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بیمارستان گلستان نداجا93مهرماه

Laser illumination events and protective goggles

in the flight safety

1-Laser pointer threat in the flight safety(Altitude effect)

Laser –light waves are confined to a narrow cone, nearly parallel ,laser-light beams are very directional

Laser illumination events

تک فامی-همدوسی-واگرایی -بسیارکم

شدت باال-

Altitude effect

2-Reports of Laser illumination events

3-Statistics of Laser illumination events

The number of U.S. laser incidents decreased slightly in 2012.

Statistics of Laser illumination events

Frequency of aircraft and cockpit illumination events by year.

Published in April 2011

Statistics of Laser illumination events

Frequency of aircraft and cockpit illumination events by month.

ماه های آبان وآذر

Statistics of Laser illumination events

Frequency of aircraft and cockpit illumination events by day of the week.

روزهای تعطیل

Statistics of Laser illumination events

Frequency of aircraft laser illumination events by time of day for the period

11-شب8

4-Laser Damage to the Eye

-Exeeding the MPE(Maximum Permissible Exposure)

-< MPE Illumination& Temporary Visual Impairment

Wavelength Effects

<300 nm: Corneal photokeratitis.

300 - 400 nm: Photochemical UV cataract.

400 - 780 nm: Photochemical and thermal retinal injury.

780 - 1400 nm: Cataract, retinal burns.

1400 - 3000 nm: Corneal burn, IR cataract.

>3000 nm: Corneal burn.

Wavelength Effects

<300 nm: Corneal photokeratitis.

300 - 400 nm: Photochemical UV cataract.

400 - 780 nm: Photochemical and thermal retinal injury.

780 - 1400 nm: Cataract, retinal burns.

1400 - 3000 nm: Corneal burn, IR cataract.

>3000 nm: Corneal burn.

NOTE: Optical gain of the eye is

about 105. In the retinal hazard

region (400 – 1400 nm), irradiance of

1 mW/cm2 entering the eye is

increased to 100 W/cm2 at the retina.

NOTE: Optical gain of the eye is

about 105. In the retinal hazard

region (400 – 1400 nm), irradiance of

1 mW/cm2 entering the eye is

increased to 100 W/cm2 at the retina.

Exceeding the MPE (Maximum Permissible Exposure)Exceeding the MPE (Maximum Permissible Exposure)

Federal AviationAdministration

14Federal AviationAdministration

Laser Illumination of Pilots in the NASMarch 23-26, 2009

< MPE Illumination & Temporary Visual Impairment( performance)< MPE Illumination & Temporary Visual Impairment( performance)

• Glare – Obscuration of an object in a person's field of vision due to a bright light source near the same line-of sight (e.g., oncoming car headlights).

• Flashblindness – A visual interference effect• that persists after the source of illumination• has ceased.

• Afterimage – A reverse contrast shadow image left in the visual field after an exposure to a bright light that may persist for several minutes.

• Glare – Obscuration of an object in a person's field of vision due to a bright light source near the same line-of sight (e.g., oncoming car headlights).

• Flashblindness – A visual interference effect• that persists after the source of illumination• has ceased.

• Afterimage – A reverse contrast shadow image left in the visual field after an exposure to a bright light that may persist for several minutes.

5-FAA/USAFFlight Simulator Study5-FAA/USAFFlight Simulator Study

34 Subjects

12 Approach and 4

Departure Maneuvers

Frequency Doubled

Nd:YAG (532 nm) Laser

4 Levels of Laser Exposure (included one

zero level exposure)

34 Subjects

12 Approach and 4

Departure Maneuvers

Frequency Doubled

Nd:YAG (532 nm) Laser

4 Levels of Laser Exposure (included one

zero level exposure)

Effects of Laser Illumination on Operational and Visual Performance of Pilots Conducting Terminal Operations

Effects of Laser Illumination on Operational and Visual Performance of Pilots Conducting Terminal Operations

FAA 737 Flight SimulatorView of final approach to runway at 100 feet AGLFAA 737 Flight SimulatorView of final approach to runway at 100 feet AGL

Kodak DC240, aperture f/2.8, shutter speed 1/6 sKodak DC240, aperture f/2.8, shutter speed 1/6 s

Irradiance level: 0.5 µW/cm2 Simulates the effect of a 5 mW green laser pointer as seen from 3,000 feet away, or a 300 mW laser from 16,000 feet away- Distraction

Irradiance level: 5 µW/cm2

Simulates the effect of a 5 mW green laser pointer as seen from 1,000 feet away, or a 300 mW laser from 6,700 feet away- Glare

Simulates the effect of a 5 mW green laser pointer as seen from 330 feet away, or a 300 mW laser from 2,400 feet away- Flash blindness

Simulates the effect of a 5 mW green laser pointer as seen from 330 feet away, or a 300 mW laser from 2,400 feet away- Flash blindness

Irradiance level: 50 µW/cm2 Irradiance level: 50 µW/cm2

6-Risk Factors for Laser illumination events: a-Laser Characteristics

b-Environmental Factors

Daytime exposure to lasers is less hazardous than nighttime exposure because the pupil is constricted, allowing less light into the eye than the fully dilated pupil in darkness. Moisture, haze or other types of atmospheric obscuration can reduce light energy from a laser or cause the beam to be diffracted and diverge.

c-Distance

The most significant factor in danger caused by lasers is the distance from the source. Light intensity decreases with the square of the distance. Thus, doubling the distance from the source reduces the luminosity by a factor of four.

c-Distance

Eye and visual hazard distance for lasers of various powers.

Safely distances for a legal green laser pointer(5mW,532nm)

7-Safety Factors:a-Protected Flight Zones- laser free zone

LFZ extends 2 NM(3,700m) in all directions from the runway centerline, 5 NM(5,560m)beyond the runway ends, and up to 2000 ft (˷610 m) above ground level (AGL).

The CFZ includes all airspace surrounding the LFZ within a 10-NM(18.5Km) radius of the airport reference point and up to 10,000 ft (3048 m) AGL

critical flight zone

Protected flight zones with indication of maximum irradiance levels for visible laser beams.

b-Flight Regulation and Control

-laser airspace guidelines can be found in Federal Aviation Administration Order JO 7400.2 (Revision "G" as of April 2008),

2-Part 6, Chapter 29, "Outdoor Laser operations".

3-Bright light airspace guidelines are in Chapter 30, "High Intensity Light Operations".

c- Laser Protective Eyewear

Recommended in aviation

Smart" Goggles….

پیشنهادات

-تنظیم فرم های اطالع رسانی وهشداری برای استفاده 1از لیزرهای دستی

-رعایت استانداردهای ایمنی هوانوردی دراستفاده ازمنابع 2لیزری دراطراف فرودگاه

-تنظیم فرم گزارش دهی تابش لیزری توسط کارکنان 3پروازی

-وجود عینک های محافظ درکابین هواپیما و بالگرد3 توجه از تشکر با

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