elevations(1500 asl).

Vertical distribution : The frog can

be found from sea level up to1500 meters asl. It is relativelyrare at high altitudes.

C. Family MICROHYLIDAESubfamily MICROHYLINAE

Microhy la achatinaTschudi, 1838

Ecological notes :Microhyla achatinain Gede-Pangrango and Gunung

Halimun has not been found inprimary or secondary forest, but inUjung Kulon the frog iswidespread throughout wet areas,swamps and damp leaf litter inprimary forest (Kurniati et al.2001). In Gede-Pangrango thisspecies is found on the banks ofquiet pools or in water-filledditches along the road to Rarahan(Liem 1973). In Gunung Halimunit is widespread in the main part of

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Rana nicob ariensis

(Stoliczka, 1870)

Ecological notes : Rananicobariensis in GunungHalimun is found in paddyfields, roadside ditches orcultivated areas; but in UjungKulon the frog found in theforest, widespread throughoutthe main parts of Ujung Kulon(Kurniati et al. 2001).

Abundance rating : The frog iscommon in Gunung Halimunand also in Ujung Kulon(Kurniati et al. 2001) and

Gede-Pangrango (Liem 1973).Vertical distribution : In Gunung

Halimun the frog is abundantin paddy field at elevationsfrom 600 to 1000 meters asl.

D.2. Subfamily DICROGLOSSINAE

Fejervarya cancriv ora Gravenhorst,1829

Ecological notes : Fejervarya

cancrivoraat Gede-Pangrango(Liem 1973) and GunungHalimun does not occur inrainforest; but in Ujung Kulon itis found in primary forest atswamps near Jamang and tothe south of the mouth of theCigerter River (Kurniati et al.2001). This frog is toleratessalinities up to 2,8

0/00 (Alcala

& Brown 1998). They occur infreshwater and brackish pools

(Alcala & Brown 1998). InGunung Halimun the frog isusually found in paddy field,they live sympatrically withFejervarya limnocharis.

Abundance rating : It is common

in Gunung Halimun, UjungKulon (Kurniati et al. 2001)and Gede-Pangrango (Liem1973).

Vertical distribution :These frogsare abundant from sea level to1000 meters asl.

Fejervarya limn och aris Boie,1835

Ecological notes : Fejervaryalimnocharis in GunungHalimun and Gede-Pangrango(Liem 1973) does not occur inrainforest, but in Ujung Kulonthis species is widespreadthroughout the main parts ofthe park in or near freshwater

(Kurniati et al. 2001). InGunung Halimun this frog isusually found in roadsideditches, fishponds, paddyfields and in any temporarypools.

Abundance rating : Common atGunung Halimun, Ujung Kulon(Kurniati et al. 2001) andGede-Pangrango (Liem 1973).

Vertical distribution :These frogscan be found from sea level to

1500 meters asl. In GunungHalimun, it is very abundantbetween elevation 600 to 1000meters asl.

Limn onectes kuhl i i

(Tschudi, 1838)

Ecological notes : Limnonecteskuhliiis a mountain frog and isusually found in stagnant orslow-moving water in shaded

places. In Gede-Pangrangothe frog is restricted torainforest habitats (Liem1973). In Gunung Halimun itoccurs in slow-moving water inprimary, secondary ordegraded forests or in openareas. In Citalahab it occurs ingrassy peat swamp in teaplantation.

Abundance rating : Common in

Gunung Halimun at

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elevations about 1000 metersasl.

Vertical distribution : In Gunung

Halimun it can be found atelevation between 1000 to1500 meters asl; but it is mostabundant at elevations ofabout 1000 asl.

Limn onectes macrodon

(Dumeril & Bibron, 1841)

Ecological notes : Limnonectesmacrodon does not occur inrain forest at Gunung Halimun.

In Ujung Kulon it has beenrecorded only along thelighthouse trail and about 5 kmsouth of Cidaun, they occur infreshwater and brackish pools(Kurniati et al. 2000). InGunung Halimun the frog isfound in paddy fields, fast-moving water, slow-movingwater or stagnant pools.

Abundance rating : In UjungKulon the frog is found

occasionally (5-20 sightings)(Kurniati et al. 2001), but it iscommon in Gunung Halimun.

Vertical distribution : In GunungHalimun, the frogs areabundant at elevation from600 to 1000 meters asl.

Limn onectes microdisc us(Boettger, 1892)

Ecological notes : Limnonectes

microdiscusis restricted to therainforest, and is usually foundin a temporary pools orstagnant water. This species isnever found in swift movingcreeks or streams. It iswidespread throughoutmainland Ujung Kulon, whereit is found in or near freshwater(Kurniati et al. 2001). InGunung Halimun the frog is

never abundant in temporarypools or stagnant water.


Gunung Halimun, Ujung Kulon(Kurniati et al. 2001) andGede-Pangrango (Liem 1973).

Vertical distribution :These frogscan be found from sea level(Kurniati et al. 2001) up to1500 meters asl (Liem 1973).

Occidozyga sumatrana

(Peters, 1877)

Ecological notes : Occidozyga

sumatrana is usually found inpuddles among humanhabitation, in forest orsecondary clearings (Iskandar1998). In Ujung Kulon it isfound in marshy areas nearJamang and the mouth ofCigenter River (Kurniati et al.2001). In Gunung Halimun itoccurs in muddy pool close tohuman habitation and in paddyfields.

Abundance rating : In Ujung

Kulon the frog is occasionallyfound (5-20 sightings) (Kurniatiet al. 2001); but in GunungHalimun it is rare (under 5sightings). According toIskandar (1998), this specieshas never been found in highnumbers, although it is notrare.

Vertical distribution :These frogscan be found at sea level inUjung Kulon (Kurniati et al.

2001) to 700 meters asl. InGunung Halimun it is found atelevations above 700 meterselevation.

E. Family RHACOPHORIDAE

Nyctix alus margarit i fer (Boulenger,1882)

Ecological notes : Nyctixalusmargaritifer is an endemic frog

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to Java. In Gunung Halimun itoccurs in primary forest, whereit lives among shrubs that areclose to water.

Abundance rating : In GunungHalimun this frog is rare.

Vertical distribution: It is usuallyfound in rainforest from thelowlands up to about 1200meters asl (Iskandar 1998). InGunung Halimun it occurs atelevations up to about 1000meters asl.

Note : The species is listed asvulnerable because its extentof occurrence is less than

20,000 km2, its distribution isseverely fragmented, andthere is continuing decline inthe extent and quality of itsforest habitat in Java (IUCN,Conservation International,and Nature Serve 2004).

Philautus aurifasciatus

(Schlegel, 1837)

Ecological notes : Philautus

aurifasciatus is a mountaintree frog, it is only found in theforests and away from streamsor pools. In Gunung Halimun Itlives among shrubs in mossyforest, and usually found onthe leaf about one metersabove the ground.


mossy forest on Gunung Botolwithin Gunung HalimunNational Park at elevations at

about 1700 meters asl.Vertical distribution : In

Kalimantan, this species canbe found at elevations of about1000 to 3000 meters asl (Inge1966). In Gunung Halimunthese frogs were found atelevations from 1000 to 2000meters asl.

Philautus vitt iger(Boulenger, 1897)

Ecological notes : Philautusvittiger is endemic to Java.The frog has only been foundamong vegetation in humidshrubby areas (Iskandar1998). During field surveys inGunung Halimun, the frog wasfound only at Loop trail in theCitalahab area; they sit onleaves among shrubs that areclose to water inside primaryforest.

Abundance rating : In GunungHalimun this frog is rare.

Vertical distribution : In Gunung

Halimun it is found atelevations above 1000 metersasl. The type locality of thespecies is Pangalengan, WestJava at an elevation 1200meters asl (Van Kampen1923).

Polypedates leucomystax

(Gravenhorst, 1829)

Ecological notes : Polypedatus

leucomystax is the mostcommon tree frog in Java. Inthe lowland, this species isabundant and usually occursnear human habitations, incultivated land aroundfishpond or permanent pools.In Gunung Halimun, the frogwas found in temporary pondclose to paddy field in Cisitu,Ciparay Resort. In Gede-Pangrango the frog was only

found in Cibodas BotanicalGarden, has non been foundin mainland Gede-PangrangoNational Park (Liem 1973). InUjung Kulon the frog wasfound widespread throughoutmainland Ujung Kulon, theylive in low vegetation,especially above or nearfreshwater (Kurniati et al.2001).

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Abundance rating : Abundantrating of this frog is depend onaltitude. In Gunung Halimunand Gede-Pangrango (Liem1973) the frog is rare, but inUjung Kulon the frog iscommon (Kurniati et al. 2001).

Vertical distribution : In Java P.

leucomystax has a veryextensive vertical distributionfrom the coast up to 1500meters asl (Liem 1973).

Rhacophorus javanusBoettger,1893

Ecological notes : Rhacophorusjavanus is an endemic frog toJava. This tree frog can befound in rainforest or openareas. In Ujung Kulon thisspecies is found in lighthousetrail area near Cidaun, where itoccurs among low vegetationinArenga and Calamusforests(Kurniati et al. 2001). In Gede-Pangrango the frog is usually

found in pools or in slowmoving water on water plantsor shrubs in primary forest aswell as in open areas such asthe Botanical Garden (Liem1973). In Gunung Halimun itoccurs among shrubs that areclose to slow-moving water inprimary forest; it is also foundamong shrubs in open areassuch as tea plantation or peatswamp that are close to water.

Abundance rating : in Ujung

Kulon the frog is rare (Kurniatiet al. 2001), but in GunungHalimun and Gede-Pangrango(Liem 1973) it is common.

Vertical distribution : This fromoccurs from the lowlands toabout 1700 meters asl.

Rhacophorus reinwardt i i(Schlegel, 1840)

Ecological notes : In GunungHalimun and Gede-Pangrango(Liem 1973), Rhacophorusreinwardtii is a tree-dweller; itis usually found 2 to 3 metershigh in trees or shrubs alongquiet pools. In GunungHalimun it is found indegraded forest and alsofound among tea plantationsthat are close to water atelevations from 600 to 1000meters asl.

Dimensions of snout to ventlength : Adult male 40-56 mm

; adult female 65-79 mm.Abundance rating : In Gunung

Halimun and Gede-Pangrango(Liem 1973) the species iscommon.

Vertical distribution : The froghas an extensive verticaldistribution, from sea level upto 1500 meters asl (Liem1973).

Five families of frog that exist in Javaare represented in Gunung HalimunNational Park : the Megophryidae, theBufonidae, the Microhylidae, theRanidae and the Rhacophoridae. Inthe park, the Bufonidae consists of twosubfamilies, the Adenominae and theBufoninae. The Microhylidae only hasone subfamily, the Microhylinae,whereas the Ranidae consists of twosubfamilies, the Raninae and theDicroglossinae. Frog fauna in GunungHalimun National Park is

comparatively rich, including 25species of the 33 species of nativeJavan frogs; 25 frogs species in thepark consist of two species ofMegophryidae, five species ofBufonidae, one species ofMicrohylidae, 12 species of Ranidaeand five species of Rhacophoridae(Table 1).

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Table 1. Families, subfamilies and species of frogs in Java and in Gunung HalimunNational Park.

Family Subfamily Species in Java

Species in

GunungHalimunNational Park

MegophryidaeLeptobrachium hasseltii +

Megophrys Montana +

Bufonidae

AdenominaeLeptophryne borbonica +

Leptophryne cruentata * +

Bufoninae

Bufo asper +

Bufo biporcatus +

Bufo melanostictus +

Bufo parvus -

Microhylidae Microhylinae

Kalophrynus minusculus -

Kalophrynus pleurostigma -Kaloula baleata -

Microhyla achatina * +

Microhyla palmipes -

Ranidae

Raninae

Huia masonii * +

Rana chalconota +

Rana erythraea +

Rana hosii +

Rana nicobariensis +

Dicroglossinae

Fejervarya cancrivora +

Fejervarya limnocharis +

Limnonectes kuhlii +

Limnonectes macrodon +Limnonectes microdiscus +

Occidozyga lima -

Occidozyga sumatrana +

Rhacophoridae

Nyctixalus margaritifer * +

Philautus aurifasciatus +

Philautus jacobsoni * -

Philautus pallidipes * -

Philautus vittiger * +

Polypedates leucomystax +

Rhacophorus javanus * +

Rhacophorus reinwardtii +

(*) species endemic to Java; (-) species absent; (+) species present.

In Gunung Halimun National Park,amphibians occupy two major macrohabitats: primary forest and disturbedareas. Nine species are virtuallyrestricted to primary forest, these are:Hasselts Litter Frog, Leptobrachiumhasseltii (restricted to leaf litter); Hour-Glass Frog, Leptophryne borbonica;Bleeding Frog, L. cruentata; JavanTorrent Frog,Huia masonii; Poisonous

Frog,Rana hosii; Pygmy Creek Frog,Limnonectes microdiscus; PearlyThree Frog, Nyctyxalus margaritifer;Gold Striped Tree Frog, Philautusaurifasciatus and Wine-Colored TreeFrog, P. vittiger.

Disturbed areas, which includesecondary forest, degraded forest,cultivation, human habitation, paddy

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field and roadside ditches, areinhabited by a variety of species. TheHornet Frog, Megophrys montanais aleaf litter specialist, and occurs inprimary, secondary or degradedforest. Paddy fields are a favoritehabitat for several frog species. InGunung Halimun National Park, fivespecies are very abundant in paddyfields, such as the Javan Chorus Frog,Microhyla achatina; Cricket Frog,Rana nicobariensis; Rice Field Frog,Fejervarya cancrivora; Grass Frog, F.limnocharis; and Stone Creek Frog, L.macrodon.

Some species that inhabit paddy fieldsare found in small numbers, includingthe Green Paddy Frog, R. erythraeaand the Sumatran Puddle Frog,Occidozyga sumatrana. In Gunung

Halimun National Park especially insouthern part, F. cancrivora and L.macrodon are regularly collected andsold in the market for humanconsumption. Because of this activity,these two species occur in lownumbers in southern parts of the park.However, in these areas F.limnocharisis very abundant, becauseit occupies the niches of these twospecies. Two species of tree frogsoccur in tea plantations. The JavanTree Frog, Rhacophorus javanus andJavan Flying Frog, R. reinwardtii; theyare both abundant in tea plantationsbut are usually restricted to peatswamps or permanent pools inside theplantations.

Although more than half of the

amphibian species that found inGunung Halimun National Park arenumerous in disturbed habitat,including edificarian, ruderal,agroforest, disturbed native forest andsecondary vegetation; but they arevulnerable ecologically. At the presenttime, the exploitation by human activitysuch as gold mining, logging, andhabitat modification give significantcontribution to habitat destruction.The destruction of ecological system is

widely held as the primary cause forthe loss of amphibian species togetherwith reduction their population size(Gardner 2001).

The present management of the parkis essentially non interventionist withrespect to forest succession. Theseare suitable for the maintenance of adiverse herpetofauna especiallyamphibian and no alterations to thisstrategy. However, recently GunungHalimun National Park has a plan toincrease tourist access. Evidencefrom experienced park guidessuggests that this disturbance has

depleted a previously healthypopulation of amphibian.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Special thanks to Mr. Hiroo Uehara,chief advisor/JICA team leader onLIPI-JICA-PHKA BiodiversityConservation Project in Indonesiaperiod 1999 to 2001 and Dr. ToshinaoOkayama, JICA long term expert on

LIPI-JICA-PHKA BiodiversityConservation Project for the strongsupport from the beginning of theproject. I am also grateful to Mr. KojiroMori, chief advisor/JICA team leaderon LIPI-JICA-PHKA BiodiversityConservation Project in Indonesiafrom 2001 to 2003 who providedexcellent administrative support duringfield work.

The author was also fortunate to havelocal people in Gunung Halimun

National Park whose knowledge,enthusiasm and efforts contributedgreatly to the success and enjoyableconduct of the field works. Researchand field work in Gunung HalimunNational were funded during 2001-2002 by Nagao Natural EnvironmentFoundation (NEF), Tokyo, Japan.

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REFERENCES

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116 pp.Buden, D.W. 2000. The reptiles of

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Gardner, T. 2001.Declining amphibianpopulation: a globalphenomenon in conservationbiology. Animal Biodiversityand Conservation 24: 25-44.

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Kurniati, H., W. Crampton, A.Goodwin, A. Lockett & A.Sinkins. 2001. Herpetofaunadiversity of Ujung KulonNational Park : An Inventoryresults in 1990. Journal ofBiological Researches 6: 113-128.

Liem, D.S.S. 1973. The frogs andtoads of Tjibodas National

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Niijima, K. 1997. Summary of draft ofGunung Halimun NationalPark. Management plan bookII. In : Research andconservation of biodiversity inIndonesia. Volume I. Generalreview of the project. LIPI-JICA-PHKA. Bogor. pp. 75-

116.Van Kampen, P.N. 1923. Theamphibia of the Indo-

Australian Archipelago. E.J.Brill Ltd. Leiden. 304 pp.

Yang, Da-Tong. 1991. Phylogeneticsystematics of the Amalops ofranid frogs of Southeastern

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