Post on 29-Mar-2023
SM I'
I‘
HSON IA IV‘IN ST I TUT ION
UNITED STATES NAT IONAL MUSEUM
Bu l let in 59
RECENT MADREPORARIA
OF. THE
HAWAIIAN ISLANDS AND LAYSAN
T . WAYLAND VAUGHANCustodian ol /l adreporarian Cora ls , U. S . N a l z
'
ozm l fll useum
Geologist , U. S . Geo logi ca l S urvey
2 6 1959
WASH INGTONGO V E RNMENT PR INT ING O FF I CE
1 90 7
SM I'
I‘
H SON IAN IN ST I TUT ION
UN ITED STATES NAT IO NAL MUSEUMBu l let i n 59
RECENT MADREPORARIA
O l’ THE
HAWAIIAN ISLANDS AND LAYSAN
T . WAYLAND VAUGHANCustodian offli aa
’reporarz
’
an Cora l s , U. 5 . N ationa l fl'l useum
Geologisl , U. 5 . Geo l ogica l S urvey
WA SH INGTONGO V ERNMENT PR INT ING OFFI CE
1 90 7
ADVERTIS EMENT .
Th e sc i e n t ific pub l ica t i o n s of th e Na t io n al Mu seu m co n s is t of two se r i es— t h eBul letin a n d th e Proceedings .
Th e B ul l etin,pu b l i ca t io n of wh ic h was l ') egu n i n 1 875, i s a se r ies of m o r e o r l ess
ex te n s ive wo r ks i n te n ded to i l l u st r ate t h e co l lect i o n s o f th e U n i t ed Sta te s Nat io n a lMuseu m and
,w i t h t h e excep t io n n o ted be low
,is i ssued sepa r ate l y . Th ese bu l let i n s
a r e m o n ogr aph i e i n Scope a n d a r e devoted p r i n c i pa l l y to th e d i scuss io n of l argez oo logi ca l a n d bota n ica l gr o ups , fau n a s a n d floras
,cont r i bu t i o n s to a n th r opo logy ,
r epo r ts of exped i t i o n s,e tc . The} a r e usua l l y o f octave s i z e ,
a l though a q ua r to fo r m ,k n ow n a s th e S pec ia l Bu l let i n
,has bee n adop ted i n a few i n s ta n ces i n w h i ch a la rge r
page was dee m ed irul ispensa kde.
Th is wo r k fo r m s NO . 59 ot'
the Bu l l e t i n se r i es .S i n ce 1 902 th e vo l u m es o f the se r ies k n ow n as the National
a n d co n tai n i ng pape r s r e l at i ng to t he bota n i ca l co l lect io n s of t h eMuseu m
,have bee n pub l is hed a s b u l let i n s .
Th e th e fi r s t vo l u m e o fwh i c h was i s sued in 1 87 8. a r e i n te n ded as am ed i u m o fpu b l icat io n o f b r ief o r igi n a l pape r s based o n th e co l lect io n s of t h e Nat i o n a lMuseu m , a n d set t i n g fo r th n ew l y acqu i r ed facts i n bio logy , a n t h r opo logy , a n dG eo logy de r i ved t he r e f r o m , o r co n ta i n i ng desc r ipt io n s of n ew fo r m s and r ev i s io n s o fl i m i ted gr ou ps . A vo l u m e i s i ssued a n n ua l l y
,o r oftencr,
fo r d i st r i bu t i o n to l i b r a r iesa n d sc ie n t ifi c estab l ish m e n ts , a n d i n V i ew of t he i m po r ta n ce of th e m o r e p r o m p td i sse m i n a t io n o f new fac ts a l i m i ted ed i t io n o f each pape r i s p r i n ted i n pa m ph le t”fo r m i n adva n ce .
CH AR LE S D . l ‘VALCOTT,
Secretary of the Smi th son z’
cm Insti tution .
WAS H INGTO N,U . S . A .
,Jame l o L9O7 .
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
I n trod uct io nC lass ifica t io n of the Mad reporariaThe spec ies p rob lem i n coral sNeed ofex per ime n ta l i n v est iga tio n a n d more elabora te s tud ies of v a r iat io n i n cora l sH i s tor y of systema t i c work on H awa i ia n Mad reporar iaSystemat i c l i s t of the fau na , w i th the sta t io n n umbers, etc .
L i s ts show i ng the geog raph ic d i str i bu t io n of the Madrepora r ia arou n d the Hawa i ia n I s la n ds .Ba thymetric d i str ibu t io nD i st r ibu t io n accord i n g to tempera tu reI n flue n ce of the cha rac ter ofthe bottom on d i s tr i bu t io nAdd i t io n a l factors go v er n i n g the d i str i bu tio n ofMad reporar iaFau n a] affi n i t ies ofthe Hawa i ia n Mad reporar iaS y stemat ic d i sc uss io n ofthe fau n a
N'Iadreporaria ImperforataFam i l y Flabel l idae
Gardineria
Placotroehus
Fam i ly Caryophyl li idaeGe n us Desmophyl lum
Paracyath usDel tocyathus
Caryophyl l ia
Cyathoeeras
Ceratotroeh us
Fam i ly Anthem iph y l l iidze
Ge n u s An themip‘
hyl l ia
Fam i ly Ocu l i n i daeG e n us MadreporaFam i l y S tylophorida'
:
Ge n us Madracis
Fam i l y Poc i l loporidafGe n us Poci l lopora
Cyphastrea
Fam i ly Favi idaeGe n us Ccelastrea
Ge n u s Mussa
TA BL E OF CONTENTS .
Systema t ic d i scu ss io n of th e fau n a— Co n t i n ued .
Mad reporar ia FungidaFam i l yr Fungiidae
Ge n us Fu n g ia
Leptoseris
Psammocora
Bathyactis
Madrepora ria l’erforataFam i ly Eupsamm idac
Bib l iography
I n dex
PLATE I .
I I .
I I I .
I V .
V I ;
V I I .
V I I I .
X I I I .X I V .
X V I I .V I I I .M
XX V I .XX V I I .XX V I I I .
XXIX .
XXX ] .
XXXI I .
LI ST OF PLATES .
F label l um pavon inum va r . lamel lulosum A l cock ; F labe l l um pavon inun i Lesso n ,t y p ica lF labe l l um pavoniuu l n Lesso n ; F label l um pavon inun i var . la tum S tuder ; F labe l l umpaxon inum ,
t ra n s i tio n form to v a r . distinctun i M i l n e Edward s a n d l l aime ; F labe ll um pavonnu in v ar . distinctum M i l n e E dwa rds a n d Ha i ine
F labe l l um pavon inum v a r . paripavoninum A l cock ; F labe l l um de ludens Mare nz e l ler
Gardineria hawai iensis Vanorhan ; Placotrochus fuso n s Vauorhan : ParacvathusO O
gardineri V a ugha nCaryophyl l ia alcoc k i V augha n ; Caryoph y l l ia octopal i V augha n ; Caryoph yl l ia
octopal i var . i n certa V augha n ; CaryOphyl l ia hawaiiensis Vaurrhan .
‘
Paracyathus tenuicalyx V augha n ; Paracyathus mauiensis V augha n ; I’aracyath u
molok ens is V a ugha n ; Deltmeyath ns andaman icus A l cock ; Trochocvath us Ga l l b I l S lE,V augha n
. Cvathoccras diomedeae V augha n ; Desmophyl lum cristao al l i M i l n e Edwards a n dI—Iaime ; Ceratotroch us laxa s V augha n ; Anthem iphyl l ia pacifica V augha n .
Mad repora k auaiensis V augha n ; M ussa ? sp . you ng?Madrat -Es k auaiensis V a ugha n ; Madracis k auaiensis var . macrocal vx V a ugha nPoci l lopora ces p i tosa Da n a, ty p ica lPocil lopora cesp i tosa Da na , t y p ica ll ’oc il lopora ces‘pi tosa , v a r iet ies tum i da V a ugha n a n d sty lophoroides V augha nPoi -i l l lpO l
‘
fl ces‘pi tosa , va r iet ies lay sanens is V augha n a n d styloph oroides V augha n .cesp i tosa var . stylop horoides V augha n ; Pocil lopora meandrina var . n obi l i
V er r i l lPoc il lopm
'
a mo lok ensis V augha nl
’oc i l lopora l igu lata Da n a ; I’oc i l lormra molok ensis V augha nPoc i l lo po ra mo l lumanens’
s V augha n ; Poci l lopora l igu la ta Da n aPocil loli ora l igu lata Da n aPoc il lopora l igu lata Da n aI ’Ocil lopora l igu la ta Da n aPocil lopora l igu lata Da n aPoci l lopora meandrina v a r . n ob i l i s V er ri l lPoci l lopora meandrina var . n ob i l i s V err i l ll - ’oci l lopora inform is Da n a .
Leptastrea hawai iensis V augha n ; Leptastrea agassiz i V augha n ; (‘
yphastrea occ l l ina
(Da n a )Cyphastrea ocel l ina (Da n a ) ; CLE’IZIS I I’GR tennis V er ri l l ; Fa v ia hawaiiensis V augha n _Bathyactis hawai iensis V aug ha n ; Fu n g ia pate l la E l l i s a n d So la n der )Fu n g ia frag i l i s (A l cock ) ; Fu n g ia pa te l la (E l l i s a n d So la n der i ; Fu n gia scutaria
Lama rckFu n g ia sou tar ia LainarckFu n g ia se n ta r ia LamarckFu n g ia se n tar ia LamarckFu n g ia scutaria Lama rck
V I I I
‘7'
_V
c-f Z V
,
b h—J
5—4
il
XL V I .
XL V I I .
XL V I I I .XL IX .
L .
LI .
L I I .L I I I .Ll V .
L V .
L V I .L V I I .LVI l l .
Lx'
I l .
LX II I .I n
’
l V .
LX V I .
LX V I I .LX V I I I .
LXIX .
LXX I .
LXX I I .
LXXI I I .
L I ST OF PLATES .
Fu ngia oahensis Doder le i nFu n g ia oahens is Jl iiderle inFu n g ia pau inotensis S tutch bnryFu n g ia ei -h i n ata (Pa l las )Fu n g ia ech i n at‘a (Pa l las )Pa vo n a v a r ia n s V err i l l ; Pa vo n a dueri len i V augha nLeptoseris hawaiiensis V augha nLeptoseris hawaiiensis V augha nLeptoseris scab ra V augha nLeptoseris d ig i ta ta V augha n ; Leptoseris tu bu l i fera V augha n
'
Leptoseristubu l i fera V augha n ; S tephanaria ste ll a ta V er ri l l ; S tephanaria b r ig
ham i V augha nPsann novora v e rr i l l i V augha n ; Stephanophyl l ia formosissima Mose ley ; E n dopachys oah ense augha n ; Balanophyl l ia. hawa i iensis V augha n
Balanophyl l iadesmoph y l l ioidcs V augha n ; BaIan<1>phyl l ia laysanensis V a ugha n ;BalanOph y l l ia cl ionriedeze V augha n ; Balanophyl l ia diomedeae var . mau i enS is
V augha nDeine phyl l ia oahensis V augha n ; DendrOphyl l ia serpe n t i n a V augh a n ; Dendrophyl l ia l ua n n i V er r i l l
An isOpsamm ia amph el ioides A l cock ) ; An isopsammia amphel ioides v a r. c ucu ll ata V augha n
An isopsannn ia amphel io ides v a r . c ucu l lata V augha nAc ropo ra ec h i n ata (Da n a ) , ty peAcropora ech i n a ta (Da n a ) , typeAcropora ech i n ata (Da n a ) , ti de S tuder , from the Hawa i ia n I s la n ds ; spec ime nide n ti fied by Studer as Montipora pa tu la
Montipora d i latata S tuder ; Mon tipora flabel lata S tuderMon tipora verrucosa (Lama rck )Mon tipora ver rucosa (Lannarck )Mo n ti pora verrucrgnsa (Lama rckMon tipora v er rucosa (Lama rck )Mo n t i pora v er rucosa (Larnarck )Montipora v errucosa (Lama rck )Montipora v errucosa (Lama rck )Montipora tenuicau l is V augha n ; Mon tipora bernari l i V augha n ; Montipora
ber n a rd i v a r . subglabra V augha nMontipora flabe l lata Stude rMon tipora studeri V augha nMon tipora stndcri V augh an ; Montipm a v err i l l i V augha nMontipora v err i l l i V aughMoa tipora patn la V er r i l lPor i tes mordax Dana
Por i tes compressa Da n aPor i tes compressa. forlna angustisepta V augha n ; Por i tes compressa fo rmaangust isepta subfon na del icatu la V augha n ; Por i tes compressa Da n aPor i tes comp ressa forma angustisepta subforn‘
ia del icatula V augha n ; Pori tescompressa for i n a angustisepta subforma paucispi na V augha nPor i tes con ipressa for i n a frag i l i s V augha nPor i tes compressa l’or i n a l'ragil is V augha n ; Por i tes compressa forma conjunge n s V augha nPori tes compressa forma profundical yx V augha n ; l ’or i tos compressa formap i losa V augha nPori tes compressa fo l -ma densimurata V augha n ; Por i tes compressa formagranimurata V augha n ; Por i tes mordax Da n a
PLATE LXX I V .
LXX V .
LXX V I .
LXXXI I I .
LXXXI V .
LXXX V .
LXXX V I I I .LXXX IX .
XC V I .
LI ST (IF PL ATE S .
Por i tes compressa forma c la v us V augha n ; Por i tes comp ressa forma compac taV augha nPor i tes compressa forma divaricans V augha n ; Pori tes compressa forma b re v irainosa V augha nPor i tes comp ressa forma elo n gata Da n a ; Por i tes compressa Iorma profundorumV augha nPo r i tes compressa for i n a abacu s V augha nPor i tes compressa forma tum i da V augha n ; Po r i tes compressa forma abacusV augha n ; Por i tes duerdeni V augha nPor i tes duerdeni V augha nPor i tes evermann i V augha nPor i tes loba ta Da n a ; Por i tes evermann i V augha nPor i tes lobata form -
a lacera V augha n ; Pori tes lobata forma i n fu n d ibu l umV augha n ; Pori tes lobata forma ce n t ra l i s subforma de l ta V augh a nPor i tes lobata form -
a infundibu lun i V augha n ; Po r i tes loba ta forma laceraV augha n ; Porites lobata forma ce n t ra l i s subforma al pha V augha n .Por i tes lobata forma ce n t ra l i s subforma a l p ha Vaugha n ; Por i tes loba ta formace n tra l i s subforma gamma V augha n ; Por i tes brighami V augha nPor i tes lobata forma ce n tra l i s subforma de l ta V augha n ; Por i tes ber nard iV augha n
Por i tes quelch i S tuderPor i tes la n ug i n osa S tuder ; Fa v ia rud i s V er r i l l a n d Leptastrea stel lulata V err i l l(fide S tuder )Po ri tes la n ug i n osa S tuder ; Por i tes studeri V augha nPor i tes schauiuslandi S tuder ; Por i tes d i scoi dea St uderPor i tes te n u i s V err i l l ; Por i tes l iche n Da n a ; Por i tes reti cu losa Da n aPor i tes ret icu losa Dana ; Por i tes (Synaraea ) hawaiiensis V augha n ; Alveopora
verril l iana Da n aMont ipora d i latata S tuderPor i tes compressa forma angust isepta V augha nPor i tes puk oensis V augha nPor i tes puk oensis V augha nPor i tes loba ta forma ce n t ra l i s subforma eps i lo n V augha n
Page.
RECENTMADREPORARIA OFTHE HAWAIIAN ISLANDSAND LAYSAN.
B y T . ‘VAYLAND VAUGHAN ,Custodian. of Mrul reporarian Cora ls, U. S . Nat'z
'
mml Museum,and Geologist, (7. S . S‘wrneu.
I N TRODUCT ION .
Afte r th e r etu r n of th e U . S . Bu r eau o f F i s he r ies s tea m e r exped i t io nof 1 902 f r o m th e Hawai ia n Is l a n ds , P r of . C . H . Gi l be r t re ques ted m e to p r epa re ar epo r t o n th e Mad r epo r a r ia that had bee n co l lected . Th e m ate r i a l p r oved m o r ei n te r es ti ng tha n was a t fi r s t a n t i c ipated
,a n d as a co n s ide rable n u m be r of th e o r igi n a l
spec i m e n s of the U n i ted S tates Exp lo r i ng E xped it io n u n de r Capta i n Wi l kes we r ep r ese r ved i n t h e U n i ted S ta tes Nat io n al Museu m i t was dec ided to a tte m pt a s fu l l a naccou n t of th e Mad r epo r a r i a n fau n a of t h e i s l a n ds as i s a t p r ese n t poss i b le . I n th eexecu t io n of t h i s pu r pose ass i s ta n ce has bee n r ece ived f r o m a n u m be r of pe r so n s
,a n d
to th ese I des i r e to e xp r ess m y h ea r t ies t th a n k s .P r of . A. E . Ve r r i l l
,o f Yale U n ive r s i t y
,a l lowed the s tud y of h i s ow n tvpes
a n d those o f Da n a p r ese r ved i n Ya le U n ive r s i ty Museu m . H e loa n ed specunens fo rt he pu r pose of h av i ng th e m p hotog r aph ed . a n d do n ated f r ag m e n ts of t y pes n ot i n t h eU n i ted S tates Nat io n al Museu m .
D r . W. T . B r igha m , D i r ecto r of t he Be r n i ce Pauah i B i shop Museu m . of Ho no lu lu
,h ad co l lect io n s m ade o n th e r eefs of Mo loka i a n d Oah u .
P r o f . Theodo r e S tude r,of Be r n e , se n t photogr aph s of the co r a ls f r o m th e
Hawai i a n I s l a n ds and Laysan , figu r ed in h is Madreporarier von Sa m oa. de nSa n dw ich - I n se l n u n d Laysan .
P r o f . Ludw ig Dode r l e i n , of t h e U n i ve r s i t y of- S t r assbu rg,se n t photogr aph s of
h is F amgéa. grow a n d I 7 . oa/wnsis , a n d ide n t ified fo r m e the spec i m e n s of p atel la
f r o m the Hawa i ia n Is l a n ds.
M r . He n r y M . Be r n a rd,of the B r i t ish Museu m (Natu ra l H is to r y ) , f u r n ish ed
adva n ce p r oofs o f th e p l ates of th e Hawai ia n P orites f r o m h i s vo lu m e. o n th e Po r i tesof t h e I n do - Pacific Regio n a n d gave h i s op i n io n , f r o m photograph s sent h i m . o f
P orites eve/wa nna.
D r . R i cha r d Rath bu n,Assis ta n t Sec r e ta r y o f th e. S m it hso n i a n I n st i t u t io n , i n
c ha rge of t h e U n i ted States Nat io n a l Museu m , has a l lowed u n re st r i cted use o f a l lth e m ate r ia l i n t he m use u m u n de r h i s cha rge . As has alreadv been s ta ted . t h ism ate r ia l co m p r i se s a n u m be r of Da n a’s t y pes .
32301 — 0 7— 1
2 REC ENT MA D RE I’U RA R IA “ I“
TH E HAWA I I AN ISLAN DS AND LAYSAN .
Fo r pu r pose s o f co m pa r i so n , access was gi ve n to th e co l l ect i o n s of t h e Yal eU n i ve r s i t y Museu m a n d of t h e U n i ted S tate s N at io n al Museum . Th e co l l ect io n m adeby t h e AIM/m as u nde r D r . A lexa n de r Agas s i z i n th e Sou th Pac ifi c i n 1 900 , a n d aeo l l<~mt ion se n t b y D r . Cha r le s (lravier, of th e Mnsé um d
’
I—l isto ire Nat u r e l le , Pa r i s ,m ade b y h i m se l f o n the coas t of F r e n ch So m al i l a n d Eas t Af r i ca , we r e st ud ie d .M r
. JI . E . (I . S to kes a n d D r . C . Mo n t ague (J‘ook e . of t h e Be r n i ce Pau ah i B i shopMu seu m
. of Ho n o l u l u , have fu r n i sh ed va l uabl e data o n th e ph y s i cal su r r ou n d i ngs ofth e co ra l s wh i c h they col lected o n th e Hawai i a n r eefs , a po r t io n of wh ic h we r e l ate rse n t to th e U n i ted S tates Nat io n a l Museu m b y D r . IV. T . B r igha m .
P r o f . J. E . Duerde n,du r i ng the su m m e r o f 1 904, m ade a n e xte n s i ve co l l ect io n
of Hawai i a n sh al low - wate r co ra l s u n de r th e au sp i ces of th e Ca r n egi e I n st i tu t i o n a n dthe A m e r i ca n Mu seu m of Natu r al H i s to r y (New Yo r k) . An oppo r tu n i t y to s tud yth i s m at e r ia l was gra n ted by th e two orga n i z at io n s co n ce r n ed , a n d a set of du p l icateswas p r ese n ted to th e U n i ted S tates Nat io n a l Museu m b y th e t r u s tees of t h e Ca r n egi eI n s t i tu t io n .I n t h e. p r epa r at io n o f th is wo r k seve r al tasks h ave bee n set. Th e y a r e as fo l low s1 . To desc r i be a n d figu r e al l fo r m s k n ow n f r o m the Hawa i ia n wate r s o r supposed
to (re-cur i n the m , i n so tho r ough a m a n n e r t hat r e fe r e n ce to p r ev ious pub l i ca t i o n s o nth e IVIadrcporaria o f the i s l a n ds w i l l n ot be n ecessa r y . I t has n o t , h ow eve r , bee nposs i b l e. to figu r e th e Porites co n ta i n ed i n Be r n a r d’s r ece n t vo l u m e o n th e Po r i tes oft he I n do - l ’acifie r egio n .
2 . To th r ow as m uc h l igh t as poss i b le o n th e m o r ph o logy of th e h a r d pa r ts , a n do n p r ob le m s of c l ass i ficat io n deal t w i th f r o m t hat s ta n dpoi n t .
3 . To de sc r i be th e v a r i z-rt ions o f th e d i ffe r e n t fo r m s r ep r e se n ted as t ho r ough l yas t h e m ate r i a l a n d th e co n d i t io n s u n de r wh i ch th e wo r k was do n e wou l d pe r m i t .
4. To r eco r d the ph y s i ca l co n d i tio n s u n de r wh i ch th e d i ffe r e n t fo r m s l iv e i n asm uch detai l as pos s i b le
,a n d to dete r m i n e the i nflue n ces of depth a n d te m pe r a tu r e o n
d i s t r i but io n . I n th i s co n n ectio n th e g r eat n eed of experimental ph y s io l ogi cal wo r ko n m e m be r s of th e gr o up i s repeated l y po i n ted out .
5. The afii nities o f the Hawai i a n Mad r epo r a r i a to th e Mad r epo r a r i a of othe ra r eas i n th e I n do - Pac il ic r egio n a r e co n s ide r ed , a n d a n h y pothe s i s as to th e o r igi n o fthe fau n a i s sugges ted .No othe r pe r so n can be so co n sciou s of th e sho r tco m i ngs a n d i m pe r fectio n s of
th i s pape r as m y se l f , s i n ce th e re i s o n eve r y s ide “a n i n suffi c ie n c y of data . A l l th ati t i s h oped to have acco m p l ish ed i s to have p r ese n ted a bod y o f facts g r ou pedtl l
'
t i l l l l Cl c e r tai n defi n i te p r ob le m s , a n d , m a y be , to h ave r e n de r ed so m e ass ista n ce inu n de r s ta n d i ng a gr oup of o rga n i s m s whose comp lex i t y a n d pe r p lex i ng na tu r e a r ereal i z ed by on l a. s m a l l bod y of spec ia l is ts .
C L A S S I F ICA T ION OF TH E M A D RE POR A R I A .
It i s o n l y to r epeat w h at has bee n said b y eve r y r ece n t s tude n t of t h egr o u p to
sa y that th e r e is n o sa t i sfacto r y c l ass ifi cat io n of th e l\/Iadreporaria. A z oo logi calc lass i ficat io n is supposed to r ep r ese n t desce n t ; i n o r d e r to co n s t r u ct a logi ca l o n e ,a ph y l oge n e t ic val uat io n m us t be p l aced o n each ch a r acte r ; bu t we a r e n ot y e t su r e
BULLETI N 59, UN ITED STATES NAT IONAL M USEUM .
of th e co r r ect n es s o f ou r a b l at io n of th e cha r acte r s . Th e fo l low i ng c l a ss i ficat io nu sed i n t h is pape r
MADR-EPORAR IA IMPERFORATA .
Fam i ly FLA BE LL I D E . Fam i ly STYLorru rin run .
Ge n us F/ahe/jrrm .
Ga rd-i n cr ia .
1 ) IttCUbr'OC/H ts .
Gen us 31 0 drucis.
Fam i ly POCI LLoPomD /E .
Fam i ly CA RYO P I I YLLI I D E .
Ge n us Pocdlol rom .
Ge n u s DesmoPhyl l -
um.
Fam i ly ORB ICE LLI DAE.
Dcltocyatlrus .
Trochocyathus.Ge n us Lep lastreu .
Caryophyl l iu . Qt/p hd Sh'
d .
Cir/athocem s.
Cera lotroch lw.
Fam i ly Ax'
rfl EM l I’H YLLI I D /E,new.
Ge n u s Ant/remiphyl l ia .
Fam i l y OCULI N I D /‘
E .
Fam i ly MUSS I D IE
Ge n usMadrepora . Ge n us Jl 'ussu .
MADRE PORAR IA FUNGI DA .
Fam i ly FUNG I l D /E . Fam i lyGe n us Fungia . Ge n us Parana .
Lep loscris .
S tep hana'riu .
PSanmnocora .
Ba lhyuc l is.
MADRE PORAR IA PERFORATA .
Fam i l y EUPSAMM I D /E . Fam i ly ACRO POR I D ZE .
Ge n u s S lephanophyl l ia .Ge n us ACI OPO’TL
E nrlopachys.Mon tiPOM
Bala'nop hyl l i
a. Fam i ly Ponrrrn j s.
De'mlrophyl lm.
Anisop samm-ia . Ge n u s Por ites.
Fam i ly FAvosr'e .E .
Ge n u s xl lrf'opora .
One fa m i l y i s desc r i bed a s n ew,th e Anthemiphyl l i idee. Th e othe r fa m i l ies h ave
n ow beco m e m o r e o r le ss t r ad i t io n al . I s hou l d l i ke to sa y tha t I se r iou s l y dou b t th eaffi n i t y of A lveop om w i th th e Pa l eoz o ic F avosvftes , i n sp i te of th e exce l le n t a rgu m e n tswh ich h ave bee n b r ough t fo r wa r d to m ai n tai n th at co n c l us io n . I do n o t, h oweve r ,k n ow a n y m ode r n pe r fo r ate coral to w h ich Alceopom sh ows i n i ts ske leta l cha r ac te r sa n y c lose r e l a t io n sh ip .
4 REGENT MA DRE PORAR IA OF TE F H AWA I IAN ISLAN DS AND LAY S AN .
Th e use of b y te s-treat as a ge n us n a m e i s co n t i n u ed , al th o ugh M r . S ta n le yGa r d i n e r “ th i n ks t hat i t shou ld be r efe r r ed to the s y n o n y m y of Orlj iceZZa . A ce r ta i nn u m be r o r a gr ou p of orl‘ricc l lan co ra l s are cha racte r i z ed b y a co m pact , cos ta lexotheca , to w h i c h th e n a m e Lep frl s l /‘
r’tt was app l ied . I fi n d the n a m e co n ve n ie n t.bu t th i n k t h at. i t p r obab l y s hou l d be reducr-ed to subgt-z n o r i c r a n k .
TH E S P E C I E S PROB L EM IN COR A L S .
The spec i es p r ob l e m , as a p r ob le m of ge n e ra l b io logy , is s t i l l a subj e ct ofv igo r ous debate a n d w ide d ive rge n c e. of op i n io n s a m o ng b io logis ts . So m e co n te n dthat spec ies o r igi n a te b y th e gradua l accu m u l a t io n of s m a l l d i ffe r e n ces , th e d i ve rge n ce of th e daugh te r f r o m th e pa r e n t spec ie s be i ng b y infin itesimalsg
b othe r s ,de V r ie s a n d h i s fo l lowe r s
,m a i n ta i n t hat n ew spec i es do n o t owe th e i r o r igi n to
such i n fi n i tes i m a l d i ve rge n ce , but sudde n l y sp r i ng i n to ex i s te n ce , d i ffe r i ng a t th ebegi n n i ng by d i st i n c t l acu n ae f r o m th e pa r e n t spe c ies . So m e ad m i t th at n ew spec iesm a y co m e i n to e x is te n ce b y e i th e r p r oces s . I have pu t m y se l f o n r eco r d as be l i ev i ngthat th e data a ccu m u l ated to the p r e se n t t i m e a r e n o t suffi c i e n t to wa r r a n t ou r fo r ming a pos i t i ve co n c l us io n .S i n ce the p r ob l e m as to how n ew spec i es o r igi n ate has n ot bee n sat i s fac to r i l y
so l ved,a logi ca l l y gr ou n ded de fi n i t io n of b io logica l spec i es i s at p r ese n t i m poss i b le .
The fo l low i ng defi n i t io n i s assu m ed : rel species is (l group of individua ls connected
ng tltmns el zres by irate/grading c/zmwetcrs and sep arated by di sti nct lacunaefrom.
a l l other individuals or group s of i ndie ideals. The lucunee , o r d i sco n t i n u i t y ofc ha r acte r s
,wou ld be ac cou n ted fo r by the i n fi n i tes i m a l th eo r y o n the assu m pt io n
th at th e i n te rgrades , assu m ed o n ce to h ave ex is ted , have beco m e e x t inc t ; t h em u tat io n theo r y assu m es that th e y n e ve r ex isted . Wh i cheve r th eo r y m a y beco r r e c t
,th e r ecogn i t io n a n d defi n i t io n of spec ies is based o n th e s tud y of va r i at io n .
Va r i at io n i n co r a ls is , we k n ow , gr eat a n d co m p lex . I f we k n e w i ts l i m i ts , weshou ld k n ow the l i m i ts of t he d i ffe r e n t spec ies . Be r n a r d . i n cata logu i ng t h e.Pe r fo ra te Co r a ls in the Bri t ish Museu m (Natu r al H i sto r y ) , expe r i e n ced so nruchd i ffi cu l t y i n de fi n i ng th e m f r o m th e co l lect io n s a t h i s d i sposa l tha t h e dec idedto aba n do n th e L i n n aea n s y s te m of n o m e n c l atu r e , a n d to u se i n h i s cata logue s ageograph ica l n u m be r s y s te m .Th i s s y s te m has bee n e xpou n ded i n fou r difi'
erent pub l i ca t io n s . “1 Th e sch e m esugges ted c an be b r i efl y ou t l i n ed as fo l lows : The spec i m e n s be lo ngi ng to a gi ve nger m s f r o m a spec i fi c loca l i t y o r a n a r ea a r e d i v ided i n to as m a n y fo r m s as possib l e ,as
,fo r exa m p l e , he r ecogn i z e s 9 d i ffe r e n t k i n ds o f P ie /teas f r o m th e. Hawai i a n Is l a n ds .“Mad repora r ia , Fau n a a n d Geography ofthe Ma ld i ve a n d Laci -adive A rch i pe lagoes
,I I
,p
. 774.
b (T‘
. H . Mer r iam ,l s Mu ta t io n a Fac tor i n the E vo l ut io n ofthe H igher V erteb ra tes ? Sc ie n ce
,1 1 . s .
,XXI I I,1 906 , pp . 241 —247 .
( The Work ofH ugo dev r ies a n d i ts Impo rta n ce in the S tud y of Prob lem s ofE v o l u t io n . Sc ie n ce,
1 1 . s .,XX I I I
,1 906 , pp . 681 —691 .
(1A paper read before th e L i n n aea n Soc iety ofLo n do n,Feb ruary 7
,1 901 , pp . 1 0, 1 1 .
Nomenclatur u n d Entwick elungsleh re , I n ter n a tio n a l Z oo l . Congr.,Ber l i n
,1 90 1
,pp
. 891 — 896 .
The. Un i t of C lass ifica t io n for Systemat ic B io logy,Proceed i n gs
,Camb r idge Ph i losop h i cal Society ,XI
,1 90 1
,pp . 268—280.
The Ge n us Gon iopora,Cat . Mad re n . . B r i t . Mus . (Natu ra l H i s tory ) , I V , pp . 34, 35.
6 RECENT MADRE I ’ORAR I A 0 1" TH E HAWA I I AN I SLAN DS A ND LAYS AN .
varietv' i s used i n t he s igni lic z-mce usua l l y a tt r i bu ted to i t i n A m e r i ca A va r ie t y
wou ld be a seco n da r y m ode o n a spec ie s cu r ve . Th e de V r ies va r i ety ” s hou l d b ea r et r ograde “ spec i es . ” M r . Ga r d i n e r , i n speak i ng of Fungi /r, (l en tig/cra as p r obabl ybe i ng a “ t r ue '
arictv,‘7 m i sapp l ies th e de V r ies te r m “
va r i e t y . ” Fungia (len tige'ra
d i ffe r s f r o m J". scutcw'iu. b y th e pos sess io n of s t r o ngl y deve loped te n tacu l a r l obes .These te n tacu l a r lo be s a r e an added
,n o t a rc trogress ive cha r acte r ; th e r efo r e i n th e
dc V r i e s se n se J”. (slan t/gem ca n n ot be a “ va r ie ty .
'
I f J". scu taria h as los t i tste n tacu la r lobes i t m igh t be a “
varietv' of J". (tau t/gem . Late r , i t i s show n th at
J". dm tigwu a n d F. scutur/(t a r e co n n ected b y co n t i n uou s va r i at io n s .Pori tes comj u
'essa a n d Pori tes [abut/fr, a r e d i v ided i n to n u m e r ous form -ac
”and
subfornuc .
” The va r ia t io n s r eco r ded have bee n obse r ved , a n d i t i s be l iev ed th atthe y s hou ld be de s c r i bed a n d figu r ed , but th e i r o r igi n i s n o t k n ow n . I t i s n o t k n o w nwh eth e r th e y are of ga m e t ic o r vegetat ive o r igi n . So m e o f the m m a y be o f spec i ficval ue but th e co n fo r m i t y to a t y pe i s so c lose l y fo l lowed th r ough out a l l o f t hem and
the r e is so m uch observab le i n t i-n'
grzulat ion tha t I fancv thev al l i n te rgr ade .Th r oughou t th i s pape r , howeve r , I have s t r ive n ea r n est l y to m ake c lea r w h at
fo r m s,eve n dow n to m i n o r va r i at io n s , have bee n s tud ied , so that th e n o m e n c l atu r e
m a y be co n s ide r ed of m i n o r i m po r ta n ce . The desc r ipt io n s a r e. usua l l y e l abo r ate ,man v s tat i s t ical tab les a r e gi ve n , a n d th e i l lus t rat io n s a r e p r o fuse .
N E E D O F E X P E R IM E N T A L I N V E ST IGA T ION AN D M ORE E L A B OR A T E S TUD I E SOF V A R I A T IO N I N COR A L S .
S tud i es of va r i at io n s , su c h as those co n tai n ed i n th i s pape r , m a y appea r e l abo r at eto pe r so n s w ho have n ot go n e deep l y i n to t he subjec t, b ut i n r ea l i t y t h e y a r e of o n l ya p r e l i m i n a r y n atu r e
,fo r as s tated i n th e i n t r od ucto r y r e m a r ks “ th e r e is o n every
s ide an i n suffic ie n c y o f data , ” a n d co n seq ue n t l y i t i s n o t poss i b le to so l ve m a n y ofthe fu n da m e n ta l
.
p r ob le m s pe r tai n i ng to th e gr oup . Th e s tu d y of va r i at io n isi n sepa r ab l e f r o m expe r i m e n tal ph y s i o logi ca l i n v es tigat io n s , fo r th ese a r e a n e cessa r yfo u n da t io n fo r th e u n de r s ta n d i ng of va r i at io n .M r . J. S ta n le y Ga r d i n e r d iv ides va r i at ion i n t he Mad r epo r a r i a i n to t h r ee c l asses
(a) Con tinuous , (b) vegeta t ive, a n d (c) discon tin uous o r specifi c .
” I th i n k two k i n dsshou ld be r ecogn i z ed : (a) Gameti c, (b) vegetative. Gal actic va r i a t io n i s due to d i fferences i n t h e pa r e n ta l ga m e tes , a n d , s hou l d the de V r ies m u ta t i o n h y poth es i s beco r r ect
,i t shou l d be d iv ided i n to contin uous a n d discon tin uous . I
'
Tegctutivc va r i at io ni s d ue to th e effect p r odu ced u po n the o rga n i s m b y t h e e n v i r o n m e n t u n de r w h ichi t l ives .Va r i at io n i n t h e Mad r epo ra r i a shou ld be s tu d ied i n t h r ee wa y s : (1 ) I n n atu r e
w i thou t expe r i m e n t ; (2 ) i n n a tu r e b y e xpe r i m e n t ; (3) u n de r a r t ificia l co n di tio n s inaqua r i a .
1 . I n. nature wi t/tou t experi nwn t.—Co r al fi e lds
,acco r d i ng to th i s m e th od , s hou ld
b e eco logi ca l l y su r ve y ed . The st ud y o f spec i m e n s of th e sa m e spec i es ob ta inedu n de r th e sa m e ph y s ica l co n d i t io n s wou l d give i n fo r m at io n o n ga m e t i c va r ia t io n ,wh i l e t h e co m pa ra t i ve s tud y of spec i m e n s be lo ngi ng to t h e sa m e spec ies , obta i n ed
0 Mad repora ria , Fau n a a n d Geography ofthe Ma ld i ve a n d Lacca d i v e A rch i pe lagoes , I I , p . 939.
b Idem,p . 755.
BULLET IN 59, UN ITED STATES NAT ION AL M USEUM .
u n de r d i ffe r e n t p h y s ica l co n d i t io n s , wo u l d th r ow l igh t o n t he i n flue n ce exe r ted byth e e n v i r o n m e n t . N u m e r ou s f rag m e n ta r y s tud ies of th i s k i n d have bee n m ade . bu tn o n e h as bee n th o r o ugh l y do n e . As m uch i n fo r m at io n ob tai n ed i n th i s wa y , as i sposs i b le , i s gi ve n i n t h e p r ese n t m e m o i r .
2 . I nnature by— By p l a n t i ng attached y ou ng u n de r the sa m e ph y s i ca l
co n d i t io n s ga m e t ic va r i at io n co u ld be obse r v ed . B y t ra n sp l a n t i ngspec i m e n s f r o m o n ea r ea to a n o th e r
,o r b y p l a n t i ng th e y ou ng of a gi ve n co lo n y u n de r d i ffe r e n t ph y s i ca l
co n d i t io n s,the efl'
ect o f e n v i r o n m e n t cou l d be stud ied .3 . Under (Tariff/fend conditions. As co r al s ca n be gr ow n i n aqua r i a , n u m e r ous
e xpe r i m e n ts o n both ga m e t ic a n d vegetat i ve f
ariat ion a r e poss i b le . The behav io rw i th r efe r e n ce to a t l east seve n fac to r s ca n be s tud i ed : Food supp l y
,h ea t
,l igh t ,
cha r acte r o f botto m , s t r e ngth of cu r r e n t , degr ee of sal i n i t y of th e wate r , va r iousk i n ds of i m pu r i t ies i n t he wate r . E ve n t he i nflue n ce o f p r essu r e m igh t be s tud i ed .The stud y of va r i at io n i n n a tu r e shou l d go m o r e
'
or less h a n d i n h a n d w i th th eexpe r i m e n ta l wo r k . I t i s to be h oped that s tud ies of t he k i n d h e r e out l i n ed w i l l beu n de r take n b y so m e o f ou r m a r i n e b io logi ca l stat io n s . a n d t hat ot he r s tat i o n s tha tca n u n de r take such wo r k w i l l be e s tab l i sh ed , fo r u n t i l th ese stud ies a r e m ade i t w i l ln ot be poss i b le to u n de r s ta n d va r i at io n i n t h e Mad r epo r a r i a . U n t i l va r i at io n i s u n de rs tood the s y s te m at i c wo r k m u s t be m o r e o r less u n r e l iab le ; a n d u n t i l m o r e i s k n ow nco n ce r n i ng th e ph y s io logy of co r a ls we ca n n ot u n de r s ta n d t h e fac to r s th at dete r m i n eth e i r d is t r i but io n .
H I STORY O F SY STE M AT IC W ORK . ON TH E H AW A I I A N M A D RE POR A R I A .
Co m pa r at ive]y few m e n h ave des c r i bed b’l adreporarian co ra ls f r o m t he Hawa i ia nI s la n ds
,b u t wo r k o n the m was begu n a t a r ath e r earl y date .
Lesso n,i n h is I l lu s t r at io n s de Z oo logie , 1 83 1 , desc r i bed a n d figu r ed F lood/um
p acion jwmn
Da n a,i n h is Z ooph y tes of t he U n i ted E xp lo r i ng E xped i t io n
, 1 846,
r epo r ted the fo l low i n g spec ies :E "p lay/2150; p avon
'éna, (Lesso n ) .Ash 'wa (Orbicel la) ocel l z
'
na Da n a .Fang/731 Leuck art .
cap i tota Da n a .J
’oc i l/op om eesp
'itosa Da n a .
B MW brevico f
ru is La m a l 'ck .
Poe lopom fm'osa E h r e n be rg.
P oev'
l lop om Lamarrk .
P WiZ/oporu I [go/ato Da n a .
P oof/101 1 0 91 1 meandv'z
'
m t Da n a .P od /Zopora p l iant} Da l
H ic i l lopm u z
'
f
nf ov'nu
'
s Da n a .P OT/Yes 7 1
'
zol'damDa n a .
Pow/tea mordwr va r . e/o '
ngafrrDa n a .Pori tes Da n a .fbrz
’
tes lobata, Da n a .Ah a/pom Jedfl led (Fo rsk fil ) .
8 RE CE NT MADR E POR AIH A OF THE I'I AVVAI I AN ISL ANDS AND LAY S AN,
The spec i m e n o fi l l/reoporcz, S t ipposed to h ave co m e f r o m th e Hawa i i a n Is l a n ds ,
wa s su bseq ue n t l y n a m ed A .
Ve r r i l l , i n h is L is t o f Po l y ps a n d Co ra ls , se n t b y the Mu seu m of Co m pa r a t iveZ oo logy to ot he r I n s t i tu t io n s i n E x c ha nge , 1 864, added
Sg/M JWUG irregwlomz'
s .
Lobactis (fam e (new n a m e fo r th e Fang/1,71. de-
n éz'
qem of Da n a f r o m t h eSa n dw i c h I s l a n d s ) .
P ocono
J’ocz
'
l lopom nobil is (n ew n a m e fo r th e J’uc il lopo
fra ofe
'
r-
r-
ncf
osa of Da n a , f r o mth e Sa n d w i c h Is l a n ds) .
I n h i s.l’o lyps a n d Co r a ls of th e No r th Pac i fi c E xp lo r i ng E xped i t io n , 1 865— 1 869
,
he addedd’l onti] panda .
(76mwpsmnonm anannz .
P mnf
l lop om (n ew n a m e p r oposed fo r the spec i m e n s f r o m t h e Sa n dw i c h I s l a n ds
,ide n t i fied by Da n a as P omTZ/opom fer-
vow a n d Poci l ‘
lop om
f ’ocfllrv
’
d (cg/mm var. Iota .
I twi l lop ownfrom(Zr/so .
P oci l lop oro no bil i s .
P ocz
'
ZZop o/
z u n obi l is var. tube/mm .
C'mfccs'trea. tenu i s .
Asl rew oubtful ly f r o m th e Hawai i a n Is l a n ds .fi x/reed "
fi nd/7s .
Lep lusl reo stel lu lata .
Da n a‘s P oof/[opera bre'
ozfcorn is f r o m th e Sa n dw ich Is l a n ds i s r efe r r ed to Da n a’s
Que l c h , i n h i s r epo r t o n t h e Reef Co r al , Ch al le nge r E xped i t io n , 1 886 , r epo r ted ,i n add it io n to th ose a l r ead y m e n t io n ed
Poci l lopo'm . werrztcosa, La m a r ck .
Fin /gif] . pan. inf/tens is S t-ut-ch limry.
S tep /“maria. stel lam Ve r r i l l .owl . cerwucosa (La m a r ck) .
P ori tes Ire/71 0 .90,n ew spec ies .
l a d/a l ie/rev)? Da n a .P orites te nnis Ve r r i l l .
The l ast two de te r m i n at io n s a r e undou lf
i tedlv e r r o n eous . The n a m e Fungiacerri l lv
’
mw is subs t i tu ted fo r Lei/(Lewis dame Ve r r i l l .Que lch give s a l i s t of 30 spec ies r epo r ted f r o m t he Is l a n ds .Fow le r , 1 888 , publ i s hed a. few n o tes o n the a n ato m y of Poeél lopom nobi l is .
B r ook , i n h i s Ca ta logue of t he Ge n us Madreporz-i,1 893
,r epo r ted Jlfczdrep ora
cafein (do. Da n a .Be r n a r d , i n h is Catalogue of the Ge n us l\’Iontipora, 1 897 , desc r i be s Jlfon t ip ora
o'errucosc (Li-unarck ) f r o m the Hawai ia n I s l a n ds a n d p l aces t h e Jfiwmpom cap i tataDa n a i n i ts s y n o n y m y .
“Cora ls a n d Cora l I s la n d s,l s t ed.
,1 872
,p
. 7 7 .
BULLETIN 59, UN ITED STATE S N AT IONAL MUS EUBI .
St ude r i n 1 00 1 pub l i shed h i s Madreporarier von de n Sa n d w i ch I n se l n u n d Laysan .
H e adds :F ang/Io ec/u
'
nam (Pa l l as) , r e m a r k i ng" a n der Itich t igk eit des Fu n do r tes
n i ch t z u z we i fe l n i s t . ”fli ed-regim e ol e/imamDa n a , r epo r ted a seco n d t i m e .l l[on tij ) om fiabel lata Laysan.
Mon tip ora La y sah .
P orites quelc/z i .P orites [an ngz
'
nosa Laysan .
P ori tes se/zwaz
'
nslandv'
Laysan .
P ori tes discozfidea Laysa n .Five of t he s i x n ew spec i es ca m e f r o m La y sah .
Be r n ard , i n h i s Po r i tes of th e I n do - Pacific Regio n , 1 905, d iv ides th e Hawa i i a nPorites i n to n i n e k i n ds a n d those f r om Lavsan i n to th r ee , des ign at i ng t he m b y h isn u m be r s y m bo l s .
Vaugha n , i n a r ev ie w of J. Sta n le y Ga r d i n e r ’s Fu ngida a n d Turb inol idaa ofth e Ma ld i ve a n d Laccad ive A r c h ipe l agoes , 1 905, gave a p r e l i m i n a r y l i st of th eHawa i i a n Fungida (see p . 1 07 of th e p r ese n t m e m o i r ) .
Duerden h as made exte n ded s tu d ies o n t h e poste m b r y o n ic deve lop m e n t a n d t hea n ato m y o f th e sof t parts o f t he Hawai i a n Mad r epo r a r i a , u n de r th e a usp ices o f th eCa r n egie I n s t i tu t io n ; b u t h i s r esu l ts have n ot y e t bee n pub l is hed .
P r ev iou s to t h e s tud y h e r e p r ese n ted , abou t 38 spec ies , i n c l ud i ng s y n o n y m s , hadbee n r eco r ded f r o m th e a r ea . I f t h e fo r m s whose occu r r e n ce i n th e a r ea i s doub tfu lbe i n c l uded
,th e Hawa i ia n Mad r epo r a r i a n fau n a is n ow k n ow n to co n ta i n 1 2 -9 r ecog
n iz ab le fo r m s , a n u m be r of w h ich , h owev e r , a r e n ot co n s i de r ed of spec i fic val ue .
SY S TE M A T IC L I S T O F TH E FAUN A , W I TH TH E S TA T ION N UM B E R S O R LOC A L IT I E S , D E PTH ,
TEM PE RA TURE ,CH AR ACTE R O F TH E B O T TOM , D I STR I B U T ION
OU T S I D E TH E H AW A I I AN I S L A N D S , OR CLO SE LY RE L A T E D FORM S I NOTH E R A RE A S .
As i t i s p r obab le that so m e of the spec ies desc r i bed i n t he desc r i pt i ve. po r t io n o ft h i s r epo r t do n o t occ u r i n t h e Hawa i i a n Is l a n ds
,thev a r e o m i t ted f r o m the l i s t .
The y a r e as fo l lowsfi b ngz
’
a pwmnoten sis Stu tch bu r y .E mgia. ec/t énam(Pa l las) .Aerop om ec/zinata (Da n a) .Porites l ie/rm Da n a .P orites [enW'
s Verri l lF la-bel lw n. lmne l/nalos um A l cock a n d Porites ve te
’
ceJOsU . al th ough the y have n otbee n r epo r ted f r o m th e a r ea
,a r e desc r i bed i n t h e te xt to co m p le te d i scu ss i o n s .
1 0 RECENT MADRE PORAR I A or TH E H AWA I I AN ISLANDS AND LAYSAN .
The, fo l low i ng ab b r ev ia t io n s a r e used i n desc r i b i ng th e botto m
Mea n i ng. Mean i ng.Mea n i ng.
The. da ta r e l at i ng to t h e s tat io n s a r e take n f r o m t he Reco r ds of t h e d r edgi nga n d ot he r co l le c t i ng stat io n s of th e U . S . F i sh Co m m i ss io n s tea m e r Albatross in1 00 1 a n d
It i s deep l y r egr e tted th a t i t has n o t bee n p ract icab le to p r ese n t a m ap sh ow i ngth e sub m a r i n e topog raph y , t he su lgnnarine i sothe r m s, t he d ist r i b ut io n o f th e va r iou sk i n d s of sea bo tto m
,a n d th e locati o n of the va r i ous sta t io n s .
0 U. S . F i s h Comm i ss io n Repor t for 1 902,1 903
,pp . 397—432 .
59,UN ITED STATES NAT IONAL M USEUM .BULLET IN
wwww
55
9.
mm
dwov
Z
NEE.”
ofi
EEC
A.
w
o
n
x
2
m
2.
a
s
«
2
dxcv
o
m.
AK
2zee
au
wm
cm2
553
mEgo—0
2
was
mmt
sa
mm
9
5
1
oz.
h
e
in
S
2m
sa
w
EA;
.
m
6
5
m.
SW
5
5
E
an
<
3
m
do
5
5
gm
5.
do
u
an
3
a
.
u.
m.
5
do
2
5
m
d:
R EC ENT MADRE PORAR I A OF THE H AWA I I AN I SLANDS AN D L AYS AN .(2
m
éw5
H
Nfi
H
.
mm
b
US.
CL
hm
m
mimm
h
mim
m
2 .
1mm
mlmm
m:
nmlnvm
“Mia
m
65
-
N
r.
w
rmm‘N[C0 1
w7
l \—r.
Ax,
lax
+
|mmm
Ewin
g
49a
?cc
:
3—0
0
2:wo>
£o
m
fizfia
2zmifi
em
E
sme
/fl
2
x
x:
0
2
«
mo
0
2
am:
0
2
53C
Z
5
-~w~
2
5—4
0
4
3
3d
F
f“:
«sa
ss.
50
32
is .
«me—o
A
-
i
mwm
“L
am
-
mm_
s
.
mmmm
-
xaos
mmmm
dmo
d
ISLANDS AND LA YSAN .O F TH E H AWA I I ANEPO R AR I AMADRRE CENT1 4
8M
c
os
c
8
“
8e
8
a
t
w
832
8m
30
c
8
5m.
9
8
$0
0
8
5
s
M
emo
0
2
5xo
0
2
EEC
533
2
EEC
£5
dAv
a:
o
z
360
2
SBo
z56
EEC
mozw
L
s
ixth
3
55
534
23952
ooms
m
Exexezsx
z
SEEK
S
e
noo
zc
z
BULLET IN 59, UN ITED STATES NAT IONAL MU SEUM .
CL[ 0I"
i ~ -1 -:r
”JD
vw.
523”
ivwm
d3x
0
30
0
2
0x0
0
2
SEC
050
0
«
mo
0
2
«
30
0
2
E30
3
00
3
30
0
2
dawn
a
!
£90
0330
2
damn
0
2
-
wwww
use
:
6m
w
RECENT MADRE PORAR I A OF TH E H A\VAI I AN ISLANDS AND LAYSAN .
1 6
:00
§0
0
m
4
20
2
EEO
£00
3
52
SEWA
0
2
0
320.
E
.
0
3¢
E
3E
332
20
2
C
EO—0
2
0
50
30
32
as
:
m
30
25:
mm
;
00
000
1
5
BULLE ”
IN 59,UN ITED S TATES NAT IONAL MUSEUM .
Z
3.
x
6
5
3 3
dw
.
mu
dw
an
:
5x
1
3632
a
c3.
53m2
530
«
3a
:
334
2cc:
2H
awkz
wm
vca
2
wMO
Qu
a
53
3:
m
?3
3230 1 — 0
CENT MA DRE PORAR I A OF TH E H A WA I I AN I S LA N DS A N D LAYS AN .
‘4II I1 8
$3a
8m
H
omh
wg
u
m
my“:
m$1+m
goo
we:
m
.
u
@@
mw
ow
mfl
3
h
mvlmm
wmlmm
.
O$l
_
QO
.
0
Ow
M
gwwm
mo
WV
OQ
M”
wo
3
Cu
m
33
2
.
ewi+m
.
om
uon
-
cm
.
Cm.I©N
-
wfig
lh
Z
5332
cxn
axw
h
axe—c
?
«ca
d
czw
2
:mo.
5o
m
Ems—0
2
EEC
EEC
EEC
Eg
o—0
2
$3332
2
38
2
3:
532
352
J
E
23.
-
muwm
-
u
vwm
OGOH
A
v
;ow:dv~
-
c_
is:
x
23:
coxz
;
dxmz
xczfivfi
é:
5:
22
-
:cam
BULLET I N .59, UN ITED STATES NATIONAL MUS EUM .
00
m
$28m
00
m
000
w
8m
Ow
90
00
00
oo
m00
m00
m
wou
n
0
o0
0
00
3
0
00
0
w
8m
0
00
m”
mm|
fi
m
H
muom
£0
0s
o
5
00
03
30
2
0
00
2
«ca
m
Lu
c
fm
£00
940
mo
0
2
xc
0
222
.
CC
0
50
28
oo
msu
do
.
w¢
fix
AN D LAYSAN .I S LA NDSH AWA I I ANMADR E I’ORAR - I A OE TH ENT4REC I2 0
2
c00>
50
m_
3“
c00>
3
0
m
Suwza‘
h
0
2
0
30
3
00
M8m.
axe—0
2
00
&
00
m8m
00
m
M
00~H
00
m00~H
00
m00
3
:
:0
O
00:
0
8m
00
:
w
0:
x
80—20
2
00:
o
3m.
9
00:
0
3m
0
52
5
0:
3
5AM
ooz
s
mu:
a:
5
«
500
50:
Qg
2 9 RECENT MADR E I ’OR AR IA 0 1" TH E H AW A I I A N I S LA N DS A ND LAY S AN .
H
L I S T S S H OW I N G TH E GE OGR A PH I C D I S T R I BU T I ON O F TH E M A D R E P O R A R IAA R OUND TH E H AW A I I A N I S L A ND S .
'
.l‘
hese l i sts begin wi th Hawai i , the mos t so u theaste r ly i s land , and p r oceed towa r dthe no
r thwest , end ing w i t h Laysah . They , of co u r se, can not be con s i de red to beeomplete
l i sts of the stonv co ra l s of the d iffe rent i s l ands , but they g i ve a l l that i s atp resent known .
Seve r a l spec ies conta i ned in the s y stemat i c l i s t are om i tted f rom t hese l i s tsbeca u se.
spec i fic data are no t g iven as to whe r e thev we re obta i ned . They are
fo l lows :1 gard
'ineri Va u ghan .
J’oci l luporafro
/
1 2 1. 10 50 Ve r r i l l .Poci l lopm
'a, memu
‘
h 'ina va r . tu berosa Ve r r i l l .I boi l lopmu infer
-
1 71 2
'
s Dan
Lep tastrea steflu lata Ver r i l l .Cwluslrcu, ten'
uis Ve r r i l l .I ’d /
via rudis Ve r r i l l .Fam'
a lwmbm n i (Ro u ssea u )Jenny/ia orl/wnsz
'
s Dodcrlein .
”
l l l on te'
jmm p atula Ve r r i l l .Pori tes march/xv Dana .
Porites (Sgna reea) Ve r r i l l .A]neop om Dana .
These l i s ts are of pa r t i c u l a r i nte r est as they show the assoc i at ion of d i ffe rentspec ies , as we l l as g i v i ng the fo rms fo u nd a r o u nd each of the i s lands .
H AWA I I I SLAND .
NORTH EAST CoAsT.
S tation . Depth . Bottom . Name.
2 15 fne . gv . s
26 —50 ers . co . 8 . cor l u
- . o .
co. s corln nod.
for.
Balanophyllia desmop hyl lioides V a u ghan .
aTh is Spec ies came f rom Oah u , but f rom what part is not men t ioned .
Lep toseris hawcwensis V a ughan .
Lep loseris acabra V a ughan .
Lep toaeris hawauensi s V a u ghan .
Lep toseris scabm V a ughan .
Montipora verm cosa Lamarok )Montipora berrmrdi. var. subglabm Va u ghan .
Leptoseris hawunensis V a ughan .
Balanwhyl l ia hawai iensis V a ughan .
Madracis k auaimm’
s V a u ghan .
BULLET I N 59, U N I TED S TATE S N AT ION A L M US EUM .
H A -VA1 1 I SLAND— Con t inued.
"V EST COAST.
S tation . Depth . Bottom . Name
687— 692
MAU I I SLAND .
NO RTH EAST A ND NO RTH COAST.
1 43— 1 78 " gy. s . for .
1 78—202 “ gv
'
. s . for
202—2 20 gv s for
95— 1 52 (so . 9 . for. r
ALTAU CH A NNEL : BETWEEN M AUI A ND LANA L '
gy. in . for
co. 3 . for
Flabelhmn deludens v . Marenz e l ler.
F label lum (16 1 1 1410 13 v . Maren z e l ler.
F label lum delurlens v . Marenz e l ler.
Trochocyu lhms oahensis V a ughan .
D ig/wayat/ms mzdamam'
mzs Alcoek .
S lephanophyll ia. j brmosissima Mo se ley .
Dcndrop In/l l'ia. serjmmna. V a u ghan .
pawmv
'
num Lesson,typi al l .
I ". pavmrhmm. Var. parilmvon inant
F/fabel lum pa tron imun Lesson ,ty p i ca l .
F. p atroninu’m var. parip a
'
ron-alwwm A lcock .
S lep hanophyl lmfor/nosiss ima Mose lev .
F label lum p aron inum Lesson ,typ ica l .
I". pamim'
mun var. parip aro'
nimun A lcock .
Paracyathus man V a u ghan .
Balanophl-ia d'irmm lea‘ V a ughan .
c toscris digilam. V a ughan .
Lep toser'is dig/[tutu V a u ghan .
il'Io-
nt'ipum tm uricfrul 'is V a ughan .
Lepwscris scabra V a ughan .
Lep zoscr-is dig/71mm V a ughan .
Leprosm'
s tabu lifem V a u ghan .
I ’Oritcs studeri V a u ghan .
Porites bernardi V a u ghan .
R ECENT MADR E PORAR I A 0 1"
TH E H AW A I I AN I S LA NDS AND
MAI I I ISLANU— (Jon tinuetl .
PA I LO LO CH AN N EL : BETWEEN MAU I A ND MO LOKA I .
2 4
S tation . Depth .
— 1 23 02 . 5 .
I‘nkoo 3—6 feet
I ’nkoo .
Bottom .
Name .
fne . s . v l . in
fne . s . yl . in
MOLt ) I{ AI I S LAND .
SOUTH COAsr.
LAY SAN .
F label lum pavon inum Lesson , typ ica l .F. pawn imnn var. parip trronvinum A l cock .Anflmmip hyl l iu. p amfica V a ughan .
Step/mnophyl lia form08533 111 71 0 . Moseley.
If‘lahel lum pavon
'inum var. p ar-ipavon inum A l cock .
Anthem ip hyl l iu.
pact/ion. V a ughan .
F laiml lum pavon inum var. [alum S t uder .(l
‘
aryophyll ia lutwauensis V a ughan .
I ’lacotroclms fi tscus V a u ghan .
Lep loser'is hanwnensis V a ughan .
Flalmllmn pamninum var. di stinctum M i lne Ed
ward s and Hanne.
S tcphanop byll'ia -inm Mose ley.
Balanophyl lm diomedc'u: var. mauiensis V a u ghan .
Pocil logmra cesp itosa. Dana.
P . cesp itosa var. tumida V a u ghan .
P . cespi losa var. stylophoroides V a u ghan .
Pocil lopora l igulata Dana.
Pocil lopom meandrian Dana,typ ica l .
P . meandrina var. nobi lis V err i l l .Lgp tastrea hawcmensis V a u ghan .
Cyphast-
rea ocel lina Dana) .P avia Imwuu ens is V a ughan .
Fungiu scutm‘ia Lamarck .Parana rarians V err i l l .Pavona duerdeni V a u ghan .
Mon tiporaflabcl lata S t u der .Por ites compressa forma ang
-
usl isepm V a u ghan .
P . comp ressa forma angustisep la subforma del icatu laV a u ghan .
P . comp ress" . for ina (mgustisepm subforma pauc ispwa a u ghan .
I b r i les puk oensis V a u ghan .
P or ites lobata for ina pm'vicalyx V a ughan .
P . lobata torru a centra l is subforma alpha V a ughan .
BULLETI N 59, UN I TED STATES N AT I ONAL M US EUM .
MOLOK A I I SLAND— Con t in u ed .
SOUTH CO A ST— Con t in u ed .
.S tation . Depth . Bottom . Name .
P u koo 3—6 fee t . P . lobata form -
a central is subtorma beta V a u ghan .
P . lobata forma central is subformagamma V a ughan .
P . lobata forma central is subforma delta V a u ghan .
Porites brigham'i V a u ghan .
Kalaeloa Psamsmocom rerr’éll i V a ughan .
M r . John F . G . S tokes , ot' Be r n i ce Pa u ah i B i s hop M u se um,Hono l u l u
,who a ided
in mak ing the co l lect ion f r om P u koo andKalaeloa,has k ind l y f u r n i s hed the fo l l ow ing
notes on the cond i t ions u nde r w h i c h the spec imens f rom t hose loca l i t ies we re obta i ned .
The par t of Mo lokai Doc tor Duerden and I v is i ted is steep ly mo u n taino u s in land , f r inged w i th anar row s tr ip Of le ve l land along the shore . I co u ld not te l l you i f the p lain were rai sed coral reef , aswe did not in ves t igate, but the s u rface is mo u n ta in wash . There are no s treams to speak of, th e waterin th is i s land general l y reach ing the sea by means of spr ings at the sea l ine. Howe ver , no sp r ings
Coast l ine of the south side of Moloka i Island. Th e letters a to f ind icate places where co l lections were made and arereferred to in th e text ; and 9 indica te stations from wh ich operat ions were conducted .were not iced . There had been h ea vy rains j u s t be fo re our v is i t and for the firs t few da v s th e Sea was
v ery di rty— probably f rom the s u r face was h .The inc losed ro ugh t rac ing i s f rom the Hawai ian go v e rnmen t map of 1 897 , the coas t l ine be ing
denoted by hea vy and the f r ing ing fi sh ponds by l igh t l ines . Me re ly appro x imate l y and on l v for the
2 13 anc ienr MADR E PUR AR IA or TI 1 1 4} H AWA I I AN I SLA NDS A ND LAY SAN .
p u rpose of i l l u st rat ion ,
the l ine o fthe ree f is marked b v a dotted l ine and th e areas exp lored by horizonta l b ro ken l ines .A t P l l k On ,
a h u t at - l was 0 1 1 1 base , and f rom here we waded toward the o u te1 edge of the l eef ,A l
ong the shore the water was a few inches dee]1c i than a few yard s out , w i t hfo l lowed b v the boat .noco ra l , and then th e depth m adua l lv grew f1 0 1 1 1 2 feet , incr1 a~ 1 nU appt ou matel ) at the rate 0 f6 inc hes
in 1 00 vards, u nt i l the edge 1 1 .1s 1 eA1 hcd I u l ike thc l eefs at Kahana and fi l li ik l Oah u , t here as
no r i se at th e o u ter edge . Proceeding seaward f rom the fi 1 st appeai ance of co ral , ic i a long di stancethe sn 1 fa1 e of the bed was com posed of Ii 1 ing and d ead the 1 1 1 0 11 0 1 t 1on of th e lat te1 in s igh tb 1 1 1 1g mo re t han fo u r to’
one of the Immer The dead mater ia l was hel d toget her by th in grow th s ofvan o u s co lo red eo i al l ines inc 1 nsted on the s u r face , and was so f rag i le and loose l y p i led up that our fee two u ld often b reak th ro ugh , somet imes to a depth of twe l ve inches , and sin up a c lo u d of fine wh i tepar t ic les . There 1 1 as l i t t le or no rea l beach sand , and in the area 11 less than at a . I t was a lways are l ief to meet somet h ing so l id in the shape ofa p iece ofthe bare reef rock ora l i t t le mo u nd ofmass i v ePor ites . I n th i s be lt of1 1 and I1 , near ly al l the coral s were fo u nd at depth s of 2 to 5 feet - in fac t Im igh t say,
spec imens of al l the Moloka i co ral s in term ing led except 1 7 1 1 71911 1 and P sammocora . S t i l lgoing seaward , the bo ttom became smoo ther and the b roken cora l disappeared , lea v ing the reef roc kbare and b roken into holes and ca verns (some of them immen se ) at the o u ter edge. I t was in some of
these ho les (at c ) t hat the spec imens ofFangia were sec u red at depth s of from 5 to 1 5 feet . O u ts ide th eb roken coral , on the ree f rock , the spec ies occ u r r ing mos t n umero u s ly was P oci l lop ora cesp
-
ilosa ,wh i le
near l y al l the S pec imens ofPor ites brig/tami were col lected there,and no o ther forms ofPor ites . I be l ie v e
that one or two S pec imens of 1 7 1 10 1 1 1 1. ducrden z’ and Pocillopora l iga lata were al so met w i th , but I donot remember P . meandrina there. W hen I cal led th is part of the reef bare I wi shed to con v ey theidea that t here was no mo re co ra l than one smal l colony to a sq u are rod of reef . At 1 1 , near th e in s ideof th e b roken coral be l t , was a large patch , 1 00 yard s sq u are ormore, of Montipora. vermi cosa. grow ingalmost to th e surface of th e water and exc l u d ing al l ot her spec ies from the loca l i ty. Th ro u gho u ta and I) t here was l i tt le or no v egetab le growth apparen t .
I t. m igh t be worth men t ion ing that there was a general lack of fi rmness , and an appearance of
deb i l i ty , among the Por ites gathe red at P u koo,wh ic h effect was al so not iced at Waik ik i . Por ites lobata.
was alwavs co l lec ted cor roded at the base ; wh i le at Kahana ,Oah u , on th e w indward s ide ,
the same
Spec ies was v ery so l id and looked m u ch heal th ier .From the poin t at g wi th i ts sand y beach , the area 6 at Kalae loa was exp lored and Pocil lop ora
01231 1 11 0 3 1 1 and Cyph1 1stre1 1 1 1 1 1 17 1 11171 0 , fo u nd in smal l colon ies am id a. th ick grow th of mar ine v egetat ion on
a bar 1 8 inches deep . 0 1 1 ei ther s ide of the bar was 6 feet of water o ver a sandy bot tom Then a
canoe was rowed seaward and passed ove1 su res of Por ites comp t essa fo1 ma abacus 1 8 in ches to ? fee tbe low the s u r face , as we l l as my memory ser ves me. E xcept at j , and a few sspec imens ofCyphastrea ,
the en t i re bed contained on ly the one spec ies , but that one was in a v ery flo u r ish ing condi t ion . The
bed was composed of I'1 1 1mmock s of Porites , w i t h nar row st r ips of sand 6 feet deep between ,and th e
sun sh in i ng on the ex tended an ima l s made i t appear that th e bottom of the sea was pa v ed w i t h go ld .
At f the on ly spec imen s of I ’summocom vcrril lt
'
were fo und,al l in one large co lony abo u t hal f a yard
Sq u are .
Of co u rse al l co l lec t ing was donc at. low t ide , but th is wo u l d u nder ord inary c i rc ums tan ces on l ymean an ad v an tag e of abo u t 2 feet o ve r h igh t ide. I m igh t ment ion that we always p refer sec u r ingspec imen s o u rse l v es to lea v ing that work to th e nat i v e d i v ers . The c u r ren t at. P u koo, I u nderstand ,sets in f rom the nor th eas t .
BULLET I N 59,UN ITED STATES N ATION AL NIUS EUM .
MOI- 0 K“ ,SOUTH COA ST (con t in u ed ) .
Sta tion . Dep th . Bo t tom . Name .
Ka u nakaka i
78—222 69 fne. s . p
3 1 9— 37 1 It . gy. hr. 1 1 1
brk . sh . g
s. p . brk . sh . r
3835 1 69— 1 82 fue. br. s . m
92— 2 1 2 6 7 fue. gy. br. s
crs . s. brk sh
co .
1 2 7 - 1 30 ine. br. s . g
Pom’
l lopora cap-{10m Dana ,
ty p i ca l .Poci1 10p om meandm
’
na var. nob il is V e rr i l l .C
‘
yphast'rna ocellv
’
na (Dana) .
Pavona Tarians V er r i l l .zlfontipora. verm cosa (Lamarckfl‘fonh
'
pora. Terril l'i V a u ghan .
Por ites comp -ressa fo rma conj ungcm V a ughan .
P . comp wssa forma p rqfundi ca lya: V a u ghan .
Porites lobata Dana.
Lep loseris hmuauenses V a u ghan .
Lep toseris sm bra V a u ghan .
Balanophyl l'iu (16 81 1 1 01 ) hyl l i0 jd6 3 V a ughan .
(u'rg/op lzyl lala octopali V a u ghan .
octopah'
var. incerta. V a u ghan .
C'
eratotrochus V a ughan .
Anisopsammfia amphelioides var. c ucul lata
V a ughan .
(‘
nry0p hyll ia odop al i V a u ghan .
Paracg/athus mololcensis V a u ghan .
Mad-rac is k aum’
ens is V a u ghan .
M. k auaicnsis var. macroca lyx V a ughan .
Flabel lum pavom'
n'
um var. paripavon inumA l cock .
Cyatlwceras diomedeaz V a u ghan .
(nryophyll'ia hafwa iieusis V a ughan .
Anthem -iphyl l'ia pad/1m V a u ghan .
JIadracis k auaiens is V a u ghan .
S lvphanophyll ia j brmosissima Mose ley.
Lep toseris lu l uj a i-iens’is V a u ghan .
PocilIOp ora 77zolol 'ensi3 V a ughan .
Lap toseris digitala V a ughan .
Montipora (elm/[M a l ia V a ughan .
Montipora berna rdi V a ughan .
Fwngia. patel la (E l l is and Solan der ) .Lep toserz
’
s hamaxi'wnsis V a ughan .
Lep tose'ria scabra V a ughan .
Fungia patel la (E l l is and So lander ) .Ffzmgia fragil is A lcock
S lep hanophyll'ia formosissima Mose ley.
98 R ECENT MA DR EPORA R I A OF TH E H AW A I I A N ISLAN DS AND LAY SAN .
SOUTH O F W'
EST O F LANA I .
S tation . Depth . Bottom.Name.
252—429 “ 47 0 0 .r Pumacyutlms lenu -icalyx V a u ghan .
NO RTH COAST O F MOLO KA I .
R u m CH ANN E L ,BETWEE N MO I- 0 K“ A ND (Ma o.
Hono l u l u
Kal i lni Harbor 3 - 6 feet\Vaik i k i Ree f
Pom'
llopora cesp itosa Dana, typ i cal .Pocil lopora l igu lata Dana.
Pccillopom meandrina var. nobil is V er r i ll .
S tephanm‘ia stel lata V er r i l l .
Montipora verrucosa (Lamarck ) .Por ites comp ressa Dana.
P . comp ressa forma bu lbosa Q ue l c h .Por ites lobata Dana.
P . lobata forma centra l is subforma yamblaV a ughan .
Pori tes Synam ‘
a) hawasnensis V a u ghan .
Poe’il lopo-
ra cesp itosa Dana.
Poci llopom l igu lata Dana.
Pocillopora meandrina var. nobil is V er r i l l .Lep lash
'ea hawwi'ienszls V a u ghan .
C'yphaslrea ocelh’
nu, Dana. )F avia ha vm -
nensis V a u ghan .
Fungi.“ scutar-ia Lamarck .
S tepha -
na r ia stel lata V err i l l .Pa'
z'onw varians V err i l l .Por ites comprns‘
sa forma angustisep ta, V a u ghan .
Porites evermanni V a ughan.
v iles lobata Dana , typ ica l .I ’
. lobata for'ma lacem V a u ghan .
P . lobata. fon na infund-
l'
hu lmn V a u gh
3 0 R ECENT MAD R E I’OR AR I A O F TH E HAW A I I A N ISLANDS A ND LAY SAN .
1
() A HU ISLAN l )NORTH S 1 Inc— Con t in u ed .
S ta tion . Dep th .Bo ttom .
Name.
Kahana
NORTHWEST COAST.
Dend'mphyl l ia oahensis V a u ghan .
Flabel lum p frz'on imtm var. par
-ipm'on inn -m AI
cock .
Cyathocem s (l iomedeaz V a u ghan .
KA I E l E - ‘V AH O C H ANNE L, BETWE EN OAH U AND KAUA I .
V ICIN ITY OF KAUA I I SLAND .
40— 2 315 (TS . br. co . 8 . s h
24—43 c rs . co. 8 . for.
68— 253
257 i ne . gy. s . m , ”
Por ites (zo'mprcssa forma angustiscpta V a u ghan .
Por ites comp ressa forma p ilosa V a u ghan .
Por ites comp ressa forma compacta V a u ghan .
Por ites comp ressa forma (l ivari can s V a u ghan .
Por ites lobata forma lacerct V a u ghan .
I lobata. forma infundibu l 'um V a u ghan .
P . lobata. forma t'm h '
a lvfi
s subforma alp haV a ughan .
Madracis Icaua imzsis V a ughan .
-i n i.s-Opsa.m7nia cvmp hel ioides var. cucul lataV a ughan .
Gardiner !“ Imwanensis V a ughan .
F labell -
um pw onimnn var. distindum M i lneEdwards and H ainie.
P k wotrochus fuscus V a ughan .
Cg/athocmu s (Iiome'
deze V a u ghan .
Balanophyl l-ia d iomedea’ V a u ghan.
Mon tip ora verru cosa (Lamarck )Lep toseris hawanemi s V a u ghan .
Montip ora studeri V a u ghan .
Fungi“p atel la (E l l i s and So lander ) .Lep toseris Ila
-wu l'ie-
nsis V a ughan .
Flabellum 1m'z
‘
0-
n-
inwn Lesson ,typ i ca l .
Lep tosw is ht'
z'wcm cnsis V a u ghan .
7’
rochovyalhus oahensis V a u ghan .
Jl'l admwis k aua icnsis V a u ghan .
Madrepora k auaiem is V a u ghan .
Mus-9a sp .,yo u ng
BULLET I N 59,UN ITED STATES NAT ION AL M US EUM .
V ICIN ITY OF MODU MANU,OR BI RD I SLAND .
S ta tion . Depth . Bottom . Name .
38 inc . co. s . for. r
co. co r l u
FR ENCH FR IGATE S i lOAL.
LAYSAN .
Pocil lopora cesp ilosa Dana.
P OCil lopo-m mea'mh‘inu Dana.
P . meandmf
na vat"
. nobi l is V err i l l .P . meand'rina var. tuberosa V er r i l l .I ’ocillOpora l
-igula la. Dana.
Fan ia rudis V err i l l .c tasl 'rea stel lulata V er r i l l?t"
yp ha-sh 'ea, ocelbina (Dana ) .
Fungi /t scularia Lamarek .
Montip ora Laniarck
Mon tiporaflabel lal a. S t u der .Montipora di la te /u S t u der.Montipora panda V err i l l?Por ites lobata Dana .
Porites quelcln'
S t uder .Por ites lanug-i-nosa. S t u der .Por ites schau inslamli S t uder .Por ites (1 iscoidm S t u der . a
a'I
‘
h e preced ing l ist Of spec ies from Lnysnn is taken from S tuder's Madreporarier von Samoa ,
den Sandw ich I nselnund Lnysun , Z ool . Jah rb . , Syst. . V , 1 90 1 . p . 42 6 , except Fungia senta ria ,
Wh ich is We l l represen ted in th e col lect ion s madeby the
“ A lbatross in 1 902 . I have somewhat modi l led Profes< or S tuder‘s nomenclature to b ring i t into accord w i th theresu l ts Of recen t study,
and ha v e queried the determ inations of Lepmstrea stell ulata Verri l l und Montipora pul ula V err il l ,as I doub t th e correctness of each ofthem . Further than tha t the com l s occur in reefs, no data regarding the physicalcond i tions under wh ich th ey l i ve is gi ven .
F label lmn (IcI -
uclcns v . Maren z e l ler.
a lcock i V a u ghan .
3 -1 onti;rn‘
; ra verm com LamarckMontipora. Terr (Lamarck ) .glfontipora t ier -m eow LamarckPocil lopom l i tmlumanmwts V a ughan .
Por ites comp ressa for um p ro/u n dorumV a u ghan .
Por ites comp ressa forma breviramosu V a ughan .
3 2 RECENT MADRE I ’URAR IA OF TH E H AW A I I AN ISLANDS A ND LAY SAN .
LA YSAN— Con t inned .
S tn tin n . Depth . Bottom .Name.
wh . s . sml . sh Bal tmophyl lia Zayse -nensis V a u ghan .
wh . s . h rk . sh Lep toseris ha'wai 'ieiw'is V a u ghan
wh . s . g Cyatlwceras diomedeaz V a ughan .“
co . r . alg. Pocil lopom cesp 'itosa. var. laysanens-is V a u ghan .
wh . 8 . co Poci l 10po-
ra. cesl nitosa var. stylop horoid'es
V a u ghan .
a I am no t sure th at th is spec ies came from S tation 3952 .
B A T H YM E T R IC D I S T R I B U T I ON .
The bathymet r ic data r e l a t i ng to the co l lect ions of the Hawa i i an co r a l s are n ot sodefin i te a s i s de s i r ab le , la rge l y beca u se of the r u gged c har acte r of the sea bot tom .
D u r i ng the same ha u l the d redge may he. on the bo t tom a t ve r y d iffe ren t depths .For in s tance ,
at S tat ion 3999,e lf Ka u a i I s l and
,the depth between the beg i n n i ng an d
end of the ha u l va r ied f rom 7 to 1 48 fathoms . At that stat i on five. spec ies o f co r a l swe re obta i ned . name l y
,F éczbel/etm p ermi t-Luann va r . distinctum M i l ne Edwa r d s and
l l aime, l w/v'ne/ms fuscus Va u ghan , Q/(tt/zoceras dim/l edges Va u ghan ,
and Jyowtip ora
rez'rum sa (Lama r ck ) . I t i s imposs i b le to asce r ta i n f r om th i s r eco r d the depth atwh i ch an) r one. of the spec ies was obta ined . By compa r i son w i th othe r reco r ds
,i t
Seems p robab le Jf’
l zzbel lum paw n-Mum va r . dist/ind ium. came f rom a depth of s l i gh t l y
mo re t han 1 00 fathoms ; P lace/roofingfuse- its f r om abo u t 1 48 ; ( "ye t/mamas dimnedeae
f rom same depth ; wh i le the came f rom l ess than -40 fathoms .S PE C I E S L I V I NG BE TW E E N I AN D 2 5 F ATH OM S .
Poet/hymra uesy i tosa Dana , typ i ca l .cesyn
'
tosa. va r . h umid-a Va u ghan .
P oci l lop om cesp i tosa var. lays-
(menses Va u ghan .
cesp étosa, var. styl fp lwroides Vaughan .1 b ez
'
Z/01mm nw lulizfens -is' Va u ghan .
Pocfllopom modumanens is Va u ghan .
[ heft/op era Jig/
al gal Dana .J’uci/lopm
‘
ctfrmzdosa Ve r r i l l . "Dana .
l’oci l loyora im am/Z rzf7w va r . new/nix Ve r r i l l .Poca
'
l lopom meandrima va r . 1 91.5077 ; e Ve r r i l l .I boat lop om infirm ) is Dana .l ands/Tea stel l ulata Ve r r i l l .Lep tastrea (was t Va u ghan .
l ep tastrea luneaz'
z
'
ens-is V zu ighan .
(”
yp /oa strea oceéli na (Dana) .(Irelaxérm ten nis Vcrri l l . "
BULLET IN 59, UN ITED STATES NAT IONAL M US EUM .
1 3mm], /z, ftfzoaz"1fensis Va u ghan .
F'
afv ia rudis Ve r r i l l .“E w ing linmbron i (Ro u ssea u ) ?.
a
F emgz’
a scutm’ia Lani arek .
F i t-
71 9754 Oct/tensis Ddderlein.P a
r
vmm warm/
as Ve r r i l l .Pavona due'rden i Va u ghan .
[ cy tosmvfs dig/[mmVa u ghan .
S tep/Ltmam'
a stel lamVe r r i l l .S tep/trimaran brig/tam ; Va u ghan .
P sammocom varm’
l la’ Va u ghan .
Dmdrop /tyl l ia v1 i.nt7s Ve r r i l l .Mmt z
’
pom di latamS t u de r .ill on tipora verru cosa (Lan iarek ) .
fil on tipord tenui cau l z’
s Va u ghan .
Jlfon tzlpom bernardi Va u ghan ?Zlfontipom .fla7) el lamS t u de r .fifont ip m
'ap at -
al e; Ve r r i l l . aMmztip om eew i l l i Va u ghan .
Porites mordamDana .P ori tes co
-mpressa Dana .P.
P.
ma
s
s
e
s
s
s
ws
ws
w
$
73
5»
cmnp ressa fo rma (t zzg-
ttstfisep ta Va u ghan .
cmnp ressa forni a angusm'
sepmsubforma del icat'etlwVa u ghan .
compressa fo rma angusti sep ta subforma paucz’
sp i-
na Va u ghan .
comp-
ream formafmgz’
l is Va u ghan .comp ressa fo rma conj zmgens Va u ghan .
cmnp-ressa fo rma. prof -
undi calyrv Va u ghan .
cmnpressa fo rma p ilosa Vaughan .
cmzzpreas'a. fornl a densimurata Vaughan .
comp ressa fo rma grmn
’
nw rata Va u ghan .
comp ressa fo rma claeus Va u ghan .
co-
n-
zpv'essa fo rma compacta. Va u ghan .
comp ressa fo rma dz’
varica'
ns Va u ghan .
camp ressa fo rma elongate Dana .comp w ssa fo rma p rof imdm'ma Va u ghan .
cmnpo'essa fo rma Maseru -
inxma Vau ghan .
compressed fo rma abacus Va u ghan .
comp ressa fornia twmfda Va u ghan .
compress-
(t fo rma bulbosa Q u e l c h .
P ori tes d-
iw'rclenxz' Va u ghan .
s'
ies geel anam ; i Va u ghan .
P ow-[ta Va u ghan .
Pori tes loLata Dana .P . lobata fo rma lacem Va u ghan .
0 Depth not. g i ven , but the ass umpt ion seem s safe .
3230 1 — 07— 3
34 R EGEN T MA DRE PORAR I A O F TH E H AW A I I AN ISLANDS AND LAYSAN .
Mam fo rma i nf l ow(Zebu/71m, Va u ghan .
I". l obata fo rma pwr'vicalyfc Va u ghan .
lobata. fo rma cen tral is subforma (Mp/ta Va u ghan .
MMM fo rma cent ral i s subforn‘
i a 1mmVa u ghan .
lobata fo rma central is subforma (fin/wad Va u ghan.
lobata, fo r ina cem'ml 'is (Zelda Va u ghan .
I. lobata fo rma cen tral /Is subforrna ep si lon Va u ghan .I /0 7mta fo rma (warmVauglnm .
1‘orifesmusic/t i S t u de r .“P ori tes brig/tameVa u ghan .
1 hm’
tes lfmugv’
owsa S t u de r . “1 {Wri tes dvfscoiclea S t u de r . “1 Mi l es sc/m. S t u de r . “Porites irrey/u/ari s Ve r r i l l . "l bf lime Va u ghan .r
'
l l ncopora Terv'i l l afana. Dana
'
f.
Of the 77 spec ies or s u bd i v i s i on s of spec ies he re l i sted 9 are q u e r ied . The fi r st,
fl’fimmpom bernardi , occ u r s at a depth between 23 and 34 fathoms . I t may h avebeen obtai ned at a depth e i t he r g reate r or less than 25 fathoms . The loca l i ty of thesecond q u e r ied spec ies , x'
l /qwop ora cerm’
l l iafna,i s not pos i t i ve l y k now n ; i t may not have
come f rom the Hawa i i an I s l ands . Data,as i nd i cated by refe ren ce to a footnote
,are
defic ient for 1 2 of the fo rms . As we know,howeve r
,someth i ng of the condi t i o ns
u nde r w h i ch they we re co l lected , we fee l ass u red that t hey came f r om ve r y sha l l owYate r .
S PE C I E S L I V I NG BETW E E N 25 AN D 40 F ATH OM S .
P eed/opera cesp itosa v a r . lag/smwnsi s Va u ghan .
inrél lOp M'a med /
“
11 1 1 1 7 1 1 1 va r . Ve r r i l l .1 1 00mm Ve r r i l l .Lep toseri.s Min/w iiemsz
f
s Va u ghan .
Lap toser'z
'
s scab/"a Va u ghan .
Lep tnseris dz'
yétamVa u ghan .
Lep toser'
z
'
s l 'ubwl ifb'ra. Va u ghan .
rlfon l 1.
para err/W um u (Lamarck )Ji nn { 12mm ten 1 1 2} ;q is Va u ghan
bernardi: Va u ghanJV. bernardi va r . m bglwbm Va u ghan .
si l l /[m i Va u ghan .
l ’o
-
rz'
tes stmlm- ‘
z
' Va u ghan .
P ori tes bernardi Va u ghan .
Th i s l i st , con ta i n i ng the names of 1 4 fo rm s,i s i nte resti ng
,as i t shows that sev
e r a l of the mo re st r i ct l y reef Spec ies may l iv e at a dept h as g r eat as 30 o r 40 fathoms .
Fo u r of the fi ve gene r a p resent are r eef b u i l de r s,but one of them
,P ori tes, i s repre
sented by fo rms s u ffi c ient l y d i ffe ren t to he cons ide r ed d i st i nc t spec ies .The ditl
'
erences obse r ved between ind i v i d u al s of the same spec ies and d i ffe ren tspec ies of the same gene ra (as , for ins tance. fl/on tépom and P orites) , l i v ing at depths
0 Dept h not g i v en , but the ass um pt ion seems safe .
BULLET IN 59,UN ITED S TATE S N AT IONAL INI USEUM .
both less and g reate r t han 25 fathoms , in fact the g reate r l im i t in depth m i gh t bep l aced at 1 6 o r 1 7 fathoms , sho u l d be espec ia l l y noted . The spec imens f rom the lowe rbathymet r i c l im i ts are sma l le r , mo re s lende r and f r ag i le in r amose fo rms , appea r i ngto be s tun ted . The ca u se of the d i ffe ren ces i s not known at p resent . I t p robab l yi s not due to d i ffe r ences in tempe r at u r e, as w i l l be shown l a te r ; nor can i t be att r ibuted to d i ffe r ences in the cha r acte r of the bottom . Three
‘
possible ca u ses s u ggestt hemse l ves , b u t no data are ava i l ab le to aid i n reach i ng a conc l u s ion . They are
,
d iffe rences i n the st rength of the l igh t , in the p ress u r e due to g reate r dept h,or in
the food s u pp ly . These phys io log i c fac to r s need i nves t igat ion .
Wi th i n t h i s bathymet r i c zone the reef - b u i l d ing spec ies c r oss bounda r ies w i t h thedeepe r wate r fo rms ; that i s , the spec ies of
S PE C I E S L I V ING BE TW E E N 40 AN D 1 00 F ATH OM S .
I ll adm cis l Va u ghan .
t gz’
ct patel la. (E l l i s and So l ande r ) .F zmgiafrag/£153 (A l cock) .Lep tosev
'is fixw zaz'
ien sis Va u ghan .
Lqfl osemls seabm Va u ghan .S tap 7um 0
10 /i l in.f ormosz
'
ssi nm Moseley.
Balmhq flzy l/ia desmop ltyl l ioides Va u ghan .
The fa u na of th i s bathymet r i c zone i s poo r . The two F amgz'
ae are confined toi t wh i le the two spec ies of [ ep ic/saris are best r ep resen ted he r e. The othe r fo rm srea l l y be long to a deepe r wate r fa u na .
S PE C IE S L I V IN G BE TW E E N 1 0 0 AN D 2 00 F ATH OM S .
Flabel l um. pavon imm i Lesson,typi ca l .
F va r . distinctmn. M i l ne Edwa r ds and Ba ime .
F pavmu'
m zm va r . pariparon51mm A l cock .
P lacot'roc/msfuscus Va u ghan .
s 'acya j /i
’us ma
'ufzfensis Va u ghan .
a 'acyat/ms moZolrcns'is Vaughan .
D al tocyat/ms (M dmmm i cus A l cock .
fi rz-U ia'i éensis Va u ghan .
(f'
yat/ioceras (lamina/l ees Va u ghan .
p acifi ed Va u ghan.
fil admw'
s I nMaxie/i sis Va u ghanJ] . h emaiem is 'a r . macrom lyx Va u ghan .Lay/mama
’
s liawa {fi e/m is Va u ghanS tep/umop/cyl l iafi nancm
'
sséma Mose ley .
Endop ae/cys (Ni /wuss Va u ghan .
Balanxjpfiy l lc'
a Va u ghan .
Balcmop /iy'
l l nfa laysan ensz‘
s Va u ghan .
B . din-madam Va u ghan .
Bald -71 0 11 11yl /z'
a. diomcdec‘e 'al
‘
. ww uz’
wzsc’
s Va u ghan .
Dend'mp/iyl l ia oabm sis Va u ghan .
D awdwy flzyl l z’
a swp ent ina Va u ghan .
zone i s the r i ches t in fo rms nex t to the r eef z one.
R ECENT MAD RE I ’ORAR I A OF TH E H AW A I I AN I SLA N DS A ND LAYSAN .
S P EC I E S L IV I N G BE TW E E N 2 00 A N D 300 F ATH OM S .
Flabel lum p avom'
num Le sson , typ i ca l .F . p aven inum va r [al um S tude r .F. pa/von én um va r . paripaoon énmn A l cock .
Gardiaefl w luzwai im sis Va u ghan .
D cwnop /zyl l um cristagal l i M i l ne Edwa r d s and I l aime.
[ arrayed/i ns tenu icalya'Va u ghan
Yi 'oc/zocyat/Lus act/l enses" Va u ghan .
Cam/op/zg/l l ia octop al é Va u ghan .
q ut/»0 <zeras (dz'
omedeze Va u ghan .
fi l adracv'
s kmmiensis Va u ghan .
Lep toxcrz’
s lunem'
ieusz'
s Va u ghan .
(1 71 )p/cel ioz'
des (A lcock ) .
A . amp /l e/z'
o zfdes 'a r . eucul luta Va u ghan .
S PE C IE S L I V I NG B E TW E E N 300 A N D 400 F ATH OM S .
D esnwp /iyl/w n w'istrlgal /Z M i l ne Edwa r ds and Haims .
octop a l i Va u ghan .
0 . octopnl i va r . {nee/ta. Va u ghan .
(f'
yat/zocem s dial-
madam Va u ghan ?C
’
eratotroc/ms [ft-mus Va u ghan .
flfadrepww/m Va u ghan .
fl/ussa 2sp . young
’
t
An isopsmn i i i/12, 1 mnp/i elf
zfoi il cs va r . cucul latu Va u ghan .
S PE C I E S L IV IN G BE TW E E N 40 0 A N D 500 F ATH OM S .
None.
S PE C I E S L IV I NG B E TW E E N 500 AN D F ATH OM S .
None .
S PEC I E S L I V ING BE TW E E N 60 0 A N D 700 F ATH OM S .
F labeflum del udcns von IVIarenz el ler.
S PE C I E S L I V I NG BE TW E E N 70 0 A N D 800 F ATH OM S .
None .
S PE C I E S L IV IN G B E TW E E N 800 A N D F ATH OM S .
F lamI-lmn del adeus von h-Iaren z c l ler.
Cari/0p feyl/z'
a (“
I/cock i Va u ghan .
S PE C I E S L I V ING B ETW E E N 90 0 AN D F ATH OM S .
Bat/iyacti s l ime/Li z'
mi sis Va u ghan .
No spec ies was fo u nd at a depth g reate r t han fathoms .
3 8 RECENT MADR E I’OR AR IA OF TH E H AWA I I AN I SLANDS A ND LAYSAN .
l’a71wyat/ms twi u i ca/ya
'Va u ghan .
mauiensis Va u ghan .
1 b rag/(1Mas mo lo/cmzsz'
s Va u ghan .
(tawdmnaoaimzs A l cock .
Trvm/umya l has oahensis Va u ghan .
octopal i Va u ghan .
hryrw/Ig/l l zfa. octopal if
ar. in ccrmVa u ghan .
0 uryep/i jz/Il ia [w Va u ghan .
(bat/memes diomedemVa u ghan .
l dmus Va u ghan .
A72t/mh {p i n/{Md pacified Va u ghan .
fil adrepom leawdens z’
s Va u ghan .fil ed-
races I nna-052808 Va u ghan.
JV . l td -
cd - rfcns is va r rnxzcrocaZg/J: Va u ghan .
flfussa sp . yo u ngLap toseris lzawai vfem v
'
s Va u ghan .
S tep /umrip /zyl l z'
afi nfmosf-ssima Mose ley .
Ib i iop ac/Lys oali ense Va u ghanBalmmp/iyl l
fia [Irrevmficns is Va u ghan .
Balanop /Iyl l id desmop/zg/l l ioides Va u ghan .
lag/sanensz’
s Va u ghan .
Bal fm np/zyl l z'
d diomec‘
lea? Va u ghan .
B . cl iopi cdeze va r . maruimwis Va u ghan .
D em/rop /ig/l l id ca l la Va u ghan .
serp entin.a Va u ghan .
Am’
sop sanwn id (1 .7/ip lael zfoides (A l cock ) .A . amp/rel im
'
des va r . cam/[lamVa u ghan .
Th i r ty - fo u r of the 1 24 fo rms recogn i zed occ u r between 1 00 an d 400 fat homs .Not one of t hem r anges i nto deepe r wate r ; wh i le on l y 4 (dfadracis k auaiensz
’
s
Va u ghan,Lawns
-
eras li af
zofriief
nsfs Va u ghan, S tep/ianop/iyl l ia fi n
’mossima Moseley .
Bale-nopbyl l ia desmcp /zyl la’
oides Va u ghan) ce r ta in l y occ u r in sha l l owe r wate r . E ndo
pac/ig/s oat/image Va u ghan , Inay have been p roc u red in wate r less t han 1 00 fath oms indepth . The spec ies are mos t nume ro u s between 1 00 and 200 fathoms .
BULLET IN 59, UN ITED STATES N AT IONAL M US EUM .
SE
E
La
39
154
at
$81e
a
$
35
:
c
dag
ger—a
mmo
s
izao
id
o
$9
5
ézo
o
L0
28
da
caoc.
»
4.
fi
fito
a
co
2
5
121
55
42
89:
Emma
stscs
c
ao
fi
stea
d
ie
d
dao
ifi
smas
h
dia
m
£
25580
do
bm
fiaa
O
do
bm
fiao
q
da
oac
zm
oo
m
40 R ECENT MAD R E I’OR AR IA OF TH E HAW A I I AN I SLANDS AND LAY SAN .
The tab l e s how i ng the bathymet r i c distrilni t ion of the gene r a shows even mo r ec l ea r l y than the. d i sc u s s ion of the spec ies the ex i stence of two bathymet r i c fa u na lzones : one between 0 and 2 5 fathoms ; the ot he r , l; >etween 1 00 and 400 . Between 25
and 1 00 fat homs i s an i nt e rmed iate zone ; 4of the 5 gene ra. between 25 and 40 fathomsrep r
esent a downwa r d exte ns ion of the sha l l ow wate r , or reef fa u na ; 4 of the 5 gene r a
be tween 40 and i t") fathoms rep resent the u ppe r l im i t of the deepe r wate r fa u na .The F ang/4a
? l i s ted u nde r “40— 1 00 ” fathoms :-I rc c éoseris”and D rfaserz
'
s,
” t heyare no t fo u nd between othe r depths a ro u nd the Hawa i ian I s l ands .
As the r egion between 1 00 and 400 fathoms r ep resen ts , in my op in ion , one
fa u nal zone ,the gene ra occ u r r i ng in i t are l is ted co l lect i ve l y , to b r i ng out i ts r i c hness
in gene ra , and so that i t may be con t ras ted w i th those fo u nd between 1 and 25 fat homs .fi
'
label l um . C'aryop/iyl/ Lep tosem
’
s.
1 facet/c oit us . (l
ynx/i ocem S iep/umop hyl l ia.
Garden aria . Caratotroclzus .
Desmop /ayl lum . An t/i em. ip/ayl l id .
Parcel/(l i lie s .
1 1dl oez/a ll l ado'acis.
21 8 .
Of the 20 gene ra occ u r r ing i n th i s zone, on l y 2 we r e fo u n d in the 0— 25 fat homszone .
Th i s bathymet r i c zone,l im i ted by the 1 00 and 400 fathom l ines , i n the V i c in i ty of
the l la ‘
a iian I s lands i s espec ia l ly cha r acte r i zed by an ab u ndance of spec ies andgene ra. ofTurbino l id and E upsamm id co r a l s and some spec ies of s lende r , b r anch ing
and S tylophorids . The r e are a l so some f r ag i le Fungids .
The zone between 0 and 2 5 i s cha racte r i zed by an ab u ndan ce of l a r ge r,mo r e
l u x u r iant co r a l s be long ing to the Poc il loporidee ,Orbice- l l idee
,Fav iidae , the simp le
md compo u nd Fungids, the Mont iporina'
,and the Po r i t i dae .
Bathymet r i c s t u d ies of th i s k i nd are of dec i ded impo r tance in the in te r p r etationof pa leon to log ic data . The fo l low i ng gene r a l i zat ions can be made for the Hawa i ianI s lands :
1 . An ab u ndance of i nd i v id u a l s be longing to the Pocil loporidae , Orbicel l idae,Fav iidfe. mass i v e Fungids , Mon tiporin
‘
ce and the Poritidze i nd i cate a depth of lessthan 25 fathoms . Occas iona l i nd i v id u a l s may g row at a depth of 40 fat homs . Wi t hinc reas i ng depth i nd i v i d u a l s of the same spec ies become sma l le r and mo re f r ag i le.
2 . An ab u ndance of Turbinol id and E upsammid spec ies , and s lende r , r amoseOcu lin ids and StyIOphorids (as, for i nstance. i ll adracis) i nd i cate a depth of 1 00 to 400fathoms . The best cond i t ions for the g rowth of these co r a l s are r eal i zed between1 00 and 200 fathoms .
3 . A r o u nd the Hawa i i an I s l ands two fa u na l zones can be d i st ing u i shed,w i t h an
i nte rmed iate zone f rom 25 to 1 00 fathoms . Wi th i n th i s zone the r e is some com
m ingl i ng of fa u nas .4. Beyond the MiG- fathom l im i t the fa u na i s poo r
,and the species outs ide i t are
ex t reme l y f r ag i le.
As has been sa i d , the data at hand wa r r ant these conc l u s ions fo r the Hawa i i anI s l ands . Many st u d ies of th i s k ind are needed to know mo re tho ro u gh l y the r e l a t ionsbetween co r a l s and depth of wate r .
BULLE TI N 59, UN ITED S TATES NATI ONAL M U S EUM .
D I S TR I B U T I ON ACC O RD I N G T O T E M P E R A TU RE .
The fi r st cons i de rat ion he re i s to asce r ta i n the tempe r at u re of the s u r face of the
wate r . The reco r ds of the d r edg ings of the A lbatross in 1 902 ha v e. been u sed to
f u r n i sh the data . The reco r ds for the va r io u s i s l ands and channe l s w i l l be. g i v en.
begi nn ing w i t h the most eas te r ly .
H AWA I I I SLAND .
NO RTH EAST COA ST.
For t h i s coast the re are twenty - fo u r r eco r d s : Two gi ve a tempe r at u re of 74°
two e i gh t , twe l ve,
The r ange i s f rom 74 to
W EST COAST.
Reco r ds : Fo u r,
ten ,n ine
,t h ree
,th r ee
,The r e are
29 r eco r d s , wh i ch show a r ange f rom 76° to
MAU I I SLAND .
NORTH EA ST AND NORTH COAST.
Reco r ds : Fo r ty , two,
42 r eco r d s ; r ange 7 6° to 77°
AUAU CH ANNE L , BETW EEN MAU I AND LANA I I S LANDS .
Reco r ds : Two ,ten
,fo u r
,1 6 r eco r ds ; range 75° to 7 7
PA I LO LO CH A NNEL , B ETWEEN MOLOKA I AND MAU I I S LA NDS,A ND NORTH EAST A PPROACH .
Reco r ds : F i f teen , ten,
seven,
s i x,
two,
40 r eco r d s ; r ange ,
74° to
MOLOKA I I SLAND .
SOUTH COA ST.
Reco r ds : Two , e igh t , twenty - n ine, t h i r ty - s i x, 75 reco r d s :
r ange,73° to
NORTH COAST.
Reco r ds : Fo u r , five,
9 reco r ds ; r ange , 74° to 75
K A i wr CH A NN EL , BETWEEN MO LOKA I A ND (Mu n I S LANDS .
Reco r ds : S i x teen ,two
, 1 8 r eco r ds ; r ange, 7 6° to
OA H U I SLAND .
SOUTH COAST.
Reco r ds : Ten , n i ne, two , 2 1 r eco r ds ; r ange i 4° to 76°
42 unem '
r MAD R E I ’OR AR I A or TI -I E H AWA I I AN i snAN Ds AN D LAY S AN .
No nTq ST COA ST.
7”PO 0
Reco r ds : Twe l ve ,fo u r , 1 0 r eco rds . range , ( a to 78
SOUTHWEST (‘
OA ST
-1
Reco r ds : S ix ,the same for each reco r d .
Nanci e - WAT“) C H A NN EL , BE TWEEN UAH U A N ! ) K AUA I I S LANDS .
b0 n
WH O f
Reco r ds : Two ,to u r , 6 records ,
range, i t to (8
V ICIN I TY OF KAUA I I SLAND .
hw y-r F'“
f , fi
.
7
-
O .H O .
h ?e v “o n
Reco r ds : Th ree,S i x , fo r ty , t h irty (8 two
,49 8 : records ,
r ange,75° to
V ICI N ITY OF MODU MANU , OR BI RD I SLAND .
Reco r ds : Two ,t h ree, e i ghteen ,
th i r ty - one,
e i gh t , 6 2
reco r ds : range, 74° to 79°
FRENCH FRIGATE S I -ICAL .
Reco r ds : Fo u r , two ,seven , 1 3 reco r ds ; r ange, 74
° to
LAY SAN .
Reco r ds : One,
e i gh t , twentv - th ree, th i r ty , fo u r , one,
7 67 reco r ds ; r ange, 7 to 78°
These reco r ds , when cons i de r ed togethe r , show a tota l r ange in the su r facetempe r at u re of the wate r f r om 73 to The obse r vat i ons we re made betweenMa r ch 2 7 and A u g u st 2 S they the r efo re are the s umme r tempe r atu res . Unfortu
nate ly data rega r d i ng the w in te r tempe r at u res are not at hand .
Reef co r a l s , g row ing p ract i ca l l y at the s u r face of the wate r,we r e. obta ined o n
the so u t h coast of Mo loka i , the so u th coast of Oah u , the no r th coast of Oah u , an df rom Laysan . The s u r face tempe r at u re of the so u th coast of Mo loka i r anges f r om73° to t hat of the so u th coas t of Oah u f r om 76° to that o f the n o r th coastof Oah u f rom 74° to that of Laysan f rom 73° to The re. i s in the summe rt ime on the co r a l - reef areas of the Hawai i an I s l ands a r ange on l y of 5° in the s u r facetempe r a t u re of the wate r .These data ofl'
er noth ing new rega r d ing the tempe r at u re cond i t i o ns favo r ab lefor the g rowth of r eef co r a l s , Dana , in h is Co r a l s andCo r a l I s l ands , t h i r d ed i tion ,hav ing g i ven a sat i sfacto r y d i sc u ss ion of the s u bject . The data he r e p resen tedr ega rd ing the Hawa i ian I s l ands , howeve r , f u r n i s h a s ta r t ing poi n t fo r the p r esen tst u dy . Acco r d i ng to D ana , r eef co r a l s can end u re a r ange in tempe r atu r e f r om6 8° F . to 85° E
,b u t the, ann u a l mean m u s t not be be l ow the s umme r wo u l d be
h ighe r . The lowest s umme r s u r face tempe r at u r e r eco r ded by the A lbatross wasThe fo l low i ng sched u le w i l l be adopted : S pec ies fo u nd between 78° and 73° and
60° and 50° and 40° and
BULLE TI N 59, UN I TED S TATES NAT IONAL MUS EU IVI .
S P EC I E S FOUN D AT A TEM P ER ATUR E B ETW E EN 78° A N D 73
° F .Th i s l i st wo u l d inc l u de a l l spec ies occ u r r ing between 0 and 40 fat homs . The l i st
of spec ies fo u nd between t hose depths can be cons u l ted . and i ts repet i t ion th u savo i ded (see p .
S P EC I E S FOUN D AT A TEM P E R ATUR E B ETW E EN 73° A N D 60 ° F .
F label l um p avon inwa Lesson , typi ca l .F. p aeom
'
num var. paripaeomawn, A l cock .
P lacotroclmsfuscus Va u ghan .
P aracyat/ws maa iensis Va u ghan .Paracg/a-t/ms molok ensz
’
s Va u ghan .
Oaryopfiylhfa [tawai iens z'
s Va u ghan .
Oyat/toceras diomedeaz Vaughan .
An t/zem z
’
p /ryl l ia p acifi ed Va u ghan .
M td'm cis k auaiensz’
s Va u ghan .
M k aumfensis va r . mam'ocalyr Va u ghan .
E mgia p atel la (E l l i s and So l ande r ) .F ungiafragi li s (A l cock ) .Lep toseris bawai im si s Va u ghan .
l ep toseris scabm Va u ghan .
S tep/zarwp/Lg/l l 93a fine-
1 10 87783 5ma Mose ley.
Balanop/ayl l ia desmop ltyl l im'
des Va u ghan .
Balanop lzyl lm Ice-
ysanensis Va u ghan .
Balawop /tyl l ia dz'
o-medaaz -
’ a u ghan .D endrop hyl l
'ia oahensis Va u ghan .
S P EC I E S - FOUN D AT A TEM P ER ATUR E B ETW E E N 60° AN D 50° F .
Flabel lum p a vom'
nmn, Lesson , typ i ca l .1 7. pavomfnmn var. distinct
'
wm M . Edwa r ds and Haime .
I 7 . p aw/”1727201 727. va r . par i i i/(1 777, A l cock .
Uyatltoceras dimncdcae Va u ghan .
I ll adm cz'
s k auavfen sis Va u ghan .
S tep /tanop /tyl l iafor/nosissima Mose ley .
Balanop hyl l ia diomedeee va r . waa -
uiens is Va u ghan .
Prec ise max imum temperature a t w h ich col lected.
50
66 . 5
65
64. 8
63
67
60. 6 1
67
67
63
7 1 .
7 1 . q
-q
44 RE CE NT MADRnPo RAR I A or TH E H AWA I I AN I SL ANDS AND LAY SAN .
S P EC I E S FOU N D AT A TEM P E R ATUR E B ETW E E N 50 ° AN D 40° F
Precise mi n imum temperature at w h ich col lected .Flabel l um pamorz'lnwn Lesson , typi ca l . 46 . 8°
F. p arom’
nw n rar. le lum S t u de r .-m* l 6l ltd/UM 556 728715“ Va u ghan .
D ewnn /zyl lm n, m’t
'
s lagal l z'M i l ne Edwa rds and Haime.
P amm‘
g/af/m s l enuxlcalym
D el l oc-
g/a-l /zus aw l /7 7mm {0 1 1.8 A l cock .
Tmm/mcya l /ms oahensi s Va u ghan .
octop al-l Va u ghan .
(f'. octop a
'
l i va r . i ncerta Va u ghan .
Cli/(t l fiflcefras (l iomeflcaf Va u ghan .
Cera l ol rocltus lam-na Va u ghan .
flflul ’repmw lm.em.Zena/
lsVa u ghanIl i ad-
reel s [airframe-7rst'
s Va u ghan .
flfussa .
9 sp . yo u ngLep tose
-
rls [ma ni la Va u ghan .
fi nanosafss lma Mose ley .
Emlop ac/zy/s-
"a u ghan .
Balm»0pfry/l l la. itct'zvcl l l efls ls Va u ghan .
Z ) é -ml seq yentfma Va u ghan .
An iacp sammla. (1 .my) belch-ides (A lcock ) .
A . a.mp /wl-lo-
vk les' var. caca l la l ct Va u ghan .
S P EC I E S FOUN D AT A TEM P E R ATUR E B ETW E E N 40 ° AN D 30° F .
F label l 'elm (lai n-(lens von hIarenz el lel '.
l uv/op lzyl l i tt alone/f l Va u ghan .
B /t l/z'ycwt ls Ame/gt li e Va u ghanGene ra l concl u s ions r ega r d i ng the co r re l at ion between tempe r atu r e and the
dis tri lm tion of the spec ies of Ilf adrep orarza a r o u nd the Hawai i an I slands :Temp era lm
'e 7 <S
’°— 7 fi i — Seventys even of the 1 24 fo rms r ecogn i zed l i ve Wi th i nthese tempe r at u re l im i ts and at a depth of less than 40 fathoms .
Temperature 73°— 60° J’I — N ineteen fo rms l i ve between these l im i ts . These
fo rms sho u l d be d i v i ded into two tempe r at u r e zones : F irst,between 73° and
in wh ich 4 spec ies occ u r,name ly : l itany/la p atel la (E l l i s and So l ande r ) , F i lm/i c
fi'agz
'
l is (A l cock ) , Z ep l oser ls lulwa'l ’le-
nsl s Va u ghan,and Lep loserls scabra Va u ghan .
The fi r st two we re, fo u nd on l y w i t h i n these tempe r at u r e l im i ts and on l y at a depthbetween 40 and 75 fat homs . [ cp loserls k arma
/
(fi end s r anges i n depth f r om abo u t 25fathoms to o v e r 250 fathoms
, in tempe r at u re f rom 46 8° to L . scabra i n depthf r om abo u t 25 to nea r l y 80 fathoms
,in tempe r at u r e f rom 6 1 ° to S econd,
between 60° and none of the r ema in i ng fo rms,possibl y excep t ing Balano
p ic/yl l'la, dewnop /tyl l lozfrles Va u ghan , wh i ch may have been fo u nd at ‘a tempe r atu r e as
h igh as 77° F . , was co l lected at. h ighe r tempe r a t u r e t han 69° F .
4G REC ENT MADR E I ’URAR IA OF TH E H AW’ A I I A N I S LA NDS A ND LAYSAN .
The p reced ing t ab le shows that a l l the s t r i ct l y recf—lmi lding gene r a l i ve at atempe r at u re of 73 ° F .
The l is t u nde r 7 3° F.conta ins the names of 9 gene r a w h i ch we re not fo u nd at
t tem l'wrature so h igh as 70° F . Seven of these 9 we re a l so found at a tempe r atu r ebetween 40 ° and The 5 gene r a fo u n d between 00° and 50° we r e a l so fo u ndbe tween 50° and
The gene r a o c c u r r ing between 70° and 40° are p r ec i se l y the same as those occu rr i ng between the 1 00 and 400 fathoms l ines . They are Turbinol ids, Eupsammids,some.
s lende r b r anch ing Ocu l in ids and S tylophorids, and‘ a l so some f r ag i le Fungids .
The g reates t n umbe r of gene r a was fo u nd between 40° and 50° F . i n tempe r at u r eand between 1 00 and 200 fathoms in depth . E leven of the 1 7 gene r a fo u n d between40° and 50° F. oc c u r between the 1 00 and 200 fathoms l i nes , wh i le 1 1 o f the 1 3
gene ra co l lected between 1 00 and 2 00 fathoms l i ve at a tempe r at u r e between 40°
and
Tempe r a t u re and depth , then ,can be co u p led . The bes t cond i t i o ns fo r a p r ofuse
develo l'
nnent ofTurb ino l id gene r a are , (1 ) a depth of 1 00—900 fathoms , and"
(2 ) a temperature of40°- 50° F .
I t sho u l d be emphas i zed that these concl u s ions app l y to the Hawai i an I s l ands ,and t hat mo r e ex tens i ve st u d ies are necessa r y befo r e the f u ndamen tal p r inc ip les o fcon t r o l o f d i st r i b u t ion by dept h and tempe r at u re can be fi rm l y es tab l i s hed .
I N F LU E N CE O F TH E C H A R ACT E R O F TH E B O T T OM ON D I S T R I BUT I ON .
At fi r s t I tho u gh t that the cha racte r of the bot tom mi g h t i nfl uence the spec ies ofco r a l s g row ing on i t. b u t a g lance down the gene r a l tab le, co n tai n i ng the names ofthe spec ies
,the stat ion n u mbe r s
,depth
,etc s hows that the same spec ies occu r s o n
so g r eat. a varietv of bot tom that i ts impo r tance as a facto r i n dete rm in ing distribut ion i s doubtf u l . ex cept the wate r p robab ly m u s t be c lea r and the co r a l s mu s t h aveo bjects to wh i c h ther can at tach themse l ves .
A DD I T I ON A L F ACT O R S GO V E RN I NG TH E D I S TR I B U T I ON OF M AD R E P O R A R I A .
Dana says : “ The r ange of tempe r at u re 85° to 74° gi ves s u ffic ien t heat for thedeve lopmen t of the g reate r pa r t of co r a l - reef spec ies ; and yet the tempe r a t u r e at the1 00 - foo t p l ane in the m i dd le Pac ifi c i s mos t ly above The ch ief ca u se of l im i tat i o nin depth i s the d im in i shed l ig h t
,i s po inted out by P rof . T. F u c h s . ”
P ress u re and d im i n i s hed l igh t are both co r re l at i ve w i th depth . Both facto r sneed f u r the r i nvest igat i on . Anoth e r facto r t ha t needs s t u dy is the food s u pp l y ;and p r obabl y the oxygen conten t of the wate r . Some of the fac to r s to wh i chcons i de r ab le attent ion has been pa i d are not cons ide r ed he r e
,s u ch as pos i t ion w ith
refe r ence to the l i nes of the b r eake r s,r e l at ions to the fa l l and r ise of the t i des
,etc.
As yet compa r at i ve l y few facts hea r i ng u pon the f u n damen ta l p r i n c i p les w h ic hdete rm ine the d ist r i b u t ion of co ra l s have been co l lected . Most au t ho r s have conten ted themse l ves w i th merelv ment ion ing the stat ion and depth at w h i c h a givenfo rm was p roc u red ; thev u s u a l l y have not u t i l i zed even t hese data in at tempts tod i sco v e r a u v underlvi ng p r i nc i p les . We need m u c h mo re i nfo rmat ion and mo r e
Co ra l s. and (‘
o ra l I s lands,3d ed.
,p . 1 1 8 .
BULLETI N 59, UN ITED S TATE S NAT IONAL M U SEUM .
tab u l at i ons of the phys i ca l s u r r o u nd ings u nde r wh i ch the fo rms , f rom i nd i v id u a l s togene r a , have l i ved ; and a w ide r ange of phenomena sho u l d be made the s u bject ofexpe r imenta l phys io logi ca l i nves t igat i on .
The u nde r s tand i ng of the r e l at ions of o rgan i sms to the i r physi ca l en v i r o nmenti s of the u tmos t impo r tance to the pa leon to logi st , fo r i t i s by the app l i cat ion of s u chknow ledge t ha t he i s. ab le to reconst r u ct the cond i t ions u nde r w h i ch o r gan i sms nowext i nc t once l i ved .
F AUN A L A F F I N I T I E S O F TH E H AW A I I AN M A D R E P O R A R I A .
An exam inat ion of the l as t co l umn,
“ D i s t r i b u t i o n o u ts i de Hawa i ian I s l ands,or
affin i t ies,
”of the tab le on pages 1 1 to w i l l show th at n ume ro u s spec ies and va r iet ies
of the co r a l s found in the Hawai i an I s l ands are fo u nd e l sewhe r e or have c l ose r e l at ions i n othe r a reas . Th i s rema r k i s t r u e of the reef fa u na (1 — 25 fat homs) , thedeep - wate r fa u na (1 00—400 fathoms) , and the one occ u py ing the inte rmed iate depth .
S u ffic ien t ca ref u l desc r i pt i ve wo r k has not as yet been done on the d iffe rent a reas ofthe Pac i fic to wa r ran t deta i led compa r i sons w i th othe r a reas “
; besides , the p r oblemof defin ing spec ific l im i ts i s in an u nsat isfacto r y cond i t ion .
Comp arison wi t/z, tire Pa -
nam ie fauna — On ly two spec ies f r om the Hawai i anI s l ands are act u al l y i den t i fied w i th spec ies f rom the west coast of Ame r i ca
,name l y :
D esmop izyl lmn. criséagal l'é M i l ne Edwa r d and H aime , wh i ch i s a deep - wate r fo rm of
u n i ve r sa l occ u r r ence, and S tep/zanam'
a stel lata Ve r r i l l , wh ic h Q u e l c h repo r ts f romthe F i j i I s l ands . The spec i fic r esemb lance between the faunas of the two a r easi s not c l ose .
Howeve r , they have the fo l low ing r eef gene r a i n common[ bci l lop ora S tep /tanaria Mon tip ora
F angia D endrop /tyl l /fa
H oroua
Several (shal low- wate r spec ies of Paracyat/zax have been desc r i bed by Ve r r i l l
f rom the Pac i fic coast Carpal-
v/ryl l ia and Endopac/tys are fo u nd in deepe r wate r .S ome of the Hawa i ian and the Panam i c 1 ’
0 0 /7 10p 0 7'68 are r at he r c l ose
,the l atte r
s u ggest ing the l z’ga lata g ro u p .
Fwnq éa p atel la andF. elegans be long to the same sect ion of F imgi a .
The P avo'naa are c l ose.
One spec ies of S tep/ianan'
a, i s cons i de red common to the two a reas .The D endrop /tyl l éee are ve r y c lose.
The i l lon tip orec are d i ffe ren t .The Porites are d i ffe rent .The Panam i c fa u na i s ve r y c lose to , or the same as , the Galapagos fa u na, and i s
as c l osely re l ated to the S o u th Pac i fic fa u na as to the Hawai ian . The re i s no th ingto s u ggest fa u na l m i g r at ion between the Hawa i ian and Panam i c r eg ions .
Comp arison writ/t Me Sou l/2. P ac ific and Indian Ocean fau na s— The r es u l ts ofthe compa r i son i s immediatelv to show affin i ty . A n umbe r of the spec ies are conr
mon th ro u gho u t the a rea , and othe r s have c lose re l at i ves occ u py ing the d i ffe ren ta reas . One of the mos t st r i k ing th ings abo u t the Hawa i i an fa u na i s the ent i reabsence of d i s t inct i ve gene r a . Except i ng An t/zem ip/zyl l ia , and verv doubtful lv
48 REGE NT MADRE PORAR I A O F TH E HAW’ A I I A N I S LANDS A ND LAYSAN .
the r e is not a gen u s that difi'erentiates i t f r om the fa u nas of the So u thPacific - I nd ian Ocean r egion . I n fact , as has been sai d , the r e has been on ly pa r t i a lspec i fi c ditferen t iat ion between the. two a reas . The Hawai ian fa u na , t he r efo re,sho u l d be c lassed w i th the So u the r n Pac ific - Ind i an Ocean fa u na , and it p robab l y wasde r i v ed f rom the. l atte r at a conlpara.t i\ -
'
ely i'
ecent date.
The Hawa i ian reef fa u na ex h i b i ts a pec u l i a r i ty wo r thy of f u r the r not i ce, i n theabsence of some of the common r eef - b u i ld i ng gene r a of othe r a reas . The re are nospec ies of the Oc u l i n i dae . E usmi l iidze, or the Astrangi idze ; the re are ve r y few O r b icol l idae , none of the la rge, mass i v e, met-mdrinoid Fav i idte nor of the Mussidze . The
gen u s Acrop ora i s , poss i b ly , b u t not p robab l y , ex cept ing A . ec/a'
nata , ent i re l y absen t .Dana "
noted the absence o r sca r c i ty of these' co r a l s about the I s la nds , an d acco u n tsfor i t by the i r l y i ng o u ts i de the to r r i d zone of ocean i c tempe r at u r e, in the subto r r i d ,whe r e the co r a l s are consr-xluently less l u x u r i an t andm u ch fewe r i n spec ies . Dana’sexp lanat ionmay be co r rect , b u t i t does not seem to be s u ppo r ted by s u ffi c ien t ev i denceto wa r r an t i ts acceptance . The refo re, I sho u l d l i ke to s u ggest an a l te rnat i ve expla
nat ion . As is'
we l l known,the spec ies i nhab i t i ng the wate r s of the Be rm u da I s l and s
are a l l iden tica l w i th An t i l lean and F l o r i d i an spec ies . No spec ies of Acropora,
howeve r,i s fo u nd i n Be rm u da . The Be rm u dan i s an em i g r ant fa u na
,and I have
s u ggested that the same i s t r u e of the Hawai i an . I s i t not poss i b le th at the l a r vaeof some spec ies and some gene r a can not be t r anspo r ted a l ive for g r eat d i s tances byc u r rents
,wh i l e o the r s can be ?
S Y S TE M A T I C D I S CU S S I ON O F TH E F AUN A .
M A D R E P O R A R IA IM P E R F O R ATA .
Fam i l y FLABELLI DrE Bo u r ne.
1 900 . Flahcl linrc GREGO RY , J u rass ic Cor. ofth e C u tch , p . 34.
F labell'idaz BOURNE , Roy. Soc . Rept. on Pear l Ovster F i sher ies,I V
,p
. 1 95.
Type-
genus. fi t abel lam Lesson .
D iagn osis .- (Joral lum w i th impe r fo r a te t i ssues , snnp le or r ep rod u c i ng by gemma
t ion w i th in the c u p , c u ne i fo rm or con i ca l,originallv w i th a sma l l base , w h i ch i s
attached in the ea r l y g rowth stages,b u t w h i ch s u bseq u ent l y may be b r oken off.
Wa l l composed o f an ep i theca that i s c l ose l y app l ied to the ou te r ends of the sep taand extends u pwa r d to the edge of the ca l i ce. Wi th i n th i s ep i theca l wa l l t he r e maybe a so l i d depos i t of ste reop lasm
,wh i ch in some instances ob l i te r ates the in te r septa l
loc u l i in the basa l po r t ion of the co ra l l um .
S epta l ma r g ins ent i r e.
Remark s —t is fam i l y con ta ins D uncan/5a Pourtalé s
,I f ap lo
p ityZ/c'
a Pou i 'tales,and Gardin efl a
, wh i ch i s he re desc r i bed as a new gen u s . Acco r ding to Bo u r ne P lacotroc/i as be longs he re .
avCora ls and Cora l I s land,3d cd.
,p,1 1 1 .
bConsidcred a svnonvm of .I"labcl lum bv i ardiner Mar ine In v est . in So u th A fr ica, I I , p . 1 1 7 .
BULLET IN 59,U N I TED S TATES NAT IONAL M U S EUM .
G e n u s F L A B E L L U M L e s s o n .
F L AB E L LUM PAV O N I N UM Le s son .
P late I , figs . 1,l a
,2,2 a
,20
,3 , 3a ; P late I I , figs . 1 , l a ,
2,2a,
2 b, 3 , 3a , 4, 4a ,5, 5a ; I
’late I l l ,figs . 1 , 2 , 3 , 4, 4a ,
1 83 1 . F labrl lu'm pcwon in-
um LES SON,I l l u s t . Zoo l .
,p l . x i v .
1 846 . E up hyl l'ia p amoni na DA NA , Z ooph . W i l kes li xp l . l‘ixped.
,p . 1 59
,p l . figs . 5, 6 .
1 848 . F labellum. panama-
um M I LNE E DWA RDS and H am s , Ann . Sci . Nat,S ieme ser.
,Zoo l .
,I X
,
p . 260.
1 848 . I"!ahe[lum distinch un M I LNE E DWA RDS and H am s,Ann . Sci . Nat , 3 ieme sen
,Zoo l .
,I X ,
p . 262 .
1 857 . I’label lw n pavon inum M I LN E E DWA RDS and H am s,H i st . Nat . Coral l .
,I I , p . 80 .
1 857 . F label lum disl inctum M ILNE E DWA RDS and H A IME , H i st . Nat . Coral l . , I I , p . 80 .
1 873 . F lrzbel lum distifrwtum. DUNCA N,Tran s . Zoo l . Soc. London , V I I I , p . 32 2 , p l . x xx i x , figs . 1 — 1 3 .
1 878 . F label lmn. [a lum STUD ER,Monatsber. A kad . Wi ssenschaft . , Ber l in for 1 87 7 , p . 630 , p l . 1
,
figs . 3a , 3b.
1 88 1 . F labcl I/um pawns MossLi-zv ,Deep Sea Coral s , Cha l lenger Repts .
, p . 1 72 , p l . v i , figs . 4, 4a,5,5a .
1 88 1 . Flabel lum aust'rale Moss LEY,Deep Sea Corals, _
Chal lenger Rep ts .,p . 1 73
, p l . vn ,figs . 4,
4a,5,5a ,
1 894. F label l ina parr’
pavon inum Arcocx ,Jo u r . A s . Soc. Benga l , LX I I I , p . 1 87 .
1 898 . F label lum p aro’
p avon ihum A LCOCK , I n v est igator ” Deep Sea Madrepor.,p . 2 1
,p l . I I , figs . 3 ,
3a ,
1 902 . F labellum dist inction A LCOCK , Deep Sea Madrepon , S iboga E xped ,p . 30 .
1 902 . F label lxrun larnel lulosrm A LCOCK , Deep Sea Madrepor. , S iboga Exped ,p 30, p l . I V , figs .
28,28a
,
1 902 . F lubellusm austm le A LCOCK , Deep Sea Madrepor., S ilmga Exped ,
p . 30.
1 902 . F label lum lat-um A LCOCK,Deep Sea Madrepor.
,S iboga E xped ,
p . 3 1 .
1 902 . Flabcllum pawon inmn GA RD I NER , Mar ine I n v est . in So u th A f r ica,I I
,pp . 1 2 3
,1 24
,p l . n
figs . 1 8— 2 1 (wi th Synonymy ) .
1 904. F label lwn chuu'fi v . MAR ENZ E LLEB,S te inkora l len ,
V a ld i v ia E xped ,p . 2 74, p l , xvm ,
figs .
l 4, 1 4a ,1 4b.
The spec ies desc r i bed by von Marenz el ler u nde r the name of F . maymjficmn
i s c l ose to F. paron iawn,b u t i s m u c h l a r ge r . He i ght
,65 mm. ; g reat-er d iamete r
,93
mm . ; lesse r , 47 . The p r opo r t ions,howeve r , are q u i te s im i l a r to those of typ i ca l
pam n in um . The n umbe r of septa (2 1 2 ) i s , fo r the s i ze, p r opo r t ionate l y less than inF p ct
/
vort'i nw
D escrip tion .
— Co r a l lum cune i fo rm,base comp ressed
,r i s i ng above a medial lv
s i t u ated , r a the r s lende r , ped i ce l . La r ge ind i v i d u a l s atta i n a hei gh t of 50 to 60 mm.
Faces convex , p l ane o r concave, the i r ang le of d i ve r gence f rom 30° to Late ra ledges ac u te and c rested , ac u te b u t not c rested , or obt u se l y ro u nded , the angle ofd i ve rgence f r om 70° to 2 00° ormo re. Costze '
ariable in deve lopment , absen t , s u bobso lete.
o r mode r ate l y deve loped . Ma rg i ns of the ca l i co r o u nded,ne v e r sca l loped
,i nc i sed , or
lobed ; they maya r ch beyond the c u r ve of a hal f c i r c le ormay be dep ressed be low s u cha c u r ve. Sep ta between 5 and 7 cyc l es
,w i th f rom 24 to a l i tt le mo re than 50 p r i nc i
pa l s ; the u s u a l a r r angemen t i s for eve r y fo u r t h or eve r y e igh th sept um to r eac h theco l ume l l a
,w i th i nte rmed iate length s acco r d i ng to the cyc le . The u ppe r po r t ions
of the septa l ma rg i ns may r each the leve l of the u ppe r edge of the wal l , b u t they do" S teinko ra l len
,V a ld i v ia Exped.
,p . 2 76 , p l . xvu ,
figs . 1 3 , l 3a .
3230 1 — 07— 4
50 RECE NT MADRE P ORAR I A OF TH E H AWA I I A N I S L A NDS AN D LAY SAN .
not.p r ot r u de beyond it and often are pe r i phe ra l l y excavated . The i n te r septa l l oc u l i
l -I'
O u s u a l l y open to the bas e of the co r a l l um ,and appa rent ly are neve r g reat l y fi l led
w i th ste reop l asm . Co l ume l la trabec u l a r , va r i ab le in deve l opment .D isc/fl)Mirna— A lmost wo r l d - w ide ; easte r n At l an t i c Ocean , So u t h A f r i ca , the
Ind ian O cean,Eas t Indies , the weste r n and cent r a l Pac i fic Ocean gene r a l l y .
Th i s spec ies was fi r s t f rom spec imens b ro u gh t to Lesson , p res umab l yco l lected aro u nd the Hawa i ian I s l ands . S i nce then i t h as been fo u nd i n many seasand repo r ted u nde r i ts o r ig i na l name or some one of i ts n ume r o u s synonyms , b u t noexped i t ion had aga i n fo u nd i t in the v i c i n i ty of the type l oca l i ty . The A lbatross
ex ped i t ion of 1 002 obta i ned 1 1 4“ spec imens , d i v i s i b le i nto fo u r va r iet ies . As thesespec imens are ve r y inte r es ti ng they have been ca ref u l ly s t u d ied , and the r es u l t sobta i ned are s u bseq u ent ly p r esen ted . My own data are s u pp lemen ted by thosepub l i shed by D u ncan“
and by Ga r d i ne r ?G ray “d i sc u ssed the synonymy of th i s spec ies and p l aced in i t s i x teen of th e
fo rms recogn i zed as d is t i nct by M i l li e Edwa r ds and Haime.
Ga r d i ne r p l aced i n the synonymy of F.luazfiomnw a , F (Iistiozctm/t M i lne E dwa r d s
and I -Iaime, F . p ate
-
as and c astrate of 1\ "Ioseley,and F. p aripw on {mm
-
z. A l cock . I
have added F . [M um S tudcr, and F . [curml lvzjosum ,desc r i bed by A l cock in h i s l ast
pape r,andF. (fur von Marenz e ller. Th i s p roced u re refe r s seven spec i fic names to
the sy'nonymy of 1 7. p aeowi'l zma . Duncan ‘d u n i ted F label lum artensmn (M i c he l in )
w i th F. distin cwm,b u t the ev idence fo r th i s conc l u s i on does not seem to me suffi
c ien t,a l t ho u gh D u n can may be correct . I t does not appea r u n l i ke l y t hat seve r al
of the so u the r n Europ i an Te r t ia r y spec ies of'
I'I
la-bel lum may,u pon c lose r s t u dy
,
p rove to be connected w i t h F. prt-
vonolnxmi t th ro u gh the va r ieta l fo rm F. dz'
sténctmn .
A nothe r g ro u p of spec ies c lose l y to F. p awm z’
mzm i s those desc r i bed byPh i l i pp i f r om the
f
l‘
ei'
tiary fo rmat io ns of Ch i le,name l y
,Li t/comyces afgual z
i
s and
costume.
" The fo rme r espec ia l l y seems nea r F . p rmm z
’
n u-
za . P h i l i pp i ’s gen u s Li t/iomyces i s a p rec i se synonym of 1 ’7450 l lmn .
The cha r acte r s by wh i ch the va r io u s co r a l s he re u n i ted u nde r the spec i fic name
F . pmmm’
mm z, we re sepa rated are p resented in the fo l low i ng synops i s . The o r ig ina ldes c r i pt ions of al l these fo rms are sul
'
isequent ly g i ven i n d i scuss ing the va r iet ies .
S YNOPS IS O I" TI I E D IFFERENTIA L CH A RACTERS O F TH E (‘
ORA LS UN ITED W ITH F . PAVON I NUM .
Cal led in the p resen t paperA ng le of la teral edges W i th each othe r mo re than 1 80°
7 e v el es ofsepta ,48 pr inc ipal s
,he igh t 39 mm .
,lengt h of ca l i ce
47 mm . lmnc/Inlosum A lcock var. lwmcuu loswn A l cock .Ang l e of latera l edges w i th each other abo u t(5 cyc les ofsepta, 48 pr inc ipa ls . I". pa irou imun Lesson typ i ca l .
0 Trans . Zoo l . Soc . London,V I I I
,1 8 73
,p
. 322 .
bMarine I n ves t . in So u th A f r i ca,I I
, 1 902 , p .C Proc. Zool . Soc . Lomlon ,
1 849,pp . 75
, 76 .
dTrans . Zool . Soc . London,V I I I
,1 873
,p
. 1 2 3 .
eTeri . und Q uar t . Verste in . Ch i les , 1 887 , p . 2 35, p l . L I V , figs . 1 - 4.
BULLETI N 59, UN ITED S TATES NATI ON A L M U S EUM .
(‘
al led in th e present paperA ng le of lateral edges w i th each o ther less thanH e igh t ofcoral luin less than th e length of the ca l ice.
Latera l edges ro u nd , not crested , may be obsc u re ly kee lednear the pedice l .
\ ng le 6 cyc les of septa ,24 pr inc ipa l s
,he igh t 30
mm .,greater d iameter of ca l ice 56 mm . [a lum
S t uder var. [a l um S t u d-er.
a teral edges ac u te , at leas t near th e ped ice l , often cres ted .
A ng le 1 00° 6 comp lete cyc les ofsepta , some mem
bers of the se ven th , 24 to 38 pr inc ipa l s , heigh t 43mm .
,length ofca l ice 55 mm . F . patent s Moseley
A ng le abo u t 90° not m u ch larger t han a r igh t ang le6 cyc les of septa ,
24 pr inc ipa ls . F . dis l inctum M i l ne Comb i ned u nder var. distincl um
Edwards and B aime M i l ne Edwards and Haime.
A ng le .
70° 6 cyc les of septa comp lete, or near lyso
,48 pr inc i pals, heigh t 57 mm .
,greater diameter
65 mm . Septa l marg ins exca v ated at the wa l l .F. untstralc Mose ley
H eigh t ofcora l l 1nn ’
e<;p1 als or ex ceeds th e length of the ca l ice.
Lateral edges sharp .Ang le 6 cyc les of septa,
24 pr inc ipal s , heigh t 39mm . ,length of cal ice. mm . F. puriparon
'imun
A lcock - var. paripuvon imwn A l cock .
A s t u dy of the l i te r at u re and the spec imens s u bm i tted to me leads me to th inkthat t h i s p rotean spec ies can best be hand led by r ecogn i z i ng five va r ieta l fo rms , '
ars .
lanwl l ulosum Al cock, pe rm
-
l i qmm typ i cal,va r . Zatmu. S t u de r , va r . disti-nctum M i l ne
Edwa r ds and H aime (+F . patens h-
‘
l oseley F (cu-straw Mose ley ) , and va r .A l cock . I n the p r eced ing synops is the hei gh t of the co r a l l u m
and the length of the ca l i ce are gi ven me re l y to s how the r e l at i ve meas u remen ts .F. lat'um may have a w ide r basa l ang le and mo r e n ume ro u s p r i nc i pa l septa ; the basalang le of F. pari/immowi nwn i s va r i ab le , and t he r e may be as manv as 50 p r inc i pa lsepta .
F LAB E L LUM PAV O N I N UM v ar. LAM E LLULO S UM A l cock .P late I
,figs. 1
,
1 902 . Flabel lum lumcl l'ulosum A t cocx , Deep S ea Madrepor. , S i boga Exped. , p . 30 , pl . i v , figs . 28
28a,
0 7' descrip tion .
— A l cock ’s des c r i pt ion i s as fo l lows :Coral l um snow- wh i te
,of GXCOSS lvel ) ’ th in and t rans l u cen t tex t u re
,shaped l ike a widely- stretched
fan ,i ts c i rc um ference being eq ua l to abo u t. 2 85° of a c i rc le. There i s a s lende r shor t ped ic le , and the
latera l costee , wh i ch arch o u tward and downward , are sharp and fi ne ly and i r reg u lar ly jag ged . The
two faces ofth e coral l um are s l igh t l y conca v e and moderatel y e verted , are t rans versed by fain t rad iat ingcostee, and are v ery fai n t ly marked w i th fine wa vy t rans v erse accret ion l i nes . The sep ta , wh i ch arev ery th in ,
are in the un iq ue Spec imen 336 in n u mber . For ty- eigh t large ones ofeq ua l s i ze d i v ide the
ca l ic le in to 48 compartments,each of w h i ch conta ins 7 Smal ler septa of dim in ish ing s i ze. Of these
7 septa , the largest one (fi fth cy c le ) does not descend q u i te to the le vel of the co l umel la,the two
0 Meas u red in fig u res .
52 R EGENT MADR E I’OR AR I A o r TH E H AW A I IA N I S LAN DS AN D LAYS AN
nex t largest (s ix th cyc le ) do no t descend qu i te ha l f way down the cal icu lar wal l , and the four smal lest
(inc
omp lete se ven th cy c le ) are v ery sh o rt . The surfaces o f th e sep ta are fi ne l y,sharp l y , and some
wha t Sparse ly granu lar , and the i r edges as they descend in the cal ic le become smuous, espec ia l ly i nthe ease o f the larger septa. The col umel la ,
wh ic h is deep - seated and nar row , is fo rmed by sma l ltrabeculfe f rom th e 48 la rge septa o f the fi rst four cyc les .
Grea test he igh t o f cora l lum ,39 mm ; max imum d iameter , 47 mm .
Th is Spec ies is, e v iden t l y, nea r ly re lated to I ". pacerrinum,but. the cora l lum fo rms an arch ofmore
than th ree - quarters o f a c i rc le and the septa are near ly tw ice as numerous .
l ocal i ty— 5° 2 82 4 S . , 1 32
0 PL,204 m ete r s , 1 spec i m e n .
A co m pa r i son ofA l cock’s desc r i p t ion w i th t he tabl e for typ i ca l F . p aw n/inum w il l
show that the characte r s by wh i ch lamel l ulosum can be separa ted f ro m pavom'
snum. typi ca l a r e r educed to one
,the basa l angl e exceed i ng Spec i m e n No. 9 of that tab le
has 32 6 septa, w i th 48 p r i n c i pa l s ; spec i m e n No . 8 , w h i ch i s of n ea r ly th e sa m e size asA l coc k’s type , has 2 60 septa . So m e spec i m e ns show a te nden cyfor t h e basa l angl e ‘
to exceed The r e fo r e I be l i e ve the F . lmnel loswn shou l d be i nc l uded in F p aw
71 inum and cons ide r ed the ext r e m e of i ts va r i at ion in one d i r ection . No speci m e n ofth i s va r i ety was fou nd bv the [ Mea l /foss on th e Hawai i an expedi tion .
F L A B E L LUM PAV ON I N UM (typ ical ) .P late 1
,figs . 2 ,
2a.,2 b
,3 , 3e .
1 831 . I f’
label lum pacon'inum LE SSON
,I l lustr. Z oo l . , p l . xn .
1 846 . E uphyl/ia pm'on inu. DANA
,Z ooph . W'i lkes E xp l . Exped , p . 1 59, pl . VI , figs. 5, 6 .
1 857 . F labellum pavon'iaum M ILNE E DWARDS an d H A IME,H ist. Nat. Coral l . , I I , p . 80.
D esc— I n 1 857 M i lne Edwa r ds and B a i m e desc r ibed t h is species as
fol lows :Coral lum flabel l i fo rm
,compressed ch iefly toward the base ; faces subconca ve ; lateral crests l i t t le
pronounced , a lmost ho r i z ontal , the ob tuse angle that they fo rm bei ngalmost Costae s l igh t lyd ist i nc t . Cal ico strongly con vex from one summ i t o f the longer ax is to th e other , these summ i tsangu lar ; the cur v ed l i ne o f its margi n c i rcumscr ibes a segment of a c i rc le larger t han a sem ic i rc le.
The septa o f the last cyc le a lmost rud imen tary ; t hose o f the fi rst four cyc les apparen t ly equa l , gi v ingt he appearance o f 4S systems w i th th ree septa each . The pr i ncipa l septa ha v e thei r i n ner v er t i calmargi ns st rongly undu lated .
Th i s cha r acte r i zat ion i s good . The fol low i ng tab l es w i l l b r ing out oth e r cha racters and a l so show va r i at ion . One. c ha r acte r that needs spec ia l e m ph as i s
,besides
th e basa l angl e of the l ate r a l edges , i s t hat the gr eate r d i a m e te r of th e ca l i ce e xceedsi n length the he igh t of the corral lum. The ave r age ditl
'
erence for 1 8 speci m e n s ism m .
54 R ECENT MA DR E I’ORA R'
IA OF TH E H AWA I I A N I S LA NDS AN D LAY S AN .
ca l i ce.The i ns ide of the wa l l and the septa a r e usua l ly wh i te , bu t in spec i m e n s Nos .
ti and 9 the r e i s cons i d e r abl e pu r p l is h r ed on th e wa l l and the pe r ip he r a l po r t ions oft h e septa.
The r e a r e two spec i m ens f ro m s tat ion No. 3856 not i nc l uded i n t h e p r eced i ngtab l e . One of th ese is notewo r thy in hav i ng an angle of d i ve rgence of th e late r a ledges of th e s i des a r e asy m m et r i ca l ; on one s ide 700 i s t he. angl e w i t h th e ve rt i ca l ax i s
,on th e othe r p r act i ca l l y i n t he sa m e spec i m e n t he angl es of
p avonmum typ i ca l w i t h t hose of VtTh r ee spec i m e ns that co nnec t p a'nooz 'z
'
mam typ i ca l w i th va r . di stinctmn on one
hand and wi th va r . on t he othe r a r e cons ide r ed i n t h e fol low i ngtab l e .
TA BLE I I .
Heigh t ,d 8 h ortermeasure
(J rcater Lesser NumberS pec imen S tation a long s ide . Angle of d iameter d iameter dl aéneter N
f
umbt
erof pr inc inumber. number . p . b .
= l aces. a ove o sep a .ped ice l o i ca l ice . ofca l ice. I longer. pa l septa .
brok en .
”I I I-7M.
a Figured .Spec i m ens Nos . 2 2 and 2 3 difi'
er so l i t t l e f ro m t hose of Tab l e I t hat t hey cou l dw i th p rop r i ety be p l aced w i th -
n’a'
7 l - rm ), typ i ca l . The late r a l edges of No . 2 2 a r es l ight ly c r ested . and it i s p r ec i se l y i n te r m ed i ate between ty p i ca l p cwomfnum an dva r . di stin cmm . Speci m en No . 2 3 i s d ec i ded ly co m p r essed . The late r a l edges , howeve r , a r e. not c r ested ors ha r p kee l ed , bu t obtuse l y rou nded . I t i s i n te r m ediate betweenthe typ i ca l fo r m of t h e spec i es and spec i m e n No . 241 ,
wh i ch con nec ts w i t h vainp arz'
p a
vom'
nmn , r ep r esen ted by Tab l e V ,p . (30 . The basa l a ngl e of t h e late r a l edges is
beco m i ngs m a l le r , and spec i m e n No . 2 1 has th e a r ch of th e uppe r m a rgi n of t h e ca l icem o r e p rodu ced than in typ i cal p r esen t i ng th e esse n tia l cha r acte r s of va r .p am
’
paron én um . O the r va r iat ions and i nte rg r adat ion in the c ha r acte r of th e septalm a rgi ns a r e s hown . In spec i m e n No . 2 3 th e septa l a r ch i s beco m i ng l ess p ronou ncedthan i n th e spec i m en s i n c l uded in Tab l e I
,the uppe r and ou te r na r row po r t ions of
the m argi n s of t he p r i n c i pa l septa fo r m i ng a w i d e r zone . I n spec i m e n N 24 t h esepta l a r ch i s st i l l m o r e. supp r essed , t h e septa tend i ng to s lope i n a n al m ost s t r aigh tl i n e f ro m th e lowe r l i m i t of th e zone of n a r r ow sep ta l ends to t h e bou nda r y of t h eax ia l fossa . The a r ch d i m in i shes f ro m the. e nds of t h e sho r te r towa r d the p lan e ofth e l a rge r ax is of t he ca l i ce .
L0 0al a'
fz'
ea —"
l‘
hose f ro m w h i c h p r ev ious l y r epo r ted : Sandw i ch I s l an ds (Lesson ,Dana ) : S i ngapo r e and Ch ina (M i l n e Edwa rds and Haimc) ; Cap e. of Good Hope
,50
to 1 00 fatho m s (Ga rd i ne r ) .
BULLET I N 59, U N ITED S TATES NAT IONAL NI US EUM .
A lbatross exped i t ion , 1 902 :Pai lo lo c han ne l , between Mo loka i and Mau i i s l ands , Stat ion 3856 ; depth , 1 2 7
fat ho m s ; botto m , ti ne sand , ye l low m ud ; te m pe r atu r e , ll ; 2 spec i m en s , you ng.
No r th east and no r t h coas t ofMau i Is l and , Sta t ion 4079 ; depth , 1 1 3— 1 78 fat ho m s ;bot-tom
, gr ay sand , foraminit’
era : te m pe r atu r e , F 1 spec i m en . Stat ion 1 080 ;depth
,1 78— 2 02 fatho m s ; bo tto m , gray sand , foramin it
‘
era : te m pe ra tu r e , F. ;
8 spec i m e ns . S tat ion 408 1 ; depth , 20 2— 2 20 fa tho m s : bot to m , gr ay sand , fo r am in ifera ; te m pe r atu r e , F . ; 5 speci m e ns .
V icin itv ofKaua i I s land,Stat ion 41 39; depth , 257— 3 1 2 ; botto m , fine gr ay sand ,
m ud ; te m pe r atu r e , F j 4 spec i m e n s .No stat ion n u m be r : 2 spec i m e ns .Bes ides the above l i sted spec i m e ns t he r e a r e two b roken and subsequen tly
mended ; t hese a r e abno r m al . O f the 1 8 spec i m e ns , conce r n i ng wh i c h the dataon t he su r round i ng phys i ca l cond i t ions a r e exp l i c i t , 1 3 we r e obta i ned between 1 78and 2 20 fatho m s , on a gr ay sandy tloramin iferal bo tto m , at a te m pe r atu r e between50° and (50° F . ; 1 ca m e f rom deepe r wate r , 957— 3 1 2 fat ho m s , the te m pe r atu r e be i nglowe r
,F . The la rgest spec i m e n obta i ned ca m e f ro m th i s gr eatest dep th and
lowest te m pe ratu r e .F LAB E L LUM PAV ON I N UM v ar. L A TUM S tuder .
P late I I , figs . 2 , 2a ,2b.
1 878 . F labrl lam [atam STUDE R,Monatsber. A ka/i . “assenschaft . Ber l i n
,fo r 1 877 , p . 630, pl . I ,
figs . 3a ,
1 902 . [al um A LCOCK ,Deep Sea Madrepor. , S iboga Expert , p . 3 1 .
Origin al descrip tion .
— S tuder’
s desc r i pt ion , pub l i s hed i n 1 878 , i s as fo l lows :Coral lu in st rongl y compressed , very w ide and nar row
,w i t h a th i n
,cy l i nd r ica l ped i ce l wh ich
p robab ly was attached , b roken be low. The wa l l is smooth , w i th on l y concent r ic l i nes o f grow th , thelatera l angles rounded , on ly i n the lower th i rd ob tuse ly kee led . The cal icu lar margi n st ronglycon v ex , the d ifference be tween the p lanes o f the two axes 1 6 mm . S ix cyc les, t h ree o f wh ich are
eq ua l , t here fo re apparen t ly 24 systems . Septa smooth , sharp w i t h perpend icu lar margi ns . A l t i tude o fthe co ra l lum ,
39 mm . ; grea ter d iamete r , 56 mm . ; sma l ler,1 5 mm . ; angle o f d i vergence o f sides,
The spec i m e n on wh ich the fo l low i ng tab l e i s based i s assoc iated w i th S tuder’
s
laium . I t d i ffe r s in hav i ng m o r e w ide l y d i ve rgi ng l ate r a l edges ; i t i s not so m u chco m p r essed
,an d th e r e a r e a l m ost fou r cy c les of p r i nc i pa l septa . Th i s spec i m e n
s tands r athe r between lam-m and ty p i ca l Spec i m e n No . 2 3 of'l ‘ab l e I I
shows so m echa r acte r s of Zatw u . The va r ia t ions a r e suc h th at I do no t be l i e ve i tposs i b l e to r e ta i n 70mm as a d i st i n c t Spec i es .
TABLE I I I .
v 1
H e ig h t . Angle of Greater Lesser .\ umber races:S
figgfifi" l
n
st
i
il
ribn
e
l
i' measured latera l A
lqlil
e
'g
M d iameter d iame ter n i‘
princ ia long face . edges. ofca l ice . ofca l ice. pal septa . conca ve.
" H i t .
ca. 35 51 . 5
a Th is tab le and the preced ing were transposed a fter t h ey were prepared .
56 R ECENT MA DR-E POR AR IA O F TH E H AWA I I AN I S LAN DS AND LAYS AN .
Th i s spec i m en appea r s to be d i ffe r e n t f ro m those in Tab l e I i n t h r ee pa r ticu l a r s :
(1 )The basa l an
gl e i s l ess ; (2 ) the r e. is no basa l keel ; (3 ) th e septa an d the
,
1 ns1de of
the wa l l are pu r p l i sh r ed .On c lose r s tudy a l l of these d i ffe r en ces van i sh . The
basa l angle i s not 1 0° l ess than that in the specinn—ms w ith th e s m a l l es t angl e i n Tab l eI,and i s we l l w i th i n the l i m i ts of th e va r i at ion of the spec i es , as t he n ex t three tab l esw i l l s how .
The l ate r a l edges beco m e m o r e co m p r essed towa r d the ped i cel , th e dift'e r ence f r o m th e bases ofspec i m ens Nos . 9,
1 0, and 1 1 be i ng on l y s l igh t . The insideof the wal l and the pe r i phe r a l portitms of the septa i n spec i m en s Nos . 6 and 9 a r es i m i la r l y co lo r ed , bu t no t so da r k as i n th e spec i m e n he r e con s ide r ed . The ou tsideof t h i s spec i m en is co r roded , and that m ay have m ade the lowe r edges m o r e obtusethan they o r igi na l ly -ve re .
Lecfal i t'JeS u S ,1 72° E 45 fatho m s (S tudcr’
s type) ; 6° 8'N .,1 2 1 °
1 9’ E .
,2 75 m ete r s (A l cock ) .
A lbatross, 1 902 , Pa i lo lo Channe l , between Mo loka i and Mau i islands , S tat ion3865 ; depth ,
256— 2 83 fatho m s ; botto m , li ne vo lcan ic sand , roc k ; te m pe r at u r e , 45° F1 spec i m e n .
F LAB E L LUM PAV ON I N U IVI var. D I S TI N CTUM M i l ne E dw ards and»H aim e.
P late I I , fig. 5, 5d .
1 848 . Flabcl lmn di stimztam M i LNE EDWARDS and H A IME ,A n n . Sci . Nat , 3 ieme ser. ,
Z ool . , I X ,
p . 26 2 .
1 857 . Fla/mil i ti a distimrtmn M ILNE EDWA RDS and H A IME ,H ist . Nat . Coral l , I I , p . 80 .
1 873 .F label lum distinct-um DUNCAN , T rans. Z oo l . Soc. London V I I I , p . 322 , pl . x x xxx , figs. 1 —1 3 .
1 88 1 . fl i'lahcl lum pawns Mosemar,
Deep Sea Co rals, Cha l lenger Repts .
, p . 1 72 , p l . v i , figs. 4, 4a
5, 5a .
1 88 1 .Flabel lum. aastm le MosELEY
,Deep Sea Co ra ls, Cha l lenger Repts .
, p . 1 73, pl . V I I , figs. 4, 4a ,
5, 5a ,5b.
1 902 . F label lum distinctum A LOOCK ,Deep Sea Madrepor.
,S iboga E xped , p . 30.
1 902 . I i‘
label l um cmslm lc A LCOCK ,Deep Sea Mad repora ,
S iboga E xped , p . 30.
1 904. Flabcl l -ma chum -i VON MARENZ BLLE R,S tei nko ral len , V a ld i v ia Exped , p . 2 74, pl . XV I I I , figs.
1 4,H a
,
F iche/l am distinc tam, M i l n e Edwa r ds and Haime,1 848
Th is coral has becn con fused w i th F . p twonimun; but i ts lateral costze ,i nstead of bei ng a lmost
ho r i z on tal,are ascend ing, and thei r angle is no t much larger than a r igh t angle. The cal ice is more
compressed,and i ts mar
’gi n fo rms an are less than a sem ici rcle. On ly the fi rst t h ree cyc les of septa
are equa l , and the appearance is o f 24 systems, wi th 7 septa each .
—_M i lne- Edwards and Hai th e, 1 857 .
l f’
label l um p atents Mose l ey , 1 88 1Th e adu l t cora l lum is wedge - shaped wi th smoo t h S ides . The fo rm v ar ies v ery much
,t he lat
era l costee, wh i ch are sharp and mo re or less i nden ted , v ary i ng i n the angle wh ic h they make w i t hone ano ther be tween 1 00° and The i nc l inat ions ofthe late ra l faces to one another v ary f rom 30°to The. sur face o f the cora l lum is smoot h
,po l i shed , and of a red—b row n co lo r . The p r i ncipal
ctos are on ly j ust v is i b le. There is a d ist i nct. sho r t ped ic le . The summ i ts o f t he shor t ax is o f theca l i c le are much h ighe r than those o f the long ax is
,and the latera l margins of the ca l i c le descr ibe
e ven cur v es o f near ly ha l f a ci rc le. I n one perfect specimen there are 1 92 sep ta o f t h ree s i z es, 24be i ng comp lete and i n appearance equa l and prin
'
iary. I n anot her mo re ad u l t spec imen there are 268
septa o f four (“
l i in cnsions, but th e septa are a l i t t le i r regu lar , and at one end the co ra l lum h as e v iden t lyhad a considerab le p iece b roken away, and th is has been resto red w i th a remark ab le mai n tenan ce of
BULLET I N 59, U N ITED STATES N AT ION AL M U S EUM . 57
symmet ry i n the fo rm o f the co ra l lum and sep ta l ar rangement . I n ano t her spec imen there are 248
septa. The faces of th e septa are co vered wi th fine - poi n ted granu les . There is a deep e longate , butnarrow,
fossa we l l fi l led up at its bot tom bv co lume l lar ou tgrowth . From F label lum pa l'OILILftUN
,F la/Jel
l um pawns d i ffers i n ha v i ng its faces less smoo th than the fo rmer and i n ha v i ngmo re septa.Ext reme heigh t o f the ca l ic le of a large specimen , 43 mm l Ex treme b read th of the ca l i c le ,
55 ium . Sho r ter d iameter of the ca l ic le, 28 m in — M ose ley, 1 88 1 .
J’w
labcl l mn‘
(1 148571 710 Mose l ey , 1 88 1The adu l t coral lum is very large, dense, and hea vy. I t is i n the fo rm of a compressed wedge ,
t r iangu lar i n out l i ne . The lateral costae make w i th one ano ther an angle o f f rom 70° to The
sur faces of the faces are smoo th and gl isten i ng, o f a b rown ish co lo r , marked w i th even lv cur ved t ransverse. acc re t ion l ines, somet imes w i t h numerous verv fine costal mark i ngs al l o ver , somet imes w i thon ly a few obscure pr imary and secondary r idges near the base . There is a d ist i nc t sho r t cy l ind r ica lped ic le . The latera l costar. are sharp and rough - edged , somewhat jagged . They usua l ly cease towardthe margi n o f the ca l i c le, where the angles o f the co ra l lum are e v en ly rounded o ff . The fo rm o f themou th o f the cal i c le is ex treme ly e longate and nar row,
the rat io o f the two axes being about as 1 00 to40 . The summ i ts o f the sho r ter ax is of t he cal ic le are somewhat h igher than those of the longer ax is ,and the upper. borders o f the faces are e ven ly cur v ed , w i th smoo t h edges . The septa are wh i te
,con
tras ting i n co lor w i th th e b rown wal l o f th e ca l ic le. Thev are stout and st ra igh t , and co v ered w i t hfine- poi n ted granu les on thei r faces. A l l the sep ta are very low near the margi n of the ca l ic le , towh ic h they do no t qu i te ex tend , a nar row z one of bare ca l i cu lar margi n be ing presen t al l round themout h o f the ca l icle. I t appears therefo re as i f thei r f ree bo rders were , so to speak
,cut awayclose
to the ca l icular margi n . The cur ved free edges of the pr i nc i pa l septa bend o ver and descend near lyv er t ica l ly to boun d t he fossa , wh ich is ex tremely nar row, deep , and long. There are i n one adu l tspec imen , that figured , 48 comp lete septa sensib ly equa l to one ano t her
,and 1 44 i ncomp lete septa o f
two d i fferen t si z es— 1 92 i n al l . I n one spec imen there are 96 septa on one side and 92 on the o ther .I n ano ther
,80 on one side, and 85 on the ot her . A not her , 92 on one s ide, 94 on the other , and 28 of
t hese comp lete on each s ide. A young one has 1 7 comp lete on each side, and 82 on each side i n al l .I n a l l these specimens t he septa are o f th ree d imensions . The co lume l la l ies so deep i n the fossa as tobe a lmost i n v isib le .Th is Spec ies is we l l d isti ngu ished by i ts large si z e, i ts shape, and the pecu l iar cut t i ng away, as i t.
were, o f the septa l borders c lose to t he margi n of the ca l icle . The v ery young specimens are c loselv
l ike those of F label lum patens and F label lum slot-ps i,though the adul ts are ex treme ly d i fferen t .
F label lum distinction. M i l ne- Edwards and H aime is also i n i ts young stages Very l ike the p resen tspec ies, but d i ffers i n ha v inga w ider mouth to i ts ca l ic le . I n F label lw n. australe th is is characterist ica l ly nar row.
Ex treme heigh t of the largest spec imen , 57 mm . Ex treme b read th,65 mm . S ho r test d iameter
of th e ca l ic le , 28 mur— M ose ley, 1 88 1 .
Von Marenz el ler p roposes F . clum z
'
i for th e E disti ncti on. of Du ncan (not M i l n eEdwa r ds and H aime) , col l ected by the Porcup i ne off the sou th and west coast ofPo r tuga l .
The gr ea t va r i ab i l i ty of M i l ne Edwa r ds and Hai m e’s distinct'um was fi r s tpo i n ted out by Du ncan As the r e i s no d i ffe r ence between the spec i m ensdesc r i bed and figu r ed by Du ncan andMose l ey ’s F . pawns , Mose l ey
‘s attach i ng a newna m e to h i s spec i m e ns m ay be att r i buted to an ove r s igh t. Both Ga r d i ne r (1 902 )an d A l coc k (1 902 ) have i den t ified pawns w i th (l e
i
stzfinctimi . Ga r d i n e r . as has a l r eadybeen noted
,r e fe r s E anstm le to the synony m y ofF . p errom
'
n'
um,r e m a r k i ng t ha t i t
“ shows a cu tt i ng away of t h e septa l bo r de r s c lose to t h e m a rgi n of the ca l i c l e,a
cha r acte r not fou nd i n t he oth e r spec i m ens f ro m the sa m e dredgingx A l cock savsofF australe :
“ Th is speci es,wh i ch i s oth e r w i se no t d iffe r en t f ro m I“.
is distingu i s h ed by the den s i ty and we igh t of t he cora l l u m and by t he m o r e than
58 RECENT MADR EPORA R I A OF TH E I IAVVAI I AN I SL ANDS A ND LAY S AN .
u s u a l c u tt i ng away of the septa nea r the ca l i c u la r ma r gi n .
” The r ema r ks madeunder typ i ca l pavonm'mn s how that the excavat ion of the septa l ma r g ins nea r the
ca l i c u l ar edge i s a commo n ind i v i d u a l va r iat ion; conseq u en t l y this c r i te r ion l apses .The re i s al so va r ia t ion in the dens i ty of the co ra l l um , F. p awns and 1 7. ca strate ofMose l ey the r efo re are not on l y synonyms of F. p amm imm z
,b u t are synony m ous
w i t h the va r iety (listinch zxzn .
D u ncan’s fig u res of F. (Hate-M in n). (1 87 3) showed that i t co u l d be sepa r atedspec i fi ca l ly f rom F.
ne i the r by the ang le between the l ate r a l edge n o r bythe septa having 2 4 i ns tead of 1 8 p r i nc i pa l s , b u t he d id no t con nect the two . A l coc kev ident l y s u spected that they prohalfly sho u l d be u n i ted , j u dg i ng f r om sever a lrema r k s . (i ardiner defin i te l y u n i ted them . The spec imens obta i ned by the A lbatress , 1 902 ,
gi ve add i t iona l confirimtt ion to Gardineri
s conc l u s ion .
I th i nk , howeve r , that dist/m omma can be u sed advantageo u s l y as a va r ieta l n ameu nde r pr/xzfmt i num ,
and wo u l d dc line i t as fo l lows : Ang le of d i ve r gen ce of l ate r a ledges less t han 1 350 , the edges u s u a l l y w i th c rests ; the g r eate r d i amete r of the ca l i ceexceeds the he i gh t of the co r a l l um ,
Th ree spec imens obta i ned by the A/batross are refe r red to th i s va r iety , andf r om t hem Tab le IV has been p r epa r ed .
TABLE I ‘H
Sh orterS pec imen S tation H eigh t , A ngle Of Angl e of (greater Lesser d iameter N um ber N umbernumber number measured l atera l faces d iameter d iameter
abo v e of se taofprmcr
along side. edges. oi cal ice. ofcal ice.
louv er ppa l sep ta
c,
”
l l l’l l l mm ”
I II-71 1 .
28 1 3 . 5 1 3 1 1 8 L7 c v . ex .
3 1 1 5. 5 1 1 2 7 or 2 8
37 1 5 1 1 1 1 8 44
A v erage. 35. 3 1 4. 7 1 1 . 1 2 1 33
0 Measured exc lusi ve of th e crests. b F igured.
S pec imen No . 2 6 of th i s tab le i s nea r est to spec imen No . 2 2 ofTab le I I . No . 2 6
i s ac t u a l ly sma l le r,and bes ides t hat i t. has. u nde r gone r ej u venescen ce. The new wa l l
at one end of the ca l i ce. i s mm . w i th i n the o ld; at the. othe r end the newe r wa l lc lose r to the o l de r ; on the med ian po r t ions of the faces the g rowth is con t i n u o u s .Th i s r e j u venescence s u cceeded a ctmtraction of the ca l i ce , b r o u gh t abo u t by some
u nknown ca u se. The angl es of d i ve r gence of the l ate r a l edges an d of the faces arenot. g r eat ly di li 'erent in the two spt
-xf imens . The l ate r a l edges i n No . 26 bea r we l l
deve loped c r ests , whe reas in No . 2 2 they are weak . S pec imen No . 25 stands betweenNo . 2 17»and No . 2 7 . The l ast i s the. most comp ressed spec imen exam ined and com
pa red w i t h the ot he r spec imens i s r e lat i ve l y heavy , the basa l po r t ion appa r ent lyhav i ng been fi l l ed , part ia l l y at least
,w i t h s te r eop lasm . I n these spec imen s the
ex cavated zone a ro u nd the. u ppe r septa l ma r g ins i s absen t or on l y fa i n t l y deve loped .
Local i t¢Tes .
— Prev ious ly repo r ted f r om Japan (M i l ne Edwa r ds and Haime)Porcup ine exped i ti on (D tm can) ; 39
° 85’
N .
,9° 56
’ “fl , depth 994 fathoms , tempe r at u r e F . ; 36
° 41’
N,8° C
’ W. , depth 3 64fathtnns ,tempe r at u r e F . ; 36
0 29'
BULLET I N 59, UN I TED STATES NAT IONAL M US EUM .
N .
,7° 1 6
’ depth 301 fathoms , tempe rat u r e F . : C’
lirz l lewym E x ped i t ion(Mose ley ) ; otl' Ki I s lands , 1 29 fath oms p a lm s Mose ley ) ; off Two l’o ld Bay . New
So u th Wa les , 1 20 fathoms (F. (”mim ic Mose ley ) : 8 17/0c Ex ped i t ion (A l cock ) : 7 “ 1 5’
S .,1 1 5° E .
,2 89 mete r s , 2 spec imens ; and 2 834 S .
,1 3 2° 2 04mete r s
,
1 spec imen (as F. (matrfl le) .
Al batross, 1 902
V i ci n i ty of Ka u a i I s land,S tat ion 3999 ; depth T— H R fathoms ; bo t tom , co r a l sand ,
she l l s ; 1 spec imen .
Pa i l o lo channe l,between Ma u i and Mo loka i i s l ands
,S tat ion 41 0 1 ; depth 1 2 2— 1 1 3
fat homs : bot tom ,co ra l sand , she l l s , fo r am i n i fe ra : 2 spec imens .
F LAB E LLUM P AV O N I N UM v ar. P AR I P AV O N I N UM A l co ck .P late I I I , figs . 1 2
,3 ,4,4a
,
1 894. Fla l iel lunt pur'ipu ron inum Aw ocx
,J o u r . A s . Soc. Benga l
,LX I I I
,p . 1 87 .
1 898 . F label luut p eripamom'
n um A LCOCK , I n v es t igator Deep Sea Madrepon ,p . 2 1
,p l . 1 1
,figs .
3, 3a ,
at .
D escrip t ion .
— Acco r d ing to A l cockCora l l um compressed , fan shaped , w i th a sessi le scar ofat tachmen t
,but no pedic le
,and w i th the
two faces somewhat conca ve. The latera l costz'c are sharp , but not sa l ien t ; they meet th e basa l searat an ang le of abo u t the ot her costze are merely s in u o u s st r iat ion s. The marg in of the ca l ic le i sa lmost en t i re, and forms a segmen t ofa c i rc le ofabo u t so that when the coral l um is he ld s t raigh tin fron t ofthe eyes, w i th the major ax i s end on
,and w i tho u t an y inc l inat ion , the co l ume l la
,s u c h as i t
i s,is p lain ly v i s ib le abo ve. t hat p lane of the ca l ic u lar marg in . The septa are in s ix cyc les . the lastcyc le not q u i te comp lete ; they are al l ex tremely th in ,
and ha ve the f ree edges sharp and st raigh t(not s in u o u s ) and the gran u lar striaz of the s u r face i ncon sp ic uo u s Those of the fi rs t t h ree cyc les area lmost eq ual and meet together at the bot tom of the cal ic le to form a sort of co l umel la by thei rs l igh t ly th i ckened ends . Those of the fo u r th cy c le are not so very m u ch smal ler than t he i r p redecessors , but. do not meet. t hem . Those ofthe las t two are sma l l .H e igh t ofcoral l um , 39mnr ; major ax i s of ca l ic u lar o r ifice, 3 : .5; m ino r ax i s , ow ing to th e e vers ion
of the rim of the ca l ic le , mm .
— A l cock , 1 898 .
The angle of d i vergence of the l a te ra l edges,meas u r ed in the figu re
,i s abo u t
1 1 00 ; p lane of sho r te r d iamete r of ca l i ce abo v e t hat of the longe r , 29 mm . ,t h i s a l so
meas u r ed on the fig u re.
The absence of the ped i ce l in.
A l coc k ‘s type,I am confiden t
,is an acc i dent ; the
fig u re looks as i f the base of the spec imen had been b roken,t he refo re no impo r tance
attaches to th i s c ha racte r . Th e angle between the. late ra l edges i nd i cates var. (71'
s
tfinctfemi,a nd the septa are the same as in the type of that fo rm . The ch ief pec u l i a r
i ty ofA l cock ‘s fo rm i s the he ig h t exceed ing the g r eate r d i amete r of the ca l i ce,wh i le
the p l ane of the longe r d iamete r of the ca l i ce is no t m u ch be low the m i dd le po i n t inthe a l t i t u de of the coral lurn —thc a r ch of the ca l i c u la r ma r g i n i s dec ided ly h igh .
E ightv- five of the A l batross, 1 902 , spec imens are r efe r red to th i s va r iety .
As the i r i nte rg radat ion w i th typ i ca l [ imam/[7 1 1 1 1 1 1 has been d is c u ssed at the end of the
r ema r k s on that fo rm of the spec ies (see p . atten t ion can be t u r ned direct lv tothe i r re l a t ion s to A l cock ’s type spec imen . I n fo rm the re i s no ditl'erence ; the typewas somewhat ove r 39 mm . in he i gh t , as the base i s now b roken . The n umbe r ofthe septa i s the same. b u t the re are mo re. p r i nc i pa l septa in the l -lawa iian spec imenst han in the type. The p r i nc i pa l s ove r 24 are o ften . nea r l y a l way s in pa r t at
60 RECE NT MA DREPORAR I A or TH E H AW A I I AN I S LA NDS A ND LAYSAN .
leas t , sma l le r than the membe r s of the fi r s t th ree cyc les . The s i ze of the fou r t hcyc l e has be“ , shown to be v a r iab le , these spec imens f rom Hawa i i sh ow va r i at ion
,and can t l1 c 1 et
'
0 1 e be d i s regarded A l cock s tates t hat the l u ne r edges ofthe septa of ai e s t r a ig ,
h t not u nd u l ated . I n the Hawa i i an spec imens the mne r edges o f the sept aof th i s ariety a1 e not so st rong l y u nd u l ated as i nthe othe r va r iet ies of p rawn /mun) , and in some case. the septa a1 e so l i t t le u ndu l atedt hat the y m i gh t be ca l led The u ppe r po r t ions of the p r i n c i pal septa inA l coc k ’s fig u res of w i de r than i n the Hawa i i an spec imen s , butth i s is a va r i ab le cha racte r . At fi r s t I th o u gh t of e r ect ing a new va r iet y fo r theA lbatross spec imens , sepa r at i ng them f rom pmw
’
p avon in um beca u se t hei r p r inc i pa lsepta are mo re n ume r o u s and na r r owe r nea r the cal i c u l a r ma rg i ns , b u t bot h cha r acte r sare too va r iab le, to f u r n i s h a va l i d bas i s for even va r ieta l sepa r at ion .
The fo l low i ng tab le i s based u pon 50 spec imens , a l l of the bes t p rese r ved andmos t pe r fec t of those obtai 1
'
1ed. As rema r ks h ave a l ready been made on the va r i at ion and some c ha r acte r s not exp ressed in the tab le, what i s to be sa i d a l ong th i sl i ne may apln
-
opriate ly be comp leted he r e. The bases of the spec imen s are oftenmo r e comp ressed than the u ppe r po r t ions . Be l ow the p l ane of the l onge r ax is of thezul i ce the faces of the coralhun are no rmal l y gent l y convex ; above t hat leve l t heyare a lmos t flat u nt i l nea r the u ppe r edge of the wa l l
,whe r e f r eq u en t l y t he re is a
gent le bend ing o u twa rd,mak i ng the u ppe r po r t ions o f the faces s l igh t l y concave.
Those spec imens t hat have thei r u ppe r edges fla r ing o u twa r d in th i s way are ma r kedfl in the fo l low ing tab l e. The l ate r a l edges are s u bac u te
,ex cept at the ends of
the ca l i ce,whe re t hey are r o u nded ; mode r ate l y deve loped c r es ts are somet imes
p r esent . The ang le of d i ve r gence i s not a l ways the same t h r o u gho u t the length ofthe late r a l edges . When two ang les are gi v en in the tab le
,the fi r st one i s taken
nea re r the cen te r of the l .1ase .
TA BLE V .
S hFaces
orter N umber cx .= con
V I"
1 U .Angle ofd
ciagic
i
gdr diaemftrer d iameter N um ber of pr1n vex ; 11 .faces . f abo v e ofsep ta . cipal somewhato ( ah ee . o fca 1 1ce.
longer. septa. flaring su
periorly.
77t77l .
6 2 R ECENT MADR ICPOR AR I A OF TH E H AW A I I AN IS LANDS A ND LAYSAN .
Bes id es the S pec imens fr om wh i c h the abo ve tab le 1 8 made, t he r e are be long i ng
to the same g ro u p “
fromS ta t ion 4030 1 1 spec imen s .S tat io n 40 70 1 1 spec imens .S tat io n 3835 l spec imen .
S tat ion 3856 6 spec imens (y o u ng ) .
S tat io n 3857 5 spec imen s (yo u ng ) .
Add i ng the 1 spec imen off
l‘
able I I (No the 50 of Tab le V . and these 34,
makes a to ta l of 85 specimens of th i s va r iety .
Loa n/limes.
— A l cock’s type , o ll'
I’edro Bank (Laccad i ve Sea) , 636 fath oms .Albatross , 1 00
0
So u th coas t ofMo loka i Is land ’
S tat ion 3835 ; depth , 1 60— 1 82 fz-it homs ; bottom , ti ne b rown sand , mud; tempe r at u r e, 55° F . ; l spec imen .
Pa i lo lo Channe l , between Mo loka i and Ma u i i s l ands :S tat i on 3850 ; depth , 1 2 7 fathoms ; bo ttom ,
fine sand,ye l low mud; tempe r at u re,
Fm, ti spec ina—zns
,sma l l . S tat ion 3857 ; depth , 1 2 7— 1 2 8 fath oms ; bottom, fine
sand,ye l low mud; tempe r at u re , F . ; 5 spec imens , sma l l .No r theas t and no r th coast ofMa u i I s l andS tat ion 40 70 ; depth , 1 43— 1 78 fathoms ; bottom ,
g r ay sand,fo r am in i fe r a ; tem
perature,1 1 spec imens . S tat ion 4080 ; depth , 1 7 8— 202 fat homs ; bottom,
g r ay sand , fo r am i n i fe r a ; tempcrz-i tm'
e,564 ° F . ; 60 spec imens . S tat i on 4081 ; depth
2 0 2 —2 20 fat homs : bottom ,g r ay sand , fo r am in i fe r a ; tempe r at u r e, F . ; 1 spec imen .
No r th wes t coast oa h u Is landS tat ion 41 1 5: depth , 1 05— 241 fat homs ; bot tom,
co r a l sand,fo r am in i fe r a ; tem
perature, F . ; 1 spec imen (the l a r gest obta ined ) .The phys i ca l cond i t ions u nde r w h ic h th i s va r iety th r i ves bes t , j u dg i ng by the
Hawa i ian spec imens are. r ea l i zed at stat ions 4079,4080
, 4081 , and 41 1 5 ; depth , 1 7 8to 241 fathoms ; bottom sandy
,foram in i fe r a l ; tempe r at u re between 500 and (30° F .
i
li
l iese cond i t ions are p ract i ca l l y the same as fo r typ i ca l p rim70 72477244721 , the two va r iet ieso c c u r r ing toget he r , w i th i nte rmed i ate examp l es . At stat i on 4080
,va r . pawl-vaso
wmum,howeve r , i s the. mo re ab u ndan t . At stat ion 408 1 , po tion /
7
7mm typ i ca l i s themo r e ab u ndant . A compari son of the data rega r d ing the two va r iet ies seems to poin tto the typi ca l fo rm’s th r i v i ng bes t in somewhat deepe r wate r an d at a s l igh t l y lowe rtempe ra t u re . Th i s does not appca r s u ffi c ient to acco u nt for the d iffe rences in fo rm .
I t has occ u r red to me that the bases o f the va r iet ies w i th con ve r g i ng l ate r al edgesm i gh t be. s u nk in the mud of the sea bottom
,and tha t the d iffe ren ces in shape may
t h u s be b ro u gh t abo u t mechan ica l l y ; b u t i t i s ditii cult to p r ove o r d i sp r ove such anhypothcsi
BULLET I N 59, UN I TED STATES NAT IONAL M US EUM .
F L A B E L LUM D E LUD E N S v on M aren z e l l er.
P late I I I , figs . 5, 5a , 5b.
1 848 . M abel /um lacin ial um M im i-z EDWA RDS and l l am a,An n . Sc i . Nat
, 3 ieme sen , Z oo] I X,
p . 2 73 P ity/lock s luciniatwa Ph i l ipp i , 1 8411 857 . I’labcllum lacin iatam M I LN E E DWA RDS and l l am a
,H i st . Nat. Coral l . , 1 1 , p . 92 .
1 804. F label lum laciniafum S EG I IE NZ A , Coral l . Foss . Terz . Mess ina ,Pt. 2
,p . 91 , p l . x , figs . 7 ,
1 898 . If'label lum lacin iatmn ALcoCK , i n vestigator Deep Sea Madrepor.
,p . 2 1
,p l . l l
,figs . 4
,4d .
1 904. Flut e/Ji nn dcladens von MAREN Z ELLER ,S te in koral len V aldivia Exped ,
p . 269,p l . xvn ,
fi
1 0 figs ) .
Von Marenz el ler p roposes a new name for th i s co r a l,beca u se P h i l i pp i ’s o r ig i na l
mate r i a l i s too f ragmenta r y for pos i t i ve i dent ificat ion . H e makes ve r y app r op r iaterema r ks on the re lat ions between F label l zun macandrmasi G ray , UZocyat/ms (67'b s
M . S a r s,and I f
’
lfzbel l am. a labash wm Mose ley (z F Zabel Zz/fln gooclez,’ Ve r r i l l ) .
D esma’
p éion (based on the Hawai i an spec imens) . — Co r a l l um vcrv th in and fragi le.
w i th a comp r essed,e longate, ho r i zon ta l or a lmost ho r i zon ta l base
,and a h ighlv
a r ched,deep l y inc i sed ca l i c u la r ma r gin .
A sho r t,r athe r s to u t ped i ce l i s pe r s i stent l y p r esen t , by w h i ch even the ad u l t
co r a l l um seems to have been attached ; ang le of d i ve r gence of the l ate r a l edges constantly abo u t the va r i at i on s l i gh t . Be low the edges are w ide, th i n, of ten t ransverselv u nd u lated , lamel liforn i c res ts w h i c h connect w i th the septa l y ing in the p laneof the longe r ax i s of the ca l i ce , and are f r eq u en t ly p rod u ced be low the leve l o f thelowe r end of the ped i ce l . The faces of the co r a l l um d i ve r ge at an angle between50° and Abo u t halfwav up a face the o u te r po r t ions d i ve rge mo r e r ap i d l ythan the med i a l , ca u s i ng the u ppe r pa r t. to be concave . Cos ta-3 u s u a l l y co r respondto the fi r st and second cyc les of septa , b u t are fariable in de v e l opmen t
,f r eq u ent l y
st rong , w ide at the base. ac u te or flat tened a long the s umm i ts ; coa r se, s in u o u s l i nesof g rowth often p r esen t .
The lowe r ends of the ca l i ce are app r ox imate l y on a leve l w i th the top of the
ped i ce l , the uppe r edge ve r y m u ch e levated . The deep l y i n c i sed cha r acte r of theca l i c u l a r ma r gi n has been noted . The deepest i n c i s ions u s u a l l y occ u r on the s i desof the te r t ia r ies in s u c h a manne r t hat the uppe r end s of the q u ate r na r ies are ca r r iedu pwa r d on the lo bes bea r ing the ends of the p r inc i pa l septa
,th u s i so l at i ng the ter
tiaries except those nex t the ends of the r
al ices,whe re the i nc i s ions alongs i de the
p r i nc i pa l septa in the long a x i s are ve r y deep . Deepe r i nc i s ions o c c u r in most ofthe la r ge r specimens on each s i de of each i nne r tertiarv of the te rm i na l systems . i . e . .
the one nea r es t the med i a l system . Th i s te r t i a r y seems to p rojec t in the bot tom of adeep s i n u s . Between these two s i n u ses on each face i s a med ian lobe w i th a coa r se l ytoo thed u ppe r ma rg i n . Be low each of these s i n u ses i s anothe r l obe
,i ts lowe r bo u nd
a r y fo rmed bv the deep i nc i s ion nea r the p r i nc i pa l sept um at the end of the ca l i ce.
The o u te r ma rgi n of th i s lobe i s a l so coa r se l y denta te. To sum u p these cha racte r s .the u ppe r ma r g in of each face i s u s u a l ly t r i lobed , and the ma r g in of each lobe i scoa r se l y denta te.
Septa d istan t , th i n , in fo u r cyc les, in th e l a r ge r spec imens some membe r s of thefi fth . The re are u s u a l l y th r ee s i zes , the p r ima r ies and seconda r ies of eq u a l s i ze,
f u s ing by t he i r inne r edges nea r the base of the co r a l l um ; the te r t i a r ies are nar
G4 RECENT MADR E PURAR IA O F TH E H A WA I I AN I S LAN DS AN D LAYSAN .
rowe r,b u t they a l so reac h the ax i s ; the q u ate r na r ies are na r rowe r and t h i n ne r , and
do not ex tend a l l the way down the co r a l l um wa l l ; the re may be a few s t i l l sma l le ror r u d imen ta ry q u i na r ies . The a r ches of the princ i pa l s extend as h i gh as , o r evena l i tt le beyond , the u ppe r edge of the wa l l , t he i r i nne r ma r g i ns fa l l i n g perpendicularly to the bottom of the ca l i ce. The septa l faces show coa r se t r an sve r se undula
t ions . The i nte r septa l l oc u l i are ve r y open, and the wa l l at the base o f the co r a l lumi s t r ans l u cent . lolumel la t rabec u la r .
(i‘
rrcater d iamete r at base meas u r ed between o u te r edges of the septa, 37 mmmeas u r ed between o u te r edges of wa l l , 2 8 mm . ; lesser
‘
diameterof cal i ce, mm. ;
hei gh t of co r a l l um ,33 mm. Th is i s a we l l - p rese r ved spec imen , p r obab ly a few mi l
l imeters ove r the ave r age s i ze. The va r i at i on ex h i b i ted by the specimens i s so smal lthat i t does not r eq u i re comp i l ing a tab le ofmeas u r emen ts .
Local i ties .
—P revio u s l y repo r ted f rom I nd i an Seas , 400— 600 fathoms (A lcoek ywes t of S umat r a
,6 1 4 and 660 mete r s (von Marenz el ler) .
Albatross E x ped i t ion , 1 902 :
Vicin itv of Mod u Mann,or B i r d I s l and : S tat ion 3977 ; depth , 876 fat homs ;
bottom .fi ne co r a l sand , fo r am in i fe r a , rock ; tempe r a t u re , 38
0 E ; spec imen .
“rest coas t of Hawai i I s l and : S tat ion 4036 ; depth , 687— 692 fa thoms ; bottom,
tine da r k g r ay sand , for am i n i fe r a ; tempe r at u re , F 30 spec imen s . S tat i on4038 ; depth , 670— 689 fathoms ; bottom,
g r ay mud,fo r am i n i fe r a ; tempe r atu re,
F . ; 4 spec imens . S tat ion 4039; depth , 670— 697 fathoms ; bottom ,g r ay mud
,fo r am i
n ifera ; tempe r ature, F . ; 1 1 spec imens .Th i s spec ies l i ves a r o u nd the Hawa i ian I s l ands at a depth between 6 70 and 900
fathoms . on a fo r am i n i fe r a l bottom ,e i the r sand or mud
,at a tempe r a t u r e of 380 to
R ei'
z'
em'lm — The I l awanan spec imens d iffe r on l y s l igh t l y f rom th ose desc r i bed byA l co c k f rom the I nd ian Ocean . The p r i n c i pa l d iffe rence cons i sts i n the p r ono u n cedtendency of the uppe r ma r g ins of the faces of the co r a l l a to be t r i l obate
,as has been
desc r i bed . Th i s tri lobat ion i s b ro u gh t abo u t by some of the i nden ta t i ons of thesepta l ma r g i ns becom i ng deepe r and othe r s sha l l owe r . The re i s v a r i at i o n in t hesecha r ac te r s . The Hawa i ian spec imens m i gh t be sepa r ated as a loca l va r iety f romthose f rom the I nd ian Ocean ; b u t I be l ieve that they sho u l d not be refe r red to asepa r ate spec ies .Th i s spec ies , unde r the name ofF. iacz
’
m‘
atum,has been conf u sed w i th F. alabas
trum Mose ley . The r e are l a rge s u i tes of the l atte r spec ies i n the U n i ted S tatesNat iona l M u se um ,
and I have compa r ed abo u t 1 70 of these spec imens w i t h theHawai i an spec imens ofF. del eu le-
as . The re i s some resemb l ance between the yo u ngof 1 7. a/(tbcwtrwm. and the o r d i na r y s i zed spec imens of E deludmw. F alabastrum i s al a rge r spec ies , w it h th i cke r wa l ls and u s u a l l y mo r e th i ckened septa
,a nd i ts l ate r a l
edges con v e rge downwa r d at a low ang le . B u t the g r eatest d iffe r ence between thetwo is that in F. (Zeiude ns the septa occ u py i ng the l ong ax i s of the ca l i ce are conti nned downwa r d in to h igh ly deve loped c rests . The l ate r a l edges in F. alabastrmne carimmte
, b u t the r e are no s u ch c rests as in F. (tel -mim e.Mose ley ’s spec ies seems
to me ve r y d i s t inc t f rom the l atte r , at l east a compa r i son of 48 spec imens of thefo rme r w i th 1 70 of the l at te r has s hown no ev i dence of i n te r g r adat ion .
BULLET IN"
59, UN I TED S TATES NATIONAL M USEUM .
G e n u s GA R D I N E R I A,n ew ge n u s .
D iagnosis.— Ca l ca reo u s t i ss u es impe r fo r ate ; new co r a l l a a r i s ing f rom the old by
in te r na l gemmat io n , S im i l a r to that i n S chi z ocyath ns fi ssz’
l ls Pourtales . except inGarcl lnm'ia, the pa rent co r a l l i te i s not sp l i t . I n the type spec ies an o l de r co r a l l i tep rod u ces on l y one younge r . Wa l l ep i thecate
,as i n Flabel lwn or R h iz otrochw ,
ex tend i ng upwa r d beyond the o u te r ends of the septa . Septa w i t h en t i re ma r g ins,a r ched above, show ing no defin i te cyc l i ca l a r r angement , a l te r nate l y l a rge r andsma l le r ,a l l the l a r ge r and occas i ona l l y one of the sma l le r extend i ng to the ax i s o f the co r a l l um .
Wi de pal iforni lobes occu r on the i n ne r ends of mos t of the l a r ge r septa . The
loosefus ion of the i nner edges of these lobes and of the i nn er ends of (t few long sep ta.
which do not have the lobes form a weak false col umel la . [ ntm'sep tal locul i open to
their bottoms.
Type- sp ecles.— Gardtiwria hawa new Spec ies .
Remark s — Th i s gen u s 1 8 most c l ose l y r e l ated to D nnca-
nia“Pourtalé s,cha r acte r
iz ed by Pourtales as fo l l ows : “Co r a l l um attac hed , cy l i nd r i ca l , cove r ed w i th a th i ckw r i n k led ep i theca r i s ingove r the borde r of the ca l i c le. I ntersep tal chambers fi l lingup sol id/y from the bottom , a mu l tip le p i l lared columel la . Somet imes pa l i fo rmlobes . ” The i n te r septa l locu l i i n Gardinem’
c are so l i tt le fi l led u p that the wal l i st r an s l u cen t even at the base of the co r a l l um,
and,as stated i n the d i agnos i s of the
gen u s , the co l ume l l a i s fa l se. Jfiwlophyl l ia Pourtales i s a c l ose l y r e l ated gen u s . I t
has a st r ong ly deve l oped co l ume l l a and the in te r septa l loc u l i are so l id ly fi l led a t thebottom.
M r . J. S tan ley Ga r d i ne r , in h i s Turbinol id Co r a l s of So u th Africaf desc r i bes aco r a l u nde r the name of D uncan ia capensis, and rema r ks on the close affi n i ty betweenD zmcan ia and Hap lop hyl l ia . I t i s d i ffi cu l t to u nde r s tand how i t has escaped theatten t ion of zoophyto log i sts t hat de Kon i nck
,in p r oposed the name D nn camfa
fo r a Ca r bon i fe r o u s co r a l,an tedat i ng Pourtales in the use of the name by two yea r s
,
an d th u s inva l i dat i ng i ts l ate r app l i cat i on to recen t spec ies .GAR D I N E R I A H AW A I I E N S I S , new spec ies .
P late IV ,figs . 1
, 1 a , 1 h.
The type spec imen seems to rep resen t fo u r i nd i v i dua l s,t he re bei ng on ly a f r ag
men t o f the o l dest ; the second soon gave r i se to the th i r d , the base of the t h i r da lmost fi l l i n g the cav i ty of the secon d . The d iamete r of the t h i r d i s mm .
,he i gh t
of second and th i r d comb i ned , 1 6 mm . I n a ha l f ca l i ce of the th i r d are 1 6 septaa l te r nate l y l a r ger and sma l le r . The fo u r th ind i v idua l i s mm. ta l l and 33 mm . in
d iamete r . In fo rm the co r a l l i tes are i nve r se l y con i ca l , attached bv the base and
some ep i theca l r oot let s to the pa ren t co r a l l i tes .The wa l l i s ep i thecate, w i th t r ansve r se st r iae and some enc i r c l ing const r i ct i o ns .
The re are no defin i te costae,b u t the re are some i l l - denned d i scon t in u o u s l ong i t u d ina l
aMem . Mus. Comp . Zoo l . , I V ,
“ Hass ler Cora l s , ” 1 874,p . 44.
bThe con trast ing port ions ofmydescr ipt ion ofGardineria and ofPourta les’
s desc r i pt ion ofDuncan inare i ta l ic i zed in orde r to emphas i ze th e differences.
CMarine I n ves t igat ions in So u t h A fr ica, I I I , 1 904, pp . 1 20 , 1 2 1 , p l . 1 , figs . Ga—Gc.
dNouvel les Recherches sur les An ima u x fossi les da Te rrain carbon i fere de la Belg iq u e ,p . 1 07 .
32301 —07— 5
(36 RECE NT MA DR E PORAR I A on TH E H AWA I I AN I SLA NDS AND LAYSAN .
r i dges and fine longi t u d i na l st r i at ions , whi le f rom p l ace to p l ace the r e are mo r e o rless cont i n u o u s
,S ha r p ly inden ted , l ongi t u d ina l s u l cat ions .
The septa do not S how any defi n i te cyc l i ca l a r r angemen t . I n one - ha l f of thenex t to the l as t ca l i ce (d i amete r mm. ) the re are 1 7 septa w h i ch are
, w i th one
except ion,a l te r nate l y lz-i r g i -zr and sma l le r . The l a r ges t ca l i ce has 36 septa , a l te r
nately l a r ge r and sma l le r . N i neteen of the septa.
exten d to the co l ume l l a r Space,wh i le ten have pal ifrom lobes on t he i r i nne r ends . Between a lmos t eve r y pai r o fthe 36 septa i s a w i de
,low
,ro u nded r idge , p robab l y a r u d imenta r y sept um . Neg lect
i ng the r i dges in the i n te r septa l loc u l i , the septa are d i stan t , t hei r o u te r ends areth i ck
,b u t t hey become th inne r towa r d the co l ume l l a . Uppe r ma r g i n s st r ong l y
a r ched,the a r ch not extend ing to the wa l l , the septa set w i th i n the ep i theca wh i ch
ex tends u pwa r d beyond the i r o u te r ends . I nne r ma r g ins of the l a r ge r septa steep,
the sma l le r septa becom i ng na r row towa r d the base of the co r a l l um. Septa l facesi r r eg u l a r l y and m in u te l y g r an u l ated .
Co l ume l l a false, poo r l y deve l oped, fo rmed of the l oose f u s i on of the pal i fo rmlobes and of a few septa that do not bea r lobes .
Cal ico mode r ate l y deep .
Local ttg/.
—S tat ion 3901,v i c i n i ty of Ka u a i I s land ; depth , 2 72— 296 fat homs ;
bo t tom,ti ne sand r ock ; tempe r atu r e of bottom, F .
Ema — Cat . No . 2073 1,
Reina-Mrs. Th i s co r a l p resents so l i tt le resemb l ance to any o the r one k nown to me
that. scarce l y any compa r i son can be mad-e. F r om i ts gene r a l appea r an ce i t ev i den t l ysho u l d be p l aced nea r F label lmn and R hi z otrochns.
G e n u s P L A C O T R O C H U S M i l n e E dw a rd s a n d H e im e .
P LACOTR OCH US FU S CO S , new spec ie s .P late h angs . 2 , 2a ,
3,3a .
Th i s spec ies i s rep resen ted by th ree specimens,a l l ofwh i ch we r e u sed i n p repa r i ng
the fo l low i ng desc r i pti on .
Co r a l l um sma l l , t r umpet - shaped , attached by an expanded base.
MEA SUR EMENTS .
S pec imen No . 1 . No. 2 . No. 3 .
mm mm
Greater diameter ofca l iceLesser d iameter ofcal ice .
Diamete r of lower fract u red endDiamete r of ped icel immediate l y abo v ebase
l - zl eigh t cora l l um
S pec imens Nos . 1 and 3 have been b roken f rom the i r bases,and the measu r emen ts
g i v en i n the table the refo re do not rep resent the tota l hei gh t of the co r al l a .
BULLETI N 59,~ UN ITED STATES NATIONAL M U SEUM . 6 7
The wa l l exte r na l l y i s r athe r g l i sten ing,r esemb l i ng in appea r ance that o f
I ’label lnm or R h'tz otrochns. Costae l ack i ng i n young spec imens,b u t we l l deve loped
nea r the ca l i ce i n mat u re Spec imens . For ins tance,the r e are none i n spec imen No . 1 ;
fa int costee are appea r ing a r o u nd the edge o f the ca l i ce in No . 2 ; in No . 3,they are
we l l deve loped fo r a d i stance of 1 to mm . be low the u ppe r edge of the wa l l,cor
r espond i ng to the fi r s t,second , and t h i r d cyc les of septa , b u t not to the fo u r th .
Septa th i n an d d i stant,i n fo u r comp lete cyc les
,becom ing p rog ress i ve l y mo re
exse r t w i th i nc reas i ng age. The fi r st and Second cyc les abo u t eq u a l in p r om inence ;the th i r d c yc le les s p r om inen t : the fo u r t h co r r espond i ng to s l ight notches on thecal i c u l a r ma r g in . I n young spec imens the membe r s of the fi r s t cyc le are s l i g h t lyl onge r th an those of the second , b u t l ate r t hese two cyc les become eq u a l in s i ze ; themembe r s of the th i r d are cons i de r ab l y s ho r te r and th i nne r ; th ose of the fo u r t hcyc le are r ud imen ta r y
,ve r y sho r t and de l i cate
,and m u s t be l ooked fo r ca r efu l l y to
be seen,b u t the cyc le i s comp lete
,even on the lowe r
,b roken end of spec imen No . 3 .
The septa l faces are beset w i th ve r y m inute g r an u l at i ons and t he r e are fa in t st r i te .
The inne r ma r g ins of the l a r ge r sep ta are S l i gh t ly u ndu l ated and fa l l ab r u pt l y to thebottom of a deep na r row ca l i c u l a r fossa .
Co lume l l a a deep seated , ve r y th in , de l icate l ame l l a , w i th a gen t l y c u r ved uppe redge. I t i s best shown in Spec imen No . 1 . I t i s d i s t i n ct
,bu t was d i fficu l t to
d iscove r,in No . 2 . Appa r en t l y i t has been b r oken and has fa l len out of No. 3 .
The co r a l l um i s u s u a l l y r eddish b rown in co l o r,w i th the inne r t h i r d o f the l a r ge r
septa w h i te. S pec imen No. 1 i s w h i t i s h w i th some b rown i s h b lotches .Local i ties .
Pa i lo lo Chan ne l , between Ma u i and Molokai i s l ands : S ta t i o n 3886 ; depth , 1 48fathoms ; bottom ,
pebb les and rock ; tempe r at u r e of bottom, 65
0 F .
U k u l a Po i n t,v i c i n i ty of Ka u a i I s land : S tat i on 3999; dep t h , not defi n i te l y g i ven ,
7— 1 48 fat homs . (Spec imens Nos. 1 and
Uotyp es.
— Nos . 2073 1,20732 ,
Fam i l y CARYOPHYLLI I D ZE Ve r r i l l .G en u s D E S M O P H Y L L U M E h renb e rg .
D E S M O P H Y LLUM CR I STAGAL L I M i lne E dw a rd s and H a ime .
P late V I I,figs . 3 , 3a ,
1 848 . DeSmOphyUam (v-
i'
stagal l-i.M I LN E E DWA RDS and H A IM E , Ann . Sci. 3 icme ser.
,Zoo l .
,
p . 253,p l . V I I
,fig . 1 0 .
1 857 . De.smo] >hytlum cristaga l l i M I LN E E DWA RDS and H A IME,H ist . Nat . COral l . , I I , p . 76 .
1 873 . Desmophyl lum cristaga l l i DUNCA N , T rans . Zoo l . Soc . London,V I I I , p . 32 1 .
1 878 . Desmoflryl lnm. crismgal h'
. PoURTA I.ES,B u l l . Mus. Comp . Zool . , V , No. 9
,p . 203 .
1 880. Dcsmophyllum ci- istaga ll i POURTALES , B u l l . Mus. Comp . Zoo l .
,V I
,No. 4
,p . 1 06 .
1 902 . Desmop hyl lum cristugu l l-Z A LCOCK , Deep Sea Madrepor.
, S ibOga Exped ,p . 28 .
1 904. Desmop hyl lum cristagall i v . MARE NZ E LLER,S tein - Kora l len , V ald i v ia Exped. ,
p . 2 6 7,p l .
figs . 2,2a
,2 b.
Remark s On the synmigh ty— D u ncan refe r s J) . ow ni ng/fand costatmn M i l ne
Edwa r ds and H aime to the synonymy of I ) . ertstagal lt. A l cock ”adds the names ofTrans . Zoo l . Soc London , V I I I , 1 873 , p . 32 1 . Deep SeaMadrepor.
,S iboga E xpert , 1 902 , p . 23
6 8 RECENT MA DRE PORA R I A 0 1»
TH E H AWA I I AN I SL A NDS AN D LAYSAN .
Tar/emu”, andJ) . rusp i Duchassaing and M i c he l ot t i . I t seems to me th at Du ncan i sco r re c t i n h i s conc l u s i on ; p robab l y refleww n of Duchassaing an d M i c helott i andD . i ncerfum of the same a u tho r s s ho u l d be p laced i n the same syn onymy . The D es
m’
a
'
sei of I’ourta les“ i s d i ffe rent f rom the D emnop/Lyl lmn ruseé of D u c has
sa i ng and M i che lott i . " The spec imens fig u r ed by Pourtalé s are m u c h mo r e S lende rt han the type of the spec i es . Wh i le i n Tu r i n , du r ing the w i n te r o f 1 897 , I fo u ndthe type of I ) . rusei . I t possesses an essent i a l co l ume l l a , composed of p r oject i ngl aths
,s im i l a r in cha r acte r to that of Cmyop/zyl l z
‘
a . The refo re. D . rusei is not aD emaop/tyl lwn ,
b u t i s p robab l y a Fyatbocmu s.
D escmptvfmz — (Spec imen f rom Hawa i ian I s l ands)The co r a l l um i s b roken be low , bu t ev i den t l y t he re was a basa l attachmen t , above
wh i ch rose a sta l k . I n i t s u ppe r po r t ion the co r a l l um r ap id ly i nc r eases in d i amete r .T ransve r se o u t l ine of ca l i ce ova l . D i amete r o f l owe r b r oken end of S pec imen , 7mm. ; g r eate r d i amete r of ca l i ce (a) f rom oute r edge to o u te r edge of wa l l , neg lect i ngcostae
,mm. ; (5) between o u te r edges of costae, 2 6 mm . ; lesse r d i amete r (a) f r om
oute r edge to ou te r edge of wa l l,
mm., (6) between o u te r edges of costze ,
mm. ; he i gh t o f spec imen , (a) to uppe r edge of wa l l , 2 6 mm.
, (b) to uppe r edges ofsepta
,3 1 mm .
Wa l l th ic k and dense. Costae co r respond ing to the l a r ges t septa , la r ge andp rom inen t
,extend i ng r athe r fa r down the s i des of the co r a l l um
,mo re p r ominen t
near the ma r gin of the ca l i ce.
Septa in a lmos t five comp lete cyc les , the p r ima r ies and seconda r ies o f sim i la rS i ze
,th i ck
,w i th ve r y exse r t ma r g i ns ; the te r ti a r ies smal le r b u t w i th dec i ded l y exse r t
ma r g i ns . The septa of the pen u l t imate cy c le are w i de r th an those of the l ast cyc le,b u t the i r uppe r ma r g ins are not so much e levated .
The ax i a l fossa i s na r r ow and ve r y deep,as the re i s n o co lumel l a .
l ocal ities.
— P rev i o u s ly r epo r ted f r om the P l i ocene of I taly,the Med i te r r anean ,
easte r n A t l an tic , Ant i l les , Pac ifi c coast of So u th Ame r i ca , a nd the I ndo—Pacific .
A lbatross, 1 902 : Kaiw i Channe l , between Moloka i and Oahu is l ands , S tat i on3893 ; depth , 2 20— 346 fathoms : bot tom
,fine wh i te sand . rock ; tempe r atu r e 47° F
1 spec imen .
G e n u s P A R A C Y A T H U S M i l n e E dw a rd s a n d H a im e .
PAR ACYATH US GAR D I N E R I , n ew spec ie s .P late I V
,figs . 4
, 4a ,4b.
Co r a l l um heavy for i ts S i ze, shaped l i ke the bow l of an o r d i na r y wate r gob let , thebase fiattish or gent ly ro u n ded , show ing i n the cen t r a l po r t i on a r at he r l a rge sca r ofdetachment . The s ides of the co r a l l um are a lmost pe r pend i cu l a r
,that is
,w i th
inc reas ing he igh t the re i s ve r y l i tt le i nc rease i n the meas u r e of the d i amete r s .T r ansve r se o u t l i ne of the ca l i ce b road ly e l l i p t i ca l .
0 B u l l . Mus . Com p . Zoo l . , V I , 1 880 , No . 4,p . 1 06
,p l . 1
,fig
. 1 4.
bMém . Coral ]. An t i l les , 1 86 1 , p . 6 1 (of repr in t ) , p l . 1 x,fig
. 4.
70 R ECE NT MA DRE PORAR I A OF TH E H A WA I I A N I SLA NDS A ND LAYS AN .
eveles are th iek ened oppos i te the pa l i . The septa l faces are ve r y de l i cate l y flu ted ,
and beset w i th n ume ro u s c rowded con i ca l gr an u lat ions .Pal i ta l l , th in ,
wide,a lmost st i aight p lates , w i t h en t i re edges , and w i th del i cate l y
ti n t ,ed somewhat g r an u l ated f l ees ; befo i e a ll septa except the l as t cyc l e. Those
befo r e the th i r d cyz
icle m e the w i dest , those bef0 1 e the fi r s t cyc le are sometimes n a r
1 0 “c i than those befw e the second , b u t i t i s not a l ways poss i b le to d i st i ngu i sh thefi r st f i om second c 3 .y 1 le
C'
10 lumel l 1 tei minated by in egulai ly shaped pap i l lae , 8 1 11 the type .
Ca l i c u la r fossa and the who lez“
cal ice S hal l owLocal i ty
— Sout li of Mo loka i I s l ands and west of Lana i I s l and , S tat i o n 3895;depth , 2 52 — 429 fathoms ; bottom,
co r a l rock ; tempe r a t u re of bo ttom,47° F .
Ema — Cat. No . 20755,
PAR ACYATH US M AU I E N S I S ,n ew spec ie s .
P late V I , figs. 2 , 2a.
Co r a l l um attached by an expanded base, d i amete r not i nc r eas i ng w i t h the height ,t r ansve r se o u t l i ne b road l y e l l i pt i ca l . G reate r d i amete r of ca l i ce, 8 mm. ; lesse r
mm .Base at tached to an u neven s u r face. He i gh t on one s i de, mm. ; on the
o the r,1 0 mm . Ju st above the attached a rea the co r a l lum is almost c i r c u l a r in c r oss
sect i on , d iamete r 8 mm . Between the base and the ca l i ce are seve ra l enci r c l ingconst r i ct ions .
The wa l l is th i ck , exte r na l l y a lmost comp lete l y en ve loped by a th ick , mo re o rless co r r u gated ep i theca that ex tends to the ve r y ma r g i n of the ca l ice. I n a fewp laces can be seen low ,
obt u se cos t 1e,wh i ch are s u bequa l
,o r a l te r nat i ng in size.
Nea r the base the ep i theca possesses b road , low , flat , equa l,g r an u l ated costae,
sepa r ated by sh a l low , na r row i n te r costa l f u r rows .The septa are in s i x systems ; fo u r complete cyc les in fo u r sys tems , in the
o u te r h a l ves of the two systems at one end of the ca l i ce the fo u r th cycle is wanting .
The septa are st r a igh t , b u t the membe r s of the l as t cy c le seem to fuse by the i ri nne r ends to the s ides of the l a r ge pal i stand i n g befo r e the pen u l t imate septa .P r ima r ies and seconda r ies r athe r th i ck
,the othe r septa somewhat t h inne r . The
uppe r ma r g ins sca r ce l y p roject above the u ppe r edge of the wa l l,th ose of the fi r s t
and second cyc les s l i gh t ly the mo re p rom i nent . The septa l faces dense l y and r athe rcoa i sely g r an u l ate.
Pal i I n th ree ei owns , bef0 1ea l l septa except the l as t cyc le. Thei r i n ne r ma r g i nsl y i ng i n the same cu i ve , b u t the nari owest are befo re the fii st cyc le
,and the w idest
befo re the th i r d . I n c ross - sect ion the pa l i are c u ne i fo rm,the th i cke r ends outwa r d .
The i r ma r g i ns are a r ched above andent i r e ; faces w i th sha r p e levated st r iae b r oken inp laces i n to g r an u lat ions .
Ca l i c u l a r fossa g r ad u a l l y excavated,mode r ate l y deep .
Co l ume l l a we l l deve l oped , te rm i nated by r athe r ta l l pap i l lae, whichf r esemb le thepa l i befo r e the p r ima r y septa , b u t stand at a somewhat lowe r leve l , the refo re thecol-umel lar pap i l lae can be eas i l y d i ffe r ent i ated f rom the pa l i .
Local i ty — No r th coast of Ma u i I s l and, S tat ion - 4098 ; depth, 95— 1 52 fathoms ;
bottom ,ce i al sand , fe i aminifei a, r ock ; tempe r at u re, F . ; 1 spec imen .
Typ e.
— Cat . No . 20756, .N .M .
BULLET I N 59, UN I TED S TATES NAT IONAL M US EUM .
PAR ACYATH US M OLOKE N S I S , n ew spec ie s .P late V I , figs . 3 , 3a ,
3 11 .
Co r a l lum attached by a w i de base , d iamete r not i nc reas i ng w i th height,t r an s
ve r se o u t l i ne subc i r c u l a r . G reate r d i amete r of ca l i ce,
mm lesse r,6 mm. The
Spec imen i s attached to an i r reg u l a r s u r face, gi v i ng a he igh t on one s i de of 5 mm . ;
on the othe r,1 2 mm. The spec imen has the appea rance of having been b roken and
of s u bseq uen t l y hav i ng repa i red i tse l f .I ’Val l r athe r t h in
,nak ed . Costze d i st inc t f r om the cal i ce to the base , a l te r nat ing
in w id th and p r om i nence nea r the ca l i ce,the l a r ge r r a the r p rom i nent
,abo u t ha l fway
down the sma l le r d i sappea r and the l a r ge r con t i n u e s u beq u a l to the base. I n p rofi lea l l are ro u nded and are dense l y g r anu l ated bot h a l ong the s umm i ts and on the s i des .I n te r costa l f u r r ows na r r ow .
Septa d istan t , except i n the theca l r ing , whe r e they stand c lose togethe r . The
a r r angemen t i s not ve r y defin i te ; p r obab l y the damage that the co r a l l um sufi'
ered
caused the appa ren t i r r eg u l a r i ty . The re are fifty- two septa , wh i ch seems to occ u r in
s i x systems,fou r comp lete cyc les , and a q u a r te r system in each of two systems has
the fift h cyc le r ep resen ted . The p r ima r ies are s l igh t l y th i cke r and longe r than theseconda r ies ; the te r t ia r ies are sho r te r and th i n ne r t han the l a tte r ; the l as t cyc le i sr ud imen ta r y . The re are no defin i te septa l g roups
,a l tho u gh t he re may be occas iona l
f u s ion of a te r t i a r y sept um to a seconda ry th r o u gh i ts pa l u s . The p r ima r ies andseconda r ies s l i gh t l y exse r t , the othe r s less so , acco r d ingto the cyc le. Ma rg ins en t i re.
Faces w i th ve r y fa in t o r namen tat i on .
Pa l i i r regu l a r th i n teeth , u s u a l l y occ u r o n the inne r ends of the p r ima r ies ,seconda r ies , and te r t ia r ies , b u t t hey are not a l ways p resen t , espec ia l l y on the
p r ima r ies .Ca l i c u l a r fossa r athe r deep and la rge compa red to the siz e of the co r al l um .
G reate r d i amete r , 3 mm. ; lesse r , mm . ; depth , mm.
Co l ume l l a r athe r l a r ge, b u t of ve r y l oose tex t u re, composed of anastomos ingtrabecul ze t hat send upwa r d i r reg u l a r l y sh aped p r oject ions , wh i ch are sca r ce l y to bed i st ing u i shed f rom the pa l i .
Local ity— So u t h coas t of Mo lokai I s l and , S tat i on 3833 ; depth , 88— 1 42 fathoms ;
bot tom,sand
,pebb les
,b r oken she l l s
,r ock ; tempe r at u re, 63° F 1 spec imen .
Typ e— Cat . No. 20757 ,
Remark s — The i r reg u l a r cha r acte r and impe r fect deve lopmen t of the pa l i ca u sedme to hes i tate to p lace th i s spec ies in the gen u s P aracyat/ms, bu t i ts affi n i t ies arew i th that gen u s , un less i t sho u l d be a Paras-inflict w i th pse u do - pa l i .
G e n u s D E LTO C Y A T I—I U S M i l n e E d w a rd s a n d H a im e .
D E LTOCYATH US AN D AM AN I CUS A l cock .P late VI , figs . 4, 41 1 .
1 898 . Deltocyathus andamantmi s ALcocx , I n v est igator Deep Sea Madrepor. , p . 1 6 , p l . 1 , figs . 5, 51 1 .Original daem
'z
'
p tion .
— A l cock desc r i bes th i s spec ies as fo l lows :Coral l um d isco id , f ree, w i t h a smal l cen t ra l scar . Costae , in thei r d is ta l ha l f , co vered w i t h Sp in i
form gran u les . Those of the fi rst th ree e v eles are ind ist inc t near the scar , but become sharp ly sal ient
72 RE CE NT MAD R ICPUR AR I A OF TH E H AWA I I AN I S LA NDS AN D LAYS AN .
near the c i rc um ference ; those of the las t cyc le, W l l it'll ha ve a ragged appearance owmg to the 8 1 2 9 and
ab u ndance of thei r gran u l es , can be dis t ing u i shed on l y near the Ci rc um ference and are smal ler andless sal ien t than those ofthe o ther cv cles.
Septa and pa l i pro f u se ly ornamen ted w it h spuu lorm gran u les . The septa are 1 D S I X systems andfo u r comp lete cyc les , but in some of the ha l f - systems a fi fth cyc le i s de ve loped . Th e septa of th e
firs t cvc le are large and exsert , and each , w i th i ts pa l u s , remains per fec t ly independent ofal l the o therseptaand pal i . The septa ofthe las t cyc le are smal l
,independen t , and w i tho u t pa l i . Th e septa of the
second and th i rd cyc les (and those of the fo u rth , a lso, in th e ha l f - system s in wh ic h a fi f th cyc le occ u rs )are as large as those of the fi rst
,but thei r pa l i (wh ich are larger and farther from the cen ter than the
pal i ofthe fi rs t cyc le ) soon u n i te to form “ del tas . ” These de l tas, owing to the si ze and ab u ndanceof the i r gran u lat ion ,
ha v e a lace- l ike appearance.
Co l ume l la s u nken ,conca v e, spongy- pap i l lose.
Co lor of the l i v ing co ra l l um ,madder t in ted .
D iameter ofcora l l um abo u t 1 8 mm .
A s ingle spec imen ,f rom the A ndaman Sea, - 303 fathoms .
Notes on Me l l ama-mm, specimens .
— The meas u r emen ts of the two specimensobta ined by the 1 902
,are : (1 ) d i amete r , 1 0 mm. heigh t
,3 mm . ; (2 ) diamete r
,
1 2 mm . ; he igh t , mm . These spec imens are sma l le r and appa ren t ly yo u nge r t hanA l cock ’s type . The basa l sca r of detachmen t i s not comp lete l y hea led , and the costaeran be t r aced nea r e r to the cente r than in the type. The l as t cycle of septa r athe rconstan t ly f u se to the s ides of the nex t o l de r cyc le. I n the sma l le r spec imen someof the yo u nges t septa appea r to have f ree i nne r ma r g i n s
,b u t I s u spec t t ha t t h i s
appea r ance mav have been b r o u gh t abo u t,i n some i n stances at least
,by the b reak
ing down of the connect io n w i t h the o lde r septa . The re are fou r comp lete cy c les,
w i th some membe r s of a fif th .The re are many h u nd reds of spec imens of Del tocg/at/ws ital c
‘
cus (Miche l o tt i )in the Un i ted S tates Nat iona l Muse um
,and a ca ref u l compa r i son has been made
between them and the Hawa i ian spec imen s . No ev idence of i n te r g r adat i o n wasfo u nd . The fo rme r ve ry cons tant l y has fou r cyc les of septa .
Loca l ity— “f
es t coast of Hawai i I s l and, S tat ion 4045 ; depth , 1 47— 1 98 fathoms ;
bottom,co r a l sand
,fo r am i n i fe r a ; tempe r at u re ,
49° F . ; 2 spec imens .
G e n u s T R O C H O C Y A TH U S M i l n e E dw a rd s a n d H a im e .
The fo l low i ng spec ies bea r s the same re l at i on to the d i sco i d Tz'oc/l ocz/a-t/Li
[Museris does to 1 7 167297 1 1 .
TR OCH OCYA'I‘
H US O AH E N S I S , n ew spec ie s .Plate V I , figs . 5, 5a ,
6 , (30 .
Co ra l l um sma l l , flat , transvt-n'
se ly s l igh t ly e l l i pt i ca l .MEA SUR EMENTS .
S pec imen No . 1 . No.
‘
2 . No . 3 . No . 4. No. 6 . No. 6 .
mm mm. mm . mm .
6 7 7
:3 5 5 5 5. 5
3
(a ) (b ) (a )
a New ind i v idua l be ing fo rmed at one corner. I; Ready to d i v ide.
BULLE TI N 59,U N I TED S TATES NATI ONAL M USEUM .
Asex u al r ep rod u c tion seems to take pl ace by one co r ne r of the ca l i ce becom i nge l ongated . The p r oject i ng po r t ion may be of smal l d i amete r
,then its d i amete r
inc r eases to almost the s i ze of that of the mothe r ca l i ce. The two ca l i ces are
subse qu ent l y sepa r ated by fiss ion .
Wal l r athe r t h i ck . Costee co r respond ing to a l l sep ta,equa l
,b r oad
,ro u nded
,and
o r namented w i t h m i n u te,c r owded g r an u lat i ons .
Septa in spec imens Nos . 2 and 3 of the tab le (wh i ch appea r to be as l a rge as the
spec imens u s u a l l y g row befo r e d i v i s ion beg i ns) , 32 i n n umbe r , i . the re are th reecomp lete cycles and some membe r s of the fo u r th . Spec imen No . 5 has 35 septa ina l l . The d i ffe r en t cyc les are not we l l difi’
erentiated; i t i s p r act i ca l l y imposs i b le tod i st ing u i s h between the fi r s t and second cyc le. I n gene r a l the membe r s of the fi r s tcyc le do not fo rm pa r ts of septa l g r o u ps
,wh i le the membe r s of the th i r d bend
towa r d those of the second . The membe r s of the fi r st and second cyc les are of thesame s i ze
,and w hen membe r s of the fo u r th cyc le are p resent the ne ighbo r ing
membe r s of the th i r d eq u a l in s i ze t hose of the p reced i ng cyc les . A r o u nd the edgeof the cal i ce the septa appea r a l te r nate l y l a r ge r a nd sma l le r the l as t cyc le a l waysbe ing sma l le r and hav ing less p rom i nen t ma rg ins . Ma r g ins of the l a r ge r septamode rate l y exse r t ; the exse r t and i n ne r po r t ions of al l septa th i n . Septa l facesbeset w i t h c rowded
,ta l l
,r athe r sha r p - po inted , s lende r g r an u l at ions (rea l l y de l i cate
sp i nes) .Pa l i befo r e a l l septa
,except the l ast cyc le, in one o r two c r owns
,somet imes
show i ng a ten dency to u n i te the septa into de l tas,as i n D el tocyatlzws. They are
t he r w i de, ve r y th in ,and are g r an u l ated i n the same fash ion as the septa .
(Jolumel la te rm inated above by seve r a l sto u t pap i l lae, w hose ends are m i n u te l yg r anu lated .
Ca l i ce , s u pe rfic ia l ..Loca.l -ét'zfas.
— VVest coast of Hawai i I s l and,S tat ion 4041 ; depth , 252— 283 fathoms ;
bot tom,g r ay mud
,fo r am inife r a ; tempe r at u re o f bot tom,
F 1 0 spec imens ,6 of wh i ch we re se lec ted fo r the ty pes . V ic i n i ty of Ka u a i I s l and
,S tat i on 41 33 ;
depth,between 41 and 3 1 2 fat homs ; bottom,
fine g r ay sand,r ock ; tempe r at u re of
bottom , F . ; 1 spec imen.
Types— Cat. No . 20760
G e n u s C A R Y O P I—I Y L L I A L am a rc k .
CA R YO P H YLL I A A LCOCK I , n ew spec ie s .P late V
,figs . 1
,l a
,l b.
Co r a l l um comp ressed , i nve r se l y con i ca l , attached bv a sto u t basa l sta l k .
M EASUR EMENTS .
Spec imen No . 1 . No.
0
Greater diameter ofca l ice .
Lesser d iamete r ofca l iceGreate r d iameter of f rac t u red baseLesse r d iame ter of f ractu red baseH e igh t
74 RECENT MAD RE I’OR AR I A O F TH E H AWA I I AN I S LA NDS AND LAY SAN .
These meas u rement s are not made to the o u te r and the u ppe r edges of the septa,b u t on the wa l l .Wa l l po l i s hed , gl i sten ing . Costa' d i s t i nct , b u t not ve r y p r om inen t , those
co r r espond i ng to the fi r s t and second cvcles of septa mo re. p rono u nced than the
othe r s and may be s u bac u te ; those co r respond ing to the th i r d cycle often l a r ge rthan those co r r espond i ng to the fo u r th .
Septa in fo u r comp lete cyc les . The ma r g i ns of the fi r s t and second cyc les ye r yexse r t , eq u a l in p rom i nence ; the quateruarii -i s f u sed in the theca l r i ng to the s ides o fthe i nc l u ded membe r of the fi r s t or second cyc le, the wa l l between them bei ng con
t inued u pwa r d cons ide r ab ly beyond its u ppe r edge on each side of the membe r s o fthe t h i r d . The marg i ns of the septa of the fo u r th cyc le the refo r e standm u ch h ighe rthan those of the th i r d cyc le. Between the q u ate r na r ies are inc i s i o n s i n the uppe redge of the wa l l , and in these the te r t i a r ies occ u r . The p r ima r ies and seconda r iesare eq u a l in s i ze
,longe r
,w i de r
,and th i cke r in the theca l r i ng , t han the othe r s ;
the. fo u r th c yc le i s w ide r than the th i r d , b u t these two cyc les are of abou t equa ll ength . The i nne r po r t ion of a l l the septa and the u ppe r po r t ion of a l l except theth i r d cyc le are ve r y th i n and f r agi le.
Pa l i in a si ng le c r own befo re the th i r d cyc le. They are ta l l , w ide , ve r y thinand f rag i le
,and are u nd u lated .
Co l ume l l a we l l de v e l oped , p r om i nen t , cons i st ing of fo u r or mo re c u r led r i bbons .Ca l i ce sha l low .
Local z'
tys— V ic in i ty of Mod u Man u , S tat ion 3977 ; depth 876 fathoms ; bottom,
fine. co r a l sand,foraminafera,
rock ; tempe r at u r e of bottom ,38° F .
Typ e— Cat. No . 90744,
I have named th i s ve r y handsome spec ies forDr. A. A l cock, S u pe r i n tenden t o f the
I nd ian Muse um and P rofesso r of Z oo logy and Compa r at i ve Anatomy i n the Med i ca lCo l lege of Ca l c u tta . Dr. A l cock ’s repo r ts on the Ernest -igatm
'and S iboga deep sea
co r a ls are among the mos t va l u ab le cont r i b u t ions that have been made to the sub
j cet . The p resen t spec ies bea r s a gene r a l , tho u gh appa r en t l y not c l ose, r esemb l anceto (l tryop /ig/Nia cul trz
'
flm A l cock .
CA R YO P H Y LL I A O CTO PAL I , new spec ies .
P late V , figs . 2 , 2 41 ,Co r a l l um co r n u te, attached b y a w ide basa l expans i on . The spec imen espec i a l l y
se lected for the ty pe is so c r ooked that a long i t u d ina l meas u remen t possesses no
ra l u e. The ca l i ce i s a lmost c i r c u l a r ; g reate r d i amete r , ‘
7 mm., lesse r , mm.
Ex te r na l l y t he re are u s u a l ly ve ry low,b road
,flattish
, eq u a l,g r anu l a ted costae .
co r respond i ng to a l l septa . E neirch ngw r i nk les somet imes p resen t , and occas i o na ll ythe re seems to be some epithecz Wa l l sto u t .
The septa appea r to be i n eigh t systems of t h ree cyc les each fi Uppe r ma rg i nsnot exse r t , t hose of the p r ima r i es s l ight l y mo re p rom i nen t t han th ose of the two
a S ibega Deep Sea Con , p . 7 , p l . i , figs . 1 , l a .
0 I n the descr ipt ion e igh t , for con ven ience , i s cons idered the n umber ofsep ta in the fi rs t cyc le.
BULLETI N 59,U N I TED STATES NATIONAL M US EUM . 75
h ighe r cyc les . The oute r ends of the septa are t h i ck , becom ing th inne r towa r d thecen te r
,the fi r s t cyc le o f septa s l igh t l y l onge r t han the t h i r d
,and the t h i r d s l igh t l y
longe r t han the second . The septal faces ex h i b i t undu l at ions co i nc id ing w i t h thecou r ses of the septa l t r abeculae and have g r an u l at i o n s a l ong the i r c rests . The
g r an u l a t ions are n ume ro u s,c rowded
,and p r om i nen t .
The re are e i gh t r athe r l a r ge,sto u t
,und u lated
,and g r an u l ated pa l i
,stand i ng
befo re the sep ta of the t h i r d cyc le.
The co l ume l l a cons i sts of seve r a l,th ree to five
,mo r e o r less tw i sted laths .
Cal i ce sha l l owl ocal ities — So u th coast of Mo loka i I s l and : S tat ion 3827 , depth 3 1 9 to 37 1
fathoms ; bottom ,l igh t g r ay - b r own mud; tempe r at u re of bottom
,F . (two
spec imen s,one attached to the othe r ) . S tat ion 382 8 , depth 28 1 to 3 1 9 fathoms ; bot
tom,b roken - she l l
,g r ave l ; tempe r at u r e of bottom ,
F . (one spec imen,the type) .
Tie/p e.
— ~ Cat . No . 20746 ,Remark s — Th i s spec ies i s based on th r ee Spec imens . The type has been b roken
f r om i ts attachmen t,b u t has the basa l expans ion p r ese r ved , one of the othe r spec i
mens i s attac hed to the th i r d . The cha r acte r of these spec imens i s ve r y constan t ,b u t shows va r i at i on i n the n umbe r and s i ze of the co l ume l l a r l aths . They are ve r yc l osely r e l ated to Oa -
ryop/iyl l ia corn uformc
'
s Pourtales,f rom theWest I nd ies , of wh i c h
the re i s in the Un i ted S tates Nat iona l Museum one spec imen w i th seven wel l - deve lopedand one r u d imen ta ry pal u s . I n s i ze and gene r al appea r ance the two spec ies are sca r ce l yd i s t i ng u i shab l e. A d i ffe rence
,p r obab l y of no g reat va lue
,i s that O. octop al i has a
mo re expanded base than C'. cormgfomnis. The re seems to be good d i ffe rences i n thsepta l cha r acte r s : I n 0 . octop alz
'
the last cyc le of septa are pe r s i sten t l y as long as,o r
longe r than those of the p reced i ng cyc le,an d the inne r ends of the second eve le are
not th i ckened . I n 0 . cornuformzls the l ast cycle of septa are pe r s i sten t l y S ho r te rt han th ose of the p r eced i ng cyc le ; the inne r ends of the sep ta , befo r e wh i ch the pa l is tand
,are t h i ckened , the septa are not so c rowded , thema r g i n s o f the fi r st and second
cyc les are mo re exse r t,and the septa l faces are not so dense l y g ran u l ated .
CAR Y O PH YLL IA OCTO PAL I v ar. I N CE R TA , new v ar iety .
P late V , figs . 3, 3a .
Th i s var iety i s sepa rated f r om the typ i ca l octzymlc' by the exse r t septa of the fi r st
cyc le, wh i ch p r ojects f u l l y 1 mm. beyond the uppe r edge of the co r a l l um wa l l . The
pal i are s i x o r seven in n umbe r,not e i gh t
,as in typ i ca l octopalvi. The septa l lengths
are as inoctopal i .Th i s va r iety is rep resented by a c l u ste r of i nd iv idual s g r ow ing attached to one
anothe r by the i r bases .Local i ty
— So u th coast of Mo loka i I s l and , S ta t i on 3827 ; depth , 3 1 9 to 37 1fathoms ; bo ttom,
l i gh t gra y - b row n mud; tempe ra t u re of bottom,F .
Type.
—Cat. No . 20748 ,
7 6 R ECENT MADR EPUR AR I A or TH E H A WA I I AN I SLANDS AND LAYSAN .
CAR YO P H Y L L IA H AW A I I E N S I S ,n ew spec ie s .
l ’late V , figs. 4, l a ,4b.
Co ra l l um atta ched by ”
an expanded base, g rad u a l ly I ncreasmg I n d i amete rtowa rd the. ca l i ce. lal ice b road l y e l l i pt i ca l .
MEA SUR EMENTS .
S pecimen NO. 1 . No.
‘
3 . No. 3 . No. 4.
Greater ( l la l l l ett’ l ‘ of ca l ice.Lesser d iameter of ca l iceHe igh tN umber of pal i
The wal l exte r na l l y is S h iny and cove r ed w i th n ume r o u s sma l l g r anulations .Sma l l i nd i v i d u a l s and the l owe r po r t ion of l a rge spec imens are w i tho u t costae , b u tin o l de r
,ad u l t
,spec imens
,d i sti nc t b u t not p r om i nen t cos tae co r respon d to the l a r ges t
septa : between these , smal le r cos t-ze may be p resent .The septa in f u l ly g rown i nd i v i d u a l s appea r to be d i v ided i n to ten o r eleven
sy stems of th ree cyc les each . I t i s not poss i b le to d i ffe ren tiate the p r ima r y s i xsepta f rom the fo u r or five l a rge membe r s of the second cyc le. The ten o r e levenp r inc i pa l septa. have ve r y p r om i nen t u ppe r ma r g i ns
,w h ich may p r oject mm. above
the u ppe r edge of the wa l l . The ma rg i n s o f the membe r s o f the l as t cyc le are abou tha l f as h igh as those of the p r i n c i pa l septa ; the nex t to the l as t cy c le are n ot sop rom inen t as the l ast . The septa l faces are de l i cate l y fl u ted
,an d i nconsp i cuous granu
lations are n ume ro u s .Pa l i ten or e leven i n n umbe r
,th i n
,de l i cate
,e rect, mode r a te l y w i de, flu ted , and
g ran u l ated ; “
in a s i ng le c r ow n befo r e the pen u l t imate cyc le of septa .Co l ume l l a r athe r sma l l
,composed of seve r a l c u r led r i bbon s .
Cal i c u l a r fossa on l y mode r ate l y deep .
Local i ties — So u th coas t o f Mo loka i I s l and, S tat ion 3838 ; depth , not p recise l y
g i ven ,92— 2 1 2 fathoms ; bottom ,
fine g r ay b r own sand ; tempe r at u r e of the bottom ,
6 7° F .
No r t heast coas t of' Hawai i I s l and, S tat ion 406 1 ; depth , 24— 83 fathoms ; bottom
co r a l sand , co r a l l ines , nodu les , fo r am i n i fe r a ; tempe r at u r e at s u r face, 77O F 1
spec imen .
Pa i lo lo Channe l , between M a u i and Mol okai i s l ands , S tat i on 3885 ; depth , 1 361 48 fathoms ; bot tom, sand , pebb les ; tempe r at u r e, F . ; 1 specimen .
Cote/pea— Fo u r spec imens
, Cat. Nos . 20749, 2 0750,Remark s — Th i s spec ies is c l ose l y re l ated to A l cock ’s Oaryop/tylh
'
a guadraa
gm aria .
“ The p r inc i pa l d i ffe r ence seems to be i n the m u ch mo r e deve loped costaeof the lat te r spec ies . I t is not imp robab le that the spec ies he re desc r i bed may l
ate r “be p laced in the synonymy of 0 . (j aad
f/ugcncrzfa .
“Deep Sea Cora l s , S iboga Ex ped i t ion ,p . 1 0
,p l . 1
,figs
. 4, 4a .
7 8 R ECENT MA DREPORA R I A or TH E H AWA I I AN I SLA NDS AN D LAY SAN .
”Vic in i ty of Laysan I s l and , S tat ion 3952 ; depth , 31 7— 351 fathoms ; bottomwh i te sand , g r ave l ; tempe r at u r e, 45° F. ; 1 spec imen
,No . 5 of tab le , the finest
obtai ned .
V i c in i ty of Ka u a i I s l and , S tat ion 3999; depth , 7—1 1 8 fathoms ; bottom ,co r al
sand,she l l s ; 2 specinmns ,
Nos . 1 and 2 of tab le.
So u th coast of Oah u I s l and , S tat ion 38 1 0 ; depth , 53 - 2 1 1 fat homs ; bot tom fine
co r a l sand ; tempe rat u r e, F 1 spec imen .
No r thwest coast of Oah u I s l and , S tat ion 41 1 5 ; depth 1 95— 241 fath oms ; bottom,
co r a l sand , fo r am in i fe r a ; tempe r at u re ,F . ; 1 spec imen , dead .
The r ange in depth of th i s spec ies appea r s to be f r om 1 27 to 351 fath oms ; tempe r at u re,
45° to 6 1 ° If bot tom,sandy
,g r ave l o r r ock .
Remark s — Fo u r spec ies of Oyat/tocem s have p r ev io u s l y been desc r i bed , two byMose ley
,(7. corn ea and (
7.
i n the C'hal leng/er Deep Sea Co r a l s , 1 88 1 ; one,(7.
by myse l f i n my repo r t on the S tony Co r a l s o f the Po r to R i can1 90 1 ; and one
,(J. tydmmzn
'zf,by A l cock in the S iboya Deep Sea Mad re
poraria, 1 909. The fo rm above desc r i bed i s most close l y r e l ate d to Mose ley’s O.
in fact,I hes i tated to sepa r ate it f r om t hat Spec ies . Mose ley says that
the s u r face of U. rubescens i s “ g l isten ing,b u t s l igh t ly r o u ghened .
” The s u r face ofthe Hawai ian spec imens i s not g l i sten ing , and i s g r an u l ated al l ove r . The ch a r acte ro f the s u r face may be va r i ab le , b u t i t i s constan t i n the e i gh t spec imens examined byme. The r e may be othe r d i ffe r ences not b ro u gh t out by Moselev
’s desc r i pt i on .
G e n u s C E R A TO T R O C H U S M i l n e E dw a rd s a n d H e im e .
CE R ATOTR OCH US L AKU S ,n ew spec ies .
P late V I I , figs. 4, 4a ,4b.
Co r a l l um sho r t - co r n u te, attached by an expanded base,above wh i c h is a sho r t
r athe r t h i c k ped u nc le. Above th i s the co r a l l um g r ad u al l y i n c r eases i n d iamete r w i t hi nc r eas i ng hei gh t . Ca l i ce s u bc i r c u l a r in ou t l ine. G r eate r d i amete r of ca l i ce 7 mm. ;
lesse r mm . ; d i amete r of ped u n c le 3 mm. ; he i gh t of ped u n c le abou t mm. ;
he i gh t of co r a l l um mm.
Wal l on l y mode r ate l y th i ck,naked . F l at
,low,dense l y g r an u late
,equal costae
co r r espon d to a l l septa j u st be low the ca l i c u l a r edge, and can be mo re o r less d i st i n ct l y t ia e-cd fa r the r down on the co r a l l um by the g r anu l at i on s . The g r an u l at i o n sare r athe r often a r r anged t r ansve r se l y to the l ong i t u d i na l axes of the cos tae.
Septa in th ree comp lete cyc les , and membe r s o f the fo u r th cyc le p r esen t five ha l fsystems , 34: septa in a l l . The membe r s of the fi r s t are the l a r gest
,those of the
othe r cy c les sma l le r , acco r d i ng to the cyc le,the yo u ngest cyc le of any hal f system
a lmos t r u d imenta r y . The fi r s t and second cyc les have s l igh t l y exse r t ma r g i ns , thema rg ins of the th i r d and fo u r th not p r om inent . O u te r ends of the septa somew hatth i ckened , inne r po r t i ons th i n and de l i cate. l n te r septa l loc u l i ve r y open . Septalfaces beset w i th i r regu l a r
,low g r anu l at ions .
(‘
olu inel la ve r y poo r l y deve l oped , composed of two ve r y t h in , mo re or less conto r ted r i bbons .
BULLET I N 59, UN ITED STATES NATI ONAL M US EUM . 79
Ca l i cu l a r fossa deep , na r row,bo u nded by the pe r pend i c u l a r i nne r ends of the
fi r st cyc le of septa .Local ity
— So u t h coas t oI Mo l oka i I s l ands , S tat ion 382 7 ; depth , 3 1 9— 37 1 fat homs ;bottom
,l i gh t g ray b rown mud ; tempe r at u re of bot tom
,F . (1 spec imen . )
— Cat. No . 2 0 764,
Remark s — Th i s spec ies i s espec i a l l y cha r ac te r i zed by the ve r y poo r l y deve lopedco l ume l l a and i ts m u ch expanded base.
Fam i ly ANTHEM IPHYLLI ID I E,new fam i l y .
fl/p e-
fim us.
— Aa t]:em [WUia I’ourtale
[ Nag/71 0 853 .
— Co r a l l um w i t h impe r fo r ate t i ss u es,s imp le.
Septa l ma r gi ns w i th long teeth . I nte r septa l locu l i open .
Remark s — Th e l i tt le gen u s has p u zz led eve r y st u den t of thec l ass i ficat ion of co r a l s s i n ce Pourtales fi r s t desc r i bed i t .
‘t I t looks at fi r s t s i gh t l i kea d i sc - shaped trochocyathoid co r a l , b u t the l ong , septa l teet h immed i ate l yr show thati t i s not c lose l y r e l ated to the Caryophyl l iid gene r a . I t t hen reca l l s some of thespec ies r efe r red to An t/1 1m or Sysygop/zyl l ia . The septa l ma r g i n s o f An ti l l ia are
den tate,b u t the dentat ions are low ,
sma l l,and ro u nded ; w h i le those of S 1 sygop/ig/l l éa
are l a r ge and coa r se l i ke saw teeth ; fu r t he rmo re , both of t hese gene r a have h igh l ydeve l oped endotheca and some exotheca . I do not know anothe r gen u s of co r a l sthat has the wa l l and i nte r septa l locu l i o f the Caryophyl l iidze and septa l ma r g i nsw i th long den tati ons . I am the refo re p r opos i ng the familyAnthemiphyl l iidze ,
wh ic hat p resent conta i ns on l y the type gen u s .
G e n u s A N T H E M I P H Y L L I A P o u rta les .
ANTH E M I P H Y LL I A P AC I F I CA,n ew spec ie s .
P late V I I , figs . 5, 5a .
Co r a l l um sma l l , bow l - shaped , base ro u nded , show i ng by a sca r fo rme r attachment .C r oss - sect i o n c i r c u l a r . D i amete r , mm. ; he i gh t , mm .
The r e are sh r eds of an i ncomp lete epi theca . The wa l l i s ex te r na l l y cos tate,b u t
the cost -(e are not l a r ge, those co r r espond ing to the fi r s t a nd sec ond cyc les of septas l i gh t l y mo re p rom i nen t t han t hoseco r respond ing to the t h i r d and fo u r th .
S epta d i stant , w i th open i n te r septa l loc u l i , i n fo u r comp lete cyc les , those of thefi r s t and second cyc les eq u al in s i ze and w i t h modera te l y exse r t ma r g i ns ; the te r t iar ies are less p rom i nen t ; the q u ate r na r ies the least p r om inent . The r e are d i st i nc tsepta l g ro u ps . The p r ima r ies are f ree ; the te r t ia r ies fuse nea r the co l ume l l a to theseconda r ies ; the i nne r ends of the (maternaries appea r to be f ree. The septa l ma r ginsare ve r y sp i nu lose, the sp i nes ta l l , w i th ro u nded s umm i ts . The d iamete r of thesp ines i s g reate r pa r a l le l to the septal faces t han t r ansve r se to t hem. The re are
g r an u l at i ons both on the septa l faces p r ope r and on the sp i nes .Co l ume l l a somewhat s u n ken , not l a rge , u ppe r s u r face pap i l l ate .
Ca l i cu l a r fossa not deep , ca l i ce sha l l ow , or s u pe r fic i a l .a Bul l . Mus. Comp . Zool . , V , 1 878 , p . 205, p l . 1
,figs . H
,1 5.
80 RECENT MADREPORA R IA OF TH E HAWA I IAN ISLANDS A ND LAYS AN .
Lucatl itz'
ex.
— So u th coas t ofMoloka i Is l and : S tat ion 3838 ; depth , 92— 2 1 2 fathoms ;bottom ,
tine g ray - ln 'own sand ; tempe r at u re of the bottom,
67° F . S tat i on 3855 ;depth
,1 2 7— 1 30 fathoms ; bottom,
fine b rown sand , g r ave l ; tempe r atu re, F . ; 1
spec imen .
Pa i lo lo Chan ne l , between Mo lokai and Ma u i i s l and s : S tat i on 3856 ; depth , 1 27fathoms ; bot tom,
fine sand , ye l low mud; tempe r at u re, F . ; 1 spec imen .S tat ion 3857 ; depth , 1 2 7— 1 2 8 fathoms ; bo ttom ,
fine sand , ye l low mud; tempe r atu re,F . ; 1 spec imen . S tat ion 3858 ; depth , 1 2 8 fathoms ; bottom ,
fine san d , ye l l owmud; tempe r at u r e, to F. ; 1 spec imen (type) .
Type.
— Cat . No . 20765,
R enuw'l 's.
— Th i s spec ies i s dec ided l y d iffe ren t in m i no r cha r acte r s f r om An them i
p afcm Pourtalcs f rom the Ant i l lean seas . A . p acifi ed, has t h i n ne r sep ta , thesepta l sp i nes are not comp r essed t r ansve r se l y to the p l ane of the septa l faces , and
the re i s not that compact i ng of the co l ume l la an d i n ne r ends of the septa by seconda ry ca l ca reous depos i t wh i ch at least often occ u r s i n A . p aiem . The numbe r o fsepta i s abo u t the same . Septa] g r o u p i ng i s not so d i st inc t in A . p atem . The twospec ies
,howeve r
,seem to be ve r y c l ose l y re l ated . Pourtalé s’
s spec ies was d redgedoff Havana i n f rom 250 to 400 fathoms of wate r
The A lbatross obtained five spec imens of A . pacified . The re is p r act i ca l l y nod i ffe rence between the spec imen f rom S tat i on 3856 an d the type, except th at thefo rme r has a d i amete r of mm. and the re are two septa of a fi fth cyc le. The spec imen f r om S tat ion 3857 was attached to a Glycynwris (Pect cu l us) she l l . I ts base i snot uniformlv ro u nded , the re be i ng two const r i ct i on s , i n d i cat i ng inte rm i tten t g r ow th .
The ca l i ce of th i s spec imen i s mm. i n d i amete r and the co r a l l um mm . ta l l .
Fam i l y OCULIN IDAE M i lne E dwa r ds and H aime.
G e n u s M A D R E P O R A L in n ae u s .
1 758. Madrepom (par t ) LI NN zE US, Syst . Nat ,
l 0th ed.,p . 793 , and of v ar io u s wr i ters be fore 1 801 .
1 8 1 5. Jfatrcpom (part ) O K EN , Leh rb . Naturg. ,p . 72 .
1 8 1 6 . Ou tl ine (part ) LAMA RCK , H i st . Nat . An im . sans V er t .,I I
,p . 283 .
1 849. Lophelia M i LNE EDWA RDS and H A iME, Comptes rend u s , XX I X , p . 69.
1 849. Amphel-ia M i LNE E DWA RDS and H A IME
, Comptes rend u s , XX I X ,p . 69.
1 850. D i‘
phel ia M I LN E E DWA RDS and H A IME,Br i t . Fos=. Corals, I n t rod .
,p . X X I .
1 857 . LOp Iiohel ia M i LNE E DWA RDS and H A IME,H ist . Nat . Coral l . , I I , p . 1 1 6 .
1 857 .
- lmphihelia Mu.NE E DWA RDS and H ATME,H i st. Nat . Coral l . , I I , p . 1 1 8 .
1 857 . D ip lohel'ia M I LNE E DWA RDS and H A IME , H i st . Nat. Coral l . , I I , p . 1 20.
1 902 . Madrcpora V ERR i LL, Trans . Conn . A cad . Sci . , X I , p . 1 1 0 (w i th Synonymy ) .Not Al adrep om LAMARCK
,1 801
,no r of s u bseq u ent au tho r s
,except i ng Oken ,
1 8 1 5,and Ve r r i l l
,1 902 .
B rook po i n ted o u t i n h i s cata l og u e of the genus Madrep ora“ t h at the Madrepom
of a u tho r s begi n n i ng w i th Lama r ck,1 801
,was not o r ig i na l l y in c l uded by L i n naeu s
in that gen u s , b u t in Al ida/Jam . I n the twe l f t h ed i t i o n of the Systema Natu rae,L i nnae u s co r r ected the e r r o r of the ten th ed i t i on
,t r ans fe r r i ng M i l lep ora muricata
to Jifi tdf
repom . Lama r ck i n 1 801 , when he unde r took the fi r s t s u bd i v i sion of theL i n naean Aladrep o m, un fo r tunate l y se lected IVadrepom murz
’
cam fo r the type o f thegen u s as rest r i cted by h im . A l tho u gh B rook k new th i s h i s to r y o f the usage o f
(1 Cat. h’Iadrepor.,Br i t . Mus . (Nat. I
,1 893 .
BULLET I N 59,UN I TED STATE S NAT I ONAL MUS EUIVI .
the name, an d a l so knew that i t was aga inst the r u les of nomenc l at u re to make aspec ies i nse r ted into a gen u s s u bseq u en t to i ts o r ig ina l c ha r acte r i zat ion the typespec ies
,he dec i ded to fo l l ow the u sage estab l i shed by Lama r ck Dana
,M i lne Edwa r ds
and Ba ime . and D u ncan . I n my Some Foss i l Co r a-ls from C u r acao ,A r u he and
Bona i r e 0
,I abandoned th i s use of the name and p roposed s u bst i t u t i ng -
(p om,
S tude r , 1 878 , b u t d i d not attempt to fi x the type of the Linnaean Ma P r ofesso rVe r r i l l " po in ted out tha t Acropom Oken ,
1 8 1 5, m u s t be u sed for the Lama r ck i anMadrepora , and t hat fo l l ow i ng Oken ’s rest r i c t i on of the L i nnaean Al adrepom ,
ei the rJVI . p rohffem o r 431 . oculata
,bot h of L i n nae u s , co u ld become the geno type. For
seve r a l r easons p refe r ence i s g i ven to A1 . oculam. The refo re M adrepo'ra oculata
L i nnae u s becomes the type of Afadrep om L innae u s .
M A D R E P O R A KAUA I E N S I S , n ew spec ies .P late V I I I , figs . 1 , 2 , 2a .
Co r a l lum w i th de l i cate b r anches . Asex u a l rep rod u ct ion by b u dd i ng f rom be l owthe edge of the ca l i ce ; r athe r often on each s i de of a ca l i ce
,leav i ng the mothe r ca l i ce
mo re o r less imme r sed i n the ang le between the da u gh te r ca l i ces . S u c h a s u nkenca l i ce alwavs occ u r s in the ax i s between two b r anches . When no b i f u r cat ion takesp l ace gemmat i on i s a l te r nate
,fo rming a r ow of ca l i ces o n each S i de of the b r anch .
Te rm ina l ca l i ces are p rom i nent , as m u ch as mm . in hei gh t , the co r a l l i te g r ad u a l l yen l a r gi ng towa r d the ape r t u re. The l ate r a l ca l i ces on yo u ng b r anches are mode ratel y p r om inen t ; on olde r b r anches the ccenenchyma mav extend u pwa r d and leaveon ly a sma l l po r t i on of the co r a l l i tes f ree.
A r o u nd the u ppe r o u te r ma r g ins of yo u ng co r a l l i tes t he r e are d ist i nct,often
ac u te,costae . Fa r the r down on the wa l l they are l ow
,b ut can be t r aced . They are
m i nu te l y and dense l y g r an u l ated . On o l de r po r t i on s of the coral lmn t hese costee. can
not be t r aced , b u t fiexuous, of ten coa r se , coenenchyma l st r i at ions are p resent . The
who le cmnenchymal s u r face i s m in u te l y g r an u l ated .
Septa i n o l de r cal i ces in t h ree comp lete cyc les,the th i r d cyc le we l l deve loped ;
in yo u ng ca l i ces the l ast cvcle i s r u d imenta r y , b u t t r aces of i t can be seen ; septa lma r g ins en t i re. The yo u ng ca l i ces are ve r y deep , b u t the o lde r ones are sha l low ,the bot-tom s of fi le cal ices becomi ng sol icl lyj il/ed w it/i stm
'eoplasm.
Co l ume l l a ve r y poo r l y deve l oped in yo u ng ca l i ces , cons i s t ing of a few t r abecu lae
,wh i ch appea r to be de r i ved f rom the i nne r ends of the septa . The u ppe r
s u r face i s u s u a l l y pap i l l ate . I n o l de r ca l i ces i t i s m u c h bet te r deve l oped and may be
cons i de r ab ly compacted by ca l ca reo u s depos i t . A few o u ts tand ing pap i l lae oftens im u l a te pa l i .
Local ity — V ic i n i ty of Ka u a i I s l and, S tat i on 41 36 ; depth , 294— 352 fat homs ;
bottom,fine co r a l sand ; tempe r at u re, F .
Typ e— Cat . No . 2 0780 ,
Remark s — D u ncan in h i s fi r st pape r on the Porcup ine Exped i t ion Mad repo ra r ia "“Samml . Geolog. Reich s—Mus. ,
Le iden ,2d Sen , I I , H it. I , p . 68 .
1) Trans . Conn . A cad . Sci . , X I , 1 902 , p . 1 1 0 .
«'
P roc Iov . Soc . London ,X V I I I , 1 870 , p . 295.
3 230 1— 07— 6
82 R-ECENT MA DRE PORAR I A OF TH E H AWA I I AN IS LA NDS AND LAY SAN .
i dent ified f rom t hat co l lec t ion Am/Juf/ie/iw vuioeem'
ru Seg u en za , A . (add -M ica,new
Spec ies, and . I . (m u /m
,new spec ie s . I n h i s second pape r on these co r a l s “ he refe r s
these th ree names and D ayle/[elmprof/m (171 1, Pourta les" D . meneg/Ls ma doder
lei /Mow . Seg u enza " to the. Synonymy of Al a/drep om ra ined Mul le r ,bas ing th i s determimi tion u pon a spe c imen of the Al adrepora Tamed.
.
ofM ii l ler, f r omofi
'
the No r wegian coast , fo u nd in mode rate l y deep sen t h im by M . S a r s .Lindstrt
‘
nn in h i s Cont r i b u t ions to the Act ino logy of the A t l an t i c Ocean (1 i den t ifies af ragment of co r a l f rom off Sa l t I s land as
-i/Lel i (ncameo O . F . M ue l le r p . p .
”
A l cock i n h i s Deep Sea Mad repo r a r ia of the S iboga Exped i t ion , p . 35, l i sts some
fine spec imens ” as“A . romeo M u e l le r sp .
I n th i s connect ion the. ava i l ab i l i ty of the spec i fic: name mmea sho u l d be cons i de red .
0 .
I
F.Mul le r in h i s Z oo log i ze Danicze P rod r om u s , 1 776 , p . 2 52 , c i tes unde r Al adrepom ,
1 11 : women ,and c red i ts i t to L innaeu s , Systema Naturee , 1 2 th ed i t i o n , 1 7 67 . The
{Maire/mm Tan /ea. Linmeus , I758 , is acco r d i ng to s u bseq u en t a u tho r i t ies the D en
drop lryl l /a.Tamed. (L innae u s ) Bl a inv i l le , of theMed i te r r anean . L i n nae u s i n h i s o r ig i na ldesc r i pt i on of 11 l odrep om mmea r efe r s to two p r ev i o u s ly pub l i shed fig u res , one byPctiverwh i ch I have not seen ,
the othe r by Marsigl if wh i c h I have seen . The l a tte rrefe r ence i s g i ven by M i lne Edwa r ds and Haime in t hei r sy nonymy of the spec ies ,and rep resents the common Dmdrop/iy l lin, romeo . The re is n o r eason to do u b t theco r rectness of the i den t i ficat i on of Pa l l as
,E l l i s and So l ande r , andM i l ne E dward s an d
I 'Iaime. I t seems that Mul le r neve r p reposed Jfaa’repom 7 amea as a new spec ificname. I f he had
,h is name wo u l d be a homonym of the p r ev io u s ly estab l i s hedLinumus
,and the r efo re inval id f
The t plofiel v'
ap rofanda Pourtales is an Eupsamm id co r a l an d not a D ip lo/Lel ia,as Pourtales h imse l f d i scove r ed and p u b l i s hed in 1 878 . S ho u l d the othe r fo rms c i tedby D u ncan u nde r the sy nonymy of Day le/Lel ia
f
ramed r eal ly be l ong togethe r , ashe con tends
,the name wo u ld be Afaa’repom m alooem
'
ea (Seg u enza) , b u t D u n can ’sd i sc u ss ion of the fo rms is not sat i sfacto r y
,and u nt i l someone ca r efu l l y st u d ies the
l brcup ine co l lec t ion andmakes compa r i sons w i t h I ta l ian Te r t ia r y mate r i a l , i t i s n otposs i b le to reach any dec i s ion rega r d ing the affin i t ies of the r ecen t spec ies to th osef rom the
f
l‘
ertiaries of I ta l y .
D u ncan in h i s a r t i c le in the e i gh th vol ume of the T r ansact i ons of the Z oo log i calSoc iety of London , redefines the gen u s Aww/ul/rel ia, stat i ng that “
the. co r a l l i tes donot fi l l up f rom be low .
”I ha v e looked the matte r u p on spec imens of A . oculata
and find that the co r a l l i te ca v i t ies in the i r lowe r po r t i on may be practical lv ob l i te r atedby stereolflasmic deposi t .
The co r a l that I am he r e denomi nat ing j lh afrep ora l ame /fend s appa ren t l y d i ffe r sf r om the mate r i a l that D u ncan had by hav ing the bottoms o f the co r a l l i te cav i t ies
0 Trans . Zoo l . Soc London,V I I I
,1 873 , p . 326 .
“Be l l . Mus. Ton-
1 p . Zoo l . , I , No . 6,1 807 , p . 1 1 4; Mem . Mus. Comp . Zoo l .
,I I , I l lustr. Cat ,
No. 4,1 87 1
,p . 25
,p l . v 1
, figs. 6,7 ; Den.d-
r0phyl l iu, p rofunda Pourta les, B u l l . Mus. Comp . Zoo l . , V , No. 9,1 878 , p . 208 , p l . 1
,figs . 6 - 8 .
c (loral l . Foss . Terz iar Dist . Mess ina , Pt . 2,Tor ino,
1 874,pp
. 1 0 1 — 1 05, fig . on p late x 1 1 .
”S ven sk . Vet . Akad . H and l .,X IV
,No . 6
,1 877
,p
. 1 4.
H isto i re Phys iq u e de la Mer,1 825
, p l . x x x , fig . 1 36 , and p l x x x i , fig . 1 44.
fMara e IIer p u b l i shes th is same conc l u sion . S tein - Kora l len,V ald i v ia E x ped i t ion ,
p. 308 .
BULLETI N 59, UN ITED S TATES NATIONAL MU SEUM .
so l i d l y fi l led . Whethe r t h i s cha r acte r i s o r i s n ot of va l u e I can not dete rm ine. Howeve r
,I be l ieve t hat by po i nt i ng o u t the t r emendo u s conf u s ion in D u ncan’s wo r k and by
attach i ng a name to someth i ng defin i te , a s ta r t mav be made towa r d u n r ave l i ng thetang le of the A 771p /t i/wl iae
”s ir/afar.
Fam i l y S 'I ‘
YLOPHORIDJE Ve r r i l l .G e n u s M A D R A C I S M i l n e E dw a rd s a n d H e im ‘
e .
MAD R AC I S KAUA I E N S I S , n ew S pec ie s .P late I X , figs . 1 , 2 , 2a ,
3 .
Co r a l lum ramose,b r an ches s lende r , coa lesc i ng ab u ndan t l y , t i ps atten u ate. The
longes t b r anch in the ty pe mate r i a l i s 92 mm . l ong (t i p b roken off) ; d i amete r a tl owe r end
, 6 mm . ; d iamete r abo u t the m i dd le, 6 mm. ; of b r oken u ppe r end, 3 mm.
Lengt h of one yo u ng b r anch , 2 2 mm. ; d i amete r o f l owe r end,3 mm . ; at t i p ,
mm . I n c r oss sect i on the b r anches are s u bc i r c u l a r or s l igh t l y flat tened . The angleof d i ve r gence of b r anches at po i n ts of b if u r cat i on i s ve r y va r i ab le
,f rom decidedlv
te angle to a lmostCa l i ces sha l l ow , d iamete r f r om 1 to mm . O n the ve r y t i ps of the yo u ng
b r anches t hey are c r owded,but immed iate l y be low the t i ps t hey are r athe r d i s tan t
,
sepa r ated by abo u t the d iamete r of a cal i ce ; on o l de r po r t ions of the co ra l l u m theywe st i l l mo re d i s tan t
,f rom once to tw i ce the d i amete r of a ca l i ce. The ca l i ces are not
e levated and t he re is no p r oject i ng thecal rim .
The re are ten p r i n c i pa l septa,wh i ch extend f rom the wa l l to the co l ume l l a .
They are mode r ate l y ex se r t , r at he r t h i ck , and fo rm a c r ow n a ro u nd the ca l i c u l a ropen i ng . Between each pa i r of p r i n c ipa l septa a r u d imenta ry sept um can u s u a l l ybe seen . The re are cos tae co r respond i ng to bot h the l a r ge and the sma l l septa .
The coenenchyma i s ve r y dense . The re are twen ty costae a round each ca l i ce , asabove n oted . Ou ts i de of the cos tate a r ea are r athe r coa r se g ranu l at i ons , o ften so
a r r anged as to appea r to be con t i nuat ion s of the costae.
Co l ume l l a ve ry l a r ge, fi l l ing the bottom of the ca l i c u l a r cav itv . I ts u ppe rs u r face may r i se towa r d the cen te r and fo rm a dome, o r the r e may be a th i ckr o u nded sty le i n the ce nte r .
l ocal i ties — S o u th coas t ofMo l oka i I sland : S tat i on 3833 ; ~ depth,88— 1 1 2 fathoms ;
bottom ,sand,
pebb les , b roken S he l l s , r ock ; tempe r at u re o f bottom,6 3° F . S ta t ion
3838 ; depth , 92— 2 1 2 fathoms ; bot tom ,fi ne g r ay - b r own sand ; tempe rat u re of bottom ,
670 F .
V i c ini ty of Kaua i I s land : S tat ion 3982 ; depth , 40— 2 33 fathoms ; bottom , coa r seb r oken co r a l , sand , she l l s ; tempe rat u re of bottom , F . [cotypes]. S tat i on 41 35 ;dept h , 2 25— 294 fathoms ; bot tom ,
fine co r a l sand ; tempe rat u re of bottom,
F .
No r theast coast of Hawai i I s l and : S tat i on 406 1 ; depth , 2 1 —83 fathoms ; bot tom ,
co r a l sand , co r a l l ine nod u les , fo ram i n i fe r a .Cbtypea
— Cat. No . 20 769,R emark a — Th is spec ies i s ve r y c lose l y re l ated to Jll adm cz
'
sm irabzfl 'és (DuchassaingandM i che lot t i ) f r om the Wes t I nd ies . The most impo r tan t d i ffe r ences seem to be.
t hat in 1 11 . m irabil i s the ca l i ces are bo u nded by a sho r t theca l rim wh i ch p rojectsabove the coenenchyma and i s espec ia l l y not i ceab le on the yo u ng branches . l havenot seen i t on any spec imen of I
'll . l unat ic/l eis . The septa l ma rg i ns in JI[ . ma
'
rabil is
84 RECE NT MA DRE PORA RI A OF TH E H AW A I I A N I S LA NDS A ND LAYSAN .
i re m u ch mo r e exse r t than in the Hawa i ian spec i es , and i t p r esen ts a dec i ded lysmoothe r aspect than w imbi l -Zs .
1M.
shows a cons ide r ab le amo u n t of va r iat ion . The types , five specimens,
co u nt i ng f ragmen ts , S tat i on 3982 ,we re se lected f r om a r athe r l a r ge amou n t of
mate r ia l,wh i c h may al l be l ong to one colony . These specimen s are r a the r co nstan t .
The ca l i ces va r y in s i ze as exp ressed in the desc r i pt i on , and somet imes they are s u nkenor t hey may
o ccas ional l y be somewhat swo l len a r o u nd the base. The specimens f r omS tat ion 3838 have the ca l i ces r athe r constantly swo l len at the base, but t hey are n otp r om inent and the re i s no e l evated theca l rim.
Some of the spec imens f r om S tat io n 3833 appa ren t l y sh ou l d be va r ieta l lysepa ra ted f r om the o the r spec imens .
MAD R ACI S KAUA I E N S I S var. MACR OCA LYX , new v ar iety.
P late I X ,figs . 4, 4a.
Th i s va r iety u sual l y has l a r ge r cal ices t han typical spec imen s of the species , thed iamete r i s f req u ent ly as much as 2 mm . and somet imes may be mm. The
ca l i ces may be swo l len at the base, somet imes are e levated ; they are al so oftenc rowded . The seconda r y septa may be ve r y we l l deve l oped .
These spec imens are on l y abe r r ant i nd i v i d u a l s of M k aua iensz'
s, as eve r y i nte rmed i ate v.a r iat ion i s in the co l lect i on .
l ocal i ty— So u th coast of Mo loka i I s l and , S tat ion 3833 ; depth , 88— 1 42 fathoms ;
bottom,sand
,pebb les b r oken she l ls , rock ; tempe r at u re of bottom,
63° F .
Ty'ua
— Cat. No . 2 0777 ,
Fam i l y POCI LLOPOR ID IE Ve r r i l l .G e n u s P O C I L L O P O R A L am a rc k .
I nc l ud ing the spec imens co l lected by the A lbatross exped i t i o n of 1 902 an d spec imen s r ece i ved f r om P rof . W. T . B r igham
,of the B i s h op Memo r i al M u seum of
Hono l u l u,the re are in the U n i ted S tates Nat iona l M u se um ove r 75 spec imens of
H icz'
l lopurct f r om the Hawa i i an I s l ands . I n add i tion to '
th ismate r i a l , I have, t h r oughthe co u r tesy ofP rofesso r Ve r r i l l , been able to st u dy the co l lectio n be l o nging to YaleU n i ve r s i ty , andhe has gene ro u s l y let the U n i ted S tates National Museum have f r agments o f these spec ies not p rev io u s ly r ep r esen ted i n it . I n making compa r i sonsw i t h spec ies f rom thePanam i c
, So u th Pac ific , and I nd i an Ocean regions I have u t i l i zedthe old co l lect ions of the Un i ted S tates Nat ional M u se um
,w h i ch possesses most of
Dana’s types , and theA lbatross col lect ions of 1 899— 1 900 an d 1 904—5. I have t he r efo re.
been ab le to st u dy many h u nd reds of spec imens .P r ofesso r Dana , in h is Z oophy tes of theW i l kes Exp l o r i ng Exped i tio n , repo r ted
the fol lowi ng spec ies o f [ bedlop ora f r om Hawa i i an I s l andsP . cesp i tosa Dana , desc r i bed f rom the Sandw i ch I s l ands .P. bretvécmm-
a'
s Lama r ck,r epo r ted f rom the Sandw i ch I s lands .
P. j imasa Eh renbe r g,r epo r ted f r om the Sandw i c h I s l ands .
P . eerrucosa. (E l l i s and So l ande r ) , repo r ted f r om the Sandw i ch I s lands .P. Z igulamDana , desc r i bed f r om the Sandw ic h I s l ands .P. wwandrina Dana , desc r i bed f r om the Sandw i c h I s l ands .P . puma. Dana , desc r i bed f rom the Sandw i c h I s l ands and the F i j i s .P . i nformi s Dana , desc r i bed f r om the Sandw i ch I s l ands .
86 RECENT MADRE PORA R I A on TH E H AWA I I A N I S LANDS AND LAYS AN .
Cora l l um form ing rather large c l umps (1 5 cm . or more in diameter ) ; b ranc hes compressed , separate.
Septa we l l de ve loped .
Co l ume l la s ty lo id .
Verrucaa perpendic u lar to s u rface ofb ranches and u n i form l y d ist r ib u ted
3 . P . modumanmm’
a.
Verrucze appressed , often form ing car inae ,i rreg u lar ly di str ib u ted 4. P . ligal
uta .
Verruc ie obso lete .
5. P . frondosa .
Septa r u d imen tary orobso lete ,co l umel la absen t or a central compressed dome.
Verruczc ,
u s ua l ly u n i form lydis tr ib u ted , reg u lar or rather reg u lar in s i ze . 6 . P . meandrina .
Branches meandro id,s umm i ts naked 6a . P . meandr ine typ ica l .
Branches compressed . s umm i ts verr u cose P . meandm’
na var. nobi l is.Branches w i th d ista l ly swo l len verr u cae 60 . P . meandrina var. tuberosa .
Cora l l um g lomerate- cesp itose , mass i v e at base , w i th i r reg u lar ly flat tened and compressed branchesabo v e. Septa obso lete, co l umel la stylo id 7 . P . i i imnis .
r.P OC I LLOPO RA CE S P I T O S A Dana .
P late. X,figs. 1 , l a,
2 , 2a ; P late X I , figs . 1 , 2 (typ ica l form)1 846 . I ’ocil l0p (n
cesp itosa DANA , Z 0 0 ph . Wi lkes Exp]. Exped , p . 525, p l . X L I X , figs . 5 5a .
1 846 . Portl lopora brm'lcornfis (part ) DA NA , Z 0 0 ph . Wi lkes Expl . Exped , p . 526 .
1 860. Pocil lopora t-
eSp iitos-
a M I LN E E DWA RDS , H i st . Nat. Coral l . , I I I , p . 303 .
1 869. Poci'
ILOpm-
a ca’spi losi t V ERR I LL , P roc . E ssex . I nst ,VI
, p . 91 .
1 886 . I ’oril lopora cesp i'tosa QUELCH ,
Reef Coral s , Chal lenger Repts. , p . 66 .
1 90 1 . I ’owil lopora. cws'pilosa STUDER , Zool . Jahrb . , Syst. , XL , 399.
Origina l (lesm'ip l irm .
— Th i s i s as fo l l owsLow and e ven - topped cesp i tose, m u ch and crowdedly b ranched , branches m u c h shor ter than in
th e (wou ld ,tort u o u s , 2 to 3 l ines th ick , and sto u ter at base ; s umm i t branch lets ver r u c i form ,
2 l ineslong
,and o fte n subacervate. Coral l um ha v ing the cel l s large (é a l ine b road ) , and w i tho u t star or
col ume l la.
w «x -X~ se
The c l um ps are nea t , low - con v ex , and m uch branched ; the b ranches are crowded to w i th in onet h i rd to hal fan inch ofone anot her , and aremos t lya fo u rth ofan inch or less in th ickness . The ce l l i slarge and sha l low,
and has a flat bot tom ; those low on the stem are rather distan t , and a del icate l inemay be t raced aro u nd them , as in some Seriatoporze. The spec ies most resembles the damicor nis, ofwh ich I had cons idered i t a dwar f var iety ; but i t i s a m u ch neater and more s lender spec ies, and haslarger ce l l s .
As th i s spec ies shows a bew i l de r i ng amoun t o f va r iation , appa ren t l y its cha r acte r s can be best exp r essed by desc r i b i ng the typ i ca l spec imens and then i n dicat i ngthe l ines a l ong wh i ch va r i at ion takes p lace. I n add i t ion to the typ i ca l fo rm
,th ree
va r iet ies are r ecogn i zed . Afte r desc r i b i ng t hese and show i ng how they i n te r g r ade,an attempt w i l l be made to po i n t o u t the chara cte r s that b i nd a l l toget he r .
I a . POC I LLO P OR A CE S P I T O S A (typ ical ) .P late x , figs. 1 , l a ,
2,2a ; P late x i , figs . 1 , 2 .
I am refe r r i ng 2 1 specimens to typ i cal P . ces
p l l osa, a l t ho u gh t hey show cons ide rab le va r iat ion . Oi these spec imens , 2 are o r ig ina l spec imen s of Dana
,7 had subse
q u ent l y been added to the Un i ted S tates Nat i ona l M u se um co l lect i o ns,7 we re co l lected
by the A lbatross in 1 902 , and 5 we re sent me by D r . W. T . B r igham.
The gene ra l fo rm of the colonv i s as Dana i t. Howeve r,the d i stance
apa r t and the attenuateness of the s umm i t b r anch lets va r ies cons ide r ab l y . I n one
spec imen , No . some of these may be nearl i r 1 cm . long and 3 mm. i n d i amete r .These n umbers refer to Un i ted S tates Nationa l M u se um Cata log u e.
BULLETI N 59, UN ITED S TATES NAT IONAL M US EUM . 87
They are n ume r o u s and c rowded . S pec imen No . 68 1 (one of Dana's o r i g inal s , wh i chbo r e the name P . (lam z
'
cmw'
s has the ends of the main stems no t so p rof u se l yb r anched
,and the s umm i t b r anch lets mo re d istant , sho r te r , and th i cke r . S pec imen
No . 2 1 86 has s t i l l th i cke r b r anches , and the i r te rm i na l s are somet imes swo l len . Twospec imens
,No. 72 2 (one of Dana’s spec imens) and No . 2 1 86
,are fig u red to show th is
va r i ation,P l ate X
,figs . 1
,1 a
,2,2a ; the inte rmed i ate spec imens are not fig u red .
The ca l i ces are r athe r l a rge, abo u t 1 mm. i n d i amete r ; they may be a sma l l f r act i on mo re or less . They are w i th r a re except ions c r owded , the wa l l s between t hembe i ng less than the i r d iamete r . The septa are on l y poo r ly deve loped or may be
obso lete : the co l ume l l a i s a low, e l o ngated or rounded , g r an u l ated dome. A n umbe rof the ca l i ces show d i s t inct b i l ate r a l i ty
,as the septa at the i r oppos i te ends are mo re
deve loped and con nec t in the bottom w i th the co l ume l l a . The s u r face of the
coenenchyma i s cove red w i th sma l l , po i nted g r an u lat ions .Two of the specimens co l lected by the A lbatross exped i t ion of 1 902 are fig u red
,
P l ate X I,figs . 1 , 2 . The ca l i ces o f t hese spec imens ave r age sma l le r t han in the type
mate r i al , and the septa i n the cal i ces nea r the ends of the b r anches are somewhatmo re deve loped .
Local iti es — Reef at Hono l u l u , 1 sma l l , yo u ng spec imen ; r eef at Kaunakakai ,Mo loka i I s l and
,1 spec imens ; Hawai i an I s l ands , no defin i te l oca l i ty
,2 smal l yo u ng
spec imens : co l lect i on U . S . F i sh Comm i ss ion s teame r A l l ato'oss, Hawai i an Is l ands.No defin i te loca l ity
,9 spec imens ; Un i ted S tates Nat iona l M u se um co l lect ions . Kahana ,
Oah u,3 spec imens ; P u koo , Mo l okai , 2 spec imens , depth 3 to 6 feet ; W. T . B r igham .
P u koo , Mo l oka i , and Wa i k i k i , Oah u , J. E . Duerden , co l lecto r . Lavsan, S t u de r .R emark s.
- Va r i at ion i s a long five d i rect ions .1 . Fo rm . B r anch lets , e l ongate and s lende r to s t umpy w i t h swo l len ends ; f rom
teret-e to comp r essed and f r ondose. The u ppe r s u r face of the cora l l um mav be
neat l y r o u nded , o r the b r anches may be d i ve r gen t and s t r agg ly .
2 . Verrucee . They are absent on the del icatelv b ranched fo rms. and mav or
may not be absen t on the f r ondose va r iet ies .3 . O r namentat i on of the cmnenchymal s u r face . F rom s u bglab ro u s
,w i th m i n u te
sp i n u les to coa r se l y sp i n u l ose.
1 . D i st i n ctness of septa . F rom obso lete to compa r at i ve l y we l l deve l oped .
5. D i s t i nctnes s of co l umel l a . F r om en t i rely absent to stylophoro id.
I n d i sc u ss ing wh at i s cons i de r ed typ i ca l P . cespi tosa ,i t has a l read y been s tated
that fo r the typ i ca l form '
some lat i t u de is a l lowed in the va r i at i o n of the attenuaten'
ess
of the b r anch lets and the compa r at i ve deve lopment o f the septa and co l ume l la. The
s u r face g r an u lat ions of the coenenehvma va ry cons i de r ab l y in both p rom i nence and
s i ze. The th ree va r iet ies r ecogn i zed are espec ia l l y cha rac te r i zed as fo l l ows :P. cesp z
'
tosa va r . tum lda has sho r t b r anches w i t h swo l len ends .P . cesp z
'
losa va r . laysanens is has sp r ead i ng , st r agg ly , te rete or comp ressedb r an ch lets ; when the bran ch lets are comp ressed , verrucse are a lmos t ent i re l y absen t .Coenenchyma l g r an u l at ions r athe r coa r se. Septa and co l ume l l a may be d i st i n c t .P. cesp i
'
tosa var. stylop/wrm'
tlea has frbndose b r anches,w i th i r reg u l a r l y deve loped
verrucze . Ccenenchymal g ran u l at i ons coar se . Septa and co l ume l l a u s u a l l y st rong lydeve loped .
88 RECENT MADRE I’ORAR-I A or TH E HAWA I I AN I SLANDS AN D LAYSAN .
I b . POC I L LO PO R A CE S P I T O S A v ar. TUM I D A , n ew v ar ie ty ,
Plate X I I , fig . 1 .
Co r a l l um g row i ng in low c l umps . The b r anch lets are sho r t , r at he r th i ck , swo l lenon the ends . On l y the uppe r 2 1 mm. of the type of th i s v a r i ety are a l i ve.
The meas u r ements of the th ree spec imens r efe r r ed to th i s varl ety are:
V VS peelmen
i\ o. 1 . o. I o 3
Greater distance ac rossLesser d istance ac rossHeigh t
c’
l‘
ype.
Ca l i ces of the type sma l l , 0 4 to mm i n d i amete r on the s i des o f the b ranches ,to on the ends ; on Spec imen No . 3 of the tab le, some of t hem meas u r e as
much as mm. D i s tance apa r t va r i ab le, f rom less t han , to seve r a l t imes mo re thanthe i r d i amete r .
Coenenchyma l g r an u l at i ons r athe r coa r se.
Septa and co l ume l l a absen t , r u d imen ta r y o r poo r ly deve l oped .
Local ities — P rof . “r
. T . B r igham has sen t u s 1 spec imen f rom Kahana , Oahu ,and 2 f rom P u koo , Mo loka i
,a l l obtai ned in 3 to 6 feet of wate r .
Yi/j mfi — NO . 20870,
Remark s. The fo l low ing no tes , p u b l ished by P r ofesso r Ve r r i l l ,“are p r obab ly ,based on a spec imen be longi ng to th i s va r iety
“One spec imen from the Un i ted S tates E xp lor ing E xpedi t ion,labeled P . bre-
vicornis byDana, d i ffe rsf rom th e ord inary form in ha v ing the branches Shorter and th icker , w i t h the branc h lets shor ter andmore crowded u pon thei r en larged ends , th u s p rod u c ing a t h icker and lower c l ump than u s ual . But
in the ser ies there are var io u s in termed iate forms between th is and those w i t h long branches and
s lender , spread ing b ranch lets . Like mos t Spec imen s f rom the Hawa i ian I s lands , i t has the large, flat,open b u lbs made among its branches by H arp alocarcinus marsupialis S t impson ,
wh ic h renders i t probab le that th i s spec imen was from that loca l i ty .
”
cesp'z
f
éusa va r . tumMa, g r ades on one s i de into the typ i ca l fo rm of the Spec ies ,on the othe r i nto va r . stylop /Loroides .
xc . POC I LLO P O R A CE S P I T O S A v ar. LAY S AN E N S I S , new v ar iety .
P late X I I I,figs . 1
,2,3, 3a.
Co r a l l um . g row ing in low c l umps,attached by a basa l expans i on
,above wh i ch
r i se i r reg u l a r l y shaped , sp read ing b r anches . The g reates t w i dth o f one colony is 78mm . ; lesse r d iamete r of co lony , 57 mm . ; he igh t , 60 mm.
The branc lws va r y m u ch in s i ze and shape ; a few are sho r t,S lende r
,st r a igh t
,
and s u bte rete, b u t u s u a l l y they are flattened and c rooked . Some are na r r ow , w i thi r reg u l a r l y spaced l ate r a l protu lmrances , that may bea r verrucee , i nc i p ien t b r an ch lets ,
a rroc . E ssex I nst . , V I , 1 869,'
p . 91 .
90 RECENT MADR EP ORA R I A OF TH E H AWA I IA N I SL ANDS A ND LAYSAN .
tal l,as m u ch as mm . in d iamete r a t the base, somewhat app ressed , and dec reas i ng
in d iamete r towa r d the apex . Ca l ices on the verrucze not d i ffe ren t f rom the othe r sex cept thev are c lose r togethe r . The s umm i ts of the p l ates may o r may not bea rverrucee .
Ca l i ces on the i nne r po r t ion of the co r a l l um sma l l , mm . in d i amete r , on theo u te r s u r faces la r ge r , mm . i n d i amete r . They are d i stan t at leas t once the i rd iamete r , maybe tw i ce
,except i ng nea r the end s of the b r anches o r on the ve r r ucae ;
on the ve r y t i ps they are sepa r ated by ve r y t h i n wa l l s . Septa u sua l l y d i st i n ct , butS ho r t , in two comp lete cyc les ; a l l may be of the same length , occas iona l l y mo r e thantwe l ve. One sept um i s longe r t han the o the r s andma r ks a p l ane of symmet r y . The
co l ume l la i s d i s t i nc t,te rm i nated by a smal l s ty l e, sepa r ated by a no tc h f r om the
e longated sept um or d i rec t l y j o i ned to i t . S u r face of the coenenchvma m i n u te l yand reg u l a r l y g ran u late .
A second Spec imen,wh i ch I am c l ass i fy ing w i th the one
‘ above desc r i bed,has
s t u bby,mo re or less comp ressed b r anches , the s umm i ts flattened o r ve r r u cose. The
w i dest te rm i na l in th i s spec imen i s 1 5 mm. The ve r r u cae g r ade i n to l ate r al b r anchesw h i ch . th o u gh sho r t , are d i v ided i nto seve r a l S ho r t fi nge r s . O n the outside of theco r a l l um are some r athe r at ten u ate finger
- l i ke b r anches . I n fo rm t hese twos pecimens j u st ove r lap . The ca l i ces in the secon d w i l l ave r age S l i gh t l y smal le r th an i nthe fi r st . The second Spec imen in form g r ades i nto spec imen s of P. cesp i tosa
. w i tht h i ckened b r anches .
Both of the spec imens above desc r i bed have basa l expans i on s that dese r ve fu rthe r not i ce . On these the septa an d co l ume l la are ve r y we l l deve l oped . The co l ume l l a i s ta l l and po in ted . I t is connected w i th an e longated “sept um , and f r eq u en tl ythe re i s an en l a r ged , b u t not so p r omi nent , septum on the oppos i te side of the ca l i ce.
The we l l - deve loped septa and co l ume l l a g i ve these ca l i ces a d i s tinct l y stylophoroidappea r ance.
Local i ties.
— V i c in i ty of Laysan I s l and , S tat i o n No . 3959; dept h , 1 0 fat homs ;bot tom , wh i te sand , co r a l ; tempe r at u re at s u r face, 780 F . Cotypes
,2 spec imen s
U . S . F ish Comm i ss ion steame r A lbatross. Kahana,Oah u
,2 S pecimens ; Pukoo ,
Mo l oka i , 2 spec imens ; dept h , 3 to 6 feet ; W. T . B r i gham .
’
Cotypes .
— Cat. No . 20852,
R emm~lcs.
—'
1‘h i s va r iety g r ades into the typ i ca l fo rm of the species
,in to va r .
t ional/l a and va r . laysanensis. The mos t cha r acte r i st i c featu r e of the va r iety is thew ide , compressed branches . The cotypes are f u r the r cha r acte r i zed by a r o u gh l yand r athe r coa r se l y ech in u l a te coenenchyma
,and st r ong ly deve l oped septa and
co l ume l l a . By va r y ing towa r d fo rms w i th sma l le r b r anches a passage to typica lcesp z
'
tusa i s effected ; by i n c r eas ing i r reg u l a r i ty i n fo rm it in ter-g r ades w i th va r . laysaweasels; by red u ct ion i n the length of i ts b ran ches i t passes in to va r . tumz
’
da . The
spec imens r e fe r red to the va r iety , b u t not cons i de red typ i ca l of i t , s how d i rectpassage f rom ca l i ces w i th s t rongl y deve loped septa and co l ume l l a to ca l i ces in whichthose st r u c t u res are absen t or on l y rudin'
Ientarv.
BULLET I N 59, UN ITED S TATES NAT IONAL MUS EUM .
CONCLUD ING R EMARKS ON I ’OC l LLOPORA CES PITOSA .
Fo l l ow ing an acco u n t of the va r iat ion ,those cha r ac te r s w h i ch a l l of the spec imens
have in common sho u l d be i nd i cated .
The fi r st common cha r acte r i s s i ze . The colonv a l ways fo rms a sma l l c l ump .
the l a r gest indiv idual of w h i c h i s sca r ce l y 1 0 cm. ta l l . The v e r r u cae when p resentare i r reg u l a r in deve l opment
,ha v ing the appea r an ce of b ranch lets that fai led to
deve lop,and the re i s abundant intergradation between verrucze and b ranch lets . The
coenenehymal s u r face i s g ran u l ate, the coa r seness of the g r an u l at ion va r i ab le . The
ca l i ces va r y i n d iamete r f rom to abo u t 1 mm. The septa and co l ume l l a va r v f romobso lescen t to d i st inct . I t w i l l t he r efo re be seen t hat the spec i fi c cha racte r s cons i s ti n the s i ze of the co r a l l um and the cha r acte r of the b r anch lets or ve r r u cae .
Th i s spec ies has been repo r ted by Q u e l c h “ f r om Tah i t i ; by O r tmann ” f romCey lon ; and by Ga rd ine r c f rom VVak aja, F i j i I s l ands . Refe rences to these dete rminations have been om i t ted f r om the synonyniy g i ven in th i s memo i r .
The A lbatross exped i t i on of 1 899— 1 900,in cha rge ofDr. A lexande r Agass i z , col
lected 1 6 spec imens w h ich I am r efe r r ing to cesp z'
tom. The loca l i t ies w hencethev we r e obta ined are as fo l lows : N i a u I s l and , Pa umot u g ro u p
,4 spec imens :
Fak arava I s l and Pa umot u g r o u p,1 0 spec imens ; Mak emo I s l and (reef in l agoon ) ,
Pa umot u g ro u p,1 spec imen ; Motee U ta r eef , Papeeti Ha r bo r , Tah i t i . 1 spec imen .
I n fo rm these spec imens s how a r ange i n va r i at ion somewhat s imi l a r to those f romthe Hawai i an I s l ands . The te rmi na l b r anch lets of the fo rme r
,howeve r
,are in no
instance so s lende r as those of the s lende r es t b r an ches f r om the l atte r l oca l i ty .
The S o u th Pac ific spec imens are sma l l,r ounded c l umps
,w i th mode r ate l y sto u t
b ranc hes,ro u nded on the ends
,o r ass ume the g rowth fo rm of the va r iety he r e ca l led
stylop l iorm'
i les. The ca l i c u l a r c ha r acte r s o f the So u th Pacific spec imens are decidedlvmo re constan t than those of the Hawai ia n spec imens , the septa and co l ume l l a areu n i fo rml y obso lete or verv r u d imen ta r y . The cal i ces on the s ides of the b r anchesand nea r the base are sma l le r an d r athe r d is tant , s im i l a r in type to those of va r .Zayaanens zfs. A most ca r ef u l compa r i son of the spec imens f r om the two r egionsfa i led to revea l any cha r acte r s bv wh i ch they co u l d be sepa r ated , the So u th Pac i ficspec imens fa l l ing w i th i n the r ange of va r i at ion of those f rom the Hawa i ia n I s lands ,b u t the fo rme r
,j udg i ng f rom the mate r i a l s t u d ied , are less va r i ab le.
2 . POC I LLO P O R A M OLO K E N S I S , n ew spec ie s .P late X V ; P late X V I , figs . ‘
2 , 2a .
Co r a l l um b u s hy , of mode r ate s i ze ; a b roken spec imen has a g reate r d iamete r of20 cm. ; lesse r , 1 6 cur ; he i g h t , cm . The b ranches are c rooked and i r reg u l a r inshape , bend o u twa r d , and u l t imate l y come to l ie a lmos t in a ho r i zonta l plane. Theyl ook as i f they had been p u shed down f rom above
,and the refo r e have an u ppe r and
an unde r s i de. The i r c ross sec t ion i s in some i nstances s u bc i r c u l a r , b u t u s u a l l y i tis el l i pt i ca l . They are l a rge r a t the base , the lesse r d iame te r as m u c h as 1 8 mm . , or
even more,becom ing sma l le r distal lv . The t i p s may or mav not be comp re ssed .
H Reef Cora l s , Cha l l . Rept , p . 66 .
b Z ool . Jah rb ., Syst , I V ,
1 889, p . 533 .
6 Free. Zoo l . Soc. London ,1 897 , p . 943 .
R ECENT MA DREPORA R I A O I“TH E H AW A I IAN I S L A NDS AND LAYSAN .
J
No i nstance of coa lescence was obse r ved ; d i stance between the ends u s u a l l y abo u t1 5 mm .
Verrucze i r reg u l a r l y deve loped , absent on the basa l po r t ion of the coral l um, tendi ng to be obso lete on the u nde r s ides of the b r anches except nea r the ends , w he r e t heyare bet te r deve loped on the u ppe r than on the l owe r s u r faces . S ummi ts of theb ranches w i t h orwi tho u t ve r r u cae . I n s i ze the ve r r u cae va r y f r om a lmost impe r cept i blewa r ts on the s u r face to p rot u berances 5 mm. tal l and mm. i n d iamete r ; mm .
ta l l and 2 mm . in d iamete r i s p r obab l y abo u t an ave r age, b u t they are of a l l s i zesbetween the l im i ts j u s t g i ven . The l a r ge r ve r r u eis g r ade i n to the sma l l , stumpyb ranch lets . Thev dec rease b u t l i tt l e i n d i amete r towa r d the s ummi t ; in fact , r at he roften the i r ends are swol len . The d i stance apa r t i s ex t r eme l y va r iab le. On theu ppe r s u r faces of the te rm i na l b r anch lets they are c r owded , abou t 2 mm. apa r t, b utthey become mo r e distant , u l t imate l y d i sappea r ing , as the b r anch is fol l owed towa rdthe base. Us u a l l y they stand pe r pend i c u l a r to the s u r face of the b r anch , are r a r e l ysomewhat i nc l ined or are app ressed to the s u r face ; t he r e i s g reate r obl i quenes s onthe l owe r than on the u ppe r s u r face.
Ca l i ces on the basa l po r t ion of the co r a l l um f r om to mm . i n d i amete r,
sepa r ated by abo u t once t he i r d iamete r of coenenchyma ; nea r the ends of theb r an ches somewhat l a r ge r , up to mm. i n d iamete r
,and mo r e c r owded ; on the
s umm i ts abo u t 1 mm . in d i amete r and sepa r ated by st i l l t h i n ne r wal l s . They ares ha l low
,f r om or mm . deep , to a lmost supe r fic ia l . Septa poo r ly devel oped ,
of ten or u sua l ly obso lete. Bottoms of the cal i ces u s u a l l y flat,somet imes a r ched
u pwa r d,b u t t he r e i s no co l ume l l a sty le.
Cmnenchyma so l i d , s u r face cove red w i t h sma l l , e r ect , po in ted spin u les , a ci r c le ofwh i c h s u r ro u nds each ca l i ce ; between the cal i ces one o r mo r e con cent r i c c i r cles
,o r
thev mav be i r r eg u l a r l y d i s t r i b u ted . The u ppe r po r t i o n of the co r a l l i te cav i tiesmay be fi l led so l i d l y w i th inte r na l depos i t o r tab u lae may be p r esen t to the pe r i p he r y ;between the tabul ie t he r e may be p l u gs of i n te r nal depos i t . The co r a l lum is r e l atively l igh t. and po r o u s , not nea r ly so so l i d as i n P. l igu lata .
Local i ty — So u t h coast of Mo l oka i I s l and, S tat i o n 3847 ; dep th , 23— 24 fat homs ;
bottom. sand , stones ; tempe r at u re at s u r face, 76° F 2 spec imens,wh ich may be
po r t i on s of the same co lony .
Cote/pas. Cat . No . 20996
Remark s — Th i s spec ies does not g r o u p w i th auv of the p r ev i o u s l y desc r ibedP ocail lopm'
ee f rom the Hawai i an I s l ands . I ts ca l i ces r esemb le somewhat t hose of P.
b u t i ts mode of g rowt h and ve r r u cae are en t i r e l y d i ffe ren t . I ts ca l i ces areu tte r l y d i ffe r ent f rom those of the P . l z
'
gulata g r o u p of species , bes i des i tdit‘fers i n thefo rm and c ha r acte r of the ve r r u cae . P . frondose has the verrucze nea r ly obso lete,b u t has deep , c r owded cal i ces , w i th d i st i n ct septa and a d i st i n c t colume l l a . I ts nea rest r e l at i ve i s P. sol ida Q u e l c h , f romTah i t i , and t hey may p r ove to be g r ow th fo rmso f the same spec ies . Quelch
'
s fig u r e of the b r anches i nd i cate that the ends of theb r anches of P . which are th i ck and swo l len
,w he reas i n P. mole/reams they are nea r l y
a l ways dec ided ly smal l . At a l l even ts , the Hawai i an spec imen s can not now be i dent i fied w i th Quelch '
s spec ies .a ReefCora l s , Chal lenge r Repte.
,p l . 1
,fig
. 4.
RE CENT MA DR-B I’ORA R I A OF TH E HA WA I I A N I S LAN DS AND LAYSAN
4. P O C I LLO P O R A L IGU L A T A Dan a .
Plate XV I , figs . 1 , 1 a ; P late. X V I I , figs . 2 , 2a ; P lates X V I I I , X I X , XX , XX I .
1 846 , Peril/opera fangs” (part ) DA NA , Z 0 0 ph . W i l kes Exp]. E x pert ,528 (not E h renberg ;
Mi l ne Edwards ) .
1 846 . J’oci llopom l ig
'itfatu. DANA ,
Z ooph .W i l kes E xp l . E xpect , p . p l . L , figs . 2 , 2d .
1 846 . Pocil lopom phicnm, (part ) DA N A , Z 0 0 ph . Exp l . E xped., p . 534.
1 860 . I ’oc i
’
UUpOm l igulamM i LNE E DWA RDS , H i s t . Nat. Coral l . , I I I , p . 306 .
1 864. Peed/opera l igule ta VERR i LL , B u l l . Mus. Comp . Zool . , I , p . 59.
1 869. Pocil/ipm'
a (mpem VERmLL, P roc . E ssex I n st ,V I , p . 93 .
1 869. Pocitlvipora aspcm var. late V ERR I LL , Proc . E ssex I n st , V I , p . 94.
1 869. Peel/Jipora [imi tate V ERR I LL , P roc . E ssex I nst ,V I , p . 95.
1 886 . Poccllop orrt l'igu la m. QUELCH ,
Ree f Coral s, Chal lenger Rept , p . 68 .
1 886 . I ’oc ill lopom p l icamQ I
'ELCH
,Reef Coral s , Cha l lenger Rept. , p . 68 .
1 901 . Pocil lopora. l igulata STUDER , Zool . Jah rb . ,Syst , XL , p . 400.
1 90 1 . I ’ocil lopora «spen t, STUDER , Zoo l . Jahrb .
,Syst , XL , p . 401 .
The o r igi nal desc r i pt ion of P. l 'zigu lata acco r d i ng to Dana i s as fo l l owsH em ispher ica l , b ran ches s u bd i v ided , rather remote. s traigh t , th in (2 to 3 l ines ) , m u ch compressed
and comp lanate , l to H inches w ide, v err u cae sma l l , ascending, and appressed to the branc h , obso leteat. apex . Coral l um ha v ing the ce l ls short ste l late, co l umel la very distinct, and un i ted by one of the
lamel lze to th e s ide of the cel l .ac» at a a
Th i s ‘spec ies i s pec u l iar in i ts th in - compressed b ranches , and smal l appressed v erru cae, ratherd istan t and somet imes r u nn ing in longi t ud inal car inate l ines . The in ter val s between the branchesare f rom r} to ofan inch w ide, and g i v e an open appearance to the c l umps . I t has the habit ofthep l
’icata in i ts d is tant v er r u cae and ce l l , but the branches'are very m u c h nar rower.P r ofesso r Ve r r i l l in 1 869 pub l i shed a redesc r i pt i o n of the type specimen of the
spec ies . H is desc r i pt i on i s 'In mode of branch ing and form of the verrucee they resemb le some forms of P . aSpera , tho u gh
the b ranches are more reg u lar and u n u s u a l ly di v ergent and distant. The. longer b ranches are m u chCmnpressed, th in ,
and mos t ly di lated at the ends , of an inch to broad , and to th ick .The larger branches ha ve v ery ce l l u lar naked s umm i ts ; some of the yo u nger bran ches are s trong lyv err u cose at. th e end. The latera l v er r u cae are wel l de ve loped , not crowded , ascend ing , and mos t lypart ia l ly appressed to th e s u rface. The latera l ce l ls are rather distan t , q u i te sma l l , mostlv ste l late,wi th twel ve wel l - de v eloped septa, one of wh ich joins the smal l prom inen t co l umel la. The coenenchyina is firm , between the cel ls co vered w i th smal l sp in u le - l ike grain s. The spec imen s are abo u t 6inches h igh and b road .
Hawai ian I s lands,Rev . Mr. Baldw in .
Th i s spec ies i s e v iden t ly c lose ly a l l ied to P . aspera , f rom wh ich i t di ffe rs ch iefl y in its sma l ler andmore d istan t ce l l s , more f u l l y de ve loped septa
,and the finer gran u la t ion of th e cmnenchyma. W i th
a larger ser ies of spec imens i t m igh t perhaps be poss ib le to u n ite the two , but as vet I ha v e obser vedno in termed iate forms .
The o r i g ina l desc r i pt i on of P. asp em ,by Ve r r i l l
,i s as fol l ows : “
Co ral l um b ranch ing m u ch as in the preceding [P . dame V err i l l ], form ing dense hem i spheri ca lc l umps , often more t han a foo t in diameter , of ten ha v ing a rather ro u gh ragged appearance, ow ing toi r reg u lar i ty of the b ranches and prom inence of the v er r u cae. Branches v ery v ar iable in differen texamp les , and often e v en in the same spec imen ; somet imes q u i te s lender and not more than hal f aninch in b read th and v ary ing in length from 1 to 4 inches
,st rong ly compressed at th e ends, or e v en
taper ing ; more common ly m u c h and i r reg u lar ly s u bd i v ided , the ends en larged and v ar io u s ly lobed ,and o fte n consp ic u o u s ly v err u cose at. s umm i t ; somet imes the branches are s to u ter , less s u bd i v ided,
al Proc. E ssex . H i st , VI , p . 94.
BU LLET IN 59, UN ITED STATES NATI ONAL M U S EUM .
compressed , 1 or 2 in ches in b read th,3 to 6 th ick [sic, probab ly in tended to be to and 3 to 5
long , Some w i th ends v err u cose , ot hers scarcelv so . The la te ra l verrucze are general l y d i stant i r regu lar ,of ten e longated
,r i s ing v ery ob l iq u e ly, ormore or less appressed to the s u rface ; in o ther cases smal l ,
but l i t t le p rom inen t , or e v en s u bobso lete, espec ia l ly below . Ce l l s large , those at the s umm i t m u chc rowded , deep , separated by th in wal ls ; the latera l ones mos tly c i rc u lar , not distant , u s u a l l y w i th aprom inen t col ume l la and twe l v e di s t inct septa,
one of wh i ch i s w ider and jo ins the co l ume l la.
Cte nench vma between the late ra l cel l s not v ery ab u ndan t, the s u r face th ick ly co vered wi t h verv ro u gh ,coarse, Sp in u lose grains .
The larges t spec imens are more t han a foot in d iame ter .Hawai ian I s lands , H orace Mann ,
W . T . Br igham ,J . D . Dana.
The o r i g i na l desc r i pt ion ofP. aaj iera'
ar. lam, i s as fo l l ows :One spec imen (refer red to P . p l icam by Dana ) has the b ranches s to u ter to ofan inch t h ick
,
and 1 to 3 inches or more b road , var io u s ly p l ica te , w i th the s umm i ts lobed and most ly naked , thesma l ler ones often v er r u cose, but in the charac ters of the latera l verrucze and ce l l s i t scarce ly d i ffersf rom the large spec imen s of the ord inary v ar iety. The latera l cel ls , howe ver , general ly ha ve the
septa less de v e loped , and the s u rface between t hem i s not so s trong ly sp in u lose. But some of the
o u ter b ranc hes ha ve the stel late cel ls and ro u gh s u r face of the ordinary form . The latera l verrnca:are rather d istan t , not v ery prom inen t , very ob l iq u e, and somewhat appressed to the s u r face. The
naked ends of the b ranches are co vered w i th large, crowded , deep cel l s , separated by th in wal l s .The s umm i t s of the b ranches are separated by q u i te reg u lar in ter val s , to of an inch broad.
The spec imen i s abo u t 1 2 inches b road and 6 h igh .
Hawai ian I s lands , Rev . Mr. Ba ldw in , M u se um of Ya le Co l lege.
The rema r ks of P r ofesso r Ve rri l l on the c l ose r e l at ionsh i p between P . l igulata
Dana and P. aspem Ve r r i l l have a l ready been q u oted . P r ofesso r S t u de r exp ressedthe op i n ion that P. amp ere sho u l d be u n i ted to P . Zig/udam: he
'
,howeve r , sepa r ated
them ,saying
,
“At a l l even ts the g r an u l at i on s of the coenenchyma a r c coa r se r,the
g r an u les are th i ck , and w i th a r o u gh s u r face i n the spec imens t hat I cons ide r P.
aware .
”
I have been ab le to study the types ofP . l igu lam,P. (cap er/t , andP . Imp /
9rd. va r . latei n the Ya le Un i ve r s i ty M u se um . The re are fo u r spec imens be long i ng to the o l de rUn i ted S ta tes Nat iona l M u se um co l lect i ons ; the Albatross obta ined in 1 902 one spec imen
,P l a te XV I I
,figs . 2
,2 4
, that can be r efe r red to P. l igi tl rtta, and one , P l ate XVI ,figs . 1
,I n ,t hat can be r efe r red to P . (awem ; and P ro f . W. T . B r igham has sen t me
n ine add i t iona l spec imens,two of wh ich are figu red . P l ates XX
,XX I rep resen t two
v iews of a spec imen that can mo re app r op r iate l y be p l aced i n P . l igulaia . The s u rface of i ts ccenenchvma i s m in u te l y sp i n u lose
,the sp in u les are l a r ge r t han t hose of
the spec imen rep resented by P late XVI I,fig. 2a
,b u t they are not so coa rse as those
in the spec imen re p resented by P late XVI,fig. 1 a . The seco nd spec imen of
P rofesso r B r igham’s co l lect i on,r ep resented by P l ates X V l I I , X IX , i s typ i ca l P.
asp era va r . latu .
P. [ff/c lamand P. (taper/t, are sepa rated so le l y by the r e l at i ve coa r seness of thecoenenchymal g r an u l at ions . A ca ref u l s t u dy o f the spec imens s u bm i tted to me hasconv i nced me that they are not spec i fi ca l l y d i s t i nct . The w id th of the b r anches i sva r i ab le in both the fo rms w i t h the [ff/1 1 10 1 1 1, and the aspcm type of coenenchvmal
s u r face.
P rofesso r Ve r r i l l , in h i s redesc r i pt io n of the type spec imen of P . l efgulata ,has
admirab lv exp ressed the spec i fi c cha r ac te r s . Thev cons i s t in the cha racte r of theverruc zc , the we l l - deve l oped septa and stv l it
'
orin co l ume l la,and the s u r face g ra u n
96 R ECENT MA DRE PORAR I A or TH E B AWAH A N I S LA NDS AN D LAYSAN .
lations , wh ich va ry in coa r seness . One add i t iona l cha r acte r i st i c of the septa dese r vesnot i ce : They are na r row in thei r u ppe r po r t ion , seem i ng to o r ig inate
‘down in the
ca l i ce,a sho r t d i s tance be low the edge of i ts mo u th .
Quc lch , in re u n i ted P. aspem and P. p l lcnl a , afte r Ve r r i l l h ad reta i nedthe name P . p l
'
z
'
ca l cl for the F i j i an spec imens , con fe r r ing the n ame P. aspera va r .law, on those f rom the l
-Iawai ian I s l ands i nc l u ded by Dana in his P. p lacate .
Quelch’
s spec imens came f rom the reefs at Hono l u l u at depths of 1 to 2 fathoms .Gard i ne r , in h i s On some Co l lect- ions of Co r a l s of the Fam i l y Pocil loporidae f r omthe S . W. Pac ific Ocean} says : “
A l t ho u gh I have on l y had the oppo r tun i ty ofexam i n ing a ve r y l im i ted n umbe r of spec imens , as I can find no d i s tinct i vecha r acte r s
,I have no hes i ta t ion in comb i n ing P. aspem , P. (la -
nae, P. l igulala,
and P. p l icata u nde r one spec ies w i th th r ee va r iet ies . ” P. asp em m u st be placedin the synonomy of P. l igulata . P. (lame, type Cat . No . 696 is
not c lose l y re lated to P . l igu la la ,but i s ve r y c l ose to P. dami corm
'
s (E spe r ) (Ise r io u s l y do u bt the ex i stence of any va l i d d i ffere nces between them) and is somewhat in te rmed iate between t hat spec ies andP. verrucose . Ve r r i l l says , conce r n i ngP. p hloem(f r om the F i j i s) : “ Th i s spec ies may bes t be dist i ng u i s hed f r om P. asp em
va r . late by the mo r e d i stan t ce l l s,mo re h igh l y deve l oped septa, the fi ne r andmo r e
even gra nu lat ion of the s u r face,and the mo r e po rous tex tu re.
” Dana’s figu re of thecal i ce ofP. p l lcam(p la te L ,
fig . 7b) is so s im i l a r to the ca l i ce ofP. l igu lata o r P.
aspwa tha t i t co u l d se r ve fo r the l at te r spec ies . The difl’erences poin ted ou t by
Ve r r i l l do not seem to me to be impo r tant . I am the r efo re i nc l i ned to ag ree w ithDana
,Q u e l ch , and Ga rd i ne r i n cons i de r ing the Hawa i i an and F i j i a n specimen s as
be l ongi ng to the same spec ies , b u t as I have not ca ref u l l y compa r ed spec imens f r omthe two reg io ns
,I p refe r not to r eco r d a pos i t i ve op i n i on .
Local i ties .
— Fr'en ch F r igate S hoa l , S tat i on 3968 ; depth , 1 41 i fath oms ; bottom,
coa r se sand,co r a l ; tempe r atu re at s u r face, 75° F. ; and Laysan , Al batross, 1 902 .
Kahana , Oah u , W. T . B r igham . Reefs,Hono l u lu ; depth , 1 to 2 fath oms (Cha l lenger
exped i t ion) . Wa i k i k i . Oah u , andP u koo. Mo l oka i , J. E . Dunden ,co l lec to r . Laysan ,
S t u de r .5. POC I LLO PO R A F R ON D O S A V erri l l .
1 869. Pocill ipom frondosa V ERR I LL , P roc . E ssex V I,p . 96 .
Origin a l— Ve r r i l l desc r i bes th i s spec ies as fo l l ows
Coral l um l igh t and u n u s ua l ly poro u s,form ing hem i spher ical c l umps
,con s ist ing of n umero u s
e longated , i r reg u lar , often c rooked , compressed , f rond - l ike branches, wi th ex panded and var io u s lylobed and p l i cate ends . The branches are from of an inch to broad , and to t h ick,
except at the s umm i ts, wh ich are scarcelv The verrucze are near ly obso lete,bot h u pon the s ides
and ends of the branches , being represen ted u pon the latera l s u rfaces on ly by distan t and s l igh t lye le vated , i rreg u lar prom inences and low r idges , wh ich are of ten who l lywan t ing . Ce l l s large and deep ,rathe r c rowded , the spaces between se ldom eq u al to ha l f thei r diameter e ven low down on the sidesof the branc hes . Sep ta twe l ve, q u i te dist inct , tho ugh nar row, one of them join ing the co l ume l la,wh ich i s u s ua l l y d ist inc t , but low down in the cel l ; s u r face of the coenenchyma ro ugh , th ick ly co v eredw i th rather coarse sp in u les ,H awa i ian I s lands
,W . T . Br igham .
a Reef Cora l s , Cha l lenger Rept ,p . 66 .
b Proc. Zoo l . Soc . London ,1 897 , p . 948 .
0 8 nrzv lcur MAomcrouAR I A o r“TH E H AW A I IA N ISLANDS AN D LAY S AN .
bra n c h es
,
w i th n ea r l y naked su m m i ts . Th e v e r r u cae are r ath er s m a l l an d c l ose l yc r owd ed
.The ce l l s are son
'
icwhat s m al l e r th an is u sua l in nobi l is, an d th e septa
are in ge n e ra l v e r y na r r ow ,
o r sca r ce l y appa r en t . The su r face i s fi ne l y gr an u l ou s .l ts r ese m b l an ce to I ) . n obi l is i s so gr eat as to sugges t th e poss i b i l i ty that i t may beon l y an ex t r e m e va r i ety of t hat P r ofesso r S tude r , i n 1 901 , exp r essed as i m i l a r opi n i on .
”
Th e A lba/Poss exped i t i on of 1 002 obta i n ed 8 spec i m en s and seve ral f r ag m e n ts o fVerri l l
'
s I’. m lu
'
l z'
s,and the r e w e r e a l r eady 4 spec i m en s of it i n t h e Un i ted S tates
Nat i ona l Museu m . P r of . W .T
.B r igha m has sen t 4 add i t i ona l spec i m en s of var.
nobi l is and 1 of var. zezbm'nsa . I have t hus b ee n ab l e to s tudy ove r 20 speci m e ns of
7M r7n < 1riwa and its va r i et i es .I ’
. meandrz’
na l i es a t th e p e r i ph e r y o f th e species , wh il e Verril l ’sl nobv
’
l /s i s th e cen te r . The b ran ches of P . nobi l is a r e ve r y va r i ab l e in fo r m ,son
'
iet imes beco m i ng con to r ted p lates (P l ate X IV , fig. bu t i n oth e r cha r acte r sth ey a r e typi ca l for that va r i ety . The on ly c r i te r i o n fo r i ts s epa r ation f r omP . meandrim
‘
z. w o u l d cons i st i n th e ve r r u cose su m m i ts of th e b r anch es . Th e typeof mew/u lnar; show s , in p laces , obscu r e su m m i t v e r r ucae ; on t he spec i m e n oftyp i ca l I ’
. mearzdriwa , f r o m P r ofesso r B r igha m , su m m i t v e r r ucae a r e d i s t i n ct on thepe r i phe ra l b ranches . Th e r e i s co m p l e te ove r lappi ng i n th i s cha r acte r . The r efo r ePoci l loyov
'a nobi l is V e r r i l l can be r ega r ded as on l y a va r i e ty of P . meandrz
'
na Dana.
6b . P OC I L LO P OR A M E AN D R I N A v ar. N OB I L I S V e rri l l .
l’late X I V ,
figs. 3,4; P late XX I I , figs. 1 , l a ,
2,2a ; P late X X I I I .
1 846 . Pom’
llopom werrucosa (part ) DANA , Z 0 0 ph . Wi lkes E X p l . E xped. , p . 529, p l . L , figs. 3,3a .
(Not E l l is and So lander . )1 804. Poet/[opera nobi lis V E R R I LL , Bu l l . Mus . Co m p . Zoo l . , I , p . 59.
1 869. l ’orill ipom nobi l is V ERR I LL , P roc . Essex I nst . , V I , p . 97 .
1 880 . 1 ’0cill0pora nobilis QUE LC l -I , Reef Corals, Cha l lenger Rept , p . 6 8 .
1 886 . I'ocil lopora uermcosa QUE LCH ,Reef Corals, Chal lenger Rept , p . 69.
1 888 . Podllopm'
a nobi lis FOWLE R , Quart . Jour . M icroscop . Sci . , X X V I I I , u . s ., p . 425.
1 90 1 . Poof/10mm nobilis STUDE R , Zoo l . Jahrb .,Syst , L , p . 400.
Verril l’
s d esc r i p t ion pub l i shed i n 1 869 is as fol l ows :Cora l lu m fi r m and dense , for m i ng large round - topped or he m ispher ica l c lum ps, often a foot o r
e v en 1 8 i nches i n d iam eter . B ranch es near ly equa l i n length , separate d by regu lar i n ter va ls o fto o f an i nch , e longated , o ften near l y round , to o f an i nch i n d iam eter , regu lar ly fo rk ingand not en larged at the ob tuse l y rounded ends ; i n other cases, e v en i n the sam e spec i m en , d i lated atthe ends to a b read th of 2 o r 3 ba bes and m ore o r l ess p l i cated . Sum m i ts of the b ranch es general lyst rongl y v errucose , th e verrucfe si m i lar to those o f the s ides, but usua l l y sm a l ler and m ore crowded .
Latera l verrucze v ery nu m erous, rather c rowded , the i n te r vals be i ngusua l ly l ess t han th e i r d iam eter ;smal l , regu lar , spread i ng ob l ique ly or e v en stand i ngat r igh t angles to the surface ; taper i ngandso m ewhat rounded at the end,
but angu lar and con ta in i ngbut few qu i te large ce l ls. Between the verruceethe ce l ls are ra th er large , nu m erous , usua l l y l ess than hal f th e i r own d iam ete r apar t . Sep ta but l i t t lede v e loped , v err narrow , usua l l y i nd ist i nct. or who l ly obso lete . Co lu m e l la v ery s m a l l or wan t ing.
Sur face o f th e regu lar ly co v ered w i th ra th er sm al l sp i nu l i fo r m granu les. Co lor o f theunb l each ed cora l deep ye l low ish b rown .
H awai ian I s lands, J. Dana , l i e v . Mr. Ba ld w in,A . Garret
,H orace Man n
,W . T . B r igha m .
1! Proc . Essex I nst. , VI , 1 869, p . 98 .
b Z ool . Jah rb .,Syst
,L
,1 901 , p . 400.
BULLET IN 59, UN I TED S T A TE S NAT IONAL M US EUM .
Loca l i ties — Re e f at Kaunalt ak ai , Is l and o f Mo l oka i , 8 co l o n i e s and sev e ra l b r ok e nb r an ches ; Pengu i n Ban k , sout h coast o f Oah u , S tat i on 1 03 1 ; depth , 2 7— 28 fat ho m s ;bot to m
,fin e co r a l sand
,fo r a m i n i f e ra, co r a l ; te m pe ratu r e at su r face , 76° F . 3 branches
,
p r obab ly f r o m th e sa m e co l ony , Albatross 1 902 . Kahana , Oahu , 2 spec i m ens ; I’n koo ,Mo l okai
,1 spec i m e n : 2 spec i m ens w i th o u t defin i te l oca l i t i es : depth , 3 to 0 fe e t '
r ece i ved f r o m W. T . B r igha m ; Ho n o l u l u R e e fs , 1 0 to 40 fatho m s . Qu e l ch . W'
a i k ik iOahu
,J. E . Duerden , co l l ecto r , Laysah , S tud e r .
R e/nr‘
rf/Jra — The Un i ted S tates Nat i ona l Mu seu m h as in i ts o l d e r co l l ect i ons th r e eexce l l e n t spec i m e ns of th i s va r i ety
,one of t h e m co m i ng f r o m th e YvIl li G-S E xpl o r i ng
Exped i t i on co l l ect i on . Th e spec i m ens f r o m th e r e e f at Kau nakaka i are typ ica l,
j udged b o th by Verri l l‘s desc r i pt i o n and the spec i m en s i n the Nat i o na l Muse u m . D iameter of cal i ces betw e e n verrucze
,7 m m . ; on verrucze , 1 m m . ; on in c r us t i ng base ,
to m m . So m e of th e b ranch es in th e A lbatross m ate r ia l are wide (se e P la te X IV .
fig. r e se m b l i ng in fo r m typ i ca l P . madadv'a'
na .
Th e b r a n ch es in t h e spec i m e ns f r o m S tat i o n 403 1 are not typi ca l ; t hey are l essc r owd ed than i n t he typi ca l fo r m ; the ve r r uca'. are s m a l l e r and u n i fo r m l y stand m o r er l y pe r pend i cu la r to the su r face of the b ranch es
,and the co ra l l u m i s m u c h l igh te r .
Othe r than t hese , no d i ffe r ences of i m po r tance we r e detected . Th e l igh tness of t h eco ra l l u m may be eorel lated w i th th e gr eate r d epth at w h i ch these spec i m e ns gr ew ;i t was n o t n e ce ssa r y fo r the m to be so st r ong as th e sp ec i m e ns gr ow i ng i n sha l l o w e rwate r . The ti ps of the v e r r ucae i n typ i cal nobil is u sua l ly i n c l i n i ng towa r d t he e ndsof the b r anches m ay be d e te r m i ned by the b r anches stand i ng nea r e r togethe r .Ve r r i l l i n h i s d esc r ipt i o n of nobi l is says that th e verrucee m ay be pe r pe nd i cu la r .I be l i eve that t he spec i m e n and f r ag m e n ts f r o m the Hawa i ian
,
Is lands r efe r r edby Que l ch to P . cerrucosa con st i tut e on l y a fo r m of Verril l ’s 770672 28 , as i n so m ei n stan ces th e sep ta may be d i s t i nct and th e co l u m e l la a centra l d o m e .
6 0 . P OC I LLO P O R A M E A N D R I N A var. TU B E RO S A V erri l l .1 869. Pocil l'ipom nobil is var. [Mi cros/r. V E RR ILL , P roc . Essex I nst . , p . 98 .
1 901 . I ’ocill ipom nobi l is var. tuberosa STU DE R , Zoo l . Jahrb.
, Syst , L , p . 400.
Verril l’s o r igi na l desc r i pt i on i s as fo l l ows :
One spec i m en , wh ich I refer w i t h doub t to P . nobil is, is pecu l iar i n ha v ing m uch larger and m ore
pro m i nen t wh ich are rounded and often swo l len at th e end, or e v en obo vate . Toward thebase the v errucae are less pro m i nen t and e v en he m ispher ical . The ends of the branches are
en larged , of te n lobed , and t h ick ly co v ered w i t h verrucrc . The latera l ce l ls are of m ed ium si ze , notcrowded
,w i th th e sep ta and co lum e l la but l i tt le de v e loped . Surface between the ce l ls c lose lv
granu lous.
Hawai ian Is lands, W . T . B r igham .
R emark s — Th e type , No . 1 2 70 , Ya l e Un i ve r s i ty Musemn , was exa m i ned . The
co r a l l u m is abou t 1 6 c m . ta l l , and th e b r anch es are not so c r owded as i s usua l inP . n obi l i s. Th e ve r r u cae beco m es obso l e te to w a r d th e base .
P r of . W . T . B r igha m has sen t on e spec i m e n of th i s varietv to t he Un i ted S tatesNat i ona l Muse u m . I t d iffe r s f r o m va r i e ty web/Il ia by hav i ng la rge verrucw,
usua l l yswo l l e n on the e nds . Th e l o ca l i ty l abe l was t
'
mfortunately l ost .
I OU R ECENT MA DR EPO RA R I A OF TH E H AW A I IAN I SLA NDS AN D LAYSAN .
P . mcawdm'
wa i s ex t r eme l y c l ose to P . eem'acosa ; in ca l icu la r cha r acte r s t hey
ove r lap . The verrucze of the lat te r a r e la rge r and m o r e i r r egu l a r in size , cau singth e co ra l lu m to hav e a ve ry r ough , even a r agged appea ran ce . P . dam icorm
'
s,
dame , ear-m oose , mean t/N ora,
a nd elegans fo r m a se r ies so ind i s t i nctly b r ok en that onei s l ed to suspect. that they a r e re‘
al lv co n tin uous . I t is p r obabl e t hat P . brevicorn is
and P . lob/fem are a pa r t o f t h e sa m e series .
P . meamiw'
na,typi ca l o r as the fo r m ca l l ed nobi l is , is w idely d is t r i bu ted . The
Albatross sout h Pac i fic exped i t i o n of 1 899— 1 900 obtain ed 1 5 spec i m e n s and 2 f r agm e n ts that I have. labe l ed P . fiwam l fm
'
wa . Th ey w e r e obta i n ed f r o m t h e fol low ingl ocal i t i es : Ree f
,Lz-igoon ,
Mako m o,Paumotus, 8 speci m e ns ; Reef , Lagoon , Apatak i ,
lf’aumotus,
‘2 spec i m ens ; Reef , Fu nafu t i , E l l ice I slands , 2 speci m e ns ; Papeeti Ha r bo r ,Tah i t i
,1 spec i m e n ; Rangiroa, 2 spec i m e ns , and l oca l i ty labe l s l os t , 2 spec i m e n s .Th e gene ra l c ha r acte r and range in va r iat i on of these speci m e n s are so si m ila r
to t hose f r o m t h e Hawa i ian Is l ands that no notes of i m po r tance can be m ade .
7 . P OC I L LO PO R A I N FO R M I S Dana .
P late X X I V , figs . 1 , l a .
1 846 . I’ocil lopora inforn i'is DANA , Z oop l i . l ikes E xp l . E xped. ,
p . 535, p l . LI , figs. 3 , 3a .
1 860. l ’ocillopora informix M i LN s Ii nwauns , H ist . Nat . Coral l . , I I I p . 307 .
Original (c rz'
p l i ow.
— I’ ) ana th i s spec i es as fo l l ows :G lo m erate- cespi tose , so l id at base , b ranch ing i rregu lar , often gibbous and acer vate , i n par t naked ,
i n part re m ote ly and irregulz-irly v er rucose. Coral lu m ha v i ng th e ce l l s sm al l of a l i ne ) , a slender
co l um e l la,and one lam e l la v ery d ist in ct .
et» i i
For m s rough - look ing c lum ps, often a foot th rough , wh ich are m assi v e at base , and v ery irregularly subd i v ided abo v e . The sur face is often bare o f v errucae i n m any par ts, and i n othe rs is v eryune v en
,and gi v es off rud i m entary b ranch lets or p rotuberances o f var ious shapes .
Typ e.
— Cat . No. 441,US .N .M .
,f r o m the Sandw ich Is l an ds
,
” W il kes E xplo r i ngE xped i t i on .
Dana's d esc r i pt i on,so fa r as i t goes , i s exce l l en t and gi ves t he m ost st r ik i ng
cha racte r i s t i cs o f th e spec i e s . H is figu r es a l so a r e good . I t is d es i r ab l e , howeve r ,to have ce r ta i n featu r es desc r i bed in gr eate r de ta i l . The ca l i ces va r y in d ia m ete rf r om to m m . ; ther are d e ep , to 2 m m . ; sepa rated by na r r ow wa l l s , r a r e lyexceed i ng m m . ac r oss and usual l y l ess . The septa
,except i ng o ne , a r e u sua l l y
r ud i m e n ta r y o r obso l ete . bu t are so m et i m es d i st i nct. whe n thev a r e s m al l an d na r r ow .
Co l u m e l la ta l l , sty l i fo r m , attac h ed to an e l ongated septu m .
Th e c <e nenchyma be twe e n th e ca l i ces i s so l i d , i t s su r face den sely gr anu l a te , thegran u lat i o ns r athe r coa r se . Th e c o r a l l i te cav i t i e s m ay o r m ay not be fi l led wit hi n te r na l d epos i t , so m et i m es the r e i s a su ccess ion of tabu lae to the botto m s of t heca l i ces , aga i n a cm all ite cav i ty i s so l i d l y fi l l ed fo r a space and t he n the su ccess i o n oftabu lze i s resun'
ied. I t i s i n te r est i ng to n o te i n longitud i na l sect i on s t hat the p r i n c i pa lseptu m (to wh i ch th e co l u m e l la i s attach ed ) m ay be con t i n uous ac r oss seve r al tabu lae,then i t may be abse n t ac r oss sev e ra l , and appea r aga i n .
Th i s spec i es i s so ve r y d i st i n ct that ex tens i v e c r i t i ca l r e m a r k s on i ts affi n ities a r en ot. n ecessa r y . I ts gr owth fo r m i m m ed i ate l y sepa r a tes i t f r o m th e oth e r Hawai i anP oof/Lew es . I ts s ty l o i d c o l u m e l la and obso l e scen t septa are add i t i ona l c ha racte r s.
1 02 R ECENT MA DR E PORA R I A 0 1“ TH E IS LA NDS AN D LAY SAN .
m a rgi n s are exs e r t , often d ec i ded l y p r o m i n en t , so m e ti m es as m u ch as 2 m m . Sec
ondaries th i n n e r than th e p r i m a r i es ; te r t ia r i e s sh o r te r and th in ne r than th e seconda r i es . th e i r i n n e r edges u sua l l y f r e e , but so m e t i m es fused to the s id e s o f th e secon da r ies .S epta l m a rgi ns d en t i cu late , den t i cu lat i ons coa r se r n ea r th e co l u m e l la. S epta] facesd e nse l y gran u lat e . E ndoth eca l d i ssep i m en ts p r ese n t , scan ty ; exoth eca so l i d .Co l u m e l la fa l se
,fo r m ed o f t r abecu lae i nc l i n ed i nwa r d ly f r o m th e i n ne r ends of
th e septa.
A sex ua l r ep r odu ct i on by budd i ng on the intercoral l ite a r eas .Loco/457708 .
—K:-meo k e ,Oah u
,1 spec i m e n ; “r
ai k ik i,Oah u ; depth , 3 to 6 feet ;
r ece i ved f r o m W. T . B r igha m .
Gamma — Cat . Nos . 2 1 633 , 2 1 634, (5 spec i m e ns) .R emark s. One of t he spec i m en s o f th i s spec i es i s in te r esti ng becau se of the way
i n wh i c h po r t i ons o f i t have i nc r usted so m e s m a l l JS’e/ymla tub e s . The spec imenl ooks as i f i t w e r e r a m ose on e p r oj ection hav ing a he igh t of abou t 1 3 m m . and abasa l d i a m e te r of 4 m m . I n th e cen te r of th e p i ece i s a w o r m tube l ess than m m .
in d ia m e te r . Th e r e i s a cons i d e rab l e n u m be r of t hese p r oj ect i ons , of va ry ing h eigh tand th ick n ess
,and a. w o r m tube can be seen i n each one .
The Un i ted S tates Nat i ona l Mu se u m has obta in ed one add i t i on a l spec i m e n of th isspec i es
,a l so f r o m Kaneok e
,f r o m t h e Duerden co l l ect i on of H awa i i an co r a l s .
C r i t i ca l n o tes on L. rig/assist and L. w i l l f o l l ow the d esc r iption ofth e latte r spe c i es .
LE PTA STR E A H AW A I I E N S I S , n ew spec ies .
P late X XV,figs. 1
,1 a .
Th e co ra l l u m gr ows as a th i n i nc r u station ove r obj ects , i ts uppe r surface sh owing i r r egu la r i t i es co r r espond i ng to those of its basal suppo r t .The co r a l l i tes possess f r ee uppe r po r t i ons
,w h i ch dec r ease in s i ze f r o m t h ei r
bases to the zal icular m a rgi ns and p r oj ect f r o m 1 to m m . above th e intercoral litea r eas . Th e f r ee po r t i ons a r e ex te r nal l y beset w i t h l ow
,equa l
, gr an u l ate , flattishcostar that be co m e s m a l l e r towa r d th e bases and on th e intercoral l ite a r eas .Th e ca l i ces are i
'
noderately d e ep , c i r cu l a r o r subc i r cu l a r in c r oss section . Theyareabou t 2 m m . i n d ia m e te r and are sepa r ated by i nte r va l s o f 1 to 2 m m .
Th e septa fo r m th r ee co m p l e te cyc l es . Th ey are al l of app r ox i m ate l y th e sa m eth i ckn ess i n th e t h eca l r i ng, bu t th e i r m a rgi n s va r y in p r o m i n e n ce acco r d i ng to thecyc l es . The p r i m a r i es are m od e r ate l y exse r t , and al l of th e m ex ten d to t he co l um e l la. Nea r the ra l l thev are cons id e rab l y th i ckened
,bu t beco m e sudden l y th i n ne r
n ea r the co l u m e l la. The seconda r i es hav e l ess exse r t m a rgi n s and are th i n n e r thanth e p r i m a r i es , bu t two of t h e m , thos e i n th e m ed ian l ate r al sys te m s , u sua l ly, ando th e r s o ccas i o na l l y , exte nd to the col u m e l la . The te r tia r i es have sl igh tly exse r tm a rgi ns . They are th i n and sho r t and hav e f r ee i n n e r m a rgi n s . The m a rgins of al lthe septa. are fi n e ly d e n t i cu late ; pal iforn'
i l obes ofte n occu r on t he l a rge r septa.The
s epta l faces are fin e l y gran u late , w i th so m e. pe r fo rat ions n ea r th e co l u m el la .A few
endoth eca l d i ssep i m e nts p r esen t ; exotheca d ense .l he co l u m e l l a i s spongy , fa l se , co m posed o f l obes f r o m t h e i n ne r e nds of the
p r i nc i pa l septa.
BULLET IN 59, U N ITED STATES N AT ION AL M US EUM .
Asex u a l r ep rod u ct ion by gemmat ion between the ca l i ces and a ro u nd the ma r g i nof the sp read ing edge .
Loca l ity. Mo l oka i ; depth 3 to 6 feet, rece i ved f rom W. T . B r igham .
Typ e. at . No . 2 1 632 , U. S .N . \ 'I .
The Un i ted S tates Nat iona l M u se u m has obta ined fo u r add i t i o na l sl 'i ec imens f romthe Due tden co l let t ion of ”an 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 cot als, one of them f rom I
’nkoo , Mo loka i , the
th ree othe r s f rom ai k ik i Oah u . The sa l ient d i fferences between L. («fl i es/sf and
l . lance /1 6 1 1 353 m e wel l s hown bv the e 1 1 l 1 1 1 ged tig 1 1 1 es of t he i r respect i ve ca l ices anda1 e i nd i cated 1 1 1 the S ) nopt ie ttab le of the spe1 i ti 1 1 ha1 acte1 s . I he sep ta of the fo 1 me ra 1 e mo r e nea l l y eq u a l in th i1 l< ness and a 1 e mol e ( 1 1m ded. pa r t i c u l a r l y a ro u nd theco l ume l la , wh ich ismo re deve lopedt han in the latte r spec ies . F i ve spec imen s of eachspec ies have been careful lv compa red , and t he re i s no s u gges t ion of i nte rg r adat ion .
G e n u s C Y P H A S T R E A M i l n e E dw a rd s a n d H a i th e .
CY P H A S TR E A OCE LL I N A (Dana ) .
P late XX V,figs . 4
, 5, 5a ,P late XXV I
,fig . 1 .
1 846 . 43 1 12 131 1 (Orbw'
cel la ) ocelli ua DANA , Z 0 0 ph . Wi l kes Expl . Exped ,p . 2 1 8
,p l . x
,fig . 1 0.
1 850 . ocell ina M I LNE and H am s,Ann . Sci . Nat 3 ié me sen ,
X I I , p . 1 1 5 .
1 857 . ocel l -Zna Mu s t: E DWA RDS,H is t. Nat . Coral l . , I I , p . 487
1 866 . Q z/p l iaslrca ocel l ina V ERR i LL,Proc . E ssex I nst . , V , p . 37.
1 90 1 . Cyp hastra’a ocel l ina STL
‘
DE R,Zoo l . Jah rb . , XL , p . 402
,p l . xx x .
(b i g/[71 1 1 1 desc /n‘ion .
— Dana " s o r i g ina l desc r i pt ion is as fo l lows :G lomerate and lobed , often incr u s t i ng ; po lyps sca rce ly a l ine in b readth , lame l lm 24. Co ra l l um
w i th the cal ic les g loboso - cvl indrieal , as in the vi zicrop hthalma, but smal ler , w i t h 1 2 m in u te lame l la:
eq u al ly exse rt ; i nte rst ices near ly naked ; ce l l s deep ; in a t rans v erse sec t ion ,sep ta near ly sol id and
stars few- ra v ed .
P ro fesso r Dana. adds f u r the r i nfo rmat ion in h i s rema r ks on the spec ies,and Pro
fessor S t u der has p u b l i shed an exce l lent and verv deta i led desc r i pt ion . Fo u r fi g u resare g i ven in the p resen t memo i r .
The co r a l l um beg ins g rowth as an inc r u s tat ion 0 1 1 stones,p ieces ofdead co ra l
etc . I n some i nstances the re i s a p roject i ng f ree. edge , Whose lowe r s u r fac e i sep i thecate. As g rowth p roceeds the u ppe r s u r face becomes lobed and g lome r ate.
The l a r ge r of the co r a l l a that I have seen are abo u t the s i ze of a man's fist .Ca l i ces deep ; f rom 1 to mm .
,o r 1 1 1 11 1 . i n d i amete r . The cal i c u l a r ma rg ins
may ormay not be p rom inent,on the th i n i nc r u s t i ng po r t ions of the. co r a l l um they
us u a l l y are low ,0 1 1 the lobate po r t ions t he) r may p r oj ect as m u c h as 1 1 1 1 1 1 . The
f ree po r t ions of the co r a l l i tes are. r at he r s t rong l y costate : no co sta} on the intercoral l itea r eas . Both the costze and the intercoral l ite a reas r at he r coa r se l y g r an u late.
Septa 24 in n umbe r . The p r imar ies and seconda r ies reach the co l ume l la. and
have dec i ded ly exse r t ma rg i ns : the fo rme r are s l igh t l y t h i cke r and a l i tt le mo reexse r t . The. te r t i a r ies are th i n and have f r ee inne r 1 1 1 argins .
—\ rehes o f the septa lma rg ins 1 1 1 icroscopical lv den tate. s u bent i re ; i nne r ma rg i ns d ist i nct l y den ta te, thedentat ions becom i ng coa r se r towa r d the co l ume l l a . somet imes s im u la t ing pa l i ; septa ll ame l l a} pe r fo r ate nea r the i r inne r edges . Septa l faces m inute lv g ran u lated .
Endotheca l d i ssep iments ab u ndant , b u t. ve r y de l i cate . Exotheca composed of th i n,
ves i c u l a r d i ssepiments that s u r ro u nd the co r a l l i tes .
1 04 RECE NT MAD RE I’URA R I A OF TH E H AW A I I A N I SLA NDS A ND LAYSAN .
(To lume l la. mode rate l y deve loped , fa l se , composed of f u sed septal t r abecu lae.
Local itim Sandw ich I s l ands , ” Dana ; Laysan ,S t u de r .
Reefs , Ka u nakaka i , I s l and o f Mo loka i (22 spec imens ) ; and Hawa i i an I s l ands , nomo re defi n i te loca l i ty (I Spec imen) , I
‘l lbatross, 1 902 .
Kahuna ,Oah u
,2 spec imens ; P u koo , Mo l oka i , 2 spec imen s ; Kaneohe, Oah u ;
1 spec imen w i tho u t loca l i ty l abe l ; depth , 3 to 6 feet ; r ecei ved f r omW. T . B r i gh am ;
Wa i k i k i, Oah u and P u koo ,
Mo l okai , J. E . Duerden , co l lec to r .The re are 1 6 spec imens i n the Un i ted S tates N at iona l M u se um ,
and I was ab le t oexam i ne othe r spec imens in the Ya le Un iversitv M u se um .
Fam i lv FAVI IDEE G rego ryG e n u s CGE L A S T R E A V e rr i l l .
1 866 . I ’roc . E ssex I nst . , V , p . 32 .
Origi na l desrf
rfp tz'
on genus— Acco r d ing to Ve r r i l l t h i s was as fo l l ows
Cora l l um mass i ve,ce l l u lar
,fasc ic u late, formed bypr i smat ic coral l i tes in t imate ly u n i ted bythe i rwal l s ,
wh ich are t h in and s imp le . The exterior'
of th e cora l l um i s dest i t u te of an ep i t heca, lobed , and dist inct ly costa te l ike that ofMetaslrea . The cel l s are polygona l , often c losed below by th e di ssep imen ts
,
wh ich , Occ u r r ing at the same le v el , u n i te f rom al l s ides,form ing th u s t ran s v erse septa. I n a trans verse
sect ion traces ofa v ery r u d imen tary and loose co l umel la are seen in some cel l s . Septa in th ree or fo u rcyc les , u neq ual , the i nne r edges p ro longed int-o s t rong pa l i form teeth .
The polyps i ncrease by fissiparity,and near the marg in by d i sk - b udding . Th i s gen u s appears to
bear the. same re lat ion to G’
on-iastrgu, that. does to Prionastrea ,
d iffer ing from i t in the ab senceof ep i theca and the lobed and s tr iated ex ter ior , th inness of the wal l s , and r u d imen tary co l ume l la.
From i l'letcmlrca it. d i ffers in th e las t charac ter,and in its mode of increase as we l l as“ in th e coinc iden ce
of the d issep imen ts an d th e, strong pa l i .As th i s gen u s i s based on a s i ng le spec ies , wh i ch s u pposed l y came f rom the
I lawaiian I s lands,the ge 1
'
1eric desc r i pt ion i s g i ven .
CG LA S TR E A TE N U I S V err i l l .P late XX V I
,figs . 2
,22a .
l astrm tenn is V E Rn i LL,Proc . Essex I nst . , V , p . 33 .
Orig/final (laser-igmkm .
— Th i s spec ies was o r ig i na l ly desc r i bed by Ve r r i l l asfo l lows :
Co ra l l um somewhat col umnar or t u rb inate, flat at top ,at tached by a nar row base ; the s ides are
marked by lobes cor respond ing to the marg ina l cora l l i tes,and st r iated e ven to the base ; the r ibs al i tt le prom inen t , fine ly ech inate near the ce l ls . Ce l l s u neq ual , i rreg u lar ly po lygonal , mos t ly c losed
by a comp lete fl oor be low . Wal l s v ery th in,form ing a z igzag l ine be tween the septa. Septa very
nar row , th in , fi nely ser rate , the i nne r edges perpend ic u lar , l i t t le ex sert, not c rowded , in fo u r cyc les,the last often incomp lete. Pa l i prom inen t , w ide, th icker than the septa,
s i t uated befo re al l the cyc lesexcept the las t . Co l umel la not apparen t except in a sec t ion , where i t appears v ery r u d imen ta ry.
Dissepimen ts ho r i zon ta l , abo u t a tent h of an i nch apar t, most ly co inc iden t , so as to form comp lete
tranverse floors.Heigh t , 2 i nches ; d iameter , 3 ; the a verage w id th ofce l ls
,2 .
Sandwich I s lands ? Pro f . J . Dana,U .
.
8 . Exp]. Exp.
Typ e— Cat . No . 47 15
,Ya le Un i ve r s i ty M u se um.
1 0 6 maa'
r‘
MA DRE PORA R I A o f? TH E HA WA I I A N I S LANDS AND LAYSAN .
Type— Un i ted S tates Nat iona l M u se um . No . 2 1 635.
p
The fo l lowi ng two spec ies of fi brin. are s u pposed to be fo u n d i n the Hawa i i anIs l ands . The fi r s t i s based on a spec imen presumalflv f rom the r e : the second wasdo u btf u l l y r epo r ted f rom t he r e bv P rofesso r Ve r r i l l .
F A V I A RUD I S V err i l l .I ’late L/ KXV I I .
1 866 . Astrea (F a-
via ) rudis V E RR 1 L1 , , Proc . E ssex I nst . , V , p . 34.
1 90 1 . Astra’d rudis STUDER , Z oo log. .I ah rb .,S y s t , XL , p . 401 .
(”a/ma t descrip tion. .
—'
l‘
h is spec ies was original lv desc r ibed by Ve r r i l l asfo l lows
Coral l um mass i v e,con v ex or hem i spher ical , ce l l u la r . Cora l l i tes a l i t t le prom inen t , o val or
ob long , u neq u al , rather c lose together at the marg in ,c rowded at th e cen ter , w i th con ca v e in terstices
s tr iated by the t h i n ,sal ien t cos tar. Ce l l s deep , con ica l , w i th th ree cyc les ofsepta,
wh ich are. nar row ,
th in w i th in but st rong ly th i ckened near the wal ls , cons iderab ly exsert , the u pper par t d i v ided in tost rong Spa S t” teet h , the inner edges w it h more s lender sharp ones ; pal i form teet h l i t t le marked.
Co l ume l la l i ne spongy.
D iameter ofcoral , 5 i nches ; of largest ce l ls , depth as m u ch .Sandw ich I s lands P ro f . J . D . Dana .
F A V I A H OMB R ON I (Ro u s sea u ) ?1 854. I ’
arasfraza hmnbrom’
i L . Roussm u,Voy. au Pole Sud de D umon t—d’
Urv i l le, Zool . , V , p .1 2 2
,Z ooph .
,p l . xxvm ,
fig. 3.
1 857 . F awn. homo-rout M I LNE E nwanns and H am s,H ist . Nat. Coral l .
,I I , p . 435.
1 866 . Aslrca (F ania ) hombroni V ERR I LI., Proc . E ssex I nst . , V , p . 33 .
Verri ll'
s desc r i p t ion i s as fo l lows :(
‘
oral lum inc r u st ing at base ; the s u r face, when free, naked and str iated , r i s ing at cen ter in to a
con vex , lobed mass . A t th e marg in and abo u t the base the cel l s are o val or c i rc u lar , and separatedby a space eq u a l to thei r own d iameter
,wh i le at the top they become crowded , po lygona l , and in t i
mate ly u n i ted by t h in wa l ls . Ce l l s of medi um s i ze, rather deeper than wide,w i th abo u t 1 8 septa in
th ree cy'c les , the las t incomp lete in part. of the systems . Septa narrow ,con s iderably ex ser t , ac u te at
s umm i t , toothed w i th smal l sharp sp ines , a l i t t le th ickened at the wal l s , not crowded . Pa l i formteeth , Inom inent , s lende r, p laced before. the two fi rst cyc les . Co l ume l la we l l de v e loped,
spongy .
Costa"
,where the cel l s are separated , ‘ th ick and prom inen t , scabro u s . E xotheca compact.
H eigl'
i t ofcoral,4 in ches ; d iameter abo u t th e same ; w id th of cel ls ,
Sandw ich I s lands ? , Prof . J . Dana.
I II“box Porf/es lObUJG , (b elaslrea 1871 1 0128
,Favia ru dis
,Pocillopora
(Co l l . Smit hson ian I nst it u t ion ) .Fam i l y MUSS IDZE Ve r r i l l .G e n u s M U S S A O k e n .
M U S S A ? sp . yo u ng ?I ’late V I I I
,figs . 3
,3a .
A s imp le mussoid co r a l was g row ing attached to zlflzdrepom baud - zfensis Vaughana t s tat ion 1 1 36 . I t i s r ep resented by P late VI I I
,figs . 3
,3a
,but no name i s attached
to i t .Local i ty
— V i ci n i ty of Ka u a i I s l and ; depth , 294—352 fathoms ; tempe r at u re of thebottom , E : bottom
,li ne co r a l sand .
BULLET I N 59,UN I TED STATES NATION A L DIUS EUM .
M A D R E P O R A R IA F U N G I D A .
I n a rev iew ofM r . J. S tan ley Ga rd i ne r ’s F u ng id Co r a l s o f theMa ld i ve and Laccad i ve A r ch i pe lagoes ,“ I p u b l i s hed the fo l low i ng note on the fungids of the Hawai ianI s lands :
I ha ve j u st comp leted a st u dy of the Hawai ian P u ng ida,and may be pardoned for compar ing them
w i th those f rom th e I nd ian Ocean . The fo l lowing i s a l i st of the spec ies , w i th notes on the i r occ u rrence e lsewhere : Funyia patel la (E 1 1 . and SOL) , east coast ofA f r ica, etc . ; Fungia (D iascris )frag/dis (A lcock ) , I nd ian Ocean ; Fungia scutai 'icr var. dentigera Leuek art, I nd ian Ocean , etc . ; [F ungi/J.
oahensis Doder le in ; Fang-ia paumotcns is S tutch b . (tide Q ue l ch ) , Ph i l ipp ines , etc ; Fang-ia ech'inrda. (Pal
las ) (fide S t u der ) I nd ian Ocean , etc ] : Bathyact’is stephana A l cock , I ndian Ocean ; S tephanaria slcuata
V er r i l l, Panama ; S lephanaria n . Sp . ; Parana var ian s V err i l l , aff. I ’
. repens Bruggemann ; Pcwona. n . sp . ;
Leptoseris (1 ) n . Sp .,aft. L. fragil is M. Ed. and H . ; Lep toseris (2 ) n . sp . ; Lep toseris (3) n . sp.
, afi .
L. papyracea (Dana ) ; Lep toseris (4) n .
'
sp . Psammocom , aff. P . super/ideas Gard iner .F u r t he r s t u dy of the mate r i a l at my d i sposa l h as ca u sed me to mod i fy the
dete rm inat ions the re g i ven . The fo l low i ng i s the rev i sed l i s t of the spec ies p laced inthe P u ngi da
,fo l l ow ing the o rde r i n the a r t i c le j u st q u oted
F ungal p atel la, (E l l i s and So l a nde r ) .f i tngirt fmg
fi l is (A l cock ) .E mgid souim'ia Lama r ck .
F itngia Orr/wa steDode r le in .
Femgz’
a p azmwtm sz’
s S tutchbury (fide Q u e l ch ) .F ungz
'
a. ech inam(Pa l l as ) (fide S tude r ) .Bat/ryactz
’
s Itawaz'
z
'
mzs is , new spec ies !)
S tep hanam'
a std/ata Ve r r i l l .S tep/zanasria brig/1mm, new spec ies .Pavona ram
’
ans Ve r r i l l .Pa/vona duerden i , new spec ies .l ep tose
fris havxwi fensk ,
new spec ies .Lep tose m
'
s scabra,new spec ies . “
Lep tosem'
s dig/5mm
,new spec ies . ‘1
Lep tosem’
s tubul zfem ,new species
f
Psammocom ”0 6 77 1 21 5, new spec ies .
O f the 1 6 spec ies r ecogn i zed,the re are two
,c i ted on the a u tho r i ty of o the r st u
den ts , whose occ u r rence in Hawai i an wate r s I cons ide r d o u bt f u l . These 1 0 spec ies ared i st r i buted among 6 gene ra ; b u t i t s ho u l d be stated that the gene r i c sepa rat i on ofl ep toseris f r om Pavowa i s do u btf u l . These 6 gene r a are co ns ide red to r ep resent twofam i l ies : The Fungiidaz , rep resented .by F emgz
‘
a ; and the Aga rieiidze , to wh i chP aw -mt
, a tose-
rds, Brzt/zyactis, S tep/rammed ,and R emnmocom are r efe r red .
“S c ience, n . s. ,XX I , J u ne 30 , 1 905, pp . 984—985.
bReferred to B . slepha na A l cock .CReferred to as Lep toseris (2 ) new Spec ies .dReferred to as Leptoscris new Spec ies.
t’Referred to as Le1 ) loseris new spec ies .
1 08 REGENT MA DR E PORAR I A or TH E H AW A I I AN I S LA NDS AN D LAYSAN .
F it ti i ily FUNGI ITl rlfi Dana .
1 846 . Fungi.0 (part ) l .lANA ,
Z OOp l 1 . Wi l kes Ifxp l . Exped , p . 283 .
1 849. Fang-
i .r: M I LN E Lnn a ans and I I A IM ! ) -omptes rend . A cad . Sci . , Par i s , XXI X , p . 7 1 .
1 884. F -
zmtgi id e DUNcAN ,Jo u r . Linn . Soc. London , Zoo l . , X V I I I , p 1 41 .
1 905. Fangi'idaz V AUGH AN , P roc . U . S . Nat . Mus , XX V I I I , p . 379.
I n the l as t pape r c i ted in th i s synonymy , th i s fam i l y was defined as foll owsCora l l um s imp le or co lon ia l , depressed ormi t-ro id in form , sep ta of h igher cyc les u s ua l ly perforate
those ofthe lower cyc les liierforate or so l id . S vnapticula, but no di ssep iments , presen t . Wa l l in thead u l t per forate or compac t . No ep i theca.
The abo v e d iagnos i s of the fam i l y p r obab ly sho u l d be supplemen ted by thefo l low ing : The emb r yo becomes attached and fo rms a trephoz ooidf wh i ch gives r iseto b u ds an thob lasts) the l atte r , by l ate r a l g rowth , deve lop in to anthocyathi ; these bydetachment fo rm f ree ind i v i dual s . The f r ee anthocyathi may r ema i n s imp le (thegen u s B ang/71a) Or, by asex u a l rep r od u ct ion , become co lon i a l . The fo l l ow ing r ema r kswe re added :
The mode of fo rmat ion of the anthocyathi” of F zmgia has been know n fo r
many yea r s,S tutchbury hav i ng fi r s t desc r ibed i t i n Bou r ne has made the
mode of r ep roduct i o n of fi l i ng/in the s u bject. of ve r y deta i led i n vest igat i on s . I t h asbeen p roved for nea r ly eve r y k nown spec ies of the gen u s t hat the f r ee d i sk s are p r oduced by b u ds , wh ich become detached f rom a pa r en t s tock (o r igi na l ly a t r op hozoo i d) .
J. S tan ley Ga r d i ne r , in h i s F u ng id Co r a l s co l lected i n the Sou t h Pacific, ‘1 p u bl ished the ex t r eme l y inte r est ing obse r vat i on con ce r n i ng [flrlom itra (E . irreg
-
ularis
Ga r d ine r ) thatthe f ree cora l l um seem s , f rom my spec imen s to ha ve been formed in a somewhat s im i lar mannerto that of the gen u s Fzmgia— by the b reak ing off ofdisks from an at tached stock . A t fi rs t t here i s onelarge. cen tra l po lyp w i th radiat ing septa ; then , as growt h proceeds , a n umber of cal ic u lar fossee appeararo u n d th i s . On becom ing free the cen tra l polyp may perhaps pers is t or, as in my spec imens. maybecome i nd is t ing u i shable f rom the da ugh ter po lyps , the septa grad ual ly los ing t hei r reg u lar radiat ingar rangemen t in th e cen ter of th e colony.
I n o r de r to d i scove r how gene r a l l y the compo u nd gene r a of the Fangudes m igh ts how ev idence of hav ing o r ig ina l l y been trophoz ooids, . I exami ned spec imens of fiveof the gene r a :
[Jrzlmnz'
h 'a p /Lil app z
'
nensis S tude r , yo u ng . S hows a ve r y d is tinct sca r ofdetac hmen t .
Z oop z
'
l us (ac/Linatas Dana (p robab ly type spec imen ) . S hows a ve r y d i s t inct sca rof detachment. Th i s gen u s i s sca r ce l y mo re than a [fel la/mama w i th ve r y few ca l i ces
,
and these are nea r the cen t r a l co ral l i te.
Uryp tabacz’
a ta-s’
na (Lama r ck) . The r e i s some s u gges tion of a detachmen t sca r ,b u t the ev i dence i s not pos i t i ve .
GA cr i ti ca l re v iew of the l i terat u re on the s imp le genera of th e Mad reporar ia P u ng ida,w i t h a
t enta t i v e c lassi fi ca t ion . P roc . U . 8 . Nat. Mus ,XX V I I I
,1 906
,pp
. 37 1 - 424.
0G . C . Bo u rne, On the postembryon ic de v elopmen t of F u ng ia, Sci . Trans . Roy.D ubl in Sec , V
(2d 1 893,p . 206 .
CTmns . Linn . Soc . London, X V I , 1 830 , pp . 493—498 .
d Proc. Zoo l . Soc . London ,1 898 , pp . 52 7—528.
I I U R ECENT MADRE PUR AR IA OF TH E H A WA I I A N ISL ANDS A ND LAYSAN .
G e n u s F U N G I A L a naa rfc k .
1 80 1 .
A n im sans . Ve 1 t. ,
1 902 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1711 1 Donniumz ix,D ie Kora l lengattnng F u ng ia ,
Senck enberg. naturforscl1 . Gesel Isch .
,
1, pp . 1
— 1 6 2, p ls . 1—x x v .
1 905.Proc . U. SS . Nat Mus ,
XX V I I I , p . 380
The fo l low ing r ema r ks on the synonymy of F zmgz'
a appea red i n the l ast pape rc i ted above :
(l 1 1 1g71 1 1 528 .
“Co ra l l um stonv ,
f ree, o r b i c u l a r , or hem i sp he r i ca l ,or ob long.
convex , and l ame l late abm e,w i th a fu 1 r0W or dep ress ion i n the cen te r ,
cone:1 1 c and l o u gh be l owA s i ng le l ame l late ,
subp i o l iferoii s sta 1 . Lame l l ae dentate o r sp i nose l ate r a l l y .
Typ e- sp ec
— T1 1 1 1y1a 1 1 17 0 1 1 1 1 1 9Lama 1 c l JI ad-
repo'ra agarlcl tes Linnaeus.
‘z
Lama r ck e i iginal lv 1 efei red s i x spec ies to the gen u s , name l yFungia «gr it-{fomris LA 11 1 .
Linnaeu s .Fang/1a
sca lar -ia LAMA RCK , based on Seba ,Thea ,
I I I , p l . cx ix, figs . 28, 29, 30.
Fungia I'imacina pi leus E l l is and Solander , p l . X LV .
Fungla LAMARCE ,based on Seba, Thes ,
I I I,p l . (1x 1 , fig . 6 , and p l . cx 1 1 , fig . 3 1 .
Fu-
ngi u . p atel la ) is LAMARCK : Madmpora pan/1a E LL I S and SOLm oan
, p l . xxvm , figs . 1 —4.
Funaia pilcus L i MARt K : 41 1 1r1 1 11 0 l0n'1'
ca RUMPH IUS Hei b . A .,
n1 b I p l . ‘L xxxvm fig . 3 .
E0
!"
Lama r ck conf u sed in his F 1 1 1 1.g1'
a co ra l s now cons ide r ed to rep resen t fo u rd iffe r ent gene r a .
F zmqia 171 1 1 1 0 1 71 11 Lama r ck , now z H'
mp elol i l /uz l z'f
nwac (Espe r ) Eschscholtz , 1 825.
P aw/1a Lam 1 1 ck,now : [1 1701 71 1 1 1 1 7 1 s zl s (Pa l l as) Dan a , 1 846 .
T1 1 1 1y1 a lalp ma Lamarck now : OnJp l abacza lalp ma (Lama r ck ) M i lneE dwa r dsand Haime
,1 849.
Th i s l eaves in F ungia p rope r , 1 7 . Lama r ck (Z f zmgi tes L i n nae u s),1 7.scutaria Lama r ck , and I f”. patel la (E l l i s and So l ande r ) .
Leuck art i n 1 841 0 c i tes F an-
gm 1,1g1 1 r1
'
c'
1f 1 11 -
1 71 17
8 Lama r ck as “ Typus,
” fixing the
M i l ne Edwa r ds and Haime in 1 8490 c i te u nde r Fang/la , F. agariclforma'
s andpal el lar
'ls Lan'
iarck . I n 1 850,i n thei r Monog r aph of the B r i t i sh Fossil Corals d
1 7 1 1 1 1 011 1 p al el larls Lama r ck i s defin i te l y gi ven as the type spec ies . F p atel laris
La1na1 ck (1 10 1 1 1 1 cpm (1 p atel la E l l i s an d Solande1 )_ can not be the type spec ies , as F.
agar1 1 1finm1 Lama1 ck had a l ready been so des ignated . I n the t h i r d vo l ume of theI I isto i i e Nat u re l le des Co1 al l iai1 es, pages M i l ne Edwa r ds accepts the l at te rspec ies as the type, u s i ng for i t the Linnaaan name .Macl - l es.
R enazml's'.— P ro f . L u dw ig Dode r le i n has p u b l i shed an e l abo rate monog r aph , DieKoral lengattung F u ng i a " , i n wh i c h the va r io u s ske leta l pa r ts of the gen u s are
desc r i bed in m u ch deta i l . A b i b l iog r aphy i s a l so g i ven . A d i sc u ss i o n of the genu sw i l l not be at tempted he re , as the. wo r k of P rofesso r Dode r lei n can be cons u l ted .
a See Doder lein ,Senck enb . naturforsch . Gesel lsch .
, Abhandl . , XX V I I , 1 902 , p . 1 36—1 56 , p ls.
xx - x x v .bObscrv . Z oolog. de Z ooph . Coral l .
,Spec . de Gen . F u ng ia, p . 42 , p l . 1 v , figs . 1 —4.
CComptes rend . A cad . Par i s,XX IX ,
1 849,p . 72 .
(1 I n trod u ct ion p . x l v .i€ Senek enberg Ab l ia1 1d1 . , X VI I , P t . 1
,1 902 , pp . i i i i , 1 — 1 62 , pls. x x v .
BULLET IN 59, UN ITED STATES N AT ION AL BIUS EUM .
J’imgm has sev e ra l sy n o ny m s,w h i ch are as fo l l ows ‘“
CYCLOS E R I S M i l ne Edwa r ds and H aime,Co m ptes r end . Acad .
,Pa r i s
,XX IX
,
1 849, 1L 7 2 .
Th e gen us was p laced by its au tho r s i n the i r Lophoserinze,” wh ich was cha r acte r
iz ed by hav i ng t he p l ateau w i th ou t ep i th eca o r echinulations, and w i t h i m pe r fo ratet i ssues .
Origi nal generic diagnosis . Co r a l l u m s i m pl e , f r ee . S epta ve r y nu m e r ou s ,u n i t i ng by th e i r i n ne r m a rgi n s . ”
Typ e- sp ecies . cyclol ites Lama r ck , H ist . Nat . A n i m . san s Vertebres,II
,
p . 2 36 : Dode r l e i n , Koral lengat. Fu ngia ,pp . 77 - 79
,p l . i v
,figs . 7—9
,p l . V
,figs. 5
,5a.
D istribution .
— Recen t , Ch ina S eas an d Ph i l i ppines eas twa r d to the mid- Pac ific.
ACTINOSE R I S d’
Orbigny, Not-e su r des p . 1 2,1 849.
Original generic diagnosis.
— “ I t is a ci r cu la r Uyclosem'
s , whose col u m e l l a i sce nt ra l
,r ou nd
,and not in an e l ongat ed fu r r ow .
”
Type- species.
— A . ceno-ma -
acusis d’
Orbigny,Note su r des Polyp . fess , no m . n ud . ;
P r od . d eIpalé ontol . , I I , p . 1 80 : M i l n e Edwa r ds and Haime, H ist . Nat. Coral l . ,
I I I, p . 53 .
G r oupe de la c r a i e tufiean,Le Mans .
M i l n e Edwards b r e fe r s ActinoseV/‘
z
'
s cenomanensi s to the gen u s Uycloserz'
s,m ak i ng
d’
Orh igny’s Actinoserzfs a sy nony m of t h e i r Th e septal st r uctu r e of
(I’
Orbigny’
s ge nu s shou l d be i n vest igated , and i t m ay be we l l to r ein vest igate t heTe r t i a r y and C r e taceou s spec i es o f c loseris
,
’ th ey m ay not be congene r i c w i thf imn a (Uycloseris) cyclol
'e'
tes La m a r ck . I t i s of espec ial i m po r tance to dete r m i n ewh e th e r the f r ee di sks of th ese co r a l s p laced in Cyclosm'
z
'
s o r igi nate as anthocyath i,as i n Fang/5a .
D IASERI S M i l ne E dwa r ds an d Haime, Co m ptes r end . A cad .,Pa r i s
,XX IX
,
1 849, [L 72 .
Th i s gen us was p l aced by its au tho r s in th ei r Lophoserin te ,” cha r acte r i zed bv
hav i ng “ th e p l ateau w i th ou t epi th eca and echinulations,and w i th i m pe r fo r ate
fi ssues
Origi na l generic dz'
agnosz'
s . f r o m th e p r eced i ng [c losco'is] in that,when you ng, i t i s co m posed of sepa r ate pa r ts that u n i te late r . ”
Type- sp ecies— F 71.
-
719611 distorm M i ch e l i n , Mag. de Z oo l .,2d se r .
,V A n né e ,
Z ooph . p l . v : Dode r l e i n,Koral lengat. Fu ngia ,
pp . 74—77 , p l . I I I , and p l . v , figs . 3 , 3a .
D istribution..
— Ph i l i pp i n es .R emark a — Du nean i n h i s Rev ision of the Gene r a and Fam i l i es of t he Mad r e
poraria’” p laces E cmesus P h i l i pp i “ and [ l em icyat/uw S egu e nza " i n t he sy non y m y of
D iaserz'
s. Ecmesus is a doubtfu l co r a l , bu t probablv i s an i m pe r fect spec i m e n of atrochocyatho id spec i es . The Hemicyat/ms
' o f S egu en za certainl v be l o ngs in thatgr oup .
aAl l of these ex cept i ng Acl -i-nose-
ris d'Orhigny are d iscuss ed by Diiderlein , i n h is D ie l i oral lengat»
tungFungia. For fur ther d iscuss ion consu l t that work .5 H ist. Nat . Coral l . , 1 1 1 , p . 53 .
CJour. Li nn . Soc . London , Zoo l . , X V I I I , 1 884, p . 1 50.
d Neues Jahrb . fii rM i nera l . , Jahrg. 1 841 , p . 6 65, p l . x 1 3 , figs. 1 a- e.
eCoral larii foss i l i (le l . rocce terz . de l d ist. Mess i na,1 864
, Pt. 2 , p . 67 .
1 1 2 ima'r MADRE PURAR I A or TH E H A WA I I A N I S LAN DS AND LAYSAN .
V e r r i l l,Bu l l
.Mus . Co m p . Z oo l I , 1 864, p . 52 .
La m a r c k , H is t . Nat . A n i m . sans Ve r t . , I I , p . 2 36
Dod e r l e i n,Koral lengat . Fu ngia, pp .
91 — 97 ,“p l . V I I I
,figs. 1 — 6 .
A t ype - spec i es was d es ignated , bu t n o desc r ipt i on was pub l i s hed . The gen u swas i n te nded to em ln'
ace m o r e o r loss e l o ngate flat F l ing/ix , w i t hou t ten tacu la r l obeson the septa .
LO BAC'I
‘
I S Ve r r i l l , Bu l l . Mus . Co m p . Z oo l . , I , 1 864, p . 52 .
Typ e- species. (len i igma Le ncka r t,De Z ooph . Coral l . et spec . Gen
Fu ngia,pp . 48—49
,p l
. I l l , figs . 1,2 ; cf . Dod e r l e i n , Koral lengat . F u ngi a , pp . 91 — 97 .
Th e r e was n o o r igi na l desc r i pt i on ; on l y a type - spec i es was ci ted . Th i s gr oupi s co m posed o f so m ewhat e l ongate , flat spec i es , i n wh i ch t he te n tacu l a r l obes of th esepta are gr eat ly deve l oped .
CTE I‘
AP’
I‘
I S Ve r r i l l , Bu l l . Mus. Co m p . Z oo l .,I , 1 864, p . 51 .
Typ e- species. ec/i'ina za. Pal las , E l e n ch . Z 0 0 ph .
, p . 284: F zmgia.
ec/wiwa ta ,Dod e r l e i n
,Koral lengat. Fungi a , pp . 1 01 — 1 05
,p l . x
,figs. 1 — 5.
No d iagn os i s o f the ge nus was pub l i shed . I t was estab l i s hed fo r the ve r y l a rge ,e l o ngate F ew/gigs ,
the la rgest k nown , in w h i ch th e septa l m a rgi n s a r e st r onglyd e n tate , t h e de n tat i ons r ese m b l i ng,
as the na m e i m p l i es , t he tee th o f a co m b .
HAL IGLO SSA (pa r t) Eh r e n be rg, Akad . W’
issensch . Be r l i n,Abhandl .
,1 832
,p . 2 74,
1 8 34.
(h 'ig'imvl diagnosis. [Fungids]co m po und (po l ysto m atou s) , base expanded ,
sto l on i fe r ous . extend ed i n tw o d i r ect ly oppos i te d i r ect i on s (its ob l o ng fo r m r eca l l i nga tongue : riflm icime l ibm'
ae) .
To th is ge nu s h e r efe r s five speci es :1 . .zi l adrepora (ac/imamPa l las .2 . F imgia l imacina Lamarck z l ll adrepm
'a p i leus E l l i s and Solande r .
3 . 1 1 a]igloas-
(i in 60 77 p Ehrenberg: l l adrepom p ilcus o f L i n nae u s and Pa l l as
[dang-
usp i/eus 0510 7 141 1 1 8 , S eba, Thes . , I I I , pl . clx 1 , fig. 5.
4. Mdiylosm fol iosa Ehrenberg: flfadrepom p i leiw Linnzeus an d Pa l las : Seba ,Thes .
,I l l . p l . (7x 1 , fig. 3 .
I l a/iglossa, stel laria Ehrenberg: rll adrepm
'a p i leus va r . E spe r , pl . LX X I I I .
No . 1 was cons i de r ed by Leuck art to b e w r ongl y i d e nt i fied , and was na m edFungia e/menbergi by h i m .
“ P r of e sso r Dode r l e i n , i n h is D i e Koral lengattungFungiafi p laces Leuck art's F angia e/wenbergi i n t h e synony m y of Fungia ec/i ina m
M i l n e Ed wa r ds and H aime r efe r th e fou r others c to t he synony m y ofIJm‘
pdd i i/ui him/am(Espe r ) E schscholtz , 1 825.
The r e fo r e th e ge n us Ifal iglossa con ta i ned two ge n e ra ,o ne pa r t o f w h i c h be l o ngs
to F ungi/fr. La m a r ck , 1 80 1 , t he othe r to lfwwcto/i Z/uz Eschscho ltz ,a nd cou se
quentlv m ust lapse .a De z ooph . corral ]. et gen . Fungia,
1 841 , p . 6 2 , p l . 1 1 .
b Senck enberg. naturior. Gesel lsclr , Abhandl .
,XX V I I
,1 902
,p . 1 0 1 .
( A n n . Sci . nat. ,I3ieme sen ,
Zoo l .,X V
,p . 94.
d Eschsehol tz’
s fl erpetol'ilha (I sis, XV I , 1 825, p . or igi nal l y con ta ined two spec ies, F ungia
l imacina and Fungiu talpa , o f Lam arck . M i l ne Edwards and B ai m e,i n 1 849 (Co m p tes rend ,
XX IX ,
p . restr icted ‘
l -Ierpnloh'
tha to the fi rst m en t ioned spec ies (c i t i ngMadrepom p i leus E l l is and So lander,pl . M N ) and proposed the genus Crypuzbacia fo r th e second .
l l —l R ECE NT MADRE I ’OR ARI A OF TH E H AWA I I AN I S LA N DS AND LAYSAN
I t see m ed to m e that a study o f t h is k i nd wou l d be i m po r tan t i n possibl y th r ow
ing l igh t o n th e va l ue of chz-tracterssupposed to be of fa m i l y o r ‘ gen e r i c val ue .
S o m ewhat m o r e than 400 spe c i m ens w e r e stud i ed ; oft h e se abou t 45 we r e r eceived
f r o m D r . Cha r l es G r av i e r , of th e Museum d’H istoire Natu r el l e , Pa r i s , th e othe r s
th e p r ope r ty of the Un i ted S tates Nat ional Museu m .Th i s a m ou n t of m ate r ial
p r obab l y may appea r la rge , bu t i t i s en t i r e l y i nsuffi c i e n t fo r the wo r k i ng ou t of th eva r iat i on s and th e del imitz-i t iou o f t h e d iffe r e n t sp ec i es . I n sp i te of t he in su fficie ncyof th e. m ate r ia l , how eve r , I t r ust that data of va l u e have bee n
p r ocu r ed t h r ough itsca r e fu l stud y .
CYCLO S E R I S .
DESCR I BED SPEC IES O F CYCLOSER I S .
l l’l adTGPOI’
t'
l patel la, E l l i s and So lande r .Fung
'la. cyclol ites La m a r ck .
i mglw ten ni s Dana .J’i mgia glan s Dana .F ang/mhear
agom tl is M i l n e Edwa r ds an d Haime.
sim -
nm'
s M i l ne Edwa r ds and Haime .
J’imgia ale/j aws Ve r r i l l .(fyclosca
-
l'i s di scus Qu el ch .
C’jz/closm
'is mycoi fles A lcock .
fi
lmy/“
la crow, Dode r l ein .
Fungal coszfulamO r t m an n .
Dod e r l e i n does not r ecogn i ze. C'ycloseris as a val i d genu s , cons ide r i ng it a
sy nony m o f F ang/fi e .He does
,howeve r
,r ecognize a patel la gr oup of spec i es and
r e fe r s to i t al l t h e spec i es of C’yclnscm’
s and D iasw is . He. r efe r s 6 spec i es to th egr oup , v i z :
patel la (E l l i s and So l and e r ) (> F . (mu/ls Dana - l—F . lee -
.ralgonal is M il neE dward s and Haime—l A l cock) .
F. cram Dode r l e i n .
(fl -lateral M i ch e l in (typ e of D -iccsemfls) .
cyclol ites La m a r ck (type of [Maser -is marten/i Tenison
VVoodlT. deg/(ms Ve r r il l .Jf
’
. cosl ulamO r t m an n .The fo l l ow i ng spec i es
,o r iginal ly based o n th e Cycloseris fo r m , are said to possess
a Diaser'is fo r m1 7 . patel la (E l l i s and So land e r ) .F. cyclolz
'
tes La m a r ck .
Th e fo l l ow i ng spec ific na m es a r e no t r ecogn i zed , no r a r e they p l aced in anysynony m y
S
A
$
54
is
E mgia glans Dana .Cycloswvfs s inew /is M i l n e fld ards and H aime.
Cyclose-
Mls' discus Que l c'h .
Cycloscrlls mycoides A l cock .
BULLET IN 59,UN ITED STATES N AT ION AL MUSEUM .
of the spec i e s of (751 0 10 90 939, D iaserls and F zmgia i n the Un i ted S tatesMuse u m :
Ph il i pp i ne Is l and s .C'yclosem
'
s,2 sp.
,Ph i l i pp i ne I s la nds .
c loseris p atel la (E l l i s a nd S o lande r ) , Hawai ian Is lands , and east coast ofA f r ica.
Off/clowns elegmw (Ve r r i l l ) Gu l f of Ca l i fo r n ia.
Cyclose/as l en uw (Dara) , Pac ific Occzi n , p r obab l y Paumotus.
1 1 8 R ECEN T or TH E HAWA I I AN I S LAN DS AND LAYSAN .
S p ec i es o f D z
'
aserz'
s i n t he Un i ted S tates Nat i ona l Museu mD iasw is 07239t (M i ch e l i n) (ge no - type) Ph i l i pp i ne I s l ands .D z
’
asem'
s fluycz’
neti M i l n e - Edwa rd s and H aime (sy nony mced i ng) .
D ime/i s,sp .
,Ph i l i pp i n e Is l ands .
D iagramsj apowica Vaughan , Te r t i a r y , Yez z o, Japan .D iasm'
zfsp u lc/ze/Za Ve r r i l l , Oushima , Japan .
.Dz
'
aserisfi’
agi l is A l cock , Hawai ian I s lands .D z
’
aser'efs,sp .
,Gu l f of Ca l i fo r n ia .
BULLET IN 59, UN ITED STATE S N AT ION AL IVI US EUM .
1
cm
.
euvo
F
2.
mfizzc
:
-
a
rxa
zw
z_
va
na
za
o
>
.
w
o
w
$85
9.
c
as
?»
o
f
ac
Be
go
s
gz
?
fak
es
50>
amu
se
.
czow
.
mcc
s
-
fo
toa
-
zq
toa
a
“moo
se
.
czow
E
Sflzc
sasc
?
o
f
n
o“
3
3m
.
5:E
£3
5
3.
8Q
3
3
a
25
22:
“amuse
1 2 0 RE CENT MAD RE PUR AR I A OF TH E H A W A I I AN I S LAN DS AN D LAY SAN .
Su m m a r y of the r esu l ts o f th e eon'
iparat ive studyTh e co r a l l u m wa l l i s so l i d , excep t i n so m e i n stan ces i t m ay be sy napt i cu l ate
‘
i t th e pe r i phe r y ; be caus e of th e habi t o f th e co ra l l u m of'
b r eak i ng i n to seg m en ts andsu bseque n t ly b e i ng add ed to , th e easy r ecogn i t i o n of th e d i ffe r en t sep tal cycles i s notexpected ; bu t i n a spec i m e n l i k e o n e of those of D . p ale/fe l la, i n wh ich th e seg m en tshave not as y e t be co m e d i ssoc i ated , th e p r i m a r i es a r e m o r e p r onoun ced than theseconda r i es ; th e septa l m a rgi ns a r e fi ne l y den tate ; the septa l la m e l l ae show p r ecise lythe sa m e va r iat i o n as in C’
yclosw'is
,f r o m c r i b r i fo r m to sol i d .
Th e c l ose r e lat i o n sh i p be twe e n c loscris 2? sp . P izrzi
l ipp ines to D iasem'
s distormhas b e en po i n ted ou t . l h
'
asem'
s sp . P lz -i l élzwincs m ay be u nd esc r ibed , bu t w i th no
m o r e mz-rterial fo r co m pa r i son I wou l d n o t na m e i t . One speci m e n of D iaserisp ale/tel ler. Ve r r i l l is i n te nse l y i nte r est i ng. I n hand l ing t h e spec i m en a seg m e n t wasb r ok en ou t
,bu t th e spe c i m en o r igi na l l y was c i r cu la r . “Then i t i s take n i n con n ection
w i th Ctr/chea ts P hi l ipp ines, st r ong ev iden ce i s adduced aga i ns t D iasem'
s be i nggen e r i al ly separal‘i le f r o mTh e spec i m e n s f r o m th e Gu l f of Ca l i fo r n i a a r e ve r y s i m i l a r to Dode r lein ’s
of P imp/id p atel la .
FUN G I A .
DESCRIBED SPECIES OF FUNGIA .
F . ai ztvfn zfj bivm zs Quoy and Gaimard.
> F .
‘
(zrassvftenj cw-
z(lamQuoy and Gaimard.
F . dieersz'
dens M i l n e Edwa r ds and H aime.
l
Dod e r l e i n r ecogn i zes five va r i e t i es : sinqap ui'ensis, snluensw,crass
-itenltacul ata
pa l e/wensis
,and salawaétensis.
F. pmr-
znotemsis' S tutchbury.
> F . Marc/caries S tud e r .F . S tude r i s r ecogn i zed as a va r i e tyF. scum/
rid La m a r ck .
> F . (l en tigera Leuck art.
Lab/Lott'
s dame Ve r r i l l .l obacZ-is confermVe r r i l l .F. p lacmzaria K lunz inger.
F teen - ideas Quelc h .
F.-(z7
'
za Qu e l ch .
Dod e r l e i n r ecogn i zes u nd e r F semiarid th r ee va r i e t i es : (lanai, p lea
/(ammo
dwzt z’
gww.
F oa/wnsis Dode r l e i n .F . proeclzénamDode r l e in .
F. ec/mbzczta (P al las) [as fll rul repom . ]> F . [marina-mE h r enb e rg.
[Jayetol'itfias' (alarm-
1 66 711 2?Leuck art .
fl erpeZOZ it/ias 7a'
ippel l é'i Leuck art.
F . gigan tea. Dana.F . asp emm Dana.
F. om ega Dana.
1 2 21 RECE NT M A DREPORA R I A 0 11‘ TH E H AW AI I AN I SLA NDS AND LAYSAN .
F
F. EL‘
H INATA (I ROUP .
ec/n'
na ta (Pa l l -11 s ) (at l east 3 va r i et i es o r va r i at i on s) .
P.R E PANDA G RO U P .
(7710 71 alasa Klunz in u er.
510 11 71 1 1 1 Doderl e i n .11 1 10 71 0; S tud e rconcinna V e r r i l l .repam/a, Dana .
.5-
as1 1 111 0 51 -
1 1 1/e-
1 1 151
1
'
s
F . DANA I GRO I I P .
hm 7 ida. Dana.
51 1 11 1 171 1 1 1 1 1 10 Doderl e i n(1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M i l n e Edwa r ds and IIaime.
1 1 1 (trier/1 1 15101 1 1 1 1 1 1 151 1 8 11 1 1ghan .F . FUNG ITES GROUP .
fa1 1 1 1 1/i t6 8 (Linnzeus)O t th e spec ies recogn i zed by Dode r l e i n , the fo l l ow i ng a r e r ep r esen ted
spe c i m ens i n the Un i ted S tates Nat i onal Muse u mF.
F.
Dod e r l e i n .proec/tinfl ta Dode r l e i n (doubt-fu l ly r ep r e se nted ) .(Lou-(idem S tude r1 1 1 11 1 1 2 1 1 1ge Dod e r l e i n .
V e r r i l l .0 1 1
-
1 1 1-
1 1 11 Dode r l e i n .
r
seruposa l unzmger.
BULLETIN 59, UN ITED S TATES NAT ION AL M USEUM .
4
5862?
5
2
5.
a
s
29
3
em
fM
ap
dn
owp
o
g
36
E
38
:
23mo
comav
8a
$5
:
Ha
wks:
c
fn
eo
n
858
5s”
o
n
52:
SF.
Eu
se
:
30
5
9
5
393.
12
553
.
3a
c
id:
mm
59
:
amamoo
mm
9:
n
2:
use
:
Sag
o
to
m
bg
csv
e
ms:
93
SE
5
$8:
o
f
«
flow
-
E
a
ESQ.
82
c
86
o
1 96 R ECE NT MA DRE PU RAR I A or TH E H AWA I I AN I S LANDS AN D LAY S AN .
des i r e to change Dode r l e i n ’s o r d e r of the d i scuss io n of the species of F imgiafo r th e pur poses o f th i s pape r , p r efe r r i ng the fo l l ow i ng o r de r :
F sec/71 1 1 1 Dode r l e i n .
.F . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 S tud e r .f
”
. 0 1 17 1 00 11 1 1 1 1 Ve r r i l l .I f . Dana .
F (71 71 1 1 a lesa K lunz inger.
Vaughan .F . Quoy andGaimard.
F flown/Ila. Dana .F. Dod e r l e i n .
F . (lana i M i l n e Edwa r ds and Haime.
F 1 1 1 «dag/ascerens is Vaughan .J”. lacera. Ve r r i l l ..F. fang
/l ies (L i n naeus) .F . 80 1 1511 1 1 11 1 La m a r ck .
F paunw tensls S tutchbury .
F 11 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 Pa l las .
Th ese 1 6 so - ca l l ed spec i es a r e r ep r ese n ted. i n th e co l l ect i on s i n m y h an ds . Pro
bab l y F . p lane S tud e r,F 1 1 1 1 1 021 1 71 1 1 V e r r i l l , and F . repanda Dana fo r m a con
t inuous series .
As t h e r e lat i onsh i p b e twee n ( .
l
ycloser'ls and D ingo/ 1 1 119 has a l r eady b e e n sufficien t ly
co ns id e r ed,o n l y t h e r e lat i o nsh i p betwee n Cyclose-
ris and F zmg'la w i l l now be d i s
c ussed .
1 . Th e wa l l i n (fr/closeris i s i m pe r fo rate ; so is t he wa l l in F 80 1 1 11 7 1 1 and F p lanet ,F. p lana, F . con c
'lmm,and F . rep anda fo r m a c l ose l y r e l ated , o r even a con t inuous
series , w i th a passage f r o m a so l i d wa l l to one that is abu ndan tly pe r fo r ate . Uycloserl s
can' n o t . be sepa rated f r o m Fangle on m u r a l cha r acte r s . I n t h e t r op hozooid
stage of a l l 1 71 1 1 1911 11 in wh i ch that stage i s known , a l so in t he anthoblast stage ,and in that pa r t o f the anthocyathus n ea r t h e anthocaulus
,th e wa l l is sol id .
The wa l l may con t i nue to be so l i d , o r i t may be in te r r upted in i ts deve l op m en t ,l eav i ng po r e s o r s l i ts . The po r es o r s l i ts may r e m a i n open o r be subseq uen tly fi l l edby a d epos i t o f ste r eop las m . A co m pact wa l l is p r i m it i ve in Fungia and i ts al l ies ;th e pe r fo rate wa l l a late r deve l op m en t .
2 . (fyclosem’
s in i ts you nges t stage has s i x septa, F ang/la twe l ve . M r . Ga r d i ne r
i n h i s s tudy of the ve r y youngtrophoz ooids of Cycloscr'ls izezvagonal ls fou nd o r igina l l yon l y s i x p r i m a r y septa ; M r . Bou r n e i n h i s study of Fang/1
°
1 1. fou nd in h i s you ngestspec i m en s twe l ve e n tocoe l i c s epta
,s i x o f w h i c h we r e la rge r t han th e oth e r s . I n
te st i ng th e o l.1 scrvations of M r . Ga r d i n e r and M r . Bou r n e,I have neve r fou nd e i t he r
obse r v e r i n e r r o r , bu t I do n o t cons ide r that M r . Bou r n e h as p r oved th at E mgiao r igi na l l y has twe l v e e n tocoe l i c septa . H e d id no t wo r k w i th l a r vae i n w h ich h ecou l d watch the actua l begi n n i ng of the fo r m at io n of the sep ta , b u t wo r k ed w i thyo u ng spe c i m ens sen t h i m by P ro fesso r Haddon . I t is we l l he r e to bea r in min d th ewo r k o f von Marenz e l ler and von Koch o n Flabel lwn . Von Marenz el ler conte nded
BULLET IN 59,UN ITED STATES N AT ION AL M USEUM . 1 2 7
th at Flabel lum o r igina l l y had twelve sep ta ; von Koch,howeve r
,l ate r sh owed that i t
begi n s w i th six .
3 . The pe r s i s ten ce of s i x m o r e p r onou nced p r i m a r y septa and th e pecu l ia r fus i o no f t h e septa in Cyclosmv
’
s a r e stated co r r ect l y by M r . Ga r d i ne r . The fi r s t cha r acte ri s pe r s i ste n t th r oughou t al l o f th e spec i es o f Cyclosm'is k nown to m e , i n c l ud i ngF erny
clegcms V e r r i l l . The m ode of f us io n of th e septa desc r i bed by M r . Ga r d i ne r occu r sin a l l th e spec ies o f Cycloseris w i th w h i ch I a m fa m i l ia r , bu t i t i s not co nfin ed tothe m . He is m i s taken , howev e r , wh e n he says that th e m a rgi ns o f th e h ighe rcy c l es inva r i ab l y beco m e equa l in he igh t to th ose of th e low e r cyc l es immediatelv
aft-sr fu s i on .Bou r n e e m p hasizes h i s asse r t i on that s i x of th e twe l ve septa are m o r e p r o m i ne n t
in you ngFang/5a) . In al l of the you ng F wngia th a t I hav e seen th e p r i m a r i es a r eeas i l y d i s t i ngu i s h ed . I n a n u m be r of spec i es (F scabm
,F p lana , e tc . ) they are
d ist i nct in the ad u l ts . As t he spec i m en s of a pa r t i cu la r sp e c i es i nc r ease in s i z e , o r asa spec i es i s of la rge r s i ze , septa of h ighe r cyc l es ex te nd to the co l u m e l la , so that i nla rge spec i m e ns o r l a rge spec i es , sep ta of seve ral cyc l es r each the ax i s . A l l spec i esr efe r r ed to Cyclose m
'
s a r e s m al l .The success i ve fus i o n of the h ighe r to th e lowe r cycles of septa can not be con
sidered cha r acte r i s t i c o f Oc o-Serzfs,u n l ess t h e gr eate r n u m be r of know n spec i es of
F zmge'
a b e p laced in Uycloser-is. We shou l d have to begi n w i th F l iar-
raid ,F
(lana i; etc .A fte r having m ade an extens i v e study to d iscove r if t he r e a r e cha racte r s by
w h i ch D iaserz's can be sepa r ated f r o m Cycloserés and Cycloserés f r o m Fang-5a ,I fee l
co n v i nced that th ey s hou l d no t be sepa rated . The r e i s si m p l y no d i ffe r e nce be tweenCycloserz
'
s and Fangia . The pecu l i a r m ode of r ep r od uct ion in D iaserz's m ay i n so m einstan ces fu r n i s h an aid to sp ec i fic de te r m inat i o n .
I n m y pape r,
“ al r eady cited,I said :
I ha v e d istr ibuted the genera considered i n th is paper am ong four fam i l ies and ha v e five headi ngs fo r genera tha t are not re ferred to fa m i l ies. Th is c lass ificat ion
,wh ich e m bod ies noth i ng new ,
excep t m ak ing a fa m i ly , M icrabaciidze , is on ly an atte m pt,and shou ld be subj ected to th e m ost
search ing c r i t ic is m to deter m i ne th e v al id i ty o f the charac ters used i n d ifferen t iat i ng t he fa m i l ies.
The LeptOphyl l iidze b are v e ry doub t fu l ly separab le fro m G regory ’s Thamuastrze idze,though th ey
probab ly shou l d be kept separate . The M icrabac i idze ha v e so l id septa and perforate wa l ls. TheAnabraciidze are character i zed by ha v i ng a v ery pronounced and regu lar t rabecu lar septa l st ruc ture ,but i n so m e genera th e basal pores between the trabeeu lee are fi l led w i th stereop las m
,b r i ngi ng th isfam i ly and th e Leptophyl l iidze v ery c lose togethe r .
Before th e synonym y of the p roposed gene ra can be deter m i ned they m ust be accurate l y defined.
and here I w i l l repeat that thegeneri c defini tions must be based primariiy upon a type- sp ecies . A f te r th ishas been done the study o f var iat ion can be undertaken i n order to dete r m i ne th e value of charac terssupposed to be of gener i c i m portan ce .A s a considerable n u m be r of species
'
and a r athe r la rge n u m be r o f spec i m ensof F ungz
'
a we r e ava i lab l e fo r study , I d eci d ed to m ake a co m pa r at i v e studv of the m ,espec i a l l y fo r the pu r pose of te st i ng th e val i dity of those cha r acte r s supposed to be
GA Cr i t ica l re v iew of the l i terature on th e si m p l e genera of the Mad reporar ia Fungida.
bThe sam e as Gregory’
s E thmotidze , wh ich is abandoned , as i t was not der i v ed f ro m a genusnam e .
1 2 8 R EP EN'I‘
MADRE I ’URA R- IA or TH E H AW A I I A N ISLA N DS AND LAY SAN .
of gene r i c and fai i 'i i ly va l u e . The fam i l ies of t li e l f'angz'
drz have been based on m u r aland septa l s t r u ct u re. I n my pape r j u st q u o ted . I r ema r ked
The larger d i v isions are basi'
3d u pon septa l s tr u c t u re ; that i s , whether the septa are so l id or
perfo rate ; i f pe r forate , whe the r they are mo re p rono u nced ly lam inar or trabec u lar in compos i t ion ,
and I ha ve al so u t i l i zed in defin ing th e fam i l ies the character of the wal l , whether norma l ly per forate,e v en i f on lv s l igh t ly, or whet her normal l v so l id .
S u ffi c ien t ev i dence has , I be l ieve, been p resented to sh ow tha t species r ang ingf rom F ang/in clef/(M ix Ve r r i l l , w i th a so l i d wal l and so l i d septa , to spec ies l i keF . disturb
-
r,wh i ch has a so l i d wa l l
,b u t ext reme l y c r i b r i fo rm septa , and F. fungi tes,
wh ich has a ve r y pe r fo r ate wa l l andmo re or less pe r fo r ate septa , fo rm a con t in u ousse r ies w i th i n gene r i c l imi ts . Th i s se r ies shows that the so l i d o r pe r fo r ate wal l fo rthese co ra l s i s not of gene r i c , m u ch less of fami l y , va l u e. F. clef/(1 778 Ve r r i l l i s atyp i ca l membe r of the _l .o 1i) l ioseridze (Agariciidze) , i f the pec u l i a r mode of asex u a lrep rod u ct ion f rom the t rophozoo i d i s left o u t of cons ide r at ion . The s i ze of thesepta l dentat ions possesses no va l u e as a gene r i c cha r acte r . The septa l s t r u ctu r eva r ies f rom impe r fo rate to ex t r emel y c r i b r i fo rm ,
cove r ing fo u r o the r fam i l ies ofthe 1 ’7
zwig'ida
,name l y , the Agaric i idie ,
w i t h so l i d septa,the Thamnasteriidaa and
Leptop li y l l i idae
,w i th septa t ha t are so l i d o r pe r fo r ate
,b u t w h i c h are a l ways mo re
p rono u nced ly lame l l a r than t i'
a l'
iecu lar,and the Anabraciidae
,w hose septa are
composed of a. t i'
abecu lar l a tt i cewo r k .
Th i s st u dy th rows do u bt on a l l the attempts to subd i v ide the F u ng i da i n tofam i l ies . Fo r the fam i l y Fungiidac , the on l y d i ffe r entia l cha r acte r lef t i s the modeof r ep rod u ct i on . S ho u l d i ts s u pposed va l u e be p r oven e r roneo u s
,the cons ide r at ion
of the Fungi idae as a. fam i l y sepa r ate f rom the. ot he r Fungida m u s t be abandoned .
The data p resented in the fo rego ing d i sc u ss ion are s u ggest i ve and not conc l u s i ve.
They emphas i ze , howeve r , the need fo r the ca r ef u l compa r at i ve s t u dy of l a r ge se r iesof spec ies to dete rm ine what cha r acte r s are of act u a l va l u e i n estab l i sh i ng the h ighe rsystemat i c d i v i s ions .
App l i cat ion is he re made of the k now ledge of septal st r u ctu r e de r i ved f rom th i sst u dy of Fw ig/771 by p l ac i ng in Lemma/1 748 a spec ies w i th pe r fo r ate septa nex t to one
whose septa are so l i d , and as a r es u l t on l y two fam i l ies are r ecogn i zed among theHawa i ian P u ngida .
FUN G IA P A T E L L A (E l l i s and S o lan der ) .
P late XX V I ] , figs. 2,20
,3, 3a . P late XX V I I I
, fi gs . 2 , 2a .
1 486 . Madrepora pa tel la E LLi s and SoLAN D ER , Nat . H i st . Z oopl i .,p . 1 48
,p l . xxvm
,figs . 1 —1 .
1 902 . Fanmfia patel la Do'D ERLs iN ,Senck enb . naturfor. Gesel lsch . Abhandl . , XX V I I , p . 65, p ls. 1 ,
i i (al l figs ) ; p l . v ,figs . 1
,2 (Synonymy )
TheAlbatrws obta i ned a l a r ge numbe r of spec imen s of t h i s species,and these are
u sed as a bas i s for the fo l lowi ng desc r i p t i on and tab le :(1 0 1 d l l l l l l l new 1) en cu la i , s l igh t ly e l l ipt i ca l , somew hat a r c hed above, subplane 0 1
‘
excavated i n centra l po r t ion : cen t r a l sca r ind i s t inct or not v i s i b le.
1 30 R ECENT MADR-E PORARIA or TH E H AW A I I A N ISLANDS AND LAYSAN .
43 - 66 fathoms ; tempe r at u re, F . ;coa r se sand , b roken she l l s , co r a l s ; 24 spec i
mens . inc l u d i ng Nos . 1 — 7 o f tab le.
V ic in i ty of Ka u a i Is l ands , S tat ion 41 28 ; depth , 68— 253 fathoms ; 2 spec imens . Noloca l i ty ,
2 spec imens . Tota l , 48 spec imens .D r
. Cha r les (i rav ier, of the Museum d’H istoire Nat u r e l le, Pa r i s , has sen t to me,
in a. lot of mate r i a l s u bm i tted for ident ificat ion , 1 2 spec imens col lected at D j i bou t i ,F r
ench Soma l i l and eas t coast of Af r i ca. These spec imens and t hose f r om the
Hawai ian I s l ands are in some i nstan ces so s imi la r th at i f m i xed they co u l d not be
sepa r ated .
I t i s do u btf u l w hethe r P r o fesso r Dode r lei n ’s - l fi l 'ngl rz arose“can be kep t d i st i n ct
f rom .F. patel la .
FU NG I A F R AG I L I S (A l co ck ) .P late XX V I I I , figs . 1 , I d .
1 893 . D iaserisfi-
agil isA LCOCK , Jour.
A s iat ic Soc . Bengal , LX I I , Pt. 2 , No. 2 , p . 1 48 , p l . v , fig. 1 1 .
Co r a l l um - f0 1'i i i , ve r y s l igh t ly a r ched ado r a l l y , ou te r edge r athe r t h i n ,base impe r fo rate, a lmost flat o r s l igh t l y concave. Two spec imens we r e ob ta i ned ,1 cons i s t i ng of a s i ngle segment , the othe r of two u n i ted segmen ts .
The meas u rements are
L ength of Greatest Th ickness Th icknessbpecm en . radius . breadth . at mon th . at periphery.
No . 1 , s ing le segmen tNo . 2
Fi rst segmen tSecond segmen t.
“Greatest d iameter , 30 mm .
Cos tis l ow ,c rowded , fine
,m i n u te l y g r an u l ated a l ong the i r edges , s u beq u a l or
s l ight lv a l te r nat i ng in s i ze . They may be con t i n u o u s f rom the pe r i phe r y to the apexof the segment o r may be confined to a pe r i phe r a l zone, the inne r po r t ion of the baseshow i ng c rowded . i r reg u l a r ly d i sposed sma l l g r an u l at ions .
Septa V e r y n ume ro u s , 1 84 in the sma l le r segment of spec imen No . 2 ; i n the l a r ge rspec imen between 7 and 8 cyc les , c rowded , va ry ing in t h i ck ness , r a the r th i n in spec imen No . 1
,r athe r th i ck in spec imen No . 2 . When the edge of the co r a l l um i s l ooked
at in p r ofi le,a l l are of eq u a l p rom inence
,b u t immed iate l y w i th i n they u sua l ly a l te r nate
in he i gh t . The sma l le r fuse to the s ides of the l a r ge r . Those r ep r esen t i ng the fi r stand second cyc les are mo re p r om i nen t ado r a l ly than the othe r s . The septal ma r ginsare fine l y den t-ate, the dentat i o ns i r reg u la r in s i ze an d s hape, somet imes two—po inted .
The septa l faces are beset w i th ve r y n ume r o u s,ve r y c rowded , p r om i nen t bl u n t
g r an u les;Local i ty
— So u th coas t of Mo l okai I s l and, S tat i o n 3850 ; depth , 43— 66 fath oms ;
bo ttom, coa r se sand , b roken she l l s , co r a l s ; tem'
iperature , F . ; assoc iated w i thFungw p atel la (E l l i s and So l ande r ) .
a Sei ic k enberg. naturfor. Gese l l . , Abhandl . , XX V I I , 1 902 , p . 73 , p l . I v ,figs . I —l b; p l . V , figs . 4, 4a.
BULLET I N 59,UN I TED STATES NAT IONAL MUS EUM .
Remark s — P r ofesso r Dode r le i n p l aces D iaserls fragi le'
s A l cock i n the sy nonymyof F'
emgz'
a p atel la ,and he may be co r rect . The two specimens f rom the Hawa i ia n
I s l ands,howeve r
,are so (l itl
'
erent f rom the spec imens ofF p atel la that I p refe r tokeep them apa r t
,at leas t fo r the p resent . The on ly difi'
erence that I can d isco v e rbetween the I l awai ian spec imens and Docto r A l cock ’s f rom the I nd i an Ocean i s theth i cke r septa of one of the fo rme r s pec imens .
F UN G I A S CUTA R IA Lam arck .
P late xxvm , figs. 3 , 3a ,3b; P lates xxrx , X XX ,
X XX ],xxxu .
1 80 1 . Fungia scuta'ria LAMA RCK , Syst . An im . san s V er t . , p . 3 70 .
1 902 . Fangia sc ularia Di iDERLE i N , Senck enb . naturfor. Gesel lsch . , Abhandl . , XX V I I , p . 91 , p l .vm
, figs . 1 —6 (Synonymy. )
D esm'ip l ion of a sp ecimen w it/tout ten tacular lobes , from Z aysan .— Co r a l l um
ova l,ma r g ins r ounded , u ppe r s u r face ve r y s l igh t l y a r ched , a lmos t flat
,base pract i
ca l l y flat,somewhat i r r eg u l a r . Length
,mm . ; w idth , 56 ; he i gh t , mm.
Lobat i on of the edge ve r y s l igh t .U nde r s ide costate, the costse eq u a l or s u beq u a l in s i ze
,w i th i r reg u la r l y dentate
ma r g i ns,teeth somet imes fo r ked , g r an u l at ions on both the teeth and the s ides of the
costee . M i dd le of the base damaged . M u r a l pe r fo r a t ions ve r y scarce .
Septa eq u a l at the pe r i phe r y of the co r a l l um. A l i t t le ove r fo r ty bound the
fossa w i th t he i r i n ne r ma r g ins ; abo u t the same n umbe r are on l y s l igh t ly s ho r te r ;the septa nex t in s i ze extend ha l f
,o r mo re
,of the d istance to the ax is f rom the
pe r i p he r y , d rop down s u dden ly , and are cont i n u ed ado r a l l y by a th i n ne r,lowe r
po r t ion . I n a sys tem the re are one or two st i l l s ho r te r sets of septa . The i r cou r sesare somewhat u nd u l ate. The septa are r athe r t h i n . Septa l ma rg i ns fine l y dentate
,
o r s u ben t i r e. Ten tacular lobesweak ly develop edorabsent..S epta l faces r athe r c lose l y
an d fine l y g r an u late. Ju st be l ow the ma r g in r athe r f req u en t l y t he r e are kn i fe- edger i dges r u n n i ng pe r pend i c u l a r to the ma r g i n and co r r espond ing in pos i t ion to septa ldentat ions .
Local i ty — Laysan I s l and , 1 spec imen .
H ewwrl :s.
— Th i s spec imen i s F. sm tarla lg/p iea, acco r d i ng to Dode r le i n’sdesc r i p t i on .
“
H e says :The typ ical Fungia scutaria Lamarck possesses on l v an ind ist in c t or weak te n tac u lar lobe , wh ich
can be recogn i zed on ly t h ro ugh the t h icken ing of the cor respond ing p laces on the septa ; the u nders ide i s u s ua l ly th ick ly sp in u lose , the d isk i s flat orarched .
A s a r u le the septa of the spec imen justdeseribed are somewhat th i ckened , but not. great ly ; in thep laces cor respond ing to the ten tac u lar lobes , howe v er , d i st inct lobes are common ly absen t .
The B u rea u of F i s he r ies steame r A lbatross fo r tunate l y obta i ned some yo u ngFangel's, p r obab l y F. scalar/fa, a l though i t can not be pos i t i ve l y dec ided that t hey arenot F
Iva S tutehbury. One spec imen i s rep r esen ted by th ree v iews on I ’ l ate
XXV I I I,figs . 3
,3a
,3b. I t i s an anthocormus, cons i s t ing of th ree anthoblasts , one of
a Senek enb . naturfor. Gesel lsch . , Abhandl . , XX V I I , 1 902 , p . 95, p l . rm . figs . 4,4a .
1 3 2 RECENT MADRE I ’ORAR I A OF TH E H AW A I I AN I S L AN DS A ND LAYS AN .
wh i ch i s in the anthoeyathus stage and i s r eady to become detached f r om the antho
cau lus .
“ The re is a l so a detached yo u ng i nd i v i d u a l , wh i ch i s a t rophozoo i d o r ananthoblast . I t does not seem desirab lo to desc r i be t hese yo u ng i n deta i l , b u t thedi tl ercnce between them and Oaryop/tyl l z
'
a sho u l d be noted . The smal lest anthoblastin fig u re 3b ofP lato XXV I I I i s d i s t i nct l y a F ungl a and bea r s l i t t le mo re r esemb lanceto Caryop /ag/l l l a
than does the ad u l t q gla . The septa l ma rg i ns are den tate, some are
l ace r ate l y dentate, and even in t hat stage synapt i c u l a are p r esen t . These spec imensdo not even s u gges t any ve r y c lose affi n i ty to the Caryophyl l iid co r a l s , b u t t hey dor esemb le Tree/toserls or the yo u ng ofAgaricla .
D escrip tion of the fir/an, i n w il l-ob. tbe ten tacular lobes are develop ed— These
spec imens are d i st i ng u i shed f r om the typ i ca l fo rm of the spec ies p r i n c i pa l l y by thepossess i on of s t rong tentac u l a r l obes r o u nded at the s ummi ts and p r oject i ng beyondthe leve l o f the u ppe r edges of the ne i gh bo r ing septa . S u ch spec imens have beennamed F. den tlgel
'a,F. cerm
’
l l z’
ana,etc.
,b u t the tentac u l a r l obes are too va r iab le in
deve lopment to f u r n i s h specific c r i te r i a .The re i s anothe r diffe rence between the Lays -an spec imens and the typ i cal fo rm ;
the sp i nes on the costre are s imp le,r a the r po inted , and t he i r s u r f ace i s n o t nea r l y so
ro u gh ly g r an u l ated as in the spec imen desc r i bed as typ i ca l ; m i nute g r anu l at i on s ,howeve r
,occ u r on the s u r face of the sp ines .
The meas u r ements are :
Length . Width . H e ight. Th ickness.
771 771 .
a Speeimen deformed .b Spec imen recei ved from Prof . W. T. B r igham . Th e tentacu lar lobes are unusual ly strongl y de vel oped.
l ocal l tles.
— Laysan ,1 4: spec imens
,A lbatross. P u koo
,Mo l okai
,1 spec imen ;
Kaneohe,Oah u
,3 spec imen s ; no defin i te l oca l i ty
,1 dead spec imen w i th 5 t r opho
zooids attached ; depth 3 to 6 feet ; r ece i ved f r om W. T . B r igh am. Duerden a l soco l lected spec imens at P u koo and Kaneohe.
R emark s — Add i t i onal obse r vat i ons o n th i s spec ies can be fo u nd on page 1 09, i nthe d i sc u ss ion of the fam i l y Fungi idae.
“Cf. G . C. Bo u rne, The anatomy of the Mad reporar ian Coral Fungia ,Q uar t . Jo u r . M icros . Sci . ,
XX V I ],1 887
, pp . 293 , 324, p ls. xxm—x x v : On the post - emb ryon ic de ve lopment of Fang-ia, Sci .
Trans . Roy. D ub l in Soc .,2d ser. , 1 893 , V , pp . 205—238 , pls. xxu—x x v .
1 34 R ECENT MADR E I’OKA R IA OF TH E H AW’ A I I A N I SLA NDS A ND LAYS AN .
FU NG I A PAUM OTE N S I S S tu tch bury .
P late XXX V .
1 833 . I f’ztngiup aumotcnsis Srurcueunv ,
Trans . L inn . Soc . London ,X VI
, p . 485, p l . xxxn , fig. 6 .
1 886 . Fungia p atonolmzsis Q u ent i n ,Reef Cora ls , Chal lenger Rept , p . 30 .
1 902 . F imgia paurnotensis DOD E R LE i N ,Senck enb . nat u ri . Gesel lsch .
,Abh andl .
, XX V I I , p . 88,
p l . V I I,
“figs . 1—5. (S y nonymy )P rofesso r Dode r le i n gi ves the fo l l ow i ng as the sa l ien t cha r acte r s of th i s spec iesD isk o va l
,on ly s l igh t ly arched ; wal l pcrfm’
ate,w i th the except ion of a large area in the' cen ter .
lx’
ibs eq ual in s i ze, represented by rows of ro u gh gran u la t ions orshort Sp ines of the same s i ze, wh i ch a lsou s ua l ly occ u r on the cen tra l area. Septa u neq ua l in heigh t , straigh t or i r reg u lar ly s in u o u s , marg insen t i re
,fine ly too thed or jagged , se ldom w i th a few e longate sp in i form teet h : no ten tac u lar lobes .
A ttai ns a length of200 inm .
Q u e l c h “ r epo r ts th i s spec ies f rom the Hawai i an I s l ands . I have not seen i tf rom the re. I n o r de r to i l l u st r ate the spec ies
,howeve r
,a spec imen f rom the P h i l i p
p i ne I s l ands i s figured on P l ate XXXV . F. paronoiwasz’
s d iffe r s f rom F sectaria
by hav ing the septa u neq u a l in hei gh t at the ma r gin of the d i sk , w he r eas in the
l atte r thev are eq u a l .
F U NG I A E CH I N A T A (P a l la s ) .P lates XXX V I , XXX V I I .
1 766 . Madrepora echinata PA LLA S,E lench . Zoophyt . , p . 284.
1 901 . Fungal ech inata STUDER , Zoo l . .Iahrb .
,S y st
,XL
,p . 405.
1 902 . [Magic echinata DonERLE I N , Senc k enb . nat u r i . Gesel lsch .,Abhandl . , XX V I I , p . .
1 01,p l . X , figs . 1 —5. (Synonymy )
The r e i s no spec imen of th i s spec ies f rom the Hawai i an I s l ands in the U n i tedS tates Nat ional M u se um ,
nor d i d the Albatross exped i t ion of 1 902 p r oc u r e any.
P rofesso r S t u de r savs zb
A large Spec imen of t h i s spec ies , f rom the Hawai ian I s lands, i s in the Nat u ra l H i s tory M u se umin Berne. I t was co l lected by Mr. B ischoff , to whom the M u se um i s indebted for st i l l o ther cora lsf rom t hat g ro u p of i s lands , s u ch as Fang-ia. verrilliana
, Pavon-iu. var ian s, and others, so th at there can be
no do u b t as to the correctness of the loca l i ty.
DeScri-p t'iovl. (after Doder lein ) .
— “ Disk v ery m u c h longer than broad : ora l f u r row ex ceeds in lengththe width of the d isk ; wa l l w i th pores and s l i ts near ly to the m idd le .
Unders ide rather u n i form lyand th i ck ly co v ered w i t h mos t st r ik i ng ly tho rny, e longate sp ines ; septa at the edge of the d i sk ofuneq u a l heigh t , w i th large , ta l l teeth , wh i ch are v ery ro u gh ly gran u lated or wa vy.
Reaches a length ofabo u t 400 mm .
”
The Un i ted S tates Nat iona l M u se um possesses a li ne su i te of spec imens of t h i sSpemes from the P h i l i pp i ne I s l ands . I am u s i ng one of t hem for the i l l ust r at ions
,
P l a tes XXXV I,XXXV I I .
(l Reef Cora l s , Cha l lenger Repor t , p . 30 .
l3 Z o0 l . Jah rb . ,Syst
,XL
,p . 405.
BULLETI N 59, UN I TED S TATES NAT IONAL M US EUM .
Fam i l y AGARICI IDZE Ve r r i l l .G en u s P A V O N A L am a rc k .
P A V ON A V A R I AN S V erri l l .P late XXX V I I I , figs. 1 , l a .
1 864. Pa vmu’
a var ians V ERR I L L,B u l l . Mus . Comp . Zoo l . , I , p . 55.
Original desm'ip t
'zfon .
— Verril l’
s o r i g i na l desc r i p t ion was as fo l l ows :Cora l l um i ncr u st ing , varying in form according to the object. u pon wh ich i t grows
, at t imes g lomc rate , mas s i ve, and g ibbo u s , w i th shor t , ang u lar , or con vol u ted crests r i s ing f rom the s u rface. Thesesomet imes become more e le v ated , w i th an ac u te edge, or, by incr u s t ing the t u bes of Serpula’
,r i se in to
i r reg u lar ramose forms . Septa f rom 1 2 to 1 6,the pr imary ones th ickened , s trong ly gran u lated . Cel ls
rather sma l l,open ; co l ume l la sma l l
, papi l l i l'
orm often wan t ing — Sandw i ch I s lands ; A . Gar ret t.P l ate XXXV I I I , fig u res 1
,1 a , g i ves v iews of a specimen and rende r u nnecessa r y
a mo re lengthy desc r i pt i on of the fo rm of the co r a l l um. Rathe r of ten the ma r gi nof the co r a l l um may be f ree and p roject a cent imete r or somewhat mo r e beyond theobject of attachmen t . The u nde r s u r face of the f r ee edge i s cove red w i th s i n u o u sg ran u l ated st r iae and i s f u r r owed , the f u r r ows co r respond ing to the co l l ines of theuppe r s u r face ; t he re are sh r eds of ep i theca , in fac t i t i s p r obab le t hat t he re i s afa i r l y comp lete ep i theca between the co l o ny and the object of s u ppo r t . An epi theca ledge i s v i s i b le for cons i de r ab le d i stances .
The u s u a l n umbe r of septa to a ca l i ce i s l a rge r t han that g i ven by P r ofesso rVe r r i l l
,abo u t 94, w i th 6 o r 8 l a r ge r than the othe r s . Synapt i c u l a we l l deve l oped
,
modera te l y ab u ndan t, and the re are some,t ho u gh not ve r y n ume ro u s , d i ssep imen ts .
The co l ume l l a w hen p resen t i s poo r l y deve loped,a s i ngle t u be r c le , b u t u s u a l l y
i t i s absent .Local ities .
— No r t heas t coas t of Hawai i I s l and , S tat ion 4053 ; depth , 2 6— 29 fat homs ; bottom,
fine g r ay sand ; 1 dead spec imen . Reef at Ka u nakaka i . Mo loka iI s l and ; 2 spec imens . Two othe r spec imens
,w i tho u t loca l i ty l abe l s , we re p robab l y
obtained the re. P u koo,Mo loka i
,4spec imens ; Kahana , Oah u , 1 spec imen : Kaneohe ,
Oahu , 1 spec imen ; Wa i k i k i , Oah u , 1 spec imen ; depth , 3 to 6 feet ; rece i ved f r omW. T . B r i gham . P rofesso r Duerden co l lected the spec ies at Kaneohe.
Remark s — Th i s spec ies c lose ly r esemb les I ’d /vow“ rep ew B r u eggemann , the
most notewo r thy d i ffe rence is tha t the latte r possesses a d i st i nct papi l l a ry co l ume l l a .P A V O N A DUE R D E N I , n ew spec ie s .
P late XXX V I I I , figs . 2,20
, 3 .
The co r a l l um g rows in the fo rm of p l ates a cent imete r t h i ck , or somewhat mo re,o r as an i r r eg u l a r l y nodose mass .
The ca l i ces are sma l l,and a l t ho u gh d i s t inc t l y de l im i ted , occ u r in rathe r defin i te
r ows,wh ich r o u gh l y pa r a l le l the g row ing edge. The ca l i ces in one row are sepa r ated
by na r row wal l s ; adj o i n i ng r ows are sepa r ated by fiat co l l i nes . The d i stance betweencal icinal cen te r s in the same r ow i s abo u t mm between oppos i te cen te r s ac ross aco l l i ne, abo u t 2 mm .
1 3 6 RECE NT MADREPORA R I A OF TH E H AW A I I A N I SL ANDS AND LAYSAN .
The.co l l i nes are .
as has been sa id , fl attened , t he r e are no c rests , and are c r ossedbv the septa - costw ,
wh i c h are c rowded and r eg u la r l y a l te r nate in he i gh t .The u sua l n umbe r of septa for each ca l i ce i s twe l ve, two cyc les , of wh ich the s i x
p r ima r ies are dec ided l y the l a r ge r and mo r e [n ominent, and jo i n the co l ume l l a bythei r i nne r ends . I n some ca l i ces two ,
or even mo re, of the seconda r ies may r eachthe co l ume l l a ; whe re th i s cond i t ion p r evai l s septa of the t h i r d cyc le are p resent .The edges of the septo—costa l po r t ions of the septa l ie in a p l ane, and are m icroscopical lv den t i c u l ate ; the i nne r ma r gi ns fa l l ab r u pt l y to the bottom of the ca l i cu l a r fossaand appea r to be ent i re. The faces of the septa and of the septo - costae are m inu tel ygran u l ated .
Both synapt i c u l a , wh i ch are r athe r sca r ce , and th in d i ssep imen ts, wh i chare ab u ndan t
,occ u r in the i n te r septa l l oc u l i . The tex t u r e of the co r a l l um i s l i gh t.
The co l ume l l a i s cmnpressed,often l ame l l ate , and s i t u a ted i n the bottom of a
na r r ow,r a the r deep ca l i c u l a r fossa .
[ oadi iy— P u koo
,Mo loka i
,2 spec imens ; depth , 3 to 6 feet ; rece i ved f r om
W. T . B r igham .
C'
otyp es— Two spec imens
,Nos . 2 1 630 and 2 1 631 ,
R emark s — The re i s a dec i ded ly p u zz l ing g ro u p of spec ies , appa r en tly be l onging to the gen u s Pan/m a
,wh i ch comp r i ses Pavona clafv
'us Dana ; 2 u ndesc r i bed
spec ies r ep r esented by spec imens in the U n i ted S tates Nat i ona l Museum, one
f rom F u naf u t i and the Paumotus,the othe r f r om the Ga l apagos I s l ands ; Pomona
cl irusa.Ve r r i l l . f rom Panama , and the spec ies he r e desc r i bed . I t is a lmost ce r ta i n thatS . ind/(licensesGa rd i ne r be longs w i th t hem,
andmost p r obab ly some of the specnnensf rom the Paumotus in the Un i ted S tates Nat iona l M u se um wh i ch I have ten tat i ve l yr efe r red to P . lotistel laifi Dana . These spec ies are cha r acte r i zed by hav ing d i s t i nct ,cont in u o u s
,co ra l l i te wal l s
,wh i ch on the g r ow ing edges o r the ap i ces of the co r a l l a
of ten ex i st sepa rate l y . I n t hese a reas synapt i c u l a may be p r esent , both exothecal lyand endothecal ly. S u bseq u ent ly , by the depos i t i on of s te reop l asm,
the i nd i v i d u a lco r a l l i te wal l s and the. synapt i c u l a are u n i ted i nto a compact w al l . P oi -one gigan tea
Ve r r i l l,f rom Panama , has a ro u nd i ts o l de r ca l i ces wa l l s s im i l a r to those a r o u nd the
o l de r ca l i ces of the p rev io u s l y men t ioned spec ies,but a l ong i ts g row i ng edge the
wal l s can be seen to o r ig inate as synapt i c u l a,pe r i phe r a l l y p l aced a ro u n d the co r a l l i te
cav i ty , wh i ch late r f u se, fo rm i ng a k i nd of theca . The co r a l l i te wa l l s o f P. gigan tea
are morpl'
io logical ly the same as i n.
P. cristata (E l l i s and S o l ande r ) , P. lamDana,
P. crassa Dana. prminrmDana , etc .
Two of these spec ies , olemas Dana and S idem strea maldioensis Ga r d i ne r,have
been r efe r red to the gen u s S ifl em streri,type- spec ies 1l[adrep 0m radians Pa l l as ; and
they s u pe r fi c i a l l y r esemb le that germs . Upon c l ose-r sc r u t i ny an add i t i ona l r esemb l ance i s fo u nd in the d i s ti nct , cont i n u o u s co ‘
al l ite wal l s,bu t t he r e are impo r tan t
d i ffe r ences . The septa l ma rg i ns of the spec ies d i sc u ssed i n the fo r ego ing rema r ksare ent i re o r m i c roscop i ca l l y dentate, and the septa l lamel lfe are abso l u te l y so l i d . I n
the 5 or 6 spec i es . specimens of wh i ch I have st u d ied,the re i s pe r s i sten t l y a l ame l
l afe co l ume l la or a comp r essed sty l i fo rm col ume l la . The sep tal margi ns of S ide?as/reu are dentate
,the dentat ions ro u nded
,one dentat i on co r respond i ng
to each septa l t r abec u la . T/w younger sep ta, are distinctly the perforations not be/m/ confi ned lo the in ner edges. Acco r d ing to the va l u at i on of ch a r acte r sat p resent accepted for the P u ng ida , the spec ies typ i fied by P . clavus Dana , etc.
,
1 3 8 RECENT MAD RE PURA R IA H F TH E HAW A I I A N I S LA NDS A ND LAY SAN .
the ( l l ( l l l ll l ‘ ca l i ces 1s f rom 1 . 5 to Q. 5 mm . The e l l i p t i ca l ones may have a g r eate rd iame te r o f 1 1 1 1 11 . and a lesse r of abo u t 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 . The re are no co l l ines .
The u nde r s i de of the co r a l l um i s fi ne l y s t r iate ,the strize de l i cate l y g r an u l ated ,
eq u al or s l igh t l y a l te r nat i ng in s i ze . The septo - costze of the u ppe r s i de are fine,de l i cate l y g ran u l ated , s t r a igh t or s l igh t ly flex u o u s , eq u a l o r s l i gh t l y a l te r n at ing i ns i ze . Rat he r f req u ent l y on the p rox ima l s i de of a ca l i ce they may be i r reg u l a r l yz igzag . The faces of the - cos ta1 show no perfo r at ions .
The n umbe r of the septa to a ca l i ce va r ies ‘ f rom 1 4 to 26 , the ca l i ces nea r thecente r u s u a l l y ha v i ng fewe r t han t hose nea r the pe r i phe r y . The re i s no defi n i tecy c l i ca l arrang1 -1 1 1 1 ent, b u t somet imes the re i s a fa i r l y r eg u l a r a l te r nat ion of l a r ge rand sma l le r
,wi th occas ional r udimenta ry septa . The septa a r o u nd the o u te r edge
of the ca l i ce are t h i cke r than the septo - costee . The i r i nne r edges are t h inne r . A l l
septa i1 1 1 1'1 1 appa rent l y the i nne r po r t i ons of the ma r g ins en t i r e ; facesm i n u te l y g ran u l ate .
The re are oc cas iona l d issepiments in the basa l po r t ion of the co r a l l um ; synaptic u l a ab u ndant . Ca l i c u lar fossa na r row , mode r ate l y deep . Co l ume l l a u s u a l l y we l ldeve loped , sol i d , composed of one or t wo pap i l lae.
Loco l i/fos
On the so u th co ast ofMo loka i I s l and ‘
S tat ion 3823 ; depth , 7 13 - 2 22 fathoms ; bottom , fine sandand pebb les ; tempe r a t u reF . ; 2 good spec imens .S ta t ion 3845; depth , 130—04 fathoms ; bottom , coa r se Sand , pebb les , she l ls ; tempe r
at u re,7 1 ° to TI . SG F . ; 4 spec imens , i nc l ud ing thel a r ges t one fo u nd .
S ta t ion 3848 ; depth 44 fathoms ; bottom,sand , g r ave l ; 7 spec imens , verv good
ones .S tat ion 3849 ; depth 43 - 73 fathoms ; bottom,
coa r se sand , b roken she l l s , co r a l ;seve ra l ve r y good spec imens . The ma r g i ns of the co r a l l a lobed , the lobes
'
muchcon to r ted .
V i c in i ty ofKa u a i I s l andS tat ion 4024; depth 24- 43 fat homs ; bottom,
coa r se co r a l sand , fo r am in i fe r a ; tem1O F .
,2 sma l l spec imens .
S tat ion 41 28 ; depth , (38 fathoms ; bottom ,coa r se b r oken 0 0 1 al sand fo r am i
n i fc ira : te 1npe 1 ature, F . 3 y o u ng or ve r y sma l l spec imens .S tat ion 41 32 ; dept h , 257 - 3 1 2 f11 thoms ; bottom,
fine g r ay sand,mud; tempe r at u r e,
l 1 young 0 1 s t u nted spec imen .
No i the:1 st t oast of Hawaii I s la nd :S tat ion 40533 ; dcpt l1 , 2 6 29 fathoms ; bottom,
fine g r ay sand sevei al fairb
ly o ood
8 111 1-1 1
1 in'
i ons .S tation 4054; depth , 2 6 - 50 fathoms ; bottom. coa r se co 1
a] sand,co r a l l ines ; seve r a l
good specimens .S ta ti on 4055; depth . 50 - 62 fat homs ; bot-tom,
fi ne g r ay sand,fo r am i n i fe r a ; spec i
mens m u c h broken,b u t o r i g ina l l y we r e l a r ge.
Pa i lo l o Channe l , between Ma u i a nd Mo loka i I s l andsS tat ion 41 00 ; depth , 1 30 - 1 51
'fathoms ; bottom co r a l sand , she l l s , fo r am in i fe r atempe rat u re
, 6 1 . 0C F . ; 1 sma l l spec imen .
BULLET IN 59,UN ITED S TATES NAT IONAL M US EUM . 1 39
Th i s spec ies was co l lected at 1 1 stat i ons a ro u nd the Hawa i ian I s lands,the so u nd
ing show i ng a r ange f r om 29 to at leas t 257 fathoms , b u t al l the spec imens co l lectedin deep wate r and at a tempe r at u re as low as 01 ° F . , are sma l l, be i ng e i the r y o u ngor s t u nted in t he i r g rowth . The mos t favo r ab le cond i t ions for g rowth are a depthbetween 2 6 and 73 fathoms , a tempe r at u r e of abo u t 70° F . , a c lea r bottom of sand ,pebb les
,or s he l l s .
— The cha r acte r i zat ion of the spec ies i s not based u pon a s ing le spec imen
,b u t upon 1 1 n umbe r of spec imens that g i ve some i dea of i ts va r i at ion . They
are, wi th the n umbe r s t hey bea r in the U n i ted S tates Nat io na l M u se um ,as fo l l ows :
Fo u r spec imens,Cat. Nos . 2 0843
,20873 , f rom S tat ion 3845 ; 4 spec imens , Cat . Nos .
2 0844, 20876 , f r om S tat ion 3848 ; 5 spec imens , Cat . Nos . 2 0845, 20875, f rom S tat ion3849 ; 2 spec imens , Cat. No . 20874. f rom S tat i on 4055.
L E PTO S E R I S S C A B R A , n ew spec ie s .P late X LI
,figs . 1 , 1 1 1 , 2 .
Th i s spec ies bea r s considerab l 1- 1 resemb l 1-i nce to the p r eced ing , the refo r e to a
ce r ta in deg r ee the fo l low ing d iagnos i s is compa r at i ve.
The yo u ng co r a l l um i s bow l - shaped or somewhat exp lanate,w i th the attachmen t
at the cente r of the base. Late r the ma r g ins may be r eflected and i r reg u la r ly u nd ul ated . The d iamete r may r each 1 00 mm . ; the co r a l l um i s r e l at i ve l y th i cke r th an in
L . lwmca i/m.sis .
Ca l i ces u n i fac ia l ; cen t r a l ca l i ce d i st inct in yo u ng co lon ies , b u t may be obsc u r edi n o lde r ones , the o the r ca l i ces may be i r reg u l a r l y scatte r ed , b u t u s u a l l y concent r i c.a r r angemen t i s p rono u nced . The p rox ima l s i des of the cal ices are a lmos t inva r i ab l yswo l len and e le v ated , p rod u c ing , when se v e r a l ca l i ces are s i t u ated c lose togethe r ina r ow
,a mo re or less con t i n u o u s r i dge belOw the cal i cu l a r open ings . L
o ften has the p rox ima l s i des of the ca l i ces somewhat swo l len,b u t a row of ca l i ces
bo u nded be low by a r i dge was not obse r ved . The t r ansve r se o u t l ines of the ca l i ces areu s u a l l y e l l i pt i ca l , the sho r te r ax is pa r a l le l to the cou r se of the septo - costm. G r eate rd i amete r , 3 to 5 mm. ; l esse r , 2 to 4 mm .
O u te r s i de o f the co r a l l u m st r i ate , the s t r iae ve r y fine,ac u te,
o ften b lade - l i ke,
and d i stan t,t he i r edges 1 1 1 icroscopical ly se r r ate. The septo - co s t1 1 are in compa r i son
w i th l . coa r se,ii sual ly d i s ti nct l y a l te r nat i ng in s i ze. The edges are
ry i r r eg u la r l y dentate , the dentat ions hav i ng sma l le r seconda r y dentat ions and1
'
1 1 icroseopie sp i nes . The dentat ions are not verv p r omi nen t,are longe r t han b r oad
,
and have a ro u gh s u r face. The ext r eme ro u gh ness of the who le ca l i c u la r s u r fa ce i sthe mo st st r i k ing d i ffe rence f rom I . 11, 1 1 1 11a zfie7 1 s5s. I n the v ic i n i ty of the ca l i ces
,and
espec ia l l y on the i r p rox ima l s ide,the septo - costm i nc rease in 's i ze and prominen
The faces of the septo - costze s how n ume ro u s per fo r at ions . The Septo - costm in
L . i nmectu ensis are impe r fo r ate .
The n umbe r o f septa to a ca l ice va r ies f rom abo u t 1 6 to 2 13. cm-
ept i ng the cent r a lca l i ce
,wh i ch may have as many as 36 . Us u a l l y no defin i te cyc l i ca l a r r angement can be
recogn i zed . I nne r po r t ion of the ma rg i n ent i re ; the septa l faces ve r y m i n u te l y and
dense l y g r an u l ated .
1 41 ; RECENT MADREPQ RM MA (1 1? TH E H AW A I I AN ”
I S L A NDS A ND LAY SAN .
Synapti c u l a ve r y ab u ndant between the septo - costa1 , and the re are somedissepimt-ui ts . Ca l i c u l a r fossa , na r row ,
r athe r deep . Co l ume l l a poo r l y deve loped ,composed of a few papil lze or may be absent .
Luca]
So u th coas t ofMo loka i I s l andS tat ion 3823 ; depth , 78— 2 2 2 fathoms ; bottom ,
fine sand , pebb les ; tempe r at u re,(30° F .
’ 1 spec imen .
S tat ion 3848 ; depth , 48— 73 fathoms ; bottom ,sand,g r avel ; tempe r at u re, F . ;
l spec imen .
A u a u Chan ne l . between Ma u i and Lana i i s l ands :S ta t ion 38 70 ; depth , 28—43 fathoms ; bottom , sand , g r avel ; tempe r atu r e, “
74° F .
3 spec imens,2 of wh i ch h a v e a cons ide rab le n umbe r of yo u ng attached to t he i r bases .
No r theast coast of Haw a i i I s l andS tat ion 4053 ; depth , 2 6— 29 fathoms ; bottom , fine
,g r ay sand ; 1 dead spec imen
w i t h u n u s u a l l y l a rge cal i ces ,and 2 b r oken yo u ng spec imens .
S tat ion 4054; depth , 26— 50 fathoms ; bottom ,coa r se co r a l sand and co r a l l i nes ;
1 yo u ng spec imen .
The cond i t ions of l i fe mos t favo r ab le to t h i s spec ies are a depth of wate rbetween 2 6 and 40 or 50 fa thoms , a tempe r atu r e a l i tt le ove r 70° F . , and a c lean ,sandy o r pebb ly bo ttom .
Types— Th ree spec imens and attached yo u ng , S tat i on 387 6 , Cat . No . 20885
,
and 1 spec imen,S tat ion 3823 , Cat . No . 20886
,U. S .N.M
R e71 1 1 /71ZJ.51 . —Tl1 is speci es i s to be d i ffe r en t i ated f rom I . Maura/
aw ash ch iefly bythe ro u ghe r ma r gi n s and the ve r y pe r fo r ate cha r acte r of i ts septo -
costae.
L E PTO S E R I S D IG I T A T A,n ew spec ies .
P late XL I I,figs . 1
,22 .
Co r a l l um sma l l , d ig i t i fo rm. The. yo u ng co r a l l um possesses a s i ngle cal i ce.
, and
i s i n v e r se l y con i ca l in s hape. The ma r g in of the uni - ca l i c u l a te co r a l l um becomeslobatc , each lobe hav ing a w id th of abo u t 3 mm . As t hese l obes g r ow they becomeseconda r i ly l obed and c r i spate, the i nne r s u r faces concave , the o u te r convex . The
fi r s t fo rmed lobes in the l a r ge r spec imens may be as muc h as 2 mm. o r a l it t le mo r ein t h i ckness
,b u t are ve r y th in and f r ag i le at the edge.
Meas urements.
He igh t. Notes.
I n i t ial cal ice preser ved .
Do.
Broken at th e base.
Do.
Do.0
1 42 RECE NT MADR E POR-A R IA OF TH E H AWA I I AN I S L ANDS A ND LAYSAN .
g rou p i
ng in concent r i c c u r ves , seve ra l ca l ices sta nd i ng nea r togethe r in succeed ing
cu r v
es
. The ca l i ces i n these c u r ves are bo u nded be l ow by a r i dge, and u s u a l l y onthe lowe r s i de of each ca l i ce the re i s a toot h - l i ke p r oject i o n . I so l ated ca l i ces ve r ycommon lv have the lowe r s ide th i ckened , e levat ed , and s u bac u te l y te rm inated : The
ca l i ces are sm al l,2 nnn . or less in d iamete r .
The u nde r s i de of the co ra l l um i s fine l y costate ; the costm are g r anu l a ted , low,
ac u te a long the s umm i t , thei r bases to u ch ing , eq u a l or s l igh t l y al te r nat i ng in s i ze.
The i nte r io r of the t u bes , desc r i bed i n the p r eced ing r ema r ks , is the mo r pho l ogicaleq u i va len t of the l owe r s u r face of the co r a l l um. Septo - cos tae fine
, u s u a l l y t h i cke rthan the i nte r ven ing space : edges ac u te and mieroscopical lv se r r ate ; s i des ve r ymi n u te l y and ve r y dense l y g r an u lated ; pe r fo r at ion s neve r o r r a re l y p r esen t .
Septa abo u t 1 4, s u beq u a l ; the re may be a l te r nat i on in size among some. The
inne r po r t ions of the ma r gi ns often den tate ; faces m i n u te l y g r an u l ate. Synap t i cu l aand d i ssep iments , i f p resent , are r a re.
Ca l i c u l a r fossa ve r y sma l l , abo u t mm . in d iamete r , and shal l ow .
Co l ume l l a we l l deve l oped , fi l l ing p r act i ca l l y the w ho le bot tom of the ca l i ce ;appea r s to be composed of seve r a l mo r e or less tw i s ted p ieces that have fused .
Local ity.
— Ana u Chan ne l , between Ma u i and Lana i is l ands , S tat i on 3876 ; depth ,28—43 fathoms ; bottom ,
sand,g rave l ; tempe r at u re, 740 F . ; abo u t 2 0 spec imens .
Coty/zaSr— Cat . no. 2 0891 ,
G e n u s S T E P H A N A R I A V e r’r’ i l l .1 866 . S tephanocom V ERR I LL , P roc . Bos t . Soc . Nat H ist , X , p . 330 (not E h renberg ,1 867 . S tephmmria V ERR I LL , Trans . Conn . A cad . Sci . , I , p . 340.
1 870. S tep/mnw ia V ERR I LL , Tran s. Conn . A cad . Sci . , I , p . 545.
1 884. S lcp hanaria DUNCAN , Jo u r . L inn . Soc . London , Zool . , p . 1 60.
1 886 . S tep/mnar-ia QUELCH ,
Reef Cora l s , Chal lenger Rept , p . 1 29.
D cscrip tfmz .
— The desc r i pt i o n by Ve r r i l l i n 1 870 i s as fol lowsCora l la compo u nd , cons ist ing of i r reg u lar , shor t lobe- l ike branches . Ce l ls moderate ly large, w i th
two or t h ree c yc les of septa wh ic h are dentic u late on the edge, wel l de v e loped , and most ly confl u en tw i th those of ad jacen t cel ls. Wa l l s indis t inc t or wan t ing, the d i v i s ion s between the ce l l s indi catedon ly by sma l l , gran u lar po ints , wh ic h somet imes in ter r u p t the septa of ad join ing ce l ls . Co l ume l lapap i l lose. Pal i form pap i l lae before al l the pr inc i pal sep ta
,the inner ones becom ing con fo u nded w i t h
the co l umel la .
S TE P H AN AR IA S TE L L A T A V err i l l .P late XLI I I , figs . 2
,2a, 2b (one ofVerri l l
’s types) , 3 , 3a (f rom P u koo,
Mo lokai ) .1 866 . S tephanocora stellam V ERR I LL , P roc . Bost . Soc. Nat. H ist
,X
,p . 330.
1 870 . Stephanaria stel lula V ERR I L L , Trans . Conn . A cad . Sci . , 1 , p . 545, p l . 1 x ,figs. 4, 4a .
1 886 . S tcp lmnaria stel lata QUELCH,Reef Corals, Chal lenger Rept ,
pp . 1 29,1 79.
D eacrzption .
— Verri l l’
s desc r i p t ion p u b l i shed i n 1 870 is as fol l owsCoral la form ing ro u nded c l umps of shor t , i rreg u lar l y lobed and con torted branches, wh i ch are
u neq u al in s i ze and form ; somet imes near ly s imp le and ang u lar, w i th a large ce l l at the top ; at other
t imes , e ven on the same c l ump , ha v ing the s umm i t v ery m u ch expanded , so as to form flattened , contortcd lobes , w it h ac u te s umm i ts and late ra l cres ts , or e v en meandriniforrn lobes . The branches are
us ua l ly abo u t an e igh th of an i nch d istant,somet imes more, the s ides co vered w i th rather large, s tar
l ike, shal low cel l s , one, or se v eral , larger than the ot hers often term inat ing the bran ches , wh ich appea rto i ncrease. by the u pward exten s ion ofone of the edges of t hese. ce l l s by s u bmarg ina l b udd ing . Septa
BULLETI N 59,UN ITED STATES NATI ONAL MUS EUM .
1 2 to 20 , of ten wi th othe r r u d imen ta ry ones , rather th ick and st rong, w i t h sharp , sp iny gran u lat ion sor teeth on the s ides and edges , and mos t ly confl uen t w i t h those of adjacen t ce l ls . Co lo r of theu nb leached coral ash gray orye l low ish gray.
He igh t of cora l 3 i nches ; length of l i v ing po rt ion of branches to the d iameter of thelarger ce l ls of an inch .
Panama and Pear l I s lands , F. H . Bradley ; La Paz , G u l f of Cal i forn ia,J . Pedersen .
Q u e l ch in h i s Cha l lenge r Repo r ts g i ves the Hawa i i an I s l and s , r eefs at Honol u l uand the F i j i I s l ands as add i t iona l loca l i t ies .
The Un i ted S tates Nat i ona l M u se um possesses 3 spec imens f rom Panama , presen ted by P rofesso r Ve r r i l l . These spec imens are a l l smal l , sma l le r t han the l a r gestspec imen desc r i bed by P ro fesso r Ve r r i l l . The i r meas u rements are
i l l casurcmenIs .
Length . Width . Heigh t.
a Base broken .
The. l i v ing po r t i on of th e co r a l l um i s margmed by a th i n,pe l l i c u l a r
,eas i l y
detachab le, concent r i ca l l y m in u te l y st r i ate and w r i n k led ep i theca,remnan ts ofwh i ch
may be seen on the lower“dead po r t ion , b u t i f i t we re once comp lete i t h as now beenmost l y b r oken away .
The gene r a l desc r i pt ion of P r ofesso r Ve r r i l l is as good as can be des i red . The
septa are a lmost impe r fo r ate,occas i o na l l y
,b u t ve r y r a rely
,a po r e co u l d be d i s
cove red . S to u t synapt i c u l a we l l deve l oped . The re are a l so a few th in d i s sep imen ts .D r . W. T . B r i gham has sent to the Un i ted S tates Nat i ona l M u se um 2 spec imens
of a S tep /Lanaria , f rom P u koo , Mo loka i , depth 3 to 6 feet. tha t I am unab le todifl
'
erent iate f rom S . stel lata . The spec imens f r om the Hawa i i an I s l ands often,or
u s u a l ly,have somewhat na r r owe r septo - costze and the synapti c u l a between them are
mo r e n ume r o u s and mo re v i s i b le t han i n the Panama spec imen . I t seems , howeve r ,tha t no spec ific d i ffe rence can be based on these cha r acte r s , as the spec imens f romboth l oca l i t ies show va r i at i on .
P r ofesso r D unden obta ined spec imens at Oah u .STE P H AN AR I A B R IGH AM I
,new spec ies .
P late XLI I I , figs . 4, 4a, 5.
Co ra l l um fo rmi ng a ro u nded c l ump of st u bby b r anches ; he i gh t , 1 4mm . ; g r eate rdi ameter
,72 mm . ; lesse r , 66 mm. The b r anches are c rowded , a lmos t to u ch ing , i n
fo rm s u b te r ete or somewhat comp r essed,d iamete r be low te rmina l d i v i s ion s 6 to 8
mm. Lowe r edge of l i v i ng po r t ion ep i t hecate ; l i v i ng po r t ion meas u res 1 0 to 1 3 mm.
i n length . Te rm inal b r an ch lets or lobes of verv u neq u a l s i ze, va r y i ng f r om i nd i st i n ct lobat ions to 7 nnn . in length .
1 44 RE CE NT MADRE I ’ORARI A O F TH E H A WA I I AN I S LA N DS A ND LAYSAN .
Ca l i ces verv sha l low ; in fact , they are s u pe r fic ia l . They possess no d i st i n ctbo u nda r ies , b u t are connected by confl u ent septo - costae. D i s tance between cen te r s2 to nnn .
The r e are f rom 2 0 to 2 1 septa to each ca l i ce ; 7 o r 8 of t hese ex tend tothe ca l i c u la r fossa and bea r smal l pa l i fo rm l obes . The co l umel l a i s a s ty l i fo rmt u be r c le ,
occas io nal lv mo re than one t u be r c le. There i s a c i r cula r space su r r o u nd ingthe t u be r c le and sepa rat ing i t from the i nne r ends of the septa . The septa areso l i d
,th i ck
;dec ided ly th i cke r t han the w i d th of the inte r septa l l oc u l i . Septal
ma r g i ns coa r se l y and ro u gh l y dent i c u l ate, the den t i c u l at i on s o f the d i ffe r en t septaeq u a l in he i gh t . Septa l faces fine l y g r an u l ate. Both synapt i c u l a and th i n dissepiments p resent .
Local ity — Kah l u a,Oahu ; depth , 3 to 6 feet ; 1 specimen , r ece i ved f r om P r of .
W'
. T . B r i gham .
Typ e— Cat. No . 2 1 629
,
R e7iza7'lcs.
— S . brig/mam d iffe r s f r om S . stel lam Ve r r i l l by hav ing i ts cal i cess u pe r fic ia l i nstead of s l igh t ly excavated , by i ts coa r se r and mo r e i r r eg u l a r septa ldentat i ons
,and by ha v ing i n most ca l ices a s i ng le co l ume l l a t u bercle i n stead of
seve r a l pap i l lae .
A yo u ng , so l i ta r y ind i v id u a l of t h i s spec ies was attached to . t he lowe r po r t i o n ofthe co lony . The ca l i ce of th i s i s rep resen ted by P l ate XLI I I , figu re 5. I t exh i b i ts nocha r acte r s wo r thy of spec i a l not i ce except t hat the wal l o f the p r im i tive cup i s composed of epithe a on l y . The r e are in the i n te r septa l l oc u l i pe r i p he r al sy napticu l a ,b u t the ends of the septa are not f u sed .
G e n u s P S A M M O CO R A D a n a .
P S AM M OCOR A V E R R I L L I , n ew spec ie s .P late XL I V , figs . 1 , 1 a.
The co r a l l um i s i nc r ust ing , r athe r t h in ,a few m i l l imete r s in t h i ck ness ; the
u ppe r s u r face i s ve r y i r reg u l a r . I n add i t i o n to the i r reg u l a r i t ies ca u sed by con fo rming to the object of attachmen t , the re are n ume r o u s mon tic u les
,sma l l c r ests , and
va r io u s l y shaped em inences and p r oject i ons .The cal i ces possess defin i te cen te r s
,b u t they u sua l l y h ave i ndefin i te b oun da r ies ,
and are ariable in both s i ze and sh ape. Thei r a r r angemen t,a l so
,i s i ndefi n i te, but
the re i s a f req u en t tendency for t hem to occ u r in se r ies of va r i ab le length , sepa r atedby co l l i nes of va r iab l e he ig h t . A l a r ge ca l i ce meas u r es mm . in d i amete r ; amed i um s i zed one
,2 mm . ; in one se r ies
,w i th i n a d i stance of 8 mm .
,7 cen te r s we r e
co u n ted . The r ange i n d iamete r the r efo r e,i s f rom to mm . The d i stance
between cal ic inal cen te r s on oppos i te s i des o f a co l l i ne va r ies f rom 2 to mm.
The length of a co l l i ne va r ies f rom the d i amete r of a ca l i ce to a cen t imete r ; itshe igh t f rom a me r e u pwa r d swe l l i ng of the s u r face to 2 mm . The re may be ta l le rp rotube rances , one i s 6 mm . ; t hese bea r ca l i ces o n the i r s u r faces .
The septa are th i ck , w i th na r r ow in te r spaces,fo rm i ng between two and t h ree
cyc les . Us u a l l y seve r a l ex tend d i rect l y to the co l umel l a ; the othe r s occ u r i n anastomos ing g ro u ps of f rom two to li ve. A defin i te septa l fo rmu l a co u ld n ot be dete rm i ned . The ma r g ins of bo th the septa and the septo - costae are m i nute l y dentate.
One notewo r thy pec u l ia r i ty i s the occ u r ren ce of a mo re or less defin i tel y de l im i ted
1 46 RECE NT MADRE PORAR I A OF TH E HA W A I I AN I S LA NDS A N 'D LAYSAN .
rape— Cat . NO . 20834,
Benmrl s .
— Tli ere are acco r d i ng to A l cock “ 3 spec ies of Bat/zyacée'
s that havefive comp lete cyc les of septa,
name l y : B . satay/56 , B . step /1mm , and B . palafem ,al l
ofA l cock . .B . 3 77Q d i ffe r s f r om B . gimm i ck/Wicca (Pourtal é s) by hav i ng one mo recvcle of septa ,
by the mo re de l i cate tex t u r e of i ts corral lum , and i ts g reate r s i ze,attain i ng a d iamete r of 57 mm . B . Mmuaii ensis d i ffe r s in fo rm f rom B . syrmnetrica
bv the dec ided ly e levated’
ma r gi ns of i ts p r ima r y an d seconda ry septa , and B . sym
met'rfca has on l y fo u r eve les of septa . B . step /1mm ,w i th w h i c h I at fi r s t iden t i fied
th i s spec ies , has a ve r y concave base and st i l l ta l le r septa . A l cock ’s fig u r e " i n d i catesanothe r and p robab ly mo r e impo r tan t diffe rence. I n B . step /canal the septa l ma r g insare d i sta l l y na r row or even excavated , and are elevated nea r the ca l i c u l a r fossa . As
po inted out. in the desc r i pt i on of B . lzawaz'
iensis, the o u te r edges of i ts septal mar
gi ns descend pe r pend i c u l a r l y and connec t w i t h the costa l ends beyond the l im i t ofthe wa l l . B . p al /fem possesses s i x d i st inct, th i ckened pal i befo re the seconda r ysepta . The pal iforni l obes of B . lumoavlz
'
em i.s~ are d i st i n ct befo r e some b u t n ot al l ofthe 1
'
n'imary and seconda r y septa , t hey are i nconstan t in deve l opmen t , t hey are
,
w hen p resent,w ide r t han i n B . pcclsem ,
and are not th i ckened .
I have r ecent l y desc r i bed anothe r spec ies of Bat/zyactz'
s,B . maren z el leri , co l
lected by the B u r ea u of F i s he r ies s teame r A lcatross at S tat i on 472 1 , between theGalapagos I s l ands and Bar r et t R i dge
,at a depth of fathoms . Th i s spec ies
possesses on l y fo u r cyc les of septa,and d i ffe r s f r om the Hawa i i an spec ies in othe r
notab le pa r tic u la r s .M A D R E P O R A R IA P E R F O R A TA .
Fam i ly EUPSAMMIDZE M i l ne Edwa r ds and Haime .
G e n u s S T E P H A N O P H Y L L I A M i c h e l i n .
S TE PH AN O P H Y LL IA FO R M O S I S S IM A M o se ley .
P late XL I V,figs . 2
,2a .
1 876 . Stephancp liyl lia.for-mom
'
ssima MOS ELEY,P roc . Roy. Soc
,1 876
,p . 56 1 .
1 88 1 . S tep lumop hg/I/ia fo'
i-mosissima MOS ELEY
,Deep - Sea Madreporar ia , Chal lenger Rept ,
p . 201 ,p l . fig . p l . xm
,figs . 6
,7 ; p l . xv i , figs .
1 902 . ALCOCK , Deep - Sea Mad reporar ia, S iboga E xped ,p . 39.
A cons iderab le n umbe r of spec imens of th i s spec ies we re obta i ned . The on l ynot i ceab le d i ffe r ence f rom Mose ley ’s o r i g ina l desc r i p t i o n i s
,the Hawai i an spec imen s
are sma l le r than those obtai ned by Chal l enger exped i t i on,the l a r ges t measu r i ng
2 7 nun . in d i amete r . O ften ,or u s u a l l y
,the fi r s t and second cyc les of septa are as
ta l l as those of the yo u nge r cyc les .Mose ley ’s spec imens came f r om off the K i I sl ands
,and off Z eb u
,P h il i pp i ne
I s lands . A l cock r epo r ts spec imens f r om 4 stat i ons of the S iboga exped i t i on .
Loo/dz?£68 .
So u th coas t ofMo loka i I s l andS tat ion 3838 ; depth , 92— 2 1 2 fathoms ; bottom ,
fine,g r ay
,b row n sand ; tempe r at u re. 6 7 3 F. ; 3 spec imens .
Deep - Sea Mad reporar ia ofth e S iboga E x ped i t ion ,p . 37 .
I n vest igator Deep - Sea Mad reporar ia,p l . 1 1 1
,fig . 5a .
BULLETI N 59, UN I TED STATE S N AT I ONAL IVI US EUVI .
S tat ion 3855 ; depth , 1 2 7— 1 30 fathoms ; bottom,fine b rown sand
,g rave l ; tem
perature, F . ; 6 spec imens (the la rgest n umbe r obta ined at any one s tation ) .Pa i lo lo Channe l
,between Mo loka i and M a u i i s lands :
S tat ion 3856 ; depth , 1 2 7 fathoms ; bot tom ,fine sand
, ye l low mud; tempe rat u re,F . ; 2 spec imens .S tat ion 41 0 1 ; depth , 1 2 2— 1 43 "
athoms ; bo ttom,co ra l s and
,she l l s , fo r am i n i fe r a ;
tempe r at u r e, 1 spec imen .
No r t h coast ofMo lok a i I s l andS tation 3906 ; depth , 66—96 fathoms ; bot tom ,
g r ay sand,she l l s
,pebb les ; tem
perature , 72° F . ; 1 spec imen .
Wes t coas t of Hawai i Is l andS tat ion 4045 ; depth , 1 47— 1 98 fathoms ; bo ttom ,
co r a l sand,formanifera ; tem
pe r a t u re,49° F . ; 3 spec imens (i nc l u d ing the l a r gest co l lec ted) .No r the r n c oas t ofMa u i I s l and :S tat ion 4080 ; depth , 1 7 8— 202 fa thoms ; bot tom ,
g ray san d,formanifera ; tem
perature , F . ; 1 spec imen .
I n i ts cond i t i ons of l i fe,th is spec ies may r ange in dep th f rom 66— 2 1 2 fathoms ;
the bottom in each i nstance was sandy ; the tempe r at u re r anges f rom 49° to 72° FG e n u s E N D O P A CH Y S L o n s d a l e .
1 845. E ndepachys (part ) LoxsnALE , Q uar t . Jo u r . Geo l . Soc . Lon don ,I,p . 2 1 4.
1 848 . E ndopachys M I LNE E DWA RDS and H A IME,Ann . Sci . Nat. , 3 icme ser.
,Zoo l .
,X
,p . 8 1 .
1 857. E mlopuchys M I LN E E DWA RDS , H ist . Nat. Corall .,I I I
,p . 97 .
1 884. E ndopuchys DUNCA N , Jo u r . Linn . Soc . London,Zoo l .
,X V I I I
,p . 1 76 .
1 900. Rhectopsammia V AUGH A N , Mon . XXX IX, (
I
. S . Geol . Survev ,p . 1 83 .
l 900. E ndop achg/s V AUGH A N , Mon . XXX IX , U . S . Geo l . S u r v ey, p . 1 86 .
1 903. E ndopachys V AUGH AN , P roc . B io l . Soc . Wash ington ,X V I
,p . 1 0 1 .
I n the last refe r ence c i ted,I p u b l i shed the fo l l ow i ng note :
My gen u s Rheetcp sannnwwas based on th e yo u ng of Endopachys mdclu -
rm'
(Lea) , but I d isco v eredmy m i stake after th e p u b l icat ion of the Monograph . The gen u s I t'm lopachys has been character i zedas show i ng no e v iden ce of at tachmen t . My Rhcctop sa
-mmi'
a. i s th e attacl'
ied yo u ng of Endopachys.
These v e u ng i ndi v id ua l s of ten attain a heigh t of 6 mm .,then the u pper por t ion of th e co ral l um
becomes separated f rom the pedi ce l . I nd ica t ions of the detachmen t scar may f req u en t ly be seen q u i telate in the
‘ l i fe of some Spec imen s . Us u a l ly i t i s u l t imate ly comp lete ly ob l i terated by th e depos i t ionof ca lcareo u s s u bstan ce o ver i t b v th e edge zone of th e cora l ex tend ing downward
, en velop ing thebase.
E N D O PACH Y S OA H E N S E ,n ew spec ies .
P late XL I V , figs . 3 , 3a .
Co r a l l um subcuneate , s ides c u r v ing g rad u al l y to the apex ofthe base , edge o f thebase obt u se, r o u nded . The re are no fac i a l t u be r c les o r late r a l c rests . Basa l sca rob l i te r ated . T r ansve r se o u t l ine e l l i pt i ca l . G reate r d i amete r of ca l i ce , mm. ;
lesse r , abo u t 1 2 nnn . (one s i de of the a l i ce i s b roken , th i s n'
ieasurement i s t he refo r eon l y an app ro x imat ion) he i gh t of the co r a l l um ,
1 7 nnn .
The wa l l i s ex te r na l l y costate, COS tiP , co r r espond i ng to a ll septa,mo r e d ist i nc t
nea r the ma rg i n of the ca l i ce , i nd i st i nct nea r the base . They are low
w i de,s u bac u te or r a the r ro u nded on the edge
,g ran u l ate and pe r fo r ate
,s u beq u a l o r
eq u a l i n s i ze,occas iona l ly s howi ng a l te r nation in s i ze . I nte r costa l f u r rows na r row .
1 48 RECE NT MADRE I’OR AR I A OF TH E H A WA I I A N I S LA NDS AN D LAYS AN .
S epta in fo u r comp lete cyc les , w i th membe r s of the fi ft h p resent i n 1 3 qua r te rsy stems .
The i r i nne r ends tend to be f ree, septa l g r o u ps are n ot so defi n i te as i sifsual lv the case in the gen u s . The membe r s of the fi fth cy c le u l t imate l y fuse tothe s ides of the fo u r th . I t m igh t. be noted , a l th o u gh th i s is not a spec i fic cha r acte r ,t hat the fifth cyc le o r ig i nates as a pa i r of septa i n the interseptial l ocu l u s betweenthe th i r d and fo u r th cyc le. Acco r d i ng to the u s u a l notat i on of the septa, one of thefi ft h i s real l y a membe r of the p reced i ng cyc le , wh i le a membe r of the fi f th is cal ledthe fo u r th . Septa l ma r gi ns on l y s l igh t l y exse r t , th ose of the p r ima r ies an d seconda r ies eq u a l l y p rom i nen t andmo re elevated than those of the h ighe r cyc les . M a rg i n sof the. othe r cyc les eq u a l in p rom inence . The sma l ler septa are r at he r coa r se l ydentate, the i nne r ma rgi ns of the l a r ge r u n fo r t u nate l y are b r oken . Septa l facesof ten t r ansve r se l y und u l ated , and st r ia te, e l ongate g r an u l at i ons fo rm ing the s t r iae.
Cal i c u l a r fossa e longate , na r r ow ,deep
,6 mm. l o ng and mm . w i de.
Co l ume l l a ve r y poo r l y deve l oped , composed of a few septa l trabeculee .
Local i ty — So u th coast of Oah u I s l and , S tat i on 381 0 ; depth , 53— 2 1 1 fathoms ;bottom
,fine co r a l sand ; tempera tu re, F 1 spec imen .
Ty/p a— Cat . No . 2082 2
,
G e n u s B A L A N O P H Y L L I A S e a r l e s W o o d .
BALAN O P H Y LL IA H AWA I I E N S I S , n ew spec ies .P late XL I V , figs . 4, 4a ,
5.
Co r a l l um fi rm l y attached,e l ongate
,curved . T r an svers eou t l ine b road l y e l l i p t i cal
or c i r c u l a r .Jlfeasurements.
Greater LesserQ a
pu ”H e"di ameter of d i ameter of Remarks .ca l ice. cal ice.
a A pprox ima te.
Wa l l ent i re l y naked , pe r fo rate, f req u en t l y r athe r th i ck and ves i cu l ate , i n thelowe r po r t ion of the coral lum i t becomes seconda r i l y compacted . Costze co r responding to a l l septa , s u beq u a l , d i st i nct , b u t not p r om i nent , w i t h coa r se g r an u l at ions , edgesobt u se l y ro u nded , bases w ide, the i nte r costa l f u r rows na r r ow w i t h r athe r f requentpe r fo r at ions .
Septa , fo u r comp lete cyc les and abo u t ha l f the membe r s of the fi fth . The r e i sthe u s u a l balanophyl lio id g r o u p ing abo u t the membe r s o f the t hi r d cy cle, b u t thei nne r edges are not fused togethe r above the leve l of the bottom of the ca l i ce.
Base 8 mm . in diameter .A t tached to the ca l ice ofwhat appears to ha v e beena dead cora l l um ofthe same spec ies, but i t m igh tbe a case ofrejuvenesence. The yo u nger cora llum has been repeated ly damaged and u ndergone repai r .
Base b roken .
1 50 R EGENT MADRE PORA R I A OF TH E H A WA I I AN I S LA NDS AN D LAYSAN .
Uppe r septa l ma r g i ns u s u a l l y en t i re ; they are not exse r t at one end of the ca l i ce and
are mode rate l y exse r t at the ot he r . i n ne r ma r gi ns i r r eg u l a r ly and coa r se l y den tate.
S ep ta l facesmi n u te l y st r iate, sma l l g ran u l at ions a l ong the st r iae .
Ca l i c u la r fossa e longate, na r row , and deep .
Co l ume l la mode r ate l y deve l oped , t r abec u l a r , and spongy .
— SO i i t li coast ofMo loka i I s l and : S tat ion 382 3 ; depth , 78 fa thoms
bot tom,ti ne sand
,pebb les ; tempe r at u re, 093 E ; spec imen No. 2 and 2 yo u ng .
Northeas t coast of Hawa i i .l sland: S tat i on 406 1 ; depth , 24— 83 fat homs ; bottom,
co ra l sand , co r a l l ines , nod u les , fo r am in i fe ra ; tempe r atu re , at the su r face, 7 7 0 F ;spec imen No. 1 and 1 attached yo u ng .
Typ e— S tat ion 406 1 , Cat. No . 20824,
[ Earmark s — Tins co r a l i s so ex t reme l y c lose to Ba lanop /Lyl l ia desmop /zyl lmn
M i l ne Edwa r ds and Haime of the E ng l i s h Eocene, and a l so ve r y ab u n dan t in the
Eocene of the Uni ted S tates , that I can not po i n t out ve r y sat i s facto r y d i ffe r ences .The s i ze
,shape
,and the n umbe r of the septa are the same i n both . The co l ume l l a
in B . dewnop/Lg/Ziw z i s bette r developed , and i ts cos tae an d septa are t h i n ne r . Thesed iffe ren ces co u l d ve ry eas i l y be ob l i te r ated by on l y mode r ate va r i ation . I n B . des
the p r incipa l septa (fi r s t , second , and t h i r d cy c les) are simp le laminae ;in B . damwp/iyl lmn ,
nea r the wal l , they become th i ckened and ve r y ves i cu l ate. I n
the fo rme r t he re i s tendency towa r d the same phenomenon , bu t i t does no t seem tobe ca r r ied so fa r .
A g reate r n umbe r of spec imens of the Hawa i i an co r a l may show mo re sat i sfacto r y di li'erent ial cha r acte r s , o r may show that the Eocene spec ies has pe r s isted tor ecen t t ime. \Vh iehever may u l t imate l y be fo u nd t r ue, i t is i n te rest i ng to obtai na recen t spec ies so c lose l y re l ated to one that i s an Eocene foss i l .Th i s spec ies a l so seems c lose l y r e l ated to the r ecen t B . ba z
’
rdz'
ana of M i lneEdwa r ds and Haime.
BA LA N O PH Y LL IA LAY S AN E N S I S ,new spec ie s .
P late XL V , figs . 2 , 2a,2b.
Co r a l l um ev i den t l y attached by a b road base (the base is b r oken off) abovewh ic h is a th i ck , so l i d sta l k ; above th i s the co r a l l um expands g r ad u a l l y . T r ansve r seo u t l ine e l l i pt i ca l . G reate r d i amete r of ca l i ce
,mm. ; lesse r , 1 3 mm . ; he i gh t of
co r a l l um , 1 7+ mm.
Wal l e nt i re l y devo i d ep i th eca , t h ick , ve r y pe r fo r ate, both on the cos tae .and in
the inte r cos ta l f u r row . Costz e of two s i zes,t hose co r r espond i ng to the fi r s t and
second cyc les of septa dec ided ly the l a r ge r and of eq u a l s i ze ; those co r respond i ng tothe th i r d cyc le not so p rom i nent , b u t are we l l deve l oped . The d i stal ends of thefo u r th cyc le of septa are eas i l y t r aced , bu t fo rm fiat a reas between the cos tee. The
costae are w ide , ro u nd or Ilattisli i n p rofi le, and ve r y pe r fo r ate . They are mo re
p romi nen t nea r the ca l i ce and d isappea r on the s ta l k above the base.
Septa in fo u r comp lete cyc les , ve r y reg u la r in the i r a r r angemen t . A l l are
th i ckened in the theca l r i ng , whe r e they are spongy ,becom i n g th in ne r towa r d the
cente r . The fi r s t and second cyc les of eq u a l s i ze and independen t of septa l g r oups .The membe r s of the fo u r t h bend towa r d one anothe r in f ron t o f those of the th i r d ;
BULLET IN 59, UN ITED STATES NAT IONAL M US EUM . 1 51
the i r inne r ma r g i ns may f u se or may be me rely c lose toget he r . F rom each septa lg ro u p t he r e i s a p ro longat ion to the co l ume l l a ; occas iona l l y both septa of the fo u r t hcvcle may r each th e co l ume l l a . The u ppe r ma r g i ns of the fi r s t and second cyc les areequa l in p r om inence and exse r t ; t hose of the t h i r d cyc le the l eas t OXSCYt , wh i le thoseof the fo u r t h r each a leve l h a l fway between that atta i ned by the th i r d and the fi r s ttwo cy c les . The edges of the septa are ent i re
,ex cept nea r the co l ume l l a the re may
be some i r reg u la r dentat ions . l nncr po r t ions of the septa l faces m in u te l y st r i a te andg r an u l ate . I i i terseptal loc u l i in the basa l po r t ion fi l l i ng so l i d ly w i th s te r eop lasm .
Ca l i c u l a r fossa e longate,r athe r la r ge
,mode r ate l y deep .
Co l ume l la we l l deve loped , comp r essed , ves i c u late, p r oject i ng in the bo ttom ofthe bottom of the fossa .
Local ity — Vi c i n i ty of Laysan, S tat ion depth,1 30— 1 48 fathoms ; bot tom,
wh i te sand,sma l l S he l l s ; tempe r at u re, 63° F . ; 1 spec imen.
Typ e— Cat . No . 2090 1
,
BALAN O P H YL L I A D I O M E D E ZE , n ew spec ie s .P late XL V
,figs . 3 , 4,
4a , 5.
Co r a l l um attached by a r athe r w i de base, rathe r e longate , i nc reas ing in d iamete rverv s low lv ,
cross sect ion broadlv e l l i p t i ca l or a lmos t c i r c u la r ..Measuremcnts.
Greater LesserI
(l igrhe
e
i
iiae
r
r
of dial
dizs
tgl
rof _d iameter .
di ameter D iameter H eigh t 0 1cal ice ca l ice Just abo ve Just abo ve ofbase. cora l lum .
base. base.
mm mm mm.
S pec imen No . 2 i s r athe r sha r p l y const r i c ted immed iate l y above the base . Abo u tm i d way between the base and the ca l i ce i t h as a g reate r d iamete r of 8 mm . and alesse r of mm.
The re i s a l way s some ep i theca on the basa l po r t i on of the co r a l l um . I t i s t h in .
i ncomp lete,and u s u a l l y extends abo u t ha l f way u p the wa l l . The wal l i s t h i ck and
ves i c u l ate. Costae i nd i s t inc t , low,fiat
,eq u a l
,inte r cos ta l f u r rows na r row and sha l
low,bo th costze and f u r r ows w i th n ume ro u s pe r fo r at i ons . Whe r e. costze can be d i s
tinguished,th e who le s u r face shows n ume ro u s pe r fo rat ions .
Septa usua l lv in fo u r com i‘i lete cy c les ; occas iona l l y some membe r s of the fo u r t hare lack i ng i n a q u a r te r system. The fi r s t cyc le dec i ded ly th i cke r t han the o the rsepta , these ex tend d i r ec t l y to the co l ume l la and take no pa r t in the septa l g ro u ps .The septa of the fo u r t h cyc le s tand ing nex t the fi r s t in any system ,
or those of theth i r d
,when the fo u r t h i s i ncomp lete, bend away f rom the fi r st and towa r d the
i nc l u ded sept um of the second cyc le, of ten meet i ng in f ron t of i t and i ii closing i t .The membe r s of the fou r th cyc le , s tand ing nex t the membe r of the second c yc le inany system ,
bend away f rom the second,a ro u nd the ends of the membe r s of the th i r d
RECENT MA DRE PORA R I A O F TH E H AWA I l AN I S L AN DS AND LAY SAN .
. J
cyc le,app roach i ng ve r y nea r the s ides o f the o u te r membe r s of the fo u r th , or act u a l l y
f u s i ng to them . The membe r s of the second cyc le are st r a igh t , at the wal l considerab ly
th i c ke r,w i th i n the ca l i ce s l igh t l y th i cke r th an the septa of the h ighe r cyc les .
P l ate X I JV ,fig u re i a
,s hows the r e l at ions of the septa . F i r s t and second cyc les sl ight l y
exse r t,the fi r s t the mo r e p r omi nen t . Ma rgi ns of the fi r s t two cyc les ent i re i n adu l t
-zns .Those of the h i ghe r cy c les show c renate den tat i on s a l o ng the i r i nne r
po r t ions . F i r s t and second cyc les impe r fo rate ; the h i ghe r cy c les somet imes w i thla r ge and r athe r n ume ro u s pQ I ’fO l 'ftt I l S . The septa l faces are a lmost smooth , a ve r yfew weak st r i a'; and occas iona l sma l l g r an u l at i ons . Both septa and wal l becomeseconda r i ly m u ch th i ckened by ste reop lasm.
Ca l i c u l a r fossa sha l low ,abo u t nnn . f rom u ppe r te rminat io n of the col
umel la to the tops of the h ighes t septa .Co l ume l la we l l deve l oped , st r ong , ves i c u l ate, p r oject i ng i n the bot tom of the
ca l ice . l n transverse t out l ine i t i s c r u c i fo rm,a long p iece co i nc i d i ng w i th the l onge r
ax is of the ca l i ce , and a sho r te r one oppos i te the i nne r end s of the med i a l l y s i tuatedsepta of the second cyc le. The o u te r membe r s o f the l as t cyc le i n eac h of the twomed ia l systems bend towa r d one anothe r , pass in f r on t of the membe r of the
second cyc le ,and f u se sepa r ate l y to the s ho r te r a rms o f the c r oss , but the membe r
of the second cyc le u s u a l l y does not, i t i s a l i tt le too sho r t .Local ity
— No r t h coast ofMa u i I s l and,S tat ion No . 4098 ; depth , 95— 1 52 fat homs ;
bottom,co r a l sand
,fo r am in i fe r a
,rock ; tempe r at u re, F . ; 3 spec imens .
(Myl e s— No. 20825
R en‘
zark a — Th is spec ies i s c lose l y r e l ated to Balanophyl l ia red-wave; Mose ley .
The v iew of the ca l i ce f r om above g i ven by Mose ley , wo u l d se r ve fo r the spec ieshe re desc r i bed , b u t Mose ley rep resen ts h i s spec ies as having m u ch mo re d i st i n ctcostze and a dec ided l y deepe r ca l i ce
,g i v i ng 6 mm. as i ts dep th , and it seems that
B . Ta l i/vied i s u n i fo rm l y la rge r .A spec imen d redged in the v i c i n i ty of Ka u a i I s l and
,S tat i o n 3999; depth not
defi n i te l y g i ven,between 7 — 1 1 8 fathoms ; bottom,
co r a l sand,s he l l s ; is refe r red to
th i s spec ies . Th i s spec imen (see P l ate X LV ,fig . 5) cons i s ts o f t h r ee ind i v i dua l s of
th ree d i ffe rent ages . The second i n age i s attached to the i ns i de o f the ca l ice of theo l dest i nd i v i d u a l , and the yo u nges t i nd i v i dua l i s at tached to the secon d , not fa r abovei ts base. These spec imens show noth i ng noteworthv i n s i ze o r fo rm. The measu remen ts are
Lesser Greaterd iameter of d iameter of Heigh t.ca l ice. cal ice.
Remnants of a ve r y th in , f r ag i le , and read i l y detachab le ep i t heca can be seen upto ve r y edge of the ca l i ce. Ex cept i ng on the bases of the o l dest and the you nges tspec imens the r e are no costze , whe re they are p r esen t they are as i n the cotvpes of the
1 54 RECEN T MAD REPURAR I A OF TH E H AW A I I A N I SLA NDS AND LAYSAN .
G e n u s D E N D R O P I—I Y L L I A d e B l a i n v i l l e .
D E N D R O P H Y LL I A OAH E N S I S ,n ew spec ie s .
P late XL V I , figs . 1,l o ,
l l) .
Co ra l l u m e l ongate , wo1 11 1 - l i ke,irr cgu larIy co nst r i c ted f rom p l ace to place, l owe1
end b 1 o ken o ll . C ross sect ion c i r c u la r 0 1 e l l i p t i ca l . Lengt h of spec imen ,37 1 1 1 1 1 1 .
g reate r d iamete r of lowe r cnd, 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 . l esse ,r 6 1 1 1m .
, g reate1 d iamete r in1 1 1 1 1st coi1st 1 icted po r t ion , lesse r , 5 1 1 1m. ; g 1 eate r diametei of ca l i ce , 8 mm. ,
lesse 1 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 . On the s ides a 1 s i 1 1 cg1 1 1arlv dist 1 ibuted late1 al buds . The figu i esshow t l1 e i 1 d i st r i b u tion 0 1 1 the su 1 face . At fi r st thev wei e t ho u gh t to be attached1 0 1mg; a 1
'e 1 tical sect io n , howevc i , t | 1 1 o u gh one of t hem s howed th at the wal l o f the
ax i a l ( 0 1 .1 l l i te was no t con t in u o u s beneath the yo u ng co r a l l i te, b u t t hat the i nte r septalloc u l i of the o l de r and yo u nge 1 co ra l l i tes we re in commun i cat ion . These yo u ngco r a l l i tes are. al l comparativclv sma l l . the l a r gest has a g r eate r d i amete r of 41 mm . ;
the sma l lest , 11 1m . The r e i s an attached ve r y young co r a l , w i t h s i x p r ima r ysepta the second cyc le not comp lete, wh i ch meas u res on l y 1 mm . i n d i amet .e r Th i sindi 1 idual most p i obably had set t led on the spec imen , and does not be l o ng to the
co l ony .
The re are. d i sconnected, enc i r c l i ng bands of epi theca to w i t h i n 9 mm. of thecal i ce of the ax ia l co r a l li te . Seve r a l vo u ng co r a l l i tes occ u r above the uppe r l imi t ofthe ep i theca . The re i s a l so ep i theca a ro u nd the. bases of al l the yo u ng co r a l l i tesex cept one. The wal l i s spongy andmode r ate l y th i ck . Costee d i s t inct ve r y nea r lythe who le l ength ; somet imes they are resol ved i n to me r e g r an u l a t i ons , an d somet imes are obsc u red by th e ep i theca . Whe re c lea r ly seen , w h i c h i s u s u al l y the case,thev are low ,
r athe r w i de,flattened above
,eq u a l , g r anu l a te, and pe r fo r ate. The
g r an u l at i ons r athe r ta l l,somet imes in two r ows
,b u t u s u al l y i r r eg u l a r l y d i st r i buted .
I nte r costa l f u r rows sha l low and na r r ow,pe r fo r ate.
S epta of the ca l i ce of the ax i a l co r a l l i te in fo u r comp lete cyc les . Al l septa th in1 nd d istant , s l igh t ly th i cke r nea r th ei r inne r ends . Those of the fi r s t and secondcyc les and the o u te r membe r s of the fo u r th i n eac h system nea r l y eq u a l i n th i c knessand l ength : t hose of the second mav be a l i tt le sho r te r . The sh o r test and t h innestare the septa of the th i r d cy c le. The arrange11 1 ent foreac h sys tem is : The membe r so f the fi r s t and second cyc les ex tend d i r ec t l y to the co l ume l l a and fuse to i t ; thesepta of the second are r at he r often a l i t t le sho r te r th an those of the fi r s t . The two
o u te rmos t membe r s of the fou r th cyc le bend away f rom the p r ima r ies and towa rd;the i nc l u ded seconda r y ,
b u t do not f u se to i t, extend i ng to the co l ume l l a . The
q u ate r na r ies stand i ng on each s i de of the i nc l u ded seconda r y bend o u twa r d awayf rom i t , ex tend beyond the ends of the te r t i a r ies , and the i r i n ne r ends app r oachvery c lose l y the o u te r (1 1 .1 ater1 1 aries . The te r t i a r i es ex tend abo u t one- ha l f thed i stance f rom the wa l l to the co l ume l l a . The i nne r ma r g i n s of a l l the septa aref ree abo v e the bottom of the ca l i ce
,b u t at a lowe r leve l
,as the b roken l owe r end
of the spec imen shows,they f u se i nto g r o u ps acco r d ing to the scheme above
o u t l ined . None of the septa are exse r t . The i r i n ne r ends u sua l l y s t r onglyu nd u lated , the septa l faces show sma l l ob l i q u e l y ascend ing und u l at ion s o r st r iaew 1 tl1 g r an u lat ions a long them. Appa ren t l y t he r e are on l y pe r i p he r al pe r fo r at i ons .
(‘a l i ce sha l low .
BULLETI N 59, UN ITED STATES NAT IONAL MUS EUM .
Co l umel l a r athe r la r ge,e l l i pt i ca l , spongy , text u r e loose , composed of 1 1 1 .1 11 1 11 1 'ous
th i n , tw i sted , anostomosing band - l i ke t r abec u l ae,wh ic h do not p roj ect u pwa r d i nto
the bottom of the ca l i ce.
Loca l i ty.
— N o r t hw es t coast of Oah u Is land , S tat io n 41 1 4; depth , 1 54— 1 95
fathoms ; bottom , co r a l sand , fo ram i n i fe r a ; tempe rat u re , F . ; 1 spec imen .
Type— Cat. No . 20827 ,
D E N D R O P H YLL I A S E R P E N T I N A , n ew spec ies .P late XL V I , figs . 2 , 2a ,
3,4, 5.
g ,co r n u te
,va r io u s l y c u r ved and tw i s ted . The i n i t i a l co r a l l i te
,
wh ich becomes the z xial co r a l l i te,i s at tached by a mo r e or l ess expanded base
,above
wh i ch i t of ten g r ows as a smal l , i r reg u l a r l y c u r ved t u be to a hei g h t of 1 2 11 1 11 1 . o rmo re. The wa l l of the ma i n co r a l l i te i s i r reg u l a r l y const r i cted f rom p lace to p l ace .
Co ra l l um 10 1 1 0
Measu rements.
D iameter 1 2 Greater LesserS pe
gi
o
men D 1 a
$ggera t
mur abové diameter of diametero t’ Length .
base . eah ee . ca l ice .
71 1 1 1 1 .
a Br'
o k en .
The seconda r y co r a l l i tes are i r r eg u la r l y scatte red ove r the o u te r s u r face,the i r
bases f r om 2 to mm. i n d i amete r . They are s lende r and may g row to a considerable he i gh t , r ep r od u ce asex u a l l y , and become the axes of new b ranches ,p rod u c i ng an i r regu l a r l y b r anched o r bus h - sh aped co l ony .
No vest i ge of ep i theca was seen on any spec imen . The wal l in i ts u ppe rpo r t i on i s t h in
,f r ag i le
,and ve r y pe r fo r ate ; lowe r down i t i s seconda r i l y t h i ckened
and mo r e compact . The re are no cost ze . Nea r the ca l i ce the s u r face of the wa l li s ve r y r o u gh , w i th n ume r o u s
,i r regu l a r ly d i st r i b u ted
,sma l l , sp i nose g r an u l at i ons ,
among w h ich are many po res . Fa r the r dow n the s u r face i s dense l y g ran u late ,the
g r an u l at i on s somet imes s how ing a st r iate a r r angement .Septa in li ve cy c les , the l as t not a lways comp lete ; the u s u a l dendrophyl l ioid
a r r angement . The te r t i a r ies are ve r y sho r t , as are a l so the i nne r q u ate rna r iesof any svstem. W
'hen the l atte r are long eno u gh , they pass in f ron t of the ter
t iaries and f u se nea r the wa l l to the s ides of the o u te r q u ate r na r ies . A l l the septaare r at he r th in and f r agi le, the p r ima r ies somewhat t h i cke r ; the seconda r ies ando u te r q u ate r na r ies abo u t eq u a l in th i ckness , b u t of these septa the fo rme r are u s u a l l ythe sho r te r . P r ima r ies s l igh t l y exse r t , the seconda r ies have co r respond i ng to thema fa int tooth on the ma rg in of the ca l i ce . Ma rg i ns of the. l a r ge r septa ent i r e or
1 1 1 icroscopical ly c r enate ; those of the h ighe r cyc les may be j agged l y dentate. The
septa l faces possess de l i cate striaa and gran u l at i ons . The re may be pe r fo r a t ionssome d is tance f rom the wa l l .
Ca l i ce deep .
Col lumcl la r athe r l a r ge, spongy ; tex t u re, lax .
1 50 RECE NT '
MADRE P(.1RAR I A or TH E H A WA I I AN I SLA NDS AN D LAYS AN .
Loca l ity— “fest coast of Hawa i i I s l and , S tat i on 4045; depth ,
'
1 47— 1 98 fat homs 'botto 1 1 1 , co r a l sand , fo r am in i fe ra ; tempeia ture, 49° F 6 spec imens .
— Cat. No . 2082 8 , 4 spec imens .
D E N D R O PH Y LL I A M AN N I (V erri l l ) .P late XL V I , figs . 6 , 6 1 1 (one ofVerri l l
’
s types ) , 7 , 70. (f rom Kaneohe, Oah u ) .1 866 . Cmnop scomnia i numri V ERR I LL , P roc . E ssex I nst . , I I I , p . 30 .
Original description .
— P r ofesso r Verril l ’s desc r i pt ion i s as fo l l owsCora l l um encr u s t ing rocks , form ing c l u sters of c rowded c u ps , abo u t an inc h h igh ; seme of the
co ral l i tes are late ra l ly u n i ted e v en to the top, others are separated abo u t an e igh th of an inch andr ise near ly a q u arter ofan inch abo v e the coenenchyma. The ex ter ior of the cora l l i tes i s obsc u re ly andc losely costa te, and co vered c lose ly w i th ro ugh gran u lat ions. Septa in fo u r cyc les, the last imper fec t lyde v e loped . P r imar ies m u ch th icker than the others , ’ v ery narrow at the top and not projec t ing abo vethe wal l , wh ich i s m u ch th ickened , 0 1 1 t he i r inner edges s l igh t ly conca v e, and increas ing somewhatin wid th toward the bot tom of the cel l , where t hey join the co l ume l la. The secondar ies are s t i l lnarrower and th inner , but a l so join the co l umel la. Those of the t h i rd order are ex lremel y narrowand often do not reach the marg in of the wa l l , and do not join the co l umel la. Those of th e fo u rt horder are merely s l igh t ly raised costze , v ery th in and u ne ven . Co l ume l la we l l de ve loped , spongy,
near ly hal f as b road as the ce l l .Cel l s s l igh t ly o val , th e larger ones abo u t ofan inch in d iame ter , and near ly the same in depth .Co lo r of l i v ing po lyps , v erm i l ion red.
Sandw ic h I s lands , at low- water mark . H orace Mann .
P r of . W. T . B r igham has sent 2 spec imens of a D endrop/zyl l ia Camopsamm ia)f rom Kaneohe
,Oah u
,deptl1
‘
3 to 6 feet,t hat d iffe r f r om the type of D . mann i by
the i r verv exse r t co r a l l i tes and poo r l y developed co l ume l l a (P l ate XLVI , figs . 7Howeve r
,the costae are s imi l a r 0 11 co r a l l i tes of the same lengt h
,and I t he r efo re
be l ieve that thev be l ong to the same spec ies .
G e n u s A N I S O P S A M M I A v o n Ma re n z e l l e r.
AN I S O P S AM M IA AM P H E L I O I D E S (A l cock ) .
P late XL V I I , figs . 1 , 2 .
1 902 . DenarOphy/l lia (Cim op sanmzw) amphelioides A LCOCK , Deep Sea Madrepor.
, S iboga E xped ,p . 43,p l . v
,figs . 37 , 37a .
Origi n/Ll (16 80 71 29050 71 . — ACCOI‘diDg to A l cock th i s species is desc r i bed as fo l l ows
Co lony (lendroid, gemmat ion tak ing p lace near the cal ic u lar margin and being a l ternate ly
d ist icho u s or, more eonnnon ly, dic hotomo u s lea v ing the paren t ca l i c le immersed and more or lesscompressed between the two b ranches , as in Cya lhohel ia . The Open ings of the cal ic les al l tend toface one way , and are common ly c i rc u lar (excep t in the ax i l s ) .
Costa l st r iat ions al l eq ual ly di st inct , in the form of fine ly scabro u s verm ic u lar r idges tra v ersingthe whole lengt h of the co lony.
Th e ca l ic les al ter b udd ing are l i t t le prom inen t , or e ven a lmos t immers ed : t hey are deep and emp tylook ing , owing to the shal lowness of th e septa .
Septa approx i 1 1 1ate ly eq ual , e legant ly notch ing th e somewhat. t um id marg in of the ca l ic le but notexsert , not encroach ing on the ca l ic u lar fossa. They are in s i x reg u lar systems and th ree cyc les :
1 58 RECENT MADR E PORA R I A or TH E H AW A I IAN I SLAN D S AND LAYSA N.
ACR O P O R A E CH I N A T A (Dana ) .
I ’lates X L IX ,L : P late LI , fig . 1 .
1 846 . Alarlmporrrech inata DA NA , Z 0 0 ph . ,
U . S . Exp]. Exped , p . 464, p l . XX X V I , figs. 1, 1 a.
1 893 . Il ladrcpora eclu’
lmtd BROOK , Cat . Gen u s 1 'Iadrepora, p . 1 85.
1 901 . I l lmlrcpm'
u. cchinata STUD ER , Zoo l . Jahrb . . S y st . , X IV , p . 41 6 , p l . X X I X , fig . 8 .
Th i s spec ies has been sep ar ate l y repo r ted f r om the Hawa i ian I s l ands by bothBrook and S t u de r . I have seen no specimen s of i t f rom the re.
P r ofesso r S t u de r saVS :The spec imen be fo re me i s at tached by a w ide, fiat base to th e she l l of a pear l m u sse l . Unfor
tunatelyi t is damaged , the t i ps of the b ranches bei ng broken off. Howe v er , an,
ident i fication of the
Spec ies wi th the descr ipt ions and fig u res of Dana, M i lne Edwards, and Brooks can be made, on ly th espec imen i s sma l ler in al l d imens ion s than Dana’s typ ica l spec imen s , wh i ch come from the F i j i s.The u nd i v ided t u b u lar cal ices ne v er atta in a length of 20 mm.
,but at most on ly 7—8 mm . ; i f they are
longer they a lways possess shor t latera l ends .Some i nte rest i ng obse r vat i ons on the ex panded base of th is specimen and i ts
hearings on the affi n i t ies of Acrop om andAstreopom fo l l ow .
— Hawai i .Remark s — Th ro u gh the co u r tesy of P rofesso r S tude r I am ab le to rep r od u ce a
photog r aph ofth e spec imen on w h i ch he based the p r eced i ng r ema r ks (P l ate LI , fig .
I am a l so g i v i ng fig u res of Dana’s type of .Madrepom ec/Lz'
nata (P l a tes XLIX andL) .
G e n u s M O N T I P O R A Q u o y a n d G a im a rd .
U n t i l 1 901 on l y th r ee spec ies of fil om‘
ipom had been r epo r ted f r om the Hawa i i anI s l ands . They we re llf.
"
verr ucose (Lama r ck) , 1M cap itata (Dana) , wh i ch i s a Synonymof the p r eced i ng , and JI patel la. Ve r r i l l . P r ofesso r S t u de r
,i n 1 901
,added two
mo re spec ies , I ll . di latam and 1M fiabel lam,r a i s i ng the n umbe r to fo u r . The co l
l ect i on made by the U. S . F i s h Comm i ss i on exped i t ion in 1 902 appea r s to con ta i nfive spec ies , on l y one of wh i ch co u l d be ident i fied w i th one p rev i ously desc r i bed .
P rofesso r B r igham has sen t me 2 2 spec imens r ep r esen t i ng th r ee spec ies,P. eerrucosa
,
P . di l l-
1mm,and anothe r t hat i s he r e desc r i bed as new
,b u t wh i ch was a l so co l lected
by the I have the r efo r e desc r i bed fo u r as new,w h i ch b r i ngs the n umbe r
u p to e i gh t . I t may be that t he r e are not so many spec ies as are he re recogn i zed ;howe v e r
,f r om the p resen t co l lect ions an d the p resen t status of the l i te r at u r e, as these
e i gh t appea r we l l c ha r acte r i zed , i t seems p robab le that the n umbe r can n ot be red u cedbefo re mo r e extens i ve co l lect i ons have been made.
I n p repa r ing the fo l low ing desc r i p t i ons and i n a r r ang ing the spec ies ex tens i veuse has been made of Be r na r d’s ex ce l len t wo r k
,The Gen u s Montipora,
in Vo lume I I I of the Cat alog u e of Madreporan an Co r a l s in the B r i t i sh Museum (Nat u r a lH isto r y ) . I n th i s wo r k five p r i n c i pa l . s u bd i v i s i o ns
,based upon the cha r acte r of
emnenchyma, are recogn i zed in the gen u s . The n omenc l atu r e of h i s catego r ies i semp loyed in the fo l low ing synops i s and in the subseq u en t desc r i p t i o ns . I am notal togethe r pos i t i ve of the pos i t i on of 1V. (l i latata
,b u t it appea r s to belong whe re I
have p u t i t .
BULLETI N 59,UN ITED STATES NATIONAL h -IUS EUM .
S YNOPS I S or TFI E H AWA I I AN senc nas o r neNTI PonA .
I . Glalgiro - fo v eolate :Coral l um a hor i zonta l ly expanded
,th in , latera l l y a ttached lam ina . l . M. dila tata .
Pap i l late :Pap i l lae 1 1 ipple
—shalzied.
Cora l l um , present ing a v ar iety ofgrow th forms 2 . M. rerrucoso .
I ’ap i l lze as hoods be low the ca l ices .Cora l l um ramose .
Branches s lender , pap i l lae not prom inen t 3 . M. tenuicaul is .
Branches th icker , pap i l la prom inen t 4. M. bermrrdi .
Cora l l um lam inate or fo l iaceo u s .Under s u rface. w i th l i t t le ep i theca, ca l ices occ u r r ing at the base of the o u tward steeps lope ofthe papil lzc 5. M . flabcllam.
Under s u rface en t i re ly co v ered wi t h ep i theca,cal ices freq u en t ly occ u rr ing on the
o u ter end or u pon the pap i l la) 6 . M. sladcri .
I I I . T u berc u late :Cora l l um wi t h wide, f ree edge, ca l ices s u nkenCoral l um w i th a narrow or no f ree edge, ca l ices f req u en t ly e le vated
I . GLABROI . M ONTI P O R A D I L A T A T A S t u der .
P late LI I , fig . 1 ; P late XCI I .
1 90 1 . Montipora di latata STL'DE R , Zoo l . Jahrb ., Syst . , X I V , p . 41 9
,p l . XXX
,fig. 1 1 .
D escri; ntz°
rm .
—'
I’
he o r ig i na l desc r i p t ion i s as fo l lowsThe cora l b u i lds a hor i zon ta l ly ex panded th in lam ina , wh ich i s at tached lateral ly. Th e u nder
s ide i s co v ered by an ep i theca l coat ing , wh ich lea ves a th ickened free edge not meas u r ing more than1 0 mm . across ; the ca l ices are v ery smal l , mm . in d iameter , and are s u nk in the ret ic u late cmnen
chyma . On the u pper s ide the cal ices are to 1 mm . in d iameter , more or less crowded,separated
by a reticu late coenench yma,beset wi th fine, branched sp in u les , wh ich stand c lose aro u nd the ca l ices ,
so t hat in some instan ces the ca l ices appear s u rro u nded by a wa l l . The cal ices often con ta in a seCUnd
in comp lete cy c le .
S t u de r possessed two spec imens of t h i s spec ies and added the fo l l ow i ng no tes onthem :
One colony i s a flat , ex panded , fan - shaped lam ina ,whose inne r attached port ion i s dead and cov
ered by a wh i te coat ; the l i v ing part shows 0 1 1 the u ppe r s u r face con cen tr ic , wa v e—l ike e le vat ions anddepress ions , the fi rs t ones of these again show i rreg u lar e le vat ions , on wh i ch , when the ca l ices arec lo se ly crowded together , the cmnenchyn ia i s more p u shed up and s u r ro u nd s the ca l ices w it h a pro
jectingwa l l . The lam ina i s 3 mm . th i ck on the edge ; toward the base, 4 nn n .
A second colony, a lateral l y attached lam ina,45 mm . ac ross from th e edge to th e p lace of attach
men t and 1 25 mm . in b read th , i s dead , but a great po rt ion of i t (in th ree p laces ) has s u bseq u en t lybeen co vered by a new l i v ing laye r , wh ich ex tends o v er ha l f of the o ld lam ina and projects beyondi ts edge. The old dead co lony has S ci -[min t u bes growi ng th ro u gh i t and projec t ing abo ve i ts s u rface .
These ha v e been o v ergrown by th e new layer , wh ich i s conseq u en t l y th rown in to n umero u s ro u ndedp ro t u berances that may be as m u ch as 1 0 mm . ta l l . The ca l ices on these are b ro ugh t nea rer togetherth ro u gh th e changed mode of growth , and the cwnench vma between them p u shes u pward , or thecal ic u lar month s are e le vated , the cal i ces r is ing abo v e the genera l le v e l ofthe s u r face . I n a th i rd ands im i lar case, where the lam ina appears m u c h fo lded , th e prot u berances ca u sed by the Serpula t u be s ofthe s u bs trat um or b y an at tached cirrepede are cy l ind r ica l or c l u b shaped , and may be 1 6
1 1 1 1 1 1 .ta l l . H ere the ca l ices are c lose ly c rowded , and the in ter v en ing Ctencnch yma r i ses l ike a wa l l
abo v e the cal ic u lar mo u th s , prod u c ing what may be ca l led fo veolate st r u ct u re, u s ing the lang uage ofBernard .
1 6 0 RECENT MADRE PORAR I A OF TH E H A WA I I A N I S L A NDS A ND LAYSAN .
Local ity. Laysan .
R ema r k — P rof . . l .E
. Duerden co l lected 1 spec imen of a Moh tzp o m tha t seemsto be long to th i s spec ies . A V iew of the spec imen i s given on P l ate XCI I ; adesc r i pt ion does not seem necessa r y .
I I . PAPI IJ ATE .
2 . M O NTI P O R A V E R RUC O S A (Lam a rck ) .
P lates Ly ,L\
'
I , L V I I , L V I I I , Li x (al l figs ) .1 8 1 6 . I ’orilcs ucrm cosa LAMA RCK , H is t . Nat . A n im . sans V ert. , I I , p . 2 7 1 .
1 846 . fl'l afnop ora cap itals DANA , Z 0 0ph . Wi lkes Exp]. Exped., p . 504, pl . X LV I I , fig. 4.
1 846 . Mrmop om vem‘u cosa DA NA , Z ooph . W i lkes Expl . Exped , p . 506 .
1 886 . I ll ontipom rerrucosa QUELC I I , Reef corals , Chal lenger Repts. , p . 1 76 .
1 886 . Il'fin tl ’tp orl l capitata QUELC l - l , Reef coral s , Chal lenger Repts .
, p . 1 76 .
1 897 . Montipora rmrucosa BERNA RD , Cat . Mad r . Coral s , Br i t. Mus. (Nat . H i st ) , I I I , p . 1 03 , p l .X IX
,fig . 2 (Synonymy) .
1 90 1 . Montipora rerrucosa STUDER , Zoo l . Jahrb .,Sys t . , XL , p . 41 7 .
Not
1 830. .l'l ontiporaf
uermiwsa DE BLA I NV I LLE , D iet. Sci . Nat , LX , p . 355 (=M. obtusata QUELCH ) .
1 833 . .l lontipora verrucosa QUOY and GA IMARD ,V oy. A stro labe, Zool . , I V , p . 247 foveolata
DA NA ) .1 879. Il l ontipora vcrrucosa KLUNZ INGE R , Koral l th . Roth . Meer . , Pt. 2
,p . 35, p l . v , figs. 1 4, 1 5;
p l . v i,fig . 1 0 ; p l . x , fig . 7 (=M. wenosa E hrenberg) .
Be r na r d has pub l i shed an excel len t desc r i p t i o n of t h i s spec ies . As he has h admuch expe r ience w i th th i s genus I p r efe r q u ot i ng what he says to d r aw i ng up a
1 1 9W one .
i on .
'— Co r a l l um may be e i t he r t h i ck,expl anate
,and in c r us t i ng , o r
mass i ve,the th i ck b u t na r r ow f ree edge be i ng s u ppo r ted by an epi theca . The
fo rme r method of g rowth,by the con t i n u ed in c r ust i ng of p rev i o u s i r r eg u la r g r owths ,
may r es u l t in the fo rmat ion of c l umps of i r reg u l a r , stou t , b r an ch i ng p r ocesses ; o r ,aga in
,by the edge c reep ing u nde r the g row i ng mass
,f r ee
,r ounded co r a l la are
fo rmed , w i tho u t defin i te po i nts o f attachmen t , and completely cove red by the co r a l .I n the mass i ve method of g rowth the co r a l l um th i cken s bv the steady g r owt h of theetencnchyma in the mo re cen t r a l r egions o f the co lony .
Ca l i c les n ume ro u s . consp i c u o u s as open h o les , l a r ge (abo u t deep lyimme r sed , excep t nea r the growing
~
edges or on s u r faces wh i c h have g r own inu nfavo r ab le pos i t ions ; in t hese cases the ca l i c les are smal le r and open o n the smooths u r face of th e coenenehyma. Two and sometimes t h r ee cyc les of sh o r t
,t h i c k septa
,
mo r e o r less eq u a l l y deve l oped,p r oject ing b u t a ve r y l i t t le way i n to the po lyp
ca v i ty , and l eav ing a l a r ge open fossa,in the depth s of wh i ch the septa fuse to fo rm
an irreg u l a r co l ume l l a . Adjo in ing ca l i c les are somet imes sepa r ated f r om one anothe rby a s ing le th i n , pe r fo rated p late . Tabu lze may be fo rmed i n the lengthen i ngca l i c les ofmassive g rowths .
The cuenenchyma shows the u s u a l s t ream i ng l aye r , w h i ch bends u pwa r dtowa rd the s u r face, attai n ing in the mass i ve fo rms a g reat th i ckness (6 to 7Th i s ret i c u l um is s l i gh t l y ech in u l ate at the s u r face. The i n te r st i ces usua l l y swe l l u p
1 6 2 RECENT MAD R ICPORA R I A 0 1" TH E H A W A I I A N I S LA NDS A ND LAYSAN .
fh'
fiereuj fi wvus ass-mned; by Z/w em ai l
a . A ho r i zonta l l y ex tended l am i na ,w i th w ide
,f ree edge, base ep i thecate o r not.
(P late LI I I , figs. 3 ,
4, 2 spec imens w i t h ep i thecate bases ; P l ates LIV ,LV , two
v iews of the same spec imen , ca l i ces b ifacia- l . )I) . Inc r u st i ng , u ppe r s u r face i r reg u l a r l y nodose. (P l ate LI I I , fig .
1 . I nc r u s t ing , w i th the nod u l at ions of the u ppe r inc r eas ing in he i gh t .(1 . Base i nc r u s t ing , b u t send i ng up sto u t co l umna r p r ocesses . (P l a te LVI . )
e.Base i nc r u st i ng , the ascend i ng p rocesses of sma l le r s i ze, b u t m u ch f u sed at
the tops . (P l ates LVI I I , LIX . )
f.Base sma l l
,i n c r u s t ing
,sma l l ascend ing p rocesses o r ig i nat i ng at an ea r l y
stage,b u t even then the re i s a p r ono u nced tenden cy for the uppe r ends to coa lesce.
S pec imens of the g rowth fo rm designatec “a,
” w i th the ep i thecate base, we refo u nd at S tat ions 3999, i n the v i c in i ty of Ka u ai I s l and , and 4054, off the no r theastcoas t of Hawai i I s l and , at a depth between 2 6 and 50
' fathoms . Spec imens of th i spa r t i c u l a r fo rm we re not co l lected e l sewhe re, and the g r eate r depth may have hadsome i nfl u ence. The spec imen w i th b i fac i al ca l i ces , the g r ow ing edge hav ing beenrefiexed ove r the base , was co l lected i n sha l low wate r , 3 to 6 feet , at Kaneohe, Oahu .
Those of g r owth fo rm “L” we r e obta ined at S tat i on s 41 47 , 41 58 , and 41 63 , inthe v i c i n i ty of Mod u Mann , at depths between 20 and 40 fa thoms . Al l of t hesespec imens are sma l l , and the g reate r depth may have exe r ted an influence.
G rowth fo rm “0
” i s r ep resen ted by the spec imen s f r om Pukoo,Mo l okai , depth
3 to 6 feet .(I rowth fo rm “ d” i s r ep resen ted by spec imen s f rom Kanaha and Kaneohe,
Oah u,and Kaunakaka i
,Mo l oka i .
G rowth fo rms “e
”and
“f
”are f r om Kaneohe, Oah u .
Fou r loca l i t ies have mo r e or less pec u l i a r g r ow th fo rms , namely , the v i ci n i ty.
ofKa u a i I s l and , the no r theast coas t ofHawai i I s l and a
,
”ep i thecate base) ; v i c ini ty of
Modu Mann I s l and b”
; P u koo , Mo l okai c”
. P u koo can be t h r own out,as fo rm
“0
” g r ades d i rect l y i nto As a l ready i n t imated,the g r eate r dept h at the othe r
l oca l i t ies may have r eta r ded the g r owth and may be r espons i b le for the sma l le r s i ze.
Variation in. t/ze coarseness 0f the ewneue/iymal surface retic ulum .
The r et i c u l um of the coenenchyma l s u r face may be fine and somewhat compact ,or r a the r coa r se and open . The re i s absolutelv no co r re l at i on between the finenessor coa r seness of the ret i c u l um and g r owth fo rm . Eve r y k i n d of g r ow th fo rmappea r s w i th e i t he r k i n d of r et i c u l um ; t hey may g r ow al ongs i de one anothe r , andsome spec imens show an i n te r g r adation f r om one k ind of r et i c u l um to the othe r .Variation in the pap i l le:
The pap i l l ae on flat s u r faces,except on the te rm i na l s of fused p r ocesses , are
n i pp le shaped , and in gene r a l p r ec i se l y fi l l an i n te r space between ca l i ces , as r ema r kedby Be r na r d . Nea r the g row i ng edge of a l am ina they u s u a l l y inc l ine ou twa r d , andthe o u te r end mav fa l l ab r u pt l y into a ca l i cu l a r fossa . On the sides of p r ocesses ,espec i a l l y the mo r e s lende r ones
,the pap i l l ae f r eq u en tly ass ume the fo rm of hoods o r
lowe r l i ps to the ca l i ces .The pap i l l ae on the f u sed te rm i na l s of the p rocesses
,i f the coenenchyma l r et i c u l um
fine,are comp ressed nod u les
,w i th steep s ides and ro u nded u ppe r su r faces , the
BULLET IN 59, UN I TED S TATES NAT I ONAL M USEUM .
~a l i ces occ u r r ing in the dep ressed i nte r ven ing a reas . I f the ret i c u l um i s of coa r seand open text u re
, probab lv beca u se of rap i d g rowth,the t e rmi na l pap i l lae may be
r athe r l a r ge n i pp les .Meas u remen ts o f these st r u c t u res are not g i ven ,
as the fig u res are. nat u r a l s i ze,i nd they convey a co r r ec t i dea .
Repeated attempts we re made to sp l i t t h i s se r ies o f spec imens i n to seve r a l spec ies ,but eve r y attempt led to the same r es u l t . The re i s one poss i b i l i ty by wh i ch a separ at ion m igh t be affected . Those spec imens that have only a smal l i nc r u st i ng baseand ea r l y beg i n to p r od u ce ascendi ng p rocesses
,and in wh i ch the pap i l l ae have a mo re
p ronounced tendency to ass ume the fo rm of hoods,mi ght be sepa r ab le. B u t the
poss i b i l i ty of mak ing s u ch a sepa r at ion i s ex t r eme l y do u b tfu l .P r act ica l l y a l l o f the va r i at ion s of th i s spec ies g r ow a longs i de one a nothe r , as at
Kaneohe,Oah u
,t he refo re
,so fa r as one can j u dge f rom the data at hand . the on l y
va r i at i on i nd u ced by env i ronmen t i s t hat g r eate r depth r eta r ds g rowth .
3 . M ON TI PO R A TE N U I CAUL I S , n ew spec ie s .
P late LX,figs. 1 , 1 a , 2 .
Cor a l l um r amose ; b r anches s lende r , te r ete or s l igh t l y comp ressed,of ve ry nea r l y
the same d i amete r th r o u gho u t t hei r length , f requen t l y anastomos i ng , t i ps tape r ingo r somewhat swo l len and b l u n t o r flat tened ; when fl attened , the t i ps g i ve off lobes ,on w h i c h new ca l i ces appea r , these l obes are inc i p ien t new b r anches . The r e i ssome ep i t heca on the base
'
of the b r an ch u sed as the ty pe. Length of spec imen,8 1
mm. ; d i amete r a t lowe r end, abo u t mm. ; g reate r d i amete r at t i p , mm.
Ca l i ces sma l l ; may o r may not be consp i c u o u s ; abo u t mm . in d iamete r : d i stant ,mm. Septa l a r r angemen t i r r eg u l a r . O ften the primarv on the lowe r s ide i s the
most consp i c u o u s sept um,wh i le the p r ima ry oppos i te may be nex t in s i ze. The
ca l i ces f requen t l y are p l a in l y b i l ate r a l . The re are u s u a l l y two cvcles : the cyc les ,howeve r
,are not we l l d i ffe ren t i ated
,the g reate r n u mbe r of the p r ima r ies may be
sma l l , somet imes a few seconda r ies may be l a r ge. I n some i nstances , howeve r ,the re are two reg u l a r cy c les , a la rge and a smal l sept um a l te r nat i ng . The septa arecomposed of sp i nes a r r anged in se r ies one above ano the r ; the d i rect i ve p r ima r iesmay be dentate lamel lze .
Coenenchvma on the t i ps of the b r an c hes loose, ve r y po ro u s ; away f r om the
act i ve l y g row ing po r t ion , wi th some po res b u t r at he r compact . The t r ansve r se sec
t i o n of the l owe r end of the b r anc h shows an i nne r , ax i al , ve r y po ro u s po r t ion ,and
an o u te r , r athe r dense co r t i ca l po r t ion ,abo u t mm . in d iamete r . The s u r face of
the coenenchyma i s u neven , u sua l l y fo rmi ng a l i p o r hood on the lowe r s i de of eachca l i ce. These hoods no rma l l y are low , abo u t mm in he i gh t
,d i amete r of the ba se.
mm . Somet imes the s u r face may be p lane : o ccas iona l l y t he re may be a pap i l l a .r o u nd at the s umm i t , mm . ta l l , and 2 mm . in d i amete r a t the base . These ta l lpap i l l
'. appea r to be i nc i p ient b r anches . The ccenenchymal s u r face, exam ined mo re
m i n u te l y,i s fo u nd to be de l i cate l y and c rowded ly sp in u lose. The sp i n u les are s lende r ,
w ide r a t the base, the t i ps po i nted or bi f u r cated . Nea r the end s of the b ranches thevare mo re de l i cate than on the o lde r po r t ions of the co ra l l um.
1 64 RECE NT MADRE PORA R I A OF TH E HAWA I I AN I SLANDS AN D LAYSAN .
Local zitfies .
So u t h coas t of Mo loka i I s l and , S tat ion 38 1 7 ; depth , 2 3— 24 fat homs ; bottom,
sand , stones ; 3 spec imens and 1 0 f ragmen ts .A u a u Channe l , between Maui and Lana i i s l ands , S ta t i on 3872 ; depth , 32—43
fathoms ; ye l low sand , pebb les , co r a l ; tempe r at u re, 1 spec imen , 2 f r agmen ts .Con/pam
— Two spec imens , f rom S tat ion 3 847 . Cat . No . 208 1 1 ,Remark s — The specimen f rom S ta t i o n 387 2 has the l owe r l i p to the ca l i ces a lmost
or act u a l l y obso lete , the t ips of the b r an ches are c l avate, and the ca l i ces are conspic
uous . The l a rge r type spec imen has the lowe r l i p to the ca l i ces r athe r co nstan t lyp resen t
,the t i ps of the b r anches may be flattened , b u t they stil l tape r to the summ i t ,
and the ca l i ces are i nconspic u o u s . The sma l le r of the type spec imens comb ines i none spec imen the d i ffe rences above noted ; on one s i de the re is no l owe r l i p to thecal i ces
,on the o the r i t i s p resent , the consp i c u o u sness o f the ca l i ces is co r relat i ve
w i th the absence of the l i p ; w h i le the ends of the b r anches are i n te rmed i ate incha r acte r .
4. M ONTI PO RA B E RN A RD I , n ew spec ie s .Plate LX ,
figs . 3,4.
Co r a l l um r amose ; b r anches th i ck i n compa r i son w i t h 1 11 . tenu icau l is, ma i n s tem,
leav ing o u t of acco u n t the pap i l lae, s u bc i r c u l a r o r e l l i p t i ca l i n c r oss - sect i o n , somet imescomp ressed at the t i ps ; d i amete r d im inish i ng but l i tt le w i t h inc r eas i ng he i gh t .Specimen No . 1 i s b i f u r cated ; ang le between the b r anches ve r y acu te ; length , 63 mm. ;
g reate r d i amete r o f stem at lowe r end, 8 mm . ; lesse r , 6 mm . Specimen N o . 2 i sb i f u r cated nea r the uppe r end,
and the re are seve r a l i r regu l a r b r an ches be l ow ;length , 7 15 mm . ; g reate r d i amete r of stem at l owe r end, 8 mm. ; lesse r , mm.
Spec imen i l l ust r ated on P l ate LX ,fig u re 3 , i s 1 53 mm . long . Nea r the t i ps the
b r anches tape r g r ad u a l ly . They may be r o u nd o r flattened . The te rm i n al su r faceobtusely r o u nded . The flattened ends are d i v id i ng, b i fu r cat i ngo r t r i fu r cat i ng tofo rm new b r anches .
Ca l i ces r athe r sma l l , to mm. i n d iamete r , to 3 mm. apa r t , usua l l y conspicuous. The re are, as a r u le, s i x mo re p r ominen t septa ; of these a d i rect i ve pai rmo re deve l oped . Q u i te often two seconda r ies , one each s ide of the l owe r d i rec t i ve,nea r ly eq u a l the p r ima r ies in s i ze. The length of t hese l a r ge r septa i s abou t oneth i r d the d iamete r of the ca l i ces . The second cyc le i s comp lete ; somet imes except i ngthe two above men t ioned
,they are sma l l
,even r ud imen ta r y . The smal le r septa are
composed of ve r t i ca l se r ies of ho r i zon ta l sp i nes ; the l a r ge r of ten are den tate l ame l lae.
On the l owe r s i des of many ca l i ces are p r om i nen t pap i l lae, usua l l y b r oad l y e l l ipt i calin c ross - sect ion , p roject ing o u twa r d at r igh t ang les f r om the su r face o r somewhati n c l ined towa r d the t i ps of the b r anches ; s umm i ts r ounded . The g reate r d i amete r atthe base va r ies f r om to mm . ; the lesse r d iamete r f r om to 2 mm. ; he i gh tf r om to n n n . The r e are no pap i l lae be l ow some ca l i ces ; be l ow othe r s the reare on l y l ow swe l l ings of the su r face . The mi nu te cha r acte r s of the su r face are thesame as in 1M tenu -icau l z
’
s .
Local i ty— So u th coast of Molak ai I s l and
, S tat i o n 3847 ; depth , 23— 24 fat homs ;bottom, sand , s tones ; 2 b r anches , p r obab l y b r oken f r om the same specimen ; 3 othe rspec imens and seve ra l f r agmen ts .
1 6 6 RECENT MADRE PORARI A OF TH E i-i AWAi i AN I S LAN DS AN D LAY SAN .
Acco r d ing to P ro fesso r S tuder’
s fig u re the pap i l la) . may somet imes fuse togethe rlate r a l l y ,
th u s fo rm ing sho r t , mo re or less concen t r i c r idges . The a r r angemen t ofthe pap i l l ae i s mo r e st r i k i ngly concen t r i c than r ad i a l i n the i l l u st r at i on .
P r o f . W. T.B r igham has sen t me one spec imen f r om Kahana , Oahu , and anothe r
f rom P u koo ,Mo loka i , obta ined at a depth between 3 and 6 feet .
6 . M ON T I PO R A S TUD E R I , n ew spec ies .
P late LXI I , figs . 1 , 2 ; P late LX I I I , fig . 1 .
Co r a l l um a th i n l am i na . The la rge r spec imen s hows no s ign of hav i ng beenattached , the sma l le r i s b roken a l ong one edge
,and may have been detached f rom an
obj ect of s u ppo r t . The ma rg in of the l am i n a i s mo re o r less sca l loped , an d may besomewhat bent . G reate r d i s tance ac r oss l a rge r spec imen ,
1 1 1 mm . ; w i d th of med ianpo r t ion , 80mm . length ofsmal le r spec imen , 59mm. w i d th
,3 1 mm. Th ick ness ofthe
edge of la r ge r spec imen,2 to mm . ; i n cen t r a l po r t i on ,
abou t 6 mm . ; o f sma l l spec imen
,at f ree edge, 2 mm. ; t h i ckes t pa r t of b r oken edge
,4. mm. ; i n othe r p l aces
a long th at edge,1 to mm. The uppe r s u r face i s somewhat humpy and und u
l ated ; the lowe r s u r face shows , i n ve r se l y , the same i r r eg u l a r i t ies . Unde r s i de cov ~
cred by an ep i theca that extends to the edge of the l am ina , w i th o n l y a ve r y na r r owpe r i phe r a l ma rgi n not invested by the epit heca . The ep i theca l su r face i s ve r ym i n u te l y concen t r i ca l l y s t r i ate.
The ca l i ces are a lmost en t i r e l y confined to the u ppe r s u r face ; in some p l aces afew may be c r owded i n between the g r ow ing edge of the co r a l l um and the edgeof the ep i theca
,b u t w hen these are p r esen t they p resen t no spec i al pecu l i a r i t ies .
Ca l ices o f the u ppe r su r face m in u te,to mm . i n d i amete r , n ot h i dden , 2 to
mm . apa r t . The re are two l a r ge r d i r ect i ves sep ta,one stand i ng oppos i te the ot he r ,
fo u r sma l le r p r ima r ies,and ve r y often
,i f not us u al l y
,the second cycle is com
p iete. The length of the l a r ge r septa is abo u t one - fou r th the d i amete r of the ca l i ce.
The d i rect i ves somet imes meet in the bot tom of the ca l ice,wh i ch is r at he r deep .
The ca l i c u l a r mo u th s may occ u r on the flat coenenchvmal s u r f ace ; t hey may be s i t uated on the d ista l end of a pap i l l a or, in a few instances , are o n the ends of t u b u l a re levat ions .
The coenenchyma l su r face has fla t a reas and pap i l l i fo rm p rot u be r an ces . The
papil l ze r ad i ate o u twa r d , t hei r o u te r ends fa l l ing ab r upt ly to the leve l of the gene r a ls u r face , wh i le the s l opes o n t he i r i n ne r s i des are g r ad u a l . I n the l a r ge r spec imen , atthe appa r en t cente r of the co r a l lum some of the pap i l lae r i se pe r pend i c u l a r to the surface . The same may occ u r on the bumps. The length and hei gh t of the r ad ia t i ngpap i l lae are ve r y va r i ab le ; one meas u red mm . i n lengt h an d was o n ly 1 mm . h i ghat the d i sta l end; mm . is about the max im um height
,to 2 mm. p r obab l y the
ave r age . The papil lw have a r athe r i ndefin i te con cen t r ic as we l l as a r ad i a l a r r angement ; in some i nstances they are r athe r c lose togethe r
, the i n te r ven i ng coenenchyma r i s i ng to a h i ghe r leve l , mak ing a sho r t t r ansve r se l y co r r ugated r idge. The
pap i l lae are in c lose re l at i on to the ca l i ces . A ca l i ce occ u r s at the d i stal end o feve r y one, somet imes at the foo t of the ab r u p t downwa r d s l ope of the o u te r end,but v e r y often one i s s i t u ated above the leve l of the gene r a l coenenchyma l s u r face
BULLETI BT 59, UN I TED S TATES NAT IONAL M US EUM . 1 6 7
and may occ u r on i ts mos t e levated po r t i on . Those ca l i ces s i t u ated on the s umm i tsof cy l i nd r i ca l e levat ions have probablv been deve loped at the s umm i ts of up r igh tcy l ind r i ca l pap i l lae. The who le coe nenchyma l s u r face i s dense l y beset w i t h li ne
,
r athe r l ow ,de l i cate sp i n u les
,wh i c h u s u a l l y are po i nted
,tho u gh some are fo r ked .
The r et i c u l um may be a lmost so l i d o r po ro u s,b u t in the l atte r case the trabeculze
have ev i dent ly been cons ide r ab l y t h i ckened .
The t r ansve r se sect i o n of the cccnencli yma shows th r ee layers : the ve r y po r o u sand th i ckes t m i dd le st ream i ng l aye r ; a th in b u t compact laye r r est ing on the ep i theca ;and a co r t i ca l l aye r wh i c h in some i n stan ces i s mm. th i ck . Th i s l ast laye r appea r sa lmost so l i d i n c ross - sect i on ; a few m in u te ho les can be seen ; i t i s i n s t rong con t r astto the ve r y po r o u s st ream i ng laye r .
Local ity— V ic i n i ty of Ka u a i I s l a nd
,S tat ion 4024; depth , 24—43 fathoms ; bot
tom coa r se co r a l sand , fo r am i n i fe r a : tempe r at u r e, F . ; 2 spec imens .Od y/p ea
— Cat . No . 208 1 7 ,
R enwrl 's. These spec imens we r e ve r y puz z l i ng,as i t was d i ffi c u l t to dec ide
Whethe r t hey sho u l d be refe r red to Jl l . cerrucosa o r flabel lata , or be desc r i bed as anew spec ies . The l ast ment ioned co u r se has been fo l l owed . I have been ab le to st u dyove r 30 spec imens of 1M. w rrucosa. I t i s
,as Be r na r d has sa i d , a t remendo u s l y a riable
spec ies . b u t not one of these spec imens ex h i b i ts the mos t s t r i k i ng cha r acte r i s t i c s ofwhat I am ca l l i ng M . studerzf. These cha r acte r i st i cs of 1M studeré are : the radial lva r r anged pap i l l ae, wh i ch are elongate ,
s l op ing u pwa rd and o u twa rd,w i t h the ca l i ces
often occ u r r ing on them . Acco r d ing to P r ofesso r S t u de r , h i s JV. flabel lam has vervl i tt le ep i theca on the base
,wh i le the who le of the base of 1M studerz
' i s cove r ed byep i theca . H e does not men t ion ca l i ces as occ u r r i ng on the pap i l lae ; his i l l u s t rat ionr ep r esents a co r a l l um w i th i i i uch mo re c rowded ca l i ces and w i th pap i l lae mo r e pronouncedly concent r i c in a r r angemen t .
Th i s spec ies i s ded i cated to P r ofesso r S t u de r .I I I . TUBE RCULATE .
7 . M ON TI PO R A P A TU L A V erri l l .Plate v ,
figs . 1 , 1 0 ,1 b, 1 0 .
1 869. Montipora patula V ERR I LL , Proc . E ssex I nst . , V I , p . 8 7 .
1 897 . Montip ora palu la BERNA RD , Cat. Mad reporar ian Cor.
,Br i t . Mus. (Nat. I I I
,p . 1 44.
1 886 . Montipora p atula QUELCH ,Reef Cor. , Cha l lenger Rept . , p . 1 74 .V. peltij brmis Bernard ) .
Origi nal descm'
p tz'
mi . —P rofesso r Verri l l’s o r ig i na l desc r i pt ion was as fo l lows :Coral l um th in ,
part ial ly exp lai iate, a ttached and incr u st i ng at the cen te r , the'
edgrs f ree and
near ly hor i zonta l for a w id th of 4 inches or more. The coral l um at ha l f an inch from t he edge i sofan inch mm . ] th ick ; at 3 inches , te x t u re v ery poro u s , but tolerab l v firm .
The lower s u rface i s dest i t u te of pap i l l i form processes, and near l y e v en , composed of a v ery po ro u sSpong i form t i ss ue, ro ughened w i th m in u t e sharp points . The cel l s are very sma l l in . mm . l .
reg u lar,whol ly immersed
, s u rro u nded bv a c i rc le ofsma l l sp in u les , t h ick ly sca ttered o ver the s u r face .
excep t toward the edge, when they are general ly more d i stan t and of ten larger , u s ua l l y w i th 1 ’
v ery sma l l,r u dimen tary septa . Uppe r s u r face v ery poro u s , somewhat u nd u lated,
a l i t t le u ne ven ,
t h ick ly co v ered w it h smal l , u neq u al prom inen t , ro u nd - topped papi l lw ,wh ich ha v e a v ery open spong
iform tex t u re,t he i r s u rface co v ered w i t h ro ugh projec t ions . Some t imes these pap i l la: are less de ve l
oped and appear l ike smal l ro u nded cluste is of spongy trabicul ie , wh ich projec t al l o v er the s u r face,
1 08 RECENT MADREPOR -A RI A o b‘
TH E H AWA I I AN I S LA NDS AN D LAYS AN .
and are laceratel v d i v ided . Ce l ls th i ck ly scat tered o v er the s u r face, each u s ua l ly s u r ro u nded by a
c l u sterof fo u r orfi ve of the larger pap i l la‘
,considerab ly larger than those of the lower s ide (abo u t
of an inch= 0 . 75 wi t h si x q u i te d i stinct septa, wh i ch ex tend abo u t one- fo u rt h across thecel l s
.
Toward th e cen tral parts of th e coral th e cel l s are genera l ly somewhat larger and ha v e 1 2septa ,s i x v e ry na rrow ones of th e second cy c le a l ternat ing w i th the s ix larger p r imary ones .
Close to the edge the pap i l lae somet imes form rad iat ing rows , or u n i te in to sho rt , th in r idges . The
larges t pap i l lae are scarce ly of an inch mm . ] in diameter , and abo u t [1 mm . ] in heigh t .Hawai ian I s lands . M u se um of Ya le Co l lege. N umero u s spec imen s are al so in the M u se um of
Comparat i v e Zoo logy, wh ich were co l lected by Mr. A . Gar ret .Be r na rd “p l aces th is spec ies in h i s tubercu late sect ion of the gen us .P rofesso r Ve r r i l l has k ind l y loaned me the type spec imen of th i s spec ies ,
P l a te LXV,figs
. 1,1 a.
,l b
,1 0 . C r i t i ca l notes on the d i ffe r en ces between Jl . patu la and
1 11 . w rm'
l l z'
are made afte r the desc r i p t i on of the l at te r species . An add i t iona ld i ffe r en ce i s fo u nd in the sma l le r t u berc les on the su r face of JV] . patu la. Theyare m u ch l a rge r and coa r se r in JV. eerrz
'
l l i .
The t u be r cu l ate l lflm tz'
j wrae of the So u th Pac ific , M . incogn i ta Be r na r d , JV. efusa
Dana,etc .
,are c lose l y r e l ated to t hose f r om the Hawai i an I s l ands , and i t is n ot
u n l i ke l y that the same spec ies may occ u r in both r eg ions . I have not been ab le tost u dy sufficiently la rge co l lect i ons to wa r r an t the exp ress i on of a pos i t i ve op in i on .
P r ofesso r S t u de r 0 i den t i fied a spec imen f r om Laysan as do u bt f u l ly be long i ng toj if. p om/la . I t p robab l y i s a d i ffe ren t spec ies . An i l l u s t r at i o n of it, f r om a p hotog r aph f u r n i shed by P r ofesso r S t u de r , i s g i ven on P late LI , fig . 2 .
8 . M ONTI PO R A V E R R I L L I , n ew spec ies .P late LX I I I
,figs . 2 , 2a 2 6 ; P late LXI V , figs . 1 , 1 a.
Co r al l um i n c r u s t ing an i r regu l a r s u r face , comp lete l y attached u p to the edge onone s i de
,on the othe r s i de the edge p rojects nea r l y 30 mm . beyond the attached
po rt i on . G reates t d i s tance ac r oss co l ony 1 47 mm . ; least , 1 05 mm . Edges t h in o rr at he r th i ck , nea r the cente r the th i ckness may exceed 20 mm . The uppe r s u r faceth rown into h i l locks w i th va l leys between
,fo l low ing the i r r egu l a r i t ies of the su r face
to wh ich i t i s attached .
Whe r e the eorral lum is p rojecti ng and f ree,cal i ces occ u r o n the un de r s i de
,
f u r the r w i th i n , howeve r , the re appea r s to be a basa l ep i theca. The lowe r s u r face ofthe f r ee portion‘ is a lmost even
,w i th the mo u ths of the ca l i ces app r ox imate l y level
w i th the coenenchyma, somet imes s l igh t l y e levated,sma l l
,to mm . i n d i amete r ,
and d i stant f r om on ce to tw ice the i r d i amete r . Even in these ve r y sma l l cal i ces twocomp lete cyc les ofsepta. are of ten p r esent . He r e the o r namen tat ion of the coenen chymacons i s ts of sma l l , s imp le sp i nes , p ro l ongat ions of ' the r et i cu la r trabeculze . O n theu ppe r s u r face the re are two k inds of ca l i ces
,not e levated and e levated
,i n some
i n stances r a i sed as m u c h as 3 mm .
,of a l l he i gh ts between 0 and 3 mm . Not
inf req u en t l y two ormo r e ca l i ces may p rojec t in a b u nch , mak ing the s u r face ve r yu ne v en . The f ree po r tion of the wal l s of the p roject ing ca l i ces i s po lygona l incross sect ion , often pen tagona l ; i t i s ve r y r o u gh and mo re or less spongy . Thee levated ca l i ces are f rom to mm. in d iamete r ; the l owe r ones f r om to
tl- (Jat . Mad reporar ian Cor. Br i t . Mus , I I I , 1 897 , p . 1 44.
”Zoo l . Jahrb .
, XL , p . 420 , p l . x x x , fig . 1 3 .
1 70 R ECENT MADRE PORAR I A 0 10
TH E H AWA I I A N I SLANDS AN D LAYSAN .
ve r t i ca l trabec u l a . te rm inat ing in a pal u s , a second v e r t i ca l t r abecula end i ng on thesepta l ma rg in in a septa l g r an u le , beyond the septa l t r abec u l a i s a ve r tica l wa l lt r abec u la.
Se< ond. Ca l i ces in wh i ch the r e are two ormo re g r an u les between the pains andthe appa rent wa l l , w i th a zone of synapt i c u l a nex t the l at te r .Be r na r d cons ide r s that the pe i ipheral l i ng of sy napt i cu l a 1 ep 1 esents the wal l ,
wh i le the po 1 t i ons of the septa o u ts i des th i s r ing a1 e in 1 eal ity cos tae. I n his d1ag1 ams
the t r abec u l ae are rep resen ted as ve r t i ca l .F rom a st u dy of the se r ies of spec imens r efe r red to Pori tes comp ressa, an d its
va r io u s fOI'l l l tfi , and of P. duerdeml, I became conv in ced that the septal t r abec u las ofPorites are not ve r t i ca l , bu t inc l i ned i nwa r d , u sua l ly at so ve r y s l igh t a n ang le thatu n less the long i t u d i na l sect ions of the co r a l l i tes ex tend ove r conside r ab le lengths thet r abec u lae appea r ve r t i ca l andpa r a l le l . Pori tes duefrdem'
,of the fo rms st u d ied
,s hows
most c lea r l y that i ts septa are composed of i nwa r d l y inc l i ned t r abeculae (see p . 1 93,
P l ate LXXVI I I , fig . 3,and P l ate LXXIX ,
figs . 1 , l a) .The wa l l t r abec u l a i n these spec ies i s constan t l y ve r t i ca l . The numbe r of septa l
g r an u les the r efo re va r ies , an d i s a funct i o n o f the ang le of incl inat i on of the septa lt r abec u l ae. The septa l st r u ct u r e of the Poritids i s t he r efore ent i rely homo l ogousw i th that of othe r Mad repo r a r i a, i n wh i ch the l i ne of t r abecul a r d i ve r gence co r re~
spends i n pos i t i on w i th the wa l l . I n those spec ies that I have s tud ied the po r t i on ofthe septum ex te r io r of the wal l i s s u pp r essed , w h i le the inne r por tion i s deve l oped .I t i s p r obab le that trabeculee d i ve r g i ng o u twa r d l y f r om the wal l are developed i nthe ceenenchymatous fo rms .
The septa of Porites are t he refo re st r uctu r al l y ve r y s im i l a r to t hose of the com
po u nd,pe r fo r ate Fungids. The r ecogn i t ion by Duerden and “
Be r na r d of the b i l atei al ity of the Poritid ca l i ces , and the diseovery by Be1 na1 d of the pa l a r formul fe
,
ma r ked g 1 eat advances i n our know ledge of t h i s g 1 o u p of co r al s . The c lea 11 ecogn ition of the essent i a l simila1 ity of t hei r septal st1 uctu 1 e to that of o the1Madr u
epowu ia may 1 ende1 add i t i onal a i d i n u n r ave l ing thei i systematic affin i t ies .The gen u s Porites i s r i ch l y r ep resen ted i n the Hawa i ian wate r s . Ju dg ing f r om
Be r na r d’s Po r i tes of the I ndo - Pacific Region,o n l y the G reat Ba r r ie r Reef of
A u st r a l i a has furn isheda compa r ab l y g reat n umbe r of fo rms .P r ofesso r Dana
,in h i s Z oophytes of theWi l kes E xplo r i ng E xped i t i on
,desc r i bed
f rom the re P. P . mordaw va r . elongate , P. co'mp ressa , and P. lobata .
P r o fesso r Ve r r i l l in 1 864, in h i s L i s t of Co r a l s and Po lyps Sen t i n Exch ange by theM u se um ofCompa r at i ve Z oo l ogy , added an othe r spec ies u nde r the name of Synm’
am
i rregu laris. Queleh , i n h i s Repo r t o n the Reef Co r a l s of the Chal lenge r E xped i tion ,1 886 , desc r i bed P. bulbosa f r om the r eefs of Hono l u l u ; he i den t ified one Hawa i i anspec ies w i th P . l ie/1m Dana , f r om the F i j i I s l ands
,and anothe r w i t h a species f r om
the Riu Ki u I s lands , P. tenn is Ve r r i l l . These i den t i ficat i on s of Q u el ch are e r r oneo u s .P ro fesso r S tude r , in h i s Madreporariervon S amoa
,den Sa ndw i ch —I nse l n undLaysan ,
1 00 1,added P . grade/Li , P. lanuge
’
aom, P . discoidea
, and P. sc/cawffn slandz'
. N i nespec i es and one va1 icty of Po7 am have been des< 1 ibed and two ext i aneous spec iesha 1 e been i dent ified f rom the .l lawai ian I s l ands (i n c l ud i ng Laysan) .
BULLET I N 59, UN ITED S TATES NAT IONAL MUS EUM .
The l as t p u b l i s hed acco u nt of the Hawa i i an Po r i t idae i s by Be r na rd .
" H e . in
o r de r to escape exp ress i ng an op i n i on as to the p robab le spec i fic v a l u e of the va r io u sfo rms desc r i bed by h im
,attaches to eac h one a n umbe r
,p r eceded by an adject ive
i nd i cat i ng the loca l i ty . The fo l low ing l i s t i s comp i led f rom h i s memo i r :P . hawa imw
’
s p rivnaz P . morclamDana .+ 1 mordam va r . elongata Dana .
P. mm amm (amp /ease Dana.
2 P . comp ressa Q u e l ch .
P. be come-
1 1 85s tartan -=P . lobata Dana .P. haunt/end s quarto
: Sywm'aea irregvdm
'v
‘
s Ve r r i l l .P. fiawaie'ns/s Qu inta , B . M . N . H .
b=P . bio/60 .90 . Q u e l c h .
P. lum ra iensvfs sarta,B . M . N . l ie/te nQ u e l ch (not Dana) .
P . lewwm'
ensis sep z‘z
'
ma, B . M . N . H fi z P . (zmnpressw Q u e l c h (not Dana) .
P . 0 0mm ,B . M . N . H .
b= P . ten nis Q u e l c h (part) (not Ve r r i l l ) .P . at tendants/is Home: P . S t u de r .
F r om Laysan , Be rna r d recogn i zes the fo l low ing fo rms :P . layse
-
na.
p rime : P . lam /ginoscz S t u de r .P . lays/um. secmu la = P . sc/La '
zoz'
nslandzfS t u de r .P . layswna tart/a
=P . discozfdea S t u de rAppa rent l y on l y - t hose P on i es f rom the Hawauan I s lands cons ide red by Q u e l ch
in h i s r epo r t on the Cha l lenge r Reef Co r a l s are rep resen ted in the B r i t i s h M u se um .
The Un i ted S tates Nat iona l M u se um now has a fa i r l y good co l lect i o n of th i s gen u sf rom these i s l ands . I t i s he r e necessa r y to refe r on ly to t hose fo rms p rev io u s l yr eco r ded by Q u e l c h , and a l l u de to P. mora
’ce var. elongam Dana . The l ast i s not
even c l ose l y r e l ated to P . mordafr, b u t i s a va r ieta l fo rm of P . cmnpfressa . P . bulbosa
Que l c h i s t reated in th i s memo i r as a fo rma of P . comp-
ream . P . Z ia/ten Que l ch i sthe yo u ng of a fo rm ofP. lobata ; the P . ofQ u e l c h i s co r rect ly ident ified ;P . ten n is Q u e l ch (not Dana) i s a fo rm of P. lobata.
The Un i ted S tates Nat iona l M u se um i s fo r t u nate in possess ing the o r ig i na l typespec imens of the t h r ee spec ies and one va r iety desc r i bed by Dana f r om these i s l ands
,
and the types of h i s P. Lia/ze n and P. ration/0 8a. and Verri l l ’s P . te am'
s. I have the refo re r edesc r i bed these ty pes of Dana and Ve r r i l l , and h ave i n c l u ded the desc r i pt ionsof S t u de r a nd the desc r i pt ion of P. imegularis Ve r r i l l (o r i g ina l l y as Sync /sea) , aswe l l as desc r i b ing a l l the mate r i a l co l lected by the A lbaf'm ss in 1 90 2
,a series of 52
spec imens sen t me by Dr. \V. T. B r igham,a n umbe r of spec imens co l lected by D r .
J. E . Duerden, donated to the Un i ted S ta tes Nat iona l M u se um by the Ca r negie I nst itution
,and a l a r ge amo u nt o f mate r ia l be l ong ing to the Ame r i can M u se um of Natu r a l
H i s to r y,a l so co l lected by Docto r Duerden
,and k i nd ly loaned fo r st u dy . The t r eat
ment o f the spec ies i s on l y ten tat i ve, b u t i t i s fe l t that i t i s the best that i s at p resen tposs i b le. As the septa l a r r angemen t in P . cl z
'
scoz'
dea ,P . sc/uvuénslam l z
'
, and P
irregular/Is co u l d not be asce r ta ined , the fo l l ow ing synops i s of the spec ies of thegen u s i s not a l togethe r sat i sfac to r y .
“Cata log u e of the Nlai lrepomrian Co ra ls , Br i t . 1 1 1 1 8 . (Nat. H ist ) , V , Por i tes of the I ndo- Pacitic
Reg ion , 1 905. pp . 99- 1 06 .
bThc des ignat ion s fo l lowed bv B . M . N . H . are represented in the Br i t ish M u se um (Na t u ra lH istory ) .
1 7 9 R iccENT MAD RE poRAR IA or TH E H AWA I I AN I S L A NDS AN D LAYSAN .
A
Bv a compa r i son of the data l ate r p r esented w i th Be r na r d’s tables , o r evenBe r nard h imse l f had s u ffi c ien t data to b r ing out th i s fact, fo rms of Porites c l ose l yre l ated to those f rom the l
- la1 -vai ian I s l ands occ u r in the So u th west Pac i fic and the
I nd ian Ocean . As I d i d not have the mate r i a l at hand fo r mak i ng deta i led com
pa r i sons . the s u bjec t of the re l at ionsh i ps of the membe r s of the genu s m u s t bepassed w i th t h is gene r a l r ema r k .
S YNO PS IS O F TH E H AWA I IA N S PECI ES OF POR ITES .
A . Wi tho u t coenen chyma.
I . Fo rm ramose.“
Ske letal s tr u ct u res coarse and ro u gh , i r reg u lar in arrangement, pal i i r reg u lar in de v elopmen t , ofno defin i te shape or s i ze ,
1 septa l gran u le 1 . P . mordax .
S keleta l st r u ct u res reg u lar in arrangemen t , pal i we l l de v eloped , defin i te ly ar ranged , 1 or 2sep tal gran u les 2 . P . comp ressa.
b
Pa l i , low ,smal l ; 2 to 4 septal gran u les . 3 . P . duerdcni .
I I . Cera l ln in composed ofcol umn i form lobes .Cal ices shal low or s u perfi c ial ; pal i , 5 to 8 , u s ual ly 6 ; d i stal ends ofsep ta sp l i t ; a v ery prominc u t septa l gran u le P . evermann i .
Ca l ices exca vated ; palar form u la comp lete 5. P . p uk oensis.
I I I . Cora l l um mass i v e.
S u r face lobate ,g lomerate, or mamm i late, yo u ng exp lanate or incr u s t ing
,ca l i ces exca vated ,
palar form u la comp lete, in tersepta l loc u l i open - 6 . P . lobata .
S u rface g lomerate, cal ices exca vated , palar form u la complete, intersepta l loc u l i fi l l ing up
w i th synapt i c u la,tex t u re dense
F lattened abo v e, or lobate, cal ices v ery deep ; fossa nar row ; pal i poor ly de v e loped , u s ua l ly 4.
8 . P . brighami .
S u rface g lomerate, co v ered wi th b ranched sp in u les , cal i ces v ery shal low, wa l l loose, reti c u lar ;i nner ends of t r ip let f ree 9. P . lanuginosa.
Cora l l um smal l,subslmeroidal , cal ices exca v ated , palar form u la u s ua l ly comp lete.
1 0. P . studem’
.
Cora l l um smal l t u berose, incr u st ing nod u les , ca l ices s u perfic ial , s u rface den se ly spin u lose,inner ends of t r ip let f u sed . - 1 1 . P . bernardi .
Co ral l um smal l , subspheroidal , s u r face somewhat g lomerate, inner ends of t r ip let f u sed .
1 2 . P . tenn is .
I V Coral l um more or less fol iaceo u s .Cora l l um a free lam ina, u pper s u rface flat
,ca l i ces 1 r1 im . in diameter 1 3 . P . d-iscoidea .
Cora l l um a th ick lam ina, u pper s u r face u ne v en ,ca l ices to mm . in diameter .
1 4. P . schau inslandi .
Cora l l um a. smal l lam ina, ca l ices smal l , to 1 mm . in diameter , tending to form ser ies.
1 5. P . l ichen .
Like P . l ichen , but cora l l um larger , ca l i ces larger , 1 to 2 mm . in diameter - 1 6 . P . retieulosa .
B. W i th cmnenchyma
Fo rm ramose, braa eS c rowded, ang u lar , c la vate, u ne ven 1 7 . P ,
”im'cgularis.
Cora l l um incr u s t ing , u pper s u r face u nd u late 1 8 . P . hawa'iiensis .
a A l l of these forms typ ical ly ha ve the i nner ends of the septa of th e t r ip let f ree.
01\
'
o attempt i s made in th i s synops i s to di st ing u ish the formae of P .compressa and P . lobata.
1 74 R ECE NT MA DREPORAR I A OF TH E H A WA I I A N I S LA NDS A ND LAY SAN .
wa l l in a ca l i ce.These sp ines jo i n r ad ia l l y the trabecu lee of the same sep tum. Ve r y
de l i cate tab u lar. rathe r ab u ndant .The co l ume l l a i s l ax , fo rmed by the i r reg u l a r f u s ion of the i n ne r septal ends . A
sma l l te rmi na l t u be r c le u s u a l l y p resen t .Local ity — l lawaiian I s l ands , -Vil k es E xp l o r i ng E x ped i t i on .
Banner/ra — J l‘
h iS co ra l h as a ve r y s t r i k i ng fac ies , b u t i t is ext remely d i ffi c u l t tog i ve an adeq u ate desc r i pt ion . The cha r acte r s seem to l ie i n the coa r se, r ough text u r eand the gene r a l i r reg u l a r i ty of mos t of the ske leta l e lemen ts . The p r eced i ng mo r eo r less u nsat i sfac to r y desc r i p t ion , taken in connect ion w i th the figu r es , w i l l i t i s h opedrende r the spec ies dete rm inab le.
2 . P O R I TE S C OM P R E S S A Dana .
P late LX V I I ; P late LX V I I I , fig. 3 (from Dana’s type) .1 846 . Por ites mordcm var. elongate DANA , Z 0 0 ph . W i lkes Exp l . Exped , p . 553 , p l . L1 1 1 , fig. 4.
1 846 . Por ites comp ressa DANA , Z 0 0ph . W i lkes Expl . Exped , p . 553 , pl . L1 1 1 , figs. 5, 5a .
1 852 . Por ites comp ressa M i LN e EDWA RDS andH A IME , Ann . Sci . Nat. , S ieme ser. , Zoo l . , XV I , p . 3 1 .
1 860 . Por ites comp ressa M I LN E E DWA RDS , H ist . Nat. Corall . , I I I , 1 76 .
1 886 . Por ites bu t/1 0 30. QUELCH ,Reef Cora l s, Chal l . Rept , p . 1 80, p l . 11 1 , figs . 7 , 7a .
1 886 . Por ites mmprcssa QUELCH ,Reef Coral s , Chal l . Rept . , p . 1 80.
1 887 . Por ites comp ressa RATH BUN , P roc. U . S . Nat . Mus , X ,p . 36 1 .
1 905. Porites hawaiensv's secunda BERN A RD , Por i tes ofthe I ndo- Pacific, p . 1 00.
1 905. Por ites hammer/1 313 qu inta BERNA RD , Por i tes of the I ndo- Pacific, p . 1 01 , p l . 1 31 , fig. 8 .
1 905. Por i tes hawaiensis sep t ima BERNA RD , Por i tes of the I ndo- Pacific, p . 1 04, pl . x , fig. 1 ; p l .X I I
,fig . 6 .
Original dawm’
p tion .
— Acco r d i ng to Dana th i s spec ies was as fol l ow sCesp i tose , al i ve for 1 5 to 2 in ches , sub lamel late and erec t , coalesc ing below,
lobed abo v e or
l obato - ramose , lobes compressed , one- hal f to t h ree- fo u r th s of an in ch broad (rarely 1 % in ches ) , short(one- hal f an inch ) , s u btr u n cate at s umm i t , and to 3 to 4 l ines th i ck , not at al l c la vate. Cora l l um firm ;ce l ls one- hal f a l ine broad , neat ly polygona l , q u i te sha l low,
p lano- con ica l ; sep ta ac u te and very th in .
The c l umps are 6 in ches ormore broad and 4 h igh, but are al i v e on ly at s umm i t for 2 in ches or
less. Be low i t i s v ery coa lescent, a lmos t form ing a so l id mass,w i th a few large v ac u i t ies . I n some
Spec imens the b road lame l late str u ct u re i s scarcel y apparen t . The dep th of th e con i ca l ce l l s scarcelyexceeds one- fo u r th the bread th , and the septa are v ery th in .
The fo l low ing desc r i pt ion i s based on Dana’s type,Cat . No . 7 1 1 ,
The co ra l l um i s composed of ascend i ng,t r un cate
,comp ressed
,pl ate- l ike b r anches ,
that by f u s ion fo rm w ide,i r regu l a r p l ates . The base is b r oken
,b u t it Can be seen
that b ranch ing beg ins ea r ly,the b r anches l a r ge l y f u s i ng one to anothe r i n the l owe r
po r t ion of the co r a l l um . He igh t,
cm . ; length , cm. ; b r ead th , cm .
Cal iccs po l ygona l , 1 mm. i n d i amete r,w i th abo u t mm . as an ave rage,
mode r ate l y deep , as m u ch as mm . The wal l s nea r the uppe r ends of the b r an chess imp le, rathe r ta l l , t h i n , and often z igzag ; nea r the l owe r l im i t of the l i v i ng
po r t ions they are not so tal l,or even may be obsc u red ; they are composed of ve r tical
t rabec u la) , jo ined togethe r by th in sy napt i c u la , wh i ch may be r a the r w i de in a ve r tical p lane ; pe r fo r ations may be sca r ce, b u t u s u a l l y are ab u n dan t . The u ppe r mu r aledge i s somewhat i r reg u l a r l y b u t not coa r se-Iv den tate ; den t i cles may co r respon d tothe o u te r ends of the septa ; some of t hem may fo r k and p r esen t a de l i cate l y sp i nu l oseippearance .
BULLET I N 59, U N I TED S TATES NAT IONAL M US EUM . 1 75
Between a pa l u s and the wal l the r e no rma l l y i s one t r abec u l a,wh i c h te rm i nates
on the septa l ma r g i n,i n a septa l g r an u le
,s l i gh t ly r emoved f rom th e wa l l and of
mode r a te p rom inence . Nea r the lowe r edge of the l i v ing po r t ion the ca l i ces areshal lowe r
,and r a the r often the r e are two g r an u les on the septa l ma r g ins between the
pa l u s and the wa l l . The t r abec u lae next the wa l l are ve r y rarelv connected by acomp lete r i ng of synapt i c u l a
,b u t one i s nea r l y a lways pa r t i a l l y relfn '
esented. The
synapt i c u l a may be f ree f rom the wal l or mo re or less f u sed w i th i t . The re i s nocomp lete and pe r s i s ten t ly deve loped m u r al she l f between the septa l g r an u les and thewa l l
,b u t one i s often p resen t i n pa r ts of ca l i ces . I n th i ck ness the septa eq u a l o r
somewhat exceed the w i dth of the interceptal l ocul i ; the ou te r ends are t h i cke r th anthe i nne r po r t ion s .
The pa l i are mode r ate l y W i de and r athe r ta l l ; the fo rm u l a i s u s u a l ly comp lete,b u t the pa l u s i s of ten sma l l and somet imes absen t on the ven t r al d i rect i ve. They arej o ined toget he r by a pa l a r r ing of synapt i c u l a , wh i ch i s not a l way s comp lete.
The co l ume l l a cons i s ts of a comp r essed,t h in
,r athe r p r om i nen t t u be r c le
,con
nected by 6 mo r e o r less defin ite r av s to the i n ne r ends to the septa . The col
umel lar tang le is often cons i de r ab l y compacted by ste reop l asm i c depos i t .The ske leta l s u r faces are cove red by low ,
b lun t,somewhat c r owded g r an u l at ions .
The p reced i ng desc r i ption i s based on Dana’s ty pe, as has a l ready been stated .
Fo r ty - S ix spec imens and a few f r agmen ts be long ing to the Un i ted S tates Nat ionalM u se um are r efe r red to P. compressa . Of t hese
,3 have be longed in the i nst i t u t ion for
some t ime ; 7 we re co l lected by the A lbatross exped i t ion of 1 902 ; 36 we re r ece i vedf r om D r . W. T. B r igh am
,of Hono l u l u . These specimens p r esen t a w i de r ange of
va r i ation,so w ide t hat i t was ve r y d i ffi c u l t to dev i se a scheme by wh ich the facts
obta i ned f r om st u dy ing them co u l d be i nte l l i g i b ly p l aced 0 1 1 r eco r d . S i x teen p r inc i paltypes and 4 s u bo r d inate types of va r i at i on are recogn i zed . The va r i at ion appea r s tobe cont in u o u s , b u t w i th a n umbe r of defin ite secondarv modes , sho u l d they be p lottedi n to a spec ific c u r ve. What the phys i o logi c meamng of th i s va r iat ion i s
,i t i s at
p resen t en t i re l y imposs i b le to say . We have no fac ts by wh i ch it couldbeasce r ta i nedwhethe r the d iffe r ences are of gamet i c o 1 vegetat i ve o r ig i n . I t was the r efo r edec ided to designate the d i ffe r en t types o f va r i at i o n r ep resented as fornne
, the s u bo r d i nate types as “
subformae”of fo rmae.
” Lat i n names are attached to the fo rmsand subforms. They are i n tended p r i n c i pa l l y as desc r i p t i ve te rms to enab le w r i t ingor speak i ng of the types ofva r i at i on , and p robab ly w i l l not be cons ide red ofpa r t i c u l a rimpo r tance except by those who are mak i ng deta i led st u d ies of va r i a t i on . I p r efe rnam ing to Be r na r d’s n umbe r system .
Befo r e p r oceed ing to a cons i de r at ion of the va r i at ions of the spec ies,a statement
o f the f u ndamenta l p l an u nde r l y i ng a l l of them w i l l be made.
Sp ecific descrip tion of com The co r a l l um has a s l ight l y expanded ori n c r u st i ng base , above wh i ch it soon becomes ramosc , p rod u c i ng c rests or b r anches ,
u s u a l l y mo r e o r less comp r essed . The b r anches nea r the base may be m u ch f u sedone. to anot he r o r f ree ; the same r ema r k app l ies to the cond i t ion i n the u ppe rpa r t of the co r a l l um ,
the b ranches,p la tes
,or c rests mav be sepa r ate or f u sed i nto
p l ates o f va r y i ng w id th . The te rm ina l s or u ppe r edges are a lmos t i n v a r iab l yt r u ncate ; the ends of the b r anc hes are f r eq u en t l y c l a v ate .
1 7 6 RE CENT MADREPORA RI A OF TH E H AW A I I AN I S LANDS A ND LAYSAN .
The ca l i ces are po lygona l , sepa r ated bv defin i te , con t in u ous wa l l s . The r angein d iamete r i s f r om s l igh t ly less than 1 mm .
,the sma l les t ca l i ces on some spec imens ,
to abo u t mm.,the l a r gest ca l i ces on othe r spec imens . The ave r age d i amete r
for spec imens r anges f r om abo u t to abo u t p robab l y mm. i s the ave r agefor the spec ies as a w ho le. The dept h of the ca l i ces i s va r i ab le, f r om s u pe r fic i a l todeep .
The septa va r y m u c h in th i ck ness . The re is usua l l y a si ng le t r abecu l a betweenthe pal a r andm u r al trabeeul ze , eme r g ing on the septa l ma r g i n and p r oduc i ng a septa lg r an u lat ion .
Nea r the lowe r edge of the l i v ing po r t ion of the colony and w he reca l i ces have p ro longed co r ne r s , f req u en t l y the re are two t r abec u lae between the pa l usand the wal l , wh i ch co r respond i ng ly p r oduce two g r anules on the septa l ma rg i n . On
some spec imens many o r most of the septa are composed of two septal t r abecu lae.
These trabew lae, when the re i s on ly one r i ng , or the oute r septa l t r abecu l a w hent he re are two
,are mo r e o r less comp lete l y u n i ted by a r ing of synapt i c u l a . The
septa l trabeeul ze nex t the wal l and thei r ci r c u l a r connect i on s may o r may not p r oducea m u r a l she l f .
The pa l i are a l ways d i st i nct l y deve l oped , and the fo rmu l a is no rma l l y comp lete;that i s
,the re are 8 pa l i . Occas ional l y the pal u s i s s u pp ressed on the do r sa l d i rect i ve,
and f req u ent l y t he r e i s va r ia t i o n i n the t r ip l et ; the ven t r a l d i rective i s of ten s ho r te rt han the l ate r a l s of the t r i p let , and the pa l us o n i t may be obsolete. The pa l i arenea r ly a l ways u n i ted by a r ing of sy napt i cu l a .
The co l ume l l a i s a comp ressed sty le, jo ined by r ad i al con nection s to the in ne rte rm inat ions of the septa l g r o u ps .
The ske leta l s u r faces are alwavs g r an u l ate o r f r os ted , with con s iderable va r i at ionin the th i ck ness
,length
,sh ape
,and p r ox im i ty one to anothe r of the g r an u l at i ons .
The p reced ing desc r i p t ion w i l l s h ow that the r e i s a f u ndamen ta l sc heme unde rly i ng a l l of the va r i at i on s and that each st r uct u r a l e lemen t is va r i ab le
,b u t the va r i a
t ion i s w i th in l im i ts . I n defin i ng the va r i at i o ns s u bseq u en t ly desc r ibed,the fo l l ow i ng
fac to r s are taken into acco u n t :1 . The fo rm of the co r a l lum
,wh i ch i s cons ide red of m ino r impo r tan ce.
2 . The s i ze of the ca l i ces .3 . The depth of the ca l i ces .4. The cha r acte r of the wa l l
,pa r t i c u l a r l y the mu r a l den t i c les .
5. The n umbe r of the septa l t r abec u lae between a pa l u s and the wa l l , and thedentat i ons org r an u les on the septa l ma r g ins . The r e l at i o n between the g r anu le nextthe wal l and the wal l i s of dec ided impo r tance.
6 . The pa l i , espec i a l l y the tenden cy to dev i ate f r om the comp lete fo rmu l a.7 . The synapt i c u l a r r ings , whethe r complete o r i n comp lete, and the deg ree of
f u s ion w i th,or a loofness f r om the wal l .
8 . The co l ume l l a .
9. The cha racte r o f the g ran u l at i o n or f r ost ing of the s ke leta l s u r faces .
1 7 8 RECE NT MA DREPORAR I A OF TH E H AWA I I AN I SLA NDS A ND LAYSAN .
u ppe r po r t ion o f the co r a l l um i s e levated , b u t nea r the base i t is red u ced i n heigh t ,and the septa l g r an u l es are tal l , somet imes a lmost eq u a l ing the wal l in he i gh t , andthe o u te r r i ng of synapt i c u l a may be a lmost comp lete.
Th i s fo rma i s in i ts ca l i c u l a r cha rac te r s sca r ce l y to be sepa r ated f r om Pori tespu k oe m
-
vfx,new spec ies (see P l ate XCI V andP l ateXCV , figs . 1 , 2 , p . The co l umns
of the l atte r are th i cke r , b u t the resemb l ance in ot he r feat u r es i s so s im i l a r th at thei rbe i ng d i ffe rent g rowth fo rms of the same spec ies i s st r ong l y s u ggested .
D r. J.E
. Duerden obta ined at Wa i k i k i , Oah u , a s u i te of o v e r t h i r ty spec imensof a brides t hat seems to be a mod i ficat i on ofP. comp ressa fo rma (cozy/ersztisep ta ; thefo rm of the co r a l l um ,
howeve r,i s u s u a l l y r ath e r d i ffe ren t . A desc r ipt ion of the
deve lopment o f the co r a l l um w i l l most c lea r l y b r ing out the essen t i a l cha r acte r s .The co ra l l um in i ts ea r l y stages fo rms o v e r v a r io u s objects an inc r ust i ng l aye r ,
w i th g i bbos i t ies on i ts u ppe r . S u bseq u en t l y low c r ests and nodu les appea r . The
c rests may de v e lop i n to e levated p l ates , the nodu les i n to s t umpy , in c r assate, m u c hf u sed b r anches . The i nte r g r adat ion f rom the co r a l l um that i s on l y a s u r facei nc r u s tat ion to the mo re r amose fo rm of the fo rma i s comp lete. A ca ref u l compar i son of the ca l i ces of the va r io u s spec imens showed no impo r tan t d i ffe ren ces (seeP l ate XCI I I , figs . 1
,2,
P O R I TE S COM P R E S S A fo rma AN GUS'
TI S E PTA subform a D E L I CATULA , n ew .
P late LX V I I I , fig. 2 ; P late LX IX ,fig . 1 .
Th is subforma d i ffe r s f r om fo'rma angustisep ta by i ts mo r e de l i cate pa l i and the
c rowded , fine,long sp inulations of the ske leta l s u r faces . O the r w i se t he r e i s n o note
wo r thy d i ffe r ence . The s ides of the b r anches or p l ates possess ro u nded gibbos i t iesb u t no pa r t i c u l a r impm'
tance can at tach to them.
Local ity— P u koo , Mo loka i ; recei ved f r omW. T . B r igham ; dep th , 3 to 6 feet .
Type— Cat. No . 20929
,
PO R I’
I‘
E S COM P R E S S A fo rma A N GUSTI S E PTA sub form a PAUCI S P I N A , n ew .
P late LX IX , figs . 2 , 2a .
Th i s subforma i s based on a s i ng le spec imen,composed of seve r a l f u sed and flexed
p lates , w i th nodose u ppe r edges . He i gh t, cm . ; length, 7 cm. ; w id th , cm. ;
depth of l i v i ng po r t ion , f r om cm. to cm . ; t h i ckness of p late, cm.
The difi’
t-n'cnoc between th is spec imen and fo rma amyustésep ta. cons i s ts i n the
sha r pe r and mo re s catte r ed septa l g r an u l at i ons and a gene r a l l y mo re r agged appea rance o fthe ske leta l pa r ts . The ca l i ces ave r age somewhat sma l le r
,r angi ng in d i amete r
f rom to w i th abo u t as an ave r age.
— P u koo, Mo loka i ; r ecei ved f r om“7 . T . B r i gham ; depth , 3 to 6 feet.Typ e — Cat. NO . 209-1 52
,
P O R I TE S COM P RE S S A fo rm a F R AGI L I S , n ew .
P late LXX ; P late LXX I , figs . 1 . l a .
i
o’ x sCora l l um tonm ng a head , 1 6 cm. across,composed of smuous, anastomosmg
p lates , or conn'
n'
essed knobs , w i th t r u ncated o r rounded u ppe r edges . Lesse rd iame te r of a knob
, mm .
BULLETI N 59,UN I TED STATE S N AT ION AL BI US EUM .
Ca l i ces po l ygona l . w i t h ve r y defin i te bo u nda r i es ; on the sunnn its and s ides of
the l i v ing po r t ions deep , near the lowe r edge s ha l low . The d iamete r ranges f romto 2 mm.
,u s u a l l y abo u t nun .
The wal l i s e lt-zvated, t h i n , cont in u o u s , f r eq u ent l y z igzag . The m u ra l dent i c lesare del i cate
,often long
,sp i n u lose
,abo u t 2 1 to a ca l i ce.
The septa are th in and f r agi le , the o u te r ends th i cke r ; i nte r septa l lo c u l i w i deind open . Between a pa l u s and the wa l l
,f rom one to th ree septa l trabeculzc ,
depend ing u pon the lengt h of the sept um ; two i s the u s u a l n umbe r . Ea c h of the set r abec u lae i s te rm inated on the septa l ma r g in by a de l i cate den tat ion . The o u te rmost toot h stands f rom one- fo u r t h to one - th i r d the length of the sept um away f romthe wa l l , w h i c h p rojects cons ide r ab l y beyond i ts u ppe r end. The
|o u te r teet h co in
c i de in pos i t i on w i th an i ncomp lete r ing of synapt i cu l a . A second sy napt ic u la r r ingjo ins the pa l i togethe r .
The pa l i are th i n , f ragi le , ofmode r ate hei ght,po i nted or t r u ncate ; the fo rm u l a
i s comp lete. They s u r ro u nd a deep , we l l - l i ke dep ress i on , f rom the bo t tom of wh i chr i ses a de l i cate, na r r ow , sp i nose, l ame l l a r co l ume l l a . The u ppe r end of the co l ume l l a i s m u c h lowe r t han the l eve l of the ends of the pa l i .
The ske leta l su r faces are beset w i th n ume ro u s s l ende r sp i nes of va r iab le lengthi nd shape
,po int ing in many d i rect ions , and p rod u c i ng a ve r y ro u gh and r agged
tppearance.
Local ity— Pea r l Ha r bo r , Oah u ; depth , 3 to 6 feet .
Type— Bishop M u se um
,Ho no l u l u ; f r agment , Cat . No . 2092 8
,
R eminds — Th is fo rma i s espec i a l l y cha r ac te r i zed by i ts f r ag i le ske leta l pa r t sand the pec u l i a r nat u re of the i r o rnamen tat i on . I t i s c losel y re l ated to fo rma«l ug/astistwta , be i ng sepa r ab le f rom t hat fo rma by its mo re de l i cate ske leta l st r u ct u res .
p os xrs s COM P R E S S A form a CONJUN GE N S ,n ew .
P late 1 .xx 1 , figs . 2 , 12a .
Co r a l l um composed of ascend i ng,i r r eg u l a r l y const r i cted nod u lose co l umns
,
r i s i ng f rom a ramose base. As the co l umns g row u pwa r d they become comp ressed,
W i den and d i v i de i n to t h i ck b r anc hes . '
l‘
here i s cons ide r ab le f u s ion between the
b r anches,even nea r the base, b u t in the u ppe r part of the co r a l l um t hey f req u ent l y
fo rm w i de p l ates . The co l umns and p lates in the inte r io r of the co r a l l um are deadto nea r t he i r s umm i ts ; b u t on the o u ts ide the l i v ing po r t ion ,
ord i sconnected l i ve a reas .mav ex tend mo re than hal fway to the base. The l owe r edge of the l i v i ng po r t io nf req u ent l y c r eeps downwa r d o v e r the s u r face of the dead pa r t , and f u r the r down the r eare d i sconnec ted l i ve patches , occ u r r i ng as i nc r u stat ions . l'l eight of co ra l l um. 2 8
cm . ; d i amete r of b r anc hes f rom 1 to cm . ; w i d th of p l ates f rom 2 to 1 5 cm.
Ca l i ces po l ygona l , 1 to 2 mm . in d iamete r , u s u a l l y abo u t mm. ; moderatelv
deep nea r the s umm i ts , s ha l low or s u pe r fi c ia l nea r the l owe r edge of the l i v i ng port ion ; sepa r ated by s l igh t ly e levated , continuous , s t r a igh t.wa l l s . The re. are mo re than24 sma l l , i r reg u l a r ly s haped m u ra l dent i c les to a ca l i ce.
The septa are of va r i ab le th i ckness . Theymay be t h i c ke r than . or na r rowe r thanthe i nte r septa l locu l i ; the o u te r ends de c i ded ly th i cke r t han the i nne r . Between apal u s and the wa l l t he r e i s o ne septa l t r abec u la, except nea r the lowe r l im i t o f the
1 80 mccE N 'r MAD R E I’UR AR I A or TH E HAWA I I AN ISL A N DS AN D LAYSAN .
l i v i ng pa r t , wh e r e th e r e are occas i o na l l y t w o , th e o u te r a r i s i ng i n th e angl e betweenthe wa l l and the nex t m o r e i nwa r d ly s i tuated t r abecu la, w h i ch i n c l i n es towa r d thec o l u m e l la . S epta l gran u l es co r r espond to the septa l t rabecu lae ; u sua l l y t he r e is on lyone,w h ic h i s d e tach ed f r o m the wa l l , s tand i ng abou t h a l fway between it and the
pa l us . Th e y va r y both in p r o m i nen ce , s i z e , and shape . Wh en th e cal i ces a r e deepth ey are no t so ta l l as th e wa l l ; wh e n the ca l i ces a r e sha l l ow they a r e o f abo u t th esa m e h e igh t . (l ‘b ey m ay be i r r egu l a r l y shaped gran u l es , na r r ow teeth , o r platel i k e .Th e septa l t rabecu lae when the r e i s on l y one r i ng, o r t he o u te r t r abecu lae w hen t he r eare t w o r i ngs , are u n i ted by sy napt i cu la, ex te nd i ng h igh up in t h e cal i ce
,and
d e ta ch ed f r o m o r fused to the wa l l , th u s fo r m i ng on th e o l d e r po r tions of theco ra l l u m a d is t i n c t m u ra l s he l f .
The pa l i are often s m a l l , those b e fo r e th e l ate r a l pai r s th e l a rge r , r at he r th in ;bu t t hey may be rath e r w i d e and tal l . The fo r m u l a is pe r siste n t ly co m p l ete . Pa l a rr i ng of sy napt icu l a co m plete .Th e co l u m e l l a is usual l y a r a th e r w i de
,th i n la m e l l a
,of m ode r ate h eigh t , r i sing
f r o m t he flat botto m of th e fossa,wh ich i s su r r ou nded by the pe r pe nd i cu l a r inne r
edges of th e pa l i . Th e r e i s cons i de rab l e co m pact i ng a r ou nd i ts base .Th e skel eta l su r faces a r e cove r ed w i th c l ose l y set
,sho r t
,b l u n t gr an u lation s .
l ocal ity— Reef at Kau nakaka i
,Mo l oka i
, A lbatross, 1 902 .
Typ e— Cat . No . 2 1 2 76 ,
R enam i ng. Th i s fo r m a i s i n m os t r espects t he cen te r of the species,b i nding
toge th e r the va r ious formze that co m pose it. I ts r e l at i on s to the othe r fo r m ae a r ed i scussed i n t he conc l ud i ng r e m a r ks on t he spec i es .
P O R I TE S C OM P R E S S A for m a P R O FUND ICALYX , n ew .
P late LX X I I,figs. 1
,l a
,l b.
Co ra l l u m co m posed of ascend i ng, t r u ncate , co m p r essed b r an ch es , coalesc i nga lfmndan tl y and fo r m i ng i r r egu l a r p lates of conside r ab l e w idth .
Th i s fo r m a i s based on fou r f rag m e n ta r y spec i m ens , al l of w h ic h m ay be l o ng toth e sa m e co r al l u m .
MEAS UREMENTS .
Free portion ofbranches. Plates .
H eigh t .Length . Width . Th ick ness. Th ic k ness . Width .
am. am. (3m . cm.
— 1
. 6 —2 . 35 . 9 — l . 1 5
L bs
up to 2 . 8
(4 Type.figured specimen .
1 oLahces po l ygona l , 1 to m m . 1 1 1 d ia m ete r
,u sua l l y abou t m m
. ; excavatedand doculedly deep nea r t h e b ranch su m m i ts and fo r conside rabl e d i stan ces dow n onthe s ides ; sepa rated by e l evated , con t i nuou s , un usual l y co m pact wa l l s , th i n on the
1 82 R ECE NT MA DREPORAR I A o r TH E HAW A I I AN I SLA NDS A ND LAYSAN .
The wal l i s th i n,d ist i n ct
,usua l l y c o n t i nu o us ; on l y s l igh t ly e l e vated on the l owe r
po r t ion of t h e co ra l l u m , d i sta l l y m o r e e l evated , but not espec i a l l y p r o m in en t . Mu rald e nt i c l es fi n e
,d e l i cate l y f r osted
,abou t tw i c e as n u m e r ous as th e septa .
Th e o u te r e nds of t he septa are th i ck e r than the in ne r ends ; t h e septa as a who l er athe r th i ck
,t he i r t h i ckn ess ex ce ed i ng t h e w id th of t h e i n te r septa l locu l i ; t h e l atte r
ve r y na r r o w on th e basa l po r t i o n of th e co r a l l u m . Be tw een a palu s and the wa l lth e r e appea r s to be a S i ngl e septa l t rabecu l a , bu t on the septa l m a rgi n t h e r e a r ese v e ra l , t w o o r th r ee , d e l i cate , m inu te l y and ve r y de l icate ly f r ost ed den tat i ons o rsp i n u l es
,wh i ch are a l m os t as ta l l as th e wa l l . Each of th ese den ticles appa r en t ly
d o es not co i n c id e w i th atrabeeula, bu t seve r a l m ay o r iginate f r o m t he sa m e t r abeeu la . The ou te r m os t septa l d en t i c l e of ten stands s l igh t ly away f r o m the wa l l . Thei n ne r o r pa la r sy napt i cu la r r ing i s no r m al l y co m pl ete ; t he ou te r o r m u r al r ing isso m e t i m es co m p l ete
,and is s l ight ly sepa r ated f r o m t he wa l l .
Th e pal i a r e r athe r tal l and na r r ow , fi ne l y f r os ted , fo r m u l a usual l y co m p l e te .Th e co l u m e l la i s a th i n
,co m p r essed tube r c l e .
A l l the ske l e ta l su r face are de l i cate l y and th ick l y sp i n u l ose , p r od ucing a rat he rwoo l y appea rance .
l ocal i ty.
~— Kahana,Oah u ; dep th , 3 to 6 feet ; r ece iv ed f r o m W . T . B r igha m .
Cb types.
— Cat . Nos. 2091 1,2091 4
,
[remark s — Th i s fo r m a i n te rgrades w i th fo r m a denszfmum ta .
p oarres COM P R E S S A fo r m a D E N S IM UR ATA,n ew .
P late LXXI I I,figs . 1
,1 a .
Co ra l l u m ra m ose,b r anch es co m p r essed
,of va r i ab le w idth
,supe r i o r l y sp r ead i ng
somewhat o r coal es c e n t , the uppe r e nds a r e t r u ncate and m ay be swo l l e n , of flabel lateo r c l a v ate fo r m .
MEAS U R EMENTS .
Branch es .
Length . Width . T h ic k ness.
Th e th r ee sp ec i m e n s he r e gr ouped togethe r a r e al l b r oken po r tions of co ra l l a .Th e branch es of No. 1 coal esce d i sta l l y
,wh i l e t hose of th e two othe r Spec i m en s a r e
f r e e .Ca l i ces po lygo na l , w ith defi n i te bou nda r ies , r angi ng in d ia m e te r f r o m 1 to
m m w i th an ave rage of abou t s l igh tly l ess than m m.The depth is on l y
m od e rate.
The wa l l on the u ppe r and m ed ian po r tions of t he b r anches is S l ight l y e l e vated ,s ha r p , and d efin i te . The m u r al d e n t i c l es are r e l at i ve ly l arge , ofte n coa r se , u sua l ly
BULLET IN 59,UN I TED S T ATES N AT ION A L h IUS EUM .
m o r e t han 1 2,bu t l ess t han 2 1 i n n u m be r . Nea r t h e base
,th e wa l l may b e obscu r ed
by th e th i cken ed d i stal end s of the septa ; b ecause o f t h es e t h i cke n ed septa l ends , atthe l eve l o f the base of the septa l gr anu l es , i t appea r s th i ck and so l i d .
Th e septa uual ly a r e th i cke r th an the i n te r septa l l ocu l i ; th e latte r , h oweve r , a r eas a r u l e open . Most co m m o n l y o ne sep ta l t rabecu la e m e rges be t wee n th e pa l us andwa l l , occas i onal ly two . The co l u m e l la r , pa la r , septa l , and m u r a l t rabecu lae area l m ost pa r al l e l i n t h e i r cou r ses . Th e septa l gr an u l e stands a s l igh t d i stan ce awayf r o m th e wa l l
,and i s m ode rate l y p r o m i nen t
,bu t does r each the l eve l of the edge of
t h e wal l . Both synapt i cu l a r r i ngs are i m pe r f ect l y deve l oped , espec ia l l y the ou te ro r t he mu ra l ; t hose be l ongi ng to the l at te r r i ng are c l ose to the wa l l and are
f r equ e n t ly fu sed to i t .The pa l i a r e p r o m i n e n t
,th i ck
,and coa r se ; t h e f o r m u la mav be co m p l e te
,b u t
f r equen t ly the r e i s n o ne on the ven t r a l d i r ec t i ve .Th e co l u m e l la i s a co m p r essed , s m a l l o r rath e r s tou t stv le .
The sk e l e tal st r uctu r es a r e cove r ed w i th sho r t,b l u n t , coa r se g r an u lat i o n s .
l ocal ity.
— Pukoo , I s land of Moloka i : depth , 3 to 6 fee t ; r e ce i ved f r o m D r .W . T . B r igha m .
Cb typ ea— Cat . Nos. 20945, 20946 , 20947 ,
R emark s — Fo r m a dens zfmxum ta. in te rg r ades on t h e one hand wi t h fo r m a p i leson the othe r w i t h fo r m a gram
’
muraz‘a .
Th e spec i m en desc r i bed in th e su cceed i ng n ote was not r e fe r r ed to any fo r m a ,becau se of its in te r m ed i ate cha racters .Co r a l l u m co m posed of t r u ncated co m p r essed b r an ches o r coalesce n t p l ates
,f r ee
fo r onlv a s m a l l po r t i o n of thei r l engt h . H e igh t of co ra l l u m , c m . ; b ranches f r eefo r c m . ; w id th , cm. ; th i ck ness , c m . The spec i m e n i s pe r fect .Th e cal i ces a r e sha l l ow
,po lygonal , defin i te l y d e l i m i ted , r angi ng in d ia m e te r f r o m
1 to 2 m m .
,w i t h abo u t m m . as an ave rage .
The wa l l is d i st i n ct,s l igh t l y el evated on th e uppe r po r t i on of the co r a l l u m , w i th
coa r se m u r a l d en t i cles so m ewhat m o r e n u m e r ou s t han t he septa : on t he basal po r t i oni t may b e o bscu r ed .
I n its septa l cha r acte r s and i ts su r face o r na m en tat i o n t h i s spec i m e n co m b i n esfo r m a p i low w i t h fo r m a densimw am i t i s p r ec i se l y i n te r m ed iate .
PO R I T E S COM P R E S S A fo rm a GR AN IM UR ATA , new .
P late LX X I I I , figs . 2 , 2a .
Cora l l u m co m posed of b r anche s o f s m a l l d ia m ete r (8 by 1 1 f r ee d i sta l l yfo r f r o m to m m . ,
the e nds t r u ncate. and c la v ate . coa l esc i ng below th esu m m i ts i n to p l ates . Heigh t of l a rge r p i ece s , 1 c m .
Ca l i ces sha l l ow,definitelv d e l i m i ted , r angi ng i n d ia m ete r f r o m 1 to m m . ,
ave rage d ia m e te r abou tWa l l s l ight ly e l evated , usua l l y con t i n u o us , 1 5— 20 i r r egu la r l y shaped m u r a l
d en t i c l es to th e ca l i ce .
Th e septa are th i ck , w i th i n te r ve n i ng na r r ow but Ope n i nte r septa l l ocu l i . Be t w eenth e pa l u s o f a septu m and th e wa l l i s one septa l trabeeula te r m i nat i ng supe r i o r lyi n a septa l gran u l e s l ight l y d i sta nt f r o m t h e wa l l , a she l f r u n n i ng a ro u nd the i n s id eof the wa l l be twee n i t and the r i ng o f granu l
1 84 R ECENT MAD RE PORA R I A or TH E H AWA I IAN I S LANDS AND LAYS AN .
Th e.pa l i are po i n ted , r ough , and so m ewhat i r r egu la r . Th e fo r m u la is often
co m p l e te .The r e are tw o r i ngs of s y napt i cu la , the o u te r o r m u r al u sua l ly not co m pl e te
l l ] (l ofte n fused to th e wa l l .Th e co l u m e l l a i s a s m a l l tube r c l e .Th e ske l e ta l o r na m en ta t i o n c on s i s ts o f rath e r c r o w ded , sho r t , thick , b l u n t
gran u l at i ons .Th ese spec i m ens
,two
,hav e a p ecu l ia r l y r ough i r r egu l a r tex tu r e . u n l ik e that of
any of t h e oth e r Hawa i i an spec i m e ns .l ocal i ty
— Kaneohe,Oah u ; depth , 3 to 6 f eet ; r ece i ved f r o m W . T . B r igh a m .
Crime a— Cat . Nos . 20936 , 20951 ,
R emctxrk s — Th i s fo r m a i n te rgrades on one hand w i t h fo r m a densinuwu ta , on th eoth e r w i th fo r m a abacus .
P O R I TE S C OM P R E S S A for m a C L A V U S ,n ew .
P late LXX I V , figs. 1,1 a..
Th i s fo r m i s r ep r esen ted by a s i ngl e c l avate l y shaped co l u m n , th e basa l pa r t ofw h i ch inc r u sts a dead f r agm e n t o f t h e sa m e spec i es . He igh t , 62 mm. ; l esse r dia m ete rof base
,mm . ; gr eate r d i a m e te r of m i dd l e po r tion , 1 8 mm .
,l esse r , gr eate r
d ia m ete r of uppe r end, 33 mm.,l esse r
,in con st r i ct i on
, gr eates t w id t h of endl obe
,2 8 .
Ca l i ces po l ygona l , sepa rated by stou t , con t i n uous , e l evated wal l s , abou t 1 9 o r 20m u r a l d en t i c l es to a ca l i ce . ‘
D i a m e te r,f r o m to 2 m m .
,m m . t he ave r age size .
The septa a r e s l igh t l y th i cke r than th e i n te r sep ta l l ocu l i , wh i ch a r e . open .
Betw een a pa l u s and the wa l l t he r e is one t r abecul a te r m i nat i ng on th e septal m a rgini n a tooth of va r iab l e w id th and p r o m i ne n ce
,nea r o r s l ightly r e m oved f r o m the wal l .
Th e r e is no d i stinct l y deve l oped m u ra l sh e l f . The pa l a r synapticu la r r i ng is ofte no r u sual l y co m pl e te ; th e ou te r r i ngis ve r y r a r e ly co m p l e te , bu t nev e r en t i r e l y absen t .The pa l i a r e r at he r th i ck
,not ve r y p r o m i n en t
,m o r e o r l ess poin ted
,r ange in
n u m be r f r o m s i x to the co m p l ete fo r m u l a,th e latte r cond i t i on
,h oweve r . i s r a r e .
The co l u m e l l a is a co m p r essed sty le,not so tal l as th e pal i .
The sk e l e ta l su r faces w i th r athe r few gran u lat i ons , th e r efo r e p r e se n t i nga s m oothapp ea r ance .
l ocal i ty.
— Pukoo,Mo l oka i ; depth 3 to 6 feet ; r eceived f r o m D r . W . T . B r igha m .
Typ e— Cat. No. 2 1 27 1 ,
R emark afThe pa r t i cu l a r l y sol i d and s m ooth appea r ance of both the wa l l and
septa o f th i s fo r m a r e esp ec i a l l y n otewo r thy .
P O R I TE S COM P R E S S A fo r m a COM PACTA ,n ew .
P late LX X I V , figs. 2,2a .
Co ra l l u m co m posed of r athe r sle nde r,co m p r essed b r an ches
,w i th ob tu se o r fla
bel l iform e nds . S o m e b ran ch es fu se and fo r m r ath e r w i d e p l ates . He igh t , c m .
‘
l e ngt h o f f r e e po r t i on of b ranch es , c m . ; w id th , 1 . cm . ; th ick ness ,c m . ; w i d t h of p late fo r m ed by t he fu s i on of b r anc hes
,c m .
1 86 R ECE NT MADRE I’ORAR I A OF TH E H A WA I I AN I SL AN DS AN D LAYSAN .
Th e ca l i ces are rath e r la rge , f r o m to 2 m m . i n d ia m ete r , u su al l y abou t 2m m
. ;sha l l ow
,o r even supe r fic ia l , sepa rated by rathe r defi n ite , l ow , r agged , th i n
wa l l s . Th e nim a l d en t i c l es are v e r y i ough , i i regu la r , (omp i essed, o r tw i sted , andabou t tw i ce as n ume i ous as th e septa .
l h e s epta a1 o th iek th i ck e 1 than th e w id th of the inte 1 septal l ocu l i . Between apa l us and the wa l l th e 1 e. m a v be oi th e 1 one () l two septal t i abecu loe . I t 1 8 d iffi cu l t todec id e i s th e p r e v a l e n t 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 e 1 , eacl 1 i s f1 equent, two is p 1 obably th e co mm o n e 1 in hu ge cal i ces . I h e t 1 abeculce have con esponding gr a n u l es ou th e septa lm a r
gi n s
.The ou te r gran u l e when two are p r esen t , o r th e s ingl e gr an u l e w he n the r e
i s o n ly one , is detach ed f1 0 1n t he wa l l and sepa r ated f r o m i t by a s i n u s ; th e r i ng ofgr an u l es i s usua l l y j o i n ed by a co m p l ete r i ng of sy napticu l a , ordina1 ily s l igh t lyd i s tan t f1 0m the wa l l . The ou te 1 e nds of th e sep ta , beyond t h e synapticu l a , a1 efrequentlv
b i fu r cated .The uppe 1 edges of the septa l g1 ann les and the pal i 1 each
t he sa m e p l ane and are a l m os t as ta l l as th e wal l .Th e pa l i a r e r at he r th i c k , not ve r y tal l , al though the i r uppe r ends r each so h igh
a l eve l. S eve n i s t h e u sua l n u m be r . They a r e p r esen t befo r e the l ate r al pa i r s , th e
d o r sa l d i r ect i v e , and eac h late r al of the t r i p l et . The fo r m u la i s occas i ona l l y , bu tr a r e ly
,co m p l e te . Th e pa la r r i ng of sy napt i cu l a i s con stan t ly co m p l ete .
The c o l u m e l la i s a na r r ow , co m p r essed sty l e , not so ta l l as t h e pal i , to w h i ch i ti s j o i n ed by th i ck rad i i .Th e i n te r septa l l ocu l i a r e ext r e m e l y na r r ow because of the th i cke n ing of the
d iffe r en t ske l e ta l s t r u ctu r es .The skel etal su r faces a r e r ough ly and coa r se ly gran u l ated .
Local z'
ty.
— Kahana,Oahu ; r ece i ved f r o m W . T . B r igha m ; depth , 3 to 6 feet .
Typ e— Oat . No . 2 1 2 69
,
R e mark s — Fo r um divaricans is cha r acte r i zed ch i efly by i ts shal l ow o r supe r fi c ialca l i ces , of so m ewhat gr eate r d i a m e te r than i s u sual in t h e species , and the f r equencyof two septa l gr an u l es .
PO R I TE S COM P R E S S A fo r m a E LON GATA Dana .
P late LXX V I,figs . 1
,1 1 1 .
1 846 . Porites mordar /J’ elongate DANA , Z 0 0 ph . W i l kes Expl . Exped.,p . 553 , p l . L I I I , fig. 4.
Original descrip tio‘
1 .
—Dana’s o r igi na l desc r i pt i on i s as fo l low sTh is figure [c i ted abo v e] represen ts a spec i m en e igh t i nches h igh , consist i ng of th ree or four stout
ste m s f ro m a co m m on base , w h ich is two i nches th rough and Spari ngl y b ranched abo v e . The upperbranches are two to th ree inches long, an i nch th ick at base , and hal f an i nch at apex . The ce l ls arev ery s i m i lar to those of th e abo v e [P . wwrdax ], yet a l i t t l e sm al le r , abou t ten be ing coun ted i n hal fan i nch .
One of Dana’s spec i m e ns i s i n t he Un i ted S tates Nat iona l Museu m , it agr eesc l ose l y w i t h the o r igi na l desc r i p t i on , bu t ev i den t l y i s no t t he one t hat h e figu r ed .
The fo l l ow i ng desc r i pt i o n i s based upon i t .Th e co ra l l u m cons i sts of se ve r a l rat he r stou t b ran ches r i sing f r o m a co m mon
base and gi r d l ed by i r r egu l a r co nst r i c t i ons . Heigh t , c m . ; d i stan ce bet w eend i v is i o ns o f b r anches , c m . to c m . ; l e ngth of te r m i na l s , c m . to c m . ;
gr eate r d ia m e te r o f a m a i n ste rn at base , 2 c m .,l esse r
,c m . ; gr eate r d i a m e te r of
a te r m i na l at base , c m .,l esse r
, 1 c m . ; gr eate r d ia m ete r of te r m inal at tip,c m l esse r , c m . The e nds of the b r an ches a r e t r u ncate
,o r obtusely r ou nded .
BULLE T IN 59, UN I T ED STATES N AT ION A L M US EUM .
Cal ic es f r o m 1 to 2 m m . i n d ia m e te r , w i t h between and s l igh t l y m o r et han as av e rage , excavated , bu t sha l l ow l ow dow n 0 1 1 th e co r a l l u m , m od e rate lyd eep h igh up 0 1 1 the b r anches ; sepa r ated by d i s t i n c t, con t i n uous wal l s , wh ich 0 1 1 theuppe r po r t io n of t he b r anch a r e ta l l , sha r p - edged , and m e m b ran i fo r m , w i t h r e m a r kably few pe r fo rations . Mu r a l (l e n t i c l es to a ca l i ce abou t tw i ce as n u m e r ous as thesepta.
The septa a r e of on l y mode r ate th i ck ness o r a r e eve n th i n ; usua l l y s l igh t l y na rr owe r than th e i nte r septa l l ocul i . Betwccna pa l us and th e wa l l the r e i s u sua l l y o neseptal t r abecu la
,excep t nea r th e l owe r edge of the l i v i ng po r t i on whe r e tw o i s of
f r equen t occu r r ence . Gran u l e s 0 1 1 t he septa l m a rgi n s co r r espond to th e t r abecu lae .Th e s i ngl e , o r th e ou te r gr an u l e i f two a r e p r esen t , i s deta ch ed f r o m the wa l l , be i ngsepa rated f r o m i t by a s i n u s . The gr an u l es a r e tal l , bu t usua l l y do not r each t h el eve l of the edge of the wa l l . A r i ng of synapt i cu l a , u sua l l y detached f r o m thewa l l
,extends to the i r bases and b i nds t he m togethe r .The pa l i are wel l dev e l oped , bu t not so tal l as the septal gr an u l e s , thus gi v i ng an
excavated appea r ance to the ce nt r a l pa r t of th e cal i ces . The fo r m u l a i s no r m a l l yco m p l e te . A co m p l ete r i ng of pa l a r synapticu l a i s usua l l y p r esen t .The co l u m e l l a i s a r ath e r s m a l l , co m p r essed tube r cl e , situated in a rathe r sha l l ow
pit , bou nded by th e i n n e r edges of th e pa l i . I t is j oined to the pa l i by rad ia lconne1 tions . The r e m ay be conside rab l e ste r eop las m i c depos i t a r ou nd t he ax ia lstruc '
,tu1 es r
*
ende 1 ing th e m l ath e 1 co m pact .The inte r septa l l ocu l i a1 e so cu t up by the two synapticu l a 1 r i ngs , the th i cke ned
ax ia l st 1 uctu1 es, and t he l ough s i des of the sep ta that th ey a1 e na r 1 ow , in sp i te oft he septa be i ng t h i n 0 11 the i r uppe r edges .The ske l e ta l su r faces are r ough l y an d r athe r coa r sely gr an u late .Local i ty.
—Hawai i an Is lands , U. S . Exp l . Exped. ; no m o r e defi ni te locali ty .Specimen. desm'ibed.
— Cat . No . 707 ,
R emark . W . T . B r igha m has sen t m e a spec i m e n f r om Kaneohe , Oahu ,t hat I a m p lac i ng w i th t h i s fo r m a. I t is 1 3 c m . l o ng; gr eate r d i a m ete r nea r l owe re nd
,cm. ; lesse r , c m . ; b i fu r cation , c m . be l ow the su m m i t . The b r anches
s how cons t r i ct i on s and swe l l i ngs , and tape r to an obtu se apex .The ca l i ces ave r age abou t m m . in d ia m e te r ; and the r e a r e usua l l y two septa l
gr an u l at i ons betwee n a pa l u s and the wal l . The ske l eta l structures '
are so m ewhatt h i n ne r than i n t h e Dana spec i m e n .Th i s fo r m a , o r “ va r ie ty ,” to u se Dana’s exp r ess i o n , is not close l y r e lated to
P . mmdcme,as Dana th ough t , bu t possesses the sa m e st r uctu ra l c ha rac te r s as
P . comm'essa .
Fo r m a elongate m ay be con s ide r ed a gr owth fo r m of e i th e r fo r m a cmzj n ens
o r fo r m a abacus .
P O R I TE S COM P R E S S A fo r m a P R O FUN D O R 'JM , n ew .
P late Lxx v 1,figs. 2 , 2
Co ra l l u m co m posed of a ta l l , subte r ete , rath e r c r ooked m ai n b r anch wh i ch isgi r d l ed by i r r egu l a r s we l l i ngs and const r i ct i ons
,and on wh ose s id e s are d i sta n t
,
cu r ved late1 al b r anches . Th e e nds of t he b ranch es are r ou nded , obtuse andcomp 1 essed. Th e type 1 1 1 1 1 te1 ial cons i s ts o f seve ra l b r oke n b r anc hes
,so m e of w h ich
1 88 R ECENT MADREPO RA R I A or TH E H AW A I I AN I S LANDS AN D LAYSAN .
are a l m ost ent i r e l y i n c rusted by n u l l i po r es , the la rgest , r ep r ese n ted by P l ateLXXVI
,fig. 2 ,
has both e nds b r ok en ; l e ngth , 1 3 c m . ; gr eate r d ia m ete r of l owe re nd
,c m
.,l esse r
,c m . ; th e uppe r end i s b i fu r cated , bu t both b r a nch es a r e
b r ok e n gr eate r d i a m e te r innn ediate ly be l ow b i fu r ca t i on , c m . ; l esse r , c m .
A late r a l i s r ep r ese n ted , natu r a l s i ze . by P l ate LXXV I , fig. 3 .
The ca l i ces are. po l ygona l , sha l l ow o r supe rfi c i a l , r angi ng in d ia m e te r f r o mto 2 m m .
,w i th an ave rage of abou t m m .; sepa rated f r o m o n e anothe r by wal ls ,
wh i c h are mostl v ind i cated by l ow , r a th e r th i ck r ough m u r a l den t i c l es , that to a ca l iceare m o r e n u m e r ous than the septa . I n so m e i n stance s t h e ou t e r e nds of sep ta of1djacent ca l i ces con nect ac r oss the wa l l and obscu r e it .
The septa are t h i ck , w i t h dec id ed l y th ick ou te r e nds , l eav ing ve r y na r r ow , s l itl i ke i n te r septa l l ocu l i . Betwee n a pa l us and the wa l l t h e r e is u sua l ly a s ingle septalt r abecu l a
,ra r e l y t he r e mav be two . On th e septa l m a rgi n , b e tween a pa l u s an d the
wa l l,the r e are usua l l y two gr anu les o r de n tat ions , t he in ne r co r r esponds to th e septal
t rab ecu la,wh i l e the ou te r see m s to be on l y a rad ia l p r ocess f r o m t h e m u r a l t r abecu la .
W'hen two septa l trabeeul ze are p r esen t , the one n ex t t h e pal us ends in a s m a l le rg r an u l e than the ou te r one . The gr an u l es a r e f r eque n t l y co m p r essed t r an sve r sely toth e septa l p l ane . The s i ngl e , o r the ou te r , septa l gr anu l e is so m ew ha t detached f r omthe wa l l
,w i th the con n e ct i ng po r t i o n of th e septal m a rgi n excavated . A r ing of
sy napt i cu l a usua l ly coin c i des w i th the o ute r edge of t h e septal t rabecu lae , j oin ingth e m toget he r and r each i ng th e l eve l of the bases of t he septa l gr an u l es . Thesesy napti cu la often fuse wit h the wa l l . The th i cken ed ou te r ends o f th e septa , t h e i rsy napt i cu la r co nn ect i ons
,and th e wa l l t r abecu lae p r od u ce a v e r y co m pact m u r al
appa r atus .The pa l i a r e th i ck
,poin ted and tal l
,r each i ng a l m ost to th e l eve l of t he uppe r
edge of t he wal l . The fo r m u la is u sual l y co m p l e te , w i th th ose befo r e t h e late r alpa i r s so m ewhat t he la rge r ; so m et i m es they a r e supp r essed o n t h e l ate r al s of thet r i p l e t
, and e i th e r t he vent ral o r th e do r sa l d i r ect i ve may occas i onal ly be w i thou tone . Th e pa l a r sy napt i cu la r r i ng i s co m p l ete , w ith a floo r ex tend i ng ac r oss i t.The col u m e l la is a co m p r essed
,m ode r ately p r o m i nen t tube r c l e r i s i ng f r o m th e
t he floo r ac r oss t he pa la r r ing of synapti cu l a .The ske l eta l su r faces are cove r ed w i th c l ose l y set
,ve r y r ough , coa r se gr an u l at i ons .
Local i ties.
F r ench F r igate S hoal , D epth , 1 7— 1 75 fatho m s (type) ; A lbatross, 1 902 , S tation3970 . Fou r b r oke n b ran ches .V i c i n i ty of Mod u Man u
,o r Bi r d I s l and
,Depth
,20 to 2 1 fath o m s ; A lbatross,
1 902 ; S tat i on 41 68 . One b ranc h .Type — Cat. No . 2 1 272 ,R emark s — The spec i m e n f r o m Modu Mann is a b r an ch 6 c m . l ong,
f r om wh ic ha s m a l l l ate ra l is gi v e n off c m . f r o m the l owe r e nd ; uppe r e nd comp r essed and
o btuse l y r ou nd ed , gr eate r d i a m ete r , l esse r,
c m . The skel etal pa r ts a r enot qu i te so th i ck as in th e type o f th e fo r m a .Th i s fo r m a i s v e r y close ' to fo r m a elongate ,
d iffe r ing f r o m elongate by i ts shall owe r cal i ces and d ecided l y th icke r sep ta . The uppe r edge of the wa l l in elongate i s
m o r e e l evated,m o r e defin i te and con t i n u o us
.
Fo r m a brevimmom has ca l i ces ave r agi ng s m a l l e r,and sho r ter
,n odose b r anc hes.
1 90 R ECEN T MAD RE I’OR A '
RI A or THE H AW A I I AN ISLANDS AN D LAYSAN .
One spec i m e n , Cat. No . 653,
one of Dana’s o r igina l spec i m e n s ; thel oca l i t y gi v e n on th e labe l is on ly San dw i ch I s l ands . ”
rape— Cat . No . 20932 ,
R emark s .The. spec i m e n s e l ected as th e type has a so m ew hat loose r tex tu r e
than m ost o f th e ot h e r spe c i m e ns , and the sy napt i cu la r r ings a r e l ess u n i fo r m lyco m p l et e .Th i s fo r m a i s r ep r esen ted by 1 3 spe c i m en s i n al l , and , as wou ld be expected ,
show s cons i de rab l e va r iat i on , esp ec i a l l y i n th e w id th of the b r an ches o r p l ates , andt h e a m ou n t of th e i r fus i on . The fo r m a i s based on th e ge n e r a l l y l igh t cha r acte r oft h e co r a l l u m
,t he defin i te c r ow n of septa l gr an u l es that a r e detached f r o m t he wal l ,
and th e m o r e o r l ess co m p l ete she l f fo r m ed by the p e r i p he r al ly placed sy napticu l a .Th e ch i e f d i ffe r e n ce be tween fo r m a abacus an d fo r m a conj angens con s i s ts in th e
d i ffe r e n ce i n fo r m of t h e co r a l la ; t hey can not be sepa r a ted on ca l i cu la r cha r acte r s .Th e se r i es o f speci m en s i nd i cates that th i s d iffe r e nce i s n ot of specific val ue .
P O R I TE S COM P R E S S A for m a TUM I DA , new .
P late LXX V I I I , figs. 1,l a .
Th i s fo r m a is sepa r ated f r o m fo r m a abacus by its gr ow th fo r m . The co r al l umcons i s ts of th i ck nodu l a r b ranches a r i sing f r o m a co m m o n base and m u ch fu sed inferiorly,
bu t p r oj ecting as sho r t stubs on the uppe r su r face . Heigh t , c m . ; gr eate rd i stance ac r oss top of co r a l lu m
,c m . ; m ax i m u m l ength of a f r e e po r t i o n of a
b r anch,2 cm . The ends of t he b ranches a r e r ou nded o r so m ew hat flat tened ; th ei r
bases are dec id ed l y swo l len , c m . o r even m o r e in d i a m ete r ; d i a m e te r of e nds f r o m1 to c m .
The ca l i cu l a r cha r acte r s a r e t he sa m e as in fo r m a abacus .
l oca l z'
tg/. Sandw i ch Is l ands , ” one of Dana’s speci m ens . Kaneohe , Oah u ; depth ,3 to 6 fee t : r ece i ved f r o m P r of . W . T . B r igha m .
Types— Cat . No. 651
, Un i ted S tate s E xp l o r at i o n E xped i t i on .R emark s — Th i s fo r m a may be cons i de r ed a growth fo r m of e i th e r fo r m a con
j angens o r fo r m a abacus.
P O R I TE S COM P R E S S A for m a B ULB O SA Qu el c h .1 886 . Porites bulbose QUE LCH , Reef Cora ls Chal l enger Repts .
,p . 1 80, p l . X I , figs. 7 , 7a.
1 90 1 . Por ites bul l/ose STU DER,Zoo l . Jahrb .
, Syst . , XL,p . 42 1 .
1 905. Por ites hawe iensis quinta BE RNARD , Por i tes of the I ndo - Pacific Region , p . 1 01 , p l . Ix ,fig. 8.
D escrip tion — Th e fo l l ow i ng is Be r na r d’s r edesc r i pt i on of Quelch ’
s typeThe coral lu m for m s c lusters of shor t , th ick ste m s, d i v ergi ng fa i r l y un i fo r m ly at angles of they
are 4 to 5 c m . long, and 2 to c m . th i ck ; abou t hal fway up th ey are regu lar ly constr icted . Abo v ethe const r i ct ion they swe l l pr ior to fork ing. Th e fork i ng t ips are of ten qui te flat across th e tep . Theflat top s inks i n a long a furrow preparatory to fork i ng. The consecut i v e fork ings areat short d istancesapart . Th e l i v i ng layer is 6 to 7 c m . deep .The ca l ic les are m m . i n d iam eter , crowded , shal low , po l ygona l w here sharp ly separated by
th i n wa l ls , subc i rcu lar wh ere th e wa l ls are t h i cker . The for m er k i nd of wal l,w i th sharp m ed ian
r idges, occu rs on th e grow i ng tops and on one s ide of stock , w h i le on th e o th er side they are th ic kened e v en l y and un i fo r m l y i n to a rather c lose granu lated ret iculu m , of ten m m
.th ick
, and, to th enaked e ye ,
flat - rep li ed , and m ak i ng t he cal i c les appea r as sharp , c i rcular punctu res i n th e surface . Thesepta are t h i n , tend to be lam e l late , co m m ence j ust be low the aperture , and appear ragged and i r reg
BULLET I N 59, UN ITED STATE S NAT IONAL M U S EUM . 1 91
u lar , w i t h a r i ng of septa l granu les, just detached fro m the. wa l l i n th e. th i n - wa l led cal ic les . I n theth ick - wa l l ed ca l ic les the septa are m ore. regu lar , t h e septa l granu les are on th e edges of the wal l , and thesepta t h e m se l v es fuse i n the four princ ipa l pa i rs . The pa l i are rod - l ike
,but appea r as s m a l l , incon
spieuous granu les . The fu l l fo r m u la can he usua l ly seen , the latera l m e m bers o f th e v en tra l tr ip letbe i ng v ar iab le . A ragged co lu m e l lar tuberc le is I IS IIal l y present . The i n te rsepta l locu l i are la rge. anddeep , but not sharp l y out l i ned , ow i ng to the s l igh t frost ing of th e s ides o f the septa . The ca l ic les ont he fl at. tops open i n a spongy st ro m a, and are consp i cuous f ro m the large si ze of the co lu m e l lar tangle ,su rrounded by r i ngs o f open in ters epta l locu l i .
I n sec t ions of the ste m s the trabeculm are we l l de v e loped,but no t c rowded .
Th is cora l is descr ibed by Mr. Que lch as be ing eas i l y d ist i nguished fro m th e Por ites ofDana f ro m the sam e local i ty . The grow th fo r m is d ifferen t and t h e l i v i ng layer is m uch l ess ex tensi v e . But t h ere is e v iden t l y a st rong fam i l y l ikeness between al l of these Sandw ich Is lands fo r m s.
The ca l ic les o f th is t I pe, at least where t he wa l ls are t h i n , are v ery l ike those o f Por ites \'um 1a ich
I slands 6 an d yett a l l. d iffe r I I I fi ner st ructura l detai ls . A st rong fa m i ly l ikeness between corals f ro mthe sam e loca l i ty h as been frequen t ly not iced i n t h ese cata logues .
I t is wort h not i ng that. wh i le the cal ic les open i ng i n the st ro m a on the tops of the ste m s are separated b y t h ick ret i cu lar wal ls those wh ic h are fu l l y fo r m ed and ranged at t he s ides o f t he ste m ha v eth e i r wa l l s th i n and sharp ; when these agai n th icken and becOIne re t icu la r t h e ret icu lu m is m orer igid and see m s here and t here to show s l igh t traces o f its fo r m at ion out of an i nner synapt icu la r wa l l ,al though the reticuluII I i n th icken ing ste m s wou ld usua l l y be due to the appearance of i nter v en i ngtissue .Th is is on c , et the few I ndo - Pacific Por ites wh i ch show so m e approach to th e character ist i c m ethod
of b ranch i ng seen i n the W est I nd ian for m s.
REMARKS ON TH E INTERRELAT ION OF TH E FORM /E OF POR ITES COMPRESSA .
Th e fo r m at t hat exh i b i t t h e cha racte r i st i cs of' th e spec i es i n t hei r l east m od i fiedcond i t i on a r e conj '
angens and abacus. Th e ca l i cu l a r cha r acte r s i n t hese two are p rat .t i ca l l y id e n t i cal ; t he r e i s so m e d iffe r e nce i n fo r m , and they r esp ect i ve l y l ead tod iv e rgen t va r iat i ons . Fo r m a elongate , howeve r , m igh t as eas i l y be de r i v ed f r o mconj uwgens w i th sepa r a te b r an ch es as f r o m abacus; and fo r m a tmn ida m igh t be considered conj umr/e ns w i th abb r ev i ated b ran ch e s , swo l l e n be l ow the i r ends .
Fo r m a oonyangens l eads i n to fo r m a (M r/astisep ta and fo r m a [ I 'rof nnde'
calyaa The
septal and pa l a r fo r m u lae in th e se t h r ee a r e th e sa m e , th e d i ffe rence s cons i s t i ng i nth e r e lat i ve deve l op m en t o f t h e septa l granu l e s a nd the ou te r synapt i cu la r r i ng.
I n so m e ca l i ces of couj uugen s th e ou te r synapt i cu l a r r i ng i s not co m p l ete , a nd thewa l l ta l l ; i f th e septa l granu l es a r e rath e r p r o m i n en t , the cha r acte r s of (Jug/asti
sep ta are r ep rod u ced ; i f th e septa l gran u l es are r ed uced in s i ze , those o f p rofundicalyx a r e p r esen ted . Th e se th r e e fo r nac i n te r l ock each w i t h the oth e r , bu t the r e arec l ea r l y r ecogn i zab l e av e rage d i ffe r en ces be tw e e n th e speci m e ns .
Fo r m a magastz’
sq pta has two subforms t hat d i ffe r i n m i no r c ha r acte r s f r o m th etyp ical spec i m e ns . Fo r m -a (lel e
'
ce t'ula has de l i cate pa l i and verv d e l i cate l y and
th i ck ly f r osted sk el e ta l su r faces : subforma pauc isp ina has sha r pe r and m o r e scattered septa l gran u lat i o ns and a gen e ra l l y m o r e ragged appea rance of the ske l eta lpa r ts
.These d i ffer e n ces are so verv s l igh t that i t i s doubt fu l if
'
thev are o f m o r e t hani nd i v i dua l i m po r tance .
Fo Ima f'l m ay poss i b l y I ep I esen t a sepaI ate spec i es , but as i t p i esents a l lth e fu nda m e n ta l st 1 uctu i al cha I at teI s o f fo r m a difieI ing ch i efly by i tsth i n n e r ske l e ta l pa r ts
,I I IO I e d e l i cate pa l i , and mom d e l i cate sq ace f r ost i ngs . i t.
p r obab l y be l ongs in t h e se r i es .
1 99 II IcII
IcN'I‘
MADR E I’ORARI A or TH E H AWA I I AN I S LA N DS AND LAYSAN .
F 'Io i m I l H /(A
‘
fl i s esp ec ia l l y c'ha i acte I iz cd by i ts sha l l ow ca l i ces and th e del icatelv
I nd th ic k h sp i n u l os e o I - In unentation o f th e ske l e ta l su r faces , p r od u c i ng a“ woo lvIppe : I I an I
I
I I .
"'I hI I I e aI e. usual lv tw o 0 1 mow septa l d e n tat i o n s between a pa l u s and
th e wa l l ; i t i s do ubtfu l , howeveI i f t h ey con espond to septal t r abecu lae. So m e ofthe ca l i ces o f fo rma I I I I Ij I I I I IJeI Is nea r the l owe r edge of the l i v i ng p0 1 tion p r ese n t th esa m e c ha rac te r s as d o th ose of p v
'
lcsu ,except the gr an u l at i ons m ay be coa r se r . I t
w i l l be show n that [ I II/m a co nn ec ts th r o ugh IZcI I SI i I I I I
a'
I'ata and r/ran i -
I I I I I Irata w i th abacus.
Fo I Ina has a rath e r t h i ck , co m pact In t-I I al appaI atus, r e lative l ylarge , oftI
I u coa r se m u ra l d en t i c l es , and detached septal gi anu les . Th is fo r m a andWilm a appear to r ep r esen t oppos i te ends of the se r i es , th e i r d iffe r en ces a r e so gr eat,bu t t he r e i s a S pec i m en that co m b i n es t he c ha r acte r s of bot h ; they i n te rgr adeabso l l i te]V
Fo r m a gran i nrurafa has a co m pac t mu r a l appa r atu s w i t h i r r egu la r ly shapedfro sted gra i ns a l o ng th e top . I t has a pecu l i a r l y r ough, i r r egu la r tex tu r e . I tinteI gI ades on one hand w i th dcwsiraarata ,
on the o th e 1 wi th abacus .
Fo I Ina 0 .1/mm shows m o i e ev i dence of sepa r a ten ess th an auv othe r foi m p l acedin t h e The co m pactne ss of i ts wa l l s and septa and th e depth of th e cal ice a1 es i m i la r to fo r m a bu t th e usua l l y i nco m pl ete pa l a r fo r m u la r eca l l s
o r cmnp acta . I t d iffe r s f r o m the latte r by the absen ce o f a co m pleter i ng o f sy napti cu la b i nd i ng the septal trabeeu lze toge th e r . As al l th e skeletal ele m en tsfou nd i n clacas occu r i n othe r fo r m a) . I t h i n k is not a val i d spec i es .
Fo r m a cmnpacta is on l y a m o re so l i d fo r m o f fo r m a abacus,w i th th e pa l a r
fo r m u la n ot so gene ra l l y co m p l e te .Fo r m a dicamcaxnx 1 5 based pa r t l y on fo r m , pa r tly on i ts sha l l ow ca l ices . I t is
c l ose to cI I I IIa cta and abacus .
FormIe elongata and tmmida a r e gr ow th fo r m s o f con jw zgens o r abacus. The r eare speci m ens sh ow i ng conn ect i on w i t h th e l at te r .
ForInap rcfw aclormn i s p ract i cal l y th e: sa m e as fo r m a elongata , bu t w i th t h i cke rsepta.
Fo r ina bI Ic'
II
I I I I-
I.rIsa difiers f r o m yIe zmdmI
I I'Iu by its sho r te r
,mo r e nodu la r
,
b ranch es .Queloh
’
s Porites balbosa, j udgi ng f r o m t h e o r igi nal desc r i p t i o n and Be r n a r d’ssubsequent r e m a r ks and figu r es , p r ese n ts th e sa m e ca l i cu l a r cha r acte r s as abacus, andcan be sepa r ated on ly by its gr ow th fo r m .
Dana’s type of cmnp rcssa i s a p e r iphe ra l for m ; it is not nea r th e cen te r ofth e spe c i es as formIe cowj n ens and abacus a r e . P . comp ressa typ i cal has a co m pactloo k ino wa l l , I ather co m pact septa , and a ve ry impei fect ly deve l oped ou te r r ing ofs \ naptic .ula The typ i ca l fo r m , howeveI , inter I
gI ades w ith foIma abacus.
I SM R ECENT MA DR E PO R A R I A or TH E H AWA I I AN I SLANDS A N D LAYSAN .
longi tud i na l sec t ions of the co r a l l i tes . The i nwa r d i n c l i n at ion of t h e septa l trabeeulae
u lt iinatelv b r i ngs the i r i n ne r end s i n to an ax ia l pos i t io n , i . e., th e col u m el la r pap i llae
te r m i nate. trabeeu la). w h i c h lowe r dow n o ccu r in th e septa . I t th e r efo r e fol lows that
the r e is sun”) ” in fus ion the pa l i and the pap i l lae. Th e r e is fus ion a m ongthe ax ia l teet h bv m e ans of l ate ra l proceSses , and th e r e i s so m e sc l e rode r m i cco m pact i ng of the m ass .The ske l e ta l su r faces bea r a few , but no t abu ndan t gr an u l at ions , i n ge ne r a l
p r esen t i ng a r athe r s m oot h appea r an ce .
Loca l ity.
—Kaneohe , Oah u ; depth , 3 to 6 feet ; r ece i ved f ro m W. T. B r igha m 'al so anothe r spec imen ,
.
co l lected by D r. J. E . Duerden at the sa m e local i ty .
Type— Cat . No . 20954,
R ea xfiu—T
l‘
his spec i es difiers u tte r l y i n i ts septa l co m pos i t ion , i ts pa l i , and itsco l u m e l l a r cha r acte r s f ro m any oth e r Hawa i ian Porites. No oth e r spec i es s hows sodefin i te ly that i ts septa are co m posed of inwa r d ly i n c l i n ed trabeeul ze . I ts septa ls t r u ctu r e fi r s t l ed m e to th i n k that Be r na r d ’s e l u c i dat ion of th e m o r pho logy of t hePo rit id septu m shou l d p robab l y be m od i fied . A n exa m i nat ion of sect ions of othe rspec i es
,b roken pa r a l l e l to th e septa l su r face , showed that i n othe r species , a l though
the septa l,m u r al
,and pa l a r t r abecu lae m ay r u n for long d istances in pa r a ll e l cou r ses,
f ro m p l ace to p lace a septa l t r abecu l a bends i nwa r d an d a new one is i n t rodu cedbetween the o l de r one and the wa l l . I n these Poritids that po r t ion of th e septumex te r io r to th e l i ne of d i ve rgence of th e t r abecu lae i s supp r essed , wh i l e th e in ne rpo r t ion is deve loped . I nP orites (hw ‘dm i t he a ngl e of d ive rgen ce of th e trabeeulae isr e l at i ve ly l a rge (the uppe r angl e between the wa l l and the t r abecu la) ; in othe rspec i es
,as .1 compms.w.
,the angl e i s ex t r e m e l y acu te . The septal st r uctu r e of the
l’oritids i s th e r efo r e en t i r ely ho m ologou s w i th t hat of ot he r co r a l s . Th e ' sep ta a r eco m posed of ascend i ng trabecul ze
,between w h i ch a r e n u m e r ou s pe r fo r at ions . The
cent r a l co r a l l i te of P l ate LXXIX,fig. l a . shows th e i nwa r d i n c l i nat ion of the
trabecuhe .
4. PO R I’
I‘
E S E V E R M AN N I , n ew spec ies .
P late LXXX ; P late LXXXI , fig. 2 .
DeveN /Jféo/z of tame— Co r a l l u m fo r m i ng co m p r essed or co l u m n ifo r m lobes,
nodose a rou nd the. base .The cal ices a r e sha l low or supe r fic ia l
,w i th pal i
,except on and nea r t h e su m m i ts
,
r each i ng the l eve l of the uppe r edge of th e wa l l ; ou t l i n es po l ygona l ; d i a m e te r , f ro m1 to m m . Co r a l l i te wal l s ve ry d i st i n ct
,m e m b r an i fo r m
,fo r m i ng na r row r idges
c i r c u m sc r i b i ng the ca l i ces . r ende r ed m o r e p ro m i nen t by the excavat ion of th e d i stalends of the septa .The septa show the typ i ca l poritid b i late r a l i ty : t h e u sual a r r ange m en t is, a soli
ta r y d i r ect i ve , two late r a l pa i r s o n each s ide of th e p l an e of sy m m et r y,and a ven t r al
d i rec t i ve w i th th e late r a l septa fu sed to i t by the i r in ne r edges . The p r i n c i pa l va r iat ion occu r s i n the d i r e ct i ve t r i p l e t . The a r r ange m en t was s tud ied i n 60 cal ices withthe fo l low i ng r esu l t : Cal i ces w i t h five pa l i
,1 ; w i th s i x pal i , 47 ; w i th seve n pa l i , 9;
wi th e ight pa l i , 3 ; that i s , 4 ca l i ces i n 5 h ave s i x pa l i, or on l y one pal u s befo r e the
ven tra l t r i p l e t ; abo u t 1 in 6 has two of t he m e m be r s of t h e t r i p l e t w i t h sepa r atepa l i : and abou t 1 in 20 has pa l i on each m e m be r of tr i pl e t .
,
The pal u s on thedo r sa l d i rect i ve m av be m uch r ed uced in s i ze . Acco r d i ng to th e data given above , 1
BULLET I N 59. UN ITED STATES NAT IONAL MUS EUM .
ca l i ce m (i t) has the pa l us on t h i s septu m supp ressed . Ve r y nea r the wa l l mauv or
m os t of the septa sp l i t,and t he fo r ks are co n t i n ued to t h e. wa l l ; e i the r d i r ect i ve m ay
t r i fu r cate . Ove r t h e po i n t a t wh i ch a septu m sp l i ts i s a den tat io n o r gr an u l a te .The po r t ion of th e septu m be tween th i s ta l l e r gr a n u l at e and the pa l us may bea rone or two m i n u te. gr an u l a t ions , these , howeve r , m ay be absen t , the. po r t ion betwee ni t and the wa l l i s excavated . A c i r c l e o f svnapt icula b i nd the o u te r ends of the l a rgegr an u l a tes togethe r ; a second c i r c le of svnapticu la o ften b i nds t he pa l i toge the r .I n cen te r of th e pa la r c rown i s th e co m p r essed . so l itarv co l u m e l l a r tu be r c l e . The r e
no we l l - deve loped co l u m e l l a tangl e .Local /fies . Oah u
,1 spec imen (type ), W. T . B r igham , co l l ector“
\'Vai k ik i,Oah u
,D r . J. E . D uerden , col lcc tor, ti speci m en s : l ’uk oo , Mo lo ka i . D r .
J. E . Duerden . co l l ecto r .Twat
— Cut . No . 2 1 3 2 7 ,— Tb l5 spec i es i s so en t i r e l y d i s t i n ct f ro m any of the o th e r spec i es of
Pori tes k nown f ro m the Hawai i an Is l ands t hat c r i t i ca l no tes a r e u nn ecessa r y . The r eis a fea tu r e , howeve r t hat dese r ves espec i a l cons i d e r at ion , na m e l y , the bi fu r cat ionof t h e septa n ea r th e wa l l . Th i s cond i t ion sugges ts th e gen us Gon ioj zmw instead ofE ntries : bu t th e b i fu r cat ion , or eve n t r i fu r cat ion , of t h e d i r ect i ves i s notGon ioporoidbasl nga j udg m en t upon Be r na r d ’s r e m a r k s and d iagr a m s in h i s “
(ironiopora M r .Be r na rd has k i nd l y exa m i n ed photogr aphs of t h i s co r al for m e and cons i de r s i t at r ue P or i tes .
The Un i ted States Nat iona l Mu seu m has r eceived th r ough the Ca r negi e I nst itut ion 7 add i t iona l spec i m e ns , co l lected by D r . J. E . Duerden . The ca l i ces of th esespec i m e n s show no notewo r t hy d iffe r en ce f ro m those of the type
,but the r e i s
cons i de r abl e va r i at ion i n fo r m . The co r a l l u m fi r s t fo r m s an i nc r u st i ng base the ngrows upwa r d , beco m i ng va r ious l y lobate . The lobes m ay be m o r e or l ess sepa r ate ,
as i n the type ; thev m a v seconda r i l y fuse and p roduce a glo m e r ate uppe r su r face ; orthe co r a l l u m m av be m ass i v e , i nc r eas i ng in d ia m ete r as i t r i ses above t he base , haver i dges and depressmns dow n i ts s ides , a nd a glo m e r ate uppe r su r face .
5. PO R I T E S PUKO E N S I S , new S pec ies .
P late XC I V ; P late XCV ,figs. 1
,2 .
Co r a l l u m fo r m i ng t h i ck , i r r egu l a r , co m p r essed or subte r ete , nodose co l u m ns ,on wh i ch hu m ps or stu m py p rotube r ances m ay occu r . The co l u m ns r ise f ro m aco m m on base , and a r e m o re or l ess fu sed th roughou t th e i r l engt h , except the f r eep roject i ng ends , or i n so m e i n stan ces th ey are fused both above and be low ,
l eav i ngi n te r m ed i ate ope n spaces . Two v i ew s , natu r a l s i z e of the type spec i m en , show i ng thehab i tus and s i ze of t he co r a l l u m are gi ven on P l ates XC IV ,
XCV . The r e a r e th r eeothe r speci m en s : The l argest i s of nea r l y t h e Sa m e s i ze as the type , th e co l u m ns d i sta l l y d i ve rge m o r e , th ei r e nds a r e t r u ncate , and so m e of the m a r e m o r e co m p r essed .
One of the oth e r spec i m e n s i s you ng, i nc r ust i ng a b r anch of a spec i es of P orites
and se nd i ng up co l u m ns f ro m 24 to m m . i n he ight , tape r i ng to r ou nded or t r u ncate.ends
.Th e fou r t h spec i m e n i s co m posed of seve r a l lobes , tape r i ng to rou nded ends ,
and a tw i sted,t r u ncate p l ate
,a l l r i s i ng f ro m a co m m on base . I t s hows no notab l e.
d i ffe r ence f ro m the t h i r d spec i m en .
“The genus Cat. Madrep . Co ra l s. Br i t . Mus . (Nat. H ist ) . 1 903 , p .
1 96 R ECENT MADR EPO RA R I A or TH E H AWA I I AN I S LAND SAND LAYSAN
Ca l i ces po l ygona l , excavated , rath e r deep , d ia m e te r f r o m to mm . ; separated by e l evated , s i m p l e , pe r fo rate w al l s . Mu ra l d e n t i c l es r at he r ta l l , m i n u te lyf r os ted
,abo u t twi ce as m any to a ca l i ce as th e r e are septa .
The septa usua l l y begin a s l igh t d is tan c e be l ow the uppe r edge o f the wa l l .Be twee n a. pa l us and th e wa l l , t h e r e i s usua l l y a s i ngl e septal t rabecu la , te r m inat i ng abo ve in a septa l granu l e , usua l l y not p r o m i n en t , and s l igh tly detachedf r o m the wa l l . Rough r ad ia l d en t ic l es may be p r esen t on both the m u r al an d septalt rab ecu la‘
.Th e r e is an i n co m p l ete pe r iphe ra l r i ng of synapt i cu l a , no d i stin ct m u r a l
s he l f. S epta l faces f r os ted , often rat h e r denselV and coa r se l y ; i n te r septa l l ocu l i not
not ve r y w ide.f r eque nt ly te nd to be dec id ed l y na r r ow , and m ay appea r c l osed .
Pa l i tal l , s l e nd e r,m o r e o r l ess l ath - l i k e ; t h e fo r m u la co m pl ete ; j o i n ed by a
co m p l e te r i ng of -i .
Co l u m e l la ta l l , a. n a r r ow la m e l la,j o i ned by th i ck r ad i i to t h e i n n e r e nds of t h e
s epta l gr oups .Lem/i tf/. Pukoo , Mo l oka i : two sp ec i m en s co l lected by Dr. J. E . Duerden ; 1 speci
m en, al so co l l ec ted by Do cto r Duerden ,
t he loca l i ty labe l has been lost , bu t i t p r obab lyco m es f r o m the. sa m e l oca l i ty ; 1 spec i m en , r ece i ved f r o m D r . W . T . B r igha m .
Typ f’.
— A l l l el ‘lC:-l n Mu seu m of Natu r a l H i sto r y , New Yo r k .
P aralyp es.
— Un i ted S tates Nationa l Mu seu m and A m e r i can Mu seu m of Natu r alHis to r y .
Benmrk a— Thc ca l i cu la r cha r acte r s of J’. puk oensis a r e p r act i cal l y iden t i ca l w ith
th ose o f P . comp ressa fo r m a rengustisepm. As was r e m a r ked in d i scu ss i ng t he latte rfo r m
,i t i s no t at al l u n l i ke l y t hat they mav be on l y d i ffe r e n t g r owt h fo r m s of the
sa m e spec i es . How e v e r , the spec imens at m y d i sposal fo r s tudy do n ot showi n te rgr adat i on .
P . lobata. fo r m a pmwfcalyw (p . 200) i s a l so c l osely r e l ated . I t fo r m s t h ick e r co lumus , and its ca l i ces a r e s m a l l e r . Th e wa l l s of t h e two a r e s i m i l a r , bu t u sua l ly theya r e ta l le r i n l ’
. lobata fo r m a Ne i th e r of the ex t r e m e cond i tions was seenin t he ca l i ces o f p uk oe asz
'
s. The sep ta l gran u l es of th e l atte r a r e not so tal l andare not so fa r r e m ov ed f r o m the wal l ; the pal i are cons tan t l y p r esen t and the colum e l la tangl e does not beco m e an indefin i te m esh - wo r k .
Th e t h r e e fo r m s , compressa fo r m a angustisepm, P . p ul'
oensz’
s,and P . lobata
fo r m a cons t i tu te a m ost i n te r es ti ng se r i es . I t may be t hat t h ey al l be l ongto the sa m e Spec i e s . S hould they do so , they w i l l show that t h e gr ow th fo rm ofco ral s i s of on l y s l igh t s y ste m at i c i m po r tan ce .
6 . P O R I TE S LO B A T A DanaP late LX X X I , figs. 1
,1 0
,1 b. (Dana’
s type. )1 846 . Porites lobata. DANA , Z ooph . W i l kes Exp]. Exped ,
p . 56 2,p l
. Lv ,fig. 1 .
1 8 150 . Por ites lobata. 1\’I I LNE EDWA RD S and H Am e, H ist . Nat. Coral l . , I I I , p . 1 77 .
Por ites l ie/ten. Qurzt cu (not Dana) , Reef Cora ls, Cha l l enger Rept . , p . 1 8 1 .
1 886 . l ‘orites tenn is Quew n (no t V err i l l ) , Reef Cora ls, Chal lenger Rept . , p . 1 84.
1 887 . I ’
o-r iles [e lm/n. lx
’
A'rri nUN
,P roc . U. 8 . Nat. Mus , X ,
p. 3 136 .
1 905. l ’orilex hmvu
'icns is {er/{a BE RNARD , Por i te s, I ndo - Pacific Region , p . 1 00.
1 905 . Por ites loan-
(urns ix su m BERNAR D,Por i tes
,I ndo - Pacific Region , p . 1 03 , p l . 1 x ,
fig. 9 ; p l . X I I ,fig. 5.
1 903 . I’m‘ites hau'
a iensis octave BERNA RD Por i tes, Judo - Pacific Region , p . 1 05,p l . x
,fig. 2 .
1 98 RE C E NT MADRE I’H KAR I A 0 1“ TH E H AW A I I AN ISLANDS AN D LAY SAN .
L mu./ify.
— ” Sandw i ch Is lands , Dana ; no m o r e d efi n i te data .Twin — (
l
at . No .
R o i/l urk s . Unfo r tu nate l y th e su r face of the spec i m en i s wo r n , an d not al l of t h edes i r ed ca l i cu la r d e ta i l s cou l d be asce r tai n ed . Th e ou te r end s of th e septa are n a r r ownea r th e b ase , the septa l granu l es are d e tach ed f r om th e wa l l and sepa r ated f r o m itb y a sinus o n th e septa l m a rg i n . Th e r e i s n o oth e r spec i m e n i n th e Nat i onal col l ect ioncoi n c i d i ng i n ch aracte r s w i th th is on e .Th e type - spec i m e n is not cen t ra l bu t pe r i ph e ral . I have subd i v id ed the spec i es
i n to s i x fo l ’
l l l zt t l th e fi r s t i s P . Job/[ ta (typ i ca l ) r ep r ese n ted by the type , and a few othe rsp ec i m e ns in th e An n-wiean Muse u m of Natu ra l H i s to r y ; the o the r s a r e des ignatedfo r m a Mue/Tl . infi/ndflml e/m ,
cemf'zwl is, and «p erm. Fo r m a central is is
furtherdiv idedinto subfornne : aZp /La , beta , g/(mnma epsi lon Fo r m a cent ral is subfo r m a mum /1a i s the m os t ge n e ra l i z ed of the subd i v i s i o ns (see P l ate LXXXIV , fig. 2
PO R I T E S LO B A TA for m a L ACE R A n ew .
P late IJXX X I I , fig. 1 ; P late LXX X I I I , fig. 1 a .
Two sp eci m en s are descri lwd i n co n s id e rab l e d e tai l ; t h e fi r s t is figu r ed .
Co ra l l u m co m posed of asce nd i ng co l u m n s d i s ta l ly gi v i ng r i se by d ivis io n toidditional co l u m ns . P late LXXXI I
,fig. 1
,r ep r esen ts a spec i m e n natu ra l s i ze
,and
gi v es a co r r ect i d ea of i ts s i ze and m ode of gr owth . The base i s n ot p r ese r ved .
The ca l i ces are excavated , of m od e rate d epth , f r o m 1 to m m . i n d ia m ete r,
u sua l l y abo u t Th e wal l s a r e t h i n w i th rathe r w i de , t r u n cated , r ough m u ra ld e n tic l es , whose cha r acte r i s such that th e wa l l appea r s flat topped ; th i s , howeve r ,i s o n l y an appea rance .
Normal lv each s eptu m has b etwee n th e pa l us and the wa l l o ne t r abecu l a , wh ichcon t i n ues upwa r d i n to a ta l l , often s l end e r , r ough g ranu l e , detach ed f r o m th e wa l l .I n so m e i nstances th e wid en ed m ura l d e n t i c l e m ay fuse w i t h t he gran u l e . The septa lt rabecu lae are j o i n ed by a m o r e o r l ess co m p l ete r i ng of pe r iphe r a l l y placed synapt i cu la , usua l l y d e tached f r o m the wa l l
,bu t i n so m e i n stan ces fused to i t. The
septa l granu l e stands abo ve o r on th e i n n e r edge of the sy napt i cu l a r r i ng. Inso m e i n stan c es th e r e i s a p r ocess above and anothe r o n the i n ne r edge ; t h e twop r ocesses h o w eve r , see m to a r i se f r o m on e t rabecu la . Th e sep ta l faces a r e r ough lyand coa r se l y gran u lated ; th e i n te r septa l l ocu l i d ec ided l y na r r ow .
Th e pa l i are ta l l and r o ugh , th i cke r be fo r e th e l ate r a l pa i r s fo r m u l a co m p l ete ;bou nd toge th e r by th i c k sy napt icu la.
The colu m e l la i s a na r r ow la m el la,r i s i ng f r o m a p l a tfo r m above w h ich the pal i
s tand . Th e pa l a r sy napt i cu l a , t h e r ad ia l con nect i on s of the co l u m e l la to “th e septa,
and t h e co l u m e l lar la m e l la are so intimatc lv fused that th e y fo r m an a l m ost so l idW is .
The su m m i t s of the co l u m n s are m o r e spongy i n app ea rance th an th e s i des .Th e a r range m en t o f th e - ske l etal e l e m en ts
,how eve r
,i s p r ec i se l y as that a l r eady
d esc r i bed . The st r u ctu r e of t h e su m m i ts i s i d en t i ca l w i t h that of th e su m m i ts inth e tvpe o f M am. Th e c al i ces n \ar th e. l owe r edge of the l i v i ng po r t i on usua l l yhav e t w o d e nt i c l es b e twe e n a pa l us and the w a l l
,so m e t i m es on e o r t h r e e
.Appa r en t ly
,
howe v e r , the r e is onl v one s epta l t rabecu la . Th ese ca l i ces a r e d eepe r than in P .
lobata . type .
BULLET IN 59. UN ITED STATES NAT I ONA L MUS EUM . 1 99
D escrip /v’
xm (gf'
secun (l symcimen co m posed o f thie k p l ates . f us i ng b y t h e i redges i n to se r i es a n d a lso f used l a te ra l l y . uppe r edges ob t use l y r ou n d ed o r fla tte n ed .
O n e p l a te i s 413 m m . w i de by 2 4) th i ck : a n o the r . 6 2-3 w ide bv 2 11 th ic k : j ust be low ther o u n ded su m m i t 1 3 th ic k . The f ree. po rt io n o f th e pla tes v a r i es f ro m 1 3 to nun .
i n l e n gth . S eco n da r y lobe s appea r o n both th e ou te r edges a nd ou te r flat su rfa ce s o fth e p l a tes . The base o f the co ra l l u m unfortunate lv i s no t p r e . crved. The g rowt husua l l y is et‘
mt inuous ; the r e a r e . howe v e r . i n s ta n ces o f y ou nge r . l i v i ng la y e rs i n crus ti ng o lde r dead port io n s of the co ra l l u m .
Th e ‘a l i ces a re deep o r sha l l ow . lm lygo na l i n out l i n e . f ro m 1 to m m . i nd i a m e te r , usual lv aho ut t he y a re ra the r s m a l l . sepa ra ted bv th i n wa l l s. w hos em a rg i n s a r e usua l l y e l e 'a ted a n d m o re o r l es s ragged . Th e mura l de n t ic les a r ef rag i l e a n d i r r egu la r i n shap a n d de v e lop m e n t .The septa v a r y m uch i n t h i ck n ess : t h e y m a y be frag i l e o r may he eonmarat ive lv
th i ck . Th e. interseptz-tl loc u l i v a r y acco rd i n g l y i n w id th . the i r ou t l i n es re n d e r ed i r r egu l a r bv the s m a l l an d c rowded f r ost i ngs of th e septa l faces . Ea c h sept u m typi
~a l l y possesses a s i n g le t rabec u l a betwee n t he pa l us a n d t he wa l l . Th e s epta l g ra n u l eusual lv i s de tached f ro m t h e wa l l : W h i l e t he ou te r po r t io n o f th e sept u m i s a r idge n ea rth e u ppe r edge o f the wa l l . bu t i n so m e i n sta n ces i t may be. w ide a n d co n n ect b y apl ate w i t h th e. sep ta l g ra n u l e . Th e sep ta l trabecuhe. a re bou n d toge the r by a r i n g ofsvnapt icula tha t may be m o r e o r less f used t o th e wa l l . o r de tached f ro m i t , p roduc i n g.
w he n t he l at te r co n d i t io n p re v a i l s , a trimurate appea ra n ce .T he pa la r fo r m u l a uormal lv i s e i the r co m p l ete o r w i thout a pa l us on th e v e n t r a l
d i r ec t i v e . The pa l i a r e s l e n de r , usua l l y r a the r ta l l . r ou n ded abo v e . a n d coarselv
g r an u l a te.fo r t he i r s i z e ; bound toge th e r b y a r i n g of s y n apt i cu l a .
Th e co l u m e l l a is a de l i ca te . n a r r ow la m e l l a , r i s i ng f ro m th e bot to m o f adep ress io n
,a r ou n d wh i ch the pa l i sta n d . I t i s co n n ected b y r ad i i w i th the sep ta l
g r oups .The p la te su m m its co n s i s t o f a v es ic u la r recticulmn i n wh i c h th e sk e le ta l
e l e m e n ts do n o t show th e defi n i te difi'
eren tiation a nd a r ra n ge m e n t t ha t thev do o nt he s ides o f the co ra l l u m .
Local vfty.
— I(aliai ia,Oah u ; r ece i v ed f ro m D r. W. T . B r i gha m : Wa i k i k i . Oah u .
J. E . Duerden,co l l ec to r .
Typ e— Ca t . No . 2 2 259
.
Paratyp e— t
‘
at. No .
R emark a — l n g r ow th fo r m a n d i n its septa l a r ra n ge m e n t a n d pa la r fo r m u l a.
th ese spec i m e n s r ese m b l e t y p ica l P . l ube/u . the y d i ffe r . howe v e r . i n the rough a spec to f the su r face a n d in t he w ide r uppe r e n ds o f the septa . wh ieh may gi v e the uppe redge o f t h e wa l l a t ru n ca te appea ra n ce . O the r spec i m e n s show i n te rg rada t io n w i tht he t y pe fo r m o f t h e. spec ies .
PO R I T E S L O B A T A for m a I N FUN D I B U LUM. n ew .
l -‘Ia l e LXXX I I,
fig . to : P l a te fig . 1 .
The fo l l ow i n g descri pt io n i s based o n a spec i m e n b roke n f r o m th e outs ide o f aco r a l l u m .
Co ra l l u m co m posed o f asce n d i ng t h i ck co l u m n s o r co l u m n i fo r m lobes. w i t h g lo m
erate s ides a n d fla t te n ed tops . P l a te LXXX II I.
fig . 1 . rep r ese n t s t he ou ts ide o f the
900 anc eur MADR E PH RAR l A on TH E HAW A I I AN I SL A NDS AN D LAYS AN .
spec i m e n n a tu ra l s i z e, and g i v es bo th i ts s i z e a n d m ode o f g r owth . On the o th e r s ide,
o r i n s ide.the t r ee po r t io n i s o n l y abou t 3 7 m m . i n h e i gh t . The t i ssues a r e co n t i n u
o us i n g rowth.w i thou t i n d i ca t io n of supe r i m p osed la y e r s .
Ca l i ces po l ygo n a l . sxcavated.o f m ode r ate d epth
.f r om to 2 m m . i n d i a m e
te r.i s p robab l y th e a v e r age ; co m pared to those of t he o th e r c l ose l y r e la ted fo r m s
they are l a rge ; t he ca l icu la r m a rg i n s sha r p edged . Th e wa l l s r ea l l y a r e r a the rth i ck .a n d a r e Co m pac t fo r Pori tes. bu t the ou te r e n d s o f th e sep ta a r e n a r r ow a n d
the m a rg i n s s l ope to th e pa l i . Th e edges o f t h e wa l l s a r e beaded b y o n l y m ode r a te l yp ro m i n e n t de n t ic l es .The s lop i n g m a rgi n s o f the sep ta ha v e bee n n o ted ; be twee n a pa l u s a n d the
wa l l a re usua l l y two o r th r ee. a n d so m e t i m es four. r at he r ob t use de n t ic l es . A l o n g itudina l se c t io n . howe v e r . show s t ha t t he r e i s o n l y o n e septa l t r abecu la ; o n e o r twop r oce sses fro m th i s t rabecu l a may p rod uce de n ta t io n s a n d the sa m e m a y occu r o nth e m u ra l t r abecu l a . I n t he u n da m aged ca l i ces a pe r ip he r a l z o n e o f s y n ap t i cu l a ca nbe i nd i s t i n ct l y d is t i n gu ished ; w he n the ca l i ces h a v e had the i r wa l l s b r ok e n dow n . ac l ea r l y d e v e loped r i n g of pe r i phe r a l s y n ap t i c u la. sepa r a ted b y i n te r spaces f ro m thewa l l
.i s see n . The septa l faces a r e s l igh t ly r ough ; i n te r septa l locu l i n a r r ow .
The pa l i p r ese n t as s l i gh t.r a t he r l ow th ick e n i n gs o n t h e i n n e r e n d s o f t h e septa ;
thev are n o t p ro m i n e n t ; the fo r m u l a i s co m p l e te. a n d t he y a r e u n i ted b y a pa l a rr i ng o f s y n apt i c u l a .The co l u m e l l a is a low - co m p r essed st y l e
.s i tua ted i n a p i t su r ro u n ded b y the
i n n e r edges o f t he pa l i ; i t i s jo i n ed b y r ad i i to the septa . a n d th e wh o l e co l u m e l lata n g l e i s a l m os t co m pac t .Th e su m m i t ca l i ces sh ow n o n o tewo r t h y d i ffe re n ce f r o m t hose of the s i des
,
except t he i r v a l l s a r e n o t so e l e v ated,caus i n g a flat te n i n g betwee n th e ca l i c u la r
ca v i t ies . Th e ca l i ces n ea r th e lowe r edge o f th e l i v i n g po r t io n p r esen t n o spec ia lpec u l i a r i t ies .
Local ities.
— Kaha n a.Oah u . r ecei v ed f ro m Dr. W. T . B r igha m ; \Vai k i k i , Oahu.l . E . Duerden. co l lec to r .
Z ia/[Ma— Cat. NO . 22 243.
[ team -
f irs. t h e appa r e n t d i s t i n c t i v e d iffe r e n ces be twee n th isfo r m a a nd fo r m a lacem . i n te r m ed ia te speci m e n s ex i s t. th e two fo r m ae g r ad i n g in toeac h o the r : i t a l so passes i n to th e t y p i ca l fo r m o f th e spec i es .
PO R I T E S L O B A TA for m a PA R V I CA LYX.n e w .
Th e co ra l lu m i s co m posed o f co n n ec ted,asce n d i n g
.co m p r essed
,dat - topped lobes .
The t y pe co n s is ts of two lobes,w i th u n dula tio n s a n d lo n g i t u d i n a l r idges o n the i r
su rfaces . Th e spec i m e n has bee n b r oke n f r o m a l a r ge r m ass a n d does n o t show thebase . He i gh t , 1 08 m m . ; g r ea tes t w id th . 99 m m . ; w id t h of w ide r lobe. 74: m m . ;
w idth o f n a r r owe r lobe . 7 1 m m . Th e w ide r l obe has a f r ee end 1 3 m m . ta l l . theo the r has none .
Ca l i ces po l y go n a l . deep . s m a l l . us ual l v 1 m m .;o r m a y be so m ew ha t l ess in d ia m
ete r. s epa rated b y ta l l wa l l s . The succeed i ng de sc r ip t io n i s based upo n so m e o f thel a te ra l ca l i ces a n d pa r t i c u l a r l y so m e o f those n ea r th e lowe r l i m i t o f th e l i v i n g po rt io n . as t hese show the. sk e l e ta l e lements i n th e i r m os t. de v e l oped co n d i t io n
.
909 RncE Nr MADR ICPOR AR I A or TH E H AWA I IAN I SLANDS A ND LAY SAN .
types o f cora l l u m . wh i ch w i l l be desc r i bed la te r . Th e u ppe r su r face va r i e s i n co nfo r m a t io n : i t may be, p l an e o r manim il late . I n subseque n t g r ow th s uccess i v e la y e r sw i th f r ee o r c lose l y app l i ed b u t d i s t i n c t edges a r e fo r m ed o n e abo v e a n o th e r ; theg row th
.howe v e r . ap pea r s to be co n t i n uous i n the ce n t ra l po r t io n . I f t he l i v i n g edge
be n ds dmvm 'ard.th e base i s rou n ded towa r d i ts ce n te r . b u t th e success i v e g r owth
[a v e r s a r e i nd i ca ted ; if th e l i v i n g edge i s cu r v ed upwa r d o r i s s ubh o r i z o n ta l . t h e baseshows co n ce n tr i c r i m s. o r t h e co ra l l u m has co l la r s o n e abo v e a n o th e r . Th e co ral l u mi n th e la ters tages o f grow th m a y be a m ass w i th a r ou n ded o r flattish uppe r su r face.a head w i th deep loba t io n s
.a m ass w i th a m a m m i l l ate o r h u m p y uppe r su r face. o r
t he surface m a v be s tudded w i t h s tu m py protu l_ )erances.
The ca l i ces a r e po l y go n a l.f ro m 1 to 2 m m . i n d ia m e te r . a v e r age abou t
usua l lv deep. sepa ra ted bv ta l l . s t r a i gh t. wa l ls o r b y d i s t i n c t wa l l r i dge s . w i t h de nta te uppe r edges .Th e sept a a r e n a r row abo v e ; th e r e is o n e septal t r abe cu l a be twee n a pal us a n d
the wa l l.w i th th e septa l g r a n u l e v a r i a b l e in de v e lop m e n t. usua l l y n o t spec ia l l y
p ro m i n e n t : whe n d i s t i n c t i t is detac hed f ro m th e wa l l . A l tho ugh th e g r a n u l e m a ybe i n d i s t i n c t
.p rocesses f ro m t he septal a n d m u ra l trabeeu lae m a y cause se v e r a l d e n
tat ions to appea r o n a septa l marg i n . The r e is e i th e r a co m p l e te o r a n i n co m p l eter i ng o f pe r iphe ra l s y n apt i cu la
.usua l l y de tach ed f r o m th e w a l l . Wh e n the r i n g is
co m p l e te the wa l l f r eque n t l y has a trimurate appea ra n ce . S ep ta l faces g r a n u late ;i n te r sep ta l locu l i ope n
.b u t of te n n a r row .
The pa l i v a r y i n fo r m.l a th - l ike o r r ou n ded ; t he fo r m u l a i s f r eq ue n t l y o r usua l l y
comp lete ; whe n n ot co m pl e te. of te n es t supp r essed o n o n e o r m o r e m embe r s o f thet r ip l e t . l ess of te n o n th e do r sa l d i r ect i v e . Th e i n n e r e n ds o f t he t r i p l e t , w he n w i thou t pal i . st i l l r e m a i n sepa r ate f ro m o n e a n o th e r . t ha t is. t h e y do n o t m e e t a n d f use i nth e ape x of a n a n g l e . A pal a r r i n g o f s y n apt i c u la is p r ese n t
.a n d u sua l l y co m p l e te
The co l u m e l l a i s r a th e r co n sta n t l y a n a r r ow ax ia l la m e l la.so m e t i m es a n axia l
pap i l l a , ra re l y a bse n t ._
I t is jo i n ed b y rad i i to th e i n n e r e n ds o f t h e sep ta ; th e co l um e l l a ta n g l e. co m posed of th e ax i a l l a m e l la o r papi l la a n d t h e r ad i i f r o m i t . is loosei n s t r uc t u r e o r r ath e r co m pact .
PO R I T E S L O B A T A for m a C EN T RA L I S subform a ALP H A,n e w .
P l a te LXXX I I I , figs . 2,2a ; P la te LXXX I V . figs. 1 . l a ,
Co r a l l u m a t fi r s t th i n . exp l a n a te . i n c r us t i n g o r f ree . w i t h a inammil late o r h u m p yuppe r su r face ; la te r so m e of the mamm i l lee o r h u m ps m a y g r ow upwa r d a n d fo r masce n d i ng lobes o r c res ts .The pe r iphe r a l r i ng o f svnapticula i s i n co m p l e te ; th e pa l i . co m p r essed .
L eah-
(j igs .
— Kaha n a . Oah u . W. T . B r igha m ; Pu koo. Mo loka i .W. T . B r igha m ..l . E . D uerden .
Nos . 2 2 241 . 92 22-1 2.
P OR I’
I‘
E S L O B A T A for m a C E N T R A L I S sub forma B E T A , n e w .'
_ l hc edge of the l i v i ng l a y e r is be n t u n de r a n d c reep s o v e r a po r tio n o f th e base ;the uppe r su rface of the co ra l l u m i s i r r egu l a r l y do m ed a n d humpv.
o oo o oThe pe r i phe ra l r i n g of s y n ap ti cu l a is us ua l l y i n co m p l e te : pa l i , co m p r essed .
BULLET I N 55-1 . UN ITED STATE S NAT IONAL M l'
S EUM .
Th e i tin -igu larly do m ed hnmpy uppe r s u r fa ce a n d th e do w n be n d i ng o f t he l i v i n gedge sepa ra te subforma [mmf ro m subfo rma a il /lat .
Local it ies . Oah u . .l'
. lC. Duerden . co l l ecto r : Kah a n a.Oah u
,W'
. T .
B r igh a m .
Typ e. No . 2 1 192 7 .
PO R I T E S L O B A T A for m a CE N TR AL I S .sub form a GA MM A . n ew .
I ’l a te m xx i v,
fig . 0
1 886 . I ’Orites tenn is Q UBLL‘
H,p art (no t Verr i l l ) , Ree f ( fo ra ls, Cha l lenger l tepts .
,p . 1 84.
1 905. Por ites Imwui ensis octane Bmcxauo ,Por i tes .l ndo - l
’ac i l ic Reg ion
,p . 1 1 15
, p l . x ,fig
. 2 .
The u ppe r s u r face o f the co ra l l u m i s r o u n ded o r tlattish.m o r e, o r l ess u n d u la te.
bu t w i thout lnunps .
The pe r iphe ra l r i ng o f s y n apt i c u la i s usua l l y co m p l e te . t h e wa l l ri s i n g as abeaded r idge abo v e a n d betwee n t h e r i ngs . S ubformze gamma
. del ta.a n d ep s i lon
d i ffe r f ro m each o the r ch i efly i n t h e co n figu r at io n o f th e. uppe r surfatJe o f theco ra l l u m .
Th e fo l low i ng i s a so m ewhat deta i led desc r i pt io n of the spec i m e n figu r ed.
P l a te LXXXIV. figu re 2 :Co r a l l u m a t tach ed . edges ep i th eca te. rou n ded abo v e . uppe r su r face u n du la te .
Grea te r distanc z ac ross . 57 m m . ; l esse r . 52 m m . ; t h ic k n ess . 3 7 m m .
Ca l i ces moderatelv deep.po l y go n a l . d i a m ete r fro m O 9 to m m a n a v e ‘age o f
di’ ca l i ce s was m m . ; o f the 47 m e : su red . 2 2 had a d i a m e te r o f o r m m . I nt he dep r ess io n s o n th e su r face. t h e y a r e s m a l le r o r e v e n l ess . to L 1 m m . i n d i a m ete r : o n t he e l e v a ted po r t io n s of the su r face th e y are. la rge r to m m . in d i a m e te r ;w i t h occas io n a l l y o n e as m uc h as m m . i n d i a m e te r . The co ra l l i te wa l l s are, e l e v a ted
.
pe r fo ra te. a n d usua l l y th i n ; t he r e i s . howe v e r . f r eq ue n t t h ick e n i ng i n t h e co r n e rs o ft he ca l i ces . These th i cke n ed a n d o f te n e l e v ate d a r eas co n s t i tu te a s t r ik i ng cha rac te r .Verv n ea r th e wa l l the r e i s a ri ng o f s y n apt icu l a and the septa a r e pe r i phe ra l l yso m ewha t th i ckened .
Th e sep ta l a r r a n ge m en t i s as a l r ead y desc r i bed .
Lace/fl ies .
—Pukoo . Mo l oka i . depth 3 to 6 fee t . r ece i v ed “f ro m \ 'V. T . B r i gha m ;Waik i k i a n d Ka n eohe . Oah u. Dr. J. E . Duerden . co l l ec t o r .
I ii/pea— Cat . No . 2 1 6 2 6 .
Be r n a rd has r edesc r i bed i n deta i l t h e spec i m e n r efe r r ed b y Que l c h to tenn is
Ve r r i l l u nde r th e des ig n at io n o f P orites o ctm w. I t i s he re p l aced in su bfo r m a gamma . Th e fo l l ow i ng i s Be r n a rd ’s desc r ipt io nTh e cora l lu m c lose lv i ncrusts st ones w i th a layer about 5 m m . t h ic k . Success i v e layers o f t he
sa m e t h ic k ness co v er one anot her, an dcan be. sca le doff. E d ges c lose l y a dheren t .The ca l ic les are su p erfi c ia l , p o lygona l , an d n n n . across i t tak en fro m m e d ia n r i d ge to m e d ianr i d ge
,but roun d a n d m m . i f t he c i rcu m ference of th e i n terse p ta l locu l i is t h e. p eri p her y o f t he
ca l ic le. The w a l l h as a low fros te d or fine lv t oot he d m e d ian r i d ge . a n d a fiak yshe lfon each s i d e of it.H ere an d t here t h e sh e l f is v ery p orous . an d the w a l l a p p ea rs to be re t i cu lar. The ro w s of t he p oresare so m e t i m es n ear ly regu la r enough to suggest th e trimurate con d i t ion . (S ee I n tro d uc t ion , p .Th e se p ta are sy m m e t rica l . but s l ight ly roughened . an d se p ta l gra nu les a p p ear a t the e d ges of t h e tlak vsh e l f . Th e i n te rse p ta l locu l i are. conspiCuo us an do p en . The p a l i for m a n ea t r i ng . a n d are frequen t lyco m p l e te . Th e co lu m e l lar tn l'icrc le is granu lar an d s m a l ler t han the p r i nc i pa l pa l i a n d s l igh t ly be lo wthe i r le v e l . I tse l f se l d o m fl a t tene d , i t. may frequen t ly be seen t o r ise fro m a d i rec t i v e l a m e l l a run n i ngacross th e w ho l e ca l ic l e .
2 04 asc enr MAD RE I’ORAR I A or TH E H AWA I I A N I SLA NDS AND LAY S AN .
Th iscora l fro m I Ionq iu i s re p resen te d by a s p i r i t s p ec i m en an d a c leane d frag m en t w h ich has
been sca l e d off th e l i v i ng l ayer. The gro w t h for m is p ecu l iar an d d eser ves se p ara te d escr i p t ion .[Fro m t h e ot her I- l o no lu lan I
'oril cs i t d iffers no t on l y i n m et ho d o f gro w t h , but i n its ca l icle for m ation .
Th ere are no h igh m e m branous w a l ls, and t h e pa l i are. cons p icuous. But,on the o ther h an d , i t may
he note d t ha t the th i n s k ele ta l e le m en ts , t h e Upt 'l l i n terse p ta l locu l i , an d t h eir svmmetrical se p talfor m u la
,is co m m on to a l l theSe I iono lu lan cora ls .
The absence ofh igh w a l ls i n th i s s p ec i m en may be an a d a p tation to a d etache d l i fe (c f . P . ceylon
As the. gro w t h i s a l l on one s i d e , h o w e v er, th e st ock , w hen co l l ec te d , a p p ears to h a v e beensta t ionar y .
Mr. Que l ch i d en t i fie d th is town w i t h P . tenn is V err i l l . But P . tenn is was g lo m era te, whereas t h is,for m i n
g.r a roun d e d m ass fro m i n crus t i ng a roun ds tone , i s rea l ly i ncrust i ng . The fact th a t layer co v ers
la y er w i t h discon t inuous gro w t hs se p ara tes t h i s fro m t rue g lo m era te for m s, in w h ich the cora l lu mthic k ens con t i nuously.
The rest. of Doc tor Verril l ’s d escri p t ion is so genera l t h a t i t m igh t a p p ly toa l m os t anv m e m ber o f t h e genus.
PO R I T E S LO B A T A forma CE N T R A L I S subforma D E L TA , n ew .
P la te LXXX I I , fi g . 2 ; P la te LXXXV , fig . 1 .
Uppe r s u rface w i th l obes a n d m a m m i l l i fo r m e l e v a t io n s , i n t h is r espec t d i ffe r i n gf ro m subforma yawn/m,
o th e r w ise the y a r e v e r y s i m i la r .The fo l low i n g desc r ipt io n i s based o n th e figu r ed spec i m e nCo r a l l u m a h ead - shaped m ass
,1 37 m m . tal l ; g r ea te r d iame te r , 1 32 m m . ; l esse r ,
1 30 . Uppe r su r face g lo m e r ate . w i th se v e r a l deep loba t io n s . Th e u n d ers i d e of theco r a l l u m show s success i v e g row th l a v e r s
,th e edge of each o n e ep i t h eca te .
Ca l i ces po l y go n al,f r o m s l igh t l y l ess tha n m m . to “2 m m . i n d ia m e te r
,except
i n th e bot to m s o f th e dep r ess io n s whe re the y m a y he o n l y 1 m m . Ca l i cu la r ca v i t iesdeep
,the septa n a r r ow abo v e a n d fa l l i n g ab r up t l y to th e bo t to m . Wa l ls d is t i n ct
,
th i n . s t r a i gh t .S ep ta as i n th e genera l desc r i p tio n of the speci es . Th e pe r iphe r a l r i n g of
sy n apt icu l a co n s tan t l y p r ese n t , b u t m a y n o t a l ways be see n u n l ess th e wal ls beb roke n dow n . Pa l i ta l l
.sle n de r de l i ca te
,m i n u te l y sp i n u l o se ; fo r m u l a usua l l y co m
p lete. fol umel la a n d co l u m e l la ta n g l e as a lread y desc r i bed .
Th i s fo r m a i s r ep r ese n ted b y two o th e r spec i m e n s . One o f t he m shows n oi n d i cat io n o f a ttach m e n t o n the base
,wh ich fla r es up
,a n d u n de r n ea th sh ow s b y r i m s
success i v e g r ow th s tages . I n the o th e r spec i m e n s t h e g r ow th has bee n mos t l yupwa r d
,l ea v i ng success i v e co l l a r s be l ow .
The wa l l s i n th e spec i m e n figu r ed a r e re l a t i v e l y ta l l e r t ha n in t h e o th e r spec im e n s . I n th e. la tte r ‘the pe r iphe r a l r i n g o f sy n ap t i cu l a r eac h es h igh e r up i n theca l ices a n d te n ds to p r od uce a n i n t ra m u r a l she l f . The ca l i ces o f th e figu r ed spec im e n , howe v e r , a r e pa r t i c u la r l y i n te r es t i n g as the y co n n ec t t hose o f th e unfiguredspec i m e n w i th those of subforma (Mp/m. (S ee P la te LXXX I I , fig .
Subt’
orma del i /o is v e r y s l igh t l y (l iti 'erent f r o m fo r m a ep si lon . h e ditference i nth e upper su rface w i l l be b ro ugh t ou t i n the
_
description o f th e l a tte r . Th e m a i ndifi
'
erence co n s is ts i n t h e pa l i,w h ic h a r e l ess de v e loped a n d m o r e r ou n ded i n
subforma epsilon .
740 00 t ales — Reefs a t Kau n ak aka i, Mo l oka i . A lbatross, 1 902 ; VV
ai k i k i andKa n eoheOah u . Pu koo , Mo loka i , Dr. J. E . Duerden ; o n e spec i m e n f r o m Dr. W”
. T . B r igha mloca l i t y l a be l l os t .
F i gu red spe c i m e n,Ca t . N o .Till/h ”
.
2 06 R ECE NT MADRE PORA R I A OF TH E H A WA I I AN ISLAN DS A ND LAY SAN .
f u r rows. gi bbos i t ies , and lobes ; on the u ppe r s u r face th'i ck , obt u se l y r ounded c restsand l obes . The c res ts are f r om 1 1 ) to 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 . th i ck ; max imum heigh t 1 6 mm. ; the
t h i ckest lobe has a d i amete r of 2 3 mm . ; he i ght 2 0 mm . The base of the Spec imeni s dead and was pa r t ofan o l de r co r a l l um ; between the b roken - off p iece of the deadco ra l l u m and the l i v i ng po r t ion i s a cons t r ic t ion . Tota l heigh t , i nc l ud ing dead base,1 1 5 mm max im um depth of l i v ing po r t ion , mm . ; g reate r d i amete r i n constrict ion
,65 mm . ; lesse r , .43 ; g reatest d i amete r above the const r i c t i on , 99 mm.
, lesse r ,8 1 mm .
Cal i ces po l ygona l , excavated . and mode r ate l y deep . D i amete r f r om 1 mm. to2 mm . M u ch sma l le r in the concav i t ies ; l a r ge r on the convex i ties , w he re theyn erage abo u t mm. Sepa r ated by r athe r t h i n , somewhat e levated , pe r fo r atedwal l s
,on whose s umm i ts are abo u t twice as many f r os ted mu r a l den t i c les as the re
are septa to a ca l i ce.
Septa w i th th e i n ne r ends of the t r i p let not f u sed togethe r . Pa l a r fo rm u la comp lete . Between a pains and the wa l l u s u a l l y two f rosted g r an u les , somet imes on lyone . l ’a l i no t ve r y ta l l or t hick , f rosted . Two synaptic u la r r i ngs
,the o u te r r at he r
th i ck and mo r e or less connected w i th the wal l ; the i n ne r j o i n ing the pa l i . A septalg ran u le i s u s u a l ly e i t he r above or j u s t i n te r io r to the o u te r r ing ; t he r efo r e, the re i sa mo r e or less d is t inct m u r a l s he l f . The septa are r athe r t h i ck
,w i th f r osted sides ;
i nte r septa l loc u l i a lmost c losed .
Co l ume l la a de l i cate,comp r essed , f rosted t u be r c le, s i t u ated in a p i t , s u r ro u nded
by the pe r pend i c u l a r i nne r edges of the pa l i , jo i ned to the inne r ends of the septa lg ro u ps by r ad i i .
Local i ty.
—'
Ka1 i eohe , Oah u , P r of . J. E . Duerden,co l lecto r .
P O R I T E S L OB A T A fo rm a A P E R T A,n ew .
Th ree spec imens of th i s fo rma are desc r i bed : two f rom Pu koo,Mo l okai
,
rece i ved f rom D r . W. T . B r i gham,and one f rom Waik i k i
,Oah u
,co l lected by
P rof . J. E . Duerden . One of the spec imens f r om P u koo i s yo u ng and s hows theea r ly mode of g rowth ; the othe r p r obab l y r ep r esen ts the ad u l t cond i t i o n ; t hey w i l lbe u sed as cotypes .
The co r a l lum of the yo u nge r spec imen i s composed of s u ccess i ve caps,one above
anothe r , - in contact or con t i n u o u s in g rowth in the cen t r a l po r t i on,b u t aro u n d the
edges they are d istant and have the l owe r s u r faces i nvested by ep i theca,n u l l i po res
,
etc . The l aye r s are not th i ck,abo u t 5 mm .
,t h inne r 0 11 the ma r g ins . G r eate r d i am
ete r of base, 97 1 1 1 11 1 lesse r,79; he i gh t , 59. The u ppe r su r face is t h r own i nto
i r r eg u l a r , th i ck h umps of va r io u s s i zes , the ta l les t abo u t 2 1 mm . The othe r spec imen i s a th i ck l obe , w i t h a co r r oded base , ev i den t l y de r i ved f r om the o u tside of aco r a l l um . G r eate r t r ansve r se d iamete r
,97 mm . ; lesse r , nea r base, 50 l i im. O u t
s ide w i th se v e ra l deep , long i t u d i na l dep ress i ons , and i nte r ven i ng ta l l , r o u n ded r i dges ;s umm i t t r u ncate. The ca l i c u l a r s t r u ct u re of both t hese spec imens i s the same
,and
l
the second co u l d be de r i ved f rom the fi r s t by the u pwa r d g r ow th of one of the l a r ge rnunps .
l l1 e remamder of the desc r i p t i on w i l l be based 0 1 1 the second spec imen .
BULLET I N UN ITED S TATE S NAT I ONAL M US EUM .
The ca l i ces are deep,f rom 1 mm . in d iamete r in the dep ress ions to 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 . on the
e levat ions , usual lv 11 1 1 1 1 . or s l igh t l ymo re . Sepa rated by ta l l , s t r a igh t wal l s . The
m u r a l dent i c les are r a the r coa r se, and mode r ate l y reg u l a r in s i ze.
The u ppe r po r t ions of the septa l ma rg i ns are u s u a l l y na r row,fo rm ing r idges
a l ong"the s i des o f the wa l l s , or somet imes obso lete . Between the pa la r ends of thesepta and the wa l l the re i s one t r abec u l a . F req u ent ly the r e i s no d i st i nc t septa l g ranu le ; one , howeve r , i s somet imes p r esent as a th i ckened too th
,deta ched f rom the wa l l .
As a r u le a few dent i c les , p rocesses f rom the trabeculre,occ u r on the septa l ma rg i ns .
A pe r i phe r a l r ing of synapt i cu l a i s usual lv i nd icated , b u t i t i s ve r y ra r e l y evenapp rox imate l y comp lete. The septa l faces are a lmo s t w i tho u t g r an u l at ions and present a st r i k i ng l y smoo th appea r ance. I nte r septa l loc u l i open . The septa l a r r angemen t i s
,do r sa l d i r ect i v e
,fo u r l ate r a l pa i r s
,f u sed in pa i r s by t he i r inne r ends . and a
d i r ec t i v e t r i p let . i ts membe r s not f u sed to one anothe r . The pa l i are poo r l y deve loped , the fo rm u la i s r a re l y comp lete ,
a l tho u gh the septa l a r rangemen t i s in acco r dw i th i ts be i ng comp lete . They are bette r de v e loped on the ends of the pa i r s . andare of ten s u pp ressed 0 1 1 the do r sa l d i rec t i ve and on one or mo r e membe r s of thet r i p let . The i nne r ends of the septa j o i ned by a r i ng of synapt i c u la.
The co l ume l l a i s a na r row . t h i n l ame l la,jo ined to the inne r ends of the septa .
The co l ume l l a tangle,open and loose.
The spec imen f r omWa i k i k i s hows no d i ffe rences of impo r tance f r om the secondone f r om P u koo .
Locah’
tées. P u koo,Mo loka i
,2 spec imens r eceived f r om D r . W. T. B r igham
“rai k ik i, Oah u , 1 spec imen , co l lected by D r . J. E . Duerden .
— Cat.. Nos . 2 092 1,20924
,
P r ofesso r S t u de r i n 1 90 1 desc r i bed f rom Laysan two spec ies of P orites,havrng
the mass i ve g lome r ate mode of g rowth . I -I is desc r i pt ions , r ende red somewhat. l i be ra l ly i nto Eng l i sh , fo l low . I s u spec t t hat h is P . grade/( i i s a. synonym of lobata .
The p r esence of on ly s i x pa l i in the fo rme r spec ies and i t s dense r tex t u re are the
cha r acte r s t hat ] can gathe r f rom h i s desc r i pt ion by wh i ch the two are sepa r ated .
The second one of h i s spec ies , acco r d ing to h i s desc r i pt ion . po ssesses several c ha racte r s that i nd i cate d i st i n ctness . It i s u n fo r t u nate that P rofesso r S t u de r has des c r i bedfor h i s spec ies ne i t he r the septa l a r r angement nor the re lat ions of the pa l i to the
septa,and has not g i ven iri 1 1 ch - needed deta i l s conce r n i ng seve r a l o the r s ke leta l st r u e
tu r e s .7 . P O R I T E S QUE LCH I S t u der .
l ‘late LXXX V I .
1 90 1 . Por ites quclch i SN YDER,Zoo l . Jah rb .
,b
‘
yst X L,p . 42 2 , p l . tig. 1 4.
P reemption .
— Ac co r d i ng to P r o fesso r S t u de r , th is spec ies has the fo l low i ngpec u l i a r i t ies :
The co lony i s massi v e ,1 56 mm . h igh and 1 46 mm . in d iameter . Th e u ppe r s u r face i s u ne v en ,
d i v ided in to l i i l lock s and lobes wh ich are. Some t imes ro u nded , somet imes more e longated an dcompressed . Those o i the last form ha ve c lear ly o r ig inated from th e f u s ion of se v e ral s ing le h i l lo cks . The
who le mass,wh ich i s hea v y and ofa dense text u re , Con s ists of la v ers ofco ra l s u bstance la i ddown one
abo ve anot he r . The o u termos t l i v ing layer is 3 mm . t h ick, and i s separated from those lying be low by
ep i theca.
2 08 RECE NT MADRE PO RA IUA or TH E HAW A I I AN ISLAN DS AN D LAYS AN .
A t one p lace se v en layers , one abo ve. anot he r , can be. recogn i zed each one of these being separatedfrom the one beneath by a layer ofep i theca.
The cal ices are sma l l and are separated b y t h ick , poro u s wa l ls , wh ich may be to mm . or
e ven 1 mm . th ick , but become ac u te at the edge .
The twe l ve septa ex tend for an eq ua l di stance in to the ca l ic u lar ca v i ty . They are near ly sol id,show 2 - 3 ro u gh teeth , and espec ial ly late ra l sp ines that are e longated down in th e ca l ice and at its
bottom b u i ld a r ing j o i n ing the ends ofthe septa together . From t h is s tr u ct u re a t rabec u lar co l ume l lamav be. de v e loped . Often the septa are. f u sed togeth e r in pai rs .
Pal i s ix in n umber ; in some ca l ices more , in othe rs l ess de ve loped . The ca l ices are not of the
same s i ze : on the h i l locks larger , hexagona l , and L3 to mm . in d iameter ; in the val levs sma l ler ,o ften de fo rmed , 1 mm . in diame te r . The depth i s smal l , scarce l y 1 to mm .
A s the i n tersep tal loc u l i are narrow, and as they are soon fi l led up by th e synapt ic u la betweenthe septa , and th e pores in bo th the wal ls and the septa are re lat i v e l y sma l l , the who le coral l um has
a compact,dense str u c t u re
A p iece that has been sawed from a sp ec imen f rom Laysah appears , according to th e s tr u c t u re ofi ts cal ices., to be long to same spec ies . I t was a part ofa mass i ve cora l l um , whose u pper s u rface showsa large n umber of la teral l y compressed e le vat ions , 1 0 to 1 8 mm . h igh and 1 5 to 20 mm . in d iameter .Th i s Spec imen does not cons is t of layers one abo ve anoth er , but the sec t ion ,
1 0 cm . w ide and 20 cm .
long, i s homogeneo u s ; on ly the st i l l l i v ing port ion can be separated f rom the dead , inner , wh i te massas a b rown s u perfi c ia l layer 4 to 7 mm . in t h ickness . Toward the apex of the spec imen the l i v inglaye r is as m u ch as 1 1 mm . th ick . On one place near the base th e l i v ing port ion has been l i f tedabo ve the u nder lying layer for a short d istan ce and has bu i l t a t h ick ep i theca on i ts u nders ide.
Th is form i s near ly related to Q u e l ch (Cha l lenger Reef Cora l s , p . wh ich i t al soresemb les in hab i t u s .
I n th is [Quelch ’s] spec ies, howe v er , the col ume l la appears a lways to be ab sen t and the ca l ices
seem '
to be deep .P . cal i/briaca ,
V er r i l l , Trans . Connect ic u t A cad . A rts Se.,Vol . I
,Par t 2 , 1 867— 1 87 1 , p . 504, a lso
may be c losely re lated ; at leas t Verri l l ’s descr ipt ion indicates a s im i lar form .
Hawai i,Molokai .
P r ofesso r S t u de r has had the k i ndness to sen d me a p hotog r aph ofth i s spec ies . I can the r efo re add a few notes to t hose gi ven by h im. The septalfo rm u la i s s im i l a r to that of P . lobata
,the do r sa l so l i ta r y d i rect i ve
,the fo u r l ate r al
pa i r s and the membe r s of the vent r a l t r i p let w i th the i r inne r ends not f u sed i n to ag ro u p , a l tho u gh u n i ted by the r i ng of pa l a r synapt i c u l a . The wal l appea r s to becons t i t u ted as in I ’
. lobata ; b u t they do not seem to be the same,as the ske leta l pa r ts
of are th i cke r , the wal l w i de r and mo re dense,the co l ume l l a mo re com
pact , and the u s u a l n umbe r of pa l i s i x , whe r eas in P. lobata e i gh t i s the usua l numbe r .
8 . P O R I T E S BR IGH AM I,n ew spec ie s .
P late. LXXX I V,figs . 3 , 3a .
The co ra l l um of the type spec imen i s attach ed,ep i thecate a ro und the edge. The
u ppe r s u r face i s flattened ; s i des s i n u o u s . D imens ions , abo u t 60 mm . l ong ; 43 mm.
w i de ; 1 5 mm . th i ck .
Ca l i ces deep , f u nne l shaped , po l ygona l in o u t l ine , us u a l d i amete r , mm.
The wa l l i s s l i ght l y e levated above the s umm i t of the septa , th i n , and inte r rupted .
The septa are d ista l l y m u c h t h ic kened and are jo i ned togethe r ve r y nea r the wa l l bya c i r c l e of sy napt i c u l a , th u s fo rm i ng a ‘
th ic k,a lmos t compact mu r a l appa r atus .
The septa l a r r angement i s a do r sa l d i rect i ve,fo u r l a te r a l pa i r s
,and a d i rect i ve
t r i p let : in the t r i p let , the i nne r ends of the l ate r als app roac h the ven t r al d i rect i ve
12 1 0 R EC ENT MAD R EPOR AR IA or TH E H AW A I I A N ISLA N DS AN D LAYSAN .
The loose , trabw u lar st ructure o f th e wa l ls and the b ran ched sp i nu les that co v er them gi v es theuppe r surface a soft , a lmost. wool ly appearance.
Perhaps th is sp in - ies be longs w i th Por ites p orosa V er r i l l , from the Gu l f ofCa l i forn ia (I. e .
, p .the desc r i pt ion o f wh ich answe rs we l l for the specimen befo re me, but an iden t ificat ion w i thout compar ison appears too uncertain .
Lavsan .
The r e i s in th e Ya l e Un i ve r si ty Mu seu m an exce l l en t speci m e n of th i s spec i es,
wh i ch P rofesso r Ve r r i l l has k i nd ly l oaned m e , and th us e nab l ed m e to p r esen t figu r esof i t , H ate LXXXV I I I , figs . 1
,1 a . I t has one, r a r e l y two
, t r abecu lae between apal u s and th e wa l l , end i ng i n a ta l l up r igh t tooth .
P ro fesso r Stude r has sen t m e a photogr aph i c p r in t of his ty pe of th is spec i es . Ita l so possesses a septa l a r r ange m en t s i m i la r to P. lobata . The i n ne r ends of. the septaof the ven t ra l t r i p l et do not fuse toget he r , a l though t hey a r e joined by th e pal a rsy napt i cu l a . Pa l i appea r to be p r esen t befo r e t h e do r sal d i r ect i ve , t h e late r a l pai r si nd t he ven t r a l d i r ecti ve . The r e a r e at l east two r i ngs of synapt i cu la w ith i n thewa l l s
,t he m u r a l and the pa la r .
I O . PO R I T E S S TO D E R I , n ew spec ies .
P late LXXX V I I I , figs. 2 ,Co r a l l u m subspheroidal , th e th r ee d ia m ete r s , 2 8 m m .
,25 m m . an d 20 m m . ,
r espect i ve l y ; su r face rou nded °
no sca r of detach m en t .Ca l i ces po l ygona l , d i a m ete r to 2 m m .
,excavated bu t sh a l low . They a r e
sepa r ated on th e su r face by a s l igh tly r a i sed m on i l i fo r m wal l , wh i ch i s usua l l y cont i nuous and st r aigh t . Wh en the flat su r face is looked at c lose ly pe r fo rations a r e d iscernible. Wi th i n th e ca l i ce , ve r y n ea r t h e wa l l , i s a zone of th icken ed sy napt i culafo r m i ng a con t i n uous r i ng. This zon e of synapt i cu la m ay equa l t h e wa l l in th i ckness .A sect ion nea r the leve l of th e botto m of th e ca l i ces s hows th at t h e wal l between theca l i ces and the sy napt i cu l a r zones
,one on each s i de of it
,m ay beco m e so th i ckened
that th e t h r ee fuse togeth e r , ve r y n ea r l y ob l i ter at i ng any po r es .Sep ta l a r r ange m e n t i s fou r l ate r a l pai r s , th e sol i ta r y d i r ect i ve , and , al though the
i n ne r ends of th e l ate r al s i n th e t r i p l et app roach th e ve nt r al d i r ect i ve nea r the Colamel la
,the usua l cond i t ion is for t h e i r su r faces not to m ee t.
The septa are wedge shaped , w i th dec i ded l y t h ick oute r en ds,becom i ng th inne r
towa r d th e co l u m e l l a . A rou nd the co l u m e l l a as a r u l e th e r e i s a secon d,an inne r
sVnapt icu lal‘ r i ng, and the r e i s a l so m uch th icken i ng of t h e septa be low th e bot to m s
of th e ca l i ces . The i nte r septa l locu l i a r e na r row ; be low the ca l ices in so m e i nstancesthe v a r e a l m os t ob l i te r ated .
The septa l m a rgi ns" s lope gen t ly to the bot to m of th e cal i ce , wit hou t a na r row
uppe r and oute r po r t ion . On th e wa l l is a den tation or k not corresponding to theou te r end of each septu m . The pa l i a r e s m a l l
,c rowded down a rou n d the co l u m e l l a,
seven or e igh t i n n u m be r ; so m e t i m es absen t on the vent r al d i r ective . Outside'
of
the. pa la r r i ng and w i th i n t he wa l l a r e f ro m two to fou r d en tat ion s ; two or th r eeappea r to be the. usua l n u m be r . These den tat ions a r e i r r egu l a r in s hape , and the mse l ves a r e m i n ute l y sp i n u lose ; one see m s to be th e u sua l n u m be r of septa l t r abecu la .
Ea ch septal face shows two or t h ree gr an u l a t ions , u sua l l y w i th b l u n t ends , betweenthe pa la r r i ng and the ou te r synapt i cu l a r zone .
BULLET I N 59, UN ITED S TATES NAT IONAL MUSEUM .
Co l u m e l l a not s u n ken , te r m i nated by a ve rr smal l co m p r essed t zuberi lo.
Local t .
— Auau Chan ne l between Man i a nd Lana i i s l ands,Stat ion ‘
1 870 ; depth ,2 8 to 43 fatho m s ; botto m , sand , g r ave l ; te m pe r atu r e , F . ; I spec i m en .
Type.
— C-at . No . 2 1 623 .
R emarl w.
— Th i s spec i es needs on l y to be co m pa r ed w i th P . lubc‘
ctrl . I t d i ffe r sf r o m that spec i es
,fi r s t , by i ts S i ze and subsphero idal fo r ;1n second
,i ts sha l lowe r
ca l i ces , i ts septa have not a na r row uppe 1 and ou te 1 pe i t ie n , bu t s lope gl aduall y toth e bo t to m of t h e ca l i ces ; th i r d , i ts septa a r e m u ch th i cke r , and th e i nte r septa llocu l i correspmidingly m uch na r rowe r ; fou r th , the pa l i a r e m o r e i ns ign i fican t , anda r e m o r e c lose ly c rowded a r ou nd the co l u m e l l a ' fi fth , t he co l u m e l l a i s not s i tuatedi n a p ronou n ced dep r ess ion , as i n P . lobata . The r e i s s ti l l anothe r d iffe r ence wh i c hto be. b rough t out necess i tates an add i t ion to t h e desc r i pt ion . The late r a l s on thes ides of the ven t r a l d i r ecti ve in P . loé czta ve r y constant l y have f r ee i n ne r m a rgi ns ;u sual l y th ey do no t even cu r ve towa r d the d i r ect i ve . The u sua l cond i t ion for P .
et iuleré has been desc r i bed above , bu t t he r e i s so m e va r iat ion . The i n ne r e nds ofth e late1 als 1 1 1 t he t i iplet so m et i m es , or 1 at | 1 e 1 often
,app roach the i ent1 al d i r ect i ve
,
and occas ional l i one of the m fu ses to i t net-1 1 th e co l u m e l l a . The 1 e 1 s i n P . stuclw i
so m e i ndefi n i teness in th e r e l at ions of the vent i al d i r ec t i v e and i ts two l ate r a l s ; t hecond i t ion I S i n te r m ed i ate be tween the one i n w h i c h t he i n ne 1 ends of the septa of th et r i p l e t a r e e n t i r e l y f i ce f1 o 1n one anothe1 and that 1 11 wh ich they a1 o defin i te l y g1 owntogethe1 .
xx. POR I'I‘
E S B ER N AR D I , n ew spec ies .
P late LXXX V, figs. 2
,20 .
Co r a l l u m s m a l l,tube rose
,i nc r us ting nod u l es , wh i ch i t u l t i m ate ly co m p l ete l y
enve lops . A basa l ep i t h eca ex tend i ng to th e growi ng edge , can be. seen whe r e t heobject to wh ic h the co lon y i s attached has not been en t i r e l y cove r ed . The fo l low inga r e th e th r ee d i m ens ions of the l a rges t spec i m ens : 56 m m . . 35 m m .
,1 1 1 1 1 1 . The r e
t r e two s m a l l e r spec i m en s .Ca l i ces supe r fi c ial , s m a l l , 1 to m m . i n d i a m ete r . \Vhen the su r face. has not
been da m aged usua l l y no defi n i te bo u nd i ng wal l s can be see n , septo - costze connect i ngad jo i n i ng ca l i ces . Occas iona l ly the r e i s a discontinous r ai sed l i ne a rou nd a po r t ionof a ca l i ce . I n those p l aces w he r e the uppe r edges of the septa a r e b roken down ath i ck co m pact wal l , co m posed of t h e th i ckened ou te r e nds of t he septa and so m e.synapt i cu l a i s r evea l ed . A ca r e fu l un ination of the su 1 facc shows that th i s th i c ken ed wa l l i s co m posed of th r ee ve r t i ca l zon es of synapt i cu l a ; fi r s t . one m a r k i ng theo u te r l imitsc feach co r a l l i te ; second , two zones ofsy napt i cu l a , one on eac h s i de of t hefi r st and ve r y nea r i t . The wal l i s morphologica l lv s i m i l a r to that of studerf
,bu t
has not t h e e levated edge of that spec i es .The septa l a r r ange m e n t i s so m ewhat va r i ab l e . The u sua l sche m e i s fou r l ate ra lpa i r s,a do r sa l d i r ect i ve , and a t r i p l et , w i th i ts l ate r a l s fused to the vent r a l d i r ect i ve
nea r t he co l u m e l l a . Th i s a1 1 angement i s ta i 1 l y constan t ; so m et i m es hon 0 \ e ,t h e
l ate r a l s of t h e t r i p l e t appea r not to fuse to th e ent l al d i 1 eet i vec . No n nal l i the1 are.
s i x s m a l l bu t r ath e r p ro m i nen t Da l i c rowded a rou nd the co l u m e l l a . These. o ccur onthe ven t r a l d i r ec t i ve . at the j u nct ions of the l ate r a l pa i r s and of the septa co m pos i ng
R ECENT MADR EPOR AR IA OF TH E H AWA I I A N I SLAN DS AND LAYSAN .
the t r i p l et Vari at ion f ro m th i s sche m e is r a r e . Betwee n the pa l a r r i ng and th e ou te redge of th e c al i ce a r e two or th r ee s m a l l bu t p ro m i nen t, i r r egu la r ly shaped , rough
dentat ions ; two i s the usua l n u m be r of septa l trabecu lz e . The septa a r e t h ick , espeeial lv d ista l l y ; th e i r i n ne r e nds a l so a r e th i cken ed and fuse r ath e r sol i d ly a rou nd theco luinel la .
The septa l faces a r e rough , w i th seve r a l co m pa r at i ve l y la rge gr an u lat ionson each . The i n te r septa l locu l i a r e n a r row . In so m e i n stan ce the th icken ing of t hesepta and the en l a rge m en t of t h e l ate r a l g r anu l at ion s m ay a l m os t obl ite r ate th e m .
Co l u m e l la te r m i nated by a s m a l l , co m p r essed tube r c l e . The fossa a rou nd thetu be r c l e i s ve r y sha l low ,
i . e th e co l u m e l l a i s not su nken . The th i ck en ingan d fus ionof t h e i n ne r ends of th e septa have been desc r i bed .
—~ A tian Channe l,between Mau i and Lanai i s l ands , Station 3876 ; depth ,
”8 to 43 fa tho m s ; botto m , sand , gr ave l ; te m pe r atu r e , 74° F ; 3 spec i m en s .Cat . No. 20820
,
R ei 1 za'
z'l rs.
— Th i s spec i es occu r s a long w i t h P . studeri,bu t t hey a r e st r ik ingl y
d i ffe r en t ; the m ost not i ceab l e d i ffe r en ce. i s i n the i r fo r m and th e r e lative depth s ofthe i r ca l i ces . The nea r est r e lative of P. bernardi see m s to be P. lan -
uginosa Stude rf ro m Lay san .
Acco r d i ng to P rofessor Stude r P . Zanugmosa d i ffe r s in h ab i tu s,and the ca l i ces
a r e c l ea r l y sepa r ated one f ro m anoth e r by loose r et i cu l a r wa l ls . ” F ro mh i s figu r e th e cal i ces a r e sha l low bu t not supe r fi c i a l . The su r face ofP. bernardi i sverv .rough , and because of the manv s m a l l sp i n es looks woo l l y , as P rofesso r Stude rsays i s the case in h i s spec i es .
1 2 . POR I T E S T EN U I S V err i l l .P late XC
,figs. 1
,l a .
1 866 . Por ites Icmu’
s V E RR ILL , P ro c . Essex I nst . , V ,p . 25.
1 886 . Por ites tenn is (pm -t ) QUELm-i, Reef Co ra ls, Chal lenger Rept ,
p . 1 84.
Ve r r i l l o r igi na l l y gave Loo C hoo I s l ands ? as t he loca l i ty w hen ce th is speci eswas obtai ned . Que l ch subsequen t l y r epo r ted i t f ro m Hono l u lu . Verri l l
’
s typei s i n the. Un i ted States Nat iona l Museu m
,Cat . No . 407
,No r t h Pacifi c
Exp lo r i ng Exped i t ion . The fo l low i ng desc r i pt ion i s based upon th i s speci m en :Co ra l l u m subspheri zal , su r face so m ew hat glo m e r ate . G r eate r d i a m e te r
,63 m m .
,
l esse r,54.
Cal iccs sha l low , po l ygona l , s m a l l , abou t 1 1 1m . in d i a m ete r,or sl igh t l y less , i n
dep ress ions so m et i m es not ove r 1 m m . “Ta l l th i n, usual lv con t i n uou s
,z igzag:
howeve r . i t i s o ften d i scon nected and i m pe r fect . Septa l a r r ange m e n t show n in the
en la rged v iew of th e ca l i ces . The l ate ra l sep ta of th e t r i p le t fuse to t h e sid es of theve nt ra l d i r ect i ve . The fou r p r i n c i pal pa l i a r e p r ese n t
,an d a l so one 0 1 1 th e ven t ra l
d i r ect i ve . Rathe r o f ten a s m a l l e r pa l us i s on th e end of th e do r sa l d i r ect i ve . Thepal i a 1 o. co m pa rat i ve l y l a rge and ta l l , and show s m a l l gr an u lat ions . Usua l ly thereare two s y napt i cu l a r r i ngs wfthin th e wa l l , one n ea r t h e wa l l , th e othe r su r rou ndsthe co l u m e l l a tangl e . The r e a r e abou t th r ee , or m ay be one or two m o r e , m i n ute.dent i c l es on the. septa l m a rgi ns betwee n the pa l i and the i r uppe r m ost edge ; as a r u l eone
,oc cas iona l l y two
, septa l trabeeuhe and a s i m i l a r n u m be r of sep ta l gr an u l es .The co l u m e l l a. cons i s ts of a co m p r essed tu be r c l e l y i ng bet-ween , and in t he p l ane of,th e two d i r ect i ve. septa . The septa l ends
,l y i ng w i th i n the i n ne r synapticu la r r i ng,
2 1 4 RECENT MA DRE PORA R I A or TH E H AWA I I AN ISLANDS AN D LAYSAN .
x4. p oarrs s S CH AU I N S LAN D I S tuder .
P late 1 .xxx 1 x ,fig. 1 .
‘90 1 . Por ites srhau inslandi S'rt'mzn
,Zoo l . Jahrb . ,
X L,p . 424, p l . xxx , fig. 1 2 .
Desm'ipr/on .
-P r ofesso r S tuder’
s d esc r i p t i on i s as fo l lows :Co lony i nc rust i ng,
s i m i lar i n hab itus to P . crihrip ora. Dana . I t forms a t h ick lam i na, Whose uppersurface is une v en and con v ex , edges re v o l ute ; consists o f a l i v ing layer 1 m m . thick , separated by a
t h i n ep it h eca f ro m the lower dead layers . Fi v e o f these dead layers cou ld be d ist i nguished . I nc lud ingt he m
,the co ra l lu m is 1 5 m m . th ick . The w i dth i n one d i rect ion. is 69, i n th e o ther 63 mm .
The U pper sur face is co v ered w i t h h exagonal cal ices, wh ich are separated by d ist i nct wa l ls w i thacute edges . The usual fo r m of the cal ices on th e con v ex p laces is hexagonal . These are th e m ostnu m erous ; the d iam eter v ar ies between and m m . Septa 1 2 , fa l l i ngab rupt ly i n to th e cal icu larfossa, but l i tt l e perforated , w i th 4 to 5 si m i lar , rough teeth on th e m argi n and sm a l l sp i nu l es on thefaces. I n the botto m of the ca l ice is a sm al l , often on l y rud i m en tary co lu m e l la,
sur roun ded by 3 to 6s m al l pal i . W here the upper surface is depressed the ca l i ces are sm al l , to 1 m m . i n d ia m eter
,
defor m ed i n one d i rec t ion and i r regu lar in out l i ne . I n iso lated p laces am ong th e larger cal ices, areca l ices m m . i n d ia m eter
,w i th 6 to S pa l i . The i n crease i n si ze may i nd i cate that fission occurs
along w i th intercal icular budd i ng. Th e for m er may take p lace bv th e cut t i ngoffof a port ion o f one ofthe en larged cal ices .
P laces are seen i n wh ich 2 or 3 ca l ices are st i l l connected , w i thou t being separated by wal ls. Thed iv id i ng wa l ls are fi rst i n i t iated bv the fusion of two septa of t he e longated cal ice .
Laysah .
R emdries — P r ofesso r S tude r has a l so sen t m e a ph otogra ph of his ty pe of th isspec i es , bu t I am u nab l e to m ake ou t m o r e d eta i l th an h e h as gi v en in h i s figu r es andd e sc r i pt i on . I cou l d n o t b e su r e of th e septa l a r range m e n t .
1 5. P O R I T E S L I C H E N Dana .
P late X C,figs. 2
, 2a,
1 846 . Por ites l ichen DANA , Z ooph . W i lkes E xp l . E xped ,p
. 566 , pl LV I,fig. 4.
Origina l descrip tion— Dana’s o r igina l d esc r i p t i on was as fol l ows
I nc rust ing, one - e igh th of an i nch th ick , undulate,m argi n subacute , often flexed upward
, and
f ree for a t h i rd o f an i nch ; under surface sm ooth , or obso lete ly p l i ca te . Coral lu m ha v i ng t h e ce l lsshal low , and often pro m inen t in m i nute , th i n r idges, wh ich gi v e th e sur face a ret icu late appearance.
. l ‘he type i s a s m a l l spec i m en , 36 m m . ta l l, 40 m m . w ide
,and abou t 3 m m .
th ick :on the e m i n e nces i t I S th i cke r , edge th i n . I t i s eccen t r i c-a l l y attached
,has a sin uous
and c r i spate m a rgin ; uppe r su r face u n even , m o r e o r l ess m a m m i l l ate ; l owe r su r faceel
'
n thecate, th e ep i th eca ex tend i ng to th e edge . Be neath t he l i v i ng co r al i s a dead
la m i na , w in ch extends a l m ost to t h e ou te r edge of t h e gr ow i ng po r t i on .The cal ices a r e sha l l ow , s m a l l , f r o m to m m . i n d i a m e te r . The s m a l lest
ca l ices are i n depressmns , th e l a rge r o nes on con vex i ties o f th e su r face . S eve ra lcal i cmal cen te r s often occu r in an e l ongate s e r ies w i th ou t any h i n t of a wa l l betw eenthe m . (b ee Quelch
’
s“JVc/pop om Chal l . Reef Co r . , p .
I h e wa l l s p r ese nt seve r a l d i ffe r en t aspects . These can bes t be desc r ibed bybegi nn i ng w i th th e asex ua l rep r od uct i on i n th e e l o ngated cal ices to wh i c h r efe r encehas bee n m ad e . I n so m e i nstances i t appea r s that tw o opposed sep ta beco m e l engthen ed . m e e t , and fuse, fo r m i ng two sepa r ate ca l i ces . I n othe r ins tances it see m s that
BULLET IN 59,UN ITED STATES N AT ION AL MUS EUBI .
fi r st two cal icinal c en te r s,con n ected by septa extend i ng f r o m o n e to t h e oth e r , are
fo r m ed i n t h e se r i es . Th e se two ce nte r s beco m e sepa rated by a wa l l,sy napti cu la r
in ch a r acte r,dev e l oped be tw ee n th e con nect i ng septa. Th e d i v i s i on of the e l on
gate cal i ce i t appea r s , can be b r ough t abo u t in e i the r o f th ese. ways . Ho w eve r,
i t may be that bo th m e thods act toge th e r , i n m ost i nstan c es o n e be i ng m o re p r onounced than the oth e r . The wal ls bound i ng t he se r i es beco m e co ns id erab ly e l e v atedand t h i ck en ed by r e t i cu la r t i ssue . \Vh e n v a l l s d e v e l op betwe e n the cal ic inal ce nte r s in t he se r ies
,th ey are , at fi r s t. at l eas t , th i n and n o t v e r y p r o m i n en t . I n o th e r
p laces th e ca l i ces d o not sh ow any te nd ency to th e a r range m e n t i n va l l e y s . bu t are.u n i fo r m ly d i s t r i bu ted . I n m ost i ns tan ce s th e wa l l s are th i n and con t i n u ous . Th ef r equ en cy of p e r fo r at i o ns i s va r iab l e . S o m et i m es m u ra l po r es are ra r e ; i n o th e ri n stances perfo ations a r e freque n t , th e wa l l s c l ea r l y be i ng a v e r t i ca l r i ng o f synapt i cu la j o i n i ng of th e p e r i p h e r a l e nds o f the septa. Th e wal l s are ofte n s econda r i l yth ick en ed by r e t i cu la r t i ssue .Th e a r r ange m en t o f t h e septa i s sh own i n th e e n la rged v i ew of th e ca l i ces . Th e
u sua l n u m be r of pa l i i s five,fou r p r i n c i pa l s
,and o n e on th e ven t ra l d i r ect i v e septu m to
wh i ch t h e l ate r a l septa of th e t r i p l et fuse . Th e do r sa l d i r e c t i v e v e ry r a r e l y bea rs a
pa l u s . 'Th e pal i t h e m se l ves are s l end e r,ta l l , r each i ng a l m ost th e l e v e l o f th e uppe r
edge of the wal l , and m i nu te l y gr an u lated . Be twee n th e pains and the wa l l a s i ngl etooth can b e se e n o n m any s epta ; th i s tooth p r obab ly i s constan t l y p r e se n t . Whereve r t he uppe r edge o f th e wa l l i s i ntact , e v en w hen th i ck e n ed and ret icu lar
,tthe r e
i s a d e n tat i on o r sp i n e on i t co r r espond i ng to t h e d i s ta l e nd of each septu m . Th esepta usua l l y a r e th i ck e n ed at th e wa l l a nd th e r e i s m o r e o r l ess t h i cke n i ng in t her egion of the co l u m e l l a , bu t a sy napt i cu la r r i ng sut i ounding th e co l u m e l la i s no tconstan t l y p r esen t . S epta l fu s i on fu r the r than has be e n n o ted i s not r egu la r .
Usua l l y th e co l u m e l l a te r m i nat i on i s s ty l i fo r m , the st y l e p r o m i n en t and s l e nd e r :i n a cons i d e rab l e n u m be r of ca l i ces t he r e i s n o s ty l e , bu t i t may hav e be e n b r oken off.
The co l u m e l l a i s r e i n fo r ced bv th e i r r egu l a r fus i on and th i ck e n i ng o f t h e i n n e r e ndsof the septa.
Local ity— F i j i I s l ands
,Un i ted S tates E xp lo r i ng E xped i t i on .
Que l ch,i n h i s Cha l l e nge r Reef Co ra l s , p . 1 8 1 , c i tes t h i s spec i es f r o m th e Hawa i ian
Is lands,r e efs at Hono l u l u . I f o ne may j udge by h i s not es h e n ev e r se i z ed so m e of
the ess ent ia l c ha racte r s o f the spec i es , th e wa l l in p laces fo r m i ng th e p r o m i nent ,th in r i dges o f Dana. Th e pa l i are not “ s m a l l and often sca r c e l y appa r e n t , bu tas th ey hav e j u s t be en desc r i bed . Que lch
’
s spec i m ens are young. and be l ong i n th eP . lobata se r i es .
1 6 . P O R I T E S R E T I CU LO S A D ana .
Plate XC,fig. 3 ; P late XC I , figs . 1
,I n .
1 846 . Porites ret iculosa DANA Z ooph . Wi l kes Exp]. l ped. , p . 5137,p l . Lv 1
,fig. 3 .
Original— Da na's o r igi na l d es c r i pt i o n is as fo l l o w s :
I ncrust ing, undu late , m argi n scarce ly at al l f ree,sur face m am m i l late and tuberose . Cora l lu m
v ery porous , ce l ls nea t l y angu lar , shal low , ra ther large (t h ree- fourt hs o f a l i ne ) . p lane at bot to m ,
septa th i n and o ften i n th i n r idges, l ike the l ichen .
0 1 6 R ECENT MA DRE PO RAR I A OF TH E H AWA I I A N I SLANDS AN D LAYSAN .
The type - spec imen is fan shaped , or liabel late , g r eatest W i d th 1 1 8 mm . The
genera l aspect of P . rel a
’
mclosa i s the same as that of P. l ie/zen,ex cept P. l ielten i s
based on a sma l le r spec imen .
The ca l i ces exh i b i t the same tendency in p l aces to occ u r i n dep ressed r owsbetween e levated wa l l s , but the wal l s be tween the ~a l i ces in the r ow s we re in eve r ycase obse r ved d i s t i n c t l y p resen t . The ca l i ces of ret iculosa are somew hat l a r ge r , 1 to2 mm . in d i amete r . The wal ls are mo r e so l i d and the septa are th i cke r . I co u l dfi nd no othe r di li 'erenccs between the type - spec imens . The septa l a r r angemen t , etc. ,
are the same fo r bo t h . It sho u l d be stated that the s u r face of P. ret iculosa i s cons iderab ly damf-tged. I f the o r ig ina l s u r face of the l i v ing co r a l l um h ad been prese r ved i n tact, the septa m i gh t not appea r so th i ck .
Luca]{ty— Fij i I s l ands .
Type— Cat . No . 663
,Un i ted S tates Explo r i ng Exped i t i on .
M i l ne Edwa r ds and Haims “ p l aced Pori tes reticu losa i n the sy nonymy of thei rGimme/90 77 1
? l ie/zen (Dana) . P. l ie/zen and P . reti cu losa may be l ong to the samespec ies
,b u t I h av e not seen specimens that i nva l i date the d i ffe rences above noted .
The tvpe of Zia/ten i s.
he r e r edesc r i bed i n cons ide r ab le deta i l ; notes are made on
that of P . meticu lou,
’
and fig u r es of eac h are g i ven , so t hat othe r s t u den ts of t heseco r a l s may be ab le to dentify t hem .
I 7 . P O R I TE S (S YN A R IE A ) I R R E GULA R I S (V err i l l ) .1 864. Synmwa h'Tegu laris VE RR iLL, B u l l . Mus. Com p . Zoo l . , I , p . 43 .
Origina l (.le.s -n .
— Verri l l’
s o r i g i na l desc r i pt ion i s as fo l l ows :Th is spec ies fo rms large mas ses , cons i st ing of n umero u s ang u lar , c la vate,
u ne ven , and c rowdedb ranches
,o f ten nodose at the ends , and m u ch coalesced , g i v ing a ro u gh eroded appearance to the
mass . Ce l l s larger than in the fo l low ing spec ies convexa V err i l l] ; pal i prom inen t , s lender ; col u :me l la r ud imen tary
,of ten wan t ing . S u rface co v ered w i t h s lender , p rom inen t , often toothed granulaé
t ions , wh i ch are rat her loose ly ar ranged . Color deep umber b rown . Sandw ich I s lands ; A . Garret .I have seen no spec imens of th i s spec ies .
1 8 . P O R I TE S (S Y N A R E A ) H AW A I I E N S I S , n ew spec ie s .P late XCI , figs . 2 , 2a .
The coral lum'
is i nc r u s t i ng,u ppe r s u r face u nd u l ate. The type
,the on l y spec i
men of the spec ies that I have seen,i s t h in and i nc r u sts a sawed p iece of a Poritid
co ra l t hat I can not i dent i fy : sho u l d t hey be the same, the co r a l l um fo rm masses atleast se v era l cent imete r s th ick .
The ca l i ces are sma l l , s u pe r fi c i a l , and sepa r ated by th i c knesses of coenenchymaequa l i ng . o r in some i nstances exceed i ng
,the d iamete r of the ca l i ces . D i amete r of
ca l i ces , mm. The ceenenchvma may fo rm low r o u nded r idges or be a lmost fiat ;i t s s u r face is dense l y sp i n u lose .
“
The septa show the typ i ca l poritid b i l ate r a l i ty . The v en t r a l d i rect i ve has thei nne r ends of the l ate r a l septa of i ts g ro u p f u sed to i t . The r e are s i x p r om i nen t pa l i ;a sma l le r t h i nne r one on the do r sa l d i r ec t i ve, the othe r s are t r i ang u la r i n shape.
0 H i st . Nat . Coral l .,I I I
,p . 1 92 .
BIBLIOGRAPHY
The fo l lowing l ist con ta ins the t i t les of the pape rs q u oted in th is memo i rAccocx , A . On some. newly reco rde dco ra ls from th e I nd ian Seas . .I onr. As iat ic S oc . Be nga l . LX I ] ,
Pt . 2,1 393
,No. 2
,pp . 1 29- 1 49, p l . v .
On some new and rare cora l s from the deep waters o f I nd ia . J o u r . A s iat i c Soc . Benga l ,LX I I I
,P t . 2
,1 894
,pp . 1 86— 1 88 .
An acco u n t ofthe R-Iadreporaria co l lected bv the Roval I nd ian S u r v ey sh i p I nvestigul or.
Ca l c u tta , 1 898 , pp . 29 , pls . 1 1 1 .
Repo rt on the Mad reporar ia of the S iboga Ex ped i t ion . S iboga Ex peditie , Monogr.
X V Ia, 1 902 , pp. 52 , pls. v .BERNA RD , H ENRY M . The gen u s i ll ont-ipom . The gen u s .
‘Inacropora . Cat . Mad repo rar ian (‘
ora ls,
Br i t . Mus. (Nat . H ist ) , I I I , 1 897 , pp . v i i , 1 92 , pls. x x x i v .Recen t I’oritidre , and th e pos i t ion of the fam i lv in th e Mad repo rar ian svstem . Jo u r .
Linn . Soc . London ,Zoo l . , XX V I I , 1 899, pp . 1 2 7 , 1 49.
On the, st r u ct u re of Por ites, wi t h p re l im inary notes on the so ft parts . .Iour. Linn .
Soc . London , Z 0 o l . , XX V I I , 1 899 ,pp . 487—503 , p l . xx x v .
On the necess i ty for a pro v is iona l nomenc lat u re for these forms of l i fe. wh ich can not
be at once ar ranged in a nat u ra l svstem . Abst rac t ofa paper presented at a meet ing of the Linn .
Soc. London ,on Febr uary 7 , 1 90 1 .
On the u n i t of c lass ificat ion for S ystemat ic b io logy. P roc Camb r idge Pb i los . Soc,
X 1 , 1 901 , pp . 26 8— 2380 .
Nomenc latur und Ii ntwic k e lungs lehre . I n t . Zoo l . Congr Ber l in , 1 90 1 , pp . 891 —896 .
The gen u s Gon ioporu. Cat . B‘Iadreporarian Co ra ls , Br i t . Mus . (Nat . H i st ) , I V , 1 903 ,
pp . v i i i,206 , p ls. X I V .
Por ites of th e Indo - I ’aci ti c Reg ion . Cat . Mad repo rar ian Cora ls , Br i t . Mus . (Nat .
H ist ) , V , 1 905, pp . v i i , 303 , pls. x x x v .BLA I NV I LLE , I I . M . D . on. Dic t ionnai re des Sc iences i ’
ature IIes. LX ,1 830.
Bo t'
k xs , G . C. On' t he p ost—embrvon ic dec Opmen t of Fangia . Sci . Trans . Royal D u b l in Soc. (2d
set ) , V , 1 893 , pp . 205—238, p ls . x xn—x x v .
BaooK ,GEO RGE. The gen u s .l ladrepura . Cat . Mad repo rar ian Cora ls , Br i t . Mus . (Nat . I
,
1 893,pp . v i i , 2 1 2 , pls . x x x v .
DANA,J . D . Zoophytes . (I . S . E x p lor ing Exped i t ion . V I I , 1 846 , pp . v i , 740 ,
w i th at las , pls . LX I .Cora l s and co ra l i s lands . 1 st cd.
,1 8 72 , pp . 398 .
Co rals and cora l i s lands. 3 d cd.
,1 890 , pp . «HO, pls . xv i .
Dam ERLL-zi x,LUDWIG . D ie Kora l len - (Gat t u ng Fungin . Zoo l . An z e ig. , XX I V , 1 90 1 , pp . 351 - 3050.
Die Ix’
oral lengattung Fang/in . Senck enbergisch e naturfors ch endeGese l l schaft . A bbandl u ngen
,XX V I ]
,Pt . 1 , 1 902 , pp . i i i , 1 6 2 , p ls . xx v .
I l l ICH ASS A ING , AND G . M icn emrrl . Mé mo i re sur les cora l l iaires des A n t i l les . Mem . I i .
Sc i . To r ino, scr. L’, X I X ,
1 86 1,pp . 89
, pls . x .
DUERDEN ,J . E . Wes t I nd ian Matl rep i _ »ra1
'ia 1 1 po lyps . Nat . Acad . S c i . , Memo i rs , V I I I , 1 90 2 . pp. 399
648 , pls .
—x x v ,DUNCA N
,I
’. M . 0 1 1 the Mai
‘
l reporaria d redged up in the exped i t ion o f I I . M . S . Po rcup ine. I’ree .
Bov . Soc . London ,X V I I I , 1 3 70 ,
pp . 2 89—30 1 .
A desc r i pt ion of the Mad reporar ia d redged Up d u r ing the ex ped i t io ns of I I . .\ I . S . Por
cup ine in 1 869 an d 1 870 . Trans . Zoo l . S o c . London ,V I I I
,1 873 , pp . 303—344, p ls . xx x ix—xmx .
A re v is ion of the. fam i l ies and genera o f the S c lercu lermic Z oant lmria, li d. and I I .
, or
Mad repo ra r ia (M . R ugosa excepted ) . .Ionr. Linn . Soc . Lo ndon , Zoo l . , X V I I I . 1 384. pp . 1 - 204.
E DWA RDS , I I . M i LN i-z . H istoi re nat u re l le des cora l l iaires. I I I . Par is. 1 800 . pp . 500 .
2 90 RECE NT MADR E I’H RA R I A O F TH E HAWA I I AN I SLAN DS AND LAY S AN .
Him-A i ms I- I . and .I . ”A IM E . Monograp l i ie des Turb inol ides . A n n . Sci . Nat , S ie m e ser.,
Zoo l .,IX ,
1 848 , pp . 2 1 1 — 344, pls . v n—x .
Monograph ic des Eupsamm ides. A n n . Sci . Nat ,3 1eme. ser.
, Zoo l . , 1 848 , pp , 65
1 1 4 ) l I .l
Mem o i re sur l t‘S po lyp iers appartenan t 31 la. fam i l le des Ocul in ides , all groupe i ntermédiaire des .l
’seudastrcides e l. 5. la fam i l le des Fongides. Co m ptes rend A cad , Par is, XX IX ,
1 849,pp . 137 - 73 .
A m onograph o f the B r i t i sh fossi l corals. Pal zeon tograph . Soc .,1 850—1 854
,pp . l xxx v
,
32 2, pls .
I l istoire nature l les des corral l iaircs, I I . Par is, 1 857 , pp . 633 .
En immmnc,C
.G
. Be itriige z ur physio logischen Kenn tn iss der Coral lenth iere im al lge m e i nen , undbesonders des Rothen Mecres, nebst eine in V ersuche z ur physio logischen Systemat i k derse lben .A kad .
Ber l i n,Abhandl . fo r 1 832 , 1 834, pp . 2 25— 380.
Plums,Jo nx ,
and DAN I EL SO LA N DER . Th e natural h istory of m an y cur ious and unco m m on 7.oophy tes,
co l lected fro m var ious parts of th e globe by th e late Joh n E l l is, esq . , F . R . S .
, Reg. Upsa la Soc.
,
etc. Syste m at ica l ly ar ranged and desc r ibed by the late Dan ie l So lander , M . D .
,F. R . S .
,etc .
London,1 780 , pp . 208
, pls .
Escn scnom z , FR . Ber ich t fi be r d ie zoo logisc he A usbeute Wah rend der Re ise von Kronstad t bis St.Peter und S t . Paul . I si s, .i ah r. 1 825, Pt. 6 , 1 825, pp . 734—747 , p l . v .
Fmvm-zn,G . H ERBE RT. Th e anato m y of th e Mad reporar ia : I V . Quar t . Jour . M ic ros. Sci . , 1 1 . s.
,
XX V I I I,1 888, pp . 41 3—430, p ls. xxxu
,XXX I I I .
GA RD I N ER,
.I . STA N LEY . On so m e co l lections of co rals of th e fam i l y Poci l loporidae f ro m th e S . W .
Pac i fic Ocean . P roc . Z oo l . Soc ,London
,vol . for 1 891 1 897 , pp . 941 —953 , pls. Lv 1 , Lvu .
On the Fungid corals co l lected h v t he author i n the. South Pac ific . P roc . Z ool . Soc,
London,vo l . fo r 1 898 , 1 898 , pp . 525—539, pls. X L I I I— XLV .
On t he post e m b ryon ic de v e lop m en t o f Cyclosefls . A . Wi l ley ’s Zoo logica l Resul tsPt . 2
,1 899
,pp . 1 7 1 - 1 75
,1 78— 1 79, pl . X X , figs. 1 5— 24.
On th e un i t o f c lassification fo r syste m at ic b io logy . A rep ly to Mr: Bernard . Proc.Cam br idge l -‘h i los. Joe ,
X I,1 902
,pp . 423—427 .
South A frican co rals of th e genus F label lum,w i th an accoun t o f th e i r anato m y and
de v e lop m en t . Mar ine I n v est . i n Sou th A fr ica,I I
,1 902 , NO . 6 , pp . iv ,
1 1 7— 1 54, pls. i—I v .
Madrepm‘
aria , Part I , i ntroduct ion w i th notes on var iat ion ; Part I I , A st rae idae.
Fauna and Geogr. Mald i v e and Laccad i v e A rch ipe lagoes, I I , 1 904 0,pp . 755—790, p ls. L IX—LX IV .
The Turbino l id corals of South A f r ica,w i t h notes on th e i r anato my and v ar iat ion .
Mar i ne I n v est . i n South A fr ica, I I I , 1 904, pp . i v , 95— 1 29, pls. i —m .
Mad reporar ia,Part I I I , Pungida ; Par t I V , Turb inol idse . Fauna and Geogr. Ma ld i v e
and Laccad i v e A rch ipe lagoes , I I , Supp l e m en t 1,pp . 933—957 , p ls. Lxxxm—xcm .
GRA Y , J. E . Desc ri p t ion of so m e corals, i nc l ud ing a new B r i t ish co ra l d isco v ered by W. Mac
A nd rews,esq .
,F. R. 8 , etc . P roc . Z oo l . Soc , London , vol . for 1 849, 1 849,
pp . 74—77,p l . 1 1 . Rad iata.
GREGO RY , J. W . The corals. Jurassic fauna of Cutch . Paleeon tol . I nd ica,9th ser.
,Pt . 2
, 1 900, pp .1 —1 95
, ix , pls. I I A—xxvn .
KLI ‘
N Z I NGER, C . B . D ie Koral lth iere des Rothen Meeres. Par ts 1 —3 . Ber l in
,1 877— 1 879.
KON I NCK , .l .. U . me. Nou v e l les rech erches sur les an i m aux fossi l es du ter rai n carbon i fere de la Be lgique.Pt . 1 . B ruxe l les , 1 872 , pp . i v , 1 78 , pls . x v .
LAMA RCK . J. B . P . System e des ammaux sans vertebres. Par is,1 80 1
,pp
. 432 .
H isto i re nature l le des an i m aux sans vertebres, I I . Par is,1 8 1 6
,pp . 568.
Lassox, R . P . I l lust rat ions de zoo logie . Par is, 1 83 1 , pls. 1 .x .
LEUCKAR'I‘
, l“. S . Observationes z oologicas de z oophytis corall i is, speciatim cle genere Fungia. Fre iburg, pp . (50 , pls. i v .
Li xnsrnom, G . Contr ibutions to the act i no logy of the A t lan t i c Ocean . Kongl . Svensk a v et . Akad . ,l l andl .
, 1 877 (and ra H int ) , NO . 6,pp
. 1 —26 , p ls 1 — 1 1 1 .
LI N K,1 1 . T. li t‘Sch reihung cl cr Natura l ien - Sa m m lung der Un iversitat z u Rostock
,3d Pt. , 1 807 ,pp . 1 0 1 — 1 65.
“The exact dates of th e pub l icat ion of these m e m o i rs is not gi v en .
2 2 2 R E t‘
lCN'l‘
MADRE I ’URA R I A or TH E H A W A I I A N I S L AN DS AN D LAYS AN .
V AUG H A N , T . WAYLAN n .A c r it i ca l re v iew o f the l i terature on the si m p l e genera of th e Mad reporaria
Pungida ,w i th a ten tatc c lassi fi cat ion . l 'roc . U. S . Nat . Mus , XX V I I I , 1 905, pp . 37 1 —424.
Re v iew o f J. S tan l ey Gard iner ’s Pts . 3 and4, Fauna andGeogr. Mald i v eand Laccad i v e A rch i pe lagoes . Sc ience , n . s.
,XX I , 1 905, pp . 984—985.
The work o f H ugo do V t ics and its i m portance i n th e study of p rob le m s o f e v o l ut ion .S c ience , n . s.
,XX .” 1
,1906
, pp . 6 8 1 — 691 .
Th ree new F l trrgiaf, w i th a desc r ip t ion of a Spec i m en of Fuh gla granu lom K lun z inger
and a note on a spec i m en o f Fungi} : concoma V err i l l . Proc . U. S . Nat. Mus , XXX , 1 906 , pp,82 7—83 2 , p ls. Lxv l l — LXX IV .
V ERR I LL,A
. 12.List o f po l y ps and corals sen t by the Museu m of Co m parat i v e Zoo logy to other inst i
tutions i n exchange , w i th an nota t ions . Mus . Co m p . Zoo l . , Bu l l . , I , 1 864, pp . 29—60.
On the po l yps and cora l s o f Panam a, w i th descr ipt ion of new spec ies. Bost . Soc. Nat.
H ist Proc . , X ,1 865, pp . 323—333 .
Corals and po lyps of th e North Pac ifi c E xp lor i ng E x ped i ti on , w i th descr i pt ions ofother Pac ific Ocean spec ies . Essex I nst . , P roc . , IV ,
1 865, pp . 1 45— 1 52 0 , 1 8 1
— 1 96 0, pls. IV ,
v ; V ,1 866 ,pp . 1 7—32
, p la. 1,n , 1 867 , pp . 33—50 , 1 868 , pp . 3 1 5—330 ; V I , 1 869, pp . 51 —1 04
, pls. 1,I I .
Re v iew o f t h e corals and po lyps of the west coast o f A m er i ca. Con n . A cad . Sci . ,T rans
,1,1 870 , pp . 37 7—558 , p ls. i v— x .
V ar iat ions and no m enc lature o f Ber m ud ian , West I nd ian , and B raz i l ian reef corals,w i th notes on v ar ious I ndo - Pacific cora ls. Con n . A cad . Sci . , Trans ,
X I,1 902 , pp . 63—1 68 , pls.
x
Notes on cora ls of th e genus Acro‘vom (M adrepora w i th descr ipt ions and figures
of types and o f se v era l new spec ies . Con n . A cad . Sci . , Tra ns , X 1 , 1 902 , pp . 207—266 , pls.
XX XV I - XXX V I F .
“I am unab le to ascertai n th e dates on wh ich t h ese sect ions of th e report were issued .
Figs . 1,l a
,I‘Lahcl lum paumim tm var. lamel luluwm A lcock (figures after A l cock )
2 , 2a. R'
abcllum p avon inum Lesson (typ ica l ) . Th ree v i ews o f the sam e spec i m en , NO .
8 of tab le , p . 53 of tex t3,3a . F l /tbell -
um Lesson (typ ica l ) . Two v iews of the sam e spec i men , No. 1 1 oftab le
,p . 53 of text
2 2 -1
Figs . 1,l a . Flabel lum p rwoninmn Lesson . Two v iews o f a path o logi c Spec i m en , No . p . 53 of
2,2a
,2 b. var. [alum S tuder . Th ree V iews o f th e sam e Spec i m en , NO :
2 1,p . 55 o f text
3 , 3a . FZrtbeHu -m pafl'
onimun Lesson . Transi t ion for m to var. distinctum M i l ne E dwards andH aime . Two v iews of t he sam e Specn'
nen,No. 2 2
,p . 54o f tex t
4,4a . Mabellum patent-mum Lesson . T ransi tion form to var. d-ist'incl um M i l ne E d wards andHal m e . Two v iews o f th e sa m e spec i m en
,No . 23 , p . 54 of tex t
5,5a . F laI/elhun pavwz
’inwn var. distiflc lum M i l ne E dwards and H aime. Two v iews oi
the sa m e spec i m en,No. 2 7
,p. 58 o f tex t
PLATE I I I .
Al l figures except 51) natural size.
Fig. l . Flabel lum pamminu-m var. p aripacon
-(mun. A l cock . Specimen No. 64of tab l e , p . 6 1 of tex tFlabel lum pavon
-inum var. par/pavommtm A l cock . S pec i m en No. 7 1 of table, p . 6 1 of t ex t .3 . Flabel lum pm
von inum var. paripa'ron inmn A l cock . Spec i m en No. 42 of tab l e , p . 6 1 of tex t
4,4a
,4b. Flabel lum pawvon
'inum var. par'ipavon {7mm A l cock . Th ree v iews o f the sam e spec i
m en,No. 77 of tab le , p . 6 1 of tex t
5, 5a, 56. I label lum dcludcns von Maren z el ler. Figs 5, 5a , two v iews nat . si ze ; fig. 5b,
upper m argi n en larged s l igh t ly m 0 1 e than tw ice2 2 8
PLATE IV .
I,l a ,
Hardineria new genus and S pec ies. Th ree v iews o f the sa m e Spec im en . Fig. I
,v iew i te m s ide : fig. i a ,
cal i ce,both nat. si ze ; fig. l b
, V iew o f side , x 2
2,2 a . l
’Im ~
ot new S pec ies. Two v iews of th e sam e Spec i m en . Fig. 2,v iew of
side , X 2 ; fig. 2a ,cal ice
,en larged s l igh t ly more than 4t i m es (greater d iam eter 7 .5 m m .
The lam e l lar co lum e l la is seen i n th e botto m of th e cal ice3, 3a . I ’lacolrochus j i nx
-
pus,new spec ies. Two v i ews of a secon d spec i m en . Fig. 3
, v iewof side , x 2 ; fig. 3a
,ca l ice
,en larged sl igh tl v m ore
-
than 4 t i m es (greater diamete'
r'l
9 m m . The co lum e l la i n th is Spec i m en appears to be b roken4,4a
,4b. Jammy/(dims gardinem
’
,new spec ies. Th ree v iews of th e sa m e spec i m en . Fig. 4,
V iew o f s ide, x 2 ; tig. 4a
, cal ice , about 2 (greater d ia m eter fig. 4b cost -(e,en larged about 4 t i m es230
PLATE V
fi gs. 1,1 a
,l b. Caryophyll ia alcock i , new spec ies. Th ree v iews of th e sam e spec i m en . Fig. 1
,
v iew of side , nat . si ze ; fig. l a.
,cal ice, 2g; fig. 1 b
,port ion of cal i cular m argi n , X
2,2a
,2b. (Paryophyl lm octopal
-i,new spec ies . Th ree v iews o f the sam e spec i m en . Fig. 2 ,
v iew ofside,X 2 ; fig. 2a
, ca l ice , x 2 12; fig. 2 b, ca l i cu lar edge , x about 2
3a . Carl/ophyl l ia octopul i var. incerta, new var iety . Two v iews of th e sam e spec i m en .Fig. 3 , S ide v iew , nat. si ze ; fig. 30 ,
cal i ces, cora l l i tes at r igh t - hand end i n fig. 3,en larged
3v
4,4a
,4b. C
'aryophyl l ia hawa iimsis. Th ree v iews of the sam e spec i m en . Fig. 4
,s ide v iew ,
about 2 (he igh t. 1 6 mm ) ; fig. 4a,ca l ice
, X 43; fig. 4b, e t ion o f cal i cu lar m argin ,
X4
9t ),
PLATE V I .
’
1 0,1 h . I
'cu
'acyaflms lcnu
'icalg/I ,new S pec ies . Th ree v iews of th e sam e spec i m en . Fig.
v iew ol' side, X 2 ; fig. l a ,cal ice , X 4 ; fig. 1 b
,costze , X 4
"u . Fau l t y/(1 171 1 18 matu
'
mrsis, new Spec ies. Two v iews o f th e sam e spec i m en . Fig. 2,v iew
o f side , X 2 ; fig. 2a,cal ice
,X 4} (greater d ia m ete r , 8 m m . )
3a ,spec ies. Th ree v iews o f the sa m e spec i m en . F ig. 3 ,
v iew o f side , X 2 ; fig. 3a,ca l ice
,X about (d iam eter fig. 3b
,costze ,
en larged 4 t im es41 1 . Mal lory/0 1 11 71 3 (mdumam cus A lcock . Two v iews of th e sam e Spec imen , bot h X 2 .
Fig. 4,v1 ew of base ; fig. of ca l ice
50 . Trochocyatltus oahensis,new spec ies. Two v iews o f th e sa m e S pec i m en
,bot h X
about 4. Fig. 5,v iew of base ; fig. 5a , of cal i ce . Greater t rans v erse d iam eter , 6 m m .
6 1 1 . ou ltmixis, new spec ies. Two v iews of anothe r spec i m en , both en largeds l igh t l y m ore than 4 t i m es . Fig. 5
,v ieu‘ o f base ; fig. 6 0
,o f cal ice . Greater t rans=
v erse d iam eter,7 m m
PLATE V I I .
1,1 a
,2,2a ,
2b. Cyathoceras (ItO l I tGdG l ’ , new Spec ies. Figs. 1 , 1 a , two v iews of the sam espec i m en . Fig. 1
,side v iew , nat. si ze ; fig. 1 11
,ca l ice , X abou t 2 . F igs.
th ree v iews o f t eli e sam e Spec i m en . Fig. 2 , side V iew , nat. si ze ; fig. 2a , cal ice , X about
2 3 ; fig. 2b, port ion of cal icular m argi n , X about -53, 3h. Desmovhyl lum. 1 1 31 1 1 11 1 1 11 1. M i l ne Ed“a1 ds and Haime. Th ree v iews of the sam e
Spec i m en . Fig. 1, side V iew , nat . S i ze ; fig. 1 1 1
,cal i ce
,X about 2 ; fig. l b, port ion oi
cal icu lar m argi n , X 2
4,41 1
,4h. Cerulo/mchus species. Th ree v iews o f t h e sa m e spec i m en . Fig. 2
side v iew X 2 ; fig. cal ice , X 4,fig. 2 b, port ion of ca l i cu lar m argi n , X 4
5,51 1 . Antlwnu
’
p lql l lm pac ifica , new spec ies. Two v iews of the sam e Spec i m en . Fig. 3,ca l ice ; fig. 3 1 1
,base ; each X 2
2 36
1 .
PLATE V I I I ..I/adrepora k aua iensis, new spec ies. Fig. 1
, genera l v iew of the cora l lu m , nat. si ze ; ayouncr 11 1 1 1330 112 cora l is at tached to th e coral lu m , as is show n i n the u pper port ion o f
Madrepow In ua iensis, new Spec ies.
“ Two v iews of a :branch b roken fro m the S pec i m enrepresen ted by fig. 1 . Fig. 2 , genera l v iew , nat . si ze ; fig. 2 0
, end of b ranch , X 415"
11 1 . 31 1mm ! sp . young‘F
. Two v iews of the sam e spec i m en Fig. 3 , to S how outside o fthe spec i m en , attached to Madrcpo
-
ra Irauaie-
nsis; fig. 3a ca l ice, X 2
PLATE IX .
Figs. 1 , 2 , 2a , 3 . 1fad-
r1 1 c1’
s [manic-
risi'
s,new spec ies. F igs. 1 , 2 , 3 , nat. si ze ; fig. 2a
,cal ices
spec i m en 1 ep 1 esented by fig. 2, X about 6
4 4a . Madi act sKaua iensis var. macrocalyr, new v ar iety . Two v iews of the same speci-meF ig. 4a , cal ices, X S l igh t ly m ore than 6240
PLATE X .
Pocil lopom ccsp itosri. Dana, typ i ca l .1 . General v iew o f a cora l lum , $6
.
riat . si ze ,Sp
‘
emmen No. 72 2,U. S .
or iginal spec i m ens ; fig. 1 1 1,ca l ices o f sam e Spec i m en , X about 1 0.
we l l - de v e loped septa2 . General v iew oi anothercora l lu m
,nat. si ze . Spec i m en No. 1 86
, U.S .N
of the sam e , X about 1 0 . Septa obscure but m ore de v e loped than i n1 esented by fig. 1
PLATE XI .
Pocil lopora cesp itosa Dana, typ ica l .Two specimens fromth e reefs at Kaunau k ak a i I sland ofMolok a i both nat . size.
Fig. 1 Spec i m en v iewed ob l ique ly f ro m abo v e2 . Spec i m en v iewed fro m the S ide
1 . I ’oci llop <7ra ccspi
'
tosa var. tumida ,new var iety
2 . Pocillopora cespi losa, var. stylophoroides, new var iety246
PLATE X I II .
Pocil lopora. (r
esp itosa var. laysanensis , new v ariety . Coral lu m v iewed fro m side , sl igh t lyreduced
Pocil lo'pora cesp itosa var. laysanensis, new var iety . Coral lu m v iewed f ro m abo v e , sl igh t lyreduced
3 , 3a . Pocil lopom cesp itosa var. laysanensis , new var iety . Two v iews of a th i rd spec imen .Fig. 3
,s ide v iew of a b ran ch
,nat . si ze ; fig. 3a , cal ices o f th e sam e , about 7
4. Poci l lopora cesp ilosa var. stylophoroides , new v ar iety . Genera-l v iew o f a cora l lu m , v erysl igh t ly reduced248
Pocil loziom cesp itosa v
rep resen ted by fig.
Pocil loporu. cesp ilosa vnat. si ze
Pocil lopora met'
U'
IJIT‘Ina,
s i zePocil IOpm
'a meandrina
branches,nat. si ze
250
PLATE XVPom
’
l lopom molok ensis , new spec ies. Genera l v iew o f a spec i m en,nat. si ze. (See P late
2,2a
,for two v iews ofa port ion of a b ranch o f th is sam e Spec i m en )
PLATE XV I .Figs. 1 , l a . Poc il lopom l -IgulamDana. Two v iews of the sam e spec i m en . Fig. 1
, genera l vnat. s i ze ; fig. l a , ca l i ces, X 7
2,2a. I ’ncil lomra molol 'ensis, new spec ies. Two v iews of th e sam e spec i m en , wh ichpart , b roken off, o f the spec i m en represen ted bv P late X V Fig. 2
, general vnat . si ze ; fig. ca l ices, X 7
254
PLATE XVI I .
F1 0 8 1 1 a . Pocil lopnm modumanerwis, new specIeS . Two v iews of th e sam e spec i m en .general V iew , nat. si ze ; fig. 1 a, cal ices, about 6Pociilopom l -igu lala , Dana. Two v iews of th e sam e specimen . Fig. l , gener
nat . si ze ; fig. l a ,ca l ices, X
256
0M
’
PLATE XV I I I .
Pocillopora. l 'igulata. Dana.
S ide V iew,nat. si ze
,ofspec i m en represen ted by P late X I X
258
PLATE X IX .
Paci ZIOpom l -igu lala Dana .
V iew of upper sur face,nat. si ze , of spec i m en rep resen ted by P late X V I I I
260
PLATE XX .
Pocillopora Iigula lu Dana.
V iew of upper sur face,nat. si ze , o f spec i m en represen ted by P late X X I
PLATE XXI .
Pocillopora ligul'
ata Dana.
S ide v iew , nat . si ze , of spec i m en represented by P late “
XX
264
PLATE XXI I .Figs . 1
,1 a . Pocil l0pom meandrine var. nobili s V err i l l . Two v iews of the same speci m en . Fig.
1,upper port ion o f a b ranch en larged v ery s l igh t ly m ore than 3 ti m es ; fig. l a , cal-ices,about 65t i m es
o 90..a . Pocil lopora meandi ina var. nobil is V e rr i l l . Two v iews of th e sa m e spec i m en Fig.
2, general v iew , nat. si ze ; fig. 2a , cal ices, about 6 1 t i m es2 66
PLATE XXI I I .PociZZOp om meandrina var. nobi lis V err i l l .
Two v iews, nat . si ze , of th e sam e Spec i m en
PLATE XXIVPoci llopora informis Dana.
1 . Genera l v iew of a port ion of the cora l lu m,nat . si ze ; fig. l a , ca l ices en larged ab
t i m es270
PLATE XXVFigs . 1
,l a . Lep tri slma hawa
'iicnsis, new spec ies. Fig. 1, general V iew , nat. s i ze ; fig. l a , cal ices,
2,2a, 3 , 3a . Leptaslrea agassiz i , new spec ies. Fig. 2
,2a
,two v iews o f th e sam e spec i m en ;
fig. 2 , generai v iew , nat. si ze ; fig. 2a,ca l ices
, x figs. 3 , 3a ,two v iews o f th e sam e
spec i m en ; fig.
_
3, genera l v iew , nat. s i ze ; fig. 30 ,
cal ices, x 434 5, 5a. Cyp hastrca occll'ina (Dana ) Fig. 4
,young i n crust ing cora l lu m , nat . s i ze ; figs.
5, 50 ,two v iews of a young spec i m en w i t h p ro m i nen t l obes ; fig. 5, genera l v iew , nat.
si ze ; fig. 5a ,ca l ices, X about 47}
PLATE XXV I .
1 ocel l ina Dana. Genera l v iew o f a Spec i m en nat. si ze2 a. Cwlasirea tenn is V err i l l . Fig. 2
,v iew of upper sur face ; fig. 2a
,longi tud inal sect ion
of coral l i tes ; both figures nat . si zeP avia hau'
a'iiensis, new spec ies. Fig. 3 , por t ion o f a co ra l lu m , nat. si ze ; fig. 3a , cal ices
of the sa m e Spec i m en,X 43}
2 74
PLATE XXV I I .
Figs. 1,l a . Bathe/acme; Iurwai iensis, new Spec ies. Two v iews of t he sam e speci m en , bot h X 2
2, F ang
-ia patella (E l l is and So lander ) . Two v iews o f th e sam e spec i m en , both nat.
si ze3a . F ungia patel la (E l l is and So lander ) . Two v iews of th e sa m e spec i m en , both nat.
S i ze
PLATE XXV I II .
Figs. I,l a. Fungi
'
a fragi lis (A l cock ) . Two v iews of the sam e spec i m en , en larged a l i t t le m orethan tw ice . Greater d iam eter o f base 30 m m
2a . Fungiu patel la (E l l is and So lander ) . Two v iews, nat . S i ze , of the sa m e S pec i m en3,34 , 3b. Fungia soutar ia Lam arck . Th ree v iews of the sa m e Specnnen ,
al l nat . si zeTh is spec i m en is an unthocormus, co m posed of se v era l an thoblasts, th e largest o f wh ichis an anthocuathus, apparen tlv ready to
PLATE XX IX .
Fungia scalar ia Lam arc k .V iews of the upper sur faces of six spec i m ens, f ro m a ph o tograph , nat. si ze sent by D r.
Br igham . The spec i m ens ex h ibi t var ious abnor m al i t ies280
PLATE XXX .
Figs. 1, l a. 1 b. Fungia scutaria Lam arck . Th ree v iews of a young Spec i m en . F igs . 1 , 1 a ,
upperand lower sur faces respec t i v e ly,
nat. S i ze ; fig l b,oute r ends o f costee, about 4. Th is
spec i m en may be a young i nd i v idual o f var. verri l l'iana Que l ch ,one i n wh ich the
ten tacu lar lobes are not yet strongly de v e loped2 . Fungi/1 soutar ia Lam arck . Costze and sp i nes o f base of spec i m en represen ted by P late
XX X I , al m ost 5 t i m es282
PLATE XXXI .
Figs. 1,1 a . Fungia scutaria Lam arck . Two v iews o f the sam e Spec i m en , b oth nat. s i ze
[The costee and basa l sp i nes o f th is S peci m en are rep resen ted by P late XXX ,
fig.
284
PLATE XXX I I .
Figs. 1,1 a . Fungia scutar ia. Lam arck . Upper and lower sur faces of th e sam e speci m en ,v iews nat . si ze
PLATE XXX I I I .Fungia, oahensis Doder le i n .
Two v iews of a cotype , nat . si ze,f ro m photographs sen t by P rofessor Doder le in
288
PLATE XXX IVFungia oahensis Doder l e i n .
Two v iews o f a coty pe , nat. size,f ro m photographs sen t by P ro fessor Doder le i n .
290
PLATE XXXVFigs. 1
,l a. Fungia pam notensis S tu
'
tc l ib ury. Two v iews,
p ine I s lands292
s i ze,of a spec i m en fro m th e PM
PLATE XXXV I .
F‘ung
-ia ech inata Pal las) .Upper surface , nat. si ze, of a spec i m en fro m the Ph i l ipp ine I s lan ds. (Lower surface represen ted
by P late X XX V I I )29
PLATE XXXV I I .Fungia cchinrtta (Pa l las) .
Lower surface. nat. s i ze,of a Spec i m en f ro m t he Ph i l ipp i ne I slands
(lf
pper surface represen ted by P late X XX V I . )
PLATE XXXV I II .Figs. 1 , 1 a . I ’
uvona i'
a'
rians V e rr i l l . Two v iews of th e sa m e spec i m en . Fig. 1, genera l v iew ,
nat . si ze ; fig. 1 a,ca l icu lar ser ies and co l l i nes,
2 , 2a , 3 . I ’a
'
l rona dam-
1m,new Spec ies. Figs. 2
,2a
,two v iews of th e sam e spec i m en , fig. 2
,
general v iew , nat . si ze ; fig 2a,ca l ices, X 5. Fig. 3 , v iew , nat . si ze
,of another
Spe( i m en
PLATE XXX IX .
Lep tOSL’TIS hawa i -iensis, new spec ies.
F igures natura l size.
Figs. 1 , I n . Two v iews o f an2, Two v iews of a specim en , lobate and cr ispate on the edges
ioth o f these show th e un i facia l cal ices and the fi ne str iat ions of the outer:
surface .
PLATE XL .
c toseris hawai -icnsis, new spec ies.F igures natura l size.
Fig. 1 represents a large spec i m en , s l igh t l yr unclulate , but ex pand i ng subh or i zon tal l y2 represen ts a s m al l er spec i m en
,w i th near ly e rect cr ispa te lobes
PLATE XL I .
Lep ioseris scabra ,new spec ies.
1,l a . Two v iews of th e sam e spec i m en . Fig. l a
,v iew of upper sur face , nat. S i ze ; fig. l a
,
cal ices and septo - cost ;e , X 3
2 . V iew of upper sw iace of anoth er Spec i m en , nat. si ze304
PLATE XLI I .F igs. 1 , 2 . Lep toseris digitata ,
new Spec ies. Cal icu lar v iews o f two spec i m ens, each X3 . Leproseris tubuhfera ,
new spec ies. General v iew , x306
PLATE XL III .l . c tasaris balml ifera ,
new spec ies . Genera l v iew ofa specimen, X 2
2,
3,3a . S tepm zaria stat/ate V err i l l . F igs 2 , 2a ,
v iews of th e sam e Spec i m en , one ofV err i l l coty pes f ro m Panam a ; fig. 2
, general v i ew ,nat . si ze ; fig. 2a
,th e sam e v iew , X 2 ;
fig. 2b,ca l i ces
, X about 5. Figs. 3 , 30 ,two v iews o f th e sam e spec i m en
,f ro m Pukoo ,
Mo lokai ; fig. 3, general V iew , nat . si ze ; fig. 3a
,cal ices, X 5
5. S tepharwrin ln- ighmn'i,new spec ies. Figs. 4
,4a
,two v iews of th e sam e Spec i m en ;
fig 4, genera l v iew , nat . s i ze ; fig. 4a , cal ices, X 5. Fig. 5
,a young spec i m en w i th on ly
one ca l ice , X 5
PLATE XL IVI,l a . 1 ’
sa 7mnocoru. z eiv
ritt'II,new Spec ies . Two v iews of th e sa m e. spec i m en . Fig. 1
, generalv iew
,nat . si ze ; fig. 1 a , cal ices, X 5
2,2a S taph(mophyll
'ia formom’
ssima Mose ley . Upper and lower sur face o f the sam e spec im en , each V iew X 2
3a . Emlopachys oahense, new spec ies. Two v iews of th e sam e spec i m en , each X 2 . Fig.
3,s ide v iew ; fig. 3a
,ca l ice
4,4a
,5. Bu lanopyll ia luiwai imwis, new spec ies. F igs 4
,4a
, t wo v iews o f the sa m e specim en ; fig. 4
, side v iew ,nat . si ze ; fi g. 4a
,ca l ice
, X 2 . Fig. 5, side v iew , nat. S i ze ; ofanot her spec i m en
PLATE XLVFigs . 1
,l a . Balanophyl lia clcsmophytlim
’
des, new Spec ies. Two v iews of t he sam e spec i m en , each
X 2 . Fig. 1,side v iew ; fig. I a , cal ice
2,
Batu Irop lo/l tia lay/sancnsis, new spec ies. Th ree v iews o f th e sam e Spec i m en .Fig. 2
, side. v iew , v ery s l igh tl v m ore than nat. si ze ; fig. 2a , sam e V iew as th e preceding, X 2 ; fig. cal i ce
, X‘7
4,4a
,5. B I I/uuop In/l l ia diomedem,
new Spec ies. Fig. 3, S ide v iew o f a Spec i m en , X 2 .
F i tr 4 441,two v iews o f anoth er spec i m en ; fig. 4
, S ide v iew , X s l igh t ly m ore than 2 ;fig. 4a
, cal ice , X 4. Fig. 5, side v iew o f a t h i rd S pec i m en , X sl igh tl v m ore than 2
6 , 6a . Balanophyll ia diomedefr var. mau ierisis , new var iety . Two v iews of th e sam e S pec im en . Fig. 6
,s ide v i ew
, X about 2 ; fig. 6a,ca l ice , X 4
PLATE XLVI .
1, l a ,
l b. Den (Ir-ophyllvitz. oahensis, new spec ies. Th ree v iews of the sam e spec i m en . Fig.
1, genera l v iew , X 2 ; fig. l a
,costae , X about ca l ice ,
2,2 a . DendrOp hyl l ia scrpcvztina ,
new spec ies . Two v iews o f the sam e spec i m en . Fig. 2,
genera l v iew , X 2 ; fig. 2a,cal i ce
, X 4
3 , 4, 5. DeadrOphg/l l ia serpentina ,new Spec ies. V iews o f th ree Spec i m ens , eac h X 2
6, 6a , 7 , 7a . Dena-
rep liyltfa mama V err i l l . F igs. 6 , 6a , two v iews,nat . S i ze,of one of V er
r i l l ’s cotvpes ; fig. 6 , v iew o f upper sur face ; fig 6a, S ide v iew . F igs. 7
,70
,t wo v iews,
nat . S ize , o f a spec i m en from Kaneohe, Oahu ; fig. 7
,v iew of upper sur face ; fig. 7a,
cal ice3 1 4
PLATE XLV I I .Figs . 1
,2 . -
‘In isopsmnmia a (A l cock ) . Two spec i m ens , eac h nat . si ze3 . An isop sanuu fa (unp hcl ioides var. cacaltatu ,
new v ar iety . Genera l v iew o f a spec i m en,
nat . S i ze , ca l ices i n f ront . (Plate X L V I I I , fig. 4,is anoth er v iew o f th e sa m e spec i
men w i t h the ca l i ces beh i nd )
PLATE XLV I II .An isop sammza amphelioides var. cucutlata ,
var iety.
A l l figures natural size.
Figs. l —4.
— V iews o f four d ifferen t speci m ens. Fig: 4, w i th the '
cal ices beh i nd , V iew o f th e specim en
,represented bv P late X L V I I ,
PLATE LI .
Fig. 1 Acropora echinata (Dana ) , accord ing to S tuder, f ro m t he Hawai i an I s lands, X2 . S pec i m en iden t ified by S tuder as .Ifontv
'
pora patula X 2 }Photographs furn ished by Professor Studer .
PLATE LI I .
1 . Montipora (l i lalata S tuder, X 2
2 . Montipora fiabel lata S tuder , X SéPhotographs furn ished by P rofessor S tuder .
PLATE LI II .
Montipora verru cosa La m arckAl l figures natural size .
Figs . 1 —4. V i ews of four spec i m ens : Fig. 1,f ro m S tat ion 41 63 ; fig. 2
,f ro m Kaunakakai , M0 10
k ai ; fig. 3,f ro m S tat ion 4054; fig. 4
,f ro m S tat ion 3999
328
PLATE LIVMontipora vermicosa Lamarck
Upper surface of Spec i m en represen ted by P late L V , nat . s i ze,f ro m Kaneohe
, Oahu330
PLATE LVMontipora cerrucosa (Lamarck
Lower surface of spec i m en represen ted by P late LIV ,nat. si ze , fro m Kaneohe , Oahu
332
PLATE LVI .
Montipora verrucosa (Lam arck ) .V iew , nat . s i ze, of a spec i m en f ro m Kaneohe ,
PLATE LVI II .
Montipora ver rucosa (Lam arck ) .Fig. 1
,side v iew ; fig. l a
,upper surface, each nat. si ze , Spec i m en f ro m Kaneohe , Oahu
338
PLATE LIX .
Montipora verrucose, (Lam arck ) .1, side v iew ; fig. 1 a
,upper sur face
,eac h nat. s i ze
,S pec i m en f ro m Kaneoh e
, Oahu
Fig. 1 , 1 a, 2 . Mon tipora tenuicaul is,new species. F igs. 1 , l a , two V leWS o f t he sam e Speci m en ;
fig. 2,v iew o f anoth er spec i m en .
4. Montipora bernardi , new spec ies . V iews o f two spec i m ens5,5a . Montipora bernardi var. subglabra, new . Two v iews of the sam e spec i m en
342
PLATE LX I .
il l ontipora flabcl lata S tuder .Fig. 1 . Upper sur face , nat . si ze ; fig. l a
,port ion o f upper surface , X 7 ; fig. 1 h port ion of lower
Sur face , X 7
PLATE LX II .
Montipora studeri new Spec ies.
Figures natural size.
Fig. 1 . V iew of upper surface ; fig. 2,v iew of lower sur face . (P late LX I I I , 1 , rep resen ts per
t ion of upper surface enlarged) .
346
PLATE LX I II .
Fig. 1 . Montipora sindar i , new spec ies. Portion of upper sur face , X 5§ (Fro m Spec i m en represen ted by P late LX I I
2,2a
,2b. i
lvl ontvipora verr il l i, new Spec ies. Th ree v iews of the sam e Speci m en . Fig. 2 , generalo f coral lum
,nat . si ze ; figs . 2a
,port ion o f sur face ,
PLATE LX IVMontipora l new spec ies.
Fig. 1 , general V iew , nat. si ze ; fig. l a,port ion o f sur face, X 7
350
PLATE LXV .
fi’l ontipora patu la Vei‘ri l l :1 , upper surface , nat. s i ze ; fig. 1 a
,lower sur face , nat . si ze ; fig. upper sur face ,
fig. 1 0 , lower sur face , X 7
352
PLATE LXV I .Por i tes nw'rdasr Dana.
Natural size.
Dana’
s tvpe s lwc imen , Cat . 7 1 0 , (Ca l ices and longi tud ina l sect ion , en larged onP late LXX I I I figs . 3 , 3a . )
PLATE LX VH .
Por ites comp ressa Dana .
Natural size.
Two V iews of Dana’
s type. spec i m en, Cat . No . 7 1 1 S . M . (Cal i ces en larged ,
LX V I I I , fig. 3 )
356
PLATEFigs. 1
,l a . I 6 1411 63 comp ressa for m a angustisep ta . cal i cesof the sam e Spec i m en , x 6 3 2
,
2 . Por ites fo r m a a¢zrmstisep tm subforma. c‘
lelirratg'
t-‘lru. new . Gaulaces
”
X 36 : 1(Gene 'rallV iew
,P late LX IX
,fig. 1 )
3 . Porites comp ressa. Dana. Type,cal ices X 6 . (Genera l V iew , Plate LX YH ) £ 9 ;
358
1 . Porites comp ressa for m a (mgustisep la subforma delicatu‘
la
(Cal ices en larged , P late L V I I I , fig. 2 )2,2a . Porites comp ressa fo r m a angustisepmsu
‘
bfo-rmagp fmreispum new . Fig}. 25 geij eral Vi ew ,nat . s i ze ; fig. 2a
, cal -ices oi the sam e speci m en ,360
PLATE LXX .
P oi - {Ms comp ress“ fo r m a fragilis new“
.
Natural s izeS pec i m en th e Bern ice Pauah i Museu m
,H ono lu lu . (See P late LXX I ,
362
PLATE LXX I .1 Por ites compressu fo r m a fragil is new. Fig. 1
,a p iece of the type nat. si ze ;
cal ices of t h e sam e , X 6 (See P late LX X )2,
‘7a . POM/(ts fo r m a con-jungens new .
ca l ices o f th e. sa m e , X 6
Fig. 2, genera l v iew , nat . si ze ; fig. 2a.
,
PLATE LXX I I .Figs. 1 ,
1 a.
,1 b. Por ites comp ressa fo r m a new . Fig. 1
, genera l V iew , nat . si ze ; fig.
l a , ca l ices, X 6 ; fig l b,longi tud i nal sect ion , X 6
2,2a . forma p
'ilosu new . Fig. I, general v iew ,
nat. si ze ; fig. cal ices,366
PLATE LXX I I L
l a . I ’m'im comp ressa for m a (lensinn'
traJa new . Fig. 1 , genera l V iew , nat. si ze ; fig. l g ,
cal ices , X 6
9,2a . Porites COINpTCq fo r m a g-ran
-iwwrata new . Fig. 2 , genera l v iew , nat . si ze ; fig. 2a.
,
ca l i ces, X 6
3a . I ’m- l ies murdusc Dana . Fig. 3,cal i ces
, x 6 ; fig. 3a,longi tud i na l sect ion , X 7 . (Gen
e ra l V iew o f t he coral lmn,P late LX V I )
PLATE LXX IVFigs . 1
,1 a. Por ites comp ressa. fo r m a claw s new . Fig. 1
, genera l V iew , nat . si ze ; fig. 2a,
2,2a.. Pori tes comp ressa fo r m a comp acta new . Fig. 2 , gene ra l v iew , nat. si ze ; fig. l a
, ca l ices,X 6
370
PLAT -E LXXVFigs . 1
,l a . I ’m'iles comp ressa fo r m a diraricans new . Fig. 1
, general V iew , nat . si ze ; fig. l a,
cal ices , X 6
2, 2a . I
’ori/ns wonzpressn fo r m a bre-
viramo.s~
a new Fig ?, genei al \ ie \ \ nat . si ze ; fig. 2a
,
cal i ces, X G
372
PLATE LXXV I .
F igs. 1,l a . Por ites comp ressa for m a eiongata Dana. F ig. 1
, gene ra l v iew o f o ne o f Dana’
s spec im ens, probab l y h is type , nat . s i ze ; fig. 1 a cal ices, x 6
Porites compressa fo r m a profundm-
um new . Figs. 2 , 2a ,of the sa m e Spec i m en ;
2, general v iew , nat. si ze ; fig. 2a
,cal ices, X 6 . Fig.
'
3 , a b ran ch , nat . si ze
PLATE LXXV I I .Por ites comp reesa fo r m a abacus new .
General v iew,nat. si ze . (For cal ices, P late LX X V I I I
,fig.
PLATE LXXV I I I .Figs. 1
,l a . Peri/cs comp ress“ for m a tumida new . Fig. 1 , genera l V iew , nat. si ze ; fig. 1 0 , ca l i
ces , X 6
Pur l/es coinznwsxa fo r m a abacus new . Ca l ices, X 6 . (Forgenera l v iew of th e coral lum ,see P late LXX V I I )
3 . Par-
7708 (warden -i,new spec ies. Cal ices, x 6 . (For general V iew of th e coral lum , see
P late LXX IX )
378
PLATE LXX IX .
Porites duerdcn c’ , new spec ies.
Fig. 1, general v iew of the co ra l lu m , nat. s i ze ; fig. l a ,
longi tud i na l sect ion X 6 . (For cal ices,Q ee P late LX X V I I I , fig. 3 )
PLATE LXXX .
Por ites evermanni , new spec ies.
Genera l V iew,nat. si ze . (For ca l ices see P late LXXX I , fig.
382
P ITATE LXXX I .lu gs. I
,l a
,1 b. Por ites lobata Dana
,type , th ree v iews 1
,f ro m abo v e , nat. si ze ; fig. 1 a
,side
v iew,nat. si ze ; fig. 1 b
,cal ices ,
2 Por ites erermanm’ new spec ies. Cal ices, X 6 . (For general v iew o f the cora l lum , see
P late LXXX )384
PLATE LXXX I I .
1 . Por ites lobata. for m a lacem new . Upr igh t v iew , nat. si ze . (For cal ices, see Plate
LXXX I I I ,1 a . v ites lobata for m a i
'
nfundibu lum new . Cal ices, X 6 . (For coral lu m , see P lateLXX X I I I
,fig. 1 )
2 . Porites lobata fo r m a centra l is subforma delta new . Ca l i ces, X 6,o f spec i m en f ro m the
reef at Kaunakakai,P late LX XX V
,
386
PLATE LXXX I I I .
Fig. 1 . Por ites lobata for m a in/‘undibu lum new . Genera l v iew,nat . si ze. (For ca l ices, see P late
LXXX I I,fig. 1 a )
1 a. Porites lobata for m a lacera new . Ca l i ces, x 6 . (Forgenera l V iew , see P late LXXX I I ,fig. 1 )
2 , 2a. Porites lobata for m a central is s ubforma alpha. new . Two v iews of th e sam e specim en : fig. 2
, general v iew , nat. si ze ; fig. 2a , cal ices, X
PLATE LXXX I V1,1 a
,1 b. Por ites lobata fo r m a centralis subforma alp ha new . Th ree v iews o f th e sam e
spec i m en : fig. 1 , genera l v iew , nat. s i ze ; figs . 1 a , 1 b, cal ices f ro m d ifferen t areason the surface , X 6
2 . Peri/es Zebu/a fo r m a centra l subforma gamma. new . Genera l v iew o f a spec i m en ,nat . si ze
3 , 3a . I ’m br igham-i,new spec ies. Two v iews of th e sam e spec i m en : fig. 3
, gen era lv
'
ew o f th e coral lum , nat . si ze ; fig. 3e,ca l ices,
PLATE LXXXV1 . Porites lobata for m a centrali s subforma delta new . General v iew of a spec i m en fro m thereef at Kaunakakai . (For en larged v iew o f th e cal ices, see P late LXX X I I , fig 2 )
2 , 2a . Por ites bernardi . new spec ies. Fig. 2, genera l v iew of a spec i m en , nat . si ze ; fig. 3
,
its cal ices, X
PLATE LXXXV I I .
Porites Zanugi’
nosn. S tu der , at tached to I flwia rudis V err i l l (see p . 1 06 ) and Lep tastrea. stel lul ata.
V err i l l (see p . 1 0 1 ) (accord i ng to S tuder ) . Photograph furn ished by Professor S tuder..Figure . nat .
396
PLATE LXXXVI I I .
Figs . 1,1 a . Por ites Zanuginosa S tuder . Two v iews o f a spec i m en i n Yal e Un i v ersi ty Museum ,
0I
O 0 “o 0
F ig. l,S l Cle V iew
,nat . S i ze ; fi g. l a
,cal i ces, X 6
2,2a . Porites sluderi, new spec ies. Fig. 2
,coral lu m , nat. s i ze ; fig. 2a.
, ca l i ces , X398
PLATE LXXXIX .
lu g. I . Porites sclmu insland'i S tuder , X 3
2 Por ites S tuder , X 2
F igures f ro m photographs fu rn ished by Pro fessor S tuder .
PLATE XC .
Figs . 1 , l a . Porites tennis V er r i l l . Two v iews of th e type : fig. 1, Coral lu m , nat . si ze ; fig.
ca l i ces,X 6
2, 2a., 2b. Porites lichen Dana. Th ree v iews of th e ty pe : Fig. 2
,cora l lu m , upper surface,
nat . si ze ; fig. 2a.
, t he sa m e , X 2 ; fig. 2 b,cal ices, X 6
Por t/es ret-iculosa Dana. Tvpe, uppe r sur face,nat . si ze . (For cal ices, see P late XCI ,
1.
PLATE XCI .P or ites retimtlosa Dana. Two v iews o f the type : fig. 1 , port ion of upper sur face , X 2 ; fig.
l a, cal i ces, X 6 . (For genera l V iew , see P late X C,
fig. 3 )2,2a . Porites (n aravt ) hawaiimsis , new spec ies. Two v iews o f the sam e spec i m en : fig. 2
,
coral lu m , nat . s i ze ; fig. 2a,cal ices ,
3 3a . Alveopom ver ri l l -iana Dana. Two v iews o f the type : fig. 3,coral lu m , nat. S i ze ; fig.
3a,cal i ces,
404
PLATE XCI I.Montipora di latata S tuder . V iew , nat . si ze, of a spec i m en i n th e A m er . Mus. Nat. H ist. (New
York )406
PLATE XCI I I .Porites compres'sa for m a angustisep ta new .
Figs . 1 , 2 , 3 . V iews o f t h ree spec i m ens f ro m Wai k ik i , Oahu ,each nat . s i ze
408
PLATE XCIVPoritesp uk oensis V aughan , nat. si ze . (Two oth e r v iews o f the sam e S peci m en , P late
41 0
PLATE XCVPoni es puk oensis V aughan . (Two v iews o f th e sa m e spec i m en . )
Fig. 1 . Cora l lu m,nat. si ze ; 2
,ca l ices, X 6 . (A noth er v iew of th e sam e spec i m en , P late
X C I V )41 2
PLATE XCV I .
Pori tes lobata for m a centralis subforma epsi lon new . (Th ree v iews o f th e sam e spec i m enFig. 1 . S ide v iew o f th e coral lum , nat. si ze ; fig. 2
,top V i ew
,nat. si ze ; 3 , ca l ices, X
The fo l low i ng i ndex contai ns th e nam es of the fam i l ies , gem-1m , spec ies, var iet ies ,for m a-1 , and
subformae of B-
‘
Iadreporaria, wh ich occur i n th is m e m o i r.ro man and i ta l ic ; t he for m er i nd icates val id nam es, th e latter synony m s .
Two k i n ds of tvpe are used for the nam es .
I t shou ld he re m arke dt hatwhen a spec ies nam e fo l lows a genus nam e that is a synony m of another genus nam e , both the genusand spec ies nam es o f the co m b i nat ion are i ta l ic i zed , al though the spec ies nam e may be va l id .
subforma”
gi v en i n this m e m o i r to th e nam e .“van ,
” “ for m a, ” orWhen
is i nc losed by a paren thes is after a nam e , i t i nd icates the va lueTwo k inds o f types are used i n the figures referr i ng to the pages ,
the h ea vy- faced type i nd icates th e pages on wh ich descr iptions may be. found . The nu m be rs f ro m224 to 41 4, i n c l us i v e , refer to th e ex p lanat ions on th e pages fac ing the p late s.
Page.
abacus (fo r m a ) , Por i tes co m pressa . 1 9,
2 11,29
, 33 , 1 84, 1 8 11 ,
1 90 , 1 91 , 1 92 ,1 93 , 37 13, 373
A croporaAc ropora ech i nata 9
,48
,1 53 ,
320 , 32 2 ,324
3,1 57
actiniform is var. crass iten taculata, Fungia 1 20
actiniformis, Fungiaactin iformis var. palawensis, Fungia 1 20
actin iform is var. salawattensis, Fungia 1 20
actin iformis var. singapurensis, Fungia 1 20
actiuiforn i is var. su luensis, Fungia 1 20
. I ctinoscris l l 1
Actinoseris cenomanens is 1 1 1
acuta,Poci l lopora
acutidens , Fungia 1 2 1 , 1 22
wqttal-is , Lithomyces 50
Agaricia" 7
agaricolformts, F ungia 1 1 0 , 1 2 1
agariciformis (van ) , Fungia fungites 1 2 1
Agariciidae 3,1 07 , 1 09, 1 28 , 1 35
agaricites , Madrepora ”0
agassiz i, Leptastrea 1 4,29
,32 , 1 0 1 ,
alabast ru m,F labe l lum Git H
alcock i , Carvoph yl l ia44
,73 ,
23 "
alpha (subforma ) , Por i tes lobata fo r m acen tra l is 20 ,
24, 29,
3 1 , 34,
’ 1 4
2 1 7 . 4043,2 1 , 2 2 , 3 1 .
I'nare.
23 ,
“
53 . 44. 7 I .
angustisepta (for m a ) subforma dt l icatulzt.
I'1 1 1 i tes co m pressa
An isopsamm ia amp ln
-l ioides IT.
23 ,.i Ii , .i. -H l o l i , 3 1 6
A l l iSfl pS‘d l l l l l l itl aunphel io idcs m r. 1 1 1c 1 1 | l 1 1 t: 1 . IT,
40 . 45 . 47 . 70
Anthemiph y l l ia paciti i‘
a l
24, LT, 30 , vi \ , 4 3 , 49 , N ) ,
Anip/101mamphel ioides,
-\ n isopsam | 11 ia IT.
28,29. 36 ,
RS , 44, 1 56 . 3 1 15
amphe l ioides var. cucu l lata ,l
" 7 .30. 3 12. as, 3 1 1 1 , 3 1 1i
amp lml ioidm. l h ndroplwlh’
u 1 1 56
Amp/1 111 0111 1 30 S "
Amph ihel ia aI/rl ntim
xi 11 01 1u m 1
'
008 1 1 10 0
. lmph ihel ia oculataxImph111 01 in ornate
Imph 171 0110 . mmca.
Anabraeiidm
andaman it'us, De ltocvathus
19.
4, 33 , 1 78 , 1 9 1 . 1 93 , 358.360
a1w 1 1 stisepta (fo r m a ) subforma pauciS pina;Por ites co m pressa 24, I IN. 1 9 1 . 1 1 13 . 1 96 , 36 0
angustisepta (for ma ) , Por ites co m pres s 1 3 .
24, 28 , 3 1 , 33 .
3 . 39 , 1 0 ,45.
I N DEX .
An them iph yl l ia pateraAnth emiphyl l iidae
A n t i l l iaaperta (fo r m a ) , Por i tes lobata .
arc t icus , Ulocyathus .
aspera var. lala , Pocil lopora 8,94
,95
,96
«spam , Poci l lopora 8,85
,96 , 97
(tspcm la, Fungia . 1 20
Aslm 'a hombroni 8
Astra'u ocel lina
Astra’a rudis 8,1 06
Astrangiidae 48
Astra l (Pavia ) hombron i 1 06
Astrea. (Fania ) rudis 1 06
Astreopora 1 58
(l l/antics,Amph ihelia 82
austm le, F labellum 49, 50, 51 , 53 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59
bairdiana, Balanophyl l ia 1 50
Balanophyl l ia 3 , 39, 40, 45, 1 48
Balanophyl l ia bairdiana 1 50
BalanOphyl l ia cornu 1 49
Balanophyl l ia desmoph y l l ioides 1 7 ,
22,2 7 , 35, 38 , 43 , 44, 1 49, 1 50 , 3 1 2
Balanophyl l ia desmophyl lum 1 50
BalanOphyl l ia diomedeze 1 7,
23,24
, 30, 35, 38 , 43 , 1 5 1 , 1 53 , 3 1 2
Balanophyl l ia diomedeae var. mauiensis 1 7,
35, 38 , 43 ,
Balanophyl l ia hawai iensis 1 7 ,
44,1 48 , 1 49, 3 1 0
Balanophyl l ia laysanensis 1 7 ,
32,
43 , 1 50 , 3 1 2
Balanophyl l ia red i v i va 1 52
Bathyactis 3 , 39, 45, 1 07 , 1 45, 1 46
Bathyactis hawaiiensis 1 6 ,
1 07 , 1 45, 1 46 , 2 76
Bathyactis marenz el leri 1 46
Bathyactis pal iferaBathyactis sibogae 1 46
Bathyactis stephanaBathyactis stephana 1 07
,1 45
Bathyactis symmetrica 1 46
bernard i , Montipora 1 8,
2 7 , 1 59, 1 64, 1 65, 342
bernard i var. subglabra, Montipora . 1 8,
2 2, 34, 1 05, 342
bernard i , Por i tes 20,23 , 34, 1 72 , 2 1 1 , 2 1 2 , 392
beta (subforma ) , Por i tes lobata fo r m a central is 20, 25, 29, 34, 1 96 , 2 02 , 203
brevicorn'is,Pocillopora 7 , 8 , 84, 85, 86 , 88 , 1 00
breviramosa (for m a ) , Por i tes co m pressa 1 9,
1 89,brigl1 ami , Porites 20, 25, 26 , 1 72 , 2 08 , 390
brigham i, Stephanaria 1 6 , 29, 33 , 1 07 , 1 43 , 1 44, 308
Page.
bu lbosa , Porites 8, 1 70, 1 7 1 , 1 74, 1 90
bul bosa (fo r m a ) , Por i tes co m pressa 1 9,
28, 33 , 1 90 ,
208
o .
o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o
caesp itosa , Poc'il lopora
ca l i fo rn ica, Por i tescapensis, Duncan iacapi tata , Manopora 7
, 8 ,
cap itata , Montipora
Caryoph y l l ia 3,
45,47
,68
,
Caryophyl l ia alcock i 1 2 , 3 1 , 36 ; 44, 73 , 232
CaryOpbyll ia cornuformis 75
Caryoph yl l ia cultrifera 74
Caryophyl l ia hawaiiensis 1 2,
24,2 7
, 35, 38, 43 , 76 , 232
1 2,
2 7 , 36 , 38, 44, 74, 75, 232
CaryOph l i -a octopal i var. i ncer ta 1 2 ,
36, 44, 75, 232
CaryOphyll ia quadragenar ia 76
Caryophyl l i idae 3 , 6 7 , 79
cen tra l is (fo r m a) subforma a lpha,Por i tes
lobata 20,
24, 29, 30, 34, 1 96 , 2 02 , 203 , 204, 388, 390
cen tra l is (fo r m a ) subforma beta , Por i teslobata 20 , 25, 29, 34, 1 96 ,
cen tral is (fo r m a ) subforma de l ta ,Por i tes
lobata 20, 25, 29, 34, 1 96 , 203, 204,
cen tral is (for m a) subforma epsi lon , Por i teslobata 2 0
,29
,34
,1 96 , 205, 414
cen tra l is (fo r m a) subformagam m a, Por i teslobata 20
,25, 28 , 34, 1 96 , 203 ,
cen tra l is (fo r m a ) , Por i tes lobata 29,1 98 , 20 1
Ceratotrochus 3 , 39, 40, 45, 78
Ceratotroch us laxus 44, 78, 236
cesp i tosa var. laysanensis, PociIIOpora 1 3,
3 1, 32 , 34, 85, 87 , 88, 248
cesp i tosa, Pocil lopora 7,
8 , 1 3 , 24, 26 , 3 1 , 32 , 86
87 , 89, 90, 91 , 242 , 244, 246 , 248, 250
cesp i tosa var. styIOphoroides, Pocil lopora 1 3,
24,29, 32 , 85, 87 , 88 , S9, 246 ,
cesp i tosa var. tu m ida,Pocil lopora 1 3,
24, 85, 87 , 246
charcharias, Fungia .1 20
chuni i , F labellum 49, 50, 56 , 57
cla v us, Pa v ona 1 36 , 1 37
cla v us (fo r m a ) , Por i tes co m pressa 1 9,
33,1 84, 1 92 ,
cl ivosa,Pa v ona 1 36
Coe lastrea 3 , 39, 45, 1 04
Coelastrea tennis 8,
32 , 1 04, 1 06 , 274
(CoenOpsamm-ia) amphel ioides, DendroPhyll ia . 1 56
(Coenopsamm ia ) , Dendrophyl l ia .1 56
Coenopsammia mann-
z 8 , 1 56
0
IN D
(1 17 1 1 1 101 1 , .
‘l l l ‘
eop oru
i lc l im tn la Por i tes com pressafo r m a zmgustisepta 1 9
,
1 360
de l ta (subfon ua ) , Por i tes lobata forma cen D iphel ia
tral is 20,25
,29
,34
,1 96
,203
,2 04, 386 , 392 D ip lohcl ia
1'
)elt0 c.yat 11 us 3,39, 40 , 45, 7 1 , 73 D ip lohclia doderleiniana
De ltocyuthus andaman icus 1 2,
D ip lohelia vizenegh'i'u.iana
2 3,35, 38 , 44, 7 1 , 2 34 D ip lohel
'ia p rofimda
Deltovyuth 1 1 s iml icus D ip lohel ia mmea
delndens, Flabel lmn 1 1,
44, G3 , 64, 2 28 d isco idea,
Por i tesDeml rophyl l ia 3 , 39, 40,45, 47 , 1 54
Dendropbyl l ia (Cmnopsamm ia ) 1 56
Ik ndv'op h'
g/l lia amp hcl c'
oicles 1 56
Dendroph y l l ia m ann i 1 7 , 29, 33 , 1 56 , 3 1 4
Dendrophyl l ia oahensis 1 7,30, 35, 1 54,
3 1 4
.Dendropl iyl l ia prof u ndaDendrophyl l ia ra m eaDendmphyl l ia serpe n t i n a 1 7
,
23,35
,38 , 44, 1 55, 3 1 4
densimurata (fo r m a) , Por i tes co m pressa . 1 9,
33,1 8" 1 93
,368
(lemma ,Fungia 1 2 1
den tata (var. Fu ngia fungites 1 2 1
denm’
gera , Fungia 6,7,9,1 1 2
,1 120, 1 32
(lent igera (var. Fu n g ia scutaria 1 07,1 20
,1 2 1
(1es1 1 1 0 11 11 yl l ioides, Balanophyl l ia 1 7 ,
2 2,
38,
1 49,
Desmophyl lum 3 , 39, 40, 45, 6 7 , 68
desn1 0 phyl lum ,Balanophyl l ia 1 50
Desmophyllmn costal -um 6 7
Desmopbyl lum cristagal l i 1 2,
37,44
,47 , 236
Desmophyl lum cumi'ngi 67
Desmoph y i lum incertum 68
Desmophyl lum refiexum 68
DeSmOph yl lum riisei 68
Desmoph yl lum rusei 1 68
D in 40,72 ,
Diaseris (1 1810 71 0. 1 1 3 , 1 1 8 , 1 1 9, 1 20
D iaserisfrag/1 1 13 1 1 4, 1 1 7 , 1 1 8 , 1 1 9, 1 30, 1 3 1
(D iaseris ) f ragi l is , Fungia 1 07
D iase'
ris freyceneti 1 1 3 , 1 1 7 , 1 1 8
D iasm-is sp. G1 1 1 1 Ca l i fo rn ia 1 1 8, 1 1 9
[has-8 173 j upmu'
cu
Diaseris 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 71 1 . 1 1 4,1 1 7
D iasc'ris sp . Ph i l ipp i nes 1 1 8 , 1 1 9, 1 20
I i iaseris pale/Lelia 1 1 7 , 1 1 8 , 1 1 9, 1 20
d igi t -Aha,Leptoseris 1 6
,23
,2 7
,33
,34
,1 07 ,
d i latata,Mon tipora 9
,1 7
,3 1 , 33 , 1 58 , 1 59,
326,406
diomedeae, BalaUOphyHia . 1 7 ,7 2 3
,2 1
, 30 , 35, 33 , 43 ,
Page.
diomedew ,Cyath oceras 1 2
,
2 7 , 30 , 32 , 35, 36 , 38 , 43 , 44, 7 7 , 236
diomedem var. mauiensis, Balanoph yl l ia 1 7,
35,
80
80, 82
82
82
82
82
9,
discus, Cycloseris 1 14
(l is'
cus, Fungia. 1 2 1
d iscus (v ain) , Fungia fungites 1 2 1
disthzctum,F labellum 49
,50
, 51 , 56 , 57 , 58
distinctun'
1 (van ) , F labe l lu m pavon inum 24,
30, 37,43 , 50, 51 , 56 , 226
distorta,D iase'ris 1 1 3 , 1 1 8 , 1 1 9, 1 20
(l istorta, Fungia 1 1 1,1 1 4
,1 1 7
,1 28
divaricans (for m a) , Por i tes co m pressa 1 9,
1 85, 1 86 , 1 92 , 1 93 , 372
1 20
1 37
1 9,
29, 1 93 , 380
Duncan ia 48, 65
Duncan ia capensis 65
ech i nata, A cropora 9,1 58 , 320, 322 , 324
ech i nata, Fungia 9,
1 07 , 1 1 2 , 1 20 , 1 22 , 1 34,294
,296
ech i nata var. gigan tea ,Fungia 1 2 1
echinata ,Madrepora 8 , 9, 1 58
ech -inata ,Madrep ora 1 1 2
,1 34
ech i nata var. parviSpina, Fungia 1 2 1
ech i nata var. undu late.,Fungia 1 2 1
ech inatus, Z 0 0 p ilus 1 08
Ecmesus 1 1 1
6 11 11 821 , Mon tipora 1 68
ehrenbergi , F ungia 1 1 2
ehrenbergi , I'Ierpelol
'ilhas 1 20
elegans, Cycloseris 1 1 5,1 1 6 , 1 1 7
e legans, Fungia 47 , 1 1 4,
e legans, Pocil loporae longata ,
Poci 110 pora 93
e longata (fo r m a ) , Por i tes co m pressa 1 9,
elongata (var. Porites mordux 7 , 1 70, 1 7 1 , 1 74
Emlopachys 3 , 39, 40, 45, 47 , 1 47
E 1 1 dOpachys 1 1 1 aclurei 1 47
E ndopach vs oahense 1 7 , 29, 44,1 47 , 3 1 0
IN DEX .
eps i lon (subforma ) , Por i tes lobata for m acent ra l is 20
,29
,34
,1 96
,203
,204
,2 05, 414
erosa, Fungiaeusmil iidae
evermahn i , Por i tes 1
20,33
,1 72 , 1 94,
382 , 384
E uphyl lia p a-
uominu.
Eupsammidae
extensum , F labe l lumeydoux i , Pocil lopora
$13
Fa v ia 3,39
,45
,1 05, 1 06
(Pavia ) hmnb-
rom'
, Astrea 106
(F aria ) rudis, Ast'rea 1 06
Fa v ia hawaiiensis 1 5, 24, 28 , 33 , 1 05, 2 74
Ft t honfl nDn i
Pav ia rud is 1 ,1 7
,22
, 3 1 , 33 , 1 0 1 , 1 06 ,391 ;
Faviidzn 3,40, 48 . 1 04
favosa , Poci l lopora 7 , 8 , 84, 85,94
Fa v osi tes 3
Favositidae 3, 7
fissi lis, Sch iz ocyathus
flabel lata, Montipora 9,1 3
.
24,
33,1 58
,1 59
,326 , 344
Flabel l idae . 3,48 . 49
Flabel linae
F labe l lu m 3 , 50, 65, 66 , 6 7 , 1 26 , 1 27
F labe l lu m a labast ru m 63 , 64
F labellwn austra le 49,50, 51 , 53 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59
Flabel lmn cliu -
z'
zi'i 49,
57
F labe l lu m deludens 1 1,23
,3 1 , 36 , 44, $3 ,
64,228
Flabel lu -m dist-inctum 49,50
, 5 1 , 56 , 57 , 58
Flabel lmn ex tensum 50
Flabellum goodeiFlubel lum laciniatumFlabel lum lamel lulosumFlabel lmn latu mFlabel lmn macandrewsi
Flabe l lum magnifi cum 49
F labellmn paripat'on inmn 49
,50
,5 1
,59
l'labellum palens 49, 50 ,5 1
,56
,57
,58 , 59
F labe l lu m pavon inum 7 , 24,30 , 35, 37 ,
Flabe l lu m pavon inum var. distinctum l l,
24,30 , 32 , 35, 37 , 43 , 56 .58 , 59,
226
Flabe l lu m pavon inmn var. Iamel losum 50 , 5 1 . 224
F labe l lu m pavon inum var. lat m u l l ,
44, 51 , 55,
Flabe l lu m pavon inum var. paripavon inmn . l l ,
F labe l lu m stok esifol iosa , Hal -iglossa .
l'
n l iosa, I Ierpelaol itha
o o o o o o o o
frag/0 0 1 001 7, D im-
41 ix
frondosa,Puci l lopma
H , 22 . 32 , 9 13. 97
Fungia 3, 26 35
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
-
l
fnrnmsissima, S tephunuph vl l ia 1 7
44 I
fun'eolata
, Montirmra I'M
frag/11 1k , l h'
umrix , H 4, “7 . ”H, 1 1 1 1 , I 3H . 1 21 1
fragi l is. Fungia “ 35,- I I , 10 7 , I 3“ NH
l'
ragi l is, Leptoseris
f ragi l is (for m a 1 , I ’or i tos q-mnpressa
3 1 1 - 1
o
ms 101 1 1
1 2 1 1 1
Fungia actin i l‘
orm is 1
Fl ingiu actinihwrm is m v. cms.~z itentavul: 1 1n 1 2 0
Fungia actiniform is var. palzuvonsis 1 20
Fungia salawattens is 1 20
Fungia actinifonn is 1 20
Fungia aetiniformis var. su lumus is 1 20
Fungia acutidens 1 2 1,1 2 "
Fungia 1 1 0 , 1 2 1
Fungia. asperam I 20
Fungia (‘hmw'hurias 1 20
Fungia conc inna 1 1 3,1 2 1
,1 2 2
,1 24, 1 2 6
Fungia conc inna var. serru lata 1 2 1
Fungia. confer! 1 fol in 1 [ 0
Fungia 1 2 ”
Fungia costulata 1 14
Fungia crassa 1 20
Fungia crassilunwl lalu 1 2 1
Fungia crass 1'
10 1 1toculula I 2O
Fungia cyc lo l ites 1 1 7
Fungia (Cycloseris) cyc lo l ites . l l l
Fungia (Cyc loseris ) pate l la 107
Fungia (lanai 1 2 1 1 , 11.
Fungia (lanai var. v i tiensis 1 2 1
Fungia denlu la1 2 1
Fungia denl igeru0 . 7 . S . 1 1 2 . 1 20 , 1 3
"
Fungia (Diaseris) fmgil is 1 07
Fungia (113 7- 1 1 3 1 2 1
Fungia (l istorta 1 1 4.
Fungia direrxidcns 1 20
Fungia ech inata u1 211 - 1 4 21 11.
Fungia ech inata var. gigan tea I2 ]
Fungia ech inata var purvispinu 1 2 1
Funv ia ech i nata m l 1 1 1 10 1 1 111 1 11 1 2 ]
Fungia. 1'11 1'1 1 1 11 0 1 0 1 l l "
1'ungia e lesrans 4"
1 1 1 4,
17 1 1 1 1 0 11 1 ornsa .
Fungia frzigi l i - 1 .1
Fungia fungites 1 1 0 . 1 2 1 , 1 22 . 1 23
I N D EX .
Fu ng ia fungites var. agaric i l’
ormis
Fu n g i a fungites var. co lmn n ifera
Fungia fungites var. con fer t i fo l iaFungia fungites var. cras si lzun e l lata
Fung ia fungites var. den tataFu ngia fungites var. discusFung ia fungites var. grandisFungia fungites var. bai m e iFunU ia fungites var. i nc isaFu ngia fungites var. i nd icaFungia fungites var. pap i l losaFu ng ia fungites var. p l icataF u ng ia fungites var. stv l ifera
Fungia giganteaFu ngia glansF 1 1 1 1gia granu losa
1 71 1 1 1171 1 1 11am(1 0 1 1 1 1 11 8
Fungia horr ida 1 2 1,1 2 2
,
Fung ia k lun z ingeriFungia lacera 1 2 1
,1 25
,1 26
Fungia limac ina 1 1 1 0, 1 1 2
F un(71a l i 1 1 1 1 3 31.‘
1 2 1
Fungi a lobulata 1 2 1
Fungia 1 1 1 adagascarensis 1 2 2,1 25
,1 26
Fungia oahensis 1
33 , 1 07 , 1 20, 1 2 2 , 1 33 ,288
,290
Fungia pup i l/0 8 1. 1,
Fungia pate l la l 1 5,2 7
, 30 , 44,47
,1 07 ,
1 2 3 ,1 30, 1 3 1 ,
F1 1 1'1g1'
a patel laris 1 1 0
Fungia paumotensis 8 ,
Fungia, ped inrtla . 1 20
Fungia Sp . 1 , P ln l ippines 1 2 1
Fu ngia sp . 2 , Ph i l i pp i nes 1 2 1
Fungia p i l eus . 1 1 0
Fungia, p laczma'ri 1 20
Fungia p lana 1 2 7
Fungia p l iculosa 1 2 1
Fungia proech inata 1 20,1 22
Fungia repanda 1 2 1,1 2 2
,
Fungia sa1 1 1 boa1 1gensis 1 2 2,1 25
Fungia scabra 1 24,1 2 6
,1 2 7
Fungia scruposa 1 2 1,1 22
Fungia scruposa var. ternatensis 1 2 1
Fungia scutaria 6,1 5
,24
,28
,29
,
1 07,
1 3 1 , 1 33 , 1 3 11 , 2 78 , 280, 282 , 284, 286
Fungia aff. senta r ia 1 2 3,1 24
Fungia sou/arm var. dana i 1 20
Fungia, sen tar ia var. den ti gera 1 07 , 1 20 , 1 2 1
Fungia sentar ia var. p lacunaria 1 20
Fungia sentar ia typ ica 1 3 1
Fungia 8 131 2 2 1 11 1 1 1 1Fu ngia sul 1 re1 '
1anda
Page.
1 2 1
1 1 2
Fungia. talp ina 1 1 0
Fungia tenu idens 1 20
Fungia. lenu'
éfol ia 1 2 1
Fungia tennis 1 1 4
Fungia va l ida 1 2 1,1 22
Fungia verril liana 8,1 20
,1 32 , 1 34
Fungiidae 3 , 1 07 ,
fungites var. agariciformis , Fungia 1 2 1
fungites var. co lumn i fera, Fungia 1 2 1
fungites var. con fer t i fol ia, Fungia 1 2 1
fungites var. crassi lamel lata, Fungia 1 2 1
fungites var. den tata,Fungia 1 2 1
fungites var. discus, Fungia 1 2 1
fungites, Fungia 1 2 1,1 22
,1 25
,1 26 , 1 28
fungites var. grand is, Fungia 1 2 1
fungites var. baime i , Fungia 1 2 1
fungites var. i ncisa,Fungia 1 2 1
fungites var. i nd ica,Fungia . 1 2 1
fungites, Madrepora 1 1 0
fungites var . pap i l losa, Fungia 1 2 1
fungites var. p l icata , Fungia 1 2 1
fungites var. styl ifera, Fungia 1 2 1
Fungus p ileus oblongus 1 1 2
fusons, P lacotroch us 1 1,
24, 30 , 32 , 35, 36 , 37 , 43 , 6 6 230
galeriform is, Litbactin ia . 1 09
gamma (subforma ) , Por i tes lobata formacen tral is 20
,25
,2 8
,34
,1 96
,201
,2 03 , 204, 390
Gardineria . 3,39
,40
,45
,48, 65
Gardineria hawai iensis 1 1, 30. 36 , 37 , 44, 65, 230
gardineri , Paracyathus 1 2,2 2
,
gigantea ,Fungia. 1 20
gigan tea (van ) , Fungia ech inata 1 2 1
gigan tea, Pa vona 1 36 , 1 37
glans, Fungia 1 1 4
Gon iastrea 1 04
Gon iopora 195
Gon iop om .2" lichen 2 1 6
goodei , Flabellum 63
grand is (van ) Fungia fungites 1 2 1
grand is, Poci l lopom 97
gran imurata (forma ) , Por i tes compressa 1 9,
29, 33, 1 83 ,1 92
,1 93 , 368
granu losa, Fungla 1 1 3 , 1 2 1 . 1 22 , 1 24, 1 26
Gu l f Cal i forn ia, Diasem'
s Sp
hainwi , Fungia 1 2 1
baime i (van ) , Fungia fungites 1 2 1
Haliglossa 1 1 2
Ha l iglossafoliosa 1 1 2
Haliglossa inter rup ta 1 1 2
H aliglossa stel lari s 1 1 2
I N DE X .
Leptose l’ is scabra
Leptoseris tubul ifem 1 6 , 23 ,34
,107 . 1 41 306 , 308
l ichen,loniopm
'a.7
l i chen,Por i tes .
2 1 4, 2 1 5, 2 1 6 ,402
Iichma, I’oritm 1 96 , 20 1
l igu lata ,Poc i l lopom 7 ,
l imacimu,F ungi ; 1 1 0 ,
1 1 2
l imax , H erpetol itha 1 09,1 1 0
,1 1 2
Iimavi , FungiaLit,hact.in ia 1 09
Lithact in ia galeriform is 1 09
Lil/mmyces 50
In'
ihomyfles a’
qual fs 50
Lithmnyws cosiatus 50
Ixflmctis 1 1 2
LUZ/(1 431 73 conferta 1 20
Lobacl is (lu'n zv 8,1 20
lobata fo rma aperta, Por i tes . 20 , 34, 1 96 , 2 0 6
lobata fo rma cen tral is subforma a lpha,Po
r i tes . 20 , 24,29
,30 , 34, 1 96 , 2 02 ,
203 , 204, 388 , 390
lobata fo rma cen tra l is subforma beta, Por i20 , 25,
l obata fo rma cen tral is subforma de l ta ,Po r i
tes 20, 25, 29, 34, 1 96 , 203 , 2 04,386
,392
lobata fo rma cen tra l is subforma epsi lon , Por i tes 41 4
lobata forma central is subforma gamma, Por i tes 20
,34
,1 96
,2 03 ,
204,390
lobata fo rma cen tra l is, Po r i tes 29, 1 98 , 2 0 1
lobata fo rma i n fund ibu lum ,Por i tes 1 9
,
34,1 96
,1 99,
386,388
lobata fo rma lacera,Por i tes 1 9
,
33 , 1 96 , 388
lobata fo rma parv icz-l lyx , Por i tes 20
,
24,29, 34, 1 96 , 200
lobata ,Por i tes 6 ,
7 2 7,28
,29
, 3 1 , 33 ,
1 7 2,1 96 ,
1 98 , 1 99, 207 , 208 , 209, 2 1 0,
2 1 1,2 1 3 , 384, 386 , 388 , 390, 392 , 41 4
lobi l’
era,Poci l lopora 1 00
Zobulata, Fungia. 1 2 1
Lophelm. 80
80
Lop/JUSM'idze 1 28
Lophosev'in ze 1 1 1
macandrewsi , F label lum 63
mac lurei , Endopach ys
mac rocal y x (van ) , Madracis k auaiensis “ ,
35, 84, 240
Page.
madagascarensis, Fungia 1 22 , 1 25, 1 26
Madracis 40,5, 48 , S3
Madracis k auaiensis 1 3,
22,2 7 , 30 , 35, 36 , 38; 43 ,
44, S3 , S4, 240
Madracis k auaiensis var. mac rocalyx 1 3 ,
2 7, 84, 240
Madracis m i rab i l is 83,84
M ad repo ra 3 , 39, 40 , 45, 80 , 8 1 , 82
Madrepo ra(Lg/armi es 1 1 0
flimdrepm'a cola-M am 8
,9, 1 58
zl l adrcpora. echinata 1 1 2,1 34
Madrepom faugites 1 1 0
M ad repo ra k auaiensis 1 3 ,
30 , 36 , 38 , 44. 8 1 ,
M ad reporam iocen i ca 82
M ad repo ra ocu la ta 8 1
Madwepom patel la 1 1 0, 1 1 4, 1 28
Madrepom p ilcus 1 1 0, 1 1 2
11’
1 adrepora p rol i fera 81
flfadrepora radians 1 36
Madrcp om mmea 82
i lfadrepom varrucosa 97
magn ificum ,F labe l lum 49
maldivensis, S iderastrea 1 36
mann'i,Ccenopsammia 8
,1 56
man n i,Dem lrophyl l ia 1 7
,29, 33 , 1 56 , 3 1 4
Manopom capv’
tata 7 , 8 , 1 60, 1 6 1
fifanopo'
ra werrucosa . 1 60
marenz el leri , Bathyactis 1 46
Ma ire/mm 80
mauiensis (var . Balanophyl l iadiomedeee 1 7 ,
24,35
,38 , 43 ,
mauiensis, Paracvathus 1 2,23 , 35, 38 , 43 , 70 , 234
meandrina var. nob i l is, Poci l l p pora 1 4,
24,2 7 , 28 , 29, 3 1 ,
85, 86 , 98 , 250, 2 66 , 268
meandrina,Pocil lopora 7 ,
1 4,24
,26
, 3 1 , 32 , 84, 85,
97 , 98 , 99, 1 00, 250, 266 , 268
meandrina var. tuberosa ,Poci l lopora . 1 4,
2 2, 3 1 , 32 ,
mencgh iniana , D ip lohel'ia 82
Metastrea 1 04
M icrabaciidpe 1 2 7
microph thalma, Cyphastrea 1 03
M i l lepora 80
Mil lepo-
ra muricata 80
7niocen ica , Amphihel'ia 82
m iocen ica, M ad repora 82
m i rab i l is , Madracis 83 , 84
1 1 0
I N D EX
modumanensis, Poci l lopora
molok ensis, Paracyath us 1 2,
molok ensis, Poci 1 10 pora 1 3,
85, 9 1 , 252 , 254
ni onthxnwlMontipora bernard i
159,
MontipOra bernard i var. subglabra
Mont ipora mp itam 1 06,1 58 , 1 60
Montipora cl i lat-ata 9,
1 59 , 326 , 406
Mon tipora effusa 1 68
Montipora flabel lata (1,
1 8,24,
29,3 1
,33
,1 58 , 1 59, l b s) , 1 67 , 326 , 344
Mon tipora foveolata 1 60
Mon tipora i ncogn i taMontipora obtusata
M on t ipora pe ltiformisMontipora patu la .
1 8 , 22 , 3 1 , 33 , 1 58 , 1 59, 1 1‘
) 7 , 1 68 , 1 69,324
,
Montipona. studeri4V
J
30,
Montipora tenuicau l is
2 3,2 7 , 33 , 34, 1 59, 1 . 6 3 , 1 64, 342
Montipora v en osaMontipora v err i l l i
2 7,29, 30, 33 , 1 59, 1 6 8 ,
1 69, 348 , 350
Montipora v errucosa 8,
26 , 2 7 , 32,
328 , 330, 332 , 334, 336 ; 338 , 340
Montiporinae 40
mordax , Por i tes 7
- 2,
mordar /5 elonga la , Poritesmordax: var. elongata, Porites 7
mortoni, D iaseris
mm‘i cata, Mil lepom
M ussa 3,1 5
,30, 1 06 ,
2 "
Mussidae 3 , 4S, “1 13myco ides, Cycloseris ”4
7uflfifis, 1 %xfiUoporanob i l is (vain ) , Poci l lopora meandrina 1 4
,
24,27
,34,
85, 86 , 98 ,250
,266 , 268
nobil is var. tuberosa,Pocil l'ipom 8
,97 , 98 , 99
uona’
, Porites hawa'iens is 1”
oahense, Endopachys 85, 38 , 44, 1 47 , 3 10
oahensis, Dendropbyl l ia 1 7,
38
nulwns is . Fungia1 1 1
30 ,- 1 1 , 72 . 1 0 7
uahensis .
’7 , 511 3. 313 , 4- 1 . 74. 75. 331”
inm -rta . (‘
zl ry h ph y l l iaowlopa l i var.
oblong/us, Fl ing/77x [ 771mm
7 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 71 1 1 1 , Ma ntipom0 0011 1 1 1 1 1 , - lsl ru u (Ur/7777 110 )ocel l ina, (
‘
y phastre'
24
orlara . I 'oril 7 x 17mmmums0 0 1 0 11 11 1 1 , (
‘
ary nph y l l izl
orulam, Amp/7 771 7471 1
ocu lata ,Madrepm a
0 0 71 1 11 1 77
1 1eul imidaeOrbice l la
l sh ‘
fi'l l
Orh icel lidzv
arm /77, . lmphihvh
’
u
1 1 11 0 111 0 1 1 , Anthemiph y ll ia l
< 0
palawensis (var. Fungia actimfmwn ispal iferzl , Bathyactiq 1 46
pup il/(mu Fungi/1 l l’ l
[ 121 11 1 1 10 571 lungites 1 2 1
p a p_
\ 1 a 1 ea,Leptose l 1 : 107 . 1 41
l’aravynthns 4 7 1
I’aracyathns gardineri 1 2 . 22 , 6 5 2
Paraoyathns maniensis 70 ,14
Paracyathns 1 1 1 71 1 7 1 k 9 11 sis l ’ 77 7 1
I ’aracyathus tennical vx 1 2 ,33
, 44. 6 0 ,
“
234
Parasmil ia 7 1
Parastru'u ham/770 1 71 7 1 0 6
paripuron inmn ,F lubdlum 49.
30 , 5 1 ,
paripavon innm (var. 1 . Flulwl lmn pzn’
nni
num I
parxica lxx (forman Pori tes l oba ta 20 ,
1 116 ,20 1
parviSPina (var. Fung ia och inamparvistel lata , Porites ‘03
p a tel la , (tr/1 1 41 30 148 1 1 3 . 1 1 5. l 1 6
p a te l la,Fungia 1 . 1 5 . 2 35
1 20 l 2x-
. 7s
p a te l la,Fung ia 107
1 1 1 11 1410 , Jflldrvpm‘
u 1 1 0 , 1 1 4.
palellaris, Fungia 1 1 0
1 1 0 10 1 1 3 ,49 , 50 ,
5 1 , 511 , 57 ,39
p atera , Antholn iph v l l iup atu l a , “ontipom
I NDEX .
Page.
paucisp ina (subforma ) , Po r i tes compressafor m a angustisepta . I 78 , 1 91 ,
paumotensis, Fungia, 8,
l’a v ona 45, 47 , 1 07 , 1 35,
Pa v ona c la vus 1 36 , 1 37
Pa v ona c l ivosa 1 36
Pa v ona crassa 1 36
l’
zwona c r istata 1 36,1 37
Pa v ona (luerden i 1 5, 24, 1 07 , 1 35,298
Pa v ona gigan tea 1 36,1 37
Pa vona lata 1 36
Pa v ona latistel lata 1 36
Pa vona pr-
(eto rta 1 36
Pa v ona repens 1 07,1 35
Pa vona var ians 8,
34,1 07 ,
Pwuon-
l'
a 1 34, 1 35
pavon ina ,E uphyll ia 7
,49, 52
pavon innm var. distinctum,F labe l lum 1 1
,
24,30 , 32 , 35, 37 , 43 , 51 , 54, 56 , 226
pavon inum ,F label lum
1 1,23
,24
,36 , 44
,49, 50, 52 ,
54, 55, 56 , 57 , 58 , 59, 228
pavon inum var. lamel lulosum,F label lum 50 ,
51 , 2 24
pavon inum var. latum,F label lum 1 1
,
24, 36 , 37 , 44, 51 , 55, 2 26
pavon inum var. paripavon inum ,F label lum 1 1
,
23 , 24, 2 7 , 30 , 35, 36 , 37 , 43 , 51 , 54, 59,228
pectina la ,Fungia 1 20
pel tiform is, Montipora 1 67
ph i l ipp i nensis,H alomitra 1 08
Ph i l ipp i nes, c losewis 1 sp 1 1 5, 1 1 6 , 1 1 7
Ph i l ipp i nes, Cycloseris 2 Sp 1 20
Ph i l ipp i nes, D iaser'is sp 1 1 8,1 1 9, 1 20
Ph i l i pp i nes, Fungia sp . 1 1 2 1
Ph i l ipp ines,Fungia sp . 2 1 2 1
I ’hg/llode's lucin ialum 63
p ileus, Fungia 1 1 0
p i leus,H alom i tra 1 1 0
p i lm s,il l adrc’pom 1 1 0, 1 1 2
p i leus oblong/us Fu-
ngus 1 1 2
p i losa forma,Po r i tes com pressa 1 9
,
366
P lacotrochus 3, 39, 40, 45, 48 , 6 6
Placotrm h ns fuscus 1 1,
24, 30 , 32 , 35, 37 , 43 , 48 , 6 6 , 230
p lam nmv
'
a, 1 20
p lacnnaria (vain) , Fungia sen tar ia ] 20
p lana, Fungia . 1 2 1 .
I ’leum ctis 1 1 2
p l icata (van ) Fungia fungites 1 2 1
p l ic’
a la,I ’ocil lopom . 7
, 8 , 84, 85, 93 , 94, 95, 96
p l iculo-su,Fungia 1 2 1
Poci l lopora modumanensis
Poci l lopora molok en51 s
Page.
Poci l lopora 84, 85, 92 , 1 00, 1 06
Pocil loywm asp era, 8,85
,94
,95, 96 , 97
Pocil lopora aspera var. lulu
Pocil lopom brev icorn'is 7, 8 , 84, 85, 86 , 88, 1 00
Poc'il lopom cwsp ilosa, 86
Poci l lopora cesp i tosa 7,
8 , 1 0, 2 7,28
,3 1 85
,
Pocil lopora cesp i tosa var. laysanensis 1 3,
3 1 , 85,87
, 88 ,90
,
Pocil lopora cesp i tosa var. sty lophoroides 1 3,
24,29
,32
,85
,87
,88
,
Pocil lopora cesp i tosa var. tum ida 1 3,
24, 29, 32 , 85, 87 , 88 , 90 , 246
Poci l l0 pora coronata 93
Poci l lopora damicorn is 86, 1 00
Poci l lopora (lame 94,96
,1 00
Pocil lopora e legans 97,1 00
Pocil lopora elongata 93
Poé il lopora eydoux i 93
Pocil lop om favosa 7 , 8 , 84, 85, 94
Pocil lopora f rondosa . 8 , 1 4, 85, 86 , 92 ,
Pocil lopora grand is 97
Pocil lopora informis " 7,
Poci l lopora l igulata
1 4,
28, 3 1 , 84, 85, 86 ,
94,95
,254
,256
,258 , 260, 262 , 264
Poci l lopora lob ifera 1 00
l ’oci l lopora meandrina . 7 ,
1 4,24
,32
,84
,
97 , 98 , 99, 1 00, 250, 266 , 268
Poci l lopora meandrina v ar. nob i l is 1 4,
24,26
,28 ,
85, 86 , 98 , 250 , 266 , 268
Pocil lopora meandrina var. tuberosa 1 4,
1 3 ,
3 1 , 32 , 85, 86 ,
1 3 ,
2 7, 32 , 85, 91 , 92 , 252 , 254
Poci l lopora nobi l is 8 , 85, 92 , 97 , 98 , 99, 1 00
PaciIIOpm-
a nobi lis var. tuberosa, 99
Poc illopora, p licala 7 8 S4,85
,93
,94, 95, 96
Pocil IOpora rugosa 93
Poci l lopora sol ida 92
Poci l lopom verrucosa 7,8,84
,85
,96
,97 , 98 , 99, 1 00
Pocil IOpora v er rucosaPocil l0 poridae 3
,40,
polon ica ,Milra 1 1 0
Pol yph y l l ia 1 09
Por i tes 2,3, 4,
5, 34,
1 69, 1 70,
1 73,
1 94, 1 95, 200, 204, 205, 207
Po r i tes bernard i 20,2 3
,34
,1 72
,2 1 1 ,
I ND EX .
Page.
Por ites tennis 8 , 9, 1 70 , 1 7 1 , 1 96 , 20 1 , 203 , 204
Po r i tes: tenn is 1 72 ,2 1 2 , 402
1 00
l ’m‘itidze 3,40
,1 6 9
poms Por i tes 2 10
po rta l- 10 0 1 1 3 13 , (
"
yathoceras 78.
prmtbrta , .PaVOnu
[777.70 7 77'
ensix
7777771 77 , Por ites 177773 77777.Prionastrea
pmoch inam,Fungia
pro funda , Demlm ph y l l ia77 7
'77f77 777/77 , Dip/(711 74727 7
profundical vx (fo rma) , Por i tes compressa 1 9,
(fo rma ) , Po r i tes compressc 1 9,
7“
pro l i fera,M ad repo ra 8 1
I‘sammocora 26
,39
,45
,1 07
,1 44
l’sammocora superficial is 1 07
I’sammocora v er r i l l i 1 07 , 1 44,3 1 0
pn k oensis, Po r i tes1 78
,1 95, 1 96 , 41 0, 41 2
p ale/7775177 , 0 771 307 76 1 1 7 , 1 1 8 ,
quad ragenar ia, Caryophyl l ia 76
quart“, Poriles hauxrfiensis 1 7 1
quelch i , Po r i tes 9,
20,3 1
,34
,1 72 , 394
71 771-
77777,1 7 0 7 71 724 17777777773 77253 1 7 1 , 1 74, 1 90
wadia'ns
, 1 36
7 0 777071,Amphihel ia 82
ramea, DendrOphyl l ia 82
77 7 7777177, D ip lo/wl iu S2
red i v i va, Balanoph y l l ia 1 52
reflexum , Desmophyl lum 68
repanda, Fungia 1 2 1,1 2 2
,1 25, 1 26
repens, Pa v ona 1 07 , 1 35
re t icu losa,Po r i tes . 9
,1 7 1
,1 72 , 2 1 5,
Rh iz otrochm 48, 65, 66 , 67
riisei , Desmophyl lum 68
rubescens, Cyathoceras 78
rudis, Aslrma 8, 1 06
7 777773 , 44317 077 (Fa-
77177 ) 1 06
imuns; Favu7
rugosa,Poc i l lopora 93
7 77171 7731177, H eme/77 1 771771 8 1 20
rusei,Desmophyl lum 68
sa lawattensis (var. Fungia acti n iformis 1 20
sam l_ >oangensis, Fungia 1 2 2,1 25
,1 26
scabra, Fungia 1 2 1 , 1 22 , 1 24, 1 26 , 1 2 7cahm , Leptoseris 1 6,
schau inslaml i , Por i tes34
,2 1 4
,400
Sch iz ocvyath us fi ssi l is 65
scruposa,Fungia 1 2 1
,1 2 2
scruposa var. ternatensis, Fungia 1 2 1
scutaria (afi ) , Fungia 1 23, 1 24
scutaria v ar. (lanai , Fungia 1 20
scutaria v ar . (len tigera, Fungia 1 07,1 20, 1 2 1
sen tar ia,Fungia
sentaria var. p lacunaria, Fungia 1 20
scutaria typ i ca, Fungia 1 3 1
secunda ,1 777 -11 03 hawa ienx'is 1 7 1
,1 74
373731 7770177 , Pori tes laysana 1 7 1
361 71 7177777, Pow ba lm -76 77317
3 1 7 1 , 1 74
serpen t i na,Dendrophyl l ia 1 7 , - 3 , 35, 38 ,
8777 7 771771 77,Fungia 1 2 1
ser ru lata (var. Fungia conc i nna 1 2 1
sex ta, Porites 1 7 1
,1 96 , 201
sibog'ce
,Bath yactis 1 46
S iderastrea 1 36 , 1 37
S iderastrea maldivensis 1 36
6 77773773 76 , C’ycloseris 1 1 4
Singapurensis (var. Fungia actin iformis 1 20
sismoml 'iana,D iplohel ia 82
so l ida, Poeil lolmra 92
stel la r -is, 1 _
1 2
stel lata, S tephanaria 8,
1 6,
47 , 1 07 , 1 42 ,
stel lata,7S'
lephanoc0 7‘
a 1 42
stel lulata,Leptastrea 1 4
,22
,3 1
, 32 ,
stephana,Bath yactis 1 46
3722777777777, Bathyactis
S tephanaria 3 , 47,1 07 ,
S tephanaria brigham i 1 6,
1 43 ,
S tephanaria ste l lata 8,
1 6 , 47 , 1 07 , 1 42 , 1 43 , 1 44, 308
Step hanocom 1 42
S lephanocom . slel lata 1 42
Stephanoph yl l ia 3 , 39, 1 46
S tephanophyl l ia formosissima 1 7 ,
2 3,24
,2 7 , 28 , 35, 38 , 1 46 , 3 1 0
stok esi , F labe l lum 57
st-vieta, H erpetol itha 1 09
studeri , Mon tipora 1 8,
30, 34, 1 59, 1 6 6 , 1 67 , 346 , 348
studeri , Por i tes 20, 1 72 , 2 1 0 , 2 1 1 ,
styl ifera (van ) , Fungia fungites 1 2 1
S tyloph oridze 3 , 83
styloph oroides (var. Pocil lopora cesp i tosa 1 3,
24,29, 32 , 85, 87 , 88 , 89, 91 , 246 ,
subglabra (var. Mon tipora bernard i 1 8 ,
I ND EX .
Page.
subrepanda,Fungia 1 2 1 1 25
,1 26
1 0 1 7 l‘“
suluensis (van ) , Fungia actin ifon n issnperficial is, Psammocora
symmetrica, Bath yactis
83777777 3 1 7 1 7 ]
Syna7 71 71 . pan‘7 1 6
(Synarze a ) hmvaiiensis, Por i tes 2 1,22
,28 , 2 1 6 ,
404
877777772 71 7 8 , 1 70 , 1 7 1 , 2 1 6
(Synarma ) irregularis , Por i tes 2 1,2 1 7;
Syzygophyl l ia 79
lalpa,Fungia
talpina, Cryptabacia
(77117771 77 , Fungia 1 1 0
tenuical yx ,Paracyath ns 1 2
, 69,234
tennicaul is, Montipora 1 8 ,
1 63 ,1 64, 342
7071 777712 773 , Fungia16 77770771777, 1 7 77771 777 1 2 1
ten1 1 is , l ast1 ea
7077 1773 , Cyclosen s 1 1 5,1 16 1
777 71 1 773 , Fungia . 1 1 4
tenn is, Por ites 8 , 9, 1 70 , 1 7 1 , 1 96 , 201 , 203, 204
tennis, Por i tes 1 72 ,
ternatensis (van ) , Fungia scrnposa 1 2 1
177 741777 , Por ites hawaiensv’s 1 7 1 ,
7737-7777, Por ites lays-71 7777 1 7 1
Thamnasteria 1 37
Thamnasteriidae 1 37
Thunnmst'ra'a 1 37
TI777777777‘
1stm a-‘
7fdw 1 2 7 1 28 1
Trochocyath ns 40, 45, 72
Trochocyathus oahensis
23 , 30 , 36 ,
ERRATUl\'
l .
On p . 1 35 ,i n se r t 1 1 1 77 70 77076 k aucw
'
ensi sVaughan on the l i ne next, helnw1 6 777770 776 76 Vaughan .
Trovhoseris
tuberosa (var. 1 ,- i ll 7_ 1p7 1r71 1 1 1 1 'a1 1 7l 1
‘inu . 1 4.
1 7717077 73 77 (var . .Poril l ipu'
ru 77771717771 . 8,1 17 , 1 11 1
tubn l ifem , Il epmseris 1 07 ,
1 1 1 1 1 1 171 1 1 (v ar. I’m- 1110 1 10 1“ 7~
7~s 1 1 11 7 1sa . 1 .
71 . 29. xx «11 1, 2471
tum ida (fo rma ) . Po r i tes co m pressa 19
29, 1 9171 . 1 7 10 376
tydeman i, Cyathocerae
Ulovyathns arvtions
1 1 1 1 71 10 11 1 1 1 (van ) , Fungia och inata
val ida, Fungiavar ians, Pav ona .
298
77 7772771 13 , 1 1 7170 77777 1 34, 1 36
v enosa, Mon tipm'
a 1 60
v err i l l i,Montipora 1 8 ,
27 , 1 6 8,1 69,
348 , 351 1
v err i l l i , Psammocom 1 6,25 2 6
,33 , 1 07 . 1 44. 3 10
verri l l iana, Alveopora S , 2 1 , 22 . 34, 2 1 7 . 404
Fungia . 8 ,1 20 , 1 32 . 1 34
7 6 77 7700 371 , 97
zvm‘
rucosu ,”7771 0 170 77 7. 1 60
v errucosa,Montipora
1 8,
77 77 7 700 377, Povil lopom . 8 , 84, 85, 96 ,97 , 98. 99, 1 0 0
verruvosa, Poci l lopom
Por ites . 1 60
v itiensis (v ar. Fungia (lanai 1 2 1
Z oopi lus ech inatus 1 08